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AUTHORS Pascal English and Greek School Lemesos – Cyprus Marina Stylianou
Städtische Realschule Broich - Germany Sigrid Geissler
Istituto di Istruzione Superiore "P. Carcano" – Italy Rita Lopiano
Gimnazjum z Oddziałami Dwujęzycznymi nr 93 im. Księżnej Izabeli Czartoryskiej – Poland Agnieszka Tymińska (editor)
Agrupamento de Escolas de Canedo – Portugal Plautila Costa Loureiro
Scoala Gimnaziala Nr92 Bucharest – Romania Violeta Hera Liceul Tecnologic “Sfantul Pantelimon» (Coordinating School) Bucharest – Romania Dan Hera LSA Technology and Performing Arts College - United Kingdom Sandra Underwood
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication 2 [communication] reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
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CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 - “MY PLACE THEN AND NOW” ......................................................................................................................... 5 LIMASSOL - CYPRUS .................................................................................................................................................................... 5 MÜLHEIM AN DER RUHR - GERMANY......................................................................................................................................... 8 COMO - ITALY ............................................................................................................................................................................. 9 WARSAW - POLAND .................................................................................................................................................................11 PORTO - PORTUGAL .................................................................................................................................................................14 BUCHAREST - ROMANIA ...........................................................................................................................................................15 LYTHAM ST ANNES - UNITED KINGDOM ...................................................................................................................................18 CHAPTER 2 - “WHAT HAPPENED?”.................................................................................................................................... 20 KOURION THEATRE - CYPRUS ...................................................................................................................................................20 CAMERA OBSCURA - MÜLHEIM AN DER RUHR .........................................................................................................................21 CAVOUR SQUARE - COMO ........................................................................................................................................................23 VIENNA RAILWAY STATION – WARSAW ...................................................................................................................................24 TORRE DOS CLÉRIGOS - PORTO ................................................................................................................................................25 UNIRII SQUARE - BUCHAREST ...................................................................................................................................................26 ST ANNES PIER – LYTHAM ST ANNES ........................................................................................................................................27 CHAPTER 3 - “THE PAST OF MY PLACE” ............................................................................................................................. 28 LIMASSOL - CYPRUS ..................................................................................................................................................................28 MOLOS PIER - CYPRUS ..............................................................................................................................................................30 SCHLOSS BROICH - MÜLHEIM AN DER RUHR ............................................................................................................................31 GASOMETER - MÜLHEIM AN DER RUHR ...................................................................................................................................32 CAMERLATA - COMO ................................................................................................................................................................32 CAVOUR SQUARE - COMO ........................................................................................................................................................34 PALACE OF CULTURE AND SCIENCE - CITY CENTRE -WARSAW .................................................................................................34 URSYNÓW DISTRICT – WARSAW ..............................................................................................................................................36 PORTO CARVOEIRO - PORTO ....................................................................................................................................................36 SENHORA DA PIEDADE - CANEDO ............................................................................................................................................37 ROYAL PALACE - BUCHAREST ...................................................................................................................................................38 THE HOUSE OF THE PEOPLE – BUCHAREST ...............................................................................................................................38 LYTHAM HALL - LYTHAM ST ANNES ..........................................................................................................................................40 CHAPTER 4 - “DISCOVERING THE MEMORY OF MY PLACE” ............................................................................................... 42 INDEPENDENCE OF CYPRUS 1960.............................................................................................................................................43 TURKISH INVASION ON CYPRUS IN 1974 ..................................................................................................................................43 OPENING OF THE RUHR VALLEY BRIDGE ..................................................................................................................................45 THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE DUOMO - MILAN ........................................................................................................................46 SANTA MARIA DELLE GRAZIE CHURCH – MILAN .......................................................................................................................47 THE CONSTITUTION OF 3RD MAY 1791 - POLAND ....................................................................................................................47 WARSAW UPRISING 1944.........................................................................................................................................................48 LISBON EARTHQUAKE 1755 ......................................................................................................................................................49 BUCHAREST EARTHQUAKE 1977 ..............................................................................................................................................51 THE HISTORICAL VISIT OF POPE JOHN PAUL II TO BUCHAREST, MAY 7TH-9TH, 1999 ................................................................51 FOUNDING A RESORT TOWN - ST ANNES .................................................................................................................................52 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................................................................. 54
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CHAPTER 1 - “My place then and now”
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LIMASSOL - CYPRUS
A national liberation struggle was launched in 1955 against colonial rule and for union with Greece. The liberation struggle ended in 1959 with the Zurich-London agreements signed by Britain, Greece and Turkey as well as representatives of the Greek and Turkish Cypriots, leading to Cyprus' independence. As a result of the Zurich-London agreements, Cyprus became an independent Republic on 16 August 1960. Fourteen years later, on the 20th of July, Turkey invaded Cyprus, allegedly to restore constitutional order. It seized about 36.2 percent of the territory of the island in the north, an act universally condemned as a gross infringement of international law and the UN Charter.
The Heroes Square
Before, the area used to be occupied by Turks. Over the years the district opened slowly and Christians were now allowed to enter this district, and even many of the properties passed into their hands. In the cafes of the Turks began frequenting the "culture lover" and clubbing revelers era. A fountain was built in the square centre and stone buildings were built later on along with the majestic Rialto theatre. The monument of Heroes is dedicated to those who sacrificed themselves for the freedom of Cyprus and Greece and the resistance of the people against tyranny. 6
LIMASSOL - CYPRUS Saripolou
In previous decades it used to be less popular but today Saripolou Square is packed with people, restaurants, cafeterias and entertainment. It is considered the heart of Limassol as over the last few years it has rejuvenated the old town. The Square leads to key points areas like the Castle, the Cyprus University of Technology, the Municipal Market and the Catholic’s church area. A must location for an exciting nightlife!
Limassol Medieval Castle
Limassol Medieval Castle is situated in the centre of the town near the old port. The castle was built in the 13th century on the site of an earlier Byzantine castle and has been converted today into a museum. It is the town's most popular attraction because according to fame the castle stands on the site where Richard the Lionheart married Berengaria of Navarre and crowned her Queen of England in 1191. Cells in the basement were used as prison until 1950. The Cyprus Medieval Museum is now housed there.
Old Port – Marina
The old port of Limassol was built in the 1950s during the British rule. Manufactured to complement the port of Famagusta and served freight and passenger traffic of the country for about two decades. The area of Old Limassol Port is part of the wider section of Limassol, which includes the cultural and historical center of the castle, the area of the fill and the commercial center of the old city. The renovation of the old Limassol port was completed about three years ago. Works for the new Marina of Limassol has been completed and inaugurated in June 2014. The Marina can accommodate up to a thousand boats. 7
MÜLHEIM AN DER RUHR - GERMANY
This is what the city looked like in in the early 1900’s.
Relaxing on the river has always been very enyojable in the past as well as today.
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MÜLHEIM AN DER RUHR - GERMANY
The Ruhr valley bridge in 1961 and today.
Downtown Mülheim in the 1950’s and decades later.
People on their way to work in the 1960’s and now.
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COMO - ITALY Como is a city in Lombardy, in the North of Italy, near Milan. It’s situated on Como Lake and surrounded by the Alps. For this reason, Como is a very popular tourist destination which contains numerous works of art, churches, gardens, museums, theatres , parks and palaces: the Cathedral with its medieval town hall and a magnificent lakeside with lots of neoclassical villas. The hills surrounding the current location of Como have been inhabited, since at least the Bronze Age, by a Celtic tribe known as the Orobii. Remains of settlements are still present on hills to the South West of town. Around the 1st century BC, the territory became subject to the Romans. The town center was situated on the nearby hills, but it was then moved to its current location by order of Julius Caesar, who had the swamp near the southern tip of the lake drained and laid the plan of the walled city in the typical Roman grid of perpendicular streets. The newly founded town was named Novum Comum and had the status of municipium. The town centre was built according to a strict "castrense" system which is still noticeable today. This was surrounded by a town wall, much of which can still be seen. The town was built during the Imperial period and was therefore crucially important as a military base on the mountain border and as a communication centre between imperial headquarters in Milan and the regions of the north. The town was subsequently destroyed by the Huns and the Goths and conquered in 569 by the Lombards who incorporated into Milanese territory. In the eleventh century, the town began a long struggle for its independence against Milan and, after more than ten years of war, the territory of Como was defeated in 1127. However Como quickly renewed its fight, rebuilding new town walls outside the old Roman wall. They intensified their trade and industry. Roman remains 10
COMO - ITALY These are the centuries which produced some of the region's most beautiful buildings like S. Fedele, the Basilica di S. Abbondio and S. Carpoforo. After a long power struggle between the Vitani, the Guelphs, the Rusca and the Ghibellines in 1335, the town passed into the hands of the Visconti. In 1396 ,the works to build the cathedral in Como started and lasted untill 1740. Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque elements coexist in its archictectural style. The Visconti remained in power until the death of Gian Galeazzo in 1402. By 1451, Como had once again been annexed by Milan, this time by a Duke Francesco Sforza, and it has followed the ups and downs of the Lombard capital ever since. In 1521 the town fell after a hard siege and came under Spanish rule along with the rest of Milan's territory. Spanish rule resulted in a sharp demographic decline and economic decay. This was compounded by a plague which struck the city. In 1630, the town came under Austrian rule which brought about a strong development of silk and artisanal production.
San Fedele
During the period of French rule between 1796 and 1814, Como became the capital of the Lario department. Tourism in the area began to flourish with the fashion for neoclassicism and the banks of the lake were soon full of parks and villas belonging to aristocracy of Como and Milan aristocracy Como rebelled against the Austrian government in 1848 and set up its own provisional government. The town was liberated by Garibaldi on 27th May 1859 and became part of Piedmont. In the second half of the nineteenth century the town's layout was modernised and the port was filled in, creating the Piazza Cavour and Via Plinio which led from it up to the Cathedral. This intensified the town's development. The funicular up to Brunate and connection with the Milan Northern Railways were built in 1893, along with the growth in traffic on the lake itself, resulted in the growth in Como's tourist industry.
Duomo 11
WARSAW - POLAND
Panorama of Warsaw 1589 - the oldest view of Warsaw
The History of Warsaw is very long and complicated but also fascinating. Besides facts which are creating the real history, there are many legends and stories which describe how Warsaw arose. The first legend is about a couple: Wars and Sawa. They helped the prince in need and he was so grateful that he called the land where they lived Warsaw. The second legend is about a mermaid. She was swimming in the Vistula river. All fishermen fell in love with her voice. One day a rich merchant hunted her. A young fishermen saved her. Since that time the mermaid is ready to protect the city.
Krakowskie Przedmieście by Canaletto (1700s) and in 2016
1910-1915 Staszic’s Palace in the 19th century and in today
Castle square in the 19th century and in today
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WARSAW - POLAND
Saxon Palace 1910 – 1945 - today
Old Town 1945 and today
New World street 1945 and today
The second World War was a catastrophe to Warsaw. In 1945 the city was a state of ruins.
A list of the most important events and facts in the history of Warsaw from the beginnings of the city until today: • the 9th/10th and the 12th/13th century - the first fortified settlements on the site of today's Warsaw were located • the beginning of the 14th century - one of the seats of the Dukes of Masovia, • 1413 - the official capital of Masovian Duchy • 1573 - the first royal election • 1596 - Warsaw became the capital city • 1791 – the Constitution of May 3 • 1920, August 15th – Battle of Warsaw • 1944 – Warsaw Uprising • 1980 – scheduling of the Historic Centre of Warsaw on the World Heritage List • 1989 – the Polish Round Table Talks • 2016 – NATO Summit
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PORTO - PORTUGAL
This is a former bridge in Espinho, Portugal that was used for people to walk over once the coal train was passing through. It doesn’t exist anymore.
This is street “19” in Espinho, Portugal, the central street of this city and the center of commercialization. Most of the buildings were remodeled but the original placement was kept.
This is the celebration of “Fogaceiras” in Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal. It’s a very typical celebration that is represented by sweet bread called “Fogaça”. Every year we still have the tradition of doing a parade.
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PORTO - PORTUGAL
These are the ruins of ConĂmbriga in Coimbra, Portugal. This was home to one of the most ancient roman civilization in Portugal and it has been restored.
These images are both from Lisbon. The left one is before the earthquake and the right one is Lisbon how it is today.
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BUCHAREST - ROMANIA Bucharest is the capital city, the cultural, industrial, and financial centre of Romania; the largest city in Romania with almost 2 milion inhabitants. It is the sixth capital city in European Union, ranked by population. Through the History, the face of Bucharest changed many times by: - the bombs in the Second World War - the Earthquakes - the dictatorship - the Revolution in 1989 - the culture - the sport - the politics - the money. Centre of Bucharest in 1854
The Unirii square – on of the most important squares in Bucharest situated in the city centre (view from the middle of the XIX century) has been completely changed over the centuries. It used to be a market until 1985, when it was demolished in order to create a large perspective to the House of the People, the enormous President’s of the Republic residence.
The river bed has been changed several times. For example, in the 1920s it was moved across the Unirii square. The former valley became a street. Today, the river flows under the ground. 16
BUCHAREST - ROMANIA
The Royal Palace in the 19th century, destroyed in a huge fire in 1926 and today
The former Royal Palace Square is The Revolution Square today. The Square was created in the thirties by the same king, Carol II, who intended to have a large place for parades in the front of the Royal Palace. The first Royal palace was built by the first Romanian king, Carol I and it was inaugurated in 1906. In 1926 the Place was destroyed in a huge fire. This event gave a great opportunity to the king Carol II who liked the grandeur of big imperial houses, to change the palace. As such, he built a bigger one. Today the Palace accommodates the National Museum of Art. During the Revolution in 1989, the Palace was heavily damaged and a lot of pieces of art were destroyed.
the Big Market Hall
Modern Bucharest
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LYTHAM ST ANNES - UNITED KINGDOM
Town Hall
Going back into the distant history of Lytham, it can be traced to the descendants of the Vikings travelling through from Dublin to York and those who settled in the area. This was a good trade route, making the ruler rich. Consequently, He had no sons so He left his land to the monks at Lytham Priory. The Lytham Monkes lived there for 3 centuries constantly moving around, until they settled where Lytham Hall is now. The monks owned small farms which they leased. Their land reached up from the end of Lytham all the way to Blackpool! But everything changed, and the land was passed through the hands of several landowners before being acquired by Cuthbert Clifton of Westby in 1606 and passed down through his descendants for the next 350 years.
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LYTHAM ST ANNES – UNITED KINGDOM
Over time, Lytham has changed from swimming baths and sanitation, to the floral wonder it is today. Lytham festival is extremely popular with a lineup of amazing acts such as McBusted and many celebrities. St. Cuthbert’s has beautiful stained glass windows, featuring Christ. St. Cuthbert was Celtic, meaning he was around the time of Vikings.
At Lowther Pavillion, you can watch fun shows involving dance and drama. In 1870, Colonel Clifton wanted to create „The West End”, which is now St. Annes. All there was at the time (apart from the sand dunes) a railway, a lighthouse and some farms and cottages. The Pier was built in 1879, and is now filled with plenty of fun games. The heart of St. Annes is the square where you can meet up with friends and have lots of fun. Ashton Gardens is a really pretty place, with ice cream shops, war memoriale and a playground.
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CHAPTER 2 - “What happened?”
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KOURION THEATRE - CYPRUS
Kourion theatre, founded by the Greeks around 4000 BC. It was used as an event placeholder for various acts. It didn’t see any change up until around 2000 years later when Romans expanded the base area to make room for gladiator fights. That was the last time it was fundamentally changed up until its discovery as it was fixed and is now preserved the way it was initially built.
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CAMERA OBSCURA - MÜLHEIM AN DER RUHR
The water tower: -
built in 1904; 25,5 m high; was important for the German National Railway in Speldorf; protected the operation on the lower “Ruhrtalbahn”, a local line of the “BergischMärkische” railway (put into operation in 1876); lost its importance after a bomb attack in 1943; remained undamaged; the house to the biggest “walk-in” Camera Obscura in the world, which was installes there in 1992;
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CAVOUR SQUARE - COMO
Piazza Cavour is Como’s main square and a historic center. The artisan fairs, concerts and markets are organised there. During medieval times this area was covered by marshland. In the 14th century it became Como’s principal port and in the 19th century - an urban square.
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VIENNA RAILWAY STATION – WARSAW
Vienna Railway station
At the end of the 19th century the first railway station in Warsaw was built. It was called Vienna railway station. Built in Neo-Renaissance style it was demolished in the 1930s and the 1940s and then replaced with Warsaw Central Railway Station. The Warsaw City railway station was built in 1949. It was renovated several times. It consists of three underground platforms, cashiers and two ground entrance pavilions.
Warsaw City railway station 24
TORRE DOS CLÉRIGOS - PORTO
The “Torre dos Clérigos” is a monument that belongs to the church. It was built between 1754 and 1763. It is one of the most important tourist points.
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UNIRII SQUARE - BUCHAREST
The Square in the 1930s
Unirii Square is the oldest square of the city, being for centuries the main market of Bucharest. It is also one of the places which was radically changed several times in the last two centuries. In the middle of the 19th century the square was much smaller than today and it was separated from the city by the river Dâmbovița. It was for centuries the biggest market and fair place of the city. In fact, the river bed has been changed several times. For example, in the twenties it was moved across the square. The former valley became a street. Today, the river flows underground. Unirii Square remained the biggest market of the city until the 1980s. The old market was covered and became The Big Hall, for selling not only vegetables, but also meat, and cheese. The selling area grows and grew the entire zone known today as Unirii Square became a huge market. The first big step to transform of the market into a square was made in the thirties. The King Carol II decided to create a large open area, which replaced a big part of the former market. Unirii Square became also a place for the modern commerce. For example here was built one of the first big stores in Romania, the Unirii Store, which is today a very popular mall. The biggest changes of the square was made by Nicolae Ceaușescu in the 1980s. He wished to rebuild entirely a major part of the city in order to create the Civic Centre, the area where all the major institutions of the socialist state should be replaced. In order to do this, the Unirii Square became unrecognisable.
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ST ANNES PIER – LYTHAM ST ANNES
St Annes Pier is on the coast of st Annes. It is 180 metres and an arcade streches most of the length. It has a Tudor style entrance that was built in 1899. It has a Moorish-style pawilon that was built in 1904 and destroyed by a fire in 1974. This pier was designed by A. Dawson and was completed in 1885. It was the earliest public building in St Annes. At first the pier hosted concerts and music hall acts then 1954 the amusement arcade was added to the pier. The later additions incuded a restaturant and a replacement of the decking. By the 1970s the pier added a crazy golf, a minature zoo and a live theatre performance.
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CHAPTER 3 - “The past of my place”
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LIMASSOL - CYPRUS According to the Council of Chalcedon . which took place in 451, the local bishop as well as the bishops of Amathus and Arsinoe were involved in the foundation of the city, which would be known by the names of Theodosiana and Neapolis. Bishop Leontios of Neapolis was an important church writer in the 7th century. The records of the 7th Synod (787) refer to it as the Bishop’s see. The city was known as Neapolis around the 7th Century and in the 10th Century, Constantine V11 Porphrougenitus (the son of the Byzantine emperor Leo VI) had referred to Limassol as ‘Nemesos’. Limassol (Lemesos), the second largest city of the island, is positioned between two of the most important historic city-kingdoms, Amathus to the east and Kourion to the west, both of which are being extensively excavated. In 1911, the city-kingdom Amathus was destroyed by King Richard the Lionheart and its downfall led to the formation of Limassol. Limassol's historical centre is located around its medieval Limassol Castle and the Old Port. Today, the city spreads along the Mediterranean coast and has extended much farther than the castle and port, with its suburbs stretching along the coast to Amathus. To the west of the city is the Akrotiri Area of the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dekelia. The British bases are permanently in Cyprus based on the Treaty of 1960 when Cyprus gained its independence.
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MOLOS PIER - CYPRUS The main pier of the city and of the entire island was that of the old port or the Customs pier, as it was known before. The pier which proudly resists time, first opened in 1881 and was used both for the transportation of goods as well as passengers thus transforming Limassol into the first export and trade center of Cyprus. After the creation of the pier, Austrian ships began approaching the port and later English and Greek ships. In the meantime, the first Cypriot (Limassolian) shipping companies began their operations with their own boats. Soon, the need for wharves and warehouses was created, especially after new and larger ships and steam boats started approaching the anchorage. The construction of the first phase of molos began in 1912.
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SCHLOSS BROICH - MÜLHEIM AN DER RUHR Broich Castle is the oldest monument in the town of Mülheim an der Ruhr. There is a museum, a beer garden and a restaurant. The castle is a host to popular events such as Christmas markets, jazz concerts and jousting festivals. It was built in 883/884 and that is why the Schloss Broich is the oldest Carolingian fortress north of the Alps. In the museum of the castle visitoris can see an exhibition by the Mülheim History Society. A model of Mülheim in the age of Napoleon is one of the most interesting things to visit.
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GASOMETER - MÜLHEIM AN DER RUHR The Ruhr area has always been an industrial area: pit heads, coking plants and iron works were typical sights here. The Gasometer was intended to remedy the losses produced by storing gas and releasing it as required. The Gasometer’s construction started in February 1927 and after two years, the largest gas holder in Europe stood. It is 117.5 m heigh and has a diameter of 67.6 m. It had an effective volume of 347,000 cubic metres and cost 1.74 million Reichsmarks. The money was well invested since its operation paid off after the very first year. During the Second World War, the Oberhausen gas holder was hit by bombs several times, but had to be shut down only just before the end of the war, in January 1945. After the war it caught fire during repair work in 1946 and had to be demolished as far as the foundations. The reconstruction took three years and lasted until 1949. The Gasometer’s various structural elements, including the roof were able to be re-used. After the demand for coke stagnated, the coking plant in Oberhausen was closed. And its gas was increasingly replaced by natural gas supplied via pipelines. The Gasometer became superfluous and its decommissioning took place in 1988. After that it was discussed whether and how an obsolete gas holder could be used again. The Gasometer was finally converted into that extraordinary exhibition hall during the years 1993/94. Today it is the landmark of the city of Oberhausen. In total, the Gasometer has an area that can be used for events covering more than 7000 square metres. From the top of the Gssometer the visitors can admire a unique panoramic view of the whole of the western Ruhr. It extends over 35 kilometres. So far more than three million visitors have seen the panorama and have been attracted by the changing exhibitions. http://www.gasometer.de/en/the-gasometer/history
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CAMERLATA - COMO Camerlata square (former Corsica square) is situated in the southern part of Como and it connects the city centre with the suburbs of the town. Even if it was an important roundabout which connected the roads coming from Milan, Varese and Even if it was an important roundabout which connected the roads coming from Milan, Varese and Cantù, it looked quite shabby and anonymous. So in the 1930s the city council decided to improve the area making the square more impressive. This project was seen as an important opportunity to qualify the suburb of Camerlata as an element of artistic interest. Two artists from Como were given the task to build a fountain to be placed in the centre of the roundabout. This is an old photo of CAMERLATA SQUARE, which was called CORSICA SQUARE.
However, when the fountain was built, it was taken temporarily to Parco Sempione in Milan in 1936, on the occasion of VI Triennale exhibition.
The fountain was taken back to Como in Camerlata, only in 1962. Now the fountain is in the middle of the roundabout and this photo shows how the square looks like now. The apparently fragile structure is actually a “combination of rings and spheres based on harmonious ratios,” as the two authors explain. It is a design made of very simple geometrical shapes. The nine-meter-tall work is perfectly balanced, even if the horizontal rings protrude from the axes of the spheres by almost six meters. The fountain seems quite new because it has been restored recently.
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CAVOUR SQUARE - COMO Piazza Cavour is the main square of Como that has acted as the centre of events, tradecraft and a source of tourist attraction. The piazza underwent a remarkable evolution which is important to understand the role that it played for the development of the town of Como. Piazza Cavour is the main square of Como that has acted as the centre of events, tradecraft and a source of tourist attraction. The piazza underwent a remarkable evolution which is important to understand the role that it played for the development of the town of Como. The new port was used to handle the commercial traffic and to transport goods. In 1869 with the appearance of the first steamboat, the port proved to be narrow and inadequate and a decision was taken to fill the port and transform it completely into what would result in Piazza Cavour. The new square, Piazza Cavour, was adorned with a large fountain in the centre, having a large space, showing a beautiful view of the lake and the mountains around the lake. In 1891, the fountain was sold to a private person and today it can be found in Bronx Park, New York One of the most important building in the square is the Hotel Pension Suisse, founded under the remains of a warehouse ,was built represents by the engineer by Tommaso Zanini in 1846. The massive structures located at the edges of the square, were built in recent years during the nineteenth and early twentieth century with the aim of transforming the outlook of this square. In the twentieth century, the architect Giuseppe Terragni redesigned the building in a newer decorative style, while at the same time remaining traditional. The hotel was also operational during World War II, during the occupation of the German military, and since then it has always been a source of attraction for many tourists due to its close location to Lake Como.
It is still present in the landscape of Como. Until the first half of the twentieth century, the south side of Piazza Cavour remained almost unchanged Nowadays the wide square is surrounded by luxurious hotels, elegant cafĂŠs, smart boutiques and is the perfect place for concerts, fairs and any kind of events . 34
PALACE OF CULTURE AND SCIENCE - CITY CENTRE WARSAW Here is the Warsaw city centre with its very interesting history. Before World War II there was a densely built-up area with norrow streets and many shops, cafĂŠs and restaurants. This place was a living heart of Warsaw. Unfortunately the bombings during the war destroyed this place completely.
After the Warsaw Uprising in 1944 Nazi bombed the city and distroyed it. In 1945 84 per cent of the city was in ruins. It took many years to rebuilt the city.
The district was rebuilt in the 1950s but in a new style. In the middle of Warsaw in the place of a destroyed central district of Warsaw, today there is a big, noticeable building called The Palace of Culture and Science. It's a seat of many institutions like libraries, sports clubs, universities and theatres. It was constructed in 1952-55 by a Soviet architect and till this day is the most recognizable landmark of the city. The Palace is 237 meters tall and is the highest building in Poland. In the city centre today, apart from the Palace there are many popular places: a huge shopping mall, many 5-star hotels and a subway entrance.
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URSYNÓW DISTRICT – WARSAW Ursynów district is the third largest district in Warsaw situated in the south of Warsaw. It became a part of the capital the city in 1951 but first blocks of flats were built after 1977. The construction of Warsaw underground started here in 1980s. The district has a centuriesold prior history. Its name comes from one of Polish famous writers Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz who bought a manor house here in 1780s.
Earlier in 1238 the oldest parish of Warsaw - St Catherine's parish - was built. Many noble families had their manor houses here as it was a comfortable place not far away from Warsaw. Ursynów borders with The Kabacki Forest - the nature reserve and one of the universities - the Warsaw University of Life Sciences. Today it is one of the most popular and beautiful districts in Warsaw with many bookshops, cafe’s, restaurants, shopping centres, where 150000 people live.
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PORTO CARVOEIRO - PORTO “Porto Carvoeiro” is situated in the left margin of the Douro’s River. In the past it was a very important commercial point in the town. A lot of products would be sold here, for example the iconic Porto Wine. Due to the river fishing has been developed into a popular activity. It is a really beautiful place to walk mainly due to the large forest with eucalyptus and pine trees.
SENHORA DA PIEDADE - CANEDO In Canedo we have a chapel dedicated to “Senhora da Piedade” one of our main saints. Every year, in August, Portugueses celebrate this saint with an important and big party.
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ROYAL PALACE - BUCHAREST One of the most important landmarks in Bucharest is the Royal Palace. Initially, the residence of the Romanian monarch was a little palace, built in 1815 and brought in 1837 by the government for this purpose from a prestigious aristocratic family, named Golescu. The first Royal palace was built by the King Carol I (1866-1914) and it was inaugurated in 1906. The old building was kept, becoming now the South wing of the palace. In 1926 the Place was destroyed in a huge fire. This event gave a great opportunity to the extravagant king Carol II, who liked very much the grandeur of big imperial houses, to change it to a larger palace, which was finished in 1937. The old palace was demolished in order to make room for an unitary building. During the Revolution in 1989, the Palace was heavily damaged and a lot of pieces of art were destroyed. Today the Palace accommodates the National Museum of Art.
19 th century
The Revolution of 1989
1937
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THE HOUSE OF THE PEOPLE – BUCHAREST
The Parliament Palace, named under the communist regime as the House of the Republic or the House of the People, was probably the biggest dream of Nicolae Ceaușescu, the communist dictator, but he never saw it completed. The construction starts on the 25th June 1984 after the demolition of more than 7 km² of the old centre of the capital. Among the demolished buildings there were important cultural buildings and monuments such as: the Brâncovenesc Hospital, the National Archives, the oldest Stadium in Bucharest. In 1985 there was still no sign of the building, but the demolition process was finished. The building process was a long and painful one. Tens of workers died on the spot and the works were a 24/7 permanent process. At the falling of the communist regime, the building was unfinished, but yet a too advanced investment to cancel it. It was decided to finish it and to give it the original purpose as a centre of power, but in democracy. Today, the building has its original destination as a political centre, by hosting the both chambers of the Romanian Parliament, the Constitutional Court and other important institutions. The palace is 270 m long, 240 m wide and 86 m high. It has got 9 levels above the ground and other 9 levels under the ground. It is the second largest administrative building in the world after the Pentagon. The building has got approximately 1,000 rooms: 440 offices, more than 30 halls and conference rooms, 4 restaurants, 3 libraries, 2 underground car parking lots, 1 concert hall and the largest carpet in Romania. It was built only with Romanian materials and Romanian technology and expertise.
Nicolae Ceaușescu putting the first piece of concrete at the foundation.
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ST ANNES PARISH CHURCH – LYTHAM ST ANNES St Annes Parish Church was built without its tower in the Queen Anne style, which cost over ₤4000 to build. The foundation stone was laid in 1872 and was completed in 1873. The church was built on a triangular site covering 2 ½ acres. The tower was added in 1890. This church is a very restful and popular place of worship for the towns people. Lade Eleonor Cecily Clifton provided the money for the building at her own cost. John Talbot Clifton donated the 2 and ½ acres, for the church to be built on. Lady Eleonor decided to build the chapel for the local community as the closest church was a fair distance away, St Cuthbert’s in Lytham. The site chosen was a field farmed by the Whiteside family. In 1873 the chapel was completed. The new town then took its name from the church and it became a separate parish in 1877.
Source: http://www.amounderness.co.uk/
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LYTHAM HALL - LYTHAM ST ANNES Lytham Hall is a wonderful historic place in the noth-west of England. It is the finest Georgian house in Lancashire. Lytham Hall is like a hidden gem: a beautiful place far away in the coutryside. The building is old and grand. There’s a nostalgic side around the house. Lytham Hall is an 18th century Georgian country house. The house was recorded in the Domesday book of 1086. It was given to Sir Richard Molyneux. In 1606 the land wsa aquired by local man Cuthbert Clifton. It decended through his family. The ymoved out in Warld War I and the land was sold for housing. In 1917 the Hall was bought by Lytham Town Trust with a help of donators.
Source: http://www.amounderness.co.uk/
This photograph of Lytham Hall shows its use as public land by the 1930s. During this time, the land surrounding the hall was finally used by local children, here being shown as a playing field for a girl-guiding group’s sports day.
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CHAPTER 4 - “Discovering the memory of my place”
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INDEPENDENCE OF CYPRUS 1960 Cyprus has survived many occupations that brought misfortunes to the island. It has been ruled by the Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire and the Knights Templar. In 1192 it came under the rule of the Lusignans, who established the Kingdom of Cyprus, and in 1489, it was seized by Venice. In 1571 it was ruled by the Ottomans who established the Turkish presence on the island. From 1878 to 1912, Cyprus was an island under the dominion of the British Empire, administered sequentially as a British Protectorate, a unilaterally annexed military occupation from 1914 to 1922 and from 1922 to 1960 as a Crown Colony. In 1931 Greek Cypriot’s determination for ‘Enosis’ (Unification with Greece) led to a revolution. Consequently, Britain imposed harsh restrictions: military reinforcement was dispatched to the island, the constitution was suspended. A special police force consisting of Turkish-Cypriots was formed in order to fight Cypriot revolutionaries and internally divide the Cypriots. Political parties were banned. Two bishops and eight other citizens directly involved in the struggle against Britain were exiled. The governor became a dictator. Municipal elections were suspended, and until 1943 the government was responsible for appointing all Municipal officials. An Executive Council assisted the governor and an Advisory Council was established. Both councils were restricted to advising on domestic matters only. Public display of portraits of Greek or Turkish heroes, or Greek or Turkish flags was forbidden. In the 1950s, EOKA was established. Its aim was to mount a military campaign to end the status of Cyprus as a British colony and achieve the island's unification with Greece. In the survey of 1950, the vast majority (98%) of Greek-Cypriots voted to unify with Greece. From 1955-59 a struggle, organized by E.O.K.A., was launched, in order to gain the unification with Greece.
Many people died and sacrificed their lives in order to gain unification. EOKA is the acronym of the organization's full name in Greek, Εθνική Οργάνωση Κυπρίων Αγωνιστών, which means National Organization of Cypriot Fighters. The struggle of E.O.K.A. had as a result the Independence of Cyprus. Cyprus gained its independence from Britain after almost a century of rule by the British empire. Unity wouldn't last. In 1974, the Greece's military, right-wing junta, with the CIA's backing, launched a coup against Makarios. The move triggered an invasion of the island by Turkey, which occupied the northern third of Cyprus. The island remains divided.
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TURKISH INVASION ON CYPRUS IN 1974 On 20th July 1974, Turkey invaded the northern part of the Republic of Cyprus in response to a military coup taking place on the island which attempted to annex the island to Greece. Turkey claimed that this was an intervention in accordance to the Treaty of Guarantee. The invasion consisted of two major Turkish military operations, and involved air, land and sea combat operations. The Greek Cypriot armed forces attempted to resist and respond to the attacks as part of a coordinated defense plan which proved inadequate to deal with the Turkish forces, and the war resulted in a ceasefire which persists until the present day. Consequences of the Turkish invasion 200.000 people were forced to leave their houses, they stayed temporarily in tents. the Cyprus Government gave to the displaced housing, 1.532 people are still missing, some were captured, some others were imprisoned in Turkish prisons, 4000 people died, houses, Greek-Orthodox churches and schools were turned into Turkish mosques or barns, buildings were destroyed and occupied by the Turkish people, Turkish occupation of 37.5% of Cyprus.
The “green line” that divides the two parts of Cyprus
Illegal placement of the Turkish flag on Cypriot territory 44
VIKINGS IN MÜLHEIM AN DER RUHR In 883, Vikings came to Mülheim. Duke Heinrich was quite worried and had a fort built. This is now known as the Castle Broich. In 884 there was a terrible fight between Henrich’s men and the Vikings. The Vikings were defeated.
Movie presenting the battle by the students of Städtische Realschule Broich
OPENING OF THE RUHR VALLEY BRIDGE In 1966 the Ruhr Valley Bridge was completed. The bridge "Mintarder Ruhrtalbrücke" in Mülheim an der Ruhr is an impressive landmark in the Ruhr valley. It connects the cities Düsseldorf and Essen through a motorway. It is 1800 meters long, highest section 65 meters.
Movie presenting the opening ceremony by the students of Städtische Realschule Broich 45
THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE DUOMO - MILAN The construction of the Cathedral began in 1386, and took over five centuries to be built. It was commissioned by Gian Galeazzo Visconti for two main reasons: to build a new religious monument in the heart of Milan and to celebrate the ambitious politician of Gian Galeazzo Visconti (Milan’s ruler).
17th-18th (1650-1800) In 1762 one of the main features of the cathedral, the Madonnina’s spire, was erected at the dizzying height of 108,5 m. At the top it was placed the famous polychrome Madonnina statue which is the symbol of Milan. The Visconti Era (1387-1477) G.Visconti (Lord of Milan) set up“La Veneranda Fabbrica del Duomo” in order to design and supervise the building of the cathedral. White with slight pink hue marble from Candoglia was the main building material. A lot of architects, sculptors and workers from Central Europe arrived in Milan attracted by the magnificence of the project.
The Sforza Era (1450-1520) Nave and aisles were completed up to the sixth bay. The octagonal cupola was completed. “Amadeo‘s little Spire” was built (Renaissance masterwork). Beautiful stained glass windows were installed.
The Borromeo Era (1560-1650) The Cathedral was influenced by the Catholic Reformation and examples of this are the “Quadroni “or large paintings of San Carlo and the wooden choir.
19th Century (1800-1900) In this period the facade and the ornamental elements were completed. It was Napoleon Bonaparte who ordered the façade to be finished ,as a form of thanksgiving ,a statue of Napoleon was placed at the top of one of the spire.
In the Cathedral there is conserved a nail
which comes from the Jesus’s cross. The Cathedral is the fifth largest Christian church in the world. The Cathedral has 145 steeples that were built between 18th and 19th centuries. During WW2 the Madonnina was covered by some rags not to be bombed by the enemies. Marble blocks used for the construction come from a little artificial lake. It’s the first Cathedral in the world with glass windows illuminated from the inside.
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SANTA MARIA DELLE GRAZIE CHURCH – MILAN The church is located in the heart of Milan and is the home to Leonardo Da Vinci’s Last Supper. In 1943 the church was bombed, most of the building was destroyed leaving only a few walls standing, the ’’Cenacolo’’ happened to be one of these. In 1980 It was added to the World heritage list.
The Last Supper is a late 15th-century mural painting by Leonardo Da Vinci in the refectory of the Convent of Santa Maria Delle Grazie, Milan. It is one of the world's most famous paintings. The work is presumed to have been began around 1495-1496.
Leonardo’s study of acoustics led him to depict the way sound travels, in fact the disciples sitting furthest away seem to have more problems understanding what is being said. Da Vinci chose to use a new technique known as the Fresco a “secco”. Sadly it was failure and because of that, there have been many problems in the conservation of the painting. Leonardo Da Vinci stuck a nail through the head of Jesus to help him measure the perspective, today you can still see the hole. A lot of care has been put into the various facial expressions of the disciples. They are divided in groups of three.
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THE CONSTITUTION OF 3RD MAY 1791 - POLAND
The constitution was passed on the 3rd of May 1791 by the Four-Year Sejm. It regulated the legislative system of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It introduced a system of constitutional monarchy and opened up prospects for the further transformation of the state system but it preserved the structures of social class. The act adopted the Montesquieu’s division of power into the legislative, the executive and the judicial. Various aspects of the former system were abolished (liberum veto, confederations, free elections). It was Europe’s first and the world’s second modern constitution. It was a great achievement for the Polish nation, which tired to preserve the independence of the state and ensure the potential for the country’s economic and political development. The Constitution of 3rd May 1791 would remain only for about fourteen months, then in 1772 Russia, Prussia and Austria took part in the first partition of Poland. In 1795 Poland disappeared completely form the map of Europe for 123 years. More: http://pamiecpolski.archiwa.gov.pl/objects/the-constitution-of-3rd-may-1791
Jan Matejo, Adoption of the Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791 48
WARSAW UPRISING 1944 Warsaw Uprising in 1944 – the largest single military effort taken by any European resistance movement during World War II. Warsaw Uprising started on the 1st of August 1944 at 5 pm. This hour is called the W = outbreak It lasted 63 days. Its symbol is an anchor which is a combination of two signs: P for Poland and W for fighting (in Polish walcząca). The symbol was put all over the walls in Warsaw to show the people suport and buid the faith in fighting. Warsaw Uprising broke out because by July 1944 Poland had been occupied by the nazi for almost 5 years. During this time people were sent to death and concentration camps. The Soviet Army was about to enter Warsaw. The Polish government in exile wanted to demonstrate Poland’s independence by the act of uprising. The citizens wanted to show their anger and fight. The results of the Urising were catastrophis in many aspects. Many people died, many had to leave the city, 84 per cent of the city was in ruins. It took many years to rebuild it. After the second world war Poland got under the soviet domination until 1989. Today there is a vivid discusion if the Uprising was worth the deaths and ruins but for many people it is a symbol of freedom and bravery which gave Poland hope and proved that Polish people can be free. The Uprising is so important to the city that it has its own musuem opened in 2004 on the 60th anniversary of its outbreak.
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LISBON EARTHQUAKE 1755 The 1755 Lisbon earthquake, also known as the Great Lisbon Earthquake, took place on November 1, 1755, at 9:40 in the morning. It was one of the most destructive and deadly earthquakes in history. It killed between 60,000 and 100,000 people. The earthquake was followed by a tsunami and fire, resulting in the near-total destruction of Lisbon. The earthquake accentuated political tensions in Portugal and profoundly disrupted the country's eighteenth century colonial ambitions.
Lisbon before and after the earthquake in 1755. It took a while to be completly rebuilt, but it was worth the effort.
Movie showing the earthquake by Smithsonian Channel The event was widely discussed by European Enlightenment philosophers. As the first earthquake studied scientifically for its effects over a large area, it signaled the birth of modern seismology. Geologists today estimate the Lisbon earthquake approached magnitude 9 on the Richter scale, with an epicenter in the Atlantic Ocean about 200 km (120 mi) westsouthwest of Cape St. Vincent. More information: http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org 50
BUCHAREST EARTHQUAKE 1977 It was a quiet spring evening, Friday the 4 of March 1977. The Romanians were relaxing with their families and friends watching a Bulgarian film on TV. At 21:22 p.m. the ground started to move with an intensity of 7.2 degrees on the Richter scale. They were the most terrifying 56 seconds in the entire history of Romania. The effects of the earthquake were devastating: - over 1500 deaths, - 11 000 injured, - 35 000 houses destroyed, most of them in Bucharest among which blocks of flats with a valuable architecture, most of which where modern, but also neoclassical or Art Deco, from the inter-war period. - any communication was impossible due to the fact that electricity went off in Bucharest. Consequences: - in the absence of N. Ceausescu the entire leadership of the party and of the state was paralyzed. Emergency measures were taken only after his return to Bucharest. - the political subordination of the press. The Radio and public television were overwhelmed by the events and weren’t able to offer any information in the first few hours after the earthquake. As a result many people turned to Free Europe, the only radio that could give information about what had happened. - the government took advantage of the earthquake to start the ”systematization” policy of the capital and of the country. After the earthquake, under the pretext of consolidation, many churches and patrimony houses were demolished, also, in order to make space to new buildings. th
On the right of this builidng there was an old church which sufered minor damages during the demolition. The church was finally discretely demolished together with the block in order to free up the avenue from religous symbols.
The block of flats Dunarea, built in the 1930s and famous for its restaurant at the ground floor, is oneof the most symbolyc collapses of the earthquake. 51
THE HISTORICAL VISIT OF POPE JOHN PAUL II TO BUCHAREST, MAY 7th-9th, 1999 Pope John Paul II visited Romania for the first time in May 7-9, 1999. He was greeted by tens of thousands of citizens of Bucharest while he was going in the Papemobile to the Palace of the Patriarchy. The Pope visited: - the Bellu Catholic Cemetery where he brought homage to the Greek Catholic priests persecuted by the Communist regime (Iuliu Hossu and Vasile Aftenie); - the Heroes of the Revolution Cemetery where he brought homage to the victims of December 1989. Later he attended the Greek Catholic Divine Liturgy service at the "Saint Joseph" Cathedral in Bucharest. The main event of the visit to Romania was the meeting between John Paul II and the members of the Holy Synod of the Romanian Orthodox Church. President Emil Constantinescu, Prime Minister Radu Vasile, the Presidents of the Chambers of Parliament and notable individuals of public life were among the participants. On May 9th The Eucharistic liturgy was conducted. It took place in Izvor Park in Bucharest. Over 200000 Roman Catholic, Greek Catholic and Orthodox believers from Bucharest and all over the country came to pray together with the Pope. The mass was in Romanian and the blessing in Romanian, Hungarian, German and Polish. As the first visit of a Pope to a majority-Orthodox country, it attracted international press and was transmitted all over the world. Movie about the visit
His Holiness Pope John Paul II and His Beatitude Father Teoctist, Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church in Bucharest
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FOUNDING A RESORT TOWN - ST ANNES
The final major iteration of the St Annes project came in 1885, when building finally ended on St Annes Pier, still a major tourist attraction in St Annes today. The pavilion at the front was built in 1895 as St Annes finally became a tourist site to rival Blackpool. At this point, the waters of St Annes were especially renowned for their supposed ability to heal wounds. TIMELINE 1879 - Construction began 1883 - Opened to the public 1885 - Official opening 1901-04 - Pier width doubled, shops, refreshment rooms & theatre added 1910 - Floral Hall opened 1974 - Fire destroys theatre 1982 - Fire destroys floral hall 1984 - Pierhead demolished & remaining pier renovated
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Bibliography M.M . Drozdowski, A. Zahorski „Historia Warszawy” Warszawa 1981 after page 496;. Gazeta Wyborcza 23.11.2015. Jan Bułhak - Stanisław Jankowski, Adolf Ciborowski "Warszawa 1945 i dziś" Wydawnictwo Interpress, Warszawa, 1971, page 66. Websites: http://www.warsawtour.pl/en/about-warsaw/history-of-the-city-2076.html?page=0,1 http://warszawa-sredniowieczna.blogspot.com Digital Library POLONA http://warszawa-stolica.pl/konie-w-warszawie-xix-i-xx-wieku/ http://www.um.warszawa.pl http://warszawa.wikia.com/wiki/Plik:Rynek.jpg https://www.zamek-krolewski.pl/en/import_new/paintings-of-Bernard-Bellotto-called-Canaletto http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=217661 http://www.ursynow.org.pl https://www.facebook.com/WarszawaPrzedwojenna http://ksiazkizmojejpolki.blox.pl http://warszawa.fotopolska.eu/449246,foto.html http://wawalove.pl/Warszawa-na-przelomie-XIX-i-XX-wieku-pokolorowane-fotografie-a7642 phot. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington http://warszawa.fotopolska.eu http://tvnwarszawa.tvn24.pl/informacje,news,warszawa-bez-mokotowa-i-zoliborza-sto-lat-odpowiekszenia-miasta,196918.html#!prettyPhoto http://slideplayer.pl/slide/406697 /https://audiovis.nac.gov.pl/ http://metrowarszawa.gazeta.pl/metrowarszawa/56,141635,18734196,lady-pank-fabrykamalp,,2.html http://www.michau.se/pics/other_pics/warszawa/lotnicze/ursynow35.jpg www.1944.pl http://pamiecpolski.archiwa.gov.pl/objects/the-constitution-of-3rd-may-1791 https://www.britannica.com http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Lisbon_earthquake_1755 https://www.agerpres.ro/english/2014/05/07/documentary-15-years-since-pope-john-paul-ii-svisit-to-romania-08-33-07 http://www.amounderness.co.uk/ https://en.wikipedia.org https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xq-Iv6yVcMs http://www.ruhr-tourismus.de/en/cities-in-the-ruhr-area/muelheim-an-der-ruhr/schlossbroich.html http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org www.gasometer.de/en/the-gasometer/history https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FGhv6zcBPxQ&feature=youtu.be http://virtualromania.org/places/bucharest.vr/places.vr/ http://www.aboutcyprus.org.cy/index.php/en/a-historical-brief http://motherearthtravel.com/italy/como/history.htm http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/photo/camera-obscura-and-museum-broich-watertower-highres-stock-photography/537080502 https://www.expedia.com/Piazza-Cavour-Como.d6076826.Vacation-Attraction 54
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