The Forgotten Nubia

THE FORGOTTEN NUBIA

Nubian Agriculture & Technological Research Center (NATRC) October University for Modern Sciences & Arts Faculty of Engineering Architecture Department Bachelor Thesis 2018

Researchers:

Supervised By:

Ahmed Abdulhakeem Oshallah Ahmed Bassem Mohamed Ahmed Hamdy Zidan Amr Ibrahim Mousa Amr Magdy Laura Medhat Muhammed Mahmoud Yara Mohamed

Prof. Dr. Hesham Aref Prof. Dr. Sameh El-Fekky Prof. Dr. Omar Fawzy Dr. Kanzy Abdel Raouf Dr. Rania El-Miessidy Dr. El-Mahdy Ali Gamal Dr. Duaa Esmat Dr. Ismael Anees

Index

Chapter I: Nubia History I.1 I.2 I.3 I.4 I.5

Evolution of Nubian Lands The Rise of Dams in Nubia Historical Timeline The Impact on Agriculture Literature Review

Chapter II: Urban Studies II.1 II.2 II.3 II.4 II.5 II.6

III.1 III.2 III.3 III.4 III.5

029

Project Introduction Project Scope Vision Mission Project Approaches

Chapter IV: Site Selection IV.1 IV.2 IV.3 IV.4

012

Urban Analysis Climate Analysis Architectural Analysis Agricultural Analysis Social Analysis Conclusion

Chapter III: Project Selection

032

Selection Criteria Suggested Site Analysis SWOT Comparison Further Analysis for the Proposed Site

Chapter V: Design Issues V.1 V.2 V.3 V.4 V.5 V.6 V.7 V.8 V.9

004

Circulation Flexibility Security Interaction Audibility Environmental Impact Economy Image Mood

048

Chapter VI: Case Studies

066

VI.1 Local Case Study | Agriculture Research Centre “ARC” In Egypt VI.3 International Case Study | IBN – Institute for Forestry and Nature Research VI.6 International Case Study | Research Center ICTA-ICP - UAB / H Arquitectes + DATAAE

Chapter VII: Project Components VII.1 Space Program VII.2 Functional Requirements VII.3 Design Standards & Guidelines VII.3.1 Laboratories VII.3.2 Multipurpose Hall (MPU) VII.3.3 Libraries VII.3.4 Lecture Halls VII.3.5 Meeting Rooms

Chapter VIII: Sustainability VIII.1 VIII.2 VIII.3 VIII.4

085

VII.3.6 VII.3.7 VII.3.8 VII.3.9

Offices Virtual Reality Rooms Greenhouse Accommodation Units

098

Description Social Sustainability Economical Sustainability Environmental Sustainability

Chapter IX: Table of Figures

104

Chapter X: References

108

Chapter I | Nubia History

Chapter I: Nubia History The Nubians are an ethnic group that has been living for centuries in old Nubia. Once a kingdom, Nubia is located in the south of Egypt, and the North of Sudan. Because of colonial settings and the division of Egypt and Sudan into two countries instead of one, Nubia had been divided into these two parts, despite the fact that social links had been mostly sustained between the two. The Nubians are among them divided into some three main tribes, the Kenouz, Freija and Arabs. Their main economic activities were based on agriculture largely and on fishing to a lesser extent in their original homeland.

Figure I.1: Ancient Nubian territory, Courtesy of Crystalinks

Historically Nubia has been a nucleus of diverse cultures. It has been the only occupied strip of land connecting the Mediterranean world with “tropical” Africa. Nubia was an important trade route between sub-Saharan Africa and the rest of the world. Its rich material culture and tradition of languages are seen in archaeological records. Nubian traders supplied Egypt with animal skins, ivory, ostrich feathers, fur, gold, and beautiful woods from the African interior. This trade routes played a huge role in adding luxury to the ancient Egyptians.

Figure 1.2: Nubian ancient trade routes, Courtesy of Crystalinks

I.1 Evolution of Nubian Lands: Pharonic Period: 2500 to 1500 BC: Amenhotep I from the Pharonic middle kingdom conquered Nubia which was formally known as kingdom of kerma. Nubians were gradually Egyptianized until, by the middle of the 18th dynasty, their culture had disappeared completely. Ramses II (1279–1213 BCE), of the 19th dynasty, had several temples constructed in Nubia.

Figure I.1.1: Abu Simble temple, Courtesy of Figure I.1.2: Temple of Wadi El-Sebua, Courtesy of Figure I.1.3: Pharonic territory that Sawe, B. Crystalinks included Nubian lands, Courtesy of Crabben, J.

Christian Period: 320 AD to 1500 AD: The Nubians were invaded by the Ethiopian kingdom of Aksum and Christianity eventually spread all over the region. It was strong enough to halt the southern expansion of Islam after the Arabs had taken Egypt. Over time the influx of Arab traders introduced Islam to Nubia and it gradually supplanted Christianity.

Figure I.1.4: Remains of the Fortress of Dongola, Courtesy of Crystalinks

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Chapter I | Nubia History

Islamic Period: 1500 to Today: An alliance between Arab tribes that roamed the country and the local residents resulted in the formation of the capital Sinnar. The region prospered through trade of gold and fur mainly. Architecture did not develop really will in the Islamic era as Nubia was mainly used as man power force and an agriculture hub to supply lower Egypt and other conquerers like Ottomans and British invaders.

Figure I.1.5: Ruins of Sinnar Palace, Courtesy of Crystalinks

I.2 The Rise of Dams in Nubia: The Beginning in 1902: The national-colonial coalition started building the low Aswan dam to control the Nile river and benefit the cotton industry. As a consequences of this act, Nubians had to deal with linguistic, cultural differences and shifting jobs in their new homes. Khedive Abbas II of Egypt issued a decree in 1902 to compensate the Nubians but was never implemented.

Figure I.2.1: Resettlement of Nubians (1901), Courtsey of Bashari, R.

Figure I.2.2: Forming temporary dam in West channel (1902), Courtsey of Bashari, R.

Second Resettlement in 1912: The second phase began when the dam was heightened for the first time. Thus raising the water level behind the dam to 114m. This affected 5 villages and caused it residents to relocate far from their homeland.

Figure I.2.3 and I.2.4 Resettlement of Nubians (1912), Courtsey of Bashari, R.

Third Resettlement in 1933: As a result of such action, 10 villages were evacuated. This time the government acted as Nubians demanded to be compensated. Nubians received later a meager compensation.

Figure I.2.5: Nubian Village after Flood (1933), Courtsey of Bashari, R.

Figure I.2.6: Nubians during immigration (1933), Courtsey of Bashari, R.

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Chapter I | Nubia History

The Great Displacement 1964: • The high dam of Aswan was built and with came the “Great Displacement”.

• 44 villages were evacuated or face being submerged behind the Nasr Lake.

• 48,000 Egyptian Nubians had to resettle 3-10 km from the city Kom Ombo.

• This time the government tried to compensate them well.

• Promises were given that the newly placed location would be the exact similar to their old homes and that after finishing with the whole high dam construction Nubians would be able to return back to their homeland near the Nile.

• After resettlement Nubians found out that most of their new homes was not finished.

• The evacuation process was rushed and thus finishing the construction of new houses was not possible.

• The new villages was far away from the Nile river and thus resulted in change in social characteristics.

• Due to the major migration, first generation of Nubians faced several epidemics and newly introduced diseases that was never caught by them before.

• There was a clear shift in jobs towards service sector and many of them migrated to Lower Egypt to find job opportunities.

• Any Nubian family that has less than one feddan was not given any land but rather compensate with money.

• Any family that had 2-5 feddan was given back a new land in his new village though all of his crops were expected to join government controlled products.

Figure I.2.7: Settlements Pattern in Old Nubia, with the villages being Figure I.2.8: The original plan for new ressetlments in kom Ombo close to the Nile and bordered by agricultural lands (1962), Courtsey (1964), Courtsey of Serag, Y of Serag, Y

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Chapter I | Nubia History

Figure I.2.9: Nubian old villages that got submerged since Aswan dam till the rise of the High dam, Courtsey of Project unsettled

Figure I.2.10: Nubian old villages that got submerged when the High dam was built, Courtsey of Salem, M.

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Chapter I | Nubia History

I.3 Historical Timeline:

Figure I.3.1: Historical Timeline, Courtesy of the Researcher

I.4 The Impact on Agriculture: The positive impact: • The Aswan High Dam brought the Nile’s devastating floods to an end that caused several acres of lands to lose its crops.

• Reclaimed more than 100,000 acres of desert land for cultivation.

• Additional crops made possible on some 800,000 other acres.

The negative impact: • Most costly is the gradual decrease in the fertility of agricultural lands in the Nile delta, which used to benefit from the millions of tons of silt deposited annually by the Nile floods.

• Nubians that got resettled had to learn new farming techniques as the new lands in Nasr El-Nubia was not able to sustain their crops which caused many farmers to have a career shift and rent their lands to other Sa’idi farmers as they are more able to farm those lands.

• The number of fishes in the Nile delta has reduced sharply after the High dam of Aswan was built. The waste products of the fishes used to sustain the soil in the delta which disappear when the dam was built.

So why we decided to choose Eneiba?

- It was the center of the old Nubia and still acts as the center of New Nubia which is called Nasr El-Nubia. It still posses a hefty amount of governmental building where decision makers are there.

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Chapter I | Nubia History

Drainage Ezbet El-khor El Kebly - Arab Juhaina Road

Figure I.4.1: Aerial view of Nasr El-Nubia presenting their new homes and their agriculture lands, Courtsey of Projectunsettled & annotated by the researcher

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Chapter I | Nubia History

I.5 Literature Review: “Agriculture is a major component of the Egyptian economy, contributing up to 14.5 percent of GDP and 28 percent of all jobs. Agriculture employs almost 45 percent of all women in the workforce. The agriculture sector in Egypt is dominated by small farms which use traditional practices that do not comply with internationally recognized standards. For example, farmers tend to overuse and misuse agricultural chemicals and use outdated technologies and tools for land preparation, irrigation, and harvesting. As a result, farmers experience increased production costs, reduced yields, decreased soil fertility, and limited marketing opportunities. They are further constrained by lack of cold storage infrastructure, transportation systems, and market information.” - US Agency for International Development, Agriculture and food security.

The US Agency for international Development Has a great role in Egypt, As the implement a program of a total 30 billion dollars and that is since 1978. This program had a direct impact and made some solid achievements to improve lives and the future in Egypt. USAID has cooperated with the Egyptian government to design this program and all of that to create sustainable prosperity. The goal of this program is to develop the agriculture and improve the water productivity to elevate the livelihoods in the areas where there is poverty and problems at finding jobs, targeting mainly the younger generation and the women in the society.

“Prior to relocation, the scarcity of cultivable land forced Nubian men to emigrate to Cairo in search for jobs. Nubian women farmed the land, cared for animals and poultry, and performed domestic tasks. Since relocation, men have been cultivating the land because it is at quite a distance from the home.

In cases where there is no able-bodied male to tend the land, a relative or hired helper from one of the surrounding Saidi villages does the work.” - Ammar, N. Dr. Ammar is a criminology professor at the university if Ontario institute of technology. She is the dean of the faculty of social sciences and humanities (Ontario-Canada), and before that she worked at Kent State University in the US as a professor. She researched in many subjects like women in the criminal justice system, Arab laws, Muslim and immigrant women, restorative justice and violence against Arab.

Figure I.5.1: Nawal H. Ammar, Courtesy of Academia

“The inevitable reduction of Nile waters for the agricultural and industrial sectors and private consumption in Egypt will require a re-assessment of the productivity of irrigation water and land, efficiency of irrigation system and optimal allocation of irrigation water. Agriculture is by far the major waterconsuming sector in Egypt. Irrigated agriculture absorbs 89 percent of Nile flows, which is the major source of freshwater. The urgent tasks are, therefore, to examine the current and potential water supply and uses and to evaluate their implications for agricultural productivity in Egypt.”Ferrari, E. This paper was published for the 16th Annual Conference on Global Economic Analysis “New Challenges for Global Trade in a Rapidly Changing World”, Shanghai, June 12-14, 2013. This was under the supervision of Oxford Brooks University, specifically the department of Accounting, Finance and Economics –Faculty of Business.

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Chapter II | Urban Studies

Chapter II: Urban Studies II.1 Urban Analysis: Landuse

Figure II.1.1: Land use map, Courtesy of the researcher

Residential

Public Facilities

Commercial

Industrial

Religious

Crafts

Educational

Agriculture

Drainage

Roads

Most of the buildings present in Eneiba is residential buildings with significant low services amenities. The main hot spots in the city is the health center, Eneiba post office and Madyafa. There is also a lack of religious buildings in the area. Local handcrafts units are available in the area but not fully used by the residents of Nasr el Nubia. Drainage waste water is present where it is used for agriculture waste and for industrial use. Eneiba does have also a public school that services until high school.

Figure II.1.2: Land use percentage, Courtesy of the researcher

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Chapter II | Urban Studies

Building Heights:

Figure II.1.3: Building heights map, Courtesy of the researcher

1 Floor

2 Floors

3 Floors

4+ Floors

As illustrated in the map, most of Eneiba buildings consists of 1 floor buildings as the most of the government houses where all built with same criteria. 2 floor buildings are also found in excess. Most of the 3 and 4+ floor buildings are newly built and is located in the outskirts of the city. Most of the 3 and 4+ floor buildings act as a public service facility for the residents of Eneiba.

Figure II.1.4: Building heights percentage, Courtesy of the researcher

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Chapter II | Urban Studies

Building Conditions:

Figure II.1.5: Building conditions map, Courtesy of the researcher

Good

Bad

Deteriorated

All newly built buildings which is located in the outskirts of the village are in a relatively good conditions. The other majority of the buildings there are in a bad conditions due to the decline in soil. These phenomena makes most of the buildings in risk of being damaged. 15.5% of the buildings are heavily deteriorated and are present in the core of the city and is mainly the government buildings that residents got during the resettlement in 1964. Those buildings needs immediate intervention as it might collapse at any time.

Figure II.1.6: Building conditions percentage, Courtesy of the researcher

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Chapter II | Urban Studies

Accessibility & Road Hierarchy:

Figure II.1.7: Road hierarchy map, Courtesy of the researcher

Accessibility

Micro bus

Main Streets

Toktok

Secondary Streets

Walking

Cycling

Alleys

Car

• Eneiba is accessible via four different roads as illustrated in the map above.

• All main roads are asphalted and are relatively suitable for cars.

• Most of the streets in Eneiba is pedestrian friendly as there is no jam in any of the streets plus most of the people can not afford to have cars.

• Microbuses are found mainly in the outskirts of the city.

• The icons above illustrates the main transportation strategy the residents of Eneiba mostly uses.

• Microbuses is used to help resident move from Eneiba to other villages and cities like Aswan and Kom Ombo.

• The toktok is used mainly for the transportation in the local village of Eneiba.

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Chapter II | Urban Studies

Urban Pattern:

Figure II.1.8: Urban pattern map, Courtesy of the researcher

• A huge difference is clearly visible from the old and new urban fabric.

• The new urban fabric a grid style while the old one was a group of clusters beside the Nile.

• There were no more than 3 o 4 rows of dwellings facing the Nile from the front and the agriculture land from behind in the old fabric.

• As a result, the people of Nubia did had a more coherent relationships between each other.

• Nubians faced a lot of mental difficulties at the beginning as they arid region that is far away from the Nile river and at the time of resettlement there was no vegetation whatsoever.

• During the 1964 resettlement, Nubian people got their homes randomly without taking into consideration the social bonds which resulted in some degradation of relationships between neighbors as most of them did not know each other.

Figure II.1.9: Urban pattern in Nubian lands besides Nile

before resettlement in 1964, Courtesy of Serag, Y.

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Chapter II | Urban Studies

Solid & Void:

Figure II.1.10: Urban pattern map, Courtesy of the researcher

The solid to void ratio is clearly more but not by that much as the solid ratio is about 77% to 23% of void to the number of land that is dedicated for building. As result there is a lack of open spaces and greenery in general.

3D Perspective:

Figure II.1.11: Eneiba 3D shot, Courtesy of the researcher

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Chapter II | Urban Studies

Figure II.1.12: 3D Shot of Eneiba Village, Courtesy of the researcher

Skyline:

Skyline scene in front of site

Skyline scene in front of site Figure II.1.13: Skyline illustration, Courtesy of the researcher

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Chapter II | Urban Studies

II.2 Climate Analysis: Wind Frequency: • Maximum wind from the North.

• Minimum wind from the South and South East.

• Best orientation for maximizing gain from prevailing wind is North for good ventilation.

Figure II.2.1: Wind frequency

Wind Temperature: • Maximum wind temperature is 450C. • Minimum wind temperature is 50.

• Use passive solar techniques to reduce heat gain in the summer and maintain heat in winter.

Figure II.2.2: Wind temperature

Average Relative Humidity: • Maximum humidity is 75%.

• Minimum humidity is 150.

• Humidify hot dry air before it enters the building from enclosed outdoor spaces with spray-like fountains, misters, wet pavement, or cooling towers.

• Flat roofs work well in hot dry climates Figure II.2.3: Average relative humidity

Figure II.2.4: Average monthly temperature

Figure II.2.5: Solar Path in Eneiba

Figure II.2.6: Average rainfall

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Chapter II | Urban Studies

II.3 Architectural Analysis: Old Nubian House: 1. The Entrance gate: It is 1.2 by 2.4 m, in the center of a high mud wall approached to the Nile. Also, there are 3 windows on its both sides.

2. Entrance transition area: Main entrance portico.

3. Mandara: It is the guest room, located next to the main entrance and opens the inner courtyard right inside the house.

4. The Courtyard.

5. Bedrooms: It has two bedrooms or more.

6. Kitchen: It consists of two rooms, usually covered with a dome and an open vent on the top for ventilation. Also the domes hanging up in the middle tray ‘‘Meshlaa” serves as the refrigerator and on the reservation.

7. Storage room: It is one of the most important element in the Nubian house.

Figure II.3.1: Old Nubian house, Courtesy of Ali, O.

Architectural Features Before & After relocation:

Before relocation

After relocation

After occupancy

Figure II.3.2: Development of Nubian House through the process of resettlement, Courtesy of Ali, O.

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Chapter II | Urban Studies

Elevation Analysis of Current Nubian Houses:

Figure II.3.3: Residential buildings in Eneiba, Courtesy of the researcher

1. Wooden window basic in design.

2. Painted elevation.

3.

4. Wooden door painted with colorful colors.

Use of mastaba for gathering between residents.

5. Brick extension used for shading during hot summer seasons.

6. Masonry wall.

7. Louvered window.

8. Waste stack.

9. Use of Nubian brick styles.

10. Rain drainage pipe.

11. Steel bars used for spreading the clean clothes.

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Chapter II | Urban Studies

Role of Mastaba in Nubian Houses & Society: The Mastaba is a traditional element of the Nubian home culture. It is a cuboidal attachment to a house’s main facade. It functions as a simple bench attached to the house and associated with its household. Nubians showed their resentment towards the built environment by transforming virtually every possible aspect of the latter. Architecture professor Yasser Mahgoub notes that by the 1980s, virtually all Nubian households had performed some kind of change to their houses.

Figure II.3.4: Mastaba in old Nubian houses, Courtesy of the Project Unsettled

Figure II.3.5: Mastaba in new Nubian houses, Courtesy of the Project Unsettled

To understand the role of the Mastaba in making a post-displacement home, we must first look at the original Mastaba and its relationship to the old house. Mastabas were oriented towards the river Nile, inspiring a poetic image of buildings performing an ancient prayer. .Historically, the Mastaba was a prominent feature of old Nubian houses. They were used as: • Typographic negotiation in the construction process. This complexity created outdoor places and facilitated outdoor situations while connecting a household to the outside, especially with the river.

Figure II.3.6: Nubian residents before the introduction of Masaba to the new settlements, Courtesy of the Project Unsettled

Figure II.3.7: Nubian residents after the introduction of Mastaba to the new settlements, Courtesy of the Project Unsettled

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Chapter II | Urban Studies

A feature that appears intentionally is that of rooms adjacent to the Mastaba. Indeed, they always contain furniture that mirrors the Mastaba from the other side of the wall, whether they be wooden benches or beds or in some cases masonry benches.

Figure II.3.8: Integration of Mastaba into Nubian houses, Courtesy of the Project Unsettled

According to project unsettled “Nubians also add an external window above their Mastaba, which is quite peculiar if you take into account that external windows are very rare and do not appear in any other exterior wall. We believe that the Mastaba introduced these windows in order to create a relationship with the inside.

This configuration also helps to retrieve some qualities of the multi-environmental spaces that were common in traditional Nubian houses where spaces were semiclosed, including both the open air and a shaded area, all incubating an activity to offer different enveloping experiences without separating the occupants. The multienvironmental space was a sophisticated feature of the Nubian house that was not incorporated in the dwelling design of new houses. The Mastaba evokes a temporary version of this feature, namely when the windows between the spaces are open in a spontaneous contact between inside and outside, which is encouraged.”

Figure II.3.9: Addition of windows above Mastabas to create a relationship with the outside & the inside, Courtesy of the Project Unsettled

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Chapter II | Urban Studies

Comparison Between Nubian Houses After & Before Resettlement

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Chapter II | Urban Studies

II.4 Agricultural Analysis: As our project is heavily focused about improving agriculture & making it more efficient we had to analyze the most crops that grows there as every area has it own agriculture crops that the government allows them t grow. Such analysis will help the people first & improve their yield which will benefit them economically and will help them to sustain and continue in the field of agriculture.

100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0

Wheat Barley

Onion

Beans Roselle Sesame Broom Maize Tomato Corn Figure II.4.1: Main crops in Eneiba, Courtesy of General Directorate of Information and Decision Support Center as of 2015

1500000 1200000 900000 600000 300000 0

Peach

Orange Mandarin

Lemon

Guava

Mango

Fig

Grapes

Banana

Figure II.4.2: Main Fruits in Eneiba, Courtesy of General Directorate of Information and Decision Support Center as of 2015

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Chapter II | Urban Studies

II.5 Social Analysis: Social Survey Preface Collecting social information about Nubian people who suffered from displacement would not be accurate unless we travel to their villages in the desert, specially “Eneiba” village. We targeted specially those who lived in the period of the great displacement in 1964 to get an accurate opinions and demands about what they need. We have done social survey by interviewing the locals residents to see their needs, visions and goals to improve their community through their point of view.

First Interview with “El Sayed Hassan Mohammed El Kheir” The increase of unemployment rate issue “The lack of jobs and the inefficiency of labor, where we do not have the efficiency to cultivate our land and to produce high quality crops, so we have to intent to others to cultivate our land” Youth Needs “These days, Nubian youth want to learn modern technology, craft and minor hand works like ceramic works, plaster and painting, cars mechanics, sanitary works, electrical works”.

“As you know, we have old factories and we need to replace it with a new one to train laborers and help them to work in new crops cultivation and to process the cultivated crops to different products to be sold.”

Their Problems “We have lots of services, workshops, artisan and craft centers are available but no trained labors are available for working in such places.”

Figure II.5.1: Interview with El Sayed Hassan, Courtesy of the researcher

Second Interview with “Mahmoud Mohamed” the President of Association of Eneiba in Nasr El-Nubia” Problems in Agriculture “It really annoyed us, the increase of the cultivation supplies prices like the compost, seeds and Insecticide, which makes it hard for cultivating and the products prices parley enough for providing these supplies for the next season not for living.”

“Sometimes the water pumps breaks down for days, which ends up with died of the crops and thus losing more money.”

Different needs from his point of view

Figure II.5.2: Mahmoud Mohamed, Courtesy of Al-jazeera

“We really need to restore the multi purposes halls “Madyyafa” since it is very old and deteriorated and it is very important for the village’s public events “Weddings, Funeral… etc.”

“Replacements for all of the old deteriorated buildings “mosques, houses, etc.”

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Chapter II | Urban Studies

II.6 Conclusion: List of Nasr El-Nubia Problems

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Chapter III | Project Selection

Chapter III: Project Selection III.1 Project Introduction After studying the place and analyzing the urban & social analysis, we decided to make a project that will take the first step of its kind in Nasr El-Nubia to solve the main problem of agriculture and the high rates of unemployment. Modern technology should be integrated to bridge the gap between Nubian people and the outside world. The appropriate project that is going to match such criteria is Agricultural & Technological Research Center.

III.2 Project Scope The project is mainly dealing with the agricultural problem in Nubia. Agriculture is and always will be a huge part of the essence of the Nubian culture. By bringing back this culture legacy to the younger generations we’re not only helping them take advantage of their unused lands, but also take a huge step at reviving and developing this rich culture that is the Nubian culture.

III.3 Vision Our vision is to see Nubia a green productive city with no agriculture problems. Also, to make it a leader in technological techniques regarding agricultural, to enhance the quality of life, and to prepare young people with what they have – lands – to be well-educated and self-independent.

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Chapter III | Project Selection

III.4 Mission Providing a place equipped with all the needed technological system and machines that provides the ability for the agriculture researchers to invent and develop new techniques in agriculture and also provides an area for the people to get to know more about the new techniques and machines in agriculture.

III.5 Project Approaches Economic Approach: Improving the Agriculture will have a huge impact on the economy level of the Nubian villages.

The Project will not only make use of an enormous agriculture fields which will create an income and many business opportunity but also it will create a future value as the youth will be always developing and working to expand their work.

Cultural Approach: Even though project NATRC mainly focuses on creating jobs and elevate the economic level of Nubian, we can’t ignore its effect on the Nubian culture. Agriculture is an essential part of the Nubian culture, and developing it directly develops and boost the Nubian culture and helps reviving it.

Scientific Approach: Creating a huge research facility like NATRC in Nubia will make a scientific impact as people will come from all over the country and even the world to study, research and develop in the facilities. It will also encourage the younger generation to peruse these sciences.

The Target Group

Youth

Children

Economy Agriculture

Entertainment

Researchers

Unique Environment

Advanced Equipments

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Chapter IV | Site Selection

Chapter IV: Site Selection Site A is located between two villages and near to the main road.

Site B is surrounded by agricultural land and the desert.

Site A is at the edge of Eneiba village and surrounded by desert from the other side.

Figure IV.1 Proposed Sites Map,Courtesy of the Researcher

Site A

Site B

Site C

IV.1 Selection Criteria • Views and Sensors • Neighborhoods and Landuse • Street Networks and Accessibility • Topography and Nature of the site • Corresponding to Project Conditions

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Chapter IV | Site Selection

IV.2 Suggested Sites Analysis: IV.2.1 Site A: IV.2.1.1 Neighborhood and Landuse Site A Residential Agriculture Industrial

IV.2.1.2 Views and Sensors Site A Positive View Negative View Noise

IV.2.1.3 Street Networks and Accessibility Site A Main Road Secondary Road Alleys

VI.2.1.4 Topography and Nature of The Site Section A-B Section A-B

A 363 ft

363 ft

Section C-D

367 ft

B 355 ft

Section E-F

B 361 ft

Site A Figure IV.2.1: Site A Analysis,Courtesy of the Researcher

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Chapter IV | Site Selection

IV.2.1.5 SWOT Analysis

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Chapter IV | Site Selection

III.2.2 Site B:

III.2.2.1 Neighborhood and Landuse Site B Residential Agriculture Hospital Public Utilities

III.2.2.2 Views and Sensors Site B Positive View Negative View Noise

III.2.2.3 Street Networks and Accessibility Site B Main Road Secondary Road Alleys

III.2.2.4 Topography and Nature of The Site Section A-B

Section C-D

Site B Figure IV.2.2 Site B Analysis,Courtesy of the Researcher

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Chapter IV | Site Selection

IV.2.2.5 SWOT Analysis

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Chapter IV | Site Selection

III.2.3 Site C:

III.2.3.1 Neighborhood and Landuse Site C Residential Agriculture Hospital Public Utilities Industrial

III.2.3.2 Views and Sensors Site C Negative View Noise

III.2.3.3 Street Networks and Accessibility Site C Main Road Secondary Road Alleys

III.2.3.4 Topography and Nature of The Site Section A-B

Section C-D

Site C Figure IV.2.3: Site C Analysis,Courtesy of the Researcher

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Chapter IV | Site Selection

IV.2.3.5 SWOT Analysis

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Chapter IV | Site Selection

IV.3 Swot Comparison: Comparisons between site A,B and C, we found that site A takes the highest rates according to our votes which came through analysis and studies for the site criteria we chose before. So, we found that site A is the most suitable site to implement our project NATRC.

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Chapter IV | Site Selection

IV.4 Further Analysis for the Proposed Site: After comparing the 3 sites we choose site 1 as our final location for the project. Our decision is based on different factors as shown in the site analysis and the swot comparison. Being easily accessible from both out side via main roads and from inside by being at the center of the villages is a key element in our project. Also bending near an industrial space may have it’s disadvantages but it asures the accessibility of the needed infra structure to the site. Also being near the water supply is so important as the project is based on agriculture. Having a simple couture lines make the preparations need for the land fewer and the open spaces of the chosen site gives more freedom in the design and also chance to expansion if needed. Also the site is well planed and it’s taking a near geometry.

Figure IV.4.1: Site A, Courtesy of the Researcher

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Chapter IV | Site Selection

IV.4.1 Neighborhood and Landuse: • The dominant surrounding of the site is residential area .

• There is an industrial area close to our project land .

• From the south east, there is a huge area of agricultural land .

Figure IV.4.1.1: Site A analysis,Courtesy of the Researcher

Key: Residential

Agriculture

Industrial

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Chapter IV | Site Selection

IV.4.2 Views and Sensors • Our Main positive view is at the south east direction because it has a direct view to the agricultural lands.

On the other hand, our other views are not good or even can be consider as bad views because it is surrounded by residential areas and deserts.

• Our main noise sources from industrial space or residential areas.

Figure IV.4.2.1: Site A analysis,Courtesy of the Researcher

Key: Positive View

Negative View

Noise

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Chapter IV | Site Selection

IV.4.3 Street Networks and Accessibility • The site is accessible from the main street which make it easier to reach for visitors. It also centered between two villages, so it is accessible from many pedestrian roads.

Figure IV.4.3.1: Site A analysis,Courtesy of the Researcher

Key: Main Road

Secondary Road

Alleys

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Chapter IV | Site Selection

IV.4.4 Topography and Nature of the site • Contour line of the land is fairly close at heights which make the land easier for construction and doesn’t make to much preparation .

Figure IV.4.4.1: Site A analysis,Courtesy of the Researcher

Topography Section A-B Section A-B

A 363 ft

363 ft

Section C-D

367 ft

Section E-F

B 355 ft

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Chapter IV | Site Selection

IV.4.5 Building Heights • Most of Eneiba buildings consists of 1 floor buildings as the most of the government houses where all built with same criteria.

• Most of the 3 and 4+ floor buildings are newly built and is located in the outskirts of the city.

Figure IV.4.5.1: Site A analysis,Courtesy of the Researcher

Key: 1-2 Floors

3-4 Floors

4+ Floor

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Chapter IV | Site Selection

IV.4.6 Building Condition • All newly built buildings which is located in the outskirts of the village are in a relatively good conditions.

• The other majority of the buildings there are in a bad conditions due to the decline in soil.

Figure IV.4.6.1: Site A analysis,Courtesy of the Researcher

Key: Good

Bad

Deteriorated

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Chapter V | Design Issues

Chapter V: Design Issues V.1 Circulation: Definition General Definition: It is the transmission of anything from zone to zone or one to one.

Architectural Definition: It is the connection that links the spaces of a 0building or any series of interior or exterior spaces.

Types of circulation Horizontal circulation: It might include hallways, atria, paths, entries and exits. In some cases it must reduce the traveling distance between two points and other cases for architectural reasons you’ll want to interrupt a direct circulation path with an item of furniture or a change in level to define a change in place, make people slow down, or provide a focus point. Rather, it can take into account the sequence of spaces, thresholds, and atmospheres encountered through movement, which prepare you for the transition from one space to the next.

Circulation can be choreographed, to add architectural interest.

1. Corridors • Primary Corridors: These corridors are used in the middle between the main elements of the project and these corridors are characterized with its width to accommodate a large number of uses.

• Secondary Corridors: These are the sub-corridors that flows out of the ones and they connect all the secondary elements to the spinal pathways and they are relatively less in width as they are not areas of heavy traffic.

Figure V.1.4: Different type of corridors integrated in plans

2. Travelators These horizontal circulations methods are used in large areas such as airports where walking can exhaust the users and decrease the efficiency of usage so it could be used in the research center to facilitate the circulation between distant rooms especially for the handicapped.

Figure V.1.3: Travelator in Airports

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Chapter V | Design Issues

Vertical circulation: It is how people move up and down within the building, so includes things like stairs, lifts, ramps, ladders and escalators which allow us to move from one level to another.

1. Stairs • The most used in building, but it still a common problem with disable people to use it.

• According to building code escape stairs used for more than floors building.

Figure V.1.4: Stairs

2. Elevators: It is mechanical form of vertical circulation, which helps to make the ease of movement with people.

Uses: • Making the vertical movement easy and quick.

• Used in building for disabled people.

• Panorama elevators are used to connect the user with an external view.

• Used in high rise building that exceeds 10 floors.

• Escalators or powered stairs are used when it necessary to move large number of people from floors to floor as they provide continuous movement of people so it can thus reduce traffic conditions addressed by elevators.

• Escalators makes the vertical circulation quick and easy especially in the shopping malls ,airports ,station and business park.

Figure V.1.5: Panorama Elevator

Note: Escalators are difficult technically to create (need structural, electrical and fire considerations), especially spiral one as it is more complex.

3. Ramps: Ramps provide an effective solutions for the vertical circulation especially for the handicapped and the workers who transfer heavy weights in logistics.

• Maybe used as a main circulation system in public buildings such as museums.

• Proper inclination should be taken in consideration for each function.

Figure V.1.6: Ramps integrated with stairs

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Chapter V | Design Issues

Parking It is the act of stopping cars and leaving it unoccupied at certain place.

Types of Parking: 1. Vertical: Mechanical parking.

2. Horizontal: Slots arranges in geometric way to accommodate the largest number of cars.

Figure V.1.6: Horizontal parking

Figure V.1.7: Vertical parking

Pedestrian The term of “Pedestrian” comes from the Latin “Pedester” which means going on foot.

Application: 1. Using interesting pathways with an identity related to the culture of the region.

2. Nodes in the pathways are used as focal gathering point which enhance the inter action between the workers.

3. Furniture and landscape may be added to create interesting paths especially indoor.

Figure V.1.8: Pedestrians Pathway

Figure V.1.9: Interior Pathway

Case Study Guggenheim Museum is extending vertically so the innovative design forces the tourists to move through it on ramps which extend from ground floor to the top of a sky light.

Figure V.1.10: Guggenheim Museum

Conclusion Good circulation is very important in the research center to facilitate the transitions between buildings, labs, and lecture rooms so it must not be neglected to enhance the user comfort.

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Chapter V | Design Issues

V.2 Flexibility: Definition General Definition: It is the ability of doing different function without negative impact for the first function.

Architectural Definition: It is the ability to be easily modified for different function.

Flexibility Issues 1. Adaptability It represent that things or elements could be movable or changed according the need of the user.

Figure V.2.1: Adaptable Structures

2. Transformality Characterized by modular design (capable of adding or removing units or components) transformable structures can also open and close, change form, or change color.

Figure V.2.2: Transformable structures

3. Responding Responsive structures can react to various outside boosts, including condition, association, use, or occupation.

Figure V.2.3: Responsive buildings

4. Convertibility Convertibility suits changing capacities through a specific measure of development. It lessens development cost and time by foresee the potential future needs. Changes to the assembled condition which happen under convertibility reacted to bigger time and spatial scales. (Anon., 2007)

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Chapter V | Design Issues

Case Study Habitat 67, it is designed by the Israeli-Canadian architect Moshe Safdie as the Canadian Pavilion for the World Exposition of 1967, was originally intended as an experimental solution for high-quality housing in dense urban environments. Safdie explored the possibilities of prefabricated modular units to reduce housing costs and allow for a new housing typology that could integrate the qualities of a suburban home into an urban high-rise.

Figure V.2.4: Habitat 67 Plan

Figure V.2.5: Habitat 67

Conclusion Flexibility can be found in the research center in the combination of several zones as multi propose hall for huge exhibition or showroom, also the several outdoors activities - cultural - can be held in the same place as the place can be used for multiple functions.

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Chapter V | Design Issues

V.3 Security: Definition General Definition: It is the control of recognized hazard to reach the least level of risk.

Architectural Definition: It means creating a safe environment and safe buildings.

Security Levels Minimum Security Level: • Its usage is in public spaces like playgrounds and open areas.

• This type has no fences and it is the lowest degree of protection.

Figure V.3.1: Aswan Market

Medium security level: • It is used mostly in all the buildings and spaces.

• This type of security depends only on identifying the entrances and exits of the facility or space to control the users.

Maximum security level: • This system is used in buildings that has valuable items or the places that need maximal control and high privacy like jails, libraries and museums.

• This type depends on surveillance cameras, alerts and security personnel.

Figure V.3.2: Aswan Market

Figure V.3.2: Museum Security

1,2,3 4,5 6 7,8,9,10 11 12

Alert Glass Cover Low Rail Surveillance Camera Alarm Window Watchman

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Chapter V | Design Issues

Case Study The Egyptian Museum, in Cairo, Egypt, is home to an extensive collection of ancient Egyptian antiquities. It has 120,000 items, with a representative amount on display.

Figure V.3.3: The Egyptian Museum in Cairo

1 2 3

Reinforced Skylight Reinforced Glass Cover Surveillance Camera

Conclusion Security is an important issue for the research center as their valuable researches or study material that need to be secured.

Ways to keep the building secure: • Assess risks per year • Update or Install or Security Cameras • Implement smart card process • Imitation of campus entrances / exits • Install an IT infrastructure

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Chapter V | Design Issues

V.4 Interaction: Definition General Definition: It is a kind of action that occurs as two or more objects have an effect upon one another.

Architectural Definition: It is a set of behavior & cognitions which a person or a group exhibits based on planed zones and spaces.

Types of social interaction: 1. Visual Communication • It is the process of communicating by sending and receiving wordless messages.

• Urban arts, graphite designs and street signs express it in architecture.

Figure V.4.1 & V.4.2: Use of visual arts in Nubian houses

2. Social Exchange In architecture field the social exchange is the best direction can be achieve and it’s also from the goals and the concepts of a lot of buildings such as open spaces which have a lot of activities food and entrainment.

Figure V.4.3: Gathering Space at The American University in Cairo

3. Cooperation: Is the process of two or more people working or acting in concert.

According to architecture field this type of interaction has a lot of examples depends on the activity that has been happened.

Figure V.4.4: Nubian Village, Courtesy of Yasser Rasoul

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Chapter V | Design Issues

Case Study The American University in Cairo has many gathering spaces to enhance the interaction between the students and the social exchange.

Figure V.4.5: Gathering Space at The American University in Cairo

Conclusion For research center the interaction between researchers, students and lecturers will be one of the main issues that needed to be solve and occur so a culture zones must be introduced to ensure the direct interaction which means all types of people communicate and interact together without neglect anyone.

V.5 Audibility: Definition General Definition: It is the ability to be heard Ordinary people can hear from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. Noise control is an engineering problem that should be solved by engineering means, in particular through noise control at source.

Architectural Definition: Audibility has proven to provide a decent plan for the impact of the building, where each building has a vocal ability as shown through the use of it, if it is a musical that will require a high level of resonance in opposite to office building opportunity, which need clear on.

Audibility Problems in the Project 1. Manufacturing: Equipment used in the training partition may cause noise; therefore, workers wear earplugs to reduce the noise impact.

2. Touristic Areas: The recreational activities cause noise.

3. Lecture Halls: The sound of the participants may cause noise.

Audibility Solutions In project form design This section describes some of the physical methods which architects, developers and builders can employ to reduce noise impacts.

• Site Planning: The arrangement of buildings on a tract of land to minimize noise impacts by capitalizing on the site’s natural shape and contours. Barrier buildings can be arranged to shield noise sensitive activities from noise.

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Chapter V | Design Issues

• Architectural Design: Noise reducing concepts in the details of individual buildings. The areas of architectural concern include building height, room arrangement, window placement, and balcony and courtyard design.

Figure V.5.1: Noise barriers can shield only Figure V.5.2: Use of courtyard house to Figure V.5.3: Noise impacts can be reduced by use of the lowest floors of a building obtain quite outdoor environment single-story houses

• Acoustical Construction: The usage of building materials and techniques to reduce noise transmission.

• Noise Barriers: They can be erected between noise sources and noise-sensitive areas. Barrier types include berms made of sloping mounds of earth, walls and fences constructed of a variety of materials, thick plantings of trees and shrubs, and combinations of these materials.

To be effective, a barrier must block the “line of sight” between the highest point of a noise source and the highest part of a receiver.

(Fhwa.dot.gov, 2018) Figure V.5.4: Blocking the Line of Sight, Courtesy of Anon

Case Study The concert hall DR Koncerthuset in Copenhagen is designed by French architect Jean Nouvel. The acoustics are amazing, and in 2012 the venue was named one of the 10 greatest concert halls of the new millennium by the renowned British magazine Gramophone.

The architect Jean Nouvel worked closely together with the Japanese acoustic specialist Yasuhisa Toyota, and each of the four halls have variable acoustics that can be tailored to a given ensemble or musical genre.

Figure V.4.5: Gathering Space at The American University in Cairo

Conclusion The research center there are lecture halls ,showrooms, labs and MRI labs which need high acoustical insulation and constant echo level according to the size of the room.

• Be conscious acoustic reflections. The tone surfaces straight into the center space reflect what the clarity of the sound is muddy.

• Select acoustically treated carefully. Various materials absorb sound frequencies in different ways.

• Echo reduction when necessary.

• Noise protection is important to keep other building systems maintained (eg. HVAC systems) and control work. Keep this noise clatter to a minimum.

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Chapter V | Design Issues

V.6 Environmental Impact: Definition General Definition: It is the effect that the activities of people and businesses have on the environment.

Architectural Definition: Architects create buildings that are energy efficient, like green buildings or sustainable buildings which are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and nature.

Environmental features of old Nubian Housing • Construction Materials: Mud-bricks are a mixture of mud, small particles of gravel and straw.

• Walls’ Thickness: Wall thickness is 500 mm. And thus it maintains room temperatures to keep cool in hot climates.

• Openings: Their width at the elevation is narrow, to maintain privacy and decrease the exposed areas to heat and sun glare.

• Roof: The rooms are covered with timber less vaults made of mud-bricks and mortar.

Figure V.6.1: Nubia decorated houses with the use of vaults

Figure: V.6.2 Indoor shot for Nubian home and the wooden ceiling

Advantages of Vernacular vault • Ecologically Sustainable: No corrugated iron roofing sheets, no timber beam rafters.

• Carbon Neutral: none of the constructed materials are manufactured, or transported long distances, nor any tree are cut.

• Thermally and acoustic comfortable.

• Economically Viable: only locally available raw materials (earth, rocks, and water).

• Modular: applicable to a wide variety of buildings (such as houses and schools).

Figure V.6.3: Ventilation systems through cross ventilation and stack effect, Courtesy of Hassan Fathy

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Chapter V | Design Issues

Vernacular and Appropriate Techniques Wind Catcher • Wind catchers are mainly used in hot dry regions for cooling purposes.

• The tower is meant to catch the wind at higher elevations and direct it into the living spaces.

Figure V.6.4: Dwelling house in Ancient Egypt with wind catcher

Wind Towers Towers that placed at the top of the buildings with air outlet that direct air prevailing air current it capture cold air and passes it through the interior spaces of the building.

Figure V.6.5: Wind findingbackroads.com

Tower,

Courtesy

of

Case Study The New Gourna at Luxor is a good example has it built by earth building materials and have no negative impact on the environment as the concrete emissions

Figure V.6.6: The New Gourna

Conclusion Environmental aspects should be respected to ensure the environmental sustainability through using efficient techniques and materials as: • Local material with thermal mass to reduce heat gain of the building.

• Shading devices to decrease heat loads.

• The form of the building to ensure the self-shading of the building.

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Chapter V | Design Issues

V.7 Economy: Definition General Definition: It is careful management of available resources.

Architectural Definition: It is new way of thinking about the design process and its influence on the supply chain was necessary to achieve circularity at every level.

Obstacles Time and care are needed to ensure materials are properly disposed, yet businesses tend to save time by utilizing the easiest methods, such as bulk disposal and unrefined delegation to recycling services, to accomplish their goals, which can lead to poor planning for waste diversion.

First, how can we add value and reduce waste in our existing buildings?

Minimizing negative externalities is a core aim of the circular economy. In the built environment these include climate change, water, soil, noise and air pollution. The Resolve framework is: 1. Regenerate 2. Share 3. Optimize 4. Loop 5. Virtualize 6. Exchange The six elements can be applied to products, buildings, neighborhoods, cities. (Lemmens and Luebkeman, 2016)

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Chapter V | Design Issues

Conclusion From the main purposes of the research center is mainly economic as it will provide many job opportunities for the community and it will raise the use of the lost agriculture land which in turns reflects on the general economy of Aswan.

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Chapter V | Design Issues

V.8 Image: Definition General Definition: It is the general impression that a person, an organization or a product offers to the public.

Architectural Definition: It is the engineering shape and surface looks like a space’s personality what’s more, culture so it’s specifically corresponding to the qualities of the encompassing environment.

Building & Identity 1. Defining ‘Place Identity’ • Identity is seen as the result of and belonging to a particular place, environmental psychology considers the place of identity to be a characteristic of a person rather than a place.

• In the architectural sense, a place of identity is the sum of the specific components and functions of the material, the existence and essential role of these components of materials and characteristics mean that the distinct identity of the general agreement of a place can be literally perceived and defined.

Figure V.8.1: Nubian Museum,Aswan, Courtesy of The Researcher

2. Local Value Environmental psychologists have emphasized the importance of belonging in a particular place, and there is general agreement that the main function of the site is “to create a sense of belonging and attachment” (Proshansky et al., 1983).

Figure V.8.2: Nubian House, Courtesy of The Researcher

3. Reflecting Place identity It is the importance of reflecting locations and helping to place identity. In Nubia, the architectural style is unique, so it reflects on the project to be attached to the location style and history.

Figure V.8.3: Nubian Houses

Figure V.8.4: Old Nubian Houses

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Chapter V | Design Issues

Case Study The Nubian Museum in Aswan is built on a steep cliff, which enables it to embody a full scale design for the Nile River from its origins in Ethiopia and Sudan to Egypt. The edifice is surrounded by a Natural Botanical Garden, which contains a large variety of Egyptian flora. And the façade of the building use the traditional Nubian motifs with building by local materials.

Figure V.8.5: The Nubian Museum in Aswan

Conclusion The picture of the building being renovated holds the required image of the proposed project as it is considered a good reflection of traditions.

V.9 Mood: Definition General definition: It is a temporary state of mind or feeling.

Architectural Definition: It is the atmosphere or sense of a place that creates a specific perception for the user.

Factors Affecting Comfort 1. Color effect: The color effect almost be most seen effect in the mood of any building especially in the Nubian culture the effect of the colors cannot be neglected.

Figure V.9.1 & figure V.9.2: Touristic Nubian Houses

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Chapter V | Design Issues

2. Light effect: Light is an important parameter for humans to sense and perceive the spaces surrounding them.

Light and shadow tell us about form, materials, texture, rhythm and history. To design buildings is to work with form and light. To work with a light aperture is to design not only the space´s lighting, but also its appearance and atmosphere.

Figure V.9.3: Philae Temple, Courtesy of The Figure V.9.4: El Gourna, Hassan Fathy Researcher

Figure V.9.5: Indoor Nubian houses

3. Material effect: The texture of the material for a building is very important. It gives a character to the building.

• The rough surfaces emphasize Structure. It tends to be better with low relief.

• Structure smooth surfaces hidden.

Figure V.9.6: Sheraton el Gouna Red Sea

Case Study At Siwa Oasis in Egypt is a place one of a kind. It’s an ecological ‘resort’ built entirely from local resources like mud bricks and palm tree wood found on site and around the oasis, The building is very unique in its design and make the visitors feel by the mood of the desert context.

Figure V.9.7: The Eco-lodge at Siwa Oasis

Conclusion The “Mood’ in a design requires detailed studies, researches and understanding of the different aspects of the specific adopted mood; starting from the human perception through his/her senses (what a person see, hear, smell and touches) to perceive this specific perception that is then translated into a specific personal mood.

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Chapter VI | Case Studies

Chapter VI: Case Studies VI.1 Local Case Study | Agriculture Research Centre “ARC” In Egypt

Figure VI.1.1: Agriculture Research Centre “ARC” In Egypt, Courtesy of the researcher

Location: 9 Cairo University St., Giza Governorate

Description: The ARC meant for plants and soil researches to develop the agriculture. Labs, green houses and plantations found for studying the plants nature, diseases and its applications in medicine.

Contextual Analysis: Cairo University Giza Zoo Education Ministry Return Road Main Road Main Entrance Site Boundary

Figure VI.1.2: Contextual Layout, Courtesy of the researcher

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Chapter VI | Case Studies

Zoning: 1. Administration building 2. Financial & Administrative Affairs 3. Sections of tropical, Olive trees & wood 4. Sections of fruit falling & Citrus 5. Sections of fruit, vegetable & the main hall 6. Sections of botanical gardens, decoration & treatment center 7. Garden

Figure VI.1.3: Site components, Courtesy of the researcher

Figure VI.1.4: Green house in the project, Courtesy of the researcher

Figure VI.1.5: MPU Building, Courtesy of the researcher

Figure VI.1.6: lab interior, Courtesy of the researcher

Plans: Key: Stairs Offices Entrance

Figure VI.1.7: Ground Floor - Offices, Courtesy of the researcher

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Chapter VI | Case Studies

Key: Stairs Offices Toilets Circulation Figure VI.1.8: Typical Floor - Offices building, Courtesy of the researcher

Key: Stairs Offices Toilets Toilets

Figure VI.1.9: Typical Floor of laboratories building, Courtesy of the researcher

Structure:

Traditional RC column, beam and slabs.

Beam

Columns

Slabs

Figure VI.1.10: Structure of the project, Courtesy of the researcher

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Chapter VI | Case Studies

Design Issues: 1- Circulation

Figure VI.1.11: General Circulation, Courtesy of the researcher

Key: Vertical circulation Horizontal circulation Entrance

Figure VI.1.12: Ground Floor - Offices, Courtesy of the researcher

Key: Vertical circulation Horizontal circulation

Figure VI.1.13: Typical Floor - Offices, Courtesy of the researcher

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Chapter VI | Case Studies

Key: Vertical circulation Horizontal circulation

Figure VI.1.14: Typical Floor of laboratories, Courtesy of the researcher

• The horizontal circulation of buildings depends on main axis “Corridor” leads to the building’s spaces.

• Vertical circulation is one staircase in each building.

2- Flexibility • The building’s interior divided using movable portions, which makes it flexible for any future changes.

• Site area is large and flexible in adjusting to future extensions.

Movable partitions

Figure VI.1.15: Labs building interior shot, Courtesy of the researcher

3- Security • All buildings has one entrance and each floor has one corridor leading to the main spaces, that is make self-security to the building.

• Buildings are near to each other.

4- Interaction The ARC is open to public and has several outlets for selling the produced products from the agriculture like bee honey, baptistery, cheese, oils … etc.

Figure VI.1.17: Outlets for selling center’s products, Courtesy of the researcher

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Chapter VI | Case Studies

5- Audibility Acoustic solutions are not clear in this project.

6- Environmental impact The project provided for a reduction of carbon dioxide emissions through the large planted areas and plantations which acts like a lung for the area.

Figure VI.1.18: Plantations in the project, Courtesy of the researcher

7- Economy Products produced from the cultivated plants at the plantations and green houses sold at the selling outlets.

Economy in architecture is not clear enough.

8- Image No image just blank boxes with Windows Figure V.1.19.

Figure VI.1.19: Office building exterior, Courtesy of the researcher

9- Mood No inspired mood from the surrounding context.

Conclusion: Positive points: 1. Defined activities for each building 2. Easy access for buildings 3. Circulation between buildings is defined 4. Flexibility of the movable partitions Negative points: 1. No architectural image 2. No architectural economy strategies used 3. Noise level inside the offices and labs is high since no audibility strategies used The Forgotten Nubia | 072

Chapter VI | Case Studies

VI.2 International Case Study | IBN - Institute for Forestry and Nature Research

Figure VI.2.1: Interior shoot for the inner court, Courtesy of Divisare

Architect: Stefan Behnisch Competition: 1993, 1st Prize Planning and construction: 1994–1998 Location: Droevendaals Steeg, Wageningen the Netherlands

Description: Sustainability is the main aim for this project since it’s critical location next to the forest in the middle of an agriculture land, “human and environmentally friendly building for the future”, was needed.

Contextual Analysis: Key: City Fabric Site Location Forest Agriculture Fabric Figure VI.2.2: Contextual Layout, Courtesy of Divisare

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Chapter VI | Case Studies

Structure: Using steel frames

Figure VI.2.3: Steal Frame seen in the faced, Courtesy of Divisare

Figure VI.2.4: Steel Frame beam, Courtesy of Divisare

Zoning:

Figure VI.2.5: Ground floor plan, Courtesy of Divisare & annotated by the researcher

Figure VI.2.6: Section

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Chapter VI | Case Studies

Design Issues 1- Circulation Main axis

Secondary axis

Main entrance Figure VI.2.7: Vertical Circulation, Courtesy of Divisare & annotated by the researcher

Figure VI.2.8: Horizontal Circulation, Courtesy of Divisare & annotated by the researcher

2- Flexibility • There is a plan for future extension.

• Spaces planned for specific functions and the adaptability to future changes is limited.

Figure VI.2.9: Flexibility concept sketch, Courtesy of the researcher

3- Security • High visibility between spaces adds more security to the facility.

• Inner spaces open on inner courts to increase the visibility.

Figure VI.2.10: Bird eye view for 3D model, Courtesy of Divisare

Figure VI.3.11: Interior shoot for the court, Courtesy of Divisare

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Chapter VI | Case Studies

4- Interaction The building provides full interaction between indoor and outdoor areas since it has two main gardens within the building acting like an unformed meeting areas for researchers also it integrate with the outdoor gardens

Figure VI.2.12: Interior shot from an office, Courtesy of Divisare

Figure VI.2.13: Exterior shot for the restaurant, Courtesy of Divisare

5- Audibility Since the project is in the middle of the agriculture fabric and far to the city noises, the acoustic strategies needed only between the interior spaces only and it has not very clear shown in this case study.

6- Environmental impact • The project provided for a maximum reduction of carbon dioxide emissions • Most of the used materials in the building derived from the adjacent nature like wood dry-stone walls, scattered tree groves and alleys, hedges.

• Two internal gardens serve as the “lungs” of the building, improving the performance of the external envelope.

Figure VI.2.14: Interior shot, Courtesy of Divisare

Figure VI.2.15: Exterior shot Exterior shoot Eastern facade, Courtesy of Divisare

Figure VI.2.16: Longitudinal section showing the ventilation, Courtesy of Divisare

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7- Economy Optimizing the use of energy by a) Using glass openings that allows more natural light and reduce the use of artificial lights. b) Using Vernacular materials from the adjacent nature which is wood that worms up the building in winter.

8- Image The building image represents its function as forestry institute through the using of wood and internal gardens that merged the building with the nature.

Figure VI.2.17: Exterior shoot Northern facade, Courtesy of Divisare

Figure VI.2.18: Exterior shoot SE facade, Courtesy of Divisare

9- Mood The main mood affecting the design is the forest nature surrounding the project.

Figure VI.2.19: Indoor gardens, Courtesy of Divisare

Figure VI.2.20: Inner court, Courtesy of Divisare

Conclusion: Positive points: 1. Creating space in harmony with the surroundings representing its function and merging with the nature.

2. Using materials from the surrounding nature for construction.

Negative points: 1. Flexibility in changing the function of spaces to adapt with the future changes is limited.

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Chapter VI | Case Studies

VI.3 International Case Study | Research Center ICTA-ICP - UAB / H Arquitectes + DATAAE

Figure VI.3.1: Main elevation of the project, Courtesy of Archdaily

Architect: H Arquitectes, DATAAE Location: Cerdanyola, Barcelona, Spain Project Year: 2014

Description: An environmental sciences and paleontology research Centre. According to the users of the building in the research field, the building was prepared to give an ambitious response to the challenges of sustainability.

Contextual Analysis:

Figure VI.3.2: Contextual Layout, Courtesy of Achdaily & annotated by the researcher

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Structure Pre-stressed concrete slabs with air pipes in the middle used as the main structure because:1- Long life, low coast and light weighted.

2- The air pipes used to circulate the air in the building.Fig.4 3- The thermal mass at the top and the bottom of the slab activated by geothermal energy system.

Triangular sky lighting covering the ceiling: 1- Providing Natural Lighting.

2- Providing natural ventilation when it open, it allow the exhaust air to exit and replace it with fresh air.

Figure VI.3.3: Interior Shoot, Courtesy of Achdaily

Skin The skin is automatized louvers that open and closes in accordance with sun, which is, reflects the direct sun rays in summer for cooling, and allows the sun rays to enter and raise the temperature inside the building in winter. That’s insures thermal comfort through the natural ventilation which the louvers provide.

Figure VI.3.4: Section in a typical office, Courtesy of Achdaily & annotated by the researcher

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Zoning

Figure VI.3.5: Ground & first floor plans, Courtesy of Achdaily & annotated by the researcher

Design Issues 1- Circulation

Horizontal circulation

Vertical circulation

Figure VI.3.6: Vertical & horizontal circulation in ground & first floor plans, Courtesy of Achdaily & annotated by the researcher

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2- Durability The construction system is based on prestressed concrete system, which provides strength, durability and a long life for the buildings structure.

Pre stressed concrete slab Pre stressed concrete column

Figure VI.3.7: Interior shoot, Courtesy of Achdaily

3- Security The building is in closed on it self and opens over 4 inner courts which adds self security for the building since all the interior is open. Also the large gazed windows that adds clear vision for whats happening both in and outsides adds more security.

Figure VI.3.8: Exterior night shoot, Courtesy of Achdaily

Figure VI.3.9: Inner court, Courtesy of Achdaily

4- Interaction The building is interacted with the surroundings with providing large glazed windows opening to the out door.

4 atruims at the middle of the building connecting all floors interior together.

Figure VI.3.10: Exterior Shoot showing the visibility of the interior at night, Figure VI.3.11: Inner court, Courtesy of Achdaily Courtesy of Achdaily

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5- Audibility The wooden partitions at the interior is filled with acoustic insulation material to absorb the noise from the adjacent rooms. Also, the exterior glass is double glazed to insulate the sounds coming from outdoor.

Figure VI.3.12: Office interior, Courtesy of Achdaily

Figure VI.3.13: Laboratory interior, Courtesy of Achdaily

6- Environmental impact Natural ventilation: • The triangular sky lighting automated to open at summer acting like a chimney that sucks the hot air up to outside and replace it with fresh cool air to inside as illustrated in Figure VI.4.15.

• The atomized louvers that open its angle at winter to allow the sun rays to enter thus heating the space in side. As well, it closes at summer to reflect the sun rays to cool the building without using much energy as illustrated in Figure VI.4.15.

• Geothermal HVAC system is used to reduce the use of energy. Since it dependence on the earth’s inner heat to heat the water and thus worming the building in winter as illustrated in Figure VI.4.14.

• Optimizing the water cycle by reducing the consumption of water through recycling and reusing the rainwater, gray water, waste and yellow water.

Figure VI.3.14: Cross Section, Courtesy of Achdaily & annotated by the researcher

Figure VI.3.15: Geothermal heating system, Courtesy of Achdaily

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7- Economy • Low cost Pre-stressed concrete with air pipes in the middle.

• Depending on natural lighting and natural ventilation to reduce the costs of using electrical power.

• Using wood as the interior walls which it’s cheaper, provides the needed heating and cooling with using less energy.

8- Image As the project is environmental research center its image reflects the nature inusing natural materials like wood.

Large glazed openings Wood

Figure VI.3.16: Exterior shoot, Courtesy of Achdaily

9- Mood The mood of this project inspired from nature. That is obvious in using four open green courts inside the building and green roofs. Also, using wood as the main building material.

Figure VI.3.17: Waiting area, Courtesy of Achdaily

Figure VI.3.18: Green house at the roof, Courtesy of Achdaily

Conclusion Positive Points • Obtaining sustainability through using building materials, which it is low, cost long life durability and optimizes the use of energy.

• Providing comfortable working spaces interacted with the both indoor through large windows and indoor through four large atrium connecting all the inner spaces together.

• Using simple natural ventilation techniques to ventilate the building naturally using less energy as possible.

• Creating identity image for the place since its main functions are for nature its image is form nature.

Negative Point • Flexibility for future changes is limited.

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VI.6 Analysis Result of Case Studies Criteria ratio for design issues: 1) 0-3 weak

2) 3-6 neutral

3) 6-10 strong

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Chapter VII | Project Components

Chapter VII: Project Components VII.1 Space Program:

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Figure VII.1.1: Main components of the project, Courtesy of the Researcher

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VII.2 Functional Requirements:

Figure VII.2.1: Function requirements of the project, Courtesy of the Researcher

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VII.3 Design Standards & Guidelines: VII.3.1 Laboratories Definition: A lab is a space which gives controlled conditions in which logical techniques including research.

Laboratory types: There are two main types of laboratories wet and dry all of which differ in design according the needs and requirements.

Wet Laboratories: Utilize, test and investigations chemicals, drugs or other material organic issue they nearly require plumbing as water supply, drainage for example chemical labs, biomedical laboratories.

Dry Laboratories: Designed for electronic, dried stored materials as antenna .Almost require accurate temperature and humidity control, dust control and clean power for example Physics labs, engineering labs.

Figure VII.3.1.1: Wet labs need plumbing fixtures

Generally research center labs may be wet or dry laboratories or a combination of both

Figure VII.3.1.2: Dry labs

Standards Dimensions in any Scientific Lab:

Figure VII.3.1.3: Labs standards, Courtesy of Neufert Book

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According to use: • Laboratories for teaching and practical, comprising a large number of workstations, usually with simple basic equipment.

• Research labs are usually need smaller spaces with specific equipment.

• Autoclaves and washing up in the entrance if it needed.

Figure VII.3.1.4: Labs with large number of workstations, Courtesy of Neufert Book

According to subject: • Chemistry and biology labs with fixed benches and rooms must ensures frequent air exchange.

• Special labs need radiation safety.

• Clean rooms labs need dust free filtered air for some fields such as microelectronics or any dangerous substances which should be prevented from entering surrounding rooms.

• Genetic engineering and microbiology labs should be isolated for it’s safety.

Figure VII.3.1.5: Clean room Lab, Courtesy of Neufert Book

Lab workstation: • The bench movable or fixed is the module which determine the lab workstation.

• Normal measurement for the standard workbench 120cm width 80 cm depth.

• Fume cupboards are part of the modular system with width 80cm, 120cm ,180cm.

• Genetic engineering and microbiology labs should be isolated for it’s safety.

• Benches are made of steel tubing with work surfaces of stone panels without joints.

Figure VII.3.1.6: Bench dimension, Courtesy of Neufert Book

Ventilation: Labs where chemicals are used must have artificial air supply and extraction .air changes per hour: • Chemical labs 8 • Biology labs 4 • Physics labs 3-4 Figure VII.3.1.7: Ventilation and environmental control system, Courtesy of Neufert Book

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VII.1.2 Multipurpose Hall (MPU) The multipurpose hall serves both curriculum activities and recreation activities and it plays a focal role for research center.

Uses: • Meetings of the local community, presentation and performances and meetings.

• Theater events, and documentary films. These events will require a large space with an audience seated in rows.

Figure VII.3.2.1: MPU different furniture distribution shows the flexibility of design, Courtesy of Neufert Book

Design criteria: • Capacity and area: the surface area has been calculated on a ratio of 0.50 M2 per person.

• Annexes: the M.P.U may have annexes such as a kitchenette, a preparation room for researches with toilet facilities and lockers, stores, a foyer (at the main entrance).

• Location: several options are acceptable. For example, next to the main entrance would allow sharing reception facilities.

• Flexibility: the layout should be very flexible and ease the adaptation of several activities.

Special requirements: • Acoustics: sound proofed must provide to avoid noisy activities.

• Lighting: Should offer the possibility of darken for data shows • Ventilation: continuous ventilation is essential with adequate heating.

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VII.1.3 Libraries Definition: Libraries perform a range of functions in society. From spreading culture and data.

Main factors leading to change in design of library buildings: • New information technology and new forms of electronic data exchange.

• Impact of mass culture and new social media.

Types of Libraries:

Science libraries: • The entrance should be clear and connected with the reading hall.

• The loan area consists of a loan counter and it’s about 40-50 m2.

• Reading hall: It should be in the center of the library.

• The window space should be one fifth of the total area of the hall and the lighting should be good.

• The reading hall should oriented towards the north.

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General dimension:

Figure VII.3.3.1: Shelf’s height and corridor width, Courtesy of Neufert

Book

Figure VII.3.3.2: Distance of corridors between tables,

Courtesy of Neufert Book

Figure VII.3.3.3: Study area dimensions, Courtesy of Neufert

Book

Zoning Zoning the interior of the library into different areas rather than separate rooms is the policy generally adopted in all but national libraries. Integration is the norm within the constraints imposed by noise, PC screen conditions and reader comfort.

Figure VII.3.3.4: Library zoning diagram, Courtesy of Neufert Book

Example for library furniture plans:

Figure VII.3.3.5: Relationship between the functional and social zones in the library, Courtesy of Neufert Book

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VII.1.4 Lecture Halls General guidelines: • Seating in lecture halls depending on subject number of students and teaching.

• Amount of space per student depends on the type of seat and depth of the writing shelf.

• Amount of space per student for seating in comfort 70x65 cm and on 60x80 cm.

Sections:

Figure VII.3.4.1: Lecture hall section, Courtesy of Neufert Book

Plans:

Figure VII.3.4.2: Fan plan dimensions,

Courtesy of Neufert Book

Figure VII.3.4.3: Rectangular plan dimensions and vision,

Courtesy of Neufert Book

Acoustics and lighting:

• Sound should reach each member of the audience with equal amplitude without any suspended ceilings for reflection and absorption. Rear walls lined with sound absorbent material other walls smooth.

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VII.1.5 Meeting Rooms General guidelines:

Figure VII.3.5.1: Different furniture meeting rooms Area = 22.5 m2, Courtesy of Neufert Book

VII.1.6 Offices

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VII.1.7 Virtual Reality Rooms Dimensions: • Min moving area = 0.5 m2 with oculus 2 camera 360.

• Moving area = 0.75 m2 with oculus 3 camera.

• Moving area = 1.0 m2 with oculus 3 camera.

• Moving area = 1.12 m2 with oculus 3 camera.

Figure VII.3.7.1: VR range standard, Courtesy of RoadtoVR company

VII.1.8 Greenhouse Definition A building, room, or area, usually chiefly of glass, in which the temperature is maintained within a desired range, used for cultivating tender plants or growing plants out of season.

Design Guidelines • Structure and Standard Greenhouse structures differ a lot from simple and very cheap structures to high-tech multi span-structures .The reasons for the large variety of greenhouse types in the world are mostly local conditions and the availability of building materials like timber, bamboo or steel.

• Orientation Greenhouse and Inclination. For the quantity of light level inside the greenhouse, besides the structural parts and cladding material, also the orientation of the greenhouse has influence.

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Figure VII.3.8.1: Green house design standard dimension,

Courtesy of Neufert Book

VII.1.9 Accommodation Units Definition Accommodation units are small building designed for commuters or visitors.

Design Criteria • Accommodation units are generally one or two floors.

• Rooms size vary between 16-25 m².

• The reception area be close to the rooms.

• The rooms may contain bath and a kitchenette.

• Repetitive units may be arranged in pairs or cluster around a central service core.

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Chapter VIII | Sustainability

Chapter VIII: Sustainability General Definition “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” Brundtland Report for the World Commission on Environment and Development (1992) (Globalfootprints.org, 2015)

Architecture Definition Architectural sustainability means using buildings materials, design, energy and spaces to reduce the bad environmental and social impacts on the ecosystem and communities.

Sustainability concerns with main three dimensions social, economic and environmental and it aims to reduce the consequences that may occur in the future due to today’s actions. (Build Abroad, 2016)

VIII.1 Description From our point of view, sustainability it is how we implement a project meeting the present needs as well as having the flexibility to accept and implement the future needs as well.

In September 2011, the United Nations (UN) in its 64th conference they ended up choosing 17 goals as a mission to achieve tell 2030, having a vision for a more sustainable world. Since Egypt took a part in this mission seeking for being a sustainable country, we took in our consideration to concentrate on some goals to be a mission to achieve in our project.

VIII.2 Social Sustainability Through the Interaction Area targeting two groups: Kids: • Introducing technology to them in fun Way using VR and Hologram movies.

For Example:

In a less time, kids can know the information that can open virtually undiscovered universes to them. So, by utilizing virtual reality , Kids can find more about science and other major subjects in a comprehensive way.

• Improving their mental intelligence by providing a place for them to invent and improve their skills.

Figure VIII.2.1: Diagram shows kids interaction methods, Courtesy of the Researcher

• Let them participate in agriculture like in the green house.

For Example:

Kids can be disconnected when it comes to knowing where their food comes from, so they will get knowledge and learn agriculture principles.

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Adults: • Raising awareness about the new techniques in agriculture.

• Giving simple training courses teaching how to make an organic fertilizer, which it is more efficient and the products are more valuable.

Figure VIII.2.2: Diagram shows adults interaction methods, Courtesy of the Researcher

VIII.3 Economical Sustainability 1. Reducing energy consumption by:• Generating energy using solar power. Since, this area in particular is sunny almost all year.

Figure VIII.3.1: Solar Pannel

Figure VIII.3.2: Chart shows Aswan climate, Courtesy of Aswan Governorate

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Chapter VIII | Sustainability

For example: Adaptive solar facade

Figure VIII.3.3: Adaptive solar panels, Courtesy of Raznick

This Solar Shell which is a double envelope, helps to be more efficient 40% than the stationary panel. As opened, they shade building interiors during summer months and ventilate the double envelope passively.

When the panels close, they shut to allow an external watertight.

Figure VIII.3.4: Adaptive solar panels detail, Courtesy of Raznick

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• Using less artificial lighting and depending on natural lighting.

• Smart heat sensors that controls the HVAC, and reduces energy consumption.

Figure VIII.3.5: Natural lighting through openings

2. For farmers raising their awareness about how to turn their house waste to natural fertilizer that enhance the crops with less money and getting maximum.

For example:

Natural fertilizer comes from animal wastes and plants. This technology could be happening on a small scale (on scale of individuals).

Figure VIII.3.6: Composing Cycle

3. The implemented SDGs Goal no.8 decent work and economic growth and goal no.9 industry innovation and infrastructure. Since our project will provide multiple job opportunities which will help in the unemployment problem.

In addition, through the technology that taught, innovated and applied to products it will enhance the agricultural economics in Nubia.

Figure VIII.3.7: Sustainable Development Goals no. 8&9, Courtesy of UNDP

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Chapter VIII | Sustainability

VIII.4 Environmental Sustainability 1. Reducing the carbon emotions by: • Replacing nonrenewable energy with clean solar power energy.

• Recycling water like gray water to use in green house and black water to use in watering the landscape areas.

Figure VIII.4.1: Septic Tank, Courtesy of Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies

2. Using the compressed earth blocks (CEB) instead of breaks in building the walls because: • it uses natural material from the site • It’s cheaper • Reduces energy consumption since it is a vernacular material.

Figure VIII.4.2: CEB, Courtesy of BENAA Foundation

3. Implemented SDGs: • SDG no.7 - Using clean energy like solar panels.

• SDG no.13 - Using vernacular building materials that have less carbon emissions.

• SDG no.15 - Improving the agricultural areas that not only useful for food production but also acts as lungs for the area.

Figure VIII.4.3: Sustainable Development Goals no. 7,13&15, Courtesy of UNDP

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Chapter IX | Table of Figures

Chapter IX: Table of Figures Chapter I • Figure I.1 | Crystalinks.com. (2018). Nubia, Kerma, Kush, Meroe, Black Pharaohs - Crystalinks. [online] Available at: http://www.crystalinks.com/nubia.html • Figure I.2 | Slideplayer.com. (2018). The Empires of Egypt and Nubia Collide - ppt video online download. [online] Available at: https://slideplayer.com/slide/6073650/ • Figure I.1.1 | Sawe, B. (2018). Abu Simbel Temples - Historic Sites of Egypt. [online] WorldAtlas.

Available at: https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/abu-simbel-temples-historic-sites-of-egypt.html • Figure I.1.2 | Crystalinks.com. (2018). Nubia, Kerma, Kush, Meroe, Black Pharaohs - Crystalinks. [online] Available at: http://www.crystalinks.com/nubia.html • Figure I.1.3 | Crabben, J. (2018). Map of the New Kingdom of Egypt, 1450 BCE. [online] Ancient History Encyclopedia. Available at: https://www.ancient.eu/image/538/map-of-the-new-kingdom-ofegypt-1450-bce/ • Figure I.1.4 | Crystalinks.com. (2018). Nubia, Kerma, Kush, Meroe, Black Pharaohs - Crystalinks. [online] Available at: http://www.crystalinks.com/nubia.html • Figure I.1.5 | Crystalinks.com. (2018). Nubia, Kerma, Kush, Meroe, Black Pharaohs - Crystalinks. [online] Available at: http://www.crystalinks.com/nubia.html • Figure I.1.6| Crystalinks.com. (2018). Nubia, Kerma, Kush, Meroe, Black Pharaohs - Crystalinks. [online] Available at: http://www.crystalinks.com/nubia.html • Figure I.1.7 | Crystalinks.com. (2018). Nubia, Kerma, Kush, Meroe, Black Pharaohs - Crystalinks. [online] Available at: http://www.crystalinks.com/nubia.html • Figure I.2.1 | Bashari, R. (2014). 100 years of Nubian Misery. [online] Abnelnuba.blogspot.com.

Available at: http://abnelnuba.blogspot.com/2010/09/blog-post_12.html • Figure I.2.2 | Bashari, R. (2014). 100 years of Nubian Misery. [online] Abnelnuba.blogspot.com.

Available at: http://abnelnuba.blogspot.com/2010/09/blog-post_12.html • Figure I.2.3 | Bashari, R. (2014). 100 years of Nubian Misery. [online] Abnelnuba.blogspot.com.

Available at: http://abnelnuba.blogspot.com/2010/09/blog-post_12.html • Figure I.2.4 | Bashari, R. (2014). 100 years of Nubian Misery. [online] Abnelnuba.blogspot.com.

Available at: http://abnelnuba.blogspot.com/2010/09/blog-post_12.html • Figure I.2.5 | Bashari, R. (2014). 100 years of Nubian Misery. [online] Abnelnuba.blogspot.com.

Available at: http://abnelnuba.blogspot.com/2010/09/blog-post_12.html • Figure I.2.6 | Bashari, R. (2014). 100 years of Nubian Misery. [online] Abnelnuba.blogspot.com.

Available at: http://abnelnuba.blogspot.com/2010/09/blog-post_12.html • Figure I.2.7 | Serag, Y. (2013). Nubian Resettlement Challenges Between past memories and present settings. [ebook] Ain Shams University. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321462543_ Nubian_Resettlement_Challenges_Between_past_memories_and_present_settings • Figure I.2.8 | Serag, Y. (2013). Nubian Resettlement Challenges Between past memories and present settings. [ebook] Ain Shams University. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321462543_ Nubian_Resettlement_Challenges_Between_past_memories_and_present_settings

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Chapter IX | Table of Figures

• Figure I.2.9 | Projectunsettled.com. (2018). UNSETTLED | Histories of Nubian Displacement. [online] Available at: http://projectunsettled.com/puresettlementshistory.html • Figure I.2.10 | Salem, M. (2010). Change detection studies on the world’s biggest artificial lake (Lake Nasser, Egypt). [ebook] Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science. Available at: https:// www.researchgate.net/publication/257498502_Change_detection_studies_on_the_world%27s_ biggest_artificial_lake_Lake_Nasser_Egypt • Figure I.4.1 | Projectunsettled.com. (2018). UNSETTLED | Histories of Nubian Displacement. [online] Available at: http://projectunsettled.com/puresettlementshistory.html

Chapter II • Figure II.1.1 | Eneiba land use map, illustrated by (Authors, 2018), Authors (2018), Urban analysis • Figure II.1.2 | Eneiba land use percentage, illustrated by (Authors, 2018), Authors (2018), Urban analysis • Figure II.1.3 | Eneiba building height map, illustrated by (Authors, 2018), Authors (2018), Urban analysis • Figure II.1.4 | Eneiba building height percentage, illustrated by (Authors, 2018), Authors (2018), Urban analysis • Figure II.1.5 | Eneiba building conditions map, illustrated by (Authors, 2018), Authors (2018), Urban analysis • Figure II.1.6 | Eneiba building conditions percentage, illustrated by (Authors, 2018), Authors (2018), Urban analysis • Figure II.1.7 | Eneiba urban fabric map, illustrated by (Authors, 2018), Authors (2018), Urban analysis • Figure II.1.8 | Eneiba urban pattern map, illustrated by (Authors, 2018), Authors (2018), Urban analysis • Figure II.1.9 | Serag, Y. (2013). Nubian Resettlement Challenges Between past memories and present settings. [ebook] Ain Shams University. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/321462543_Nubian_Resettlement_Challenges_Between_past_memories_and_present_ settings • Figure II.1.10 | Eneiba solid & void map, illustrated by (Authors, 2018), Authors (2018), Urban analysis • Figure II.2.1 | Aswan wind frequency. Data source (Ecotect analysis, 2017) illustrated by (Authors, 2018) • Figure II.2.2 | Aswan wind temperature. Data source (Ecotect analysis, 2017) illustrated by (Authors, 2018) • Figure II.2.3 | Aswan average relative humidity. Data source (Ecotect analysis, 2017) illustrated by (Authors, 2018) • Figure II.2.4 | Holiday-weather.com. (2018). Aswan, Egypt Average Annual Weather - Holiday Weather. [online] Available at: https://www.holiday-weather.com/aswan/averages/ • Figure II.2.5 | Holiday-weather.com. (2018). Aswan, Egypt Average Annual Weather - Holiday Weather. [online] Available at: https://www.holiday-weather.com/aswan/averages/ • Figure II.3.1 | Eneiba buildings elevation, illustrated by (Authors, 2018), Authors 2018, Urban analysis • Figure II.5.1 | Farmlandgrab.org. (2018). farmlandgrab.org |. [online] Available at: https://www. farmlandgrab.org/cat/show/26 • Figure II.5.2 | 2albak.com. (2018). 2albak.com |. [online] Available at: http://www.2albak.com/wpcontent/uploads/bigstock-Hookah-60007451.jpg The Forgotten Nubia | 106

Chapter IX | Table of Figures

Chapter VI • Figure VI.1.1 to figure VI.1.20 | Divisare.com. (2007). Behnisch Architekten Institute for Forestry and Nature Research. [online] Available at: https://divisare.com/projects/16701research • Figure VI.3.1 to figure VI.4.17 | Archdaily.com. (2015). Research Center ICTA-ICP · UAB / H Arquitectes + DATAAE. [online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/636587/research-center-icta-icp-uab-harquitectes-dataae • Figure VI.3.18 | Architizer.com. (2015). Centre of Scientific Research ICTA-ICP. [online] Available at: https://architizer.com/projects/centre-of-scientific-research-icta-icp/

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Chapter X | Bibliography

Chapter X: References Chapter I • Hopkins, N. And Mehanna, S. (2011). Nubian encounters. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.

• Scudder, T. (2016). Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians. Springer Nature.

• Fahim, H. (2009). Community-Health Aspects of Nubian Resettlement in Egypt. [ebook] Available at: http://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/kas055_056-007.pdf • Serag, Y. (2013). Nubian Resettlement Challenges Between past memories and present settings. [ebook] Ain Shams University. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321462543_Nubian_ Resettlement_Challenges_Between_past_memories_and_present_settings • Encyclopedia Britannica. (2018). Nubia | ancient region, Africa. [online] Available at: https://www. britannica.com/place/Nubia • Crystalinks.com. (2018). Nubia, Kerma, Kush, Meroe, Black Pharaohs - Crystalinks. [online] Available at: http://www.crystalinks.com/nubia.html • Encyclopedia Britannica. (2018). Aswan High Dam | dam, Egypt. [online] Available at: https://www. britannica.com/topic/Aswan-High-Dam • Projectunsettled.com. (2018). UNSETTLED | Histories of Nubian Displacement. [online] Available at: http://projectunsettled.com/puresettlementshistory.html

Chapter II • El-Sayed, H. (2018). General history about Nubia. Enieba: Social survey • Mahmoud, M. (2018). General history about Nubia and social analysis. Enieba: Social survey

Chapter V • Fhwa.dot.gov. (2018). 4. Physical Techniques to Reduce Noise Impacts - The Audible Landscape: A Manual for Highway Noise and Land Use - Federal Approach - Noise Compatible Planning - Noise - Environment - FHWA. [online] Available at: https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/Environment/noise/noise_ compatible_planning/federal_approach/audible_landscape/al04.cfm • Ammar, S. (2015). Principles of Architectural and Environmental Design • Lemmens, C. and Luebkeman, C. (2016). The circular economy in the built environment. London • ArchDaily. (2017). Competition-Winning Paris Office Park Design to Reintroduce Play into the Workplace. [online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/882433/competition-winning-paris-office-park-designto-reintroduce-play-into-the-workplace • Ali, O. (2015). Nubian Vernacular architecture & contemporary Aswan buildings’ enhancement. sciencedirect, 57(2), pp.875-883 • Anon. (2007). flexibility in architecture. [online] Available at: https://thewaywelive.wordpress. com/2007/11/15/flexibility-in-architecture/ • ArchDaily. (2010). Colman Triplex / Workshop Architecture|Design. [online] Available at: https://www. archdaily.com/69500/colman-triplex-workshop-architecturedesign • Liston, D. (2004). Museum Security and Protection: A Handbook for Cultural Heritage Institutions. London: Routledge The Forgotten Nubia | 109

Chapter X | Bibliography

Chapter VI • Archdaily.com. (2017). Design Strategy & Research Center / THE_SYSTEM LAB. [online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/870370/design-strategy-and-research-center-the-system-lab • Divisare.com. (2007). Behnisch Architekten Institute for Forestry and Nature Research. [online] Available at: https://divisare.com/projects/16701research • Archdaily.com. (2015). Research Center ICTA-ICP · UAB / H Arquitectes + DATAAE. [online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/636587/research-center-icta-icp-uab-h-arquitectes-dataae

Chapter VII • Bates, B. (2013). Designing hostels: spaces promoting positive cultural interaction. 2013 • Barai, S., Hossain, S. and Reddy, M. Planning of the Hostel Complex • Mathew, P., jose, D., Rajan, D., K, J. and Varghese, T. (2015). Functional planning of an administrative building. [online]. Available from: international journal of engineering research & technology (IJERT) • Anon. (2000). Greenhouse Production and Management

Chapter VIII • Egypt 2030. (2011). Egypt 2030 - SDS Egypt 2030. [online] Available at: http://sdsegypt2030. com/?lang=en • AENews. (2015). Solar Power. [online] Available at: http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/ technology/solar-power/ • Oskam-vf.com. (2016). Compressed Earth Blocks Natural building material. [online] Available at: https:// www.oskam-vf.com/CEBS_living_building_material.html

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