The Root : Adaptable Community Waterfront

RE-THINK WATERFRONT DEVELOPMENT AS COASTAL ADAPTATION MEASURES TO SEA LEVEL RISE FOR RESILIENT FUTURE

AFIQAH BINTI SHAHIEDUN I GS55232 I MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE 2020/2021 UNIVERSITY PUTRA MALAYSIA

acknowledgement.

First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to all my mentors for the Design Thesis Studio including Ar. Wan Sofiah, Dr. Wan Srihani, Ar. Lok Wooi, Ar Kalsom, Ar. Kee Yen. However, this thesis was made possible because of the endless support from my supervisor, Dr. Nor Hayati Hussain with her guidance, and greater wisdom. Apart from all my mentors, I have to thank all the experts who have dedicated their time to taking part in the interviews. Their kindness in sharing knowledge has bought the research with great insights. Other than that, I want to thank all my family, friends and those who have prayed for my success, encouraged, and supported me both mentally and physically throughout this architecture journey.

Last but not least, I would like to thank all who have given me encouragement throughout this Master of Architecture Programme while sharing their time, experience and support. Their encouragements are the primary drive that supports me in completing this project and this course. Thus, making it a rewarding not only for me but for all those involved.

RE-THINK WATERFRONT DEVELOPMENT AS COASTAL ADAPTATION MEASURES TO SEA LEVEL RISE FOR RESILIENT FUTURE Author : Afiqah bt Shahiedun Supervisor: Dr. Nor Hayati Hussain

abstract.

Reaching towards future, climate change is inevitable, mitigation is not the solution. However, humans need to adapt to the rising phenomenon including Sea Level Rise (SLR). According to the researchers and experts, most coastal city in Malaysia is expected to be under-watered in the future.

Thus, this thesis provides a prototype of waterfront development as an architectural innovation in the waterfront context as a coastal adaptation measure towards SLR to align with Sustainable Development Goals by United Nations. As part of the climate change agenda, nature-based solution is chosen to provide long-term and sustainable solution to minimize environmental impact. Sponge-city theory that is derived by Nature-based solution, is used for the overall masterplan to restore mangroves wetland for human well-being and biodiversity benefits. Aligned with the theory, this thesis seeks on nature wisdom of mangroves root for implication at the waterfront development on its adaptability to seawater including its potential to absorb water for its community benefits which could lead to self-sufficient development. This prototype could act as a catalyst for innovation targeting SLR to accommodate the locals’ socio-cultural activity in context while gave a real-time result of SLR to researchers, and education for public awareness. Therefore, it could be duplicated to other sites or parts of the country to accommodate the coastal settlement in prolonging its collective identity and attachment to place for resilient future.

TABLE OF CONTENT chapter

1 2 3 4

page

INTRODUCTION.................1 Research Background Problem Statement Research Question Methodology Focus Study Area

THE SITE.........................13 Site background Site Selection Accessibility Site Elevation Environmental Aspect Macro Zoning S.W.O.T Analysis T.O.W.S Synthesis

THE THEORIES................ 31 Design Generator Case Study

THE PROGRAMMES..........37 Development Phase Masterplan Proposal Stakeholders Involvement Programme framework Precedent Study

chapter

5 6 7 8

page

THE DESIGN.....................45 Concept Design Scheme Design Development Planning Strategies Initial Model Development Site Plan Exploded Floor Plan Spaces Special Features

THE SYSTEM....................75 Structure System Building System Green Building Index

FEASIBILITY STUDY..........85 Schedule of Accommodation (SOA) Preliminary Detail Abstract (PDA) Annual Cost Estimation Return of Investment (ROI)

conclusion....................91 Glimpse of the Future Final Outcomes

REFERENCE............................... 100 appendix..................................102 about the author....................108

1 INTRODUCTION Research Background Problem Statement Research Question Methodology Focus Study Area

1

introduction

RESEARCH BACKGROUND Climate change has become one of the

consequences of human action that has a major impact on people’s lives in the future. One of the consequences of climate change is Sea Level Rise (SLR), and it will impact most of the coastal cities in the world (Creel, 2003). Cui et al (2018) state that among the climate change-induced threats to coastal regions, SLR is considered the most serious one. The major contributor to climate change is greenhouse gases where the heat has absorbed into the atmosphere and tempered the effect of the melting glaciers in Antarctica (Tang and Nunez, 2019).

Additional factors of SLR would be created by the subsequent growth of coastal groundwater and threatened a dense and low-lying coastal development (Habel et al., 2017). According to Sarkar et. al (2014), the effect of SLR would destroy mangroves and inundate agricultural lands. Perera et al. (2018) state that transitional between land and sea also lead to high vulnerabilities of mangroves towards SLR. Large cities located along coastal regions also will be threatened by the SLR and create an economical suffering. Nagai, R., Takabatake, T., Esteban, M., et al (2020) states that SLR is one of the major threat to the coastal settlement and exposed to storm surges and tsunamis risk. Researchers has also agreed that will caused unemployment, relocation and destroyed coastal development (Cui et al., 2018).

Tuvalu, a low-lying country island that is located in the Polynesian subregion of Oceania, surrounded by the Pacific Ocean, is one of the countries that is currently threatened by the SLR phenomenon that would make the whole country disappeared from the earth globe destroying houses and livelihood.

(Jong & Gallagher, 2019).

v

People in Tuvalu raising awareness on SLR

Climate change is real and SLR is already happening, threatening the low-lying country and its people.

Some people may overlook it as a kind of political world agenda, but with facts and real-time scenario, we should acknowledge and aware that SLR is real and precautions should be taken to save our coastal city. Relocation should not be an option, as the people already have their place attachment to the place. This phenomenon might not be affecting all, however, it would be very disheartening to imagine this could be happen to any other people throughout the world losing their home.

As we all know, coastal city is important in a country development because of its main canal to the traditional transport access which is through the water access. According to United Nations, there is 44% of population in the world living along the coastline area. Thus, we can see the importance of coastal city to the development of the country.

However, the rising sea issue has been an issue to this coastal settlement as it could impact their livelihood.

<- Land of Tuvalu

2

1 According to the researchers, they found that even the target emissions based on the Paris Agreement are met, the SLR is set to keep rising but at a slower rate (Milman, 2019).

Followed pictures show the current and potential SLR scenario impacted to South Beach, Miami, Florida.

The future scenario of SLR in Miami, Florida could be the same potential scenario in other coastal cities in the world.

And Malaysia, is not an exception from the SLR impact. The study has been projected by the researchers that SLR will impact coastal city in Malaysia. Most mega city such as Melaka, Kedah, Selangor will be underwatered by 2050.

3

introduction

Malaysia, which is famous for its beautiful coastal cities also will be impacted by SLR in the future.

Eventhough Malaysia is not facing the SLR issue currently as the land still above water level, and not listed within the 20 top cities that is impacted by SLR. However, it will be happened in the future, and the glimpse of the SLR impact can be seen in many parts of the country now eventhough it could be seen not as major as other countries such as Indonesia and Tuvalu that causing relocation and loss of livelihood. Towards 2100, according to the maps by NAHRIM (National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia), we can observe that lots of coastal cities will be affected by the SLR phenomenon and low-lying coastal areas will be the most vulnerable to SLR impact (refer to Figure 1.14). This will include high socio-economy states such as Kedah, Selangor, Melaka, Johor, and Sabah for instance.

Thus, SLR could threatened the coastal community and exposed it to the impact of SLR which includes loss of livelihood, loss of historical value, cultural heritage destruction and so much more. Followed picture shows the importance of coastal city to the socioeconomica growth of Malaysia which includes fisheries livelihood, historical town, and also maritime trading. v

4

Within Malaysia SLR researchers and experts, there has been an ongoing discourse on SLR and coastal adaptation measures to strategize for human survival at the affected area. For instance, coastal city such as Klang, the researchers has done a detail study on the impact on certain areas, and adaptration measures that can be used. However, adaptation measures is more to infrastructure functions such as wall barrier, rock revetment and etc.

COASTAL ADAPTATION MEASURES Coastal adaptation measures has become one of the central approaches to reduce the adverse impact of changing global climate, has had a widespread benefit in reducing society’s vulnerability to coastal hazards and enables coastal communities to reduce its detrimental impacts by averting or reducing the potentially negative consequences, while benefiting for potentially positive consequences. - (Ehsan et al., 2019) According to the researchers, there is three key major strategy of coastal adaptation measures, which includes protect, accommodate and relocate.

And each of the key strategies has its advantages and disadvantages.

Protection could be seen as a short term measures and could slower the impact of SLR and relocation might be a longterm measures. However, the livelihood of coastal settlement will be endangered and the its historic value will be lost.

And this could be seen at the Malaysia case study on the adaptation measures where protection such as wall barrier, rock revetment and etc. is used as part of the protection along the coastline area. This infrastructure can be used for only on short period of time as it is vulnerable towards destruction when storm surges happen. It also can disrupts the relationship between people and water as there is some barrier putted in between land and water.

Thus, lead to the main issues of this thesis.

5

1

introduction

problem statement

There is four main issues that need to be highlighted in this study. The issues are as followed; 1) Lack of innovation towards the coastal adaptation measures in Malaysia apart from just an infrastructure As per stated in the background study, we could observe that there is a lack of innovation of adaptation measures in Malaysia apart from just an infrastructure that act as protection barrier to block water from coming inland.

However, we could see that this vulnerable to the damage especially unexpected natural disaster such as tsunami and storm surges.

Lack of innovation towards the coastal adaptation measures in Malaysia apart from just an infrastructure

6

Losing the relationship of people and water.

People starts to get further away from the water (land reclamation)

2) losing the relationship people and water.

of

The infrastructure that has been built such as the building protective wall barrier also would create a boundaries of people and water. As we all know, relationship of people and water has been establish since thousand years ago, However, this infrastructure lead to disruption of the relation between people and water.

With the project such as land reclamation and sand dunes, water starts to lose its value from people’s lives as the people starts to get further away from the water. And water started to be treated as backyard when it supposed to be the most important value of the people’s lives once upon a time.

m d

1 3) Degradation of natural ecosystem because of land reclamation and coastal development The land reclamation that has been ongoing along the coastline also has create towards much greater problem. Which includes the degradation of natural ecosystem. This has lead to lesser aquatic life which creates problem to the fisheries livelihood. This has create a great impact to the socio-economy of the coastal community. Not only that, it also has create a greater GHG release to the earth atmosphere which will lead to greater vulnerabilites of SLR. This will accelerate the SLR impact to the coastal community.

Degradation of natural ecosystem because of land reclamation and coastal development

Place attachmentPlacerelocation attachmentrelocation is is not an option

4) not an option

For some coastal settlement, the site context defined who they really are where the livelihood of the settlement has high connection with water. And Because of this place attachment, relocation should be the last option for this settlement and the people need to be at the waterfront to practice and preserve their sociocultural livelihood.

Place attachmentrelocation is not an option 7

introduction

RESEARCH QUESTION For the purpose of this thesis, a research question is formed to address the issues stated previously in the introduction. The problem statement stated before lead to the research question of the followed;

How architecture could accommodate the coastal settlement at waterfront context in preparation for SLR phenomena?

Sea level rise

Imperil Coastline Settlement

Coastal adaptationAccommodate with benefits

Waterfront DevelopmentNature-Based Solution

To answer the research question, the scope and limitation of this study is identified in the next figure.

The scope is started on the understanding of Sea Level Rise and its impact towards the coastal city. Thus, will lead to imperil coastline settlement.

Therefore, there is a need for coastal adaptation to save the coastline settlement from vulnerabilities and physical destruction. This study also is focus to accomodate while benefitting the coastal community with the adaptation measures.

Therefore, the waterfront development will act as a medium for protection and improving relationship of people with water through the nature-based solution.

THESIS AIM : Re-thinking waterfront development as a coastal adaptation measures to SLR to accommodate while benefitting locals through Nature-based Solution for Resilient future.

THESIS OBJECTIVE:

EXPECTED OUTCOME:

1.

To develop prototype innovation for long-term and sustainable solution of coastal adaptation measures to minimize environmental impact.

2.

To promote climate resilient development and raise awareness on VSLR phenomenon.

3.

To re-think potential of waterfront development that will act as adaptation measures and public space for the locals.

4.

To preserve the coastline community with historical and place attachment in context.

1.

Waterfront development prototype that could benefit the local community and public from the extra seawater.

2.

Programmed with existing socio-culture activity that has place attachment to locals with adaptability to SLR. 3.

Prolonging the local’s collective identity in context by adapting to SLR. 4.

VProvide space for ongoing SLR research while educate the public and raise awareness on SLR.

8

1

METHODOLOGY Identify the most impacted community

Identify the socio and physical aspect

Precedent, case and special study

Develop a prototype

Implementation to other place with same concern

challenges/ limitation: 1.

2.

3.

Time limitation to deisgn the whole waterfront of Malaysia Geographical position of Malaysia/s state (continuous pattern) The prototype might need a continuous research for a successful implementation. (no single solution could cater all problem)

reflection: Focus on one location for a thorough study and develop a prototype

9

introduction

focus study area Based from the reflection on the research methodology, the focus study area need to be identified to meet the challenges of the study. Thus, key attributes to choose on the focus study area is listed which are as followed: 1.

Impacted area based on SLR projection maps 2.

Imperil Coastline Settlement 3.

Socio-economic value 4.

Historical Relationship of the People and Water 5.

Place Attachment (Relocation is not an option)

Sea Level Rise A Source : Coastal.climatecentral.org. 2020. Sea Level Rise And Coastal Flood Risk Maps -- A Global Screening Tool By Climate Central. [online]

10

For this research, it is acknowledge that all coastal community is important however because of the time limitation to design the whole waterfront of Malaysia, thus as a reflection, this research will focus on one location for a thorough study. The research method is to identify the most impacted community and its socio and physical aspect. Then, develop a prototype of waterfront based on precedent, case and special study to be implemented at site. However, it is also important to note that there is no single solution that can fit all problem.

Thus, there might need a continuous research for successful implementation.

1

Therefore, based on the list, coastal city of Melaka is chosen based on its influence on Malaysia’s historical significance to the coastal city development and socio-economic value that is still actively undergoing development at the coastline area.

According to Figure 1.17, the red color is the zone that will be threatened by SLR and be under-watered by 2050. It has been estimated by researchers and experts, in 2050, the coastal city of Melaka will be under-watered due to SLR and destroy the natural and manmade systems (Dzulkify, 2019). However, the local authorities and people are still unaware of the phenomenon that will arise and still developing and reclaiming land for the new development at the coastal areas that lead to vulnerability towards SLR (Aliran, 2014). From these vulnerabilities, one unique settlement will be impacted by the SLR phenomena which is Portuguese Settlement, Melaka. This settlement is locally unique to the area, and there is no other settlement that can be found similarly to these settlement around the globes.

And Coastal Flood Risk Maps 11

introduction

p o r t u g u e s e s e t t l e m e n t, melaka

12

2 the site Site background Site Selection Accessibility Site Elevation Environmental Aspect Macro Zoning S.W.O.T Analysis T.O.W.S Synthesis

13

Malacca Internation al Ferry Terminal

Menara Taming Sari

Pahlawan Mall

the site

Pahlawan Walk Night Market

A famosa

Mahkota Medical Center

Imperio Residence

Melaka Straits Mosque

LEGEND Landmark Portuguese Settlement Radius Road 14

Melaka Getaway

St John Fort

2

Malaysian Prison Museum

Portuguese Settlement Hatten Place Melaka

Surau Selat Melaka

Portuguese Settlement is a 40 acres land located at the coastline of Ujong Pasir, Melaka.Portuguese Settlement itself is one of the landmark of Melaka City for its unique identity of the settlement and become one of main attraction to tourism. Other landmark are highly available within 2 km radius. This include historical landmark, commercial landmark and etc. Portuguese Settlement is located at the residential district and can arrived within 13 mins of driving rom Bandar Hilir, which is the main town of Melaka.

15

portuguese settlement, melaka

the site

Portuguese Settlement, Melaka was first introduced during 1920’s, with the goal of gathering the dispersed Kristang community and preserving their culture. Swampy land was purchased and cleared. Firstly known as St John Village, as a simple fishing village for low-income Portuguese-Eurasians.As a result of their ancestor background and settlement location, it has lead to high relation of people with water that has been establish since the Portuguese came and colonize Melaka, that lead to interracial marriage between Portuguese man and locals. With this unique cultural identity, no other place in the world has the same identity as this settlement.

physical-economical background - The physical-environment background of this settlement start in 1920 when mangroves swamp is cleared with the goal of gathering the dispersed Kristang community in a simple fishing village. Starting 1980’s, development start to takes place with the Portuguese Square, church and more land reclamation to build foodcourt and hotel (that is now abandoned). More land reclamation in front of the settlement also has affect greatly to the carbon emission and SLR phenomenon. This has make the coastline become more vulnerable towards the phenomena of SLR.

16

socio-economy background - The history start when the Portuguese came and colonize Melaka during 1500, that lead to interracial marriage between Portuguese man and locals when the Portuguese retreat from Melaka, the settlement start as fisherman village that is located coastline of Melaka.

And this has lead to establishment of the annual festivals and events to remember the heritage of the settlers that is highly related to the sea which has attract a large amount of visitors during these events.

- The settlement has their own unique culture and identity with different language, songs and dance that is influence by both Portuguese and Malaysian locals. However, the younger generation tends to be more drawn to western culture and lack of cultural learning space also become one of the challenges.

Worsen the issue, land reclamation and sea level rise phenomenon will threaten this settlement existence and identity. Thus, by rethink waterfront development to re-establish relationship of the local community with water that can generate interest for the new generations to learn and preserve their heritage to prolong their collective identity in context.

According to the timeline of the settlement. We could observe that the physical and environmental aspect of this settlement are declining. Thus, exposing to the greater vulnerabilities of SLR impact. So, what is the future of this settlement? By re-thinking a sustainable waterfront development based on nature- based solution will create a resilient future for this settlement as the traditional mitigation method and land reclamation is not the best solution according to researchers.

The settlement hasthree major annuals festivals that would invite lots of crowds which includes: Intrudo or “introduction” (coming before) in the local Cristao language (a 16th century Portuguese dialect) is celebrated on the Sunday preceding Ash Wednesday on Feb 26.

Fiesta San Pedro The Fiesta San Pedro commemorates the Feast Day of St Peter, the patron saint of the fishermen; the trade the Portuguese were traditionally steeped in. It has been running for the last 67 years, highlighting the traditional significance of the fishing trade to this seaside community.

Yuletide (Christmas) The settlement would be the venue for the state-level Christmas celebrations on Dec 31.

Most tourist would come and make the environment merrier.

17

2

site criteria

the site

To respond to the issue of the study thesis and the site context, where to achieve the aim of accommodating the settlement in waterfront context, following site criteria is established for site choosing.

1.

Located at waterfront of Portuguese Settlement, Melaka 2.

Low- lying Area 3.

Closest to the sea 4.

Place that have the most connection to the community 5.

Socio-cultural value – Historical, tourism Thus, from the site criteria, 2.6 acres commercial land is chosen that have the most historic attachment and the social gathering space for the community for hangouts and also special gathering during events.

2.6 acres

COMMUNITY LAYERS LEGEND Commercial spots Institution spots Residents spots

Land Use Zoning Development Area

Plot Ratio

18

Commercial 2.6 acres 10,522 sq..m 113, 256 sq.ft 1:6

legibility

The site selection are located at the reclamation land with only solid at the area which are the medan selera with jetty for the tourist sightseeing. And its located at the low density of the resident area of the settlement and high density mixed development which located at the west of the settlement includes mall, hotel and residence. The site also contains little of greens and located next to swampy land which is divided by the waterway that act as boat parking for the community and water drainage.

And also Lisbon Hotel that currently been abandoned that is caused by the SLR impact.

zoning

2

Public Facility Greens

Commercial Residential

HUMAN ACTIVITY

The role of each community includes Historic Attachment Social Gathering the fisherman, students (Convent School), chefs, business stall owner, and also cultural activist influence the daily human activity at the settlement. The following figure shows the daily human activity at the settlement.

Fisherman spots The settlement is known as fisherman Portuguese SquareConsist of Portuguese museum village. However, with the current development and reclamation which damaging the marine ecosystem and hardened the fisherman to get their source of income. This has affect greatly to their profession and identity.

The settlement which was known as of the Christ the Redeemer Medan Selera fisherman village and has decrease in Statue (known as little Rio de Janeiro) number across the year.

6am-12pm

12pm- 6pm

Special Gathering

Fiesta San Pedro

Christmas

6pm- 12am

19

ACCESSIBILITY

the site

Portuguese Settlement can be accessed thru the main road of Jalan Ujong Pasir to the entrance of the settlement at Jalan D’Albuquerque. Most of the name of Portuguese Settlement are inspired by the Portuguese colonizers. The width of the road differed from the major, secondary and tertiary road within the residential area.

Main Road (Jalan Ujong Pasir)

Secondary Road ( Jalan Chichton)

Main Road (Jalan D’Albuquerque)

Tertiary Road ( Jalan Texeira)

20

Entrance to the Portuguese Settlement

1

2

TH

ES ITE

LEGEND Major Road Secondary Road Tertiary Road Road End

21

15m 12m 9m 6m 3m Open Space

Medan Selera

the site

0m

food court / medan selera

The main element of the site chosen is food court, fishing jetty and carpark.

This food court promotes the unique cuisine of the settlement.

This food court plays a big role in the socioeconomy of the settlement to generate income for the community.

Temasek Hotel

SWAMPY LAND 22

WATER WAY

THE SITE

Open Air Stage

Portuguese Square

2

The seaview of the food court also sparks interest for the visitor to come and enjoy the food with the sea ambience. Thus, this foodcourt need to be maintained.

However, with the future SLR phenomena. The architecture of the foodcourt cannot accomodate to the SLR phenomena. Thus, the foodcourt should be maintained by improving the architecture to accommodate the socio-activity to SLR. Z

Z

(Abandoned)

SECTION Z-Z

LISBON HOTEL 23

tide

As we can see from the projected elevation of the site.

At current years, the water has already seen to be rises above the land at some part of the settlement. And the trend of rising sea water level could only be increasing in the future.

2

1

the site

Low Tide 10% Average Tide 20%

Very High Tide 40% High Tide 30%

Yearly percentage of tide in Malacca

This calculation is based on the estimated projection by the researchers and experts. And this infos is not influence due to the rainfall and storm surges. Thus, the water level could be higher than this estimated projection and could affect greatly to the livelihood of the settlement.

LEGEND High Tide Average Tide Low Tide

2020

2050 *The calculation is referred to the estimated projection by NAHRIM and Jabatan Marina Melaka.

2070

24

2100

RECENT EVENTS

LOW TIDE

Based from the recent events, the SLR phenomena impact can already be felt by the settlement where they are having floods even not in the rainy season. Thus, the high tide causing floods to the settlement.

HIGH TIDE

LOW TIDE

HIGH TIDE

rainfall

The tide movement is similar to the movement of the rainy season.

The tide becomes very high from January to April and from October to November. The lowest tide is in July with -0 in height.

During rainy season which is at the end of the year, the water tide will increase too.Sometimes during raining season when it’s raining heavily, some part of the settlement will experienced flood.

WIND

The wind seen to be greater from the sea and North-East of the site coordinate. Thus, implementation of the wind direction should be lead to the better design proposal.

Source : https://en.climate-data.org/asia/malaysia/malacca/malacca-city-3939/

25

2

macro zoning

the site

According to MBMB, Portuguese Settlement. located outside of the core zone and buffer zone of UNESCO site. The site is located at ZP2 and ZP6 (reclamation land). The selected site is for commercial land use and located at ZP6. The goal for ZP6 development is modern development with smart and green technology.

melaka gateway

Melaka Gateway is a part of the future proposal of Melaka coastal development. It is located at the land reclamation in front of the Portuguese Settlement, Melaka. However, the project has been put to stop leaving white elephant that impact the fisheries livelihood of the settlement.

26

2 Architecture Language

This is to show comparison of architecture language for commercial land use in different zone precinct. And as we can see, the site is located at the transition area between precint 2 and 6. From below diagram, we can observed the architecture language from ZP1 to ZP6. The architecture language has a very wide style from historic to a modern building at ZP6. Thus, the architecture language does not play a big influence to the modern development of Melaka as the historical building is being preserved at the UNESCO site zone. Thus, Melaka authority did not control that much to the architecture image at the modern development of ZP 2 to ZP6.

27

S.w.o.t analysis

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT

SOCIO-ECONOMY ASPECT

SITE CONTEXT

the site

MACRO

STRENGTH

28

- Located near to the mangroves swamp.

- Near the sea with sea view.

WEAKNESS - Compact land usage with low density of building.

OPPORTUNITIES

THREATS

- Proposing landscape area for permeability and water basin.

- Sea level rise that will sank all the building.

- The building - Lack of architecture reflect conservation to their identity. works because of lack of governmentaided fund.

- Scarcity of land to build new building.

- Revitalize of the existing building to increase its potential

- Proposing building with no local attachment to the settlement such as Lisbon Hotel and Temasek Hotel.

- Unique culture - Lack of cultural that has their own learning space identity of its besides museum. settlement.

- Cultural activist - Strong community that is come from spirit at the ageing group. settlement.

- Major events and festivals every year that attract tourism

- Lack of interest from the youth to learn about their culture - Sea Level Rise phenomenon that will threaten their settlement existence and identity.

- Strong wind coming from the sea.

- Good thermal comfort at certain areas of the site chosen.

- Increase greens for thermal comfort at the area.

- Unpredictable rain and ocean tide.

- Degradation of water quality affecting source of income for the fisherman.

- Lack of shade and concrete material at the chosen site, high temperature during the day.

t.o.w.s synthesis STRENGTH

OPPORTUNITY

1.

2.

THREATS

1.

2.

2

WEAKNESS

Located near to the sea, to propose intervention and act as a first defense against Sea Level Rise.

Conservation of the culture by increasing engagement to the immediate context and empowerment of the community itself.

1.

To propose cultural learning space for culture and community empowerment and spark interest to their own youth and others to learn about their culture.

To propose a flexible mechanism because of unpredictable condition that caused by rain and ocean tide.

1.

2.

2.

To propose building for the community itself, for gathering, communication and empowerment to avoid ghost development because there is no local attachment such as Lisbon Hotel.

To increase potential of the site based on the environment opportunities of the site such as strong wind and rising water using suitable mechanism and material.

To propose sustainable building material and technology to minimize environmental impact that caused by the immediate development and land reclamation.

To propose a significant landmark at the area to publicize their identity and culture so it won’t extinct.

29

30

the site

3

the theories Design Generator Case Study

31

DESIGN GENERATOR Climate Change Agenda

As part of the climate change agenda, nature- based solution is chosen to provide long-term and sustainable solution to minimize environment impact. Sponge-city theory that is derived by Nature-based solution

by Prof Kongian Yu will also be used for the overall masterplan. Biomimicry architecture will be used for the waterfront development which is to create solution through nature while benefitting the people and environment for resilient future.

Nature-based Solution IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)

Sponge-City Theory

By Prof Kongjian Yu

Biomimicry Architecture (Waterfront Development)

As part of Sponge city characteristic.

To create solution through nature while benefitting the people and environment.

the theories

Resilient Development

30

NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS (NBS)

Nature-based Solutions (NBS) are defined by IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) as “actions to protect, sustainably manage, and restore natural or modified ecosystems, that address societal challenges effectively and adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being and biodiversity benefits”.

3

The Building with Nature project, which is restoring mangroves in Indonesia, is already benefiting communities and heal the ecosystem

two NBS:

types

of

1. Existing natural areas that can be used to provide ecosystem services as well as being cared for to conserve and increase biodiversity.

2. Those that can be designed and constructed to support the ecosystem for a given purpose.

From the figure above, the most suitable solution for coastal areas through nature-based solution is restoring coastal wetlands, and absorb floodwater from SLR. This could be seen through the projects has already been done at Indonesia, where they are restoring mangroves, and it has already benefitting the communities while heal the ecosystem. For this study, it fall into the second type of Nature Based Solution which is something that is designed to support the ecosystem for given purposes.

31

sponge city theory This theory is designed by Prof Kongian Yu and derived from Nature-based solution. A city structured and designed to absorb and capture rain water and utilize it to reduce floods. Rain water harvested can be repurposed for irrigation and for home use. It is a form of a sustainable drainage system on an urban scale.

“ We are turning cities into giant green sponges to absorb and cleanse flood waters”.

-Prof Kongian Yu, landscape architect, China

the theories

What does a Sponge City need in practise?

A sponge cities needs to be abundant with spaces that allow water to seep through them. Instead of only impermeable concrete and asphalt, the city needs more: Contiguous open green spaces, Green and porous design Water savings and recycling, Concepts of Dr. Yu’s sponge city model challenge us to rethink our relationship with nature. At the end of day, we need it more than it needs us.

Create nature-based engineering models inspired by ancient wisdom 32

Sanya Mangroves Park, China

3

Performance Test:

Such kind of ecological embankment can reduce peak flow at more than half of the flow at the basin’s outlet. The maximum daily peak reduction rate can reach 53%- 63% However, this sponge city is a large scale intervention. Its only dealing mostly on the stormwater and rainfall, most of the water are being absorbed downward towards the earth.

Contradicting to the sponge city theory by Professor Konajian Yu (the Sponge City inventor) . When the water rise from the sea , the earth cannot accommodate on the extra water so it cannot absorb downwards, thus sponge building will act as “sponge” to absorb the extra water upwards and store the water and use it for different purposes such as for agriculture, residential etc. This will support on sustainable development and at the same time adapt the development to sea level rise (SLR)

Sea Level Rise

33

RESPOND TO WATER NEEDS AND SHORTAGE AT MELAKA

the theories

This also could respond to water needs and shortage at Melaka as they also try to explore new solution using sea water as part of the solution of water shortage. This also could benefits the settlement where they need lots of water for their daily activites and their unique celebration of Intrudo which is a soul purification using water events which being held anually.

34

case study desalination treatment plant

Desalination Treatment Plant often need a wide space area for treatment to takes place. However, based from recent innovations, researchers has found a faster and sustainable desalination process that doesn’t need a wide space area for desalination machine and its use an energy-efficient and renewable energy,

Researchers based in Australia used a metal-organic framework (MOF), a type of synthetic materials of lattice-like crystals made up of carbon and metal compounds, which form a porous honeycomb structure, to desalinate water.The hollow framework of pores separates the salty solute within the brackish water or even saltier seawater, in a process known as molecular sieving. Under dark conditions, the framework absorbs salts and other impurities in the water in 30 minutes. The MOF itself is then regenerated for reuse in just four minutes, using sunlight to remove the adsorbed salts. The light-responsive MOF was used to filter harmful particles from water and generate 139.5 litres of clean water per kilogram of MOF per day.

B a r t / / Bratke and studioDE developed a raft structure named “Foram” that illustrates the future of floating platforms in sustainable development.

Foram aims to desalinate sea water while providing a structure to educate people about water shortages. It is a floating pavilion supported on polyethylene boxes that floats along the Santa Monica coastline.

However, this structure located floating at the sea which is different from the site proposal for this thesis study. Using the same concept of desalination where it used the whole structure for the treatment to takes place, can also be implemented in my project. Where the system can be exposed and at the same time give education possibility to the public on SLR and desalination treatment process.

35

3

36

the theories

4 the programmes Development Phase Masterplan Proposal Stakeholders Involvement Programme framework Precedent Study

37

development phase PHASE 1 : <80 years

By re-thinking a sustainable waterfront development based on nature- based solution will create a resilient future for this settlement as the traditional mitigation method and land reclamation is not the best solution according to researchers. This also can create possibility towards selfsufficient community while giving possibility on education awareness towards SLR and desalination treatment innovation that could be the future water supply of Malaysia.

PHASE 2 : 80+ years

programmes

However, we need to acknowledge that water is unpredictable natural behaviour. Thus, to prepare for worse phenomena, there is need for redevelopment at the settlement by re-configured residential and access that could adapt to SLR. This also to increase the green area zoning where to relate back with the nature based solution theories of bringing back the mangroves wetland to reduce SLR impact.

PHASE 3 : 150+ years

This is to achieve for phase 3, where eventho the water cannot be contain, the settlement could still live within its context and adapting to SLR. This could acheve resilient development at the settlement.

38

SLR ISSUES

Injected into the building typologies

WATERFRONT INNOVATION

LOCAL COMMUNITY

Target user:

TO achieve self-sustained, resilient waterfront development for the locals and its existing socio-cultural activity in preparation of future phenomena.

Community Center (Contextual-based)

To accommodate the locals in context

Portuguese Settlement, Melaka

The waterfront will be the phase 1 of the development. The programme framework for the waterfront, is targetting into three focus which are the issues on SLR itself to the coastline community and waterfront innovation to achieve resilient development. And the issues of SLR and waterfront innovation will be achieve through the adaptability system that will be introduced in this thesis which will be injected into the building typologies of community center which for this study, to respond to accomodate the local community in their context to practice their existing socio-cultural activity. Where at the end is to achieve a self-sustained, resilient waterfront development for the locals in preparation of SLR phenomena. This would create a transitional experience between land and sea at the waterfront context while accomodating while benefitting the locals with the extra seawater.

4

SLR Adaptation Act as a sponge. Absorbing extra seawater to undergoes desalination treatment to promote resilient and self sufficient environment for the community

Land

WATERFRONT DEVELOPMENT (Transition)

Sea

Public Space To accomodate the existing socio activity while benefitting the locals while protect the coastal community from sea level rise.

39

MASTERPLAN PROPOSAL

Accommodate while benefitting the people and environment through the coastal adaptation measures of naturebased solution with the sponge city theory by Prof Konjian Yu by bringing back the mangroves wetland at the coastline and activate public space and placemaking at the waterfront development to provide human well-being and biodiversity benefits. The whole masterplan aimed to connect with the existing landmark and promote healthy lifestyle by providing walking and cycling path at the wetland park to lessen the congestion of car at the Portuguese Settlement during the peak time such as annual events.

Shophouses Provide retails and restaurants.

Not a main attraction but people (usually locals) come for daily business. (eg, POSlaju, Banks, Clinics, Restaurant)

Shophouses Provide retails and restaurants.

Not a main attraction but people (usually locals) come for daily business. (eg, POSlaju, Banks, Clinics, Restaurant)

programmes

Mixed Development Short Accommodation- abnb and hotels for tourist/ locals Long Accommodation Malls below with restaurant, retails and cinemas.

Popular choice of accommodation for the tourist because of its viewBoth urban and seaview.

Social Gathering

40

Historic Attachment

Special Gathering

LEGEND

Commercial Residential Waterfront Intervention The Site Road Access Pedestrian Access

Elevated Skywalk along the mangroves park

Portuguese Settlement, Melaka A settlement for unique heritage of Kristang community.

(Portuguese-Eurasian community) Gazetted under preservation

Natural water basin (absorb and capture extra seawater

and conservation of cultural heritage enactment 1988

TH

ES ITE

Residential - Taman SeaView, Nam Seng, Taman Sui Mei, Taman Jaya 2.

Water Barrier Flood control located at Sg Melaka Control mixture of freshwater and seawater

Beach Small attraction to enjoy sea view and water activities.

4

Surau Selat Melaka Muslim place of worship.

Provide better access to the nearest neighborhood resident to go to mosque.

41

stakeholders involvement

The intervention involved the land owners, local community and potential collaborators that will lead and contribute to fund and research programme on SLR with the same aim of combating climate change and SLR on long-term change. The cost of the project also can be reduced by having a community-based project, by looking at the case study of Indonesia and Island of Tuvalu, where the community itself is restoring the mangroves This mangroves wetland will act as sustainable adaptation measures to SLR through nature-based solution, and the intervention will benefit all the stakeholders as this will minimize the environmental impact and provide public space that adapt to SLR and provide research and long-term solution on adaptability to SLR.

programmes

Community-based Project – Case Study- The Building with Nature project, which is restoring mangroves in Indonesia, is already benefiting communities and heal the ecosystem.

42

“THE ROOTS”Adaptable Community Waterfront

MAIN PROGRAMME

Public

Local Community

Researchers/ Innovators

TARGET USER

Education Gallery

Research Lab Control Room Staff Office Accommodation

-

Counter/Serving Area Dine Area Kitchen Area Loading Bay

Medan Selera

EXISTING

- Water Activities

- Fisherman Gathering Spot

Fishing Jetty

Open Air Stage

- Playground

Public Recreation Area

- Desalination Treatment Gallery - Saltwater Exhibits

-

Management and Research

NEW

p r o g r a m m e Adapting the existing socio-cultural activity at the site to the future phenomenon of SLR under one roof of waterfront development while giving awareness on SLR by having space for research and education gallery strategies on SLR.

building programme

4

43

Portuguese-Eurasian Association

MBMB

Ministry of Environment and Water

National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM)

POTENTIAL COLLABORATOR

programmes

HATTEN PLACE

44

MANGROVES SWAMP

5

the design

WATERFRONT DEVELOPMENT

Concept Design Scheme Design Development Planning Strategies Initial Model Development Site Plan Exploded Floor Plan Spaces Special Features

SMK CONVENT

south elevation 45

biomimicry architecture

Into the waterfront development, as part of sponge city theory, nature is used as part of the wisdom for solution . Biomimicry architecture to mimic solution of nature adaptatbility towards SLR is studied.

Mangroves is chosen as the natural analogies because of its characteristic that located at the middle transitioning between sea and land and also its adaptability to rising sea. Mangroves also is important to keep balance of nature biodiversity which this architecture could accommodate the local commmunity “root” by learning its interaction with water and adapting it into architecture. This establish the concept of the root : intertwined at the waterfront development which promotes permeability, adaptability, transitioning and nature experience where could accommodate the locals eventho the SLR is happening,

concept : the root “intertwined” Space Important Permeability Nutrients Absorption

Root Adaptability

the design

Adaptability of Mangroves “Root”

The Locals “Root”

Waterfront development

Adaptability

Materiality

to promote Adaptability to SLR “Permeability”

Nature Experience

Wind Root Adaptability

Transition Experience

Factory in the Forest, Penang

The Jewel, Singapore

Land

Sea

Waterfront development

46

“Amphibious Structure”

design scheme The focus of design scheme of this waterfront development is adaptability. First, ability to absorb the extra seawater and benefitting the locals. Second, amphibious which is land-based however could adapt and float according to the rising sea level. Lastly, the ability to grow horizontally or vertically and could be duplicated in the future to accommodate the coastline community. And this adaptability design will be injected into community center typologies which to accommodate the local community existing activity.

And the center is divided into three main zoning which are for communal, education and management.

ADAPTABILITY Absorb1. Absorb1. Absorb

3. Grow 3. Grow 3. Grow

2. Amphibious 2. Amphibious 2. Amphibious Root

Root

Adaptability

Adaptability

Nutrients Absorption Root

Nutrients

Nutrients

Absorption

Absorption

Adaptability

Vertically

Vertically

Horizontally

Duplicated

Ver

Horizontally

Duplicated

Dup

5

COMMUNITY CENTER

(Contextual-based typologies)

mmunal 1. Communal 1. Communal

2. Education 2. Education 2. Education

3. Management 3. Management 3. Managem Secured- Private Secured- Private Secured- Pri en- Public Open- Public Open- Public Semi-Private Semi-Private Semi-Private Personal Sanctuary Personal Sanctuary Personal Sanc of gathering Place of gathering Place of gathering Sharing interest Sharing interest Sharing interest Accommodation – Accommodat – lebration Celebration Celebration Learning- Explorative Learning- LearningExplorative Explorative Accommodation Grows overGrows time –over time –over t Grows re Activity Leisure Activity Leisure Activity Mind Triggering Mind Triggering – Mind Triggering – – Relate to the analogy Relate of to the analogy Relate to of the anal Senses Senses Senses mangroves branch mangroves ecosystem branch mangroves ecosystem branch e

“Permeability” “Permeability” “Permeability” Dynamic Change ofDynamic Change of Dynamic Change of Movement

Movement

Movement

47

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

the design

From the plan view, the mangroves root is seen to be spread from the trunk. And it the root is intertwined and often is random and has different sizes. Where to translate into architecture translation, “spatial intertwined is explored” where linear and space based on hierarchy can be “intertwined” and promote permeability.

“The Root” “The Root” “The Root”

“Intertwined” “Intertwined” “Intertwined”

“Architecture Translation”

Root Randomness Root Randomness Root Randomness “Intertwined” “Intertwined” “Intertwined”

“Spatial Intertwined” – linear and space exploration with hierarchical spatial is “intertwined”

48

ertwined”

planning strategies

The planning strategies include to have path permeability, view permeability, wind permeability and water porosity, solid and void randomness and intertwined, topo transition and spatial important “interwined”.

This is to respond and adapt to site context.

Communal Education Accommodation

Communal

Zoning

Education Management

Spatial Importance “Intertwined”

5 Communal Education

Spatial Importance “Intertwined” Increase green area “sponge”

Management

Public Local Community

Wind “Permeability” and Water “Porosity” Path “Permeability”

Public Local Community

Path “Permeability” Wind “Permeability” and Water “Porosity”

View “Permeability”

49

1

2

ZONING: 1.

Community 2.

Accommodation 3.

Education

3

Circulation p

“To Sewer”

initial model exploration

the design

This shows the model exploration, where the spatial importance will be the core of the root structure. Then, spaces and circulation is added to response and connected to site context. The overall massing showing relation of the spaces and the core. Then, lastly, to show the overall system of the desalination system interrelated with the root structure. From the sea water inlet, 1to the solar pond, to the 2core, water tank and lastly to sewer.

ZONING: 1.

Community 2.

Accommodation 3.

Education

Spaces relation and connectivity

3 Circulation permeability Distributed to residential “To Sewer”

Spaces relation and connectivity

50

Adaptable S

Adaptable System

Water Tank

“The Core” “Sea Water Inlet”

Zoning And Space Relation “INTERTWINED”

This showing the zoning and its space relation of the communal, education and management where it is intertwined. The communal area contain the biggest zoning where to accommodate big crowd activity such as public plaza, foodcourt, communal hall, workshop and also jetty. The second zoning is education gallery. Which will become one new attraction for this waterfront. Where to relate back with the thesis intention where to raise awareness on SLR issues. This will not only provide benefits to the locals, but also the public outside of the community and learn on new innovation. Lastly, the management which will manage and collaborate between the land owners, the locals and also SLR researcher to facilitate the community on the new innovation. This is also For maintenance of this whole development and real time result so it could be improve for the next prototype of the waterfront development. Accommodation for the staffs management also will be provided for security and daily maintenance.

Management/ Accommodation / Services

JPKK

Education Gallery -

Past- History Present Desalination Treatment Future “living with water”

-

Communal Public Plaza Food Court Community Hall Community Workshop Jetty

51

SITE PLAN

ELEVATED WALKWAY

the design

ANGROVES WETLAND

SEA This shows the overall site plan, in relation and response to overall site context. Where it can be accessed through the elevated walkway along the mangroves wetland for pedestrian access connecting to nearest development, the blue line shows the car access from the main road to the main entrance of the development and parking area. Lastly more private access for the management and services using the private lane in front of the residential which is more secluded.

52

LEGEND Pedestrian Access Road Access

RESIDENTIAL

Private Access

RESIDENTIAL Portuguese Square

PORTUGUESE SQUARE

PUBLIC PLAZA SMK CONVENT

5

PUBLIC PARKING

ELEVATED WALKWAY MANGROVES WETLAND

53

EXPLODED FLOOR PLAN This is showing the programs and its relation to public-private spaces and circulation. And as we can see ground floor is more open to promote public activity. The programme is accommodating the locals’ sociocultural activity at the same time promotes additional attraction for people to come and educate on SLR and its future adaptability.

LEGEND Public Semi-Public Management/ Services

Level 5

Water Tank Water Pump

the design

Level 4

Accommodation.

Desalination Treatment Education Gallery

Level 3

Desalination Treatment Education Gallery Water Tank

Level 2

Education Gallery, Community Classes, Hall and Library, Management Office, Storage, Archive and etc

Level 1

Entrance from Elevated Walkway, Food Court, Management Office and amenities, Research Lab

Ground Floor Level

Drop Off, Main Entrance, Open Water Access, Public Plaza Security Room, Control Room, Services; TNB, Domestic Water Tank

54

ground floor plan

22 19

FLOOD BARRIER

SERVICES & MANAGEMENT AREA CONTROL ROOM 13

TADIKA

MUSEUM

LOADING BAY

PORTUGUESE SQUARE

WORKSHOP

PUBLIC PLAZA

TOILET SHOPS

THE CORE

DROP OFF

LOBBY JKKK

“FUTURE” GALLERY

LEGEND

PONTOON JETTY

Community Area

Public Semi-Public

1. The Core 2. Community Workshop 3. Pontoon Jetty 4. Toilet

Private Lettable Area

Lettable Area 5. Platform Jetty 6. Shop Lot

Education Gallery Area 7. “Past” Exhibition 8. “Future” Living with water Exhibits

PLATFORM JETTY

11

PARKING

5

PUBLIC PARKING

Management & Services Area 9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

Reception Lobby JKKK Room Storage Meeting Room Seawater Pump Room Flood Barrier Control Room Water Quality Control Room Loading Bay Toilet Refuse Chamber TNB Domestic Tank Security Room Guard House

55

Public Plaza & Entrance

the design

The public plaza act as public space area for the community placemaking. Below illustration shows relation of the waterfront development = from land to the sea and its height relation of the immediate development.

It is a low rise project, with view permeability to respect the neighborhood context.

PERMEABILITY

From this eye view perspective, this show the view of the waterfront development to its nearest surrounding.

Where it creates a welcoming ambience of nature and transition of permeability from hard structure to soft structure of nature.

56

5 MANGROVES GARDEN

The illustration shows the ambience inside the waterfront development where it shows permeability of view to nature and creates the co-relation of human and nature where mangroves is located between spaces. This is also relate back to the masterplan proposal of bringing back the mangroves wetland along the coastline. Thus, the development seek to balance both nature and human relation.

57

COMMUNity AREA THE CORE

the design

Public Space. This is to to cater for community usage especially during events where they need a huge space to cater for huge crowds during annual events.

MULTI-PURPOSE ACTIVITY AREA

Above shows the view of the public plaza “the core” which showing permeability view from the Portuguese Square direct to the sea. Where it need to be big enough to cater for community usage during their annual events and cater for multi-purpose activity.

58

Platform Jetty

5

after

before

LETTABLE area

Above shows the illustration of view from the platform jetty to the land. Where it also need to be big enough to cater the future missing ground and support human’s socio activity. Such as pasar malam, and annual events where lots of people will come to celebrate their beliefs.

59

water activity

The the locals locals’“Root” “root”

role of water

Relationship with water

Water has been the most essential role for this settlement cultural identity.

Starting from their roots of ancestral heritage to their cultural beliefs.

preserving culture

the

Continue relationship with water.

socio-

the design

This waterfront could preserve their socio-culture in place where could avoid the missing identity in the future.

By bringing back the mangroves, ecosystem could be stabilize and continue the fisheries livelihood for this settlement.

SEA

east elevation 60

Adaptation to Architecture

empowering the roots

The waterfront could spark the interest for the future youth and cultural successor to preserve the culture in context. The waterfront could give not only job opportunity, but new knowledge on the innovation of water desalination for future water usage. Public outside of this settlement will come to learn from this community and this at the same time will create a new knowledge where this community could be the new successor of new innovation for future usage. This will lead to the “roots” empowering at the same time.

HATTEN PLACE

RESIDENTIAL

61

5

first floor plan

MANAGEMENT AREA

Elevated Walkway FOODCOURT

GALLERY

the design

SALTWATER EXHIBITS

Elevated Walkway

LEGEND Public Semi-Public Private Lettable Area

62

Public Area Area Community 1. Elevated Walkway 2. Dine Area

Lettable Area Lettable Area 3. Food Stall 4. Shops

Researchers & & Management Area Management Services Area 5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Future “Living with water” exhibits Management Office Meeting Room Toilet Pantry Surau

before

FOODCOURT

For the first floor level, elevated walkway will interconnected into the development circulation.

Where the people will straight connected to the foodcourt area which is a lettable space area for the locals to promote their unique cuisine.

after

5 TRANSFORMABLE FURNITURE

To accommodate local settlers. The food court also can be adapt for disaster relief space or events. Where the furniture can be transform from its floor which could give more space. This are the mechanism of the transformable furniture that is implemented where the furniture could be hide within the floor.

63

RETRACTABLE STAGE And the mechanism also is implemented at the stage area where it could be retract from the floor area.

Where it could be use for performance and cultural promotion and etc.

RETRACTABLE STAGE

View from Dine Area towards the Core

And the view from dine area towards the core. The core could create a flexible function where it shows to be dynamic to cater multipurpose activity for different time of the year. Such as performing stage and giving direct view towards the courtyard and sea.

the design

1.

3.

64

2.

second floor plan

11

12 13 14

COMMUNAL AREA 5

7

8 9

6 10

3

5

15

1

“PAST” EDUCATION GALLERY 2

LEGEND Public Semi-Public Private Lettable Area

“FUTURE” LIVING WITH WATER EXHIBITS

Education Gallery Education Gallery Area Area 1.

2.

3.

4.

“Past” Exhibition “Future” Living with water Exhibits Public Viewing Deck Toilet

Community Area Community Area 5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Communal Class Communal Hall Communal Garden Communal Library Toilet

Services & Management Area Area Management & Services 10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

Water Tank Storage Staff Office Archive Toilet Rainwater Tank

65

COMMUNAL COURTYARD

the design

The lettable space for community also is provided at level 2 such as communal class and hall that could be access from the ramp from below level. With community garden provided outside to cater for future foods.

Below shows the sectional cut to show the relation between the communal garden, foodcourt, mangroves swamp with the sea view. The nature experience that is intended from the initial intention is shown in below section with the human activity happened surround it.

VIEWING DECK

COMMUNITY GARDEN FOODCOURT SHOPLOT

TOILET STAFF PARKING/ LOADING BAY

66

MANGROVES SWAMP

WATER RECREATION

EDUCATION GALLERY The gallery revive the human senses of the visitor with the sound, feels and sight. We could see the view of the saltwater exhibition which to provide attraction and benefit for public education. To give an impact education.

This space also could adapt to the locals future need. . Currently, the needs might lead towards awareness on SLR. However, this space can be adapt and use for other future needs when the water is start to rise and impacted the locals livelihood.

“PAST” EDUCATION GALLERY

5

“PRESENT” DESALINATION TREATMENT GALLERY

“FUTURE” EDUCATION GALLERY

Giving awareness on future SLR phenomena. Which could provide attraction and benefit the public at the same time.Where this space could be adaptable and use for future usage for education for this settlement. Transform into conference hall 67

third floor plan LEGEND

Education Gallery Area

Semi-Public

1. “Present” Desalination Treatment

Private

Management & Services Area 2. Water Tank 3. Storage

the design

DESALINATION TREATMENT

The accommodation which are highlighted is a prototype for future accommodation of living with water settlement.

accommodation prototype

68

staff accommodation

The staff accommodation is ramp up connected to the upper level of the building services area where water tank, and water pump is located. This could be access only for the management staff for security and also for daily maintenance where its needed.

LEGEND

forth floor plan

Semi-Public Private

STAFF ACCOMMODATION

DESALINATION TREATMENT

Education Area 1. “Present” Treatment

5

Gallery Desalination

Management & Services Area 2. Accommodation

“PRESENT” DESALINATION TREATMENT GALLERY

LEGEND Public

LEGEND Semi-Public Public Private Semi-Public Private

Section Cut Y-Y 69

the design

“FUTURE” ACCOMMODATION PROTOTYPE

70

to Provide Self-sufficient future home

connected to the waterfront development

5

71

GROWS OVER TIME

the design

This prototype could grow over time just like an analogy of mangroves branch. This settlement prototype can accommodate up to 30 house pod. This could also led to reduce carbon footprint and giving more space for greens. Healing back the environment.

Water Supply from desalination treatment Water Tank

Hydroponic Farm

Rainwater Harvesting Tank Floating bodies/slab Fix base/ foundation

SECTION CUT

BEFORE 72

HOUSE POD SELF-SUFFICIENT

This prototype is to provide self-sufficient future home where its also connected and benefitted from the waterfront development.

Below shows section cut of the accommodation prototype. Each of the prototype will be supply with water from the desalination treatment from the waterfront development. This house pod is equipped with solar panels for renewable energy and its center is provided the rainwater harvesting and hydroponic for future food. This structure also is an amphibious structure which use buoyant foundation which could float according to rising sea level.

5

AFTER AFTER

73

74

the design

6 the system Structure System Building System Green Building Index

75

AMPHIBIOUS STRUCTURE Adaptive Innovation to Sea Level Rise.

This innovation allow possibility of building in a flood-prone area and adaptable to sea level changes.

what is the difference between “ amphibious” and “floating”?

Amphibious and floating is different as amphibious is more to land-based that can adapt and survived in both wet and dry condition. However, floating is completely water based, such as this housing in Netherland, which has the same the initiatives for the SLR phenomenon.

the system

“amphibious”

Land-based (However, can survived in both dry and wet condition)

vs

“floating”

Example:

Completely water-based

Example:

Amphibious house in the UK by the River Thames, England

Floating houses in IJburg, Netherlands (Initiatives to SLR phenomena

Residential Housing, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam

In UK, the first amphibious housing is built in front of the river, and it is designed to adapt to the rising water level without losing its ground anchor. The amphibious innovation also has been implemented in a wider space area in residential housing at ho chi minh, Vietnam, based on the principle of dividing into areas and controlling flooded areas for water saving space, floating floor and bioswale stormwater capture. This masterplan also is pretty similar to my site context in terms of its challenges and condition where the water level rising is pretty low and not that high, which is lower than 2m.

76

Saving Space for Water

Floating Floor

Bioswale stormwater capture

STRUCTURE SYSTEM a m p h i b i o u s structure (Fixed column) Plan View

(Sliding column)

6

Trolleywheels wheels Trolley Section View Section View

The structure system is amphibious where it (Fixed base/foundation) consist of mechanism which are fix and also adaptable. And as we can see the green colour, it symbolize the fix structure.

(Future Extend) Thus it consist of the fix base and foundation and also fix column. Where the structure of the slab will be attached to the sliding column where it consist of trolley wheels. Thus, it Increase stability could promote smoother when float sliding experience for the (Retractable column) structure and reducing friction. And when the water is rising, the floating slab will trigger the sliding (Floating Slab) column upwards where the slab and house pod is also attached to. This will trigger the center column of the rainwater downpipe to retract upwards. So, this could give more stability for the structure when it Water will float. This structure system push the of the prototype also will floating slab be implemented at the upwards waterfront development.

77

STRUCTURE CONCEPT

the system

Exposed root system

Mangroves Root Inspiration The structure concept of this development is inspired by mangroves root where to create spaces and permeability between the roots and the system is exposed. This show the front elevation of the development that is intertwined with the mangroves tress which is important as a soft buffer to dissipate waves energy.

Conference Hall.

Spaces “Between the roots”

Ventilation Duct.

Just like mangroves. It could absorb CO2 and let out O2.

EXOSKELETON

The exoskeleton structure not only to mimic the mangroves root for itds permeability but also to cater for multiple mechanical and electrical system such as the ventilation duct, and lighting.

78

BUILDING SYSTEM Retractable Rainwater downpipe

Exposed root system

Water Structure/ System

Roof Slab

6

Floor Slab

Lighting

Sliding Exoskeleton Structure

Floating Slab

Fix column Fix base Piling foundation

79

WATER DESALINATION TREATMENT

the system

This shows the section cut of the main element of the waterfront development which are the desalination treatment process. Which is also inspired by the locals “root” where water plays an important role on their cultural identity.

Thus the relation of water is continued and is adapted into architecture where the sea water is pumped up using the structure water piper into the seawater tank for it to undergoes desalination treatment which are self-sufficient using sunlight. Thus, this could reduce the energy consumption. This structure is also cross-reference with the simple diagram from the innovators. Thus, this study could be implemented in real life.

And from the extra seawater it could distributed to the development usage and also locals community.

Case Study:

Solar desalination treatment diagram (Source: Sonker et. al, 2019)

Water Pipe Stainless steel x pipe square

Seawater Tank

Water Pipe

80

water calculation Building Area = 15,000 m2 Water needs for Community Center = 1000L/ 100m2/ day TOTAL = 150,000 L/ day Water Tank Desalination TANK = 306 m2 x 4m

= 1,224 m3 = 1,224,000 L

6

Difference = 1,224,000 L – 150,000 L

= 1,074,000 L (extra water) One household needs = 500L/ day Extra water could accommodate = 1,074,000 L / 500L

= 2,148 household Based from the calculation, the extra water could accommodate up to 2,148 household daily. Thus, this could also solve the issue of water shortage in Melaka and benefitting the community for future water issue.

Section Cut X-X

Seawater Tank

Clean Water Tank

Domestic Tank

Buoyant slab Fixed Slab Foundation

Distributed to Community

Fixed Pile Foundation

81

“Solar de

the system

Water Tank

Distillate

Vapour

Seawater

RainWater Tank

Distillate Water Tank

This to show the section cut of the core showing the diagrammatic process of the solar desalination and rainwater harvesting with the possibility of education for public and public space underneath.

82

esalination” Glass Cover Water Tank Distillate

6 Vapour

Acrylic Glass Copper cylinder with PCM

83

84

the system

7 feasibility study Schedule of Accommodation (SOA) Preliminary Detail Abstract (PDA) Annual Cost Estimation Return of Investment (ROI)

85

feasi study

schedule of accommodation (soa) No.

86

Activities

User

1

Management

Management Staff

2

Research Lab

Researcher

3

Education Gallery

4

Food Court

5

Community Area

6

Services

7

Circulation

Researcher + Locals + Public

Locals Locals + Public

Management Staff

Spaces 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

1.

2.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

Reception Lobby JKKK Room Office Meeting Room Security Room Storage Toilet Accommodation Research Lab Office Pantry Meeting Room Past Gallery Present Desalination Treatment Gallery Future Gallery Conference Hall Toilet Food Stall Dine Area Outdoor Community Boat Workshop Pontoon Jetty Platform Jetty Shop Lot Toilet Indoor Communal Class Communal Hall Library Toilet Utility Room Control Room MDF Room MSB Room SDF Room TNB Room Transformer Room Generator Set Domestic Water Tank Refuse Chamber Desalination Treatment Tank TOTAL

Total Area (sqm) 50 20 180 60 15 30 17 340 300 900 20 60 400 1500 1650 700 20 200 500 45 600 2280 45 40 90 165 45 5 10 45 10 10 10 50 50 15 30 50 1450 3000 15,007

7 preliminary detail abstract

87

feasi study

annual operating budget a) total expenditure

b) total income

88

7 return of investment

13.35% 21.91%

89

90

feasi study

8 conclusion Glimpse of the Future Final Outcomes

91

phase 1:

waterfront development

conclusion

<80 years

The waterfront development will be the phase 1 of the adaptation measures. Where it could still contain water from going inland and reduce the impact for the inland settlers for maybe 80 years by bringing back mangroves at coastline which could be a soft buffer and minimize the impact of SLR. Eventhough it could be act as protection measures. However, the protection is not on long term and there is a need for phase 2.

92

8

93

phase 2:

Re-configured Residential And Access

conclusion

80-100 years

In preparation for Phase 3 where water could not be contain anymore by the waterfront. Phase 2 is needed where the water could goes inland affecting the residential and coastal community. Thus, reconfiguring residential and access during Phase 2 is needed by implementing the accommodation prototype on site in preparation for future phenomena where water could not be contain but the mechanism that is implemented in the architecture of the residential could adapt to the rising sea water in the future.

94

8

95

phase 3:

“Living with water” Settlement

conclusion

>100-150 years

This is to prepare for phase 3- for living with water settlement where water cannot be contain anymore.

But the settlement is already resilient enough to stay at the same context with the adaptability innovation that has been prepared in Phase 1 and 2. The waterfront development will act as a catalyst of innovation for coastal development architecture where adaptability need to be the main concern in preparation for any uncertain future phenomena. The waterfront development could accommodate and benefit the settlement with the extra seawater for the resilient future.

96

8

97

conclusion Thus, the settlement could still stay in the same context that celebrate their existence. And maintaining their socio-cultural activities. That could be expanded from the waterfront development. Reviving back the spirit of the water to this community. And this show some illustration for future transportation for “living with water” settlement where could be access through water and air transportation.

In conclusion- As a recap, this thesis is to rethink back the possibility of the waterfront development as an adaptation measures to prepare for future phenomena of SLR. Eventhough SLR impact can be prevented by having protection wall. But, it did not provide long term and sustainable solution as people could lose the relation with water and nature could be degraded even further. Therefore, this waterfront development intervention that is nature based solution could restore coastal wetland and continue the relation of people and water by accommodate this impacted coastal community at the adaptable waterfront development that could benefit them for long-term and sustainable solution. And lastly, This could promote the climate resilient development aligned with Sustainable Development Goals by United Nations and preserve the coastline community in context adapting to Sea level rise.

98

8

99

reference Aliran, A. (2014). Messing with Melaka : the Gateway project and the destruction of a Unesco world heritage city. https://aliran.com/aliran-csi/aliran-csi-2014/messing-melaka-gateway-project-destruction-unesco-world-heritage-city/ Bilik, G. (2019). Impact of Climate Change To Sea Level Rise in Malaysia. Coastal & Oceanography Research Centre NAHRIM, July, pp.1-48.

Sea level rise and coastal flood risk maps -- a global screening tool by Climate Central. (2020). Retrieved 6 January 2020, from https://coastal.climatecentral.org Creel, L. (2003). Ripple effects: Population and coastal regions. Population Reference Bureau, 8. Retrieved from http://www.prb.org/pdf/RippleEffects_Eng.pdf%5Cnhttp://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnadd169.pdf Cui, Q., Xie, W., & Liu, Y. (2018). Effects of sea level rise on economic development and regional disparity in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 176, 1245–1253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.165 Dzulkify, D. (2019, November 10). Cities gone underwater by 2050 ? Rising sea levels study an ‘ overestimation ,’ authorities say. Malay Mail.

El-Shihy, A. A., & Ezquiaga, J. M. (2019). Architectural design concept and guidelines for floating structures for tackling sea level rise impacts on Abu-Qir. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 58(2), 507–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2019.05.003 Fuchs, R., Conran, M., & Louis, E. (2011). Climate Change and Asia’s Coastal Urban Cities. Environment And Urbanization ASIA, 2(1), 13-28. doi: 10.1177/097542531000200103 Habel, S., Fletcher, C. H., Rotzoll, K., & El-Kadi, A. I. (2017). Development of a model to simulate groundwater inundation induced by sea-level rise and high tides in Honolulu, Hawaii. Water Research, 114, 122–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.02.035 Hamid, A., Din, A., Hwang, C., Khalid, N., Tugi, A., & Omar, K. (2018). Contemporary sea level rise rates around Malaysia: Altimeter data optimization for assessing coastal impact. Journal Of Asian Earth Sciences, 166, 247-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2018.07.034 Hong, B., Liu, Z., Shen, J., Wu, H., Gong, W., Xu, H., & Wang, D. (2020). Potential physical impacts of sea-level rise on the Pearl River Estuary, China. Journal of Marine Systems, 201(September 2019), 103245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2019.103245 Lee, K., Chun, H., & Song, J. (2018). New Strategies for Resilient Planning in response to Climate Change for Urban Development. Procedia Engineering, 212(2017), 840–846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2018.01.108 Melaka Gov. (2020) Government site. 2020. Melaka.Gov Portal Rasmi Kerajaan Negeri Melaka. [online] Available at: <https://www.melaka.gov.my/ms> [Accessed 16 December 2020].

Milman, O. (2019). Sea levels set to keep rising for centuries even if emissions targets met. https://www. theguardian.com/environment/2019/nov/06/sea-level-rise-centuries-climate-crisis NAHRIM (2019). Impact of Climate Change To Sea Level Rise in Malaysia. Coastal & Oceanography Research Centre NAHRIM, July, pp.1-48.

100

Nagai, R., Takabatake, T., Esteban, M., Ishii, H., & Shibayama, T. (2020). Tsunami risk hazard in Tokyo Bay: The challenge of future sea level rise. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 45(September 2019), 101321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101321 Nurhidayah, L., & McIlgorm, A. (2019). Coastal adaptation laws and the social justice of policies to address sea level rise: An Indonesian insight. Ocean and Coastal Management, 171(February 2018), 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.01.011 Perera, K. A. R. S., De Silva, K. H. W. L., & Amarasinghe, M. D. (2018). Potential impact of predicted sea level rise on carbon sink function of mangrove ecosystems with special reference to Negombo estuary, Sri Lanka. Global and Planetary Change, 161(January 2017), 162–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.12.016 Sarkar, M. S. K., Begum, R. A., Pereira, J. J., Jaafar, A. H., & Saari, M. Y. (2014). Impacts of and adaptations to sea level rise in Malaysia. Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, 11(2), 29–36.

Tay, S. H. X., Kurniawan, A., Ooi, S. K., & Babovic, V. (2016). Sea level anomalies in straits of Malacca and Singapore. Applied Ocean Research, 58(January 2020), 104–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. apor.2016.04.003

101

appendix preliminary sketches

Living happens between the roots

Water permeability through the mangroves root Long Root- adaptable to the Sea while dissipating wave energy. - Root Intertwined

Absorption of nutrients for living

Experience between mangroves root. “Root system exposedAbsorption of water through the structure system ”

Concept : The Root “Intertwined”

Sea Water Pump

Mangroves as Nature Analogy

“ The Core”

Secondary

Solar Pond (Desalination) “ The Core” Clean Water

Supporting

Structure of the Root “ Linear Intertwined and Randomness while connecting the space to create unity”

“ The Core” Clean Water

Solar Pond (Desalination)

Water Usage Sea Water Pump

Space Size Randomness according to Hierarchy and Intertwined with the Root

102

To Sewer (Re-used by RO) Water Process Adaptation with “the ROOT” structure

SLR Gallery – Giving awareness on SLR, showcase the real time SLR and giving education on combat climate change, reducing the impact through the view of the mangroves, nature-based solution.

Case Study : The Harbour Berm by BIG

Mangroves Wetland

Ground Floor Level

Schematic Layout Residential

Mangroves Wetland

Public Carpark + Landscape

Public Carpark

SMK Convent “The Core” Act as adaptation to SLR and open spaces to public.

Adaptable functions. Can be used as open air stage.

appendix

103

104

Elevated Walkway

First Floor Level

Schematic Layout

Elevated Walkway

- Playground - Hall - Library

“The Core” Open Gallery Desalination treatment Linking elevated walkway with water experience.

Communal Area

appendix

SLR Research + Education

The Root structure will need to be adaptable to the floating mechanism height changes

Section Y-Y

2100

Section X-X

Residential

Section and SLR Adaptation

Max SLR by 2100

Solar Pond

“The Core”

Solar Pond (Desalination)

SLR Education Gallery

Clean Water Tank

Preliminary Sketches

“Amphibious Structure”

SLR Research Lab

Sea Water Tank

Topo transition

Y

Sea Water Inlet

Water tank can be added to adapt to future water volume

Y

X

X

appendix

105

appendix

preliminary sketches

Entrance “Permeability”

106

Welcoming Sound of water splashing

appendix

“Transition” of land and water

Benefitting the people through nature experience of biophilic architecture “the root” structure

107

about the author.

Afiqah binti Shahiedun (GS55232) was born on 4th November 1996 in the hustling city of Kuala Lumpur. She has started pursuing her study in architecture in one (1) year foundation program at International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) in the year 2014. Then, followed by three (3) years of Bachelor of Science in Architecture (honors) at the same university in the year 2015 and graduated with LAM Part 1 in the year 2018.

In the same year of graduating with LAM Part 1, she started her career in architecture as an Assistant Architect at Juhari & Hasyim Chartered Architect located in Kuala Lumpur. Despite working for one year before continuing her study in Master of Architecture in University Putra Malaysia (UPM) for LAM Part 2 in 2019, she had gain fair work experiences such as successfully execute design proposals, handling clients, contractors, and other consultants independently, assisting Architect for site meeting and proposal. Other than that, she has experience in assisting in residential project development from the design stage, authority submissions, project management, Client Consultant meetings, and site meeting before continuing her study in UPM.

108

thesis title : RE-THINK WATERFRONT DEVELOPMENT AS COASTAL ADAPTATION MEASURES TO SEA LEVEL RISE FOR RESILIENT FUTURE

Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Master of Architecture