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and elastin synthesis in the dermis.11,12,13 Extrinsic photoageing causes inflammation, which stimulates elastases to degrade elastin and causes dermal matrix degradation via disruption to the collagen fibre network.14 The production of reactive oxygen species secondary to UVA and UVB exposure exacerbate this degradation14 and also the Dr Amiee Vyas presents a case study on treating visible signs of ageing. Glycolic acid has antiageing and pigmentation with topical skincare inflammatory and antioxidant properties to mitigate these processes.3 Furthermore, it is This is a case of a 73-year-old, Fitzpatrick skin type IV female of safe to use in all Fitzpatrick skin types2,15,16 and, in my experience, is well Indian origin who presented with visible signs of ageing. Her main tolerated if used in a stepwise, controlled manner. Lactic acid has well concerns were uneven skin tone and hyperpigmentation, as well as documented benefits of moisture retention to increase epidermal and an overall tired appearance. The hyperpigmentation was moderate in dermal volume, thereby reducing fine lines and wrinkles and improving severity, consistent with her Fitzpatrick type and a significant history overall skin luminosity.2,17 By selecting products with these multiof unprotected sun exposure in her younger years. On examination mechanistic ingredients, I aimed to provide an effective regime for the with a Wood’s Light, the pigmentation was predominantly epidermal patient that was simple to use without numerous steps. with some dermal patches. The patient had previous history of With my patient being of South Asian descent, it was important cosmeceutical use, but no history of aesthetic injectables or chemical to consider the differences in her ageing process compared to peels and no past medical history or allergies to note. Her main aim Caucasian and other skin types. Asian and Indian subjects are was to improve her skin quality with non-invasive treatments, minimal more susceptible to pigmentation disorders,18 which often manifest downtime and no obvious skin shedding. before visible rhytides in this patient group.19 To specifically target pigmentation and, in line with my patient’s requirement to avoid Treatment visible peeling, I sought to introduce a second non-retinoid, nonThe skin barrier is inevitably weakened with increased age due hydroquinone product to correct the skin tone. to intrinsic factors1 including slower cell turnover, reduced type I Melanogenesis occurs in melanocyte organelles called melanosomes collagen production, hormonal changes, and reduced oil production within the epidermis. It involves a cascade of events in which tyrosine by sebaceous glands, melanocyte changes and elastosis causing a is oxidised to dopa and then dopa is oxidised to melanin by the disorganised connective tissue structure.2,3 This results in fine lines enzyme tyrosinase.7,20,23 This cascade, as well as the subsequent and wrinkles, dryness, skin laxity, uneven texture and tone, as well as processes of melanin transport and distribution, all affect skin enlarged, more visible pores, all of which are further exacerbated by coloration.20 I aimed to target multiple pathways of melanogenesis and 2,3 extrinsic photodamage. I chose to address this patient’s concerns melanin distribution23 with novel ingredients to complement the effects purely with topical skincare because her consultation revealed of the topical retinoid and achieve the best outcome for my patient. that she wanted a homecare regime without frequent clinic visits. The most obvious difference between skin of colour and Caucasian She understood the benefit of combining homecare with in-clinic skin types is the higher concentration of melanin in melanosomes.19 treatments such as chemical peels or medical microneedling, but Furthermore, on a molecular level, specific pigmentation genes she was not keen to proceed with these treatments because of the including some members of tyrosinase-related protein (TRP) family and associated downtime. The patient was not worried about the speed melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) also contribute to variations of the result and was happy to see a gradual improvement over in pigmentation.19,24 Specifically, TRP-1 increases tyrosinase activity, time. She understood that this could take three months or longer to melanin production and melanosome size.19,24 Arbutin is a naturally visualise. She had realistic expectations and was aware that whilst occurring derivative of hydroquinone without the melanotoxic effects; we were working towards the best improvement for her skin, there it inhibits both tyrosinase activity and melanosome maturation and its would be no guarantee of resolution of her hyperpigmentation with effects are dose dependant.27 The synthetic form alpha-arbutin has homecare alone. The ‘gold standard’ topical treatment of skin ageing widely replaced the use of arbutin in topical products due to stronger with retinol/retinoids (namely prescription strength tretinoin) and alpha tyrosinase inhibition and increased efficacy of depigmentation.27 hydroxy acids is well established in clinical practice through effects Hexylresorcinol (HR), is another naturally-occurring agent affecting of exfoliation and promotion of skin turnover.4 Hence, these were the melanogenesis on multiple levels. It is an inhibitor of the tyrosinase,20,23 first ingredients I considered for my patient’s regime. Retinoids applied and peroxidase enzymes in the melanin cascade.20 HR has a at night normalise skin structure by increasing cellular mitosis, thus stimulatory effect on glutathione,20 which is lost in the presence of UVA stimulating collagen production, and can offer excellent benefits to irradiation.28 Depletion of glutathione has been shown to increase pigmentation through tyrosinase inhibition and improved melanocyte tyroinsase activity29 and glutathione is also thought to have a dose 2,5-8 function. However, compliance is often an issue due to irritation dependant inhibition on melanin synthesis.20 and shedding, particularly in darker Fitzpatrick skin types who can Gallic acid is a naturally-occurring plant polyphenol antioxidant experience dermatitis in response to topical retinoids.9,10 which has been shown in vitro to decrease melanin production by I considered alpha hydroxy acids such as glycolic acid and lactic downregulating tyrosinase activity through down regulation of MITF acid because of their ability to modulate both epidermal and dermal and other melanogenesis-related proteins.26 It has also been found to 11,12 changes at high concentrations. This facilitates skin turnover and be protective against UVB-induced hyperpigmentation.27 renewal of the stratum corneum, improving skin texture, fine lines, Finally, vitamin C was a key ingredient I looked for in product wrinkles and pigmentation,2,11 as well as directly accelerating collagen formulations because of its anti-pigmentary, antioxidative,
Case Study: Ageing and Pigmentation
Reproduced from Aesthetics | Volume 7/Issue 3 - February 2020
