Architecture Graduation Project Book

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Presented by:

Ahmed Mohammed Mohammed Ahmed Hassanein Undergarduate Sudent Fourth Year Architecture Department of Architecture Faculty of Engineering Ain Shams University

Supervised by:

Eng. Nada Esmael Dr. Fatma Fathy Prof. Dr. Yasser Mansour

‘‘The use of history to apply to your daily life. That’s what I love about history. It can really give you perspective, solace, and give you hope. We can learn from the previous generations their failures and their ability to acknowledge those failures and learn from their mistakes. I’d love to just transport them into you. Think of what you learned from parents, from people who have experience. You’re learning from generations that lived before us. It makes you feel you are a part of a continuum. You’re not just here alone, so it makes you a deeper person and maybe even gives you that great thing called wisdom. All of us in our lives are going to suffer difficult times, and the question is, can you get through it? Can you grow through it? Can you learn from it?’’ ‑Doris Kearns Goodwin in Leadership Masterclass

1 Introduction Why History ?

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represent the past through narratives.

Study of history as an end in itself helps provide a History or Historia in Greek is knowledge occurred “perspective” on the problems of the present. by investigation especially of the past events. In the literal sense it is to “judge” or “witness” of the 1.4 PROBLEMS IN HISTORY events.

1.1 DEFINITION OF HISTORY

Historians often debate which narrative best explains an event, as well as the significance of different causes and effects.

Historians also debate the nature of history and its usefulness by discussing the study of the discipline as an end in itself and as a way of providing “perspective” on the problems of the present.

Stories common to particular culture, but not supported by external sources (such as tales surrounding king Arthur) are usually classified as Figure 1.1: Historical Writings culture heritage or legends as history differs form myths in that it is supported by evidence.

1.2 DECIPHERING HISTORY Ancient influences helped spawn variant History is an umbrella term related to past events interpretations of the nature of history which sometimes prehistoric before the invention of is involved over the centuries and continue to change today. writing systems History is not always from the written words past events and historical source include oral accounts, ecological markers and material objects including 1.5 HISTORY OF HISTORY art and artifacts.

Herodotus in the 5th century BC is Greek historian known as The Father of History and the father of Lies along with Thucydides in the same era helped 1.3 UNDERSTANDING HISTORY form the foundations for modern study of human History includes the academic discipline which history uses narrative to describe, examine question and Their works continue to be read today, and the analyze a sequence of past events and investigate gap between the culture-focused Herodotus and the patterns of cause and effects that are related the military-focused Thucydides remains a point to them. Historians seek to understand and

Figure 1.2: History in Architecure

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Figure 1.3: Heroodutus the Father of History

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of contention or approach in modern historical interpret the past, and sometimes write to provide writings. lessons for their own society and future generation In East Asia, a state chronicle “The Spring and Autumn Annals” was known to be compiled from as early as 722 BC although only 2nd century BC texts have survived

1.6 IMPORTANCE OF HISTORY Entire societies and the individuals within them and benefit from gaining a deeper understanding of history Developing an understanding of the world history can learn how past societies, systems, ideologies, governments, cultures and technologies were built, how they operated, and how they have changed. The rich history of the world helps us to paint a detailed picture of where we stand today.

Understanding a nations identity made up of a collection of stories and legends. These stories shape the way a country thinks and stand. History is learning about how great institutions are formed, and how they’ve contributed to where we are today.

“Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.” George Santayana’s quote is one of academia’s most cited and paraphrased lines, and one that explains perfectly why everyone should study history. The past is filled with warning signs. We must be able to reflect on the events that built up to them, learn from mistakes made and resist and question if we see similar patterns emerging.

Develop Transferrable Skills History is a respected academic pursuit that challenges our intellect.

Students must analyze information that may not have one clear interpretation before offering a balanced conclusion. Critical thought is at the heart of every challenging intellectual pursuit.

Figure 1.4: Qoute by George Santayana

1.7 MODERN HISTORY In the words of historian Benedetto Croce “All history is contemporary history”. Historians write in the context of their own time, and with due regard to the current dominant ideas of how to Introduction

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Table of Contents Introduction‑ iii 1.1 Definition of history iv 1.2 Deciphering history iv 1.3 Understanding history iv 1.4 Problems in history iv 1.5 History of history iv 1.6 Importance of history v 1.7 Modern history v Table of contents‑ vi List of figures‑ x Excutive report‑ 1 1.1 Research & studies 2 1.2 Research & study conclusions 2 1.3 Design approach 2 1.4 Design progress 2 1.5 Key recomendations 2 1.6 Conclusion 2 Site selection‑ 3 Site history‑ 5 6.1 Qasr el-nil area & tahrir square 6 6.2 Urban fabric devlopment 6 6.3 Future visions 8 6.3.1 20301 8 6.3.2 2050 8 Site analysis‑ 9 7.1 Macro site analysis 10 7.1.1 General info 10 7.1.2 Cairo administrative zones 10 7.1.3 Base map 10 7.1.5 Important points of intrests 11 7.1.6 Heirarchy of roads 12 7.1.7 Important streets 12 7.1.8 Transit lines 12 7.1.9 Cultural axis map 13 7.1.10 Contours 13 7 .1.11 Elevation profiles 13 7.1.12 Soil type 14 7.1.13 Natural resources 14 7.1.14 Geographic analysis conclusion 14 7.1.15 Environmental analysis 15 In conclusion 15 7.1.16 Land uses in qasr el nil 16 7.1.17 Demographic analysis 16 Conclusion 16 7.1.18 Social aspects 17 Table of Contents

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7.2 Micro site analysis 7.2.1 Administrative zone neghborhoods 7.2.2 Site location 7.2.3 Heirarchy of road 7.2.4 Solid & void 7.2.5 Urban spaces 7.2.6 Building types 7.2.7 Building conditions 7.2.8 Building heights 7.2.9 Transportation 7.2.10 Site properties 7.2.11 Site traffic 7.2.12 Visual constraints 7.2.13 Micro analysis conclusion 7.3 Swot analysis Case studies‑ 8.1 Media library in bourge-la-reine 8.1.1 Project data: 8.1.2 Project concept: 8.2 Doushan leisure center 8.2.1 Project data 8.2.2 Project concept 8.3 Expo 2020 opportunity signature pavilion 8.3.1 Project data 8.3.2 Project concept Design guidlines‑ 9.1.1 Libraries calculations 9.1.2 Library shelving standards 9.1.3 Adminstration standards 9.1.4 Garage standards 9.2 Egyptian fire code Architectural program‑ 10.1 Problem definition 10.2 Vision and objectives 10.2.1 Vision 10.2.2 Vision difinition 10.3 Space program Architectural concept‑ 11.1 Contextual architecture 11.2 Philosiphy 11.3 Concept 11.4 Site conclusion 11.5 Form generation 11.6 Studies 11.6.1 3d zoning 11.6.2 Vertical circulation & fire code requirments study 11.6.3 Studing the nest structure 11.6.3 Solar gain & shadow mask Page viii

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11.6.4 Solar radiation on mass 43 11.6.3 Solar gain & shadow mask 43 11.6.5 View study from el-tahrir 43 11.6.6 Views from inside the library 43 11.6.7 Etfe membrane used on the library 44 Design development‑ 45 12.1 Second sketch 46 12.2 Third sketch 48 Final product‑ 52 13.1 Submited poster 53 13.2 Rendered shots 58 Conclusion‑ 59 14.1 Lessons learned 60 14.1.1 Regarding the project 60 14.1.2 Regarding the site analysis & site analysis conclusion 60 14.1.3 Regarding the project zoning and programmatic concept 60 14.2 Recomendations 61 14.2.1 To other architects 61 14.2.2 To the government 61 Bibliography‑ 62

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3 List of Figures

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List of Figures Figure 1.1: Historical writings Figure 1.2: History in architecure Figure 1.3: Heroodutus the father of history Figure 1.4: Qoute by george santayana Figure 5.1: Site view from hilton hotel Figure 5.2: Site view from stugratt hotel Figure 6.1:1933.Jpg Figure 6.2 :1920.Jpeg Figure 6.3:1958.Jpeg Figure 6.4:2008.Jpg Figure 6.5: Snapsot from the future vision Figure 6.6: Map of zones of future vision 2050 Figure 7.1:North egypt map pointed.Jpg Figure 7.2:Administrative zones.Jpg Figure 7.3:Base map.Jpg Figure 7.4: Points of interest 1-5 Figure 7.6: Points of interest 11-15 Figure 7.8: Points of interest 21-25 Figure 7.5: Points of interest 6-10 Figure 7.7: Points of interest 16-20 Figure 7.9: Points of interest 25-30 Figure 7.10:Herarchy of roads.Jpg Figure 7.11:Streets.Jpg Figure 7.12:Transit.Jpg Figure 7.15:Elevation profiles Figure 7.13:Touristic.Jpg Figure 7.14:Contour raster.Jpg Figure 7.16:Contour profiles.Jpg Figure 7.17:Soil types.Jpg Figure 7.18:Natural resources.Jpg Figure 7.19:Geographic conclusion.Jpg Figure 7.20:3d-sunpath Figure 7.21:Wind rose Figure 7.22:Macro conclusion.Jpg Figure 7.23:Land_uses.Jpg Figure 7.24:Demography present & future Figure 7.25:Macro conclusion.Jpg Figure 7.28:Pie view of mantiq and poverty Figure 7.26: Mantiq and poverty Figure 7.27:Mantiq and location of living Figure 7.29:Coorelation between neighborly cooperation and mantiq Figure 7.30: Neighboorhoods in the zone Figure 7.31:Site location Figure 7.32:Micro_heirarchy of roads.Jpg Figure 7.33:Micro_solidavoid.Jpg List of Figures

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Figure 7.34:Micro_open areas.Jpg Figure 7.35 :Micro_landuse.Jpg Figure 7.36:Micro_condition.Jpg Figure 7.37:Micro_building height.Jpg Figure 7.38:Micro_transportation.Jpg Figure 7.39:Project_site.Jpg Figure 7.40:Project_traffic.Jpg Figure 7.41:Project_views.Jpg Figure 7.42:Micro conclusion.Jpg Figure 7.43:Project_conclusion.Jpg Figure 8.1:Library interior view.Jpg Figure 8.2:Exterior facade.Jpg Figure 8.3:First floor plan.Jpg Figure 8.4:Master plan.Jpg Figure 8.5:Section.Jpg Figure 8.6:Bird eye view.Jpg Figure 8.7: View from the piere.Jpg Figure 8.8:Dushan_leisure_center-exploded_axo.Jpg Figure 8.9:Elevations.Jpg Figure 9.2: Seating standards Figure 9.1: Seating area standards Figure 9.3:Shelving standards Figure 9.4:Administrative standards Figure 9.5:Garage standards Figure 10.1:Quarantine hospital in cairo.Jpg Figure 10.2:Tahrir_square_during_8_february_2011.Jpg Figure 10.3:Alexandria’s_bibliotheca.Jpg Figure 10.4:Unknown soldier memorial in nasr city.Jpg Figure 10.5:Total area needed of main zones.Pdf Figure 10.7:Space program.Pdf Figure 10.6:Total area needed detailed.Pdf Figure 11.1:Selected site location & surrounding.Jpg Figure 11.1:Traffic around the site and points of transit.Jpg Figure 11.3:Study of urban views and pedestrian paths.Jpg Figure 11.4:1.Jpg Figure 11.5:2.Jpg Figure 11.6:3.Jpg Figure 11.7:4.Jpg Figure 11.8:5.Jpg Figure 11.9:6.Jpg Figure 11.10:7.Jpg Figure 11.11:8.Jpg Figure 11.12:3d zoning.Png Figure 11.11:Vetical circultion.Png Figure 11.14:Gh script.Png Figure 11.15:Structure.Png Figure 11.16:Radiation mask.Png Figure 11.17:Solar radiation.Png Page xii

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Figure 11.18:Sunlight hours.Png Figure 11.19:Qualitative view from el-tahrir.Png Figure 11.20:Views in library.Png Figure 11.24: Anaheim regional transportation intermodal center / hok etfe fixation.Jpg Figure 11.22: Anaheim regional transportation intermodal center / hok interior.Jpg Figure 11.23: Anaheim regional transportation intermodal center / hok daylight.Jpg Figure 11.25: Anaheim regional transportation intermodal center / hok night time.Jpg Figure 12.1:2nd sketch-1.Jpg Figure 12.2: 2nd sketch-2.Jpg Figure 12.3: 2nd sketch-3.Jpg Figure 12.4: 2nd sketch-4.Jpg Figure 12.5: 3rd sketch-2.Jpg Figure 12.6:3rd sketch-2.Jpg Figure 12.7:3rd sketch- 3.Jpg Figure 12.7:3rd sketch-4.Jpg Figure 13.1:Full.Jpg Figure 13.2:Main-artboard 1.Jpg Figure 13.3:Main-artboard 2.Jpg Figure 13.4:Main-artboard 3.Jpg Figure 13.5:Main-artboard 4.Jpg Figure 13.6:Main shot-day.Jpg Figure 13.8:View from el-tahrir - day.Jpg Figure 13.10:View from andelmenem ryad - day.Jpg Figure 13.12:Interior of library.Jpg Figure 13.16:Bird-eye view.Jpg Figure 13.7:Main shot-night.Png Figure 13.9:View from el-tahrir - night.Png Figure 13.11:View from andelmenem ryad - night.Png Figure 13.13:Interior of library.Jpg Figure 13.15:View of project from el-zamalek.Jpg

List of Figures

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4 Excutive Report

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This is a report submitted as a partial requirement of Graduation Project Fulfilment, and it provides an analysis of the design process through the project starting from the site analysis till the design development and final Product. It contains a summary of all the studied data, all the researches done and all the previous assignments that contributed to the production of the final product

1.1 RESEARCH & STUDIES

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1.4 DESIGN PROGRESS The concept phase was followed by setting the project plans studying each function and heir realationships within the project along with its requirments. This led to a landscape desgin and an outdoor zoning to complement the indoor spaces

1.5 KEY RECOMENDATIONS

The project needed to connected with multiple The research process started with the gathering points of in the surrounding thus complementing of all the needed data about the site, its potential, the new upgrades and renovations already thus the studying of the site analysis to create a SWOT paving the way for further plans in the future Analysis. culutural capital of Cairo Studying the suurounding context and wheather it will affect the design theme & conceptor not.

Then gathering data about site climate and 1.6 CONCLUSION analyzing it on site to see effect on orientation decisions.

As the country is heading towards a new era Studying similar projects analyzing them for notes a conclusion is needed for not only the future on taken decisions. To set a space program of the generations but us when we look back on our whole project. history.

A conclusion is needed for this book from the series of history Egyptians go through.

1.2 RESEARCH & STUDY CONCLUSIONS

After gathering and analyzing the studies. A propose draft space program along with vision and objectives required from the project.

This helped in laying the starting ground for a schematic 2D-zoning and a Conceptual Form

1.3 DESIGN APPROACH After several trials on a conceptual 3D Model, the resulted form led to new idea and form of thinking that created a masterplan and by the programmatic concepts where used to add the final touches on oreintation and space heirarchy.

The programmatic concepts had a huge effect on the project was mainly contextual and the forces that gave shape to the mass where from the surrounding context

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5 Site Selection

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QASR EL-NIL The site was selected mostly on socio-cultural elements and importance of the site to the people The site is located in the Heart of where most modern history movements and events occurred (i.e., El-Tahrir Square) The site connects from the heart of downtown Cairo and khedive Cairo while over viewing the important monuments if modern Cairo in El-Jazeera The Site directly connects to the Egypt’s vision of creating a cultural capital in the area this complements the project and how it is situated

Figure 5.1: Site View from Hilton Hotel

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Figure 5.2: Site View from Stugratt Hotel

Site Selection

6 Site History

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6.1 QASR EL-NIL AREA & TAHRIR SQUARE

6.2 URBAN FABRIC DEVLOPMENT 1904 The beginning of mapping of modern downtown Cairo with and its development on the Ismalia Kanal as a luxurious area for rulers and the military

Figure 6.1:1933.jpg

1933 The extension of downtown Cairo to the south in Helwan’s Direction

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Figure 6.2 :1920.jpeg

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The start of forming main boulevards in downtown Cairo and the start of presence of multiple governmental, administrative and foreign affairs in the area

2008 The presence of the current downtown Cairo and how the civil and Urban life. The life of the area as an administrative capital with maturing of transport in the area.

Figure 6.3:1958.jpeg

IN CONCLUSION: The area was mapped from the early times and was developed from uses and nothing major in urban development and still maintains the ‘Paris by the Nile’ Urban style with radial streets form central squares.

Figure 6.4:2008.jpg

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6.3 FUTURE VISIONS 6.3.1 20301 The general plan is based on 8 pillars 1.

Improving residents’ living conditions and quality of life.

2.

Providing a competitive environment for knowledge-based economy.

3.

Improving environmental conditions and achieving sustainability.

4.

Developing GC Transportation Network Infrastructure.

5.

Developing new urban communities as diverse and attractive centers 6.

Creating an environment suitable for prosperity of tourism and preserving historical and archeological areas.

7.

Reviving the GC Central area.

8.

Providing an effective governance system for management of development plans.

QASR EL NIL SPECIFIC PLAN 1.

The plan will be about changing roads to pedestrians 2.

The decrease of administrative and the residential areas turning them to cultural and commercial zones

Figure 6.5: Snapsot from the future vision

6.3.2 2050 Main concept of the vision 1.

Redistribution of population all over the region and settling in new major projects outside Cairo and Giza 2.

A global green city 3.

Raising living condition of international level 4.

Increasing the competitiveness of the Egyptian Capital Qasr el nil specific plan 5.

Transforming some streets and routes into pedestrian paths 6.

Developing the main squares in the area 7.

Reutilizing and the ministerial quarter as gardens and cultural venues 8.

Establishing a number of underground multi-story garages Page 8

Figure 6.6: Map of zones of Future Vision 2050

Site History

7 Site Analysis

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7.1 MACRO SITE ANALYSIS 7.1.1 GENERAL INFO Egypt has 27 governate divisions and most of them around the Nile river and the delta region Qasr El-Nil is strategic location in mid Cairo where it connects with khedive Cairo and modern Cairo Located in the Western of Cairo North of the Arab Republic of Egypt Location: • Latitude: 30° 2’ 51.648‘’ North • Longitude: 31° 13’ 56.5932‘’ East

Figure 7.1:North Egypt Map Pointed.jpg

7.1.2 CAIRO ADMINISTRATIVE ZONES Greater Cairo region is divided into two subgovernates 1. Cairo 2. Giza Each sub-governate has different administrative zones The site is in Qasr El Nil administrative zone

Figure 7.2:Administrative Zones.jpg

7.1.3 BASE MAP

Figure 7.3:Base Map.jpg

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7.1.5 IMPORTANT POINTS OF INTRESTS

Site Analysis

Figure 7.4: Points of Interest 1-5

Figure 7.5: Points of Interest 6-10

Figure 7.6: Points of Interest 11-15

Figure 7.7: Points of Interest 16-20

Figure 7.8: Points of Interest 21-25

Figure 7.9: Points of Interest 25-30

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7.1.6 HEIRARCHY OF ROADS Darker Roads main roads the lighter shade indicate arterial roads and the lightest shade indicate neighborhood roads A lot of the main roads pass through the site with a few of the main arterial roads also This creates a lot of traffic in the area with its accompanying sensory input

Figure 7.10:Herarchy of Roads.jpg

7.1.7 IMPORTANT STREETS 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Corniche El Nile Street Ramses Street 6th of October Bridge El Qaheira El Wosta Street El Tahrir Street AbdelQader Hamza Street 26th of July Corridor El Saraya Street (Cairo University Street) Figure 7.11:Streets.jpg

7.1.8 TRANSIT LINES 1.

Multiple Main Bus line passes through the neighborhood 2.

2 Lines if underground (Metro) passes through the neighborhood with multiple spots 3.

A train station (Cairo Station) is within a short distance of the neighborhood 4. 2 Major bus station within the neighborhood (Abdelmenem Reyad and El Tahrir) The neighborhood has all the facilities and is adequately accessible with public transport

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Figure 7.12:Transit.jpg

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7.1.9 CULTURAL AXIS MAP A touristic axis and views connecting to other historic places along with a walk in Islamic Cairo, Khedeiv Cairo and the Nile Front

Figure 7.13:Touristic.jpg

7.1.10 CONTOURS The city is mostly on an elevation 25 m above sea levels with some spots at 30 m There are two places that don’t follow the general rule in the city 1.

The Nile River which is at a lower sea level elevation 2.

The start of El Muttam mountains where elevations get higher Figure 7.14:Contour Raster.jpg

7 .1.11 ELEVATION PROFILES

Figure 7.15:Elevation Profiles

Site Analysis

Figure 7.16:Contour Profiles.jpg

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7.1.12 SOIL TYPE Gravels and Gravelly sand soils of the alluvial fans, out wash plains Nile Alluvium Dissected limestone plateau

Figure 7.17:Soil Types.jpg

7.1.13 NATURAL RESOURCES In the macro scale there are a few large parks and green area in the surrounding area Off course the water sources in the area is mainly the Nile River but there is also artificial lakes in the Giza Zoo and the lake in Ain Al Sirah A few of the neighborhoods in the area has a lot of greenery in the streets on the historic side like: 1.

Garden City 2.

El Zamalek Figure 7.18:Natural Resources.jpg

7.1.14 GEOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS CONCLUSION The area in total has a relatively stable contour (+ 5 m) from surrounding so no major excavation or filling needed Multiple Green parks around but no green parks in the area of study Nile Alluvial Soil has a lot of sediments and ground water so certain structure methods may not be available

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Figure 7.19:Geographic Conclusion.jpg

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7.1.15 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS The sun path in the summer is high in the sky and starts earlier while in the winter it starts late with sun relatively low in the sky with much shorter days The wind is mostly in the North, but still North West to North East has access to the best winds The best side for openings is the Northern Side the has the least direct sunlight and has access to the best winds The area has average temperatures all year around that peaks in the summer at 35°C and 9°C in the winter with average mid humility all year around at around 60 %.

The area has relatively low rainfall at almost zero in the summer months and peak at 6 – 5 mm of rainfall in January and December.

Summers are bit hot and there will be low chances of rainfall in the winter The area has high daylight times more than half the day with more than half of the daylight hours is direct sunshine hours this create a high UV index that peaks in the summer with the low number of rainfall days in a month The area has high sunshine hours thus could be used in environmental factors like growing plants and generating electricity from solar cells

Figure 7.20:3D-Sunpath

Figure 7.21:Wind Rose

IN CONCLUSION Direct sunlight is almost around 12 hours in the summer and 6 in the winter Solar panels van be used highly Need to provide sun covers for public areas in the summer Northern Façade is most crucial for ventilation

Figure 7.22:Macro Conclusion.jpg

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7.1.16 LAND USES IN QASR EL NIL Qasr El Nile area has a lot of different uses as it passed through a lot of phases through its history The area has a lot governmental, foreign ministries and administrative buildings The area also contains a lot of commercial zones that centralize near downtown Cairo and Abdelmenem Riyad Residential Zones mostly cluster near Garden City

7.1.17 DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS Current population is increasing but compound annual growth rate of the Cairo region is going down Cairo age specific population is mostly young adults and younger creating a futuristic work force Population in Cairo in forecasted to increase by 2032 with 18.2% of population in Egypt lives in Cairo The age specific population is forecasted to increase but keep the current range of ages within the society There will be a growth of 2% between 2012 and 2032 with an increase of 70% of the working population (15 to 60 years of age) The labor force will have a forecasted job unemployment of 1% of the labor force with almost 2 million job opportunities will provided 2032

Figure 7.23:Land_Uses.jpg

Figure 7.24:Demography Present & Future

CONCLUSION There will be an increase population that will enter the labor force with a lot of opportunities they will be provided especially that most of the current and forecasted population is young adults

Figure 7.25:Macro Conclusion.jpg

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7.1.18 SOCIAL ASPECTS A study made by un-habitat in 2008 where they wanted to measure a lot of Cairo residents’ social aspect against their ideology they called “mantiq” and categorized in to 3 types against their class whether they are poor or not to measure a lot of the social aspects.

The distribution of poverty level along with household ownership is equal in both poor and non poor in low and medium “mantiq “classes but skyrocket in non poor for high “mantiq” levels Distribution of households mainly for poor in agriculture, desert and cemeteries but for the non poor it is mostly in core cities Households with high density of 3 person per room is mostly in the poor end of the scale Age specific distribution of “mantiq” and poverty levels peaks in young adults in low and medium “mantiq” in males and females while population in high “mantiq” is 60+ years in nonpoor People tend to cooperate more in major problems across all spectrums but they tend to help more if they are of low or medium “mantiq” but less cooperative if they have high “mantiq” The sense of insecurity is relatively low as Egypt in general and Cairo specifically ha low street crime rates in relation to other places of the world and it shows the security of the home owners

Figure 7.27:Mantiq and Location of Living

Figure 7.28:Pie View of Mantiq and Poverty

Figure 7.29:Coorelation between Neighborly Cooperation and Mantiq

Site Analysis

Figure 7.26: Mantiq and Poverty

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7.2 MICRO SITE ANALYSIS 7.2.1 ADMINISTRATIVE ZONE NEGHBORHOODS The site is located in a neighborhood called Qasr El Nil which is divided into certain areas by the public for a more accurate pinpointing of location: 1.

El Fagala 2. Esa’af 3.

AbdelMenem Reyad 4.

Combined with downtown Cairo 5.

El Tahrir Area 6.

Garden City 7.

Administrative Collection 8.

Combine with El Qasr El Aini

Figure 7.30: Neighboorhoods in the Zone

7.2.2 SITE LOCATION The site is located in El-Tahrir Neighborhood In the North-West part of the neighborhood on the Nile Banks over viewing El Zamalek

Figure 7.31:Site Location

7.2.3 HEIRARCHY OF ROAD Darker Roads main roads the lighter shade indicate arterial roads and the lightest shade indicate neighborhood roads A lot of the main roads pass through the site with a few of the main arterial roads also This creates a lot of traffic in the area with its accompanying sensory input

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Figure 7.32:Micro_Heirarchy of Roads.jpg

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7.2.4 SOLID & VOID The area has high density of buildings near downtown areas The super block that contains the site has relatively low density as the block has almost 1/3 open spaces

Figure 7.33:Micro_SoliDAVoid.jpg

7.2.5 URBAN SPACES Public Green Spaces in the super block as part of the surrounding sites and in newly formed public spaces Semi Public Green areas with the AUC and the Greek Campus

Figure 7.34:Micro_Open Areas.jpg

7.2.6 BUILDING TYPES The area is mainly a touristic hub with a few hotels with mostly commercial area of downtown area

Figure 7.35 :Micro_Landuse.jpg

7.2.7 BUILDING CONDITIONS Site Analysis

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The area has a good condition in the buildings and the medium parts in downtown area is mainly finishes and nothing structural which are being renovated for the Cairo’s new vision

Figure 7.36:Micro_Condition.jpg

7.2.8 BUILDING HEIGHTS The area is mainly divided in two the downtown area which is mainly 0 – 30 m then El-Tahrir area and Corniche El Nil has mostly 30 – 60 m with the common views of towers (60+ m) that is usually on The Nile Banks

Figure 7.37:Micro_Building Height.jpg

7.2.9 TRANSPORTATION The site location has adequate public transport accessibility with multiple bus stops within a walking distance and bus garage in Abdelmenem Riyad An underground station (El Sadat) is also within walking distance its special as it connects two underground line together Presence of Public parking within walking distance makes accessibility not only by public transport but also private

Figure 7.38:Micro_Transportation.jpg

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The site is in a special location on the Nile front bound from all sides by the following: • From the North by Ramses Street • From West the Nile front and corniche Street • Form South by the Nile Ritz-Carlton Hotel • From East the Egyptian Museum The site has an area of 16,000 m2 The site was owned originally by the Egyptian Museum then by the former National Democratic Party and now owned by The Military Engineering Association

7.2.11 SITE TRAFFIC

Figure 7.39:Project_Site.jpg

The site is littered with bridge exits from 6th of October bridge thus making a bit of traffic problem in the area along with the public garage North of the site

7.2.12 VISUAL CONSTRAINTS

Figure 7.40:Project_Traffic.jpg

The site is in a special location on the Nile front therefore its favorable to see it from the public urban spaces The Egyptian Museum is now a heritage site and the main architectural mass is expected to be seen from the Nile Front

Figure 7.41:Project_Views.jpg

7.2.13 MICRO ANALYSIS CONCLUSION

Site Analysis

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The site is special but this add some constraints to be solved

Figure 7.42:Micro Conclusion.jpg

Figure 7.43:Project_Conclusion.jpg

7.3 SWOT ANALYSIS

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8.1 MEDIA LIBRARY IN BOURGE-LA-REINE 8.1.1 PROJECT DATA: Architect: Pascale Guedot Architecte Year: 2014 Area: 2000 m2 Country: France City: Bourge-la-reine

8.1.2 PROJECT CONCEPT: Refrains from overshadowing the neighborhood. Shy of signaling its existence, it calls for a discreet discovery as one comes nearby. Only then, is one struck with the force of the volumes and the architectural identity. This is a building, which is not afraid of stating its bulk.

The façade of the media library presents several folds, each facet responding to a specific context and a particular constraint

Figure 8.1:Library Interior View.jpg

Figure 8.2:Exterior Facade.jpg

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Figure 8.3:First Floor Plan.jpg

Figure 8.4:Master Plan.jpg

Figure 8.5:section.jpg

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8.2 DOUSHAN LEISURE CENTER 8.2.1 PROJECT DATA Architect: DnA Year: 2018 Area: 2647 m2 Country: China City: Lishui

8.2.2 PROJECT CONCEPT Iconic landmark and acts a meeting place between locals and tourists.

The new leisure center is located at the triangular wetland at the foot of Dushan Mountain adjacent to the Songyin River, the mother river of Songyang County. It is also one of the key tourism projects of the Songyin River Scenic District Development, including a visitor center, water sports facilities, and a gym for water sports athletes.

Figure 8.6:Bird Eye View.jpg

Figure 8.7: View From the Piere.jpg

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Figure 8.8:Dushan_Leisure_Center-Exploded_Axo.jpg

Figure 8.9:elevations.jpg

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8.3 EXPO 2020 OPPORTUNITY SIGNATURE PAVILION 8.3.1 PROJECT DATA Architect: BIG Year: 2020 Area: 12000 m2 Country: U.A.E. City: Dubai

8.3.2 PROJECT CONCEPT As usual from BIG a programmatic concept where the design is derived from the site constrains where first the visual axes is created and then where the entrances will be.

Then extruded the maximum height and created shading. The facades curved to create the entrances then the uses of vertical strips on the mass to create day light spaces in the pavilion

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9 Design Guidlines

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9.1.1 LIBRARIES CALCULATIONS • Books To estimate the space needed to house the library’s book collection, divide the total projected collection by 15, 13, or 10.

• Non-print To estimate the space needed to house the library’s nonprint collection, divide the total projected collection by 15, 13, or 10.

• PA Computer To estimate the space needed to house the library’s public access computer work stations, multiply the number of terminals by 35, 45, or 50.

• Staff To estimate the area needed for staff work space, multiply the number of work stations by 125, 140 or 150 square feet.

• Meeting Room In a general meeting room, a library should allow 10 square feet per audience seat, plus another 100 square feet for a speaker’s podium / presentation area at the front of the room.

• Non-Assignable Spaces Non-assignable space generally comprises about 25 to 30 percent of the gross square footage of the finished building. A minimum allocation will represent 25% of the gross area of the building. A moderate allocation will represent about 27% of the gross area, while an optimum allocation will represent 30%.

Figure 9.1: Seating Area Standards • Sitting Area

Figure 9.2: Seating Standards

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9.1.2 LIBRARY SHELVING STANDARDS

Figure 9.3:Shelving Standards

9.1.3 ADMINSTRATION STANDARDS

Figure 9.4:Administrative Standards

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9.1.4 GARAGE STANDARDS

9.2 EGYPTIAN FIRE CODE

Figure 9.5:Garage Standards

• The building type according to the code is A2 • According to the code dead ends are 6m and travel distances is 35m without firefighting system and 50 m with the firefighting system • Exits is to public road or a safe open space • A minimum of 3 exits if spaces have 600 – 1000 and if it increases to more than 1000 it becomes 4 exits • Internal Stairs can be used if surrounded by fire resistant structure along with external stairs as fire exits • If stair width passes 2.2 m handrail is put in its middle and if it passes 3.4 m it divided into more with the spacing doesn’t exceed 1.70 m • Helical Stairs are not recommended for fire exits but if used min of going is 23 cm with handrail on both sides • Ramps used are to be 1:8 for internal uses and 1:10 in all external uses • Landings should be used in ramps if the ramp height exceed 3.70 m and the landing width and height is equal at minimum to the ramp’s width

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Design Standards

10 Architectural Program » Problem Definition » Vision and Objective » Space Program » Concept » Contextual Architecture

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10.1 PROBLEM DEFINITION • In the middle of a pandemic where modern history is written over the previous 10 to 15 years of repeated or new events • Providing historical information for future generation can provide a key for a better community and culture • This pursuit of modern events may help shape the future not only needed but wanted also.

• The need preserves the cultural values brings in both stories food and faith and also biases cruelty and oppression • The need to maintain a cultural, historical identity shapes how our society develops and perhaps play a larger role in the predictability of future development.

• In the future, modern events perceived as history will face the same problem of today of missing gaps, theories and unexplained events

10.2 VISION AND OBJECTIVES

Figure 10.1:Quarantine Hospital In Cairo.jpg

Figure 10.2:Tahrir_Square_during_8_February_2011.jpg

10.2.1 VISION A monument in the heart of Cairo that collects and exhibits the modern history in a physical version instead of digital measures in a form of a large Central Library Expo Center

10.2.2 VISION DIFINITION History is divided into raw knowledge and cultural knowledge where there is relationship of causality between them this is the main focus

Figure 10.3:Alexandria’s_Bibliotheca.jpg

Figure 10.4:Unknown Soldier Memorial in Nasr City.jpg

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10.3 SPACE PROGRAM Total Area Needed Detailed

Total Area Needed of Main Zones Commercial 9%

Services 9%

Archive 14%

Expo Center 23%

Adminstration 2%

Garage 9%

Exhibition Area Gift Shop 2% Restaurant 11% 4% Administrative Wing 2%

Bar & Book Cafe 3% Workshops 3%

Library 57%

Calm Black Box 2%

Figure 10.5:Total Area Needed of Main Zones.pdf

Library 43%

MPU 7%

Figure 10.6:Total Area Needed Detailed.pdf

Function

No. needed

People per space

Single Space Area / m2

Total Area Needed / m2

Exhibition Area

2

150

750

1,500

Gift Shop

1

-

-

250

Sitting Area

1

100

350

Kitchen

1

100

80

Ancillary Storage

1

Restaurant

550

120

Administrative Wing

350

Offices

12

Guest Houses

18

-

200 150

Library

6,000 350,000 Books Media

1

46 Magazines 50,000 Non-print

5,500

30 PA Computer Sitting Area

1

90

250

Staff

1

10

130

Meeting Room

1

100

125

MPU

2

Calm Black Box

1

Workshops

4

10

Bar & Book Cafe

1

100

500

250 100

Archive Garage

1,000 400 400 2,000

100

1,250

Figure 10.7:Space Program.pdf

Architectural Program

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11.1 CONTEXTUAL ARCHITECTURE

11.3 CONCEPT

Contextual Architecture or Contextualism is a process in which a structure is designed in response to its specific urban and natural environment. Rather than being an architectural style, contextualism can be seen as a set of values that incorporate, not only immediate but wider context of a building into its design.

In architectural sense, context gives meaning to parts of a building by reference to its surrounding.

The context of a building includes physical/natural factors (for example, the curve of an adjacent river) , sociocultural factors (for example, the site’s previous use) and so on. These factors are analyzed, adapted and adopted to integrate the building into its context.

The three distinct aspects of contextualism are: 1.

Vernacular Architecture 2.

Regional Architecture 3.

Critical Architecture

Knowledge is a shield that protects culture and once the shield falls the culture of a society collapses both interconnect where a person is not living alone he/she is in a contuum and gives a great thing called wisdom

11.2 PHILOSIPHY The use the lessons of history to apply to your daily life. That’s what I love about history. It can really give you perspective, solace, and give you hope. We can learn from the previous generations their failures and their ability to acknowledge those failures and learn from their mistakes. I’d love to just transport them into you. Think of what you learned from parents, from people who have experience. You’re learning from generations that lived before us. It makes you fe el you are a part of a continuum. You’re not just here alone, so it makes you a deeper person and maybe even gives you that great thing called wisdom. All of us in our lives are going to suffer difficult times, and the question is, can you get through it? Can you grow through it? Can you learn from it?

11.4 SITE CONCLUSION In order to identify the surroundings and select the position of the building in the plot of land.

Figure 11.1:Selected Site Location & Surrounding.jpg

Figure 11.1:Traffic Around the Site and Points of Transit.jpg

Figure 11.3:Study of Urban Views and Pedestrian Paths.jpg

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11.5 FORM GENERATION 1. Selected Building Footprint

Figure 11.4:1.jpg

2.Extruding the Plot 30 m

Figure 11.5:2.jpg

3. Pulling the top edges of the mass for self shading

Figure 11.6:3.jpg

4. Fixing the Angle of View of the Urban Spaces and the Museum

Figure 11.7:4.jpg

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5. Opening the Atrium for Natural Ventilation and Sunlight

Figure 11.8:5.jpg

6. Adding the Envelope, Space Program and opening the Entrances in the mass

Figure 11.9:6.jpg

7. Adding the Nest Structure amd ETFE Membrane

Figure 11.10:7.jpg

8. Final Form

Figure 11.11:8.jpg

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11.6 STUDIES 11.6.1 3D ZONING

Figure 11.12:3D Zoning.png

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11.6.2 VERTICAL CIRCULATION & FIRE CODE REQUIRMENTS STUDY

Figure 11.11:Vetical Circultion.png

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11.6.3 STUDING THE NEST STRUCTURE

Figure 11.14:GH Script.png

The nest strucure was all automated and studied from the get go from adding the points of needed structural integeration needed. Then the nest structure is divided into two the structure elements and the additive parts that are for aesthatic value.

11.6.3 SOLAR GAIN & SHADOW MASK

Figure 11.16:Radiation Mask.png

The plot naturaly has high gain with minimal shadows from surounding context

Figure 11.15:Structure.png

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11.6.4 SOLAR RADIATION ON MASS

Figure 11.17:Solar Radiation.png

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11.6.5 VIEW STUDY FROM EL-TAHRIR

Figure 11.19:Qualitative View From El-Tahrir.png

Solar Radiation on the mass was high but due to The View from urban spacc on the Nile and the mass and the nest structure low radiation gains Andelmenem Riyad was open but from El-Tahrir were acheived under the very harsh conditions. is the Issue thus a study was made at 266 points based on quality of view above 25%.

11.6.3 SOLAR GAIN & SHADOW MASK

11.6.6 VIEWS FROM INSIDE THE LIBRARY

Figure 11.20:Views in Library.png

A study to show that views from inside the library to show that the Nest Structure and The Nile Ritz does minimal effect. The study was on the base floor in the library in 60 degrees horizontal and vertical cone of vision to simulate the human eyes.

Figure 11.18:Sunlight Hours.png

A lot of natural sunlight hours enter the main central library area.

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11.6.7 ETFE MEMBRANE USED ON THE LIBRARY Is a flourine based polymer known as Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene. Mostly known for the use in the exterior of the Water Cube designed bt PTW Architects.

Orginally developed as a lightweight, heat resistant film to serve as coating for the aerospace industry. Fist large scale use was is in the Eden Project in Cornwall, UK. From there it was used as cladding in some pavillions and stadiums with air filled between them to give a similar shape to a pneumatic structure.

Avantages in using the ETFE film : • Recycable • Long Lasting • Holds up in extreme conditions (providing thermal insulation as well as structural stability) • Has a low friction coeffecient that prevents dust or dirt from sticking to the surface decreasing needed maintenance • Doubled layered thus has acoustic capabilities • Cost-effective and low energy (in production, transportation and use) • Preform well during natural disasters • Self-extenguishing in case of fire

Figure 11.22: Anaheim Regional Transportation Intermodal Center / HOK Interior.jpg

Figure 11.23: Anaheim Regional Transportation Intermodal Center / HOK Daylight.jpg

Figure 11.24: Anaheim Regional Transportation Intermodal Center / HOK ETFE Fixation.jpg

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Figure 11.25: Anaheim Regional Transportation Intermodal Center / HOK Night Time.jpg

Architectural Concept

12 Design Development » Second Sketch » Third Sketch

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12.1 SECOND SKETCH

Figure 12.1:2nd Sketch-1.jpg

Figure 12.2: 2nd Sketch-2.jpg

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Figure 12.3: 2nd Sketch-3.jpg

Figure 12.4: 2nd Sketch-4.jpg

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Comments : • The nest structure at first was not in as a structural element or an element in massing • The landscape and plans were a total failure • Entrances in the mass and the plan had some issues that had negative impact on the cirrculation • The atrium was too large that affected the way plans were solved • The shade atop of the atrium still needed some work

12.2 THIRD SKETCH • • • • • • •

Finalizing the Structure and the functional zoning The night lighting was also incoperated into the mass The use of a large centralized area The landscape was vastly improved Improving the Entrances of the masses and creating an ampitheatre Fixing the circulation of pedestrian in the landscape to the entrances Fixing the circulation of the vehicles in the landscape

Figure 12.5: 3rd Sketch-2.jpg

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Figure 12.6:3rd Sketch-2.jpg

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Figure 12.7:3rd Sketch- 3.jpg

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Figure 12.7:3rd Sketch-4.jpg

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13.1 SUBMITED POSTER

Figure 13.1:Full.jpg

Final Poduct

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Figure 13.2:Main-Artboard 1.jpg

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Figure 13.3:Main-Artboard 2.jpg

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Figure 13.4:Main-Artboard 3.jpg

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Figure 13.5:Main-Artboard 4.jpg

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13.2 RENDERED SHOTS

Figure 13.6:Main Shot-Day.jpg

Figure 13.7:Main Shot-Night.png

Figure 13.8:View from El-Tahrir - Day.jpg

Figure 13.9:View from El-Tahrir - Night.png

Figure 13.10:View from AndelMenem Ryad - Day.jpg

Figure 13.11:View from AndelMenem Ryad - Night.png

Figure 13.12:Interior of Library.jpg

Figure 13.13:Interior of Library.jpg

Figure 13.16:Bird-eye View.jpg

Figure 13.15:View of Project from El-Zamalek.jpg

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Final Poduct

14 Conclusion » Recommendations » Lessons Learned

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14.1 LESSONS LEARNED 14.1.1 REGARDING THE PROJECT • Introducing a new type of building thats needed in the area and this type of architecture has spread around the world.

• Increasing my self knowledge with deep study that was done to understands the whole type of architecture and how it affects the people from the effects surrounding context, climate along with the materials and enviroment it needs • All the gathered knowledge and date helped in setting the team minds to form the concept and design theme that connects the project along with its surrounding context

14.1.2 REGARDING THE SITE ANALYSIS & SITE ANALYSIS CONCLUSION • It is important to study the site climate conditions especially when designing a project that is a central library for the needed amount of natural lighting and how to reduce the glare • SWOT Analysis can be helpful to study the site strength and weakness points and taking them into consideration while designing • Studying the neighboring context helps in knowing the project can be a complementary to these buildings and not a threat

14.1.3 REGARDING THE PROJECT ZONING AND PROGRAMMATIC CONCEPT • Studying the relationships within one building.

• Connecting between the project and surrounding urban spaces and how each urban space affects the massing and the landscape design • Creating an exterior urban spaces that helps connect the urban space that are already present, under construction or planned in the future to create an interconnected urban space in the heart of Cairo that contrasts with built landscape of the area,

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14.2 RECOMENDATIONS 14.2.1 TO OTHER ARCHITECTS • Gathering a lot of data about the site of the project, its strength and weakness and if there are any danges that will affect the project in the future.

• Studying many cases studies that have similarities with the project • Studying the climate and environmental conditions that will help in directing and choosing the best location of the project • With contextual architecture its important to study the context and how will you complement the surroundings wheather it is contrasting with it or blending in • Introducing sustainable technologies to the project as much as possible as the future needs to solve the global warming problem, so the future architecture is based on recycling, and how the building can have positive effect on the site and surrounding areas.

• Studying how the project will benefit the country or the location design on it

14.2.2 TO THE GOVERNMENT • Completion with concrn of the renovation of the Khedeiv Part of Cairo and the new Plans that has a lot of potentials • The area is a good culture area for a creation of cultural hotspot in the area in order to target foreign tourist and locals due to its location and the availiblity of reaching with almost any means of transportation • Giving more concern to the planned cultural areas in Cairo as Cairo is a layered city built through different eras thus a lot of spaces are historic not only the Pyramids and the Islamic Cairo Hotspot

Conclusion

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15 Bibliography

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» O’Malley, A. (2020, July 3). 3D printing in construction: what are the benefits? Retrieved April 10,

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