Introduction to Airport Capacity and Development
Introduction
Instructor: Adrian Cioranu LL.M., MBA 1st – 5th of April 2024
Roundtable
What is your name?
Which airport are you working for?
What are your job responsibilities?
What are your expectations from this course?
2
About the Course
The course will provide the participants with an understanding of the principles and methods applicable to airport capacity calculation, including industry best practices applicable and how to manage temporary capacity reduction scenarios
Airport development and capital investments will be addressed from a strategic perspective for efficient management decisions
Course Objectives
At the end of this course, the participants will be able to
Apply guidance material on establishing airport capacity parameters
Use best practices to conduct the airport capacity analysis
Optimize operations to meet demand for capacity in the short to medium term before an expansion of the infrastructure may become available
Evaluate airport development requirements and make effective decisions for major capital investments
4
5
Content Introduction Module 1 – Understanding Airport Capacity Module 2 – Governance and Stakeholder Engagement Module 3 – Capacity Management and Enhancement Module 4 – Strategic Capacity Planning Module 5 – Final Recap Course Examination & Feedback
Course Planning
Course Examination
On day 5 of the course (Friday, 5th of April), you are asked to
Make a 15-minute presentation regarding your airport, including
Status quo – current capacity assessment practices, OPS considerations, etc.
Challenges, development plans, and forecasted timeline
Solutions you propose to optimize capacity at your airport
Based on your presentation, we will then spend 20 minutes providing you with the feedback and suggestions from the other course participants
6
7
Introduction to Airport Capacity and Development Module 1 Understanding Airport Capacity
Instructor: Adrian Cioranu LL.M., MBA 1st – 5th of April 2024
Module Objectives
To enable the course participants to
Define airport capacity and classification levels
Identify factors influencing airport capacity
Describe methodologies used for assessing capacity
Discuss the challenges airports face in managing capacity
Highlight the role of technology in capacity management
9
Exercise
How do you determine the capacity of your airport?
10
Airport Capacity
General considerations
Definition and components of airport capacity
Importance of airport capacity in operations and development
11
General considerations
12
Airport Capacity
What is Airport Capacity?
Airport capacity refers to the volume of demand that can be accommodated or processed through an airport while delivering desired levels of service, including the runway, terminal, and apron capacities
13
Airport Capacity
Determining airport capacity is crucial for optimizing benefits to consumers, taking into account the interests of airport operators and airlines
Airport operators are the competent body for the assessment of airport capacity
14
Optimizing capacity to meet demand
The capacity calculation should be optimized to best meet patterns of airline and passenger demand at the airport
15
Principle of efficient use
The capacity assessment should be based on the capabilities of the airport infrastructure assuming:
Normal operating conditions
Efficient allocation of facilities
Typical operating conditions
16
Capacity Management
17
Capacity Management
The goal of enhancement strategies to meet growing demand
Balance between benefits and risks
Robust and objective analyses
18
Assessing Current Capacity
Determine current usage levels across runway, terminal, and apron
Allow necessary scheduling flexibility
Well designed and targeted capacity limits can help to maximize allocation efficiency and capacity utilization, while ensuring desired levels of service
Establish effective parameters
19
Introduction to Airport Capacity and Development
Module 2
Governance and Stakeholder Engagement
Instructor: Adrian Cioranu LL.M., MBA 1st – 5th of April 2024
Module Objectives
To enable the course participants to
Describe the governance structure applicable to airport capacity
Identify the key stakeholders and their interests in relation to airport capacity
Interpret the principles of engaging with the stakeholders
21
Introduction to Governance and Stakeholder Engagement
Importance of governance in airport capacity management
Maintaining order and efficiency
Enabling sustainable growth
22
Introduction to Governance and Stakeholder Engagement
`Overview of key stakeholders in the airport ecosystem
Effective capacity management requires all stakeholders to work constructively together: airport operators, airlines, ATC providers, coordinators, control authorities and regulators
23
Identifying Key Stakeholders
Consultation with the relevant stakeholders
Key stakeholders include:
Airlines
Airport operator ATC provider
Coordinator (if applicable)
Control authorities Ground handling company
24
Engaging with Stakeholders
Transparency
Objective analyses
Commonly recognized methods
Typically, the information presented will include:
A summary of the capacity assessment methodology
Analyses, outputs and results
Recommendations of declared capacity and coordination parameters, as applicable
25
Importance of Governance in Airport Capacity Management
Ensures Strategic Alignment
Regulatory Compliance
Stakeholder Coordination Investment Oversight
Risk Management Decision-Making Framework Conflict Resolution
Performance Monitoring Adaptation to Change
Sustainability Integration
26
27
Airport
Coordination and Slot Allocation
28
Airport
Coordination and Slot Allocation
29
Airport Coordination and Slot Allocation
Slot definition
Coordination rationale
Allocation of slots
30
Airport Coordination and Slot Allocation
What is a slot?
A designated day and time (usually within a 15- or 30- minute period) for an aircraft to arrive at or depart from an airport
Where the demand for slots exceeds the available supply, the airport can be considered ‘capacity-constrained’
A ‘slot allocation’ process should be implemented
The management of such process is essential to ensure efficient access to airports’ infrastructure and resources
Note: An airport slot is used for planning purposes, and is different from ATC slots, which are used to manage daily operations
31
The Worldwide Airport Slot Board (WASB)
Airports Council International (ACI) World, the International Air Transport Association (IATA), and the Worldwide Airport Coordinators Group (WWACG) announced in 2020 the agreement of World Airport Slots Board (WASB) as a new governance structure for the Worldwide Airport Slot Guidelines (WASG)
Interests of the traveling public at the centre of the process
Equal number of seats for airport operators, airlines, and slot coordinators on the 21-member board
32
Airport Classification Levels
Airport level: the classification of airports based on the level of congestion. There are 3 levels:
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Coordination:
“the generic term encompassing facilitation at Level 2 airports and slot allocation at Level 3 airports”
Capacity declaration: Level 2 & Level 3 airports
33
Definitions (WASG)
Level 1
“an airport where the capacity of the airport infrastructure is generally adequate to meet the demands of users at all times”
Level 2
“an airport where there is potential for congestion during some periods of the day, week, or season which can be resolved by schedule adjustments mutually agreed between the airlines and facilitator”
Level 3
“an airport where it is necessary for all airlines and other aircraft operators to have a slot allocated by a coordinator in order to arrive or depart at the airport during the periods when slot allocation occurs”
34
Congestion Levels
Seasonal congestion:
Some airports experience seasonal congestion
(i.e. Greek island airports are Level 1 airports in the Winter and Level 3 in the Summer)
“Super congested airports”:
This “level” is not defined
“Super congested airports” are Level 3 airports characterized by slot waiting lists constantly and significantly exceeding capacity (i.e. LHR, AMS, HKG)
35
Coordinated Airports
Coordinated airports
More than 200 airports are coordinated worldwide.
More than half are in Europe
Only 3 airports in the United States are slot coordinated – JFK, LGA, DCA
ATL – the busiest airport in the world – is a Level 1 airport.
Busy airports are not necessarily slot constrained
NB: Airport slots ≠ ATC slots
36
Coordinated Airports
Scarcity of slots
Grandfather rights
Historic precedence season
80:20 rule & Justified Non-Utilization of Slots (JNUS)
Trading slots
Competition issue: barrier for new entrants
Curfews
Movement caps (i.e. AMS)
37
Coordinated Airports
38
Coordinated Airports: Africa
39
40 Status in Africa: 10 Level 3 airports | 8 Level 2 airports Country / Area City Airport Code NW23 Level NS24 Level NW24 Level SCR/SMA Email Egypt Borg El Arab HBE 2 2 2 SLOT.HBE@EAC-COORDINATION.COM Egypt Cairo CAI 2 2 2 slot.cairo@Cairo-Airport.com Egypt Hurghada HRG 2 2 2 SLOT.HRG@EAC-COORDINATION.COM Egypt Marsa Alam RMF 2 2 2 slots@marsa-alam-airport.com Egypt Sharm El Sheikh SSH 2 2 2 SLOT.SSH@EAC-COORDINATION.COM Egypt Sohag HMB 2 2 2 SLOT.HMB@EAC-COORDINATION.COM Ghana Accra ACC 3 3 3 slotcoordination@gacl.com.gh Morocco Casablanca CMN 3 3 3 morslotscor@moroccanslots.com Morocco Rabat Salé RBA 3 3 3 morslotscor@moroccanslots.com Republic of Cape Verde Aeroporto Internacional Amilcar Cabral SID 3 3 3 slot.coordination@asa.cv Republic of Cape Verde Aeroporto Internacional Aristides Pereira BVC 3 3 3 slot.coordination@asa.cv Republic of Cape Verde Aeroporto Internacional Nelson Mandela RAI 3 3 3 slot.coordination@asa.cv Seychelles Seychelles SEZ 2 2 2 fltclearance@scaa.sc South Africa Cape Town CPT 3 3 3 Coord@atns.co.za South Africa Durban DUR 3 3 3 Coord@atns.co.za South Africa Johannesburg JNB 3 3 3 Coord@atns.co.za Tunisia Monastir MIR 2 2 2 tunisia-sked@tunisairhandling.com.tn Tunisia Tunis-Carthage TUN 3 3 3 tunkexh@tunisia-sked.org Source: WASG Annex 12.7
41
Introduction to Airport Capacity and Development Module 3 Capacity Management and Enhancement
Instructor: Adrian Cioranu LL.M., MBA 1st – 5th of April 2024
Module Objectives
To enable the course participants to
Identify and assess the various components that impact the airport capacity calculation
Evaluate the effectiveness of the capacity modelling process
Formulate recommendations regarding the data sets required to effectively evaluate the airport capacity
43
Course Examination
On day 5 of the course (Friday, 5th of April), you are asked to
Make a 15-minute presentation regarding your airport, including
Status quo – current capacity assessment practices, OPS considerations, etc.
Challenges, development plans, and forecasted timeline
Solutions you propose to optimize capacity at your airport
Based on your presentation, we will then spend 20 minutes providing you with the feedback and suggestions from the other course participants
44
Capacity
Assessment Methodologies
Assessing different types of capacity
Capacity assessment involves robust and objective analyses, measuring capacity against agreed service standards and performance criteria
Key factors include runway configuration, taxiway infrastructure, airspace design, aircraft mix, and ATC procedures
45
Capacity Assessment Methodologies
Factors influencing capacity
Physical
Operational Environmental
46
Capacity Assessment Methodologies
Factors influencing capacity
Physical
47
Capacity Assessment Methodologies
Factors influencing capacity
Physical
Operational
48
Capacity Assessment Methodologies
Factors influencing capacity
Physical
Operational Environmental
49
Runway Capacity Assessment
50
Runway Capacity Assessment
Runway capacity assessment techniques
Runway capacity assessment requires simulation modelling calibrated against observed operations and delays
Optimizing runway throughput and evaluating the impact of proposed capacity changes
51
Runway Capacity Assessment
52
Runway Capacity Assessment
53
Runway Capacity Assessment
54
Runway Capacity and Delay
Runway system service rate
Theoretical
Runway system capacity
Practical
Delay vs. punctuality of flights
55
Runway Modes of Operation
Runway configuration
Taxiway infrastructure (including Rapid Access Taxiway; Rapid Exit Taxiway)
Mode of operation
Airspace design
Aircraft mix
Meteorological conditions
ATC procedures and equipment
Pilot performance
56
Factors Affecting Runway Capacity
A runway can operate in segregated mode, handling either departing or arriving flights, or in mixed mode, where both arrivals and departures operate together
The runway capacity depends on the average time interval between movements, which depends on the mode of operation and the traffic mix:
Arrival-Arrival (A-A)
Departure-Departure (D-D)
Arrival-Departure-Arrival (A-D-A)
57
Single Runway Case Scenario - Example
59
Single Runway Case Scenario - Example
60
Runway Configuration and Use
Example: Chicago O’Hare (ORD)
61
Not one size fits all
Regional to medium sized airports
Runway is not the primary constraint on capacity
Pressures elsewhere in the system such as facilities within the terminal building (i.e. security)
Constraints on the taxiway system
Available aircraft stands
Capacity limitations caused by airspace restrictions
62
Runway Capacity Modelling Process
63
Modelling options
64
65
Runway
Constant Declared Capacity
Profiled Capacity
Hub-Optimized Capacity
66
Capacity Optimization
Runway Parameters
Arrival-departure sub-constraints
10- or 15-minute sub-constraints
67
Runway Capacity Assessment
68
What is the current runway, apron and stand capacity situation at your airport?
69
Exercise
Apron Capacity
Aircraft parking stands and gates
70
Apron Capacity Assessment
Stand Demand Modelling
Count-in / count-out method
Gantt Chart Allocation Method
71
72
Count-in / count-out method 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 Airrcaft on Ground Code E Code D Code C E cap E+D cap E+D+C cap
Stand Demand Modelling
Stand Demand Modelling
Gantt Chart Allocation Method
73
Assessing Current Capacity
Example: FAA's graphical method for calculating hourly gate capacity.
Airport apron capacity: Estimation, representation, and flexibility: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/FAAs-graphical-method-for-calculating-hourly-gatecapacity_fig5_259535757
74
Modelling options
75
CALENDAR OF COORDINATION ACTIVITIES
Worldwide Airport Slot Guidelines
76
Exercise
Stand Capacity
How to count stands
Stand supply changes during a season
Mult-Aircraft Ramp Stand (MARS)
Restricted stands
Stand outages
77
Stand Capacity
78
Terminal Capacity
79
Terminal Capacity and Level of Service
Terminal capacity assessment focuses on passenger processing times and space-per-passenger standards to avoid congestion
ADRM LoS
Over-design
Optimum
Sub-optimum
80
Level of Service
81
Level of Service
Level of service for terminals
Waiting time at the compulsory passage points
Space available for passing through waiting and movement areas
82
Terminal Capacity and Level of Service
83
Level of Service Metrics
84
ADRM Optimal Levels of Service (LoS) for Terminal Facilities
DEPARTURES PROCESSES
Holdrooms
ARRIVALS PROCESSES
85
Space (sqm/pax) Queuing Time (min) Seating (seats/occupant) Economy Premium/Fast Track
Public Departures Hall 2.0 – 2.3 n/a n/a 15 – 20% Check-in Self Service Kiosk (SSK) Bag drop Staffed desk 1.3 – 1.8 1 – 2 min 1 – 5 min 10 – 20 min 1 – 2 min 1 – 3 min 1 – 5 min Security Control 1.0 – 1.2 5 – 10 min 1 – 3 min Emigration Control Staffed desk Automatic border control 1.0 – 1.2 5 – 10 min 1 – 5 min 1 – 3 min n/a Gate
Seating Standing 1.8 – 2.2 1.2 – 1.5 n/a n/a 50 – 70%
Immigration Control Staffed desk Automatic border control 1.0 – 1.2 5 – 10 min 1 – 5 min 1 – 5 min n/a Baggage Reclaim Narrowbody aircraft Widebody aircraft 1.5 – 1.7 First to Last Bag 15 min 25 min First to Last Bag 15 min 15 min Customs Control 1.3 – 1.8 1 – 5 min 1 – 5 min Public Arrivals Hall 2.0 – 2.3 n/a n/a 15 – 20%
Terminal Capacity Assessment Methodology
86
Terminal Capacity Assessment Methodology
87
Overall Terminal Capacity
88
Terminal Capacity
Load Factor Assumptions
Terminal Coordination Parameters
89
Terminal Capacity
Data Collection and Analysis
Check-in
Security
Lounge and gate areas
Immigration
Baggage claim
Customs
Arrivals Meet & Greet area
90
Terminal Capacity
91
Exercise
What is the current terminal capacity situation at your airport?
92
Environmental Capacity
93
Environmental Capacity
Types of Environmental Limits
Annual caps
Night restrictions
Night curfews
Noise contour limits
94
Environmental Capacity Assessment
Managing Environmental Limits
Annual versus seasonal limits
Overbooking factors
Ad-hoc slot pool
Night restrictions and late-running flights
95
96
Introduction to Airport Capacity and Development Module 4 Strategic Capacity Planning
Instructor: Adrian Cioranu LL.M., MBA
1st – 5th of April 2024
Module Objectives
To enable the course participants to
Support strategic decisions by making recommendations on how future infrastructure development activities should be approached
Analyze capacity and airport development from a master planning perspective
98
Capacity Enhancement Strategies
Importance of strategic planning and phased development
99
Strategic Planning in Airport Capacity Enhancement
Future-proofing airport infrastructure
Balanced capacity expansion
Technological integration
Sustainability focus
Regulatory compliance
Phased Development in Airport Capacity Enhancement
Modular expansion
Cost-effective implementation
Demand-driven expansion
Operational continuity
Learning and adaptation
101
Phased Development in Airport Capacity Enhancement
102
Phased Development in Airport Capacity Enhancement
103
Phased Development in Airport Capacity Enhancement
104
Phased Development in Airport Capacity Enhancement
105
Exercise
How is your airport connected to the city?
How smoothly accessible is it?
106
Strategic Capacity
Importance of forward-looking capacity planning
Objectives of strategic capacity planning in airport operations
107
Understanding Airport Strategic Requirements
Hub Airport Optimization
LCC Base Airport Optimization
Destination Airport Optimization
108
Capacity Enhancement
Improved ATC procedures
Construction of appropriately placed RATs/RETs
Regularly measured and monitored KPIs
Airborne and taxiway hold procedures
Slot performance initiatives
Systematic seasonal capacity reviews and modelling
Careful design of capacity sub-constraints
Improved stand allocation and aircraft towing
Terminal occupancy optimization
Streamlining terminal processing capacity
Proactive queue management and queue pre-booking via apps
109
Some additional considerations
Optimize queuing systems
Optimise staff rosters
Improve signage and wayfinding
Rearrange airline allocation
Consider the local culture
Make the most of smart infrastructure
Design for the long-term
Don’t forget systems resilience
110
Some Additional Considerations (cont’d)
Objective assessment
Schedule adjustment process
Airline reaction
Peak pricing
111
Some Additional Considerations (cont’d)
Airline insolvency vs. airline bankruptcy
Insolvency refers to the legal procedure initiated by the debtor or the creditor when a debtor cannot pay the debt it owes
Bankruptcy is the legal process applied to the debtor to liquidate its assets and cover the debt, following which the company will cease to exist
112
Technological Innovations
The impact of technology on future airport capacity needs
113
Airport Development and the Master Plan
114
Airport Development and the Master Plan
Short, intermediate, and long term development goals of the airport
Guide future infrastructure development programs in a logical, sustainable and efficient manner
Designed and planned as cost-efficiently as possible and aligned with industry best practices
Fully consulted upon with stakeholders, especially with the airline community
115
Airport Development and the Master Plan
A successful master plan
Outlines a phasing plan
Satisfies all planning regulations and overcomes environmental constraints
Documents and mitigates issues facing the airport
Is based on a process of consultation and transparency
Guides land use in the surrounding area of the airport:
Applies best practice design and planning guidelines
Is able to accommodate changes in traffic type and the business environment over time
Mitigates the relevant constraints
Is reviewed every 5 years or more regularly
116
Airport Development and the Master Plan
Managing constraints
Past developments that impact future planning
Surrounding terrain or human infrastructure
Environmental regulations that restrict runway use, and operating hours
Inadequate land in reserve or is too expensive or difficult to acquire
A lack of political support for the role of aviation
117
Airport Development and the Master Plan
Master planning process
Pre-planning
Air traffic/demand
Site evaluation/inventory
Requirements analysis
Strategic choices
Development of options
Financial assessment
Reporting and deliverables
Related documentation
118
119
Airport Development and the Master Plan
Master planning into perspective
PAX
Cargo
What key ideas could you apply to the scale to your airport?
120
Airport Development and the Master Plan
121
Airport Development and the Master Plan
122
Airport Development and the Master Plan
What key ideas could you apply to the scale to your airport?
123
124
Introduction to Airport Capacity and Development Module
5
Final Recap
Instructor: Adrian Cioranu LL.M., MBA 1st – 5th of April 2024
What is Airport Capacity?
Airport capacity refers to the volume of demand that can be accommodated or processed through an airport while delivering desired levels of service, including the runway, terminal, and apron capacities
126
Principle of Efficient Use
The capacity assessment should be based on the capabilities of the airport infrastructure assuming:
Normal operating conditions
Efficient allocation of facilities
Typical operating conditions
127
Capacity Management
Overview of capacity management's significance in airport operations
Capacity = the volume of demand that can be accommodated or processed through an airport facility while delivering desired levels of service
128
Assessing Current Capacity
Determine current usage levels across runway, terminal, and apron
Allow necessary scheduling flexibility
Well designed and targeted capacity limits can help to maximize allocation efficiency and capacity utilization, while ensuring desired levels of service
Establish effective coordination parameters
129
Capacity Management
The goal of enhancement strategies to meet growing demand
Balance between benefits and risks
Robust and objective analyses
130
Importance of Governance in Airport Capacity Management
Ensures Strategic Alignment
Regulatory Compliance
Stakeholder Coordination Investment Oversight
Risk Management Decision-Making Framework Conflict Resolution
Performance Monitoring Adaptation to Change
Sustainability Integration
131
Identifying Key Stakeholders
Prior to determining airport capacity and coordination parameters, the airport should consult with the relevant stakeholders.
Key stakeholders include:
Airlines
Airport operator
ATC provider
Coordinator (if applicable)
Control authorities Ground handling company
132
Engaging with Stakeholders
Transparency
Objective analyses
Commonly recognized methods
Typically, the information presented will include:
A summary of the capacity assessment methodology
Analyses, outputs and results
Recommendations of declared capacity and coordination parameters, as applicable
133
Airport Classification Levels
Airport level: the classification of airports based on the level of congestion. There are 3 levels:
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Coordination:
“the generic term encompassing facilitation at Level 2 airports and slot allocation at Level 3 airports”
134
Airport Coordination and Slot Allocation
What is a slot?
A designated day and time (usually within a 15- or 30- minute period) for an aircraft to arrive at or depart from an airport
Where the demand for slots exceeds the available supply, the airport can be considered ‘capacity-constrained’
A ‘slot allocation’ process should be implemented
The management of such process is essential to ensure efficient access to airports’ infrastructure and resources
Note: An airport slot is used for planning purposes, and is different from ATC slots, which are used to manage daily operations
135
The Worldwide Airport Slot Board (WASB)
Airports Council International (ACI) World, the International Air Transport Association (IATA), and the Worldwide Airport Coordinators Group (WWACG) announced in 2020 the agreement of World Airport Slots Board (WASB) as a new governance structure for the Worldwide Airport Slot Guidelines (WASG)
Interests of the traveling public at the centre of the process
Equal number of seats for airport operators, airlines, and slot coordinators on the 21-member board
136
Airport Coordination and Slot Allocation
Worldwide Airport Slot Guidelines (WASG)
Coordinated Airports
Scarcity of slots
Grandfather rights
Historic precedence season
80:20 rule & Justified Non-Utilization of Slots (JNUS)
Trading slots
Competition issue: barrier for new entrants
Curfews
Movement caps (i.e. AMS)
138
Capacity Assessment Methodologies
Overview of methodologies for assessing different types of capacity
Capacity assessment involves robust and objective analyses, measuring capacity against agreed service standards and performance criteria
Key factors include runway configuration, taxiway infrastructure, airspace design, aircraft mix, and ATC procedures
139
Capacity Assessment Methodologies
Factors influencing capacity
Physical
Operational Environmental
140
Capacity Assessment Methodologies
Factors influencing capacity
Physical
141
Capacity Assessment Methodologies
Factors influencing capacity
Physical
Operational
142
Capacity Assessment Methodologies
Factors influencing capacity
Physical
Operational Environmental
143
Runway Capacity Assessment
Runway capacity assessment techniques
Runway capacity assessment requires simulation modelling calibrated against observed operations and delays
Optimizing runway throughput and evaluating the impact of proposed capacity changes
144
Runway Capacity and Delay
Runway system service rate
Theoretical
Runway system capacity
Practical
Delay vs. punctuality of flights
145
Runway Modes of Operation
Runway configuration
Taxiway infrastructure (including Rapid Access Taxiway; Rapid Exit Taxiway)
Mode of operation
Airspace design
Aircraft mix
Meteorological conditions
ATC procedures and equipment
Pilot performance
146
Single Runway Case Scenario - Example
Not one size fits all
Regional to medium sized airports
Runway is not the primary constraint on capacity
Pressures elsewhere in the system such as facilities within the terminal building (i.e. security)
Constraints on the taxiway system
Available aircraft stands
Capacity limitations caused by airspace restrictions
148
Runway
Constant Declared Capacity
Profiled Capacity
Hub-Optimized Capacity
149
Capacity Optimization
Apron Capacity
Aircraft parking stands and gates
150
Stand Capacity
How to count stands
Stand supply changes during a season
Mult-Aircraft Ramp Stand (MARS)
Restricted stands
Stand outages
151
Terminal Capacity
152
Terminal Capacity and Level of Service
Terminal capacity assessment focuses on passenger processing times and space-per-passenger standards to avoid congestion
ADRM LoS
Over-design
Optimum
Sub-optimum
153
Terminal Capacity and Level of Service
154
ADRM Optimal Levels of Service (LoS) for Terminal Facilities
DEPARTURES PROCESSES
Holdrooms
ARRIVALS PROCESSES
155
Space (sqm/pax) Queuing Time (min) Seating (seats/occupant) Economy Premium/Fast Track
Public Departures Hall 2.0 – 2.3 n/a n/a 15 – 20% Check-in Self Service Kiosk (SSK) Bag drop Staffed desk 1.3 – 1.8 1 – 2 min 1 – 5 min 10 – 20 min 1 – 2 min 1 – 3 min 1 – 5 min Security Control 1.0 – 1.2 5 – 10 min 1 – 3 min Emigration Control Staffed desk Automatic border control 1.0 – 1.2 5 – 10 min 1 – 5 min 1 – 3 min n/a Gate
Seating Standing 1.8 – 2.2 1.2 – 1.5 n/a n/a 50 – 70%
Immigration Control Staffed desk Automatic border control 1.0 – 1.2 5 – 10 min 1 – 5 min 1 – 5 min n/a Baggage Reclaim Narrowbody aircraft Widebody aircraft 1.5 – 1.7 First to Last Bag 15 min 25 min First to Last Bag 15 min 15 min Customs Control 1.3 – 1.8 1 – 5 min 1 – 5 min Public Arrivals Hall 2.0 – 2.3 n/a n/a 15 – 20%
Overall Terminal Capacity
156
Terminal Capacity
Data Collection and Analysis
Check-in
Security
Lounge and gate areas
Immigration
Baggage claim
Customs
Arrivals Meet & Greet area
157
Environmental Capacity
Types of Environmental Limits
Annual caps
Night restrictions
Night curfews
Noise contour limits
158
Phased Development in Airport Capacity Enhancement
Modular expansion
Cost-effective implementation
Demand-driven expansion
Operational continuity
Learning and adaptation
159
Phased Development in Airport Capacity Enhancement
160
Phased Development in Airport Capacity Enhancement
161
Phased Development in Airport Capacity Enhancement
162
Phased Development in Airport Capacity Enhancement
163
Strategic Planning in Airport Capacity Enhancement
Future-proofing airport infrastructure
Balanced capacity expansion
Technological integration
Sustainability focus
Regulatory compliance
164
Phased Development in Airport Capacity Enhancement
Modular expansion
Cost-effective implementation
Demand-driven expansion
Operational continuity
Learning and adaptation
165
Understanding Airport Strategic Requirements
Hub Airport Optimization
LCC Base Airport Optimization
Destination Airport Optimization
166
Some Additional Considerations
Optimize queuing systems
Optimise staff rosters
Improve signage and wayfinding
Rearrange airline allocation
Consider the local culture
Make the most of smart infrastructure
Design for the long-term
Don’t forget systems resilience
167
Airport Development and the Master Plan
168
Airport Development and the Master Plan
Short, intermediate, and long term development goals of the airport
Guide future infrastructure development programs in a logical, sustainable and efficient manner
Designed and planned as cost-efficiently as possible and aligned with industry best practices
Fully consulted upon with stakeholders, especially with the airline community
169
Airport Development and the Master Plan
A successful master plan
Outlines a phasing plan
Satisfies all planning regulations and overcomes environmental constraints
Documents and mitigates issues facing the airport
Is based on a process of consultation and transparency
Guides land use in the surrounding area of the airport:
Applies best practice design and planning guidelines
Is able to accommodate changes in traffic type and the business environment over time
Mitigates the relevant constraints
Is reviewed every 5 years or more regularly
170
171
Thank You / Merci Beaucoup
About ACI-Africa
ACI Africa is the international association of African airports. It is the voice of African Airports and has as prime objective to advance the interests of airports and to promote professional excellence in airport management and operations on the African continent. ACI Africa is composed of 67 members from 53 African countries, managing more than 260 airports, and of 44 business partners.
ACI Africa Website https://www.aci -africa.aero/
172