Preface This studio was aimed to develop a Comprehensive Infrastructure Plan (CIP), keeping in mind the infrastructural aspect for the same. It was altogether divided into four phases. The first phase included exercises towards understanding what infrastructure is and how it contributes to the growth of a city. This included documenting infrastructure present in the cities to which we come from. The second phase was Macro level assessment of Ahmedabad city and AUDA area, under various lenses of infrastructure. This included studying the physical, social and economical infrastructure that existed in the area through primary surveys, stakeholder consultations, visiting nodal agencies and secondary resources. The purpose of this exercise was to infer from the information collected, Identify the gaps that exist presently and identify a suitable area of micro level where the study of Micro level comprehensive infrastructure plan can be prepared. Stage three was to conduct micro level analysis for the selected study area under the lens of various infrastructure issues that are identified through the field surveys and gap analysis followed by stage four , which was combining the sectoral proposals that were given by individual member of the group. Altogether, the studio was an attempt to understand the details of infrastructural components, and developing an understanding of how on-site explorations, studio-based brainstorming and chalking out comprehensive strategies go in tandem with each other.
Disclaimer The information presented in this portfolio has been studied and collected by the author as a part of the City Infrastructure Plan Studio, Master Course in Urban Infrastructure Planning (Major in WASH), Faculty of Planning, CEPT University. Any omissions and errors are deeply regretted.
Contents 01.
Understanding the Infrastructure Studying the Demarcated Area Future Demand Assessment Current Scenario & Identifying Issues
02.
Fecal Sludge Management For Shela Vision & Need of Fecal Sludge Management Sanitation Service Zones & Quantification Treatment Process and Modules
03.
FSM Proposal in Shela Proposal of FSTP Financial Aspects & Phasing Institution & Anticipated Impacts
4
Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019 Source : Primary Survey
5
Understanding the Infrastructure The villages that were selected for conducting the Micro Level Study are Shela, Godhavi and Manipur. All villages are peripheral villages of Ahmedabad city which is facing spillover from the expansion of Ahmedabad’s boundary. Shela is the most populated and developed villages out of three and has highest built density. In last decade, Shela has seen many new real-estate developments and soon it will also be included in the AMC boundary. Currently at the time of land use study, the village has more than 60 percent of its land for agricultural use.
Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019
Chapter 1.1
Shela, Manipur & Godhavi | Understanding the Infrastructure 6
Studying The Demarcated Area
The Micro level study of Manipur, Godhavi and Shela has been conducted further for the assessment of sanitation situation in the area. As we all know that today the peripheral villages are facing high development pressure and infrastructure challenges due the rapid expansion of the urban agglomerations. The spill over of development, is only increasing the need of basic infrastructure, and increases the generation of wastewater. For sustainable development of an area, this growth need a proper assessment and mechanism to manage the wastewater. Otherwise, it could result in the ground water pollution & health risk.
Source : Primary Survey
Picture Showing Non-Gamtal Area Settlement.
Here we have tried to study the current sanitation situation and future outlook of such peripheral villages Manipur, Godhavi and Shela. There is lot of new development taking place in the outside the gamtal areas of these villages and in last decade and are expected to grow 3-fold in next 15 years. We had conducted the primary survey of around 105 household in all three villages and we have gathered information and data through various key stockholders such as Gram Panchayats, AUDA and GWSSB. We have analyzed the situation through our own ground observations and primary households surveys.
Source : Primary Survey
Picture Showing Gamtal Area Settlement.
Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019
Shela, Manipur & Godhavi | Understanding the Infrastructure 77
Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019
Shela, Manipur & Godhavi | Understanding the Infrastructure 8
Manipur Godhavi
Shela
AUDA Development Plan for 2021 Manipur Godhavi
Shela
64
Lakh
Population (Census 2011)
1866
Km2
Spatial Extent
Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019
Shela, Manipur & Godhavi | Understanding the Infrastructure 9
Growth of Ahmedabad City
1991
2001
Ahmedabad city is expanding very rapidly since 1991 and currently is has about 467 SqKm of area under AMC which is expanding consistently. The Population is currently 56.4 Lakh from census 2011.
56.4
Lakh
Population (Census 2011)
2011
2021
467
Km2
Spatial Extent
Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019
Chapter 1.2
Shela, Manipur & Godhavi | Understanding the Infrastructure 1010
Future Demand Assessment
Showing the Location of Villages in AUDA Map
Showing the Villages in the Development Plan
Projections for Population, Water Demand & Wastewater 400000
60
350000
50
300000 40
250000 200000
30
150000
20
100000 10
50000 0
0 2021
2025 Population
2030 Waster Demand
2035
Wastewater Generation
Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019
Shela, Manipur & Godhavi | Understanding the Infrastructure 11
Boundary
Boundary
Existing Land Use
Proposed Land Use
Future Projections For the projection of wastewater generation, we have first calculated the population projection for the study area with statistical methods like CAGR,`Linear and Exponential. Further comparison of the population growth rate with areas having similar growth rate were also considered. To project population more accurately, land use of the area was considered as the proposed land use of the area shows reservations of land for facilities like DFC corridor, logistics zone and institutional area. 2021 Village
2025
2030
2035
Population
Water Demand
Wastewater Generation
Population
Water Demand
Wastewater Generation
Population
Water Demand
Wastewater Generation
Population
Water Demand
Wastewater Generation
Shela
40,100
9.47 MLD
7.57 MLD
1,11,254
16.61 MLD
13.28 MLD
1,68,178
25.22 MLD
20.16 MLD
3,38,948
50.83 MLD
41.30 MLD
Manipur
7,160
1.41 MLD
1.12 MLD
15,686
2.29 MLD
1.82 MLD
19,949
2.98 MLD
2.38 MLD
73,442
11.00 MLD
8.80 MLD
Godhavi
7,120
1.30 MLD
1.03 MLD
17,242
2.51 MLD
2.00 MLD
41,533
6.22 MLD
4.96 MLD
80,574
12.07 MLD
9.65 MLD
Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019
Chapter 1.3
Shela, Manipur & Godhavi | Understanding the Infrastructure 1212
Current
Scenario & Identifying Issues From the household survey, we have observed that most of the households have the provision of individual toilets and only a slum area in Shela village is dependent on the community toilets. Our on-ground observations also tells us that there is very minute proportion of population which is doing Open defecation and we have marked the location of OD spots.
We have analyzed the current sanitation value chain of these villages according to the gamtal & non gamtal areas. Surveys results shows that most of the households have access to individual toilets & are using pour flush toilets in Gamtal areas and cistern flush toiltes in Non-Gamtal areas. For containment, most of the people in Gamtal area are dependent on Khad kuvas which is resulting in ground water pollution and in Non-Gamtal, use of septic tank is predominant. There is high proportion of non-piped sewer connections and only about 30% of the households are connected to the sewer. Also, there is no provision of Fecal sludge management currently. The wastewater is not getting treated because of absence of any treatment facility & the wastewater is directly getting disposed into the ponds & lakes of the respective villages. Type of Toilets Use Shela
Legend Sanitation Infrastructure Village Boundary OD Hotspots
9
89
2
Godhavi 0
99
1
Manipur 0
98
2
0%
20% Community Toilet
40%
60%
Individual Toilet
80%
100%
Open Defication
Open Defecation Hotspots
Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019
Shela, Manipur & Godhavi | Understanding the Infrastructure 13
Legend Gamtal Area
Legend Sanitation Infrastructure
Legend Sanitation Infrastructure
Village Boundary
Village Boundary
Open Sewage Drains
Disposal of Wastewater in Lakes
Non-Gamtal
Gamtal & Non-Gamtal Areas
Open Sewer Drain
Open Sewage Drain Spots
Leakage in Sewage Flow
Community Toilet
Disposal of Wastewater
Open Defecation Spot
The issues in all three villages are almost similar. The main issue in these villages is that the greywater flows into the surface water bodies untreated through the open drains and the blackwater goes into the soakpits and further seeps into the soil, contaminating the ground water which is the primary source of water in the area. The other key issues identified in these villages are inadequate sanitation infrastructure, we have seen open sewage flow, leakage in the sewer lines, Open defecation spots, lack of maintenance of community toilets and disposal of wastewater without any treatment into the ponds and lakes. Disposal of Wastewater in Lakes
Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019
Source : Primary Survey
14
Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019
15
Fecal Sludge Mangement for Shela Village Fecal sludge is the raw or partially digested slurry that contains both solid and liquid waste that accumulates in on-site sanitation systems e.g. septic tanks. Fecal sludge management involves collection, treatment and proper & safe disposal/ reuse. Fecal Sludge when not managed properly can cause pollution of waterways including groundwater. Such situations have serious implications on health and environment in the area.
Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019
Chapter 2.1
Shela Village| FSM in Shela Village 16
Vision
& Need of Fecal Sludge Mangement Vision For Shela Village “Achieving SDG 2030 by Ensuring Sustainable Sanitation Conditions Through Inclusive & Safe Management of Wastewater & Making the Villages Open Defecation Free, Assuring Proper Health and Hygiene”.
Boundary
Shela Village Existing Land Use
Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019
Shela Village| FSM in Shela Village 17
Boundary
Shela Village Proposed Land Use
Need of Fecal Sludge Management in Shela The geographic position of the Shela village being on periphery of Ahmedabad, had fueled its growth over the last decade. Its population is growing very rapidly, putting extensive burden on land within Shela. Such growth if not managed properly can led to major public health risk and unsustainable development. Fecal Sludge Management hence becomes imperative for such a context, especially when resources are constricted for sewerage-based approach to sanitation. Good sanitation practices are also a necessity for achieving good living standards and also a requirement to achieve Sustainable Development Goal of 2030.
Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019
Chapter 2.2
Shela Village| FSM in Shela Village 18
Sanitation Service Zones & Quantification
For the sanitation services, the area is divided in to 5 zones according to the gamtal, non gamtal and current and future built areas.
110 Ha 85 Ha
119 Ha
Sanitation Service Zones Zone I Zone II Zone III Zone IV Zone V Zone VI
114 Ha
81 Ha 95 Ha
Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019
Shela Village| FSM in Shela Village 19
Quantifying the Future Demand
13,774
46,570
Fecal Sludge Generation
2.89 m3
3.91 m3
Subject
2021
2035
Population
13,548
45,807
Fecal Sludge Generation
1.99 m3
3.85 m3
Subject
2021
2035
Population
-
54,425
Fecal Sludge Generation
-
5.77 m3
Population
28.5
m3
Total Sludge Generation (Per Day)
Subject
Zone 2
2035
Zone 4
2021
2021
2035
12,778
43,203
Fecal Sludge Generation
1.88 m3
3.63m3
Subject
2021
2035
Population
-
54,425
Fecal Sludge Generation
-
4.57 m3
2021
2035
13,548
45,807
0.63 m3
6.38 m3
Population
Subject
Zone 6
Zone 5
Zone 3
Zone 1
Subject
Population
Fecal Sludge Generation
32.0
m3
Proposed Capacity of Treatment Plant
Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019
Chapter 2.3
Sikandra, Agra | Industrial Shela Village| Neighbourhood FSM in Shela at Village Fringe 20
Treatment Process and Modules
The Septage and Fecal sludge management outlook will look after the safe containment, conveyance, treatment and disposal of black water. The process of system designed will first collect the fecal sludge from desludging vehicles at the receiving points. The fecal sludge received will be discharged into the screen chamber where it undergoes pre-treatment. Here large and inorganic solids will trapped in vertical screen and Grit chamber. The liquid sludge from here will be further conveyed to a Sludge Stabilization Reactor. The main objective of this treatment system is removal of degradable organic substance and for improving its dewatering ability. The solids collected at the bottom of the stabilization reactor in the form of slurry are pumped to sludge drying beds. The sludge her undergoes liquid-solid separation and also drying. The liquid for treatment will go further into Integrated settler and Anaerobic Filter and then to the planted gravel filter and polishing tank. The treatment system has two end products namely: Bio solids, Treated Water. Bio gas generated during the anaerobic digestion will be vented out.
This FS treatment unit is designed for 32 cum capacity. The stabilization and the drying part of the treatment process is divided into 4 modules of 8 m3 each to ensure effective digestion. The required desludging vehicles for collecting the fecal sludge are also calculated. Sl. No
Treatment Stages
Treatment Modules
1
Pre-Treatment
Screen Chamber
2
Sludge Stabilization
Sludge Stabilization Reactor
3
Sludge Drying
Sludge Drying Beds
4
Liquid Wastewater Treatment
Integrated Settler & Anaerobic Filter Vertical Planted Gravel Filer
5
Tertiary Treatment
Sand carbon filter & UV treatment
Adopted Stages and Modules for FSTP
Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019
Shela Village| FSM in Shela Village 21
Septage & FSM Collection
User Interface
Household Toilet
Black Water
Conveyance
Treatment
FS collection Vehicle
FSTP
Disposal
Reuse
Soak Pit Sub Surface Infiltrati on
Septic Tank
Treate d sludge
On Site Retention of Solids in Blackwater through Sedimentation
Soil Conditioner
Flow Showing the Process of Fecal Sludge Management in Shela
Desludging Vehicle Required Vehicle Volume
Numbers
Trips Daily
Total Volume
2 m3
1
2
4 m3
3 m3
2
3
16 m3
6 m3
1
2
12 m3
Total Volume that can be Desludge per Day
34 m3
Calculation of Required Desludging Vehicles for Desludging Activities
Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019
Source : http://www.cltsfoundation.org/short-term-faecal-sludge-management-solutions-in-urban-india/
22
Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019
23
FSM Proposal in Shela Village Fecal Sludge Management in Shela involves the Containment, Conveyance & Treatment of Fecal Sludge. We have calculated the fecal sludge generation in the year 2021, 25, 30 and 2035. This is calculated assuming that in 2021, about 70% of the population is depending on on-site sanitation system and after laying of AUDA’s sewer line which is assumed to be completed in 2025, about 30-40% of the population will be dependent on the septic tanks. The expected fecal sludge generation in the village for 2035 is 28.5 cubic meter.
Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019
Chapter 3.1
24 Shela Village| FSM Proposal in Shela 24
Proposal Of FS Treatment Plant
The modules involved in the FSTP for Shela villages are 4 Screen Chambers, 4 Stabilization Reactors, 48 Sludge Drying Beds, 1 Settler + Anaerobic Filter, 2 Vertical Planted Gravel Filter and 1 Polishing tank. Module
Based on the standards for area required for each module the total area required is calculated for the fecal sludge treatment plant which comes out to be 8,919 square meter.
Number
Area Per Module
Total Area
Screening Chamber
4
5 m2
20 m2
Stabilization Reactor
4
70 m2
280 m2
Sludge Drying Bed
48
48 m2
2,304 m2
Settler + Anerobic Filter
1
70 m2
70 m2
Vertical Planted Gravel Filter
2
100 m2
200 m2
Polishing Pond
1
70 m2
70 m2
Operator Room
1
45 m2
45 m2
Sludge Storage House
1
100 m2
100 m2
Area of Road
1
2,535 m2
2,535 m2
Total Area without Roads
2,944 m2
Total Area with Road
5,621 m2
Total Area of Site
8,919 m2
Area Chart
Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019
Shela Village| FSM Proposal in Shela 25
Proposed Location of Treatment Plant
The location for the treatment plant is proposed outside the habitat area but well connected with all the zones. The master plant is also prepared using the various spaces and functions required in the treatment plant. Site 8919 m2
8920 SQMT Site Location of FSTP
Site Area
Master Plan
Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019
Chapter 3.2
Shela Village| FSM Proposal in Shela 26
Financial Aspects & Phasing
The estimated capital cost for the FSTP plant with land cost is about 41.32 crore and the abstract capital cost of the plant is about 4 crore. The opSI No. A
Treatment Modules
eration & maintenance is expected to be about 60 lakh per annum. The calculated abstract revenue is assumed to be around 65.5 lakh per annum.
Description
Nos.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Screening Chamber Stabilization Tank Sludge Drying Bed Integrated Settler & Anaerobic Filter Vertical Planted Gravel Filter Polishing Tank Sand Carbon Filter UV Disinfection
B
Total A Sanitary, Plumbing and Collection System
1
Plumbing between structures
C
Total B Other Civil, Mechanical & Electrical Works
1 2 3 4 6 7
Sludge Storage Room Operator's Room External Wall Storm Water Drain Retaining wall (including Filling work) Electrical Work
Cost (INR)
4 4 48 1 2 1 1 1
3,35,659 47,41,211 82,17,807 12,24,845 10,25,494 5,28,196 3,00,000 2,50,000
1,66,23,212 1
2,58,647
2,58,647 11,86,814 4,40,617 21,60,000 3,20,500 65,00,000 20,00,000
Total C
1,26,07,931
Contingencies and unforeseen charges (5% of A+B+C) Sub-Total Work Establishment Charges (2%)
14,74,489 3,09,64,279 6,19,286
Procurement of Vacuum Truck 1 2 3
2 cum Vehicle @ 15 Lakhs 3 cum Vehicle @ 20 Lakhs 6 cum Vehicle @ 30 Lakhs
3 4 1
15,00,000 40,00,000 30,00,000
Land Acquisition 1 Land Cost @Rs41860/m2
8915
Grant Total Total Costing of Treatment Plant Total Costing with Land
37,31,81,900
41,32,65,465 4.0 Crore 41.32 Crore
Estimated Costing for FSTP
Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019
Shela Village| FSM Proposal in Shela 27 SI No.
Description
A
Human Resource
Quantity
Cost (INR)/Year
1
Operator for Regular Operations @ 18000/Month
2
4,32,000
2
Labour-Full Time @ 10000/Month
3
3,60,000
B
Maintenance Activities
Total A Total Cost
7,92,000 Cost (INR)/Year
1
Periodic Maintenance of Pumps @ 0.55% of Total Construction Cost
220460
2,20,460
2
Sand Replacement in SDB (Once in 2 Year)
225460
1,12,730
3
Maintenance of Integrated Settler & AF @ 0.054% of Total Construction Cost
21645
21,645
4
Replacement of AF Filter Materials @0.13% of Total Construction Cost at Once in 3 year basis
52109
17,370
5
Replacement of Screens in SC (Once in 3 Year)
9000
6
Replacment of SDB Roof Sheets (Once in 5 Year)
2282944
3,000 4,56,589
7
Landscaping Maintainance
50000
50,000
8
Mischalaeneous Cost @0.27% of Total Construction Cost
108226
1,08,226
9
Organic Waste for Composting @Rs5/Kg
10
Maintenance of Vacuum Trucks
C
Other
1
Power Consumption in Entire Plant @60KWH/Day & @6.5 Rate/KWH
2
Other Costs
4157 850000
Total B 390 3234009
60,12,535
60.12 Lakh
Abstract O&M Cost Per Year Quantity
A
Revenue from End Products
1
Co-Composting @Rs15/KG
2
Treated Wastewater @10/Litre
B
Revenue from Desludging Activities
1
Desludging Operations @Rs700/Households
9244
2
Nonscheduled Desludging (5% of households) @Rs100/Household
462
12,471
2078
20,784
Abstract Costing with Land Cost
4.0 Crore
Estimated Cost of FSTP
33,255
6,47,0831
60.12 Lakh Estimated O&M Cost
46,220
65,17,051
6550306
Total Revenue 65.50 Lakh
Abstract Revenue Generation Per Year
41.32 Crore
Cost (INR)/Year
831
Total A
Total B
1,42,350 32,34,009
33,76,359
Total O&M Cost
Description
Land Cost
8,50,000
18,44,176
Total C
SI No.
4,157
35k /SQFT
65.50 Lakh Abstract Revenue
Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019
Chapter 3.3
Sikandra, Agra Shela | Industrial Village| Neighbourhood FSM ProposalatinFringe Shela 28
Institutions & Anticipated Impacts
The major anticipated impact on SDGs 2030 will be on goal number 6 of clean water and sanitation. In Goal 6, it will target goal 6.3 and 6.6 to improve water quality and halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally. Also, the protection and restoration of water-related ecosystems, in-
cluding mountains, forests, rivers and lakes. Other goals impacted will be goal number 11 and 14, To reduce the adverse per capita environment impact of cities and paying special attention to waste management. And to prevent and reduce marine pollution of all kinds, from land-based activities, including marine debris and pollution.
Diagram Showing Impacts on SDGs
Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019
Week 15
Week 14
Week 13
Week 12
Week 11
Week 10
Week 9
Week 8
Week 7
Week 6
Week 5
Week 4
Week 3
Week 2
Module
Week 1
Shela Village| FSM Proposal in Shela 29
Excavation Screening Chamber & SBD Settler + Anerobic Filter Vertical Planted Gravel Filter Polishing Pond Operator Room Sludge Storage Roads Project Phasing
Funding Sources CAPITAL INVESTMENT
OPERATIONAL EXPENSES
AUDA
ULB
100 % GRANT
SALE OF END PRODUCT
Various public and private agencies will be responsible for the operational part of the plant. The planning and execution will be done by the AUDA. The monitoring charge will be on the gram panchayat, it will collect the user charge, handle the operational expenses and address the public grievances. The operation of treatment plant will be handled by a private agency. The gram panchayat will look after the policy framework and regulation.
Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019
30
Bibliography National Policy on Fecal Sludge Management (2017). Ministry of Urban Department, http://amrut.gov.in/newsrelease/FSSM_Policy_Report_23Feb.pdf Training Module on Preparation of Detailed Project Report for FSSM (2017). National Institute of Urban Affairs. https://www.niua.org/scbp/?q=training-modules DPR for FSSM solutions for Bhagalpur city, Bihar (2015), National Institute of Urban Affairs, https://niua.org/scbp/sites/default/files/Bhagalpur%20City%2C%20 Bihar%20DPR%20on%20FSSM%20.pdf DPR for FSSM solutions for Unnao City (2017), Uttar Pradesh (2015), National Institute of Urban Affairs, https://niua.org/scbp/sites/default/files/DPR_UNNAO_city.pdf
Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019
31
Conclusion After the complete analysis of the proposal, we tried to integrate it with other proposals on similiar lines, built up for solid waste management, water supply management & blue green infrastructure. The need of sustainability and resilience to stay at the center was seen as the area has resource management issues and on the other hand has the opportunity due to rapid urbanization. The phasing of the plan was done to come us with the required amount of investment and the institutional involved in the whole process.
Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019
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Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019