MArch Year 1 Portfolio

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY DS10 DESIGN PORTFOLIO STUDENT NAME

Agata Korzeniewska STUDENT ID NUMBER

w1698914 MArch 2018 - 2019 TUTORS

Arthur Mamou-Mani & Toby Burgess DATE

22 May 2019

CONTENTS BRIEF 01: Abstraction

SECTION 1. Weaving Explorations

5

01. Design Statement 02. Precedents and Inspirations 03. Weaving Patterns 04. Case Study: Carolina Star

6 7 8 12

SECTION 2. Repeatedly Twisted Module

15

01. Grasshopper Mathematical Study 02. Kangaroo Physical Simulations 03. Digital Speculations of the Final Model Form 04. From Object to Field: The System as a a Field Condition 05. Final Proposal

16 18 22 24 26

SECTION 3. Final Model

29

01. Budget 02. Construction Timeline 03. Construction Process 04. Construction Failures 05. Final Model Photographs and Conclusion

30 30 32 34 35

BRIEF 02: Sustainable Communities SECTION 1. Research

37

01. Project Description 02. Tropical Climate 03. Palm Oil Plantations 04. Oil Palm Tree 05. Site: Borneo, Indonesia 06. Red Ape: The Orangutan

38 40 44 45 48 51

SECTION 2. Design Development

53

01. Initial Proposal: Vertical Farming Tower 02. Design Matrix 03. Physical Design Process

54 58 60

SECTION 3. Final Design Proposal

63

01. Digital Design Process 02. Masterplan Phasing 03. Tourist Brochure 04. Vertical Farming Tower: Rendered Views 05. Vertical Farming Tower: Privacy Pods Arrangement 06. Communal Washroom 07. Bridges 08. Final Images 09. Final Physical Model Photographs

64 66 68 70 72 74 75 76 78

3

BRIEF 01: Abstraction.

Section 1. Weaving Explorations

This section focuses on the initial research into plywood, weaving patterns and techniques and their impact on the behaviour of plywood strips.

DS10

Introduction

The introduction of Brief 01: Abstraction and Design Statement.

BRIEF 01: ABSTRACTION WOOD

Students will be creating a large scale wooden structure. The material wood can take many forms from lumber, plywood, paper, pulp, bamboo etc. We want you to choose one and to explore the extremes of its potential through undertaking and documenting material research through both physical and digital explorations of the material.

SYMMETRY

In parallel, students will explore symmetry in Mathematics, Physics, Nature and Architecture. Students will be given fundamental lessons in Rhino, Grasshopper and Maxwell and using these digital tools will explore the role of symmetry in the natural world and in architecture, exploring its potential as a tool to grow, unfold and “bloom� complex novel geometries.

OUTPUT

Students will be expected to build large scale wood prototypical models exploring symmetry which should be modular, cost effective, transportable and beautiful. We also expect blog posts on WeWantToLearn.net to share your research and a working portfolio.

WHAT The project aspires to look into creating seamless symmetric architecture using weaving techniques combined with bending of plywood strips. Inspired by Hanakago - Art of Japanese Basketry and woven structures by Honda Syoryu, it looks into creating a sense of fluidity between architectural elements such as windows and walls by flowing between open, porous and closed. The project also investigates the impact of bend-active forces onto thin plywood strips and its relation to structural strength of the produced modules.

WHY Being fascinated by natural systems, the fluidity and consistency within them, I have always looked for that in architecture. Therefore the opportunity to create a system that would learn from those systems and present a seamless skin that is closed and open where needs to be - like a human skin - seemed perfectly suited to my interests. Weaving techniques showed me how you can smoothly connect small pieces and create a flexible, consistent structure with a lot of architectural potential and I have decided to focus on developing this approach as part of my response to Brief 01.

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

As natural systems not only look beautiful but also work in the most efficient manner, I became fascinated by using bend-active forces on the thin piece of plywood to give it structural strength that it otherwise lacks.

Those experiments led to me discovering a module that was approximately 10 times stronger than the original plywood strips it was made of - thanks to bend-active qualities of plywood and a number of torsional forces acting against each other.

Both bending experiments and weaving techniques combined allowed me to reach my goal and come up with a seamless structure that is both open and closed, providing privacy and a breathable skin at the same time.

Photo 01_ Bent and twisted module is connected to woven strips using M3 bolts.

6

Photo 02_ The structure was large enough to fit myself inside the Final Model.

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Precedents & Inspirations

Precedents & Inspirations Weaving in Architecture.

Agata Korzeniewska

The Japanese woven baskets and sculptures all had the same fluid yet intricate character which inspired me to explore weaving techniques and this craft further.

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

Hanakago - Art of Japanese Basketry. Work of many Japanese artists.

Photo 02_ Sport’s Hall at Panyaden International School, Chiangmai Life Architects, Thailand

Photo 01_ Camboo, Luca Poian Forms, Cambodia

Photo 03_ Teng Yu-Hsien Music Culture Park, Cheng-Tsung Feng, Taiwan

These examples show that weaving is used as an architectural technique mostly within South-East Asia and with use of bamboo. They prove that it is a viable approach to sustainable large scale structures, especially in hot climates.

7

DS10

Weaving Patterns

Overview of various weaving patterns.

Pattern 01_Mat Plaiting

Pattern 02_Square Plaiting

Pattern 03_Twill Plaiting

Pattern 04_Hexagonal Plaiting

Pattern 05_Hemp Leaf Plaiting

Pattern 06_Compound Lozenge Plaiting

Step 01_ Square grid of points

Step 02_Points separated into weaving lines

Step 03_Points separated within their lines

Step 04_Every other point moved up within every other vertical line

Step 05_Every other point moved up within the remaining vertical lines

Step 06_Horizontal lines interpolated through alternating moved points

Step 07_ Points moved alternately within horizontal lines

Step 08_Vertical lines interpolated through moved points

Step 09_Surfaces lofted alongside interpolated lines to imitate wooden strips

The most basic plaiting pattern commonly used in basketry techniques. The strips of the pattern are spaced closely with an emphasis of the horizontal elements what gives it its character.

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

8

Plaiting pattern based on an arrangement of hexagonal cells, each formed individually out of 6 strips. It is commonly used as part of decorative walls and flower baskets.

Type of mat plaiting characterised by balanced horizontal and vertical elements creating square openings between elements. It is commonly used for bases or walls of baskets.

Type of triangular plaiting which incorporates 3 extra strips into a basic hexagonal plaiting. Leaving the hexagonal cell in the centre and then plaiting in 6 directions results in a pattern known as ‘hemp leaf’.

Plaiting based on overlapping the strips in one direction over multiple ones perpendicular to it. Typically it is a variation of a mat plaiting in a double configuration however other types differ the number of strips.

Type of square plaiting oriented diagonally with added vertical and horizontal elements. It shows particularly strong structural rigidity which is why it is often employed in the walls of many baskets.

Weaving Patterns

Square Plaiting Pattern Weaving Methodology

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Weaving Patterns

Agata Korzeniewska

Testing the flexibility and curving behaviour of different plaiting patterns showed that some of them are easier to bend and curve further, some generating almost a cylinder without any extra effort. On the other hand, some showed higher resistance - the compound lozenge plaiting was particularly structurally strong whilst simpler patterns such as square or twill were much easier to mold. The experiment also proved that plaited surfaces curved differently depending whether horizontal or vertical members were followed and seemed to be most likely to create a closed cylinder when approached diagonally to the members. The hexagonal plaiting pattern was particularly interesting as it showed strong resistance when bent along its horizontal members whilst creating tight cylinders when bent the other way.

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

Tests of the flexibility and curvature of different plaiting patterns

Weaving Patterns

Twill Plaiting flexibility test

Twill Plaiting displayed particularly flexible, showing capability to be shaped into multi-curved surfaces.

9

DS10

Weaving Patterns

Twill Plaiting flexibility test

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

Twill Plaiting displayed particular flexibility, showing capability to be shaped into multi-curved surfaces.

Weaving Patterns

Exploration of the curvature of Twill Plaiting Pattern

Twill Plaiting: Arrangement 01

10

Twill Plaiting: Arrangement 02

Twill Plaiting: Arrangement 03

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Weaving Patterns

Hexagonal Plaiting: Arrangement 02

Hexagonal Plaiting: Arrangement 03

Chrysanthemum Base Plaiting: Arrangement 02

Chrysanthemum Base Plaiting: Arrangement 03

Weaving Patterns

Exploration of the curvature of Chrysanthemum Base Plaiting Pattern

Chrysanthemum Base Plaiting: Arrangement 01

Agata Korzeniewska

Hexagonal Plaiting: Arrangement 01

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

Exploration of the curvature of Hexagonal Plaiting Pattern

11

DS10

Case Study: Carolina Star

Analysis of geometric principles of design. Comparison of digital and physical method of construction.

x=11m

Step 01_ Weave of the square plaiting pattern and Step 04_ Extension of the middle strip and selection of

selection of a corner point

the end point

Step 07_ Division of the projected arc into 24 points

Step 10_ Construction of an XZ plane at the corner point

of top weave

0°<0 <90° n=24 r=7.35m z=2m

Step 02_ Move of the plaiting pattern on the Z axis

Step 05_ Construction of an arc using selected points and

Y vector

Step 08_ Movement of the points on Z axis along mapped

Bezier curve

Step 11_ Rotation of the plane using Bezier ratio

Step 06_ Projection of the arc onto XY plane

Step 09_ Interpolation of a degree 3 curve through moved

points

Step 12_ Distribution of the rotated planes on the curve

at division points

0=45°

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

Step 03_ Rotation of the lower weave by 45°

0°<0 <180° n=24

Step 13_ Rotation of the distributed planes using Bezier Step 16_ Mirror of the surface along middle horizontal strip of top weave

ratio

Step 19_Rotation of the surfaces by 45°

Step 14_ Interpolation of the line through rotated planes

Step 20_Mirror of the second set of the strips and movement along Z axis to the lower weave

Step 17_ Mirror of both surfaces along middle vertical strip of the top weave

The Carolina Star was the first attempt of merging weaving with bending plywood. For that reason, the bent corners became of particular interest to me as they were very versatile and opened a new area of research. By moving the top weave higher one could create different amount of volumetric space in the middle - a feature that showed potential in terms of the formation of pod-like living spaces in the future.

However interesting volumetrically, the corners of the star were the weak part of the whole object.

Because of lack of tensional stability holding it in place they allowed a large amount of movement and meant that the structure could only be rested on the woven parts. Because of this I decided to investigate only this corner and try to find a way of making it structurally strong so the structure wouldn’t be limited to resting on its middle.

Step 15_ Sweep of the section lines alongside original

Bezier curve

12

Step 18_Rotation of the surfaces by 90°

DS10

Case Study: Carolina Star

Agata Korzeniewska

Carolina Star in one of its many possible variations, merging the plaiting technique with bending and twisting plywood strips.

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

Physical Models Photographs.

13

BRIEF 01: Abstraction.

Section 2. Repeatedly Twisted Module

This section focuses on both parametric and physical analysis of the repeatedly twisted module and digital speculations of the potential form of the final model.

DS10

Repeatedly Twisted Plywood Module

Analysis of geometric principles of design. Comparison of digital and physical method of construction.

x/2 x/4

-1≤ z ≤0.5 n=60

x x/4

Step 01_ Division of a straight strip into 3 parts

Photo 01_ Straight strip of plywood with marked division points Step 04_ Movement of the points using Bezier ratio reflecting

physical model

r=4

r=1.5

Photo 03_ View of the strip twisted once

r=1.5 x=0.6

Step 02_ Construction of the arcs reflecting the physical model

Step 05_ Construction of an XZ plane on the start point of each

part

0°<0 <90° n=60

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

Step 03_ Division of the curve

Photo 02_ Plan view of the twisted strip showing the 3 arcs

Step 06_ Rotation of the planes using appropriate Bezier ratio

Photo 04_ View of the strip twisted twice

n=60

Step 07_ Distribution of the previously rotated planes onto

division points

Step 10_ Sweep of the surface alongside interpolated curve through the section

curves representing grains of the material

Photo 05_ Perspective view of the strip twisted twice

Step 11_ Mirror of the surface

Photo 06_ Perspective view of two mirrored double-twisted strips

0°<0 <180° n=60

Step 08_ Rotation of the planes around their centre using

Bezier ratio

n=60 w=const.=0.30

Step 09_ Interpolation of section curves through the rotated planes

16

DS10

Repeatedly Twisted Plywood Module

Analysis of geometric principles of design. Comparison of digital and physical method of construction.

2x/3

x

x/3

w=0.25

Step 12_ Division of a second curve into 2 parts

r=5.2

r=2.6

Step 15_ Sweep of the surface alongside interpolated curve through the section

curves representing grains of the material

Photo 07_ First of the second set of curves added to the module

Step 13_ Construction of the arcs reflecting the physical model in plan

n=40 0≤ z ≤1.25

Photo 08_ Mirrored strip added to the previous set of curves

x/3 x/3

Agata Korzeniewska

Step 16_ Mirror of the surface

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

Step 14_ Movement of division points on vertical axis using

Bezier ratio

w=0.25

x x/3

w=0.25

Step 17_ Division of the third line into 3 parts

r=2.2 r=2.2

Step 20_ Sweep of the surface alongside interpolated curve through the section curves representing grains of the material

r=2.2

Step 18_ Construction of arcs reflecting physical model in plan view

w=0.25

n=60 -0.25≤ z ≤1.0

Step 19_ Movement of division points on vertical axis using Bezier ratio

Step 21_ Mirror of the surface

Photo 09_ Photograph of a complete module

17

DS10

Repeatedly Twisted Plywood Module

Analysis of a physical simulation of the behaviour of a repeatedly twisting strip of plywood. General conditions.

Physical Simulation (Kangaroo) Base Conditions applicable to all simulations.

Condition 01_ Vertical and horizontal grain as springs that resist the bending to stay the same length.

Vertical Grain: n=50; R=100 (resistance of the material)

Horizontal Grain: n=22; R=100 (resistance of the material)

Condition 02_ Angles between each part of the grain as 0° to keep the strip flat.

Vertical Grain: 0=0°; S=2 (strength of the force)

Horizontal Grain:

0=0°; S=2 (strength of the force)

Condition 03_ Points evaluated at one end of the strip as anchors to keep the strip it in its location.

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

End points:

n=22; S=10000 (strength of the force)

Repeatedly Twisted Plywood Module

Analysis of a physical simulation of the behaviour of a repeatedly twisting strip of plywood. Bending Tests.

Kangaroo Physical Simulation 01_ Bending of a plywood strip.

->

z=10 x/2

x x/2

Step 01_ Construction of a bending arc to create bending force vectors

Step 02_ Construction of bending forces to be applied throughout the whole strip

Step 03_ Bending simulation with both ends of the strip anchored to the ground.

Conclusion_ Although the simulation behaved in a similar way to plywood, it was guided mostly by a geometric curve which established the force vectors. However successful, this method seems too detached from

18

physical tests and needs improvement.

DS10

Repeatedly Twisted Plywood Module

Analysis of a physical simulation of the behaviour of a repeatedly twisting strip of plywood. Twisting simulation 01.

Kangaroo Physical Simulation 02_ Bending and twisting of a plywood strip in range from 0° to 180° with both ends anchored in place.

->

->

->

v=y+z

Plan View

Step 01_ Construction of force vectors based on physical tests.

Elevation View

0°<0<180°

Step 02_ Uniform rotation of base force vectors in range.

Step 04_ Simulation resulting in a bent but not twisted strip of wood.

Conclusion_ Even though the distribution of the uniformly rotated vectors throughout the whole strip alongside with anchoring both of the ends results in bending similar in plan to the physical behaviour, it prevents the strip from twisting - therefore the simulation does not achieve the desired result.

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

Step 03_ Distribution of the rotated force vectors throughout the strip.

Repeatedly Twisted Plywood Module

Analysis of a physical simulation of the behaviour of a repeatedly twisting strip of plywood. Twisting Simulation 02.

Kangaroo Physical Simulation 03_ Bending and twisting of a plywood strip in range up from -180° to 180° with both ends anchored in place.

Plan View ->

->

->

v=y+z

Step 01_ Construction of force vectors based on physical tests.

Elevation View

0°<0<180°

-180°<0<0°

Step 02_ Uniform rotation of base vectors in range directly negative to each other on

each side.

Step 03_ Distribution of the rotated force vectors on each half of the strip.

Step 04_ Simulation resulting in a bent and twisted strip of wood.

Conclusion_ Although the simulation did result in bending and twisting a strip of wood the twist appears in locations that don’t truly correspond with the physical tests. Anchoring of both ends of the strip also prevents

the end of the strip to move as it does whilst twisting the strip in real life.

19

DS10

Repeatedly Twisted Plywood Module

Analysis of a physical simulation of the behaviour of a repeatedly twisting strip of plywood. Twisting simulation 03.

Kangaroo Physical Simulation 04_ Bending and tiwsting of a plywood strip in range from -360° to 360° with only one end anchored in place.

->

->

->

v=y+z

Plan View

Step 01_ Construction of force vectors based on physical test.

Elevation View 0°<0<360°

-360°<0<0°

Step 02_ Rotation of the force vectors in range negative to each other.

Step 03_ Distribution of the rotated force vectors on each half of the strip.

Step 04_ Simulation resulting in a bent and twisted strip with significantly too tight bent radius.

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

Conclusion_ The simulation shows that for it to be representative of the physical test, the bending and twisting forces need to be accompanied by the pulling force which will work against those pulling it close to one

end of the strip and will try to keep it close to its original position.

Repeatedly Twisted Plywood Module

Analysis of a physical simulation of the behaviour of a repeatedly twisting strip of plywood. Twisting Simulation 04.

Kangaroo Physical Simulation 05_ Bending and tiwsting of a plywood strip in range from -360° to 360° with only one end anchored in place but added forces pulling the strip the other way.

->

->

->

v=y+z

0°<0<360°

Plan View -360°<0<0°

Step 01_ Construction of force vectors based on physical tests and their rotation.

Elevation View

Step 02_ Addition of a force vector pulling the strip in the direction which is the extension of the strip.

->

x= 1

Step 03_ Addition of force vectors pulling the strip to the sides at the end of the strip.

Step 04_ Simulation resulting in a bent and twisted strip of wood of closer resemblance to the physical test however still missing a second twist.

Conclusion_ Added pulling force at the end of the strip brings the simulation significantly closer to its behaviour during physical tests. However, at the moment pulling force is stronger than the second twisting one

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what results in a strip twisted only in one place as opposed to two places in physical case.

DS10

Repeatedly Twisted Plywood Module

Analysis of a physical simulation of the behaviour of a repeatedly twisting strip of plywood. Twisting simulation 05.

Kangaroo Physical Simulation 06_ Bending and twisting of a plywood strip in range from -360° to 360° with one end anchored in place and added forces pulling the strip in the other direction.

->

->

->

v=y+z

0°<0<360°

Plan View

-360°<0<0°

Step 01_ Construction of force vectors based on physical tests and their rotation.

Elevation View

->

x= 10

Step 02_ Addition of a force vector pulling the strip in the direction which is the extension

of the strip.

->

->

->

v = 3y + 0.5z

is closer to the physical test but could be still improved.

Repeatedly Twisted Plywood Module

Analysis of the behaviour of a repeatedly twisting strip of plywood. Comparison of physical and geometrical simulations with physical material testing.

Agata Korzeniewska

Conclusion_ Addition of the forces at the end of the strips with appropriate strength assigned to them represents the physical pulling of the strip to keep it in place and gives a similar result in the simulation. The result

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

Step 03_ Addition of force vectors pulling the strip to the sides at the end of the strip. Step 04_ Simulation resulting in a bent and twisted strip of wood of closer resemblance to the physical test.

Comparison of different simulation techniques: Kangaroo Physical Simulation, Grasshopper Mathematical Simulation and Physical Simulation.

Test 01_ Physical Simulation (Kangaroo)

Test 02_ Geometrical Simulation (Grasshopper)

Test 03_ Physical material simulation

Test 01_ Plan View

Test 02_ Plan View

Test 03_ Plan View

Test 02_ Elevation View

Test 02_ Elevation View

Test 03_ Elevation View

Test 03_ Perspective View

Test 02_ Perspective View

Test 03_ Perspective View

This comparison shows how you can achieve fairly similar results using different parametric and physical methods. It led to me fully understanding the behaviour of the strip both geometrically and physically in terms of all forces acting on it and making it behave in the same way as the physical plywood strip.

21

DS10

The System: Digital Speculation of the Form

Studies showing potential applications of the system onto a larger form.

Proposal Set 01 Arrays and stacks of the system creating object-like forms.

2m

2m

2m

4m

2m

Plan View

4m

Plan View

Plan View

1.2m

2.8m 3.5m

Perspective View

Perspective View

Perspective View

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

This set of speculations didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t seem to take the system to itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s full potential. All of those options, even though beautiful from certain views, seemed to feel like an object and lack architectural character.

Proposal Set 02 Array of modules creating a wall typology.

4m 0.7m

1m

4.4m

2.4m

Plan View

1.5m

Elevation View

Perspective View

Plan View

1.5m

4m

Plan View

1.6m

Elevation View

Elevation View

Perspective View

Perspective View

The above set of speculations opened a new potential for the system. By arraying it in this orientation, it seemed to not only look better but also work better. However, it felt like there is still more potential to be explored.

22

DS10

The System: Digital Speculation of the Form

Studies showing potential applications of the system onto a larger form.

Proposal 03 Structural Column surrounded by a Woven Shelter.

4m

Plan View

4m

2m

Perspective View

Proposal Set 04 Array of modules rulled into a column with a canopy above. The Hybrid of the column and wall typology.

Agata Korzeniewska

This proposal even though it has given it some architectural qualities still didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t feel like a right response to the task.

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

Elevation View

5m 5.5m

Plan View

1.7m

Plan View

1.6m

Elevation View

Elevation View

Perspective View

Perspective View

These options were an attempt to create a complete and closed structure - with walls/columns and roof. However the parts of it seemed simply stack on top of each other and lacked fluidity, so important to this system.

23

DS10

The System as a Field Condition Stan Allen, From Object to Field.

S.ALLEN, FROM OBJECT TO FIELD: FIELD CONDITIONS IN ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM

In his text From Object to Field, Stan Allen explains the idea of a field condition in architecture and urbanism by a very articulated approach to heterogeneous space in architecture. It talks about looking for a smooth design whilst accepting the unexpected reality of design. He bases his approach on creating a form through a sequence of events where time and process play a crucial role. Rather than creating a finished form, he argues architecture needs to be able to adapt and grow according to the needs of the users and suggest a system that grows - by starting from a local element and defining its connection to the next one, the final form becomes simply the result of this action.

Photo 01_ Notes taken during the lecture of Stan Allen’s text.

Image 02_ Front Cover of ‘From Object to Field’

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY Image 03_ Field Condition Diagrams by Stan Allen.

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Image 04_ Field Condition Diagrams by Stan Allen.

DS10

The System: Texture

System as a field. Texture studies showing varied open and closed area.

Base Texture

Clear cut line on both edges of the porous opening.

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

Field Condition is any formal or spatial matrix capable of unifying diverse elements while respecting the identity of each. That leads to the overall shape and extent being highly fluid and less important than the internal relationships of parts which determine the behaviour of the field. In this case modules can be added infinitely with the remaining texture woven in between creating a dynamic field condition and creating an architectural design by starting from the individual element, letting it grow incrementally and defining how it connects to the next one.

The System: Texture

System as a field. Texture studies showing varied open and closed area.

Texture: Variation 01

Lower boundary amended.

Texture: Variation 02

Lower and Upper boundary amended.

Beauty is the consonance of parts such that nothing can be added or taken away.

S.Allen, From Object to Field

25

DS10

The System: Form

System as a field: Form Studies.

Final Proposal System as a field creating Structural Column, Wall, Openings and Roof.

4m

Plan View

2m

Perspective View

Elevation View

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

Final Proposal. Variations.

The final proposal learns from the systemâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s structural strength and brings the fluidity of it to a different level. The variation between open and closed allows to create what feels like a house - with woven part working as the walls and roof and twisted module part as the breathable parts such as windows. It also allows the possibility of creating a courtyard typology by allowing people to enter the middle column.

The proposal shows a lot of potential for sustainable living in hot climates using only one, widely available material and providing a consistent and smart structure that uses the bend-active forces of the module to keep it in place.

26

DS10

The System: Form

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

Final render view.

27

BRIEF 01: Abstraction.

Section 3. Final Model

This section focuses on the construction processes, budget and time management and critical analysis of the final outcome.

DS10

The System: Construction Budget: Expectations.

TOTAL: N=576 [1200mm x 25mm x 1.5mm]; 48 [1000mm x 25mm x 1.5mm]; 144 [600mm x 25mm x 0.8mm] ply strips S=10 sheets 1220mm x 1220mm x 1.5mm; 2 sheets 1000mm x 600mm x 1.5mm; 9 sheets 600mm x 400mm x 0.8mm

TOTAL COST: £199.70 [ply] + £100 [rivets] + £95 [tools] + £50 [machine time] = £444.70 ROOF

x192

N=192 ply strips [=1200mm x 25mm x 1.5mm] S= 2 sheets 1220mm x 1220mm Assembled on site

Total Cost: 2 x £15.40 = £30.80

OUTER SKIN 32 modules, 6 strips each.

Overall Diameter: d=1.6m

1200mm

x4

Twisted Part: n=192 [1200mm x 25mm x 1.5mm] Square Weave Part: n=192 [1000mm x 25mm x 1.5mm] N=384 ply strips [1200mm x 25mm x 1.5mm] S= 8 sheets 1220mm x 1220mm 4 sets of flat textures prefabricated off-site, rolled to place

1000mm

Total Cost: 8 x £15.40 = £123.20

COLUMN 600mm

16 modules, 6 strips each.

Overall Diameter: d=0.4m

600mm

Twisted Part: n=48 [1000mm x 25mm x 1.5mm];

n=48 [600mm x 25mm x 0.8mm] Square Weave Part: n=96 [600mm x 25mm x 0.8mm]

x1

N=144 [600mm x 25mm x 0.8mm]; 48 [1000mm x 25mm x 1.5mm]

1000mm

S= 9 sheets 600mm x 400mm; 2 sheets 1000mm x 600mm Texture prefabricated off-site, rolled to place

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

Total Cost: 9 x £3.30 + 2 x £8.00= £45.70

The System: Construction Construction Timeline

End of Semester CRIT

10 December 2018

CONSTRUCTION TIMELINE

Christmas Break FabricationLab Closure Digital Design Submission Deadline Critical Practices Submission Deadline Final Model Built Deadline: Exhibition Opening Design Studio Portfolio Submission Deadline

MATERIAL AUDIT Plywood Sheets 15 sheets 1220mm x 1220mm x 1.5mm 2 sheets 1000mm x 600mm x 1.5mm 9 sheets 600mm x 400mm x 0.8mm

Plywood Sheets 28 sheets 600mm x 400mm x 0.8mm

Part 1 £231.00 £20.00 £29.70

Part 2 £92.40

Rivets

£82.35

Bolts

£65.00

TOOL AUDIT Bosch Combi Drill

£95.00

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS Cutting Plywood Strips

PART 1 [3h] PART 2 [3h]

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Module Production

[38h]

Texture Weaving

[24h]

Texture Merging

[7h]

Final Assembly

[5h]

11 December 2018

17 December 2018

19 December 2018

07 January 2019

DS10

The System: Construction

x1

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

x1.4

09 January 2019

10 January 2019

11 January 2019

13 January 2019

14 January 2019

15 January 2019

16 January 2019

Model Built Deadline

Portfolio Deadline

17 January 2019

21 January 2019

Rivet order failed to arrive.

CRITICAL PATH

Planned Events Critical Events Deviations

31

DS10

The System: Construction Process

Preparation of the material: plywood cutting and testing.

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

Photo 01_ Ed Lancaster cutting the strips on the wall saw.

Photo 02_ Wall saw.

Photo 03_ 720 25mm wide strips of 1.5mm thick ply.

15 sheets of 1.5mm thick ply were cut down in batch to 25mm wide strips using a wall saw thanks to assistance of Ed Lancaster, one of FabLab technicians. This allowed for a fast production of 720 strips which otherwise would take a long time to cut. The strips were cut alongside the shorter grain what made them bend more.

Trying to produce the same module I have tested before I attempted to create the same one using longer strips. However, I found that the strips cut against shorter grain - so technically more likely to bend - had a much lower resistance to the torsional force I have been putting on it. As a result a number of strips broke into half and the only way to force the desired curvature was to fix it in 2 places along its path - something that was not necessary before. This meant that it was impossible for the twisted strips to push against each other which has completely changed the structural properties of the entire piece. This exercise taught me a crucial lesson of the importance of cutting plywood with the correct grain to allow tested bend-active forces to strengthen the piece.

Photo 04_ Ply strip resisting torsional forces.

Photo 05_ Forced curvature of the larger module with a number of additional bolts.

Photo 06_ Large module stretched to shape.

Photo 07_ Large module in its natural form.

Photo 08_ Large module as seen from the side.

Due mostly to the strips being cut against a different grain that those previously tested, the module lost its unique structural properties. Instead of being naturally tense thanks to the bend-active forces acting against each other it became flimsy and loose. It allowed a large amount of movement and effectively as a module became structurally weak. In order to make it work the wood needs to be cut against the longer grain but even then it would require further experiments in regards to the appropriate width and thickness of the pieces of this length for the module to work as intended. Unfortunately there was no more time to do this before the final built.

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DS10

The System: Construction Process

Module Sets Production, Texture Weaving and Merging of them.

Photo 10_ Connecting the strips with M3 bolts to produce a module.

Photo 12_ 5 out of 10 complete sets of modules.

Following the failure of longer 1.5mm thick strips I have decided to amend the design to use the material I have sufficiently tested - 25mm wide 600mm long 0.8mm thick plywood strips. That however meant that I required twice the amount of module sets in comparison to the original assumption. The production of the modules was rather intricate and took 30mins per 2 modules connected to each other.

Photo 13 & 14_ Attachment of the middle texture strips to the set of modules. The strips follow the lines given by the top end of the module set.

Photo 16_ 3 sets of textures prepared to be merged together.

Photo 17_ Merging of the set of textures.

Agata Korzeniewska

Photo 11_ Connecting of the modules to create a set of 8 arranged in an array.

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

Photo 09_ Drilling holes following a guide jig.

Photo 15_ Attachment of the top set of modules to the woven texture.

Photo 18_ Complete flat texture ready for final assembly.

After having prepared all sets of the modules, I have continued to fabricate a set of textures following the same rules as those of the column. First it was important to attach strips as an extension of the top of the module and weave them with each other - each of those took approximately 3h. Afterwards I have attached the remaining sets of modules and filled in the gaps created by the rotating and growing character of the woven surface adding 6 modules per each of the textures. This process was very rigorous, intricate and time-consuming however it has created rather impressive results.

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DS10

The System: Construction Failures Failure of the large outer skin.

Photo 02_ Rotating the woven texture to create a circle.

Photo 03_ Flipping the structure upside down to increase stability.

Photo 04_ Due to the large perimeter o the structure [3.6m - 4m] we needed some

extra help.

Photo 05_ Plaiting together the ends of the skin to form a closed circle.

Photo 06_ Even when connected we could feel that the surface

needed support and would not stand up on its own.

Photo 07_ Putting the surface on its side since it was not strong enough to stand.

Photo 08_ Outer Skin collapsed on the floor.

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

Photo 01_ Lifting of the texture with help of my brother, Jakub.

Unfortunately it turned out that the final texture of the desired size was too heavy and too flimsy to stand up. Even though the modules add significant structural stability to the plywood making the 0.8mm ply capable of holding weights much bigger than it would otherwise, this exercise showed me that we reached the limits of its strength capability. This resulted in a woven surface too heavy to hold its own weight and therefore not able to create a pure geometry - the only one that would allow it to stand freely.

This could have been prevented by placing the structure on a base that would effectively clamp it into place and force it to create a circle allowing for even distribution of weight and giving it stability. Another affecting factor was the thickness of the ply - texture in the middle was made out of 1.5mm when the modules only used 0.8mm thick plywood strips. This made the middle significantly heavier and put even more force onto the bottom set of modules.

Further tests into creating modules of equal structural stability but thicker and longer strips are necessary to find the limits of the free standing capabilities of this structure - those that were unfortunately exceeded this time.

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DS10

The System: Construction Process Final Model.

CONCLUSION Thanks to this process I have learnt a number of new things about my system and thin plywood as well as about all the elements of production that I was not aware of before. The material arriving on the 9th of January made it a massive push as for that reason I was unable to test the system on one sheet - this resulted in large module not performing like the previously tested one what could have been avoided had the material arrived earlier.

The problems also created by the set of rivets not arriving at all meant I had to find an emergency supply of an equivalent fixing - something that was an unexpected change of plans.

This model showed me what are the limitations of my module when made out of 600mm x 25mm x 0.8mm plywood strips. It has proven to be still incredibly strong for the thickness of material however it seems that 1m diameter is the largest for the structure to stand up.

Photo 02_ Connection detail.

Photo 03_ Both column and outer skin next to each other - unfortunately of a

similar size preventing the creation of the original design proposal.

Photo 04_ As an experiment I have placed the column on top of what was meant to be

the outer skin creating tower-like structure - an alternative design proposal.

Agata Korzeniewska

Photo 01_ Smaller but free-standing texture.

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

In the future I will investigate further how to make the large module work and then test its limitations. I will also look into making a base that would enable the large outer skin to stand up and create the original design.

Photo 05_ From the top the structure reveals its other, extremely intricate and elegant side.

More than a formal configuration, the field condition implies an architecture that admits change, accident and improvisation. It is an architecture not invested in durability, stability and certainty, but an architecture that leaves space for the uncertainty of the real.

S. Allen, From Object to Field

35

BRIEF 02: Sustainable Communities.

Section 1. Research

This section focuses on the research of tropical climate, palm oil crisis, chosen material, site, community and environmental issues.

DS10

Introduction

Brief 02. Project Description.

BRIEF 02: SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITIES WHERE

Students will be free to select their own site anywhere in the world. They need to demonstrate a deep understanding of problems affecting that site, its climate and type of living.

OIL PALM FARMERS

ECOTOURISM OWNERS & CRAFTSMEN

PALM OIL PLANTATIONS

TROPICAL RAINFOREST

WHAT

Students need to consider the resources needed for the community to grow and sustain.

What makes it a sustainable community? How does the community flourish and survive?

OUTPUT

Students will be expected to produce an extensive portfolio explaining their proposal for the sustainable community using high quality renderings, clear diagrams and other means needed to describe the project.

PALM OIL

WHAT The project addresses the problem of deforestation on Indonesian Borneo caused by growing number of palm oil plantations which became a main economic driver of the country. It proposes cutting down existing palm oil plantations, using felled trees to create plywood and eventually weave the Twisted Pellucidity Village. Thanks to highly developed basketry craftsmanship within discussed area, the previous oil palm farmers will be taught by an NGO how to make a Twisted Pellucidity column and then tower basing their knowledge on the basketry. Following the example of Costa Rica, ecotourism will become the main economic driver replacing palm oil production. With help of ecotourist - volunteers the community will participate in reforestation projects, aiming to bring back the tropical rainforest on Borneo to its previous size.

Currently palm oil plantations are the main reason of deforestation in Kalimantan destroying 498 000 Ha/year of tropical rainforest.

HABITAT RESTORATION BALANCED ECOSYSTEM HEALTHIER PLANET

WHY Nowadays, we are loosing invaluable habitats all around the world on a daily basis. Tropical Rainforests contribute to cleaning our air, holding in CO2 and producing oxygen needed for all species living on Earth. Currently palm oil plantations lead to a total destruction of rainforests on Borneo - and those are particularly rich in endemic species of both plant and animals. They also deprive many animals from their habitats slowly driving them into extinction.

OIL PALM TREE

ORANGUTAN

manufacture process

PYGMY ELEPHANT

Orangutans share 98% of DNA with humans. Because of palm oil industry, 25 orangutans die every day and many more are left orphaned unable to survive. It is predicted that within next 10 years they will become extinct.

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

Twisted Pellucidity system created in Brief 01 has a particularly porous character allowing ventilation throughout the entire structure whilst providing shade and protection from rain at the same time. Its close connection to basketry weaving, popular within Indonesian Borneo, makes it a versatile solution making the most of the resources available locally and craft already present within Bornean society.

Image 01_ Rendered perspective view of the project.

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OIL PALM PLYWOOD weaving

PROBOSCIS MONKEY Palm Oil Plantations lead to loss of habitat and put animals living only on Borneo to a critically endangered status.

INCREASE IN THE NUMBERS OF CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ANIMALS

DS10

Case Study: Costa Rica - A 21st Century Environmental Leader

Using Costa Rican environmental business model as a parallel for Bornean Indonesia.

Costa Rica is one of the leading countries when discussing environmental policies. In 2015 it has pledged to become carbon neutral by 2021. With many sources of renewable energy, Costa Rica gains its power from hydroplants (78%), wind and geothermal energy (10%) and biomass and solar energy (2%). It set records in the most consecutive days of using solely renewable energy making it 300 in 2018.

Costa Rica is also a leader in reforestation and ecotourism programmes, bringing scientists, students, volunteers and all nature-lovers from all around the world to help make the Costa Rican biodiversity flourish.

Image 01_ Location of Costa Rica in the world.

1986 21% Forest cover

Reforestation Before the World War II, 75% percent of Costa Rica’s territory was covered by tropical rainforest.

In just a couple of decades this percentage dropped to dramatic 21% resulting in a tragic losses in biodiversity.

In late 1980s Costa Rican government realised the value of its natural wonders and started the very many reforestation programmes. Through tree planting using various methods and conservation programmes the country managed to regrow its tropical forests which already in 2012 covered 52% of the country. It is one of the most successful examples of reforestation projects in the world.

This amongst Costa Rica’s rapid shift to renewable energy sources makes Costa Rica one of the most environmentally friendly places of the world.

Image 02_ Reforestation program in Costa Rica.

Image 04_ Set of maps showing forest coverage in Costa Rica between 1940 and 2010.

Ecotourism Costa Rica is a pioneer in Ecotourism being one of the world’s leaders in this field. Its extensive national parks and protected areas attract tourists every year with 54% of international tourists visiting them, each visiting at least 2 natural refuges - the statistic going up to 3 for European visitors.

+ 2 Million

visitors every year

75%

travel for holidays

Agata Korzeniewska

Image 03_ Photograph showing the reforestation of a rainforest in Costa Rica using orange peels as fertiliser.

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

2012 52% Forest cover

68%

choose beach destinations

Several of Costa Rica’s travel providers have been recognised worldwide for their commitment to the planet-positive tourism.

Ecotourism helped Costa Rica preserve natural areas throughout the country and thanks to its links to conservation and ecological volunteering it led to many initiatives. Costa Rican national parks expanded rapidly with their areas covering 21% of the total territory. Ecotourism encourages individual conservation efforts made by each visitor.

Ecotourism has become a key to Costa Rica’s economic development with international tourism receipts having grown from $117 million in 1984 to $3408 million in 2018.

Image 05_ Biodiversity is one of the main factors attracting tourists.

Image 06_ Ecotourism is a consistently fast growing business in Costa Rica providing large part of its income.

Image 06_ Bandera Azul Ecologica is one of many programmes created to help maintain the environmentally friendly standards.

Image 08-09_ Photographs of ecotourist huts in Costa Rican forest promoting environmentally friendly travelling and being closer to nature. Ecotourist huts are usually run on renewable energy to make them carbon neutral.

Conclusion_ Costa Rica provides a great example how a country can bring back its natural resources and make the economy grow at the same time. Through using more environmentally conscient resolutions, it is

possible to regrow large areas of a rainforest, maximise the use of clean energy and increase the country’s GDP through eco-friendly tourism. This model could be viably transferred to Borneo which equals Costa Rica in its biodiversity and potential for the use of renewable resources. Ecotourism and volunteering programmes could allow to bring back Borneo’s forests and allow its endangered species to grow their numbers. This project aims to find a solution that would help faciliate that process in Indonesian province of Borneo, Kalimantan.

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DS10

Tropical Climate Key Information

Tropical Rainforest Climate Tropical Monsoon Climate

>18°C over 12 months

Tropical Savannah Climate

Image 01_ Location of Tropical Climates and its subtypes.

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

The Tropical Climate is controlled mostly in regard to the position of the Inter Tropical Convergent Zone which is an area of low pressure marking the point of trade wind convergence. Both of those roles are critical for atmospheric circulation and affect the formation of the Hadley Cell.

However always near the equator, the location of the ITCZ varies throughout the year as much as 40° to 45° of latitude north or south of the equator depending on the pattern of land and ocean. It relates to the altitude of the sun marking the point of its highest position in the sky. In tropical latitudes ITCZ is responsible for the migration of low pressure and therefore the shifts in seasonal tropical rains.

July ITCZ January ITCZ

Trade Winds

ITCZ

equator Image 02_ Inter Tropical Convergent Zone location Image 04_ North of the Equator the trade winds encourage the rotation of the cyclone counter-clockwise

Stratospheric cooling Trade Winds equator Hadley circulation

Jet stream

ITCZ

Increasing dry region Moist Region

Image 05_ On the equator trade winds are almost parallel to the equator producing narrow clouds.

Moist Region Increasing dry region Jet stream Stratospheric cooling

Trade Winds

equator

ITCZ Image 03_ Hadley circulation and its effect on the planet.

Tropical Climates characterise themselves with having 2 seasons: wet and dry. When the air rises above the ITCZ creating a low pressure zone, high humidity and rainfall occur. Further north and south of this zone the air begins to get warmer holding as much water vapour as cold air. Relative humidity falls and moisture gets locked in the warm air. As a result the atmospheric conditions are hot, dry, calm and clear skies with high pressure - Tropical Anticyclones. As the ITCZ migrates north and south, the warm dry highs move with it.

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Image 06_ In the southern hemisphere the cyclones rotate clockwise.

DS10

Tropical Climate Key Information

01. Tropical Rainforest Climate

02. Tropical Monsoon Climate

03. Tropical Savannah Climate

Tropical Rainforest Climate is found within 10° to 15° latitude of the equator in the areas dominated by the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone. - with an exception of Santos area in Brazil which is located outside the tropics yet still has this type of climate. With at least 60mm of rainfall each month, it is typically hot and wet without any distinct dry season. The change in temperature between night and day can be larger than the average amplitude throughout the whole year.

Tropical Monsoon Climate is the intermediate climate between wet Tropical Rainforest and dry Tropical Savannah. It has more than 100mm of average monthly precipitation however throughout its driest season this average is smaller than 60mm. Its driest month occurs usually at or soon after the winter solstice for that side of equator. The major contributing factors to this climate is its relationship to the monsoon circulation - seasonal change in wind direction resulting from the different heating of land and water.

Tropical Savannah Climate has a pronounced dry season with less than 100mm of average monthly precipitation and its driest month having less than 60mm of rainfall. The dry season in this climate can become severe with drought conditions occurring during this period. This climate often features large grasslands scattered with trees where grass is particularly tall and coarse. Most areas of this climate are found at the outer margins of the tropical zone.

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Image 01_ Average Temperature [°C] in Borneo

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Image 04_ Average Temperature [°C] in the Maldives

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15 14 13 13 Image 07_ Average Temperature [°C] in the Serengeti, Tanzania

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Image 05_ Average Rainfall [mm] in the Maldives

Image 08_ Average Rainfall [mm] in the Serengeti, Tanzania

Image 03_ Virgin Rainforest of Kalimantan, Borneo

Image 06_ Idyllic islands of the Maldives

Image 09_ Savannah in the Serengeti, Tanzania

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

Image 02_ Average Rainfall [mm] in Borneo

Oct

04. Tropical Revolving Storms Tropical Revolving Storms form near the hot and humid season over warm tropical waters in relationship to the migrating ITCZ. The converging trade winds are central to the formation process as they affect the development of low pressure areas along the ITCZ which create strong divergence that starts the formation of a tropical depression. As the convergence gets stronger, the tropical depressions clustered around the low pressure areas become more organised and revolve around each other forming a tropical cyclone. The strengh of the cyclone is related to its position - those nearer the equator are weaker than those on each side of it.

Major Tropical Cyclone zones Typical Tropical Cyclone paths

Image 10_ Major tropical cyclone zones and typical paths.

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DS10

Tropical Rainforest Key information.

01. Tropical rainforests: general information and statistics.

>50% of all fauna & flora

2% 6% of all Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surface

Image 02_ Only 2% of sunlight

reaches the forest floor.

Image 04_ Rainforests are the only ecosystem that creates their own weather: the vapour evaporating from the trees

creates clouds which eventually burst with rain.

03. Layers of diffrent types of tropical rainforest.

A. Typical Tropical Rainforest

B. Mangrove Forest

CANOPY LAYER

EMERGENT LAYER

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

Image 01_ Central Kalimantan Rainforest

Image 03_ Even though rainforests cover only 6% of Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surface, they provide

habitat for over half of all species of fauna and flora.

25m

UNDERSTORY LAYER

5m

FOREST FLOOR

0.75 - 3m

Image 06_ Mangrove forest structure.

Image 05_ Layers of typical tropical rainforest.

In the rainforest life is built on decay. Due to large amounts of rainfall nutrients are continuously washed away from the soil - they are however recycled by the fungus bringing it back to the forest floor. Rainforest is an ecosystem that cannot survive without fungai.

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Mangrove Forests are unique to coastal conditions, growing in saline soil and brackish water. They are a very dynamic and highly productive ecosystem filtering pollutants from the water, stabilising and improving the soil quality whilst protecting the shores from erosion. Thanks to their tough root system they slow the water flow and increase the deposition of sediment. Mangrove Forests create an important breading ground for many fish, prawns, crabs as well as other marine animals supporting a number of endangered species.

Mangrove trees are also a valuable resource that when harvested sustainably can provide a number of uses.

DS10

Tropical Rainforest: Borneo Key information.

Image 01_ Mangrove Forest

Image 04_ Lowland Rainforest

Image 02_ Freshwater Swamp Forest

Image 05_Montane Rainforest

Mangrove Forest

Lowland Rainforest

Freshwater Swamp Forest

Montane Rainforest

Peat Swamp Forest

Sundaland Heath Forest Image 06_ Sundaland Heath Forest

C. Freshwater Swamp Forest

RIVER

Agata Korzeniewska

Image 03_ Peat Swamp Forest

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

02. Forest types on Borneo and their distribution.

D. Peat Swamp Forest

RIVER

DEAD PLANT MATERIAL

RIVER

RIVER GROUNDWATER LEVEL

MINERAL SOIL

Image 07_ In areas where rain and seasonal flooding cause the water levels to fluctuate, water-tolerant vegetation

grows and creates a marsh which after accumulation of these plants creates a swamp.

Image 09_ Peat Swamp Forest is formed in areas where frequent flooding prevents matter from decomposing. As the

organic matter keeps accumulating, it holds large amounts of water building up a sponge-like peat dome.

Peat Swamp Forest is rain-fed.

RIVER

RIVER

RIVER

RIVER

PEAT

1 - 20m GROUNDWATER LEVEL

ALLUVIAL SOIL

Freshwater Swamp Forest is riverine.

MINERAL SOIL

5 - 100km

Image 08_ Freshwater Swamps are repeatedly flooded or permanently covered with a layer of water up to 2m deep. It

creates a unique and rich environment valuable for both animals and humans.

Image 10_ Peat Swamp Forests are rain fed which means that rain and air are the only carriers of nutrients. The peat

dome can contain 13 times its weight of water and large amounts of CO2 - up to 20 times more than nearby

lowland forests.

Freshwater Swamp Forests are located just inland from the southwestern coast and are associated with inland lakes, low-lying river basins and coastal swamps. They exist where rivers meander through flat alluvial floodplains that usually follow the mangrove forest. They are either periodically or permanently flooded with mineral-rich freshwater, without any substantial amount of peat and of a high pH - usually above 6. This makes them particularly rich in species of both fauna and flora that inhabit it. Mature freshwater swamp forest has trees of approximately 35m high.

Peat Swamp Forests differ from Freshwater ones mostly by source of water - rain as opposite to riverine; and presence of deep peat. As peat swamps are not drained by flooding they are largely nutrient - defficient and highly acidic - with a pH usually less than 4. Even though they are not as biodiverse, they are known to provide habitat for many endangered species, play a vital role in lifes of indigenous people by providing food, water, fuel, timber sources and other as well as constitute a critical buffer against flooding. Those forests are most commonly converted into oil palm plantations.

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DS10

Palm Oil Plantations

Location of major palm oil plantations in the world.

> 1 million ha 100 000 to 1 million ha 10 000 to 100 000 ha < 10 000 ha

Image 01_ Distribution of palm oil plantations around the world.

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

VEGETABLE OIL, VEGETABLE FAT, PALM KERNEL, PALM KERNEL OIL, PALM FRUIT OIL, PALMATE, PALMITATE, PALMOLEIN, GLYCERYL, STEARATE, STEARIC ACID, ELAEIS GUINEENSIS, PALMITIC ACID, PALM STEARINE, PALMITOYL OXOSTEARAMIDE, PALMITOYL TETRAPEPTIDE-3, SODIUM LAURETH SULFATE, SODIUM LAURYL SULFATE, SODIUM KERNELATE, SODIUM PALM KERNELATE, SODIUM LAURYL LACTYLATE/SULPHATE, HYRATED PALM GLYCERIDES, ETYL PALMITATE, OCTYL PALMITATE, PALMITYL ALCOHOL

PALM OIL is an edible vegetable oil native to Africa and brought to South-East Asia over 100 years ago as an ornamental tree crop. Currently Indonesia and Malaysia constitute over 85% of global supply of palm oil.

Palm Oil is one of the major drivers for deforestation of some of most biodiverse forests in the world, destroying the habitat of many endangered species like orangutans, pygmy elephants or Sumatran rhinos. The conversion of carbon rich peat soils and the forest loss make a large contribution to climate change through enormous emissions of greenhouse gases. Palm Oil Plantations are also known for their exploitation of workers and regular child labour.

The Roundtable of Sustainable Palm Oil [RSPO], formed in 2004, is one of the organisations formed due to raising concerns about the impact of palm oil industry on environment and society.

Image 02_ Palm Oil Plantation in Borneo next to Virgin Rainforest

Image 03_ Different names of palm oil.

Palm Oil is a very efficient crop producing more oil per hectare than any other one. It currently supplies 35% of the world’s vegetable oil need on only 10% of the land. In order to get the same amount of oil from any other crop, you would need between 4 to 10 times more land which would only move the deforestation and habitat loss problems to different parts of the world rather than getting rid of it. It is also a source of income and occupation for a number of people in those areas of the world, making up the GDP of emerging economies.

Palm Oil plantations currently cover 27 million hectares of the Earth’s surface - an area the size of New

Zealand.

39% OTHER

food, animal feed, chemical products

61% ENERGY

Image 04_ Comparison of different vegetable oil yields per hectare.

Chocolate

biofuel, power, heat

Image 05_ Palm Oil Consumption

Cookies

Ice cream

Pizza dough

Packaged bread

Margarine

Palm Oil makes up part of many everyday-use produce - it is in close to 50% of the packaged products found in a standard supermarket.

Detergent

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Soap

Shampoo

Lipstick

Biofuel

Instant Noodles

Palm Oil is an extremely versatile oil - it is semi-solid at room temperature maintaining its spreadable qualities, it is resistant to oxidation providing a longer shelf-life, it is stable at high temperature giving a crispy and crunchy texture to produce whilst being odourless and colourless.

DS10

Oil Palm Tree Key Information

A tree can be productive for up to 25

kernel Palm Kernel Oil

years.

mesocarp Palm Oil

≥18m inflorescence

Each tree produces 12

bunches each and 25kg.

to 14 of fruit weighing between 10

Each fruit contains 30

- 35% oil.

Each palm oil tree produces about 40kg of oil every year.

leaf

GOVERNMENT

fruit bunch

BUSINESS

Palm Oil accounts for 18.97% of total export of Indonesia with competitiveness value constantly increasing.

trunk

Global demand is expected to increase by 32% in 2020 which makes it 10 times more than China’s annual palm oil consumption from 2012.

trunk base

LOCALLY

GLOBALLY

560mm Almost all consumer products depend on palm oil. It also provides jobs for local people employing 1 person per 8ha of plantation.

Image 02_ Benefits of palm oil to Indonesia

9m

9m

4.5m 7.8m

4.5m

7.8m

7.8m

4.5m 9m

Image 03_ Arrangement of oil palms over 1ha of land.

9m

7.8m

Agata Korzeniewska

9m

approx. 143 oil palms per hectare

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

Image 01_ Oil palm tree structure

Indonesia accounts for 50% of world’s total export. It has set target for 40 million tonnes of CPO production in 2020.

4.5m 9m

9m

9m

Image 04_ Most profitable layout of palm oil plantation ensuring appropriate amount of air and sun for the leaves and correct amount of soil per tree. Other crops can be grown in between the oil palms provided they don’t require large amount of direct sunlight.

Palm Oil Production Process

01. Germinating of the seeds preparing them for planting.

04. The seedling is moved to the palm grove when its 16-18 months old.

02. Young seedling stays in the container for 4-5 months producing a new leaf every month.

03. When seedlings are ready they are moved to the nursery where they stay for 1 year.

05. For several months oil palm produces only male flowers and then only female flowers. Afterwards the fertilized female flowers turn into a cluster of fruit.

06. A cluster of fruit is harvested when the fruits turn red and when 5 to 6 fruits drop to the ground.

Indonesia has 3rd largest Tropical Forest yet it ranks 2nd in the world for tropical

deforestation

498 000 Ha/year 07. The clusters can be cut with different tools such as chisel, machete or long- armed sickle depending on the age of the oil palm.

08. There are 2 commonly used methods of extracting oil - dry with mechanical press and wet using water to leach out the oil.

09. At the end the oil is clarified to separate it from any impurities and stored usually at 50°C.

Almost

90% of palm oil plantation in Kalimantan came on the expense of forest cover.

45

DS10

Material: Oil Palm Wood Key Information

Oil Palm Tree: Key Facts Kingdom: Plantae Family: Arecaceae Species: Elaeis guineensis Other names: Elaeis dybowskii, Elaeis macrophylla, Elaeis madagascariensis, Elaeis melanococca, Elaeis nigrescens, Elaeis virescens, Palma oleosa

Trunk (70%) Inflorescence (1%) Cabbage (2%) Spears (2%) Rachis/Frond (20%)

Description: Oil Palms are single-stemmed trees which grow up to 18m tall. A young oil palm produces approximately 30 leaves a year whilst a mature example bears only about 20. The pinnate leaves reach 3 - 5m in length. The flowers of the oil palm grow in dense clusters with small individual flowers, each made of 3 sepals and 3 petals.

The palm fruit matures in 5 - 6 months from polination.

Leaves (5%)

Image 02_ Composition of an oil palm tree at felling (weight percentage).

Oil Palm demands a rather low nutrient uptake in its first year but increases steeply during the years 1 - 3 when harvesting begins.

Earlier fertilisation of soil alongside better can result in a significant increase of the yields in 3 - 6 years since planting.

Elaeis Guineensis originated in Guinea (Africa) and was first introduced in Indonesia on Java by the Dutch in 1848 and to Malaysia in 1910. First Malaysian plantations were operated by British plantation owners and listed in London until as recently as 1960s and 1970s. Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA) is the biggest oil palm planter in the world with plantation area covering approximately 900 000 hectares in both Malaysia and Indonesia. Its success led to establishment of other development schemes which help support small-farmer oil palm cultivations.

Oil Palm Trunks - plywood - logs - lumber products

Image 01_ Palm Oil Plantation

Oil Palm Veneer - plywood - timber flooring

Oil Palm Frond - animal feed pellets

Image 03_ Currently commercialised products from waste oil palm trees.

160 40

6.0

140 35

Area (ha*103)

100 80

5.0

30 Government Schemes

60

4.0 25 20

3.0

15 2.0

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

40

FELDA = Federal Land Development Agency FELCRA = Federal Land Consolidation and

Rehabilitation Authority RISDA = Rubber Industry Smallholders

Development Authority

20 0 2010

2015

2020

2025

Image 04_ Oil palm area available based on ownership category.

Palm Oil Plantation Tropical Rainforest

4 488 000 Ha of palm oil plantations on Borneo 2 706 900 Ha privately owned

Image 06_ Distribution of Palm Oil trees across Borneo.

46

2030

Number of trees (mln)

Private Estate FELDA FELCRA RISDA State Schemes Smallholders

Area (ha*103)

120

10 1.0 5 0 2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

Image 05_ Area of planned felling programmes and number of trees for reuse between 2010 to 2031.

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Material: Oil Palm Wood Key Information

90% of the trunk of a cut oil palm tree is used to make palm plywood for strips to create the woven structures.

Remaining core of a fallen oil palm tree is used to extract fibre to be mixed with jute for creation of nets for interiors and bridges.

The sawdust is used as fertiliser for the crops.

Bark is chipped into sawdust and used as fertiliser for the crops.

Oil Palm Trunk Harvesting Methods 2 cuts Bucking

Transportation

Bucking

Skidding

Agata Korzeniewska

Loading

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

Bulldozer

1 cut

1 cut Bucking

Chainsaw

Oil Palm Plywood Manufacturing Process

Step 01_ Cutting down of existing oil palm trees.

Step 02_ Loading of freshly cut oil palm logs ready for transportation to the manufacturing plant.

Step 03_ Logs preparation for debarking or storing.

Step 04_ Trimming of the oversized logs to appropriate size - usually to 2440mm unless otherwise requested.

Step 05_ Separation of chips, bark and saw dust for further recycling.

Step 06_ Thin layers of veneer are cut from rotating bark.

Step 07_ Layers of veneer are laid with alternating grain direction to increase strength of the material.

Step 08_ Sheets are coated with adhesive using a roller machine.

Step 09_ Cold pressing of plywood sheets and separating to individual panels.

Step 10_ Permanent setting of plywood panels using vertical hot press that applies heat and pressure.

Step 11_ Hand filling and patching of the lower grade panels with holes and knots.

Step 12_ Sanding of the plywood panels to a smooth finish with an automatic sander.

Step 13_ UV curing of the gloss finish panels.

Step 14_ Inspection of the panels for defects with high-tech scanners and lasers.

Step 15_ Transportation and delivery of complete plywood panels to site.

47

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Indonesia

Location of major palm oil plantations in the world.

Image 01_ Location of Indonesia in the world and connections between the islands.

BRUNEI Bandar Seri Begawan

INDONESIA Jakarta

Area: 5 770 km2 (0.77% of total area of Borneo) Population: 406 200 (2.1% of total population of Borneo) Official Language: Malay, English (recognised language) Other Languages & dialects: Brunei Malay, Jawi Malay,

Tutong, Kedayan, Belait, Chinese Ethnic Groups: 66% Malays, 10% Chinese, 24% others Religion: Sunni Islam Government: Unitary Islamic Absolute Monarchy

Hassenai Bolkiah (sultan) GDP (PPP): $36.854 billion total (125th in the world)

$83.776 billion per capita (4th in the world) Currency: Brunei dollar (BND) Independent from UK since 01.01.1984 One of the largest oil producers in Southeast Asia, its economy depends almost only on oil and gas production.

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

Area: 548 005 km2 (72.9% of total area of Borneo) Population: 13 772 543 (69.5% of total population of Borneo) Official Language: Indonesian Over 700 other regional languages Ethnic Groups: over 300 ethnic groups Religion: 87.2% Islam, 9.9% Christian, 1.7% Hindu, 0.7% Buddhist, 0.2% Confucian, 0.3% others Government: Unitary Presidential Constitutional Republic Joko Widodo (president) Jusuf Kalia (vice president) GDP (PPP): $3.740 trillion total (7th in the world) $14 020 per capita (89th in the world) Currency: Indonesian Rupiah (IDR) Independent from the Netherlands since 1949.

Consists of hundreds of distinct native ethnic and linguistic groups spread across the islands.

Although overall Indonesia its highly unstable with many volcanos located on Sumatra and Java, Kalimantan is its most stable part.

Kudat

Sandakan Kota Kinabalu Bandar Seri Begawan

SABAH

NORTH KALIMANTAN Tanjung Selor

Bintulu

SARAWAK

MALAYSIA Kuala Lumpur

Sibu Paloh

Area: 198 161 km (26.4% of total area of Borneo) Population: 5 625 321 (28.4% of total population of Borneo) Official Language: Malaysian, English (recognised) Ethnic Groups: 50.9% Indigenous, 17.8% non-

Malaysian citizen,14.7% Chinese, 14.4%

Malay, 2.2% others Religion: 51.3% Islam, 33.3% Christian, 9.3%

Buddhist, 6.1% none or other Government: Federal Parliamentary Elective

Constitutional Monarchy

Abdullah al-Haj (Yang di-Pertuan Agong) East Malaysia has slightly more autonomy than states of Peninsular Malaysia.

GDP (PPP): $1.068 trillion total (26th in the world)

$32 501 per capita (41st in the world) Currency: Ringgit (RM) Independent from UK since 31.08.1957 Sabah and Sarawak are top exporters of timber, liquefied natural gas (LNG) and petroleum; Sabah is also known for its export of rubber, cacao and vegetables.

Kuching

2

Indonesia has very high poverty levels and weak governance and is therefore a site of many environmental issues such as large scale illegal deforestation, wildfires causing heavy smog and over-exploitation of marine resources. This makes Indonesia one of the lowest environmentally performing countries, ranking 133rd out of 180 in the 2018 Environmental Performance Index.

EAST KALIMANTAN

Pontianak

WEST KALIMANTAN Samarinda

Tourism is steadily growing in Indonesia and contributed approximately $28.2 billion to GDP in 2017 and in the same year grew by 21.8%.

Major attractions of Indonesia are its natural wonders, being home to more native species both on land and in water than any other country.

It has 8 UNESCO World Heritage Sites and further 19 in a tentative list. Indonesia ranks 42nd out of 136 countries in the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report. It is receiving growing interest in ecotourism with a large number of volunteers flocking in from around the world to help save its unique wildlife.

CENTRAL KALIMANTAN Tamiang Layang

Ketapang Palangka Raya

SOUTH KALIMANTAN Banjarmasin

Image 02_ Political division of Borneo.

Total deforestation

Deforestation caused by palm oil and pulpwood plantation industry

BORNEO

KALIMANTAN ONLY

MALAYSIAN BORNEO ONLY

5 600 000 ha cleared 2 700 000 ha cleared by plantation industry

3 400 000 ha cleared 1 400 000 ha cleared by plantation industry

2 200 000 ha cleared 1 300 000 ha cleared by plantation industry

600

500 400 300 200

500 400 300 200

100

100

0

0 2001

2005

2010

Image 03_ Deforestation on Borneo between 2001 - 2016.

2015

600

Deforestation Area (ha*103)

Deforestation Area (ha*103)

Deforestation Area (ha*103)

600

48

% share of deforestation caused by plantation industry

500 400 300 200 100 0

2001

2005

2010

2015

Image 04_ Deforestation in Kalimantan between 2001 - 2016.

2001

2005

2010

2015

Image 05_ Deforestation on Malaysian Borneo between 2001 - 2016.

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Indonesia

The Native Inhabitants of Bornean Indonesia.

The native people of Borneo come together under the name DAYAK. This term describes approximately 200 riverine and hill-dwelling tribes each with their own customs, laws, language and territory. Even today most Dayaks still follow their folk ancient animistic religion however many have also turned to major religions such as Christianity or Islam. The Dayak languages are classified as part of Austronesian languages.

MURUT PEOPLE

In the past the Dayaks have been feared for their elaborate headhunting traditions using human sacrifice to pay for fortune and luck with their crops and cultural events. In order to establish peace with the Dutch colonisers the Dayaks have agreed to end their headhunting procedures in 1874 however in certain tribes they have resurfaced in the 1960s and are still practiced today.

Murut people inhabit the northern-most hill areas of Borneo and comprise of 29 subethnic groups. They once suplied the military for the Sultans of Brunei.

Traditionally Dayaks mostly occupy themselves with agriculture based on Integrated Indigenous Farming System. Each tribe specified in farming on either hill or flat land and the agricultural terrain was distributed in that way. For economic reasons, the Dayak collect jungle produce however recent market has turned them mostly into planting crops such as cocoa, rubber and palm oil. The main dependance of Dayaks on agriculture has made them dependant on many palm oil plantations whilst their land has been taken under customary claims by Indonesia, threatening the political landscape in many parts of Bornean Indonesia. Those not involved in palm oil cultivation, seek employment in the trade of palm oil.

approx.120 000 Christianity, Islam, Animism Murutic, Malaysian, English

IBAN PEOPLE

KENYAH PEOPLE

Murut

Also known as Sea Dayaks, Ibans are renowned for headhunting and tribal territorial expansion. They have a particularly fearsome reputation.

Kayan

approx. 1 052 400 Christianity, Animism Iban

Christianity, Bungan, Islam Kenyah, Indonesian, Malaysian

DAYAK

Melayu

approx. 69 256

Melayu

Punan

Iban, Indonesian/Malaysian

OT DANUM PEOPLE

Kenyah people live in the most remote parts of Borneo and can be divided into multiple tribes scattered throughout the area. Each tribe inhabits one longhouse settlement.

Kenyah

Bahau KAYAN PEOPLE

Maanyan Ot Danum Lawangan

Occupating also regions of Myanmar and Thailand, Kayan Lahwi people are known for the long brass neck decorations worn by women.

Banjar

approx. 87 500

approx. 600

Kaharingan, Christianity

Christianity

Ot Danum, Indonesian

NGAJU PEOPLE

Ngaju people divide further into sub-ethnic groups depending on the river stream regions and languages.

Padaung

PUNAN PEOPLE

Punan has a stratified society with laja (aristocrats), panyen (commoners) and lipen (slaves) maintaining their historical traditions. A non-nomadic tribe occupying longhouses.

MAANYAN PEOPLE

Being part of East Barito Dayak ethnic group, they can be distinguished by their involvement in agricalture, elaborate funeral ceremonies and having shaman to treat their diseases.

approx. 400 000

approx. 5 000

approx. 85 000

Christianity, Islam, Kaharingan

Christianity, Animism

Christianity, Kaharingan, Islam

Ngaju, Bakumpai, Indonesian

Punan, Malay, Indonesian, English

Maanyan, Ngaju, Banjar, Indonesian

MAJORITY OF PEOPLE

Agata Korzeniewska

Ot Danum people are the most important group of the upper Melawi river and most linguistically different from neighbouring tribes.

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

Ngaju

LIVING ON BORNEO ARE INVOLVED CULTIVATING PALM OIL.

BAHAU PEOPLE

Found in West Kutai Regency, Bahau people are known for the Hudoq dance which is meant to make their crops grow abundantly and lasts approx.1-5 hours. approx. 22 000 Kaharingan, Christianity Bahau, Indonesian

IN FARMING WITH A SIGNIFICANT MAJORITY

49

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Site: Borneo

Deforestation and increasing amount of palm oil plantations

Image 01_ Rainforest and Palm Oil Plantations in Borneo in 1973.

Image 02_ Rainforest and Palm Oil Plantations in Borneo in 2000.

Image 03_ Rainforest and Palm Oil Plantations in Borneo in 2005.

Image 04_ Rainforest and Palm Oil Plantations in Borneo in 2010.

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY Palm Oil Plantations Pulpwood Plantations Rainforest Protected Rainforest Areas Orangutan Habitat

Image 06_ Rainforest and Palm Oil Plantations in Borneo in 2010 with relation to orangutan habitat.

50

Image 05_ Predicted Rainforest and Palm Oil Plantations in Borneo in 2020

DS10

Red Ape: The Orangutan

Overview of current situation of Bornean orangutans

Palm Oil Industry currently takes over most of orangutan habitat. Those who fight for their homes usually leave their offspring orphaned. Orangutans normally stay for up to 7 years with their mothers and without them they have almost no chances of surviving in the wild.

Image 01_ Orphaned orangutans.

Image 02_ Adult orangutan fighting for its habitat against a buldozer.

only 112 200 orangutans are left in the wild Centre for Orangutan Protection

The Sarawak Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

Borneo Orangutan Society

Ketapang Rescue Centre

Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre

International Animal Rescue

The Semenggoh Nature Rescue

Image 03_ Bornean animal rescue organisations.

BORNEO 85% of all orangutans SUMATRA

25 ORANGUTANS DIE EVERY DAY. 51

BRIEF 02: Sustainable Communities.

Section 2. Design Development This section focuses on the development of the design proposal for sustainable community model in Borneo.

DS10

Design Development

Initial Concept: Vertical Farming Towers

Rainwater is harvested on the top of the tower and used throughout.

Alternative Oil Crop - soyabean

Nutrients and fertilisers are distributed through a set of growth platforms within farming areas.

Water is distributed through a centrally located tube providing water for farms and the household.

Water is regularly sprayed on the plants through a series of sprinklers in farming areas according to their appropriate needs.

Orangutan Food: Fruit Berries Shrubs i.e. blackcurrant Nutrients are pumped through a centrally located nutrient shoot extracting necessary minerals from the ground and mixing it with naturally sourced fertiliser.

Nutrition and Water Shoot Central Circulation Core

Sustainable grazing field surrounding the tower provides food for the family and fertiliser - manure - for the farm.

Collected water is pumped to provide necessary utilities within the household.

Remaining rainwater is taken into the ground providing necessary moisture and partly diverted to sustainable grazing farms next to the tower providing necessary irrigation.

Living space for the family working in the vertical farm

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

Image 01_ Vertical Farm Concept Idea: relocation of crops onto appropriate levels of the tower alternating with providing food for the orangutans and living space for the family working on the farm.

Image 03_ Render view of the proposed vertical towers.

54

Image 02_ Nutrition and Water distribution diagram.

DS10

Design Development

Initial Concept: Vertical Farming Towers

The initial concept of the project included Vertical Farming Towers based on a tower that I completed as a Final Model for Brief 01. Through scaling of the tower, it could be divided into sections: open farming layers made from the modules allowing large amounts of sun and water into the structure and straight woven sections in between - more shaded and protected from the tropical downpours. This division would allow for growth of different types of plants: soyabean crop in the module part and small fruit in the shaded part. This correlates with the demands for sunshine and water of each of those plants as well as a potential area to grow those on. Soyabean has been chosen as a replacement for palm for oil production of the community.

The initial proposal included solid floor plates separating each of the sections and a thicker secondary structure behind for further support. Central circulation core housed ladders and staircases to allow movement in between the floors. The bottom section of the tower, which was thought as a living area for the farmers family has been protected with 2 additional layers of weaving, providing shade, privacy and waterproofing.

Since the scheme is located on Borneo, in a tropical rainforest, it was crucial to raise the towers off the ground to prevent flooding. This has been done by a woven screen floor to which the towers tapered to.

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

This was a very early scheme which certainly did not seem like an overall good solution that made the most of the compression strength of the twisted module. The towers were significantly too large to be easily constructed by a person therefore it lost the handcrafted quality of the original systam.

Simple scaling of the tower from Brief 01 compromised the innovative structural qualities of the module and required additional secondary structure which made this concept not as exciting or innovative. Therefore I have decided to try to look at this conceptual idea again at a different scale, trying to make the most of the discovered structural strength of the modules and maintaining its handcrafted, human scale.

Image 01_ Elevation View of the floor connection and double layering of the weave for screening of the living space.

Image 02_ Close up perspective view of the floor connection, double layering of the weave and secondary structure.

Image 03_ Render View of the whole tower with floor connection and secondary structure behind.

55

DS10

Design Development

Using the system at a human scale. Square set made of 4 columns and tensioned roof.

Following the large, scaled up tower, I amended the design to reflect the human, handcrafted scale of the system. Using columns at diameters I have tested whilst making physical model for Brief 01 I created a set of columns that could be laid out on almost any - regular or irregular - geometric shape. The columns can be connected with plywood strips which stay in tension induced by the bend-active forces working on the plywood when bending it and fixing at both ends. This results in a complex, woven structure that gives rigidity to the entire 4-column design set, keeping the columns in place. Through the arches created by bending of the strips, a canopy unravels providing continuously woven and structurally stable shelter.

Elevation View

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

Plan View

Perspective View

56

Perspective View

DS10

Design Development

Hexagonal Tower made of woven columns with a tensioned roof and floor plates supported of the columns.

The shelter created through connecting the columns with bent and interwoven plywood strips can be developed on a variety of shapes. Since an original palm oil plantation grid is based on hexagonal shapes, it seemed only natural to use a hexagon as a geometry base for the plan of this design. The woven canopy, however rigid enough to support itself and withstand environmental loads, is not capable of holding live loads of humans walking on it. Therefore to create a tower I have designed a double layered weaving system where part of it tapers to create the shelter and another set continues straight up which allows for the attachment of solid floorplates.

This design option has been used for my Applied Technical Studies submission.

Unfortunately, solid floorplates seem rather alien to the delicate woven system.

More could also be done regarding the columns which could eventually become inhabitable. Following this design I have moved onto less solid floorplate system made out of nets hung inside the fattened columns which is described in detail later on in this portfolio.

Plan View

Perspective View of the Ground Floor of the tower

Square woven plywood strips tensioned to shape to form structural roof elements

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

PTFE membrane fixed to Collar

Agata Korzeniewska

Galvanised Steel Collar fixed through weave with M12 bolts Plywood strips twisted and fixed together forming compression module Plants housed in stitched jute pockets

Square weaving lapped and layered connecting sets of plywood modules

Plywood strips twisted and fixed together forming compression module Plants housed in stitched jute pockets

25mm Tongue and Groove decking Laminated Glulam Primary Beams Secondary Cross Beams at 1.5m centres Stainless Steel Joist Hanger fixed to Collar with M12 bolts Galvanised Steel Collar Weaving lapped and layered with tapering thickness towards Collar Plywood strips twisted and fixed together forming compression module Plants housed in stitched jute pockets Square weaving lapped and layered connecting sets of plywood modules Plywood strips twisted and fixed together forming compression module Plants housed in stitched jute pockets 25mm Tongue and Groove decking Laminated Glulam Primary Beams Secondary Cross Beams at 1.5m centres Mortice Tenon Connection 25mm Plywood Tread Stainless Steel Brackets fixed to Stringer

Galvanised Steel Shoe Steel Bracket fixed to Shoe through weave with M12 bolts Brackets fixed to Concrete Pad via cast in threaded bar Gravel margin to assist with drainage Concrete Pad Foundation

Tower Overview

Applied Technical Studies: Detail Section 1:10@A0

57

DS10

Design Options Matrix

Symmetrical and asymmetrical arrangements

3 Column Arrangement A. Symmetrical

B. Asymmetrical

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

5 Column Arrangement A. Symmetrical

B. Asymmetrical

58

DS10

Design Options Matrix

Symmetrical and asymmetrical arrangements

4 Column Arrangement A. Symmetrical

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

B. Asymmetrical

6 Column Arrangement A. Symmetrical

B. Asymmetrical

59

DS10

Design Development

Physical Model testing the possibilities for tensioned woven roof.

This physical model was made to test the hypothesis of connecting the columns via woven, bent plywood strips to create a coherent enclosure. The bend-active forces and tension put on stretching the strips between the columns made this a very successful test model showing the viability of this proposal. It opens many possibilities to connect as many columns as desired, giving them additional strength and keeping them in place.

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY Image 01-05_ Photographs of a physical model testing the potential for creating woven roof canopy.

60

DS10

Design Development

Development of the module. Plant holder design.

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

The geometry of the module naturally lends itself to housing plants to allow vertical farming. In order to understand how would such system work and how many plants could it hold I have tested a few options of the pockets. Even though the woven one seemed rather coherent with the other parts of the system, it proved to be inefficient in terms of number of connections, space created and amount of time needed to make it. I then made the pockets out of jute textile which I have sewn to the module using thick jute thread. This option is 100% natural and provides an optimal amount of space for a plant whilst having sufficient porosity for watering the plant.

61

BRIEF 02: Sustainable Communities.

Section 3. Final Design Proposal This section focuses on the representation and description of the final design proposal for sustainable community model in Borneo.

DS10

Final Design Proposal Digital Process

Proportions of the final model are derived from the physical model tests in brief 01 and during the design development phase of brief 02.

r = 1.5m

n= 192 x=24

x=24 r = 1.5m r = 1.48m

->

z=1m r = 1.5m

r = 1.5m

->

z=1.2m

->

z=1m

n= 960 x=288

Step 01_ Creation of circles, division into points and selection of every 8th point.

Step 02_ Creation of twisted modules following the same principles as described in Brief 01 (p.16-21).

Step 03_ Creation of 3 circles stacked on top of each other and division into first 5*192 (960) points and selection of 12*24 (288) points.

Step 04_ Interpolation of lines through selected points and loft of the resulting strips.

Step 05_ Copy and movement of the set of modules down to connect it to the straight weave created in previous step.

r = 1.5m

r = 1.5m

Step 01_ Construction of meshes using T-splines. n= 960 x=288

Step 06_ Creation of following stacked circles and division into the same amount of points as in step 02.

Step 08_ Extrusion of central core and its connection with a set of circles forming base for arcs to form individual jute textile roof for added privacy in the pod.

Step 09_ Insertion of jute net meshes relaxed using Kangaroo simulation described on the right.

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

Step 07_ Interpolation of curves through selected points, loft of the surfaces resulting in woven strip to form structural support of the column

r = 2.0m r = 2.1m

Step 02_ Anchoring of the points on outer and inner edge.

r = 2.7m

n=384

Step 10_ Creation of sets of modules and weaving in between in the same way as described in steps 01 - 07 to form outer screen of the pod. The outer modules will also house plants.

Step 11_ Creation of circles with growing radii alongside the decrease of z value of their centre points.

Division of the curves into 1280 points and selection of 384 points.

->

Step 12_ Interpolation of lines through selected points creating a weaving tapering outwards for smooth connection to the floor.

->

x=7m

x=7m ->

x=7m

Step 03_ Applying spring force onto the mesh edges and gravity onto its vertices.

->

x=7m

->

x=7m

Step 13_ Mirror of the created tapering weave to form smooth connection to the roof.

64

->

x=7m

Step 14_ Distribution of the columns onto each vertice of a 7m side polygon which size is based on the palm oil plantation grid. This results in a set of 6 inhabitable columns.

Step 04_ Resulting relaxed and smoothened meshes in comparison to original ones.

DS10

Final Design Proposal Digital Process

5

5

6

4

6 1

4 3

1 3

Step 16_ Insertion of relaxed meshes created using T-splines plug-in and Kangaroo simulation as in step 09.

2

Step 17_ Selection of 11 branches with 6 strips on each branch on a set of columns listed as shown with blue numbers. Selection of 11 branches with 6 strips on each branch on a set of columns listed as per red numbering.

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

Step 15_ Creation of a smaller central column following steps 01 - 07 and 11 - 13. The column is to house tensioned jute net circulation space.

2

Step 18_ Derivation of tangent vectors at the end of the blue chosen set of strips and a minus tangent vectors at the end of the red chosen set of strips. Interpolation of a tangent curve between those forming a smooth tense connection like the one tested with physical model during design development process.

Step 20_ Derivation of tangent vectors at the end of the green chosen set of strips and a minus tangent vectors at the end of the red chosen set of strips. Interpolation of a tangent curve between those forming a smooth tense connection.

Step 19_ Selection of 6 branches with 6 strips on each branch to be then connected to appropriate branches on the central column to form coherent canopy.

Step 21_ Creation of a floor net using T-splines and Kangaroo simulation to relax the mesh.

65

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Masterplan: Phase Development of the Scheme Plan images showing the progression of the proposal.

Rainforest Oil Palm Tree Palm Oil Plantation Secondary Grid Palm Oil Plantation Primary Grid Hall & Craft Centre Communal Refreshment Unit Vertical Farming Tower Secondary Bridges Primary Bridges

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY PHASE 03_ View of replanted rainforest and final stage of the development showing 4 sets of vertical farming clusters connected to the central hall and craft centre via rope bridges hung from the trees surrounding them.

YEAR 7-12

66

0m

N

50m

PHASE 01_ View of partly cut palm oil plantation, replanted rainforest and initial vertical farming towers with essential bridges and communal refreshment units shared between the towers.

PHASE 02_ View of significantly reduced palm oil plantation, replanted rainforest and further development of the proposal including more vertical farming towers clusters and a central hall and craft centre.

YEAR 1-4

YEAR 4-7

DS10

Final Design Proposal

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

Vertical Farming Tower: Plan View

Image 01_ Rendered plan view of the Vertical Farming Tower.

67

@ Entire Village

@ Craft Centre

TUESDAY 13:00 Orangutan School

@ Towers

MONDAY 19:00 Night Walk

@ Craft Centre

TUESDAY 10:00 Jute Collection

MONDAY 12:00 Weaving Lessons

@ Craft Centre

WEDNESDAY 12:00 Weaving Lessons

@ Entire Village

THURSDAY 19:00 Night Walk

@ Craft Centre

THURSDAY 10:00 Orangutan School

WARNING: Respect the animals!

Wildlife Watching Zone

TOURIST GUIDE

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY: THE VILLAGE OF LIGHT

Difficult Walk, 8h

Medium Walk, 5h

Easy Walk, 3h

privacy pods

Crops grown around

Craft Centre

Community Washroom

Privacy Pods We are here!

DS10

Final Design Proposal

Vertical Farming Tower: Section through the tower showing privacy pods and net central spiral staircase.

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY Image 01_ Rendered section of the Vertical Farming Tower.

70

DS10

Final Design Proposal

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

Vertical Farming Tower: Internal View

Image 01_ Rendered internal view of the Vertical Farming Tower 71

DS10

Final Design Proposal

Vertical Farming Tower: Privacy Pods.

Each pod is covered with jute textile roof separating it from the level above.

The pods to double structure. allows for plants.

provide privacy thanks layering of the column The gap in between natural watering of the

Jute nets are used to construct comfortable, lightweight and sustainable living/resting areas.

Vegetables for the users are grown in the external pod layer, located in the jute pockets created in the twisted modules.

Woven internal core filters light through allowing for movement in between the spaces and shading to create comfortable sleeping areas.

Image 01_ Precedent image of net living spaces.

Openings allow for easy movement in between the levels of the pod.

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

Agata Korzeniewska

Sunlight filtering into the pod Ventilation through porous modules Rainfall through the gap watering the plants Circulation within the pod

Image 02_ Precedent image of jute netting.

Image 04_ Internal view looking up the inhabited column.

72

Image 03_ Privacy Pod Layout with Circulation

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Final Design Proposal

Vertical Farming Tower: Net staircase in central column.

Jute is grown in the module pockets around the central column providing the fibre for nets throughout the community.

The nets are connected through a tensioning tube that keeps the structure together. It is prefabricated on the ground and then attached throughout the column to form a spiral staircase.

Image 01_ Jute plant providing jute fibre for nets.

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

Staircase is constructed of tensioned jute net, supported of a solid central core and the woven column.

Image 02_ Precedent images showing net circulation space.

Image 03_ Central spiral staircase arrangement.

Image 04_ Top view of the central spiral staircase.

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DS10

Final Design Proposal Community Washroom

Each shower room is covered with jute textile individual roof protecting it from excessive rainfall.

Central Column houses 2 sets of modules which host jute plants needed for their fibre.

Central Core is used to transfer rainwater to a rainwater collection tank.

Open interior of the column allows for the flow of rainwater, watering the plants and collecting the remaining amount in a rainwater collection tank.

The modules surrounding shower rooms house jute plants watered using rainfall and moisture from showering.

The sink is made out of woven support and bent plywood surface.

Dense and thick jute textile is used as partitions to separate individual sections.

Sink support is woven in the same way as the closed part of the system, tapering to allow a smooth connection to the net floor.

Rainwater is collected in a rainwater collection tank and used as a sustainable water source.

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

Image 01_ Central Column hosts a woven sink with water supplied from a rainwater collector.

Image 03_ Overview of the Community Washroom.

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Image 02_ Columns around the Community Washroom each contain a rainwater fed shower and composting toilet.

DS10

Final Design Proposal

Hanging Jute Net Bridges

Tensioned woven wooden strips are used to connect neighbouring towers providing a seamless canopy and support needed to hang the net bridge. This is using the same bent-active force of plywood and the curvature resulting from connecting two woven column tops as tested using physical model for the main roof canopy.

Jute Net hung of the woven canopy.

Thick Jute Rope is used to hang the bridge of the woven roof.

Image 02_ Precedent Images of hanging rope bridges.

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

Image 01_ Overview of a hanging rope bridge connecting the towers.

Image 03_ Rendered View looking across a high level net bridge.

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DS10

Final Design Proposal Final Rendered Images

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

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DS10

Final Design Proposal

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

Final Rendered Images

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DS10

Final Design Proposal

Final Physical Model showing the flow of nets inside Privacy Pods.

Agata Korzeniewska

TWISTED PELLUCIDITY

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