Farming as A means of Community Building & Social Development

ACADEMY OF ARCHITECTURE UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI

FARMING AS A MEANS OF COMMUNITY BUILDING & SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

ADISH ANJALI RAVI RATHOD 26, OCTOBER, 2021

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FARMING AS MEANS OF COMMUNITY BUILDING & SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT By Adish Anjali Ravi Rathod GUIDED BY Ar. SHRIPAD BHALERAO A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for SEM-IX The Degree BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE MUMBAI UNIVERSITY MUMBAI, MAHARASHTRA. 5TH YEAR, SEM-IX, BARD 911, DEC’2021 Conducted at: RACHANA SANSAD’S ACADEMY OF ARCHITECTURE, UN-AIDED COURSE RACHANA SANSAD, 278, SHANKAR GHANEKAR MARG, W PRABHADEVI, MUMBAI 400025.

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APPROVAL CERTIFICATE

The following Under-Grad Design Dissertation Study is hereby approved as satisfactory work on the approved subject carried out and presented in a manner sufficiently satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as a prerequisite and partial fulfilment of requirement to the 5th Year Sem IX of Bachelor Of Architecture Degree for which it has been submitted.

This is to certify that this student Adish Anjali Ravi Rathod is a bonafide Final Year student of our institute and has completed this Design Dissertation under the guidance of the Guide as undersigned, adhering to the norms of the Mumbai University & our Institute Thesis Committee.

It is understood that by this approval and certification the Institute and the Thesis Guide do not necessarily endorse or approve any statement made, opinion expressed or conclusions drawn therein; but approves the study only for the purpose for which it has been submitted and satisfied the requirements laid down by our Thesis Committee.

Name of the Student: Adish Rathod Date: 26 October, 2021 Approved By Principal

Ar. Prof. Rohit Shinkre

College Seal

Certified By Thesis Guide

Ar. Prof. Shripad Bhalerao

Certified Seal

Examined By

External Examiner-1 ( )

External Examiner-2 ( )

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DECLARATION I hereby declare that this written submission entitled “FARMING AS MEANS OF COMMUNITY BUILDING & SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT” represents my ideas in my own words and has not been taken from the work of others (as from books, articles, essays, dissertations, other media and online); and where others’ ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. Direct quotations from books, journal articles, internet sources, other texts, or any other source whatsoever are acknowledged and the source cited are identified in the dissertation references.

No material other than that cited and listed has been used.

I have read and know the meaning of plagiarism* and I understand that plagiarism, collusion, and copying are grave and serious offences in the university and accept the consequences should I engage in plagiarism, collusion or copying.

I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact source in my submission.

This work, or any part of it, has not been previously submitted by me or any other person for assessment on this or any other course of study.

Signature of the Student Name of the Student: Adish Rathod Exam Roll No: 1627 Date: 26 October, 2021

Place: Mumbai

*The following defines plagiarism: “Plagiarism” occurs when a student misrepresents, as his/her own work, the work, written or otherwise, of any other person (including another student) or of any institution. Examples of forms of plagiarism include: • • • •

The verbatim (word for word) copying of another’s work without appropriate And correctly presented acknowledgement; The close paraphrasing of another’s work by simply changing a few words or Altering the order of presentation, without appropriate and correctly presented acknowledgement; • Unacknowledged quotation of phrases from another’s work; • The deliberate and detailed presentation of another’s concept as one’s own.

• “Another’s work” covers all material, including, for example, written work, diagrams, designs, chart, photographs, musical compositions and pictures, from all sources, including, for example, journals, books, dissertations and essays and online resources.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

To my thesis guide, Ar. Prof. Shripad Bhalerao who taught me the value of a structured and experimental approach, understanding my potential and helping me do my best ; right from the first year.

To Ar. Juhi Prasad, Ar. Harshada Bapat, Ar. Nachiket Kalle & every professor and mentor at the Academy of Architecture, for shaping me through the challenging years and guiding the way forward.

To my friends and colleagues, Prajwal Satvidkar, Meeta Kanal, Aasawari Sawle, Swaham Mohanty, Nidhi Sharma, Sameer Thakare for the constant motivation and indirect contribution to this work in their own simple ways.

To my Mother , Father & Brother for their patience and support through my academic years and believing in me through it all.

I am grateful.

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CONTENTS

CONTENTS PART 1- INTRODUCTION 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0

| Abstract | Keywords | Introduction | Hypothesis | Aims & Objectives | Research Question | Methodology | Scope & Limitations

PART 2 – BACKGROUND RESEARCH 9.0

| Literature Review

9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10

| History of Agriculture | Commercialisation of Agriculture | Urban expansion & Loss of Agricultural Land | Urban Fringe Phenomenon | Magarpatta City Development | Garden Cities - Ebenzer Howard | One Mile City | Pressures of Urbanisation | Food demand & Urban-rural linkages | Economic implications on migrating populations

PART 3 - INFERENCES & THE CASE OF NAGPUR CITY 10.0 | Inferences from available Literature

10.1 | Physical Factors 10.2 | Social Factors 10.3 | The Nagpur City 10.4 | Inferences towards Program 10.5 | Prototype Sites

PART 4 – THE SITE 11.0 | Site selection Criteria

11.1 | Site -1 Chinchbhuvan

11.2 | Site -2 Mubarakpur

11.3 | Site -3 Khapri 11.3.1 | Site Details

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CONTENTS

PART 4 - CASE STUDIES 12.0 | Case Studies

12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5

| Dakaker Roof top, Rotterdam | Dr.Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Nagpur | Mapro Gardens, Panchgani | Hazel Hare Centre for Plant Science | Conclusions

PART 5 - PROJECT FEASIBILITY & PROGRAM 13.0 | Program Outline

13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4

| User Groups | Architectural Intent | Design Proposal | Detailed Program

PART 6 - TECHNICAL DATA & PROCESSES 14.0 | Urban Farming

14.1 | Types of Urban farming 14.1.0 | Vertical Farming

14.1.1 | Hydroponics 14.1.2 | Aeroponics 14.1.3 | Aquaponics

14.2 | Roof top Gardens 14.3 | Edible Plant Needs 14.4 | Design Vignettes

CONCLUDING NOTE LIST OF FIGURES BIBLIOGRAPHY

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ABSTRACT

1.0 | ABSTRACT

Farmlands around the world have been declining steadily due to rapid urbanisation and decreasing interest of the younger population to take up farming as a full time profession.

The decreasing farmlands have time and again been related to expanding cities slowly encroaching upon the open lands due to city dwellers looking for a better standard of living while incurring lower costs. Which is only possible in areas away from expensive and densely populated city centres.

We have been observing rise in Fringe areas between the cities and villages with no resistance from the village on these steady encroachments.

This study aims to look at the present relationship of communities with agriculture and food & to look at agriculture as a means of engagement with different sections of society. This study is an attempt to try and understand how agriculture can engage displaced communities with existing dwellers & amalgamate agricultural know-how and emerging technology to utilise, preserve and integrate farming into the expanding city and its food cycles.

An attempt to form a resistance for our food future.

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KEYWORDS

2.0 | KEYWORDS • Fringe • Selective Migration • Land Diversification • Dismantled Hierarchy • Population Density • Lifestyle • Displaced Communities • Agriculture • Urban Farming • Micro Economies • Social Development • Soil less Farming • Circular Systems

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INTRODUCTION

Figure.1 : A Growing Culture Source : Author

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INTRODUCTION

3.0 | INTRODUCTION “Most things, except agriculture, can wait.”

-Jawaharlal Nehru

With continued rise in population we have seen rapid growth of cities throughout India with this growth of cities we inevitably have a huge impact on the changes occurring throughout the city, these changes are not necessarily good and have impacted the lives of many.

The changing population and demographics of the city have brought in various players and new entities to the cities, these new entities are new to the land on which the city stands but they are not new to the concept of cities.

This expansion of cities has resulted in the radius of influence of cities increasing, with time the city centres become too far away from these cities and thus people residing further away look for a better lifestyle.

The urban population now seeks more comfort, a better life away from the chaos of the city, while their places of work remain in the city, they however prefer commuting to and from work so that they can come home to a better home at the fraction of the costs required in the cities.

These aspirations of the city dwellers result in creation of urban-rural fringes these areas are at the very outskirts of the city but not quite a part of the city, neither are they a part of the villages which come just after, this is because of the demographics of these fringes where the working population of the city seeks village like peace.

This mixing of populations and cultural differences start to affect the local populations, they cannot decide where they belong now, are they a part of the city? or are they still a part of the village which once was so peaceful?

These questions are met with diversification of existing farmlands where residential and commercial activities mix with each other, there is no set land use and law enforcement becomes tougher with increasing population, leading to unplanned developments and break in hierarchy.

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INTRODUCTION

Farmlands are sold for instant gains to make way for larger residential apartments and services, the land which once fed the city is no more.

This phenomenon has seen a rapid rise, why still haven’t Indian cities adapted to this change? Why have we not able to design for our basic necessity such as food.

When it has come to planning for cities we have never considered farming activities as a contributing factor to the city when much of the city depends on these factors but the city itself drives out production activities.

Eating into the farmlands the all the city produces is living and working spaces where is the place to grow?

A lot of people after migrating to the city struggle to find jobs or get work which matches their skills, most of this is because the skills they posses have been fine tuned to grow food, but the city which they come into was never designed to grow food, resulting in them acquiring new skills and finding new jobs to support themselves and their families.

Generating economic growth and self development opportunities should be the primary goals of the cities world around, including everyone in it is a far-fetched goal but we have started to understand the importance of the environmental impact that we have on this earth, with the pandemic we have seen how helpless some cities can become, with vast populations migrating to their homes with nothing to do.

We have seen supply-chains failing, bringing food to the cities, Why don’t we bring the farms to the city?

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HYPOTHESIS | AIMS | OBJECTIVES

4.0 | HYPOTHESIS

Agriculture has the ability to become a strong catalyst to create resilient communities, mitigate land use changes and ensure uninterrupted food cycles with the help of newer technologies and old know how.

5.0 | AIMS & OBJECTIVES 5.1 | Aim

This study aims to investigate the role of expanding cities with decreasing farmlands and how this rapid land use change can be mitigated by creating new typologies to catalyse new communities and involve displaced communities.

5.2 | Objectives

The main objectives are to promote food production and community building by introducing agriculture practices in an urban rural fringe area, thereby promoting sharing of new technology and experience with newly forming & displaced communities and integrating these production centres into the existing urban food cycles.

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RESEARCH QUESTIONS

6.0 | RESEARCH QUESTIONS

An attempt to integrate agriculture practices in an emerging city so as to reassert the importance of agriculture in rapidly expanding cities. This is an attempt to look at how various agriculture practices can be integrated into the city and how these integrations can start to form smaller communities centred on growing food for the people and creating a robust economy.

These issues revolving around community building and integration of agriculture with the urban expansion will be looked at through utopian ideas by various planners, examples around the world where this integration can be seen though in small scales and how these typologies can be moulded to fit in the social and urban fabric of a city like Nagpur which is currently heading towards rapid expansion.

This research mainly looks at various ideas and their implications on the local populations and economies in relation to food security and availability.

• What is the History & Culture of agriculture in India ?

• How agricultural land see changes in use in relation to nearby fringes ?

• What are the social and physical impacts of urbanisation ?

• How do decreasing farmlands affect urban centres? and their interrelations.

• Effects of urbanisation on migrating populations and its economic impact.

• What is the role played by programmes and space to catalyse community building ?

• What activities promote social engagement with the surrounding city to bring in more interest and interaction ?

• What are the agricultural practices that dictate crop efficiency and economic benefits ?

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METHODOLOGY

7.0 | METHODOLOGY

The study emerges form a primary concern of understanding the dense nature of cities and its social and physical effects, the concern then broadened towards migrating populations and effects of urbanisation on the farmlands.

The approach broadly began by understanding cities with a consideration of changing land uses and factors affecting urban and rural lifestyle changes. This led to a deeper understanding of the issues that emerge due to urbanisation, and its effects that go far beyond the city centres and into the rural context & decreasing farmlands.

The research culminated with an approach to designing an integrated place to facilitate agricultural, economic & community growth.

Figure.2 : Research Methodology Source : Author

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SCOPE & LIMITATIONS

8.0 | SCOPE & LIMITATIONS • The study aims at understanding shifting land uses from farms to city and its effects on the communities based around it.

• The thesis questions the non involvement of agricultural activities in cities and their core principles of planning and design.

• This thesis is an exploration of the Indian agricultural culture and its diminishing values with expanding cities, and its lack of involvement in the urban life of city dwellers.

• The approach is an attempt to understand the various typologies, that may exist within the immediate context or in various other contexts, concerning the experiences that are agriculture centric and help initiate social interaction and engagement.

• The scope of this study and implementation is limited to the Nagpur Municipal Corporation due to familiarity with the contextual and historical significance.

• The thesis aims at converting into a programme devised around agricultural activities and integrating them into the city fabric by facilitating social development of migrating communities.

• The research does not aim at primarily establishing research into detailed farming techniques and agricultural engineering or suggesting a replacement to the traditional farming techniques.

• The program does not aim at transforming into a rehabilitation centre or residences for displaced communities.

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LITERATURE REVIEW

9.0 | LITERATURE REVIEW

Food production and agricultural activities have been an integral part of India’s growth story, with farmer revolutions happening in the colonial history of India, fighting for basic rights in the British Raj the Indian farmers were responsible for large uprisings and freedom struggle, fighting for farmers’ rights meant fighting for the rights of Indian people.

Even today most of the Indian population is dependent on the Agrarian economies, becoming large exporters of grains, fruits and vegetables, we have come a long way from being exploited for the benefit for the British.

Given these circumstances of today’s world, India’s Agricultural economy has a bright future ahead, with the newer generations starting to understand importance of farming and shifting their focus from the technological world to the agricultural one.

This shift in culture has captured very few, while the expansion of cities and their rapid growth the demands for foods have been increasing day by day, most supplies of foods being affected by the pandemic, our food supply chain has not broken yet, but with the future growth in mind the cities need to take up the responsibility of contributing to the supply chain.

Today Cities are consumers, in all aspects, they consume food, fuel, electricity among many other things, the focus here is about food, the building blocks of life cannot form without food, efficient functioning of a society and their health and development depends on adequate supply of food, not just any food, but nutrient rich food which really supports the human bodily functions.

With the city expanding these outskirts have started getting further away from the city centres, resulting in more transport costs and pollution, not just that but the lands which provided the city with produce are now a part of a city serving a different purpose.

In the further sections of the book certain issues and phenomenon have been explained as a part of my research, these phenomenon have been observed and recorded by various individuals and institutes.

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LITERATURE REVIEW | HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE

9.1 | HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE

Indian agriculture began by 9000 BCE as a result of early cultivation of plants and domestication of crops and animals. Settled life soon followed with implements and techniques being developed for agriculture. Double monsoons led to two harvests being reaped in one year. Indian products soon reached the world via existing trading networks and foreign crops were introduced to India. Plants and animals; considered essential to their survival by the Indians, came to be worshipped and venerated.

The middle ages saw irrigation channels reach a new level of sophistication in India and Indian crops affecting the economies of other regions of the world under Islamic patronage. Land and water management systems were developed with an aim of providing uniform growth. Despite some stagnation during the later modern era the independent Republic of India was able to develop a comprehensive agricultural program.

Agriculture in India is not a mere profession but a culture, tradition to be practiced by one and all. Whether you talk about Vedas or economic growth, agriculture has its own noteworthiness.

It has its importance since Vedic age for example in the most ancient Ved, Rig Ved where it is mentioned about Aryans who were original natives of this country were very disciplined and organized and stayed in one place. Their main source of living was farming and animal breeding.

Aryans were described as farmers. It is told in Rig Ved, “Akshairya Divyaha Krushimit Krushawaha” which means get rid of gambling and learn the art of farming. Even in Shreemad Bhagavad Geeta lord Krishna says, “Ashwatha Sarva Vrukshanam, Devarshinam Cha Narada Gandharavanam Chitra Ratha, Sidhanam Kapila Muni.” In this shloka, Krishna compared himself with the Pipal tree which gives oxygen even at night and it is best for all trees. The importance of trees is even mentioned in the mythological book.

The existence of farming and trees in our mythology and Vedas make agriculture our culture.

Source : Agriculture: The true culture of India and impact of westernisation , Suman joshi Research Scholar D. S. B. Campus, Department of History, Kumaun University, Nainital

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LITERATURE REVIEW | COMMERCIALISATION OF AGRICULTURE

Figure.3 : Hollowing out of INDIA by ‘Great’ Britain.

Source : Author

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LITERATURE REVIEW | COMMERCIALISATION OF AGRICULTURE

9.2 | COMMERCIALISATION OF AGRICULTURE

Commercialization of agriculture became prominent around 1860 A.D. This brought about a change from cultivation for home consumption to cultivation for the market. Cash transactions become the basis of exchange and largely replaced the barter system.

Various factors led to the commercialization of agriculture during the British rule in India. The chief factor was the colonial subjugation of India under the British rule. India was reduced to the supplier of raw materials and food grains to Britain and importer of British manufactured goods.

Many commercial crops like, cotton, jute, tea, tobacco were introduced to meet the demand in Britain.

Better means of communication (equipped with rapid development of railways and shipping) made trade in agricultural products feasible, especially over long distances. The emergence of grain merchants was a natural adjunct to this and greatly facilitated agricultural trade.

Monetization of land revenue payments was another important casual factor for agricultural commercialization.

Further, increasing demand for some of the commercial crops in other foreign countries gave impetus to commercialization of agriculture.

During the later part of 19th century, the production of commercial crops increased by 85 percent and that of food crops fell by 7 percent.

This had a devastating effect on the rural economy and often took the shape of famines.

The British regime in India did supply the irrigation works but rarely on the scale required.

There were also efforts made by the British to ‘improve’ Indian agriculture, during the 18th and 19th centuries. Under this heading come the setting up of the Royal Botanical Gardens and the Botanical Survey of India to acclimatize exotic crops of commercial importance to Indian conditions.

Source : Agriculture: The true culture of India and impact of westernisation , Suman joshi Research Scholar D. S. B. Campus, Department of History, Kumaun University, Nainital

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LITERATURE REVIEW | COMMERCIALISATION OF AGRICULTURE

• Cultivation of existing commercial crops and the introduction of new crops such as tea.

• The various abortive efforts to grow the long-stapled American variety of cotton here.

• The setting up of various kinds of plantations run by Europeans.

• According to the Census Returns of 1881, 72 percent of the whole male population engaged in some specific occupation are directly supported by Agriculture • The estimate of the Famine Commissioners was that 90 percent of the rural population live, more or less, by the tillage of the soil.

In the second half of 19th century, there started the talk of effecting ‘large-scale’ improvements in Indian agriculture. All this talk merely led to the establishment of a few experimental farms and some agricultural schools.

Community effort and private investment soared as market for irrigation developed.

This phenomenon marked the start of commercialisation of agriculture in India, this was followed by the green revolution, the use of intensive farming techniques to get high yields and use of hybrid variety of crops increased, to maintain uniform yields and thus profits.

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LITERATURE REVIEW | URBAN EXPANSION & LOSS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND

9.3 | URBAN EXPANSION & LOSS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND

In recent years, human activities have been recognized as a major force shaping the biosphere. The early insights of some prescient scholars are now common understanding, especially those of George Perkins Marsh in the mid-nineteenth century who documented the pervasive nature of land modification by human activity. Human actions rather than natural forces are the source of most contemporary changes in the state and flows of the biosphere.

Understanding these actions and the social forces that drive them is crucial to understanding, modelling and predicting local, regional as well as global environmental change and also for managing and responding to such change. Land transformation is one of the most important fields of human induced environmental transformation.

Land transformation did not abate but, rather, accelerated and diversified with the onset of the Industrial Revolution, the globalization of the world economy and the expansion of population and technological capacity.

Forests were cleared, grasslands ploughed or grazed, wetlands drained and crop lands and settlements expanded, yet never so rapidly as in the last few years. Almost all of the world’s lands are now used and managed, albeit in widely varying degrees of intensity. Land transformations, although localized, contribute to wider-reaching, including globally systemic, processes.

Changes in the land have often been seen as improvements by some or all land users. Alteration is nearly inseparable from human occupation and use, and the goal is to encourage improvement and to counter forces that encourage degradation.

Settlement refers to the occupation of land for human living space. As land cover, settlement represents the most profound human alteration of the natural environment through the imposition of structures, buildings, paved surfaces and compacted bare soils on the ground surface.

Until quite recently, nearly everyone lived in rural areas. In 1800, only 3 per cent of the world’s population lived in urban centres of 5,000 or more and many of these behaved like large villages in their socio-economic activities. By 1900, 14 per cent of the world’s population was living in urban centres and this proportion increased rapidly after 1950 to reach

Source : Urbanisation to cause huge loss of prime farmland: UNCCD , Shagun Kapil

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LITERATURE REVIEW | URBAN EXPANSION & LOSS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND

close to 50 per cent today. While the percentage of people in urban areas has been growing, the size and number of urban settlements is also increasing rapidly.

The loss of agricultural land to urbanization is most severe in low and middle-income nations. One estimate suggested that by 2000, more than 476,000 hectares of land a year will be built up in low and middleincome nations.

Some specialists have expressed considerable concern about the loss of agricultural land to urban development while others complain that planning controls restrict the supply of land for new urban developments.

The situation varies greatly from one country to another and, in general, the expansion of settlements over agricultural land is better managed in high income nations.

The loss of agricultural land to human settlements is far more serious in India; about 1.5 million hectares of land (mostly agricultural) went to urban growth between1955-1985 and a further 800,000 hectares were expected to be transformed between 1985 and 2000.

With rapid urbanization and the extension of urban areas, combined with continuing population growth, both agricultural and social scientists have long expressed a concern as to whether India will be able to feed its population.

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LITERATURE REVIEW | URBAN EXPANSION & LOSS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND

Figure.4 : Disorganised Growth Source: Author

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LITERATURE REVIEW | URBAN FRINGE PHENOMENON

9.4 | URBAN FRINGE PHENOMENON 9.4.1 | Expanding Population

India takes the number two spot in terms of population and India’s cities hold top spots in regard to population densities, cities such as Mumbai, Delhi, and Pune are seeing rapid growth in migratory population. This expanding population has caused immense pressure on cities and its infrastructure with this expansion cities see constantly rising land costs, rental spaces, increase in pollution and an overall decrease in the quality of life.

9.4.2 | Urban-Rural Fringe The Indian Middle class has always led the way, they are huge contributors to the Indian economy. The urban Middle class can rarely afford housing in city centres and dense areas, the more sensible options are the suburban areas of the city or the transition between the suburban areas and the rural villages. This choice of having a higher quality of life for lesser costs start attracting settlements to the outer boundaries of the suburban areas. These settlements are mostly seen invading the farmlands and dividing parcels of land for residential uses, rental stores, road side eateries, warehouses and more.

9.4.3 | Dismantled Hierarchy The fringe areas see a bifurcation of population who is connected to the city for livelihood, recreation medical facilities etc. and a population who is connected to the villages for their social needs, economic benefits and more. Another aspect to the hierarchy of the fringe is the types of services which are provided, there is a no fixed set of services that the fringe needs to provide, the restaurants provide primarily for breakfast and dinner while lunch is considered only for occasional visitors. This breakdown of hierarchy in services often lead to haphazard development of areas to accommodate diverse needs and thus new land use patterns start to emerge.

9.4.4 | Changing Land use Diverse cultures and needs of the fringe lead to diverse land use patterns, for example the population connected to the city will need a good road 30

Source : IAS PCS Human Geography LECTURE-48: Urbanisation: Rural-Urban Fringe

LITERATURE REVIEW | URBAN FRINGE PHENOMENON

network and certain other services pertaining to personal transport methods, while the population connected to villages will need storage facilities, cooling facilities for their produce, repair shops for equipment and certain small scale industries.

These diverse activities causes the Farmlands to breakout into smaller parcels and these parcels become more and more valuable as time passes, thus then becoming speculated land for real-estate developers.

9.4.5 | Declining Farmlands Diversification of population and needs see diversified aspirations of the landowners and the settlers in the region with more economic benefits in mind the lands in the fringe areas suddenly transform from a farmland and livelihood to a commodity that can be sold, rented, leased for more benefits. These benefits have deep roots in the wants of the settler community and wants of the expanding city, thus the landowners start to diversify their land parcels into various services and agriculture no longer is seen as a means of providing food, but providing special food items curated for the city, such as mushrooms, spring onions and more. To accommodate these high demands of the city in a diversified land, farming communities rely on heavy fertilizer use to increase production and on road networks to supply these goods to the city at regular intervals. Now the urban fringe is no longer a lush green space, but a hub of different activities happening on the same land this hub slowly but steadily increases eating up vital farmlands of the village and leaving them unusable for agricultural uses.

9.4.6 | Selective Migration This phenomenon is solely due to economic reasons the affordability of personal transport or even public transport costs come into play when it comes to Daily wage labourers, factory workers, household helps, and support staffs settling in the fringe areas. Public transport becomes expensive for these sections of society due to long distances and high travel times, the options for personal transport is out of question. This population thus does not migrate and chooses to live near their places of work resulting in dense settlements with inadequate facilities, road networks and even basic standards of living is not attained in such areas most of the times, resulting in creation of slums which are in themselves pockets of fringe in the city itself.

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LITERATURE REVIEW | URBAN FRINGE PHENOMENON

9.4.7 | Food Security Food security is important to having healthy citizens and a good way of life for all beings, food security is directly connected to production capacities, access to the food, and utilization of the food.

Economic status also becomes a major factor for food security, which along with natural calamities, pandemics and other disasters start destabilizing these chains and result in decreased food security URBAN - RURAL TRANSFORMATION

Figure.5 : Urban Rural Transformation Source: Author

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LITERATURE REVIEW | URBAN FRINGE PHENOMENON

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RESEARCH CASE STUDIES | MAGARPATTA CITY DEVELOPMENT

9.5 | MAGARPATTA CITY DEVELOPMENT 9.5.1. Building a new city with Rural Urban partnerships.

Magarpatta city was developed while keeping in mind the needs of urbanisation without hurting the local landowners by forced or unfair acquisition.

General Information: Magarpatta is a 430 acre area located on the outskirts of the city of Pune, which itself is spread over an area of 60,000 acres. It has been part of the Pune Municipal Corporation since 1960, even though it was in the agricultural zone.

Magarpatta has been developed over the past 10 years within the Pune metropolitan region as a modern sustainable urban habitat by the original inhabitants who were farming their ancestral land in that area.

It has 35000 residents with a working population of 65000 people.

The Magar clan, a community of 120 farmers on the outskirts of Pune, owned agricultural lands that had fragmented through the years. In the 1990s, they saw a surge in activity in the vicinity of their landholdings as the pressure of urbanisation led to widespread construction in the suburban areas of Pune.

The development of Magarpatta city and the gain in land values was the benefit the Magar community organised themselves into a Township Development & Construction company The Stake in the company was decided by the amount of land owned by the members of the community.

The masterplan of proposed township was submitted by 1993 and permissions were granted by 2000.

9.5.2. Magarpatta Township development & Construction Company.

• The Magar community organised themselves into a Township Development & Construction company • The Stake in the company was decided by the amount of land owned by the members of the community.

• The master-plan of proposed township was submitted by 1993 and permissions were granted by 2000.

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Source: https://www.financialexpress.com

RESEARCH CASE STUDIES | MAGARPATTA CITY DEVELOPMENT

EVOLUTION OF MAGARPATTA CITY

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

Figure.6 : Growth of Magarpatta city Source: Google Earth

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RESEARCH CASE STUDIES | MAGARPATTA CITY DEVELOPMENT

Figure.7 : Proposed development plan (Pune) Source: Pune Municipal Corporation

Figure.8 : Garden at Magarpatta Source: Magic Bricks website

Figure.9 : IT HUB at Magarpatta Source: Magic Bricks website

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RESEARCH CASE STUDIES | MAGARPATTA CITY DEVELOPMENT

9.5.3 Outcomes & Results for the City.

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30% of space in the city is reserved for greens.

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Largest Green Park in Pune, 25 acres of garden.

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Clean & pollution free urban environment.

• Walk to work, Walk to shop & Walk to school culture is being promoted.

• 240 tonnes of garbage (household and commercial) is separated at source per month.

• 170 tonnes of biodegradable waste is used for vermiculite and bio compost.

• A network of sewage treatment plants with capacity ranging from 0.25 to 3 million litres per day caters to the wastewater treatment needs of the township.

•

Rainwater harvesting is done through pipes under the pavements.

• 7,000 solar collectors are deployed to heat approximately 9 lakh litres of water.

9.5.4 Magarpatta the IT-Hub These features of Magarpatta City have attracted numerous IT giants, resulting in direct employment of over 60000 people and indirect employment of over 20000 people in the city.

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RESEARCH CASE STUDIES | MAGARPATTA CITY DEVELOPMENT

9.5.5 Revenue & Future Net. The Development and construction company setup by the Magar community has helped solidify their social and economic status in the zone.

They are not mere farmers from whom the city has acquired land from and given monetary compensation which will have no value over the years.

The land revenue they got from the acquisitions have been put into flats and shops within the city, thereby creating a net for their agricultural activities as well as for their future generations.

The distribution of farmers’ properties throughout the city is such that they cannot be differentiated from the other residents of the city.

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RESEARCH CASE STUDIES | GARDEN CITIES-EBENZER HOWARD

9.6 | GARDEN CITIES-EBENZER HOWARD 9.6.1. Idea of The Garden City.

Ebenzer Howard observed the struggles of the city and urbanisation, rampant growth, lack of housing, and the struggle to resolve these issues in England. In his 1898 book, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform (reprinted in 1902 as Garden Cities of To-morrow), Howard laid out his solution: the garden city. Just five years after the book’s release, the first of these communities was founded: Letchworth Garden City, in Hertfordshire County, north of London.

9.6.2. General Principles of the Garden City.

Figure.10 : Howard defined three “magnet” locations: Town, Country, and Town-Country–AKA the garden city.

Source:Garden Cities of To-Morrow, Ebenezer Howard

Source: https://urbanutopias.net

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RESEARCH CASE STUDIES | GARDEN CITIES-EBENZER HOWARD

Broadly these principles are based on combining the appeals of towns and country with each other while leaving out the drawbacks of both these places.

9.6.3 Key components making this possible.

• The city is surrounded by an inviolate greenbelt and large areas of land reserved for agriculture, preventing expansion of the urban area.

• The city is composed of rings centred on a park and “Crystal Palace,” home to a farmers’ market and winter garden.

• Working outward, six wedge-shaped wards hold residential and commercial properties, as well as the “Grand Avenue” filled with parks, schools, and churches.

Figure.11 : A single ward of the Garden City, showing the series of avenues and gardens that make up the rings of the city. Source: Garden Cities of To-Morrow, Ebenezer Howard

Figure.12 : The overview of Howard’s protoypical Garden City, showing the entire city as well as the surrounding agricultural belt.

Source: Garden Cities of ToMorrow, Ebenezer Howard

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RESEARCH CASE STUDIES | GARDEN CITIES-EBENZER HOWARD

• Factories at the outer edge send products off on a looped railroad.

Railways could tie the town to other garden cities, each surrounded by a greenbelt and reserved agriculture space.

9.6.4. How to run this city?

• Howard explains how such a city could be run. A single organization holds all the land–a proposed 6,000 acres–in trust for the mortgage holders and residents.

• All rent and profits from city-run businesses are reinvested for the public good.

• The land value, supported by people coming to the town, is thus returned to the residents through infrastructure improvements and other public works.

• These values are maintained through a clear statement of intent in advance and a well-defined management structure, answerable to the people.

Figure.13 : A view of Ebenezer Howard’s ultimate goal, a “social city” made up of interconnected garden cities. Source: Garden Cities of To-Morrow, Ebenezer Howard

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RESEARCH CASE STUDIES | GARDEN CITIES-EBENZER HOWARD

• This unique system of community ownership, self-sufficiency, and voluntary cooperation reflected anarchist and utopian thought of the time 9.6.5. Failures of the Vision.

Letchworth Garden City was founded under the watchful eyes of Ebenezer Howard and his Garden City Association (GCA). The city faced certain limitations as it moved from ideal to practice. First, and perhaps most significant, the GCA leaders elected to found the city as a limiteddividend company rather than attempt to finance it through loans and granting the city title to a democratic council.

This company promised five percent returns to shareholders, which meant it needed to ensure a consistent profit. Thus was First Garden City Ltd. (FGC) founded. The company failed to raise full start-up funds, drawing only £40,000, half the desired amount. The city was unable to build houses and other facilities for more than 10 years, and the only middle-class families with the capital to build their own homes moved in. Without blue-collar workers or farmers, industry and agriculture struggled, as did FGC Ltd.’s profits, preventing the development of some of the democratic structures Howard envisioned.

9.6.6. Changes & Subsequent Success.

Arts and Crafts architects Barry Parker and Raymond Unwin designed the city’s master plan–heavily modified from Howard’s outline to better fit the area. Compromises also had to be made for the sake of cost and comfort. Howard’s planning can, however, be seen in such beautiful areas as the central park and welllandscaped Broadway, as well as other preserved natural areas such as Norton Common. In fact, only one tree came down as the town was laid out. Eventually, Letchworth developed a skilled manufacturing economy, featuring the Spirella Corset Company’s “factory of beauty,” a forward-thinking facility that focused on employees’ comfort.

Growth in the agricultural sector was slow, but domestic gardens exploded: in 1953 there were an estimated 6,000 gardens in the city, each producing an average of 75 pounds of food. In 1946, Sir Frederic Osborn– who worked with Howard to promote later garden cities and headed the GCA after his retirement–described Letchworth as “a faithful fulfilment of Howard’s essential ideas,” noting the local employment, 42

RESEARCH CASE STUDIES | GARDEN CITIES-EBENZER HOWARD

profit-sharing with the community, the demonstration of organic town planning, and the fusion of a single-owner leasehold with democratic ideals. Clearly, at this point, Letchworth was a success.

Anarchy is a society being freely constituted without authorities or a governing body. It may also refer to a society or group of people that entirely rejects a set hierarchy.

Utopian is modelled on or aiming for a state in which everything is perfect; idealistic. limited-dividend company: a stock company which was financed through shares sold to shareholders but limited the profit to be distributed among shareholders to a maximum of 5 %—as an ideal tool to produce proper housing for working-class families

RESEARCH CASE STUDIES | ONE MILE CITY

9.7 | ONE MILE CITY 9.7.1. Universal Concept of a City A universal concept for a city of 3 million. The plan was first presented at the Paris Salon d’Automne in 1922, and suggested a city of tomorrow based on “a theoretically water-tight formula to arrive at the fundamental principles of town planning” (Le Corbusier, 1929). This rational, uncompromising plan begins with an ideal site – level, open, and clear of buildings (which meant any attempt to build it would start with razing the previous city to the ground).

9.7.2. Central Business District & Housing.

A central business district of 24 identical glass skyscrapers on a 400yard grid with broad park space between them. He thereby aims to increase density while decreasing congestion: 95 percent of this area would be open, and include various squares, restaurants and theatres.

Housing would be in similarly geometric low-rise buildings around this centre, plus Garden Cities outside a protected ring of woods, fields and sporting grounds (reserved for expansion).

9.7.3. Acceptance of Utopia The Contemporary City was not as widely accepted as Le Corbusier would have liked, and in 1925 he determined it was time to push the concept with a more concrete focus: Paris. What he called the Plan Voisin would have radically redeveloped central Paris.

Although today the area is one of the city’s most architecturally important neighbourhoods, in the 1920s it was in poor shape, with sanitation issues and overcrowding. He proposed demolishing two square miles, preserving only a handful of the best architecture. He wanted to wipe out what he described as “a thousand different buildings … the beauty of ugliness … dingy and utterly discordant with one another,” condemning diversity in architecture.

He recommended moving the current inhabitants (who he referred to as troglodytes) to new garden cities around Paris. To replace the neighbourhood, he would build 18 skyscrapers plus low-rise government, 44

RESEARCH CASE STUDIES | ONE MILE CITY

cultural, and residential buildings in a large, open space.

The plan also included multilevel transit along the lines of the Contemporary City and three tiered glass pedestrian malls overlooking the parks. Corbusier promised that this plan would increase land values by five times, greatly benefiting both the state and any investors he gathered. However, support for the demolition of central Paris was, unsurprisingly, hard to find, if for no other reason than the cost.

Figure.14 : A sketch of the Contemporary City concept.

Source: Fondation Le Corbusier.

Figure.15 : A model of Plan Voisin (Amber Case on Flickr), compared to the area as it appears today (Google Maps).

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LITERATURE REVIEW | PRESSURES OF URBANISATION

9.8 | PRESSURES OF URBANISATION

In 1900, worldwide, there were 6.7 rural dwellers to each urban dweller; now there is less than one and projections suggest close to three urban dwellers to two rural dwellers by 2025. This has been underpinned by the rapid growth in the world economy and in the proportion of gross world product and of the economically active population working in industry and services (since most industrial and service enterprises are in urban areas).

Globally, agricultural production has managed to meet the demands from a rapid growth in the proportion of the workforce not producing food and rapid changes in food demands towards more energy- and greenhouse gas emission-intensive food. However, hundreds of millions of urban dwellers face under-nutrition today, although this is far more related to their lack of income than to a lack of capacity to produce food. There is a very large urban population worldwide with incomes so low that their health and nutritional status are at risk from any staple food price rise—as became evident with the rising hunger among urban populations after the food price rises in 2007 and the first half of 2008.

Much is made of the fact that in 2008, the world’s urban population exceeded its rural population for the first time. Less attention has been given to two other transitions: around 1980, the economically active population employed in industry and services exceeded that employed in the primary sector (agriculture, forestry, mining and fishing); and around 1940, the economic value generated by industry and services exceeded that generated by the primary sector.

Today, agriculture provides the livelihoods for around one-third of the world’s labour force and generates 2–3% of global value added— although this is misleading in that a significant proportion of industry and services are related to the production, processing, distribution and sale of food, and other agricultural products. In addition, the figure might be higher if the value of food produced by rural and urban dwellers for their own consumption is taken into account.

UN projections suggest that the world’s urban population will grow by more than a billion people between 2010 and 2025, while the rural population will hardly grow at all.

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Source : Urbanization and its implications for food and farming, David Satterthwaite,* Gordon McGranahan, and Cecilia Tacoli

LITERATURE REVIEW | PRESSURES OF URBANISATION

It is likely that the proportion of the global population not producing food will continue to grow, as will the number of middle and upper income consumers whose dietary choices are more energy- and greenhouse gas emission-intensive (and often more land-intensive) and where such changes in demand also bring major changes in agriculture and in the supply chain.

Two key demographic changes currently under way and likely to continue in the next few decades are the decline in population growth rates and the ageing of the population.

An ageing population in wealthier nations may produce more people that want to and can live in ‘rural’ areas, but this is best understood not as de urbanization but as the urbanization of rural areas; most such people will also cluster around urban centres with advanced medical services and other services that they want and value.

These urban centres start moving further away from the cities and slowly creep into rural populations thus causing the rural population and demographic changes that can be supported by various studies.

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LITERATURE REVIEW | PRESSURES OF URBANISATION

Figure.16 : News paper article Source: The Guardian (Digital article) 10/14/21, 11:43 AM

Urbanization effect: Karnataka is losing its farmland at fast pace - Times of India

Printed from

Urbanization effect: Karnataka is losing its farmland at fast pace TNN | Nov 14, 2016, 07.37 AM IST

BENGALURU: Agriculture land in Karnataka is shrinking at an alarming rate, particularly in and around Bengaluru, Mysuru and Mangaluru, even as the state government continues to be a mere spectator to the onslaught of urbanization.Latest data from the Karnataka Agriculture Price Commission (KAPC) shows that 11% of cultivable land to the extent of 12.49 lakh hectares has dwindled in the state over the last decade (between 2005 and 2015).

Though there are a multiple reasons for this trend, the decrease is mainly attributed to diversion of cultivable land for non-agricultural purposes, including construction, industries and other development activities. Most strikingly , the data suggests that about 60,000 hectares of agriculture land have been converted for non-agriculture purposes every year in the said period.

“About 80% of people engaged in agriculture are in rural areas of the state and their sole means of livelihood is farming. If the trend continues for another 10 years, the state could see a major food crisis,“ said KAPC chairman Prof T N Prakash Kammaradi, who recently submitted the study report to chief minister Siddaramaiah, seeking his urgent intervention to arrest the trend.

Congratulations!

Figure.17 : News paper article Source: The Times of India (Digital article) You have successfully cast your vote

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/urbanization-effect-karnataka-is-losing-its-farmland-at-fast-pace/articleshowprint/55408325.cms

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LITERATURE REVIEW | FOOD DEMAND & URBAN- RURAL LINKAGES

9.9 | FOOD DEMAND & URBAN- RURAL LINKAGES

Perhaps surprisingly, the possible negative consequences of urbanization for agriculture are often stressed more than its positive consequences. Since urbanization is generally the result of a growth in non-food producers and their average incomes, it often provides growing demands for agricultural products and for higher value products that bring benefits to farmers.

Any discussion of the ways in which urbanization may affect food demand and supply needs to take into account the complexity of the linkages between rural and urban people and enterprises, and to recognize the capacity of food producers to adapt to changes in urban demand.

A high proportion of households have rural and urban components to their incomes and livelihoods—so they are better understood as multi focal, as individual members engage in different activities in different locations while sharing resources and assets. Incomes from non-agricultural activities and remittances have proved important for reducing rural poverty in many places.

Earnings from non-farm activities are estimated to account for 30–50% of rural household income in Africa, about 60 per cent in Asia and around 40 per cent in Latin America. Remittances from urban household members and earnings from non-farm activities also have a major role in financing innovation and intensification of farming in Africa and in Asia.

This is best documented in rural areas with relatively good access to urban markets and infrastructure. In many cases, local traders also contribute to the creation of non-farm jobs through the local processing of agricultural produce, and this helps diversify the economic base of large villages and helps in their gradual transformation into small urban centres.

Around half the world’s urban population live in urban centres with less than half a million inhabitants, and this includes a considerable proportion in urban centres with less than 20 000 inhabitants. Small urban centres in agricultural areas can have especially important roles in the livelihoods of the poorest rural groups by providing access to non49

LITERATURE REVIEW | FOOD DEMAND & URBAN- RURAL LINKAGES

farm activities that require limited skills and capital.

They also have an important role in the provision of basic services such as health and education to their own population and that of the surrounding rural area.

Thus, migration and mobility should be seen as a form of income diversification that can support farming innovation and intensification.

URBAN - RURAL LINKAGES FARM

PRODUCE

ASSISTANCE

RESEARCH

SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES

HIGH VALUE PRODUCE FINANCE

PACKAGED GOODS

EDUCATION

CITY

HOSPITALS

Figure.18 : Urban-rural linkages Source: Author

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BANKS

MARKETS

F&B

LITERATURE REVIEW | ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS ON MIGRATING POPULATIONS

9.10 | ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS ON MIGRATING POPULATIONS “Poverty is not just a lack of money; it is not having the capability to realize one’s full potential as a human being.”

- Abhijit Banerjee

Abhijit Banerjee in his article which subsequently turned into a book talks about how aid can be effectively distributed with more informed views about what a particular area needs versus what policy makers think what they need.

These activities which try to study the disbursement and use of aid and keep a check on what the outcomes are seem minuscule compared to the aid that is in question and this is exactly why these studies do not happen and the targets are never reached.

Abhijit Banerjee and his colleagues at J-PAL have been working broadly on conducting randomised experiments with the help of NGOs and local government bodies.

These experiments change the variables of aid distribution and policymaking and then study the outcomes of these experiments which tend to defy the obvious solutions.

In the Indian context these experiments were oriented towards small businesses and people in Indian Villages who are considered the poorest of the poor by their fellow villagers.

These randomised experiments have gathered a lot of data on what exactly are the outcomes of Micro-credits and asset management by the poor.

These experiments have given an insight and further aim to inform policies on the basis of data and proven trial policies.

Source: “Making Aid Work”, Authors: Abhijit Banerjee & Ruimin He

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LITERATURE REVIEW | ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS ON MIGRATING POPULATIONS

The Miracle of Micro credit?

Given the current situation of the Indian economy and the struggling micro business throughout India which constitute a large part of our workforce the demand for micro-credits and credit based incentives have seen a spike, the obvious solution to this problem is seen as a form of giving out smaller loans to give incentive to these businesses and help them keep afloat.

The system of micro-credit itself is pretty straightforward and simple to understand, these are small loans given out to small enterprises for various reasons, and some might believe in a simple lifespan of the micro-credit loans.

Small credit helps a small enterprise buy an asset which they need to scale up their business this increases their incomes by which they can repay these loan and go on to then save their income and in turn use these savings to get an education and everything becomes better.

Figure.19 : A theory of change for micro credit Source:https://www.povertyactionlab.org/policy-insight/microcredit-impacts-and-limitations

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LITERATURE REVIEW | ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS ON MIGRATING POPULATIONS

The study J-PAL did defied this theory in every county where a randomised experiment was conducted the businesses didn’t grow, incomes didn’t increase and in addition to that the consumption of the household surprisingly went down. The study conducted just after showed exactly the reasons why this phenomenon occurred.

The micro-credit given to the small scale business owners was never used to buy an asset, instead they chose to buy liabilities such as motorcycles and refrigerators for their personal use and chose to decrease consumption in order to compensate so that they could repay the loan that was given to them for business expansion.

This system of Micro-credits found increase in business ownership in just two out of the seven cases that they studied, the groups which got the micro-credits through a lottery weren’t substantially far ahead in terms of business expansion as compared to the groups which did not get these loans.

Outcome of this study does not conclude that the micro-credit system is bad for the small business, it concludes that this system has no negative impact on the lives of the people getting the credits, and moreover there are positive effects to it.

The people getting these loans are happy even though their business did not increase, they find happiness in the fact that they now live more comfortable lives, having cold water to drink or to travel on their own bikes. These products have brought some positive change in their lives even though not monetary.

The study though has been able to shift the conversation that microcredits help reducing poverty to micro-credits help increasing the comfort of the families availing these credits.

The lessons for policy makers from this experiment is that the institutions instead of financing the businesses they should facilitate the growth.

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LITERATURE REVIEW | ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS ON MIGRATING POPULATIONS

The Graduate.

This idea is aimed at a group of people called the “hard-core poor” this group was identified by visiting poor villages and asking the villagers where the poor people lived, a village consisting entirely of poor residents where there were no rich people, pointed to this group of people who later were identified as the “hard-core poor”.

The poor identified the poorer among them, and there was a consensus among all the villagers on this particular identity, keeping aside societal norms and caste biased in the villages, this experiment tried the Graduation Approach for these people.

This approach is aimed at involving the people in economic activities in which they have never been involved, thereby giving them a chance to work and learn skills for their long term benefits.

This approach consists of six components or steps: First: Transfer of a productive asset such as a cow, goat, or supplies for petty trade Second: Technical skills and training to manage the asset Third: Regular cash or food support Fourth: Access to savings accounts or encouragement to save Fifth: Frequent home visits to provide accountability, coaching, and encouragement Sixth: Health education, healthcare access, and/or life skills training After the identification of this group a certain grant amount was allocated depending on the country the experiment was being carried out in, some countries had a higher grant some lower depending upon the costs of goods in these countries, half the amount of the grant went toward acquiring the asset and the other half went to the support and skill development part of the graduation approach.

An example of this approach is particularly emphasised upon in 54

LITERATURE REVIEW | ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS ON MIGRATING POPULATIONS

Abhijit Banerjee’s lecture, the example being of a lady who was given small imitation jewellery, she didn’t know what to do with the jewellery, at this point the support systems started helping her out, a person took her to the market and showed her where she could buy and sell her products.

The lady was very happy that she finally could do some work and earn some amount of money for herself, the problem started when she wanted to go back to the market to buy this jewellery, she took her saved up money, went to the bus stop and waited, she waited and came back and told the support group that the green bus never came to the bus stop, isn’t that the one which goes to the market?

She wasn’t aware that the bus routes are not denoted by colour but by a bus number, on being told this she said that she cannot read, how will she able to make out what number the bus is.

The lady was later taught how to read numbers so she could identify the numbers, this case is unique because even the illiterate people in most areas are able to identify the numbers.

In other areas the asset was changed to cattle, given the nature of the time that the cattle required to return profit the asset holders were given daily cash or food support so that they don’t become desperate to sell the cattle for their daily needs.

These experiments over the years were observed, the result was that the asset holders were fifty percent richer in almost all the areas where the experiment was conducted.

Through these experiments we realise that even though an asset is available to the people, the lack of basic skills is what hampers the use of full potential of this asset, and pumping assets won’t help unless the management is taught to the asset holders.

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CHAPTER 10 INFERENCES & THE CASE OF NAGPUR CITY.

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INFERENCES

10.0 | INFERENCES FROM AVAILABLE LITERATURE 10.1.0 Physical Factors The social factors have deep roots in the physical factors of urbanisation, while they can be considered interdependent and start a cycle in which the social factors start the physical changes and the physical changes start to affect the social structure of the place.

These factors though interdependent, are mostly triggered by expansion of the urban populations, the physical changes start to appear in smaller pockets and see a exponential rise within the span of few years as the construction activities increase on the urban rural fringes.

The rise in demand for cheaper housing and better quality of life are some factors which affect the physical growth.

These factors when mixed with the social factors of how the place drastically changes, further adds to the physical transformation of land uses in the peripheral areas, from small pockets of residential areas to small pockets of agricultural land, this transformations become quite evident with time.

The boundary of the cities are pushed and the fringe is no longer outside surburban, Prime Agriculture, Conservation, and Forest/ Hills. The character are pushed based on various the city, it has now become a part of the city andzones has out the rural parameters that include land suitability analysis, development of economic bases, locations for urban activities which took place in that area. centres, conservation of natural land and agricultural resources and jobs to housing balance.

NAGPUR IMPROVEMENT TRUST

Figure 11-3: The rural-urban transect

Figure.20 : Rural-Urban transect

The typologyDraft of development suitable in each character metropolitan zone is describedarea below2032 using various factors such Source: development plan of Nagpur as – development density, local transport connectivity, scale and typology, grain of development, public transit spread, open space typology, economic base, infrastructure provision and sustainability.

The rural-urban transect principles provide a framework for managing the intensity and typology of development using each of the above factor. In the spatial development plan, the idea of managing development with respect to the rural-urban transect will be manifested through the land use zoning proposals – thus, rather than having a single residential zone R1 with associated FSI and ground coverage, there will be four residential zones R1, R2, R3 and R4 with highest intensity development (FSI) for R1 and the lowest intensity development in R4.

11.4.1

Development Density

This helps to set out the acceptable density level in a land use zone in terms of dwelling units per hectare.

This unit also helps establish the likely population that will reside per square kilometre in that zone. And therefore is an indirect way to establish the population density in a particular zone.

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INFERENCES

10.2.0 Social Factors The above literature puts forth the ideas of urban expansion in the perspective of the people who are a part of this expansion as well as the victims of it, so to speak. The signs of rural urban migration are not new ideas but what can be said is that certain phenomenon which influences this migration and its after effects remain the same despite the world advancing leaps and bounds in all other aspects such as technology, psychology, economy.

The split in the types of economies, the formal and informal economies is evident, not all informal workers want to formalise themselves due to paperwork, taxes and other costs related to the same.

In this informal economies sector lies a chunk of originally rural population who were either driven out of their farmland, or surrounding expansion meant growing there became increasingly difficult.

This population of migratory workers are considered skilled in the rural setting due to their ability to engage in agricultural activities.

Once they migrate to the urban or suburban settings their skills become increasingly irrelevant, most resort to food stalls, small scale industrial activity, and a lot of them end up being daily wagers, working each day to fill their bellies.

These phenomenon has given rise to a lot of problems in terms of food security and poverty, the food production has not decreased but the people who can afford the food most certainly have, The increase in population factors such as climate change, water shortages and irregular weather patterns will certainly start affecting food production and food cycles around the globe.

Given these factors, as humanity faces crisis everyday we could too play our part in expanding the city sensibly, accommodate what feeds the city, not only the ‘what’ is important but the ‘who’ is also equally relevant, once the rural population becomes the part of the city, we have a responsibility to accommodate everyone. The cities owe a lot to the hands who feed it.

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INFERENCES

FARMER & THE FARM

Figure.21 : Farmer & the Farm Source: Author

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INFERENCES | THE NAGPUR CITY

10.3.0 The Nagpur City.

The focus of the study and inferences directs towards the case of Nagpur city, a fast growing city with a dense urban centre, its central nature in the country and factors such as transport have started to contribute to wards its urbanisation.

Here are certain points under consideration: • The city is gradually expanding away from its urban centres • The current nature of the city with almost no tall buildings, and the residential spaces expanding horizontally rather than vertically, contribute to rapid land use change.

• The peripheral areas have started to experience this change and have been occupied by mainly residential activities.

• In addition to these factors the decrease in surrounding farmlands is not an immediate threat to food security, but a future threat to the nature of the city.

• The threat is such, that the migrating populations moving towards the centres of the city, will with time experience problems with affordability.

• These problems will then eventually translate into problems of Urban nature, with more redevelopment and accommodation of dense populations taken into account.

• Its strong presence as a regional development hub can be used to the advantage of creating prototypes throughout the city.

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It can be observed from the following figure that Nagpur is the largest city in the region, followed by Amravati Akola, Chandrapur, Yavatmal, and Gondia. All these urban centres are the district headquarters INFERENCES | THE NAGPUR CITY of their respective districts.

Figure 12: Urban centres in Vidarbha region

Ministry of Urban Development

Ministry of Urban centres Development Figure.22 : Urban in Vidharbha region Table Census 7: Population trend inand Nagpur city Source: Census of data and CRIS analysis Source: ofIndia India data CRIS analysis

Figure 13: Level of urbanisation Nagpur Census year Populationin(in lakhs)district Decadal change (in Lakhs)

Growth rate (%) 1971 8.66 3.2.3 1981 Nagpur district 12.17 3.51 40 1991 district has been sub-divided into 16.22 4.06purpose. Nagpur Urban is the 33 Nagpur 14 sub-districts for administrative 2001 20.52 4.29 26 largest sub-district in terms of population. As per Census 2011, Nagpur district has a population of 46.5 2011 24.47 3.53 19 lakhs, out of which 31.7 lakhs (68% of the total district population) are residing in urban centres in the

District.

In Nagpur district, population Source: Census of India, 2011,urban and CRIS analysis accounts for 6% of the state urban population. The total district population accounts for 4% of the state total population. Within the district, Nagpur city is the Overall, the population trends in the city show a declining growth rate over the decades. Increase in the largest city in terms of population. population is attributed to natural growth only. The reason for decling population growth rate is due to limited economic opportunities in the city. Even though Nagpur is a base for various economic activities, is home to the much-planned MIHAN project, and has the potential for the development of IT parks, Nagpur could not tap the advantage of the projects and the economic activities. Hence, in-migration in [35] City Development Plan –orNagpur Nagpur due to jobs work related reasons was negligible.The city has witnessed less in-migration during the period 2001-2011. This indicates that, perhaps, Nagpur has been unable to provide adequate employment opportunities, which typically propel in-migration.

Figure.23 : Urban centres in Vidharbha region Source: Census of India, 2011, and CRIS analysis Source: Census of India, 2011 data and CRIS analysis

Figure 14: Population trend in Nagpur city – 1971 till 2011

3.2.4 Nagpur city Nagpur city is the third largest urban agglomeration in the state of Maharashtra in terms of population. As per Census 2011, Nagpur accounted for 6% of the total urban population of the state and 76% of the district urban population of Nagpur district. In addition, 52% of the total district population resides within NMC. In the past, Nagpur attracted the migration and floating population from the neighbouring districts of Maharashtra for education, employment, and business. However, the trend has decreased over the last decade.

Table 6: Population trends at various tiers – Total, rural, and urban for 2011 Indicator Population (2011) (In Lakhs) % of Urban NMC comparison – Total Rural Urban Population w.r.t.

Total Urban Population Population- % Maharashtra 1124 616 508 45% 6% Nagpur District 47 15 32 Figure.24 : Population trend in Nagpur City 1971-2011 Source: Census of India, 2011, and CRIS analysis NMC Census of India, 24.48 0.0 and CRIS analysis 24 Source: 2011 data

NMC comparison – Total Population- % 2%

68%

76%

52%

100%

100%

100%

Source: Census of India, 2011, and CRIS analysis

3.4 Population density 3.3 Population trend Nagpur city is spread growth over an area of 225.08

sq km with a population of 24.48 lakhs; the population density is 10,873 persons/sq km, which is high when compared to the density of 9,400 persons/sq km in Nagpur‟s population has been steadily increasing since 1971. During the decade 1971-81, the population 2001.

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INFERENCES | THE NAGPUR CITY

NAGPUR IMPROVEMENT TRUST

Figure 2-5: Expansion of Nagpur in the post-independence period

NAGPUR IMPROVEMENT TRUST

on of Nagpur in the post-independence period

NAGPUR IMPROVEMENT TRUST

DRAFT DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR THE NAGPUR METROPOLITAN AREA 2032

2-10

Figure.25 : Expansion of Nagpur in the Post-independence period Source: Draft development plan of Nagpur metropolitan area 2032.

DRAFT DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR THE NAGPUR METROPOLITAN AREA 2032

2-10

62

INFERENCES | THE NAGPUR CITY

10.3.1 Grain of development Grain of development is another parameter that suggests the footprint, grouping and spacing of developments. This is quite evident in case of nagpur, along its major roadways.

NAGPUR IMPROVEMENT TRUST

Figure 11-2: The Structure Plan

Figure.26 11.4 : : Structured Plan The Rural-Urban Transect NAGPUR IMPROVEMENT TRUST Source: Draft development plan of Nagpur metropolitan area 2032.

The NMA is a vast area spreading across 3,567 km2, exhibiting areas with diverse characters across the rural-urban transect. An important step for establishing a broad development policy for the NMA was to clearly recognize certain areas where future development is suitable and intended while preserving the natural, rural character of other areas.

Based on the existing character of different areas in the NMA seven character zones are identified which are graphically represented in Figure 11-3 below. These are – Highly Urban, Urban, Suburban, RuralSparse in rich farmlands, Development mainly along Cluster development along Infill development within PLAN FOR AREA 2032 forests or hilly DRAFT terrain DEVELOPMENT corridors, sparse grainTHE as NAGPUR METROPOLITAN corridors existing established one moves away

11-7

clusters

Figure.27 : Grain of development 11.4.5 Public Transit Source: Draft development plan Spread of Nagpur metropolitan area 2032.

Public transit spread relates to the potential or possibility to provide public transit in a particular zone. In other words, development policy that relates to public transit will help define the expectation for availability of public transit in that particular zone. It relates to the next policy about transit route proximity which defines how much average distance will someone have to walk in order to access public transit.

Since one of the goals of the development plan is that transit provision should be maximized and made

63

INFERENCES | THE NAGPUR CITY

10.3.2 Population & Urban expansion

From comparing the map of growing urban areas in the NMA and the maps of projected population distributions, we can observe that the populations in 2012 are denser towards the western peripheries of Nagpur.

Looking at future developments at MIHAN and the areas around it, we can also observe the shift in the urban centre, while the areas still follow the grain of development along the roadways, we see a scattered development at a distance further away from the roads.

The scattering and changing land uses, dictates that the lands around these areas have started seeing the social effects of urbanisation and thus the physical effects have started to become more prominent.

NAGPUR IMPROVEMENT TRUST

Figure 2-6 : Census towns and growing urban areas in the NMA

Figure.28 : Growing urban areas in the NMA Source: Draft development plan of Nagpur metropolitan area 2032.

64

majority growth will be located in ‘Rural Centers’. 12 villages with establis andand backward linkages to the City and surrounding rural comm blished industrial areas forward are MIHAN MIDC industrial estates inINFERENCES Butibori, | THE NAGPUR CITY empirical industrial modelling.centres.

These areIt distributed meshwar are other important has been equitably observed across the NMA.

rial activities results in better efficiencies for infrastructure provision and ng synergies between industries. Areas with proximity to established work corridors are most suited for locating land for future employment centers majority growth will mainly occur close to employment Population centers –Distribution MIHAN, ose to the city within the Outer Ring Road; and along main 2012 transportation Amravati Road and Bhandara Road (NH-6).

target growth areas are demarcated into physical planning units termed as a land is covered by 10 Urban Sectors however the entire area is not e urban uses. Over 70% (about 12 lakh) of the total projected population of in urban areas and remaining in rural areas.

ulation will be accounted towards natural increase within individual villages ‘Rural Centers’. 12 villages with established regional connectivity to enable o the City and surrounding rural communities have been identified using stributed equitably across the NMA.

Figure 4: Population distribution

Population Distribution

Population Distribution

2012

2032

DRAFT DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR THE NAGPUR METROPOLITA

6

Figure.29 : Population distribution Source: Draft development plan of Nagpur metropolitan area 2032.

Figure 4: Population distribution

65

AIMS & PROGRAMS | INFERENCES

10.4.0 Inference towards Program

As established earlier Nagpur is expanding at a steady rate in almost all directions, developing and experimenting on small patches of land for farming along with other community activities can be explored at various spots throughout the city.

The sizes of these places may differ in various degrees and thus a one size fits all module cannot be implemented, thus three degrees of interventions have been explored, with varying degrees of activities and experimental opportunities.

Figure.30 : Theory & program formulation Source: Author

66

AIMS & PROGRAMS | INFERENCES

67

PROTOTYPE SITES | INFERENCES

10.5.0 Prototype Sites

Figure.31 : Possibilities for multiple prototypes around the city.

Source: Author | Development plan of Nagpur 2000 | Institute of Town Planners, India

68

PROTOTYPE SITES | INFERENCES

69

CHAPTER 11 THE SITE

70

SITE

11.0 | SITE SELECTION CRITERIA Context The site should be in a urban-rural fringe context.

The location should be such that it falls under the urban-rural fringe context that is characterized by a mix of urban and rural activities.

To enhance the user experience and establish a prototype it is important to increase the public involvement.

The presence or migration phenomena should be strong, with informal workers, new migrating populations, farmers from surrounding areas and urban population newly settled in the area.

Neighbourhood & Context • The place should have good connectivity to the city core.

• Effective public transport around the site.

• Balanced context with both residential and commercial use.

• The place should have future prospects of densification The site would be close to new urbanising areas and with prospect of more new settlement around it, the accessibility plays a vital role in terms of engagement and access to public transport, migrating communities having a stake in this site might need to have access to good interstate transport, thus proximity to major highways will be preferred.

The diversified nature of the site context will also play a vital role.

71

SITE

Figure.32 : MADC Masterplan for MIHAN Source: MADC website

72

SITE

11.1 | SITE 1 | CHINCHBHUVAN Plot area : 20000 sqm DP Reservation ( As Per MADC) : Mixed use or Residential Context This site is chosen beside a river stream in Chinchbhuvan, this stream is relatively pollution free and could be harnessed for water requirements and river-front developments.

The roads around the site are slated for development and the existing roads and highways see good amount of traffic around the area.

The plot is 230m distant from the main highway road and 1.2 km from the main Khapri metro Station and only 600m from airport metro station.

Figure.33 : Location plan Source: Google Earth

73

SITE

Scope Chinchubhavan is an old existing settlement with the presence of diverse users and natives from that area.

The road sees enough traffic for many people to be influenced by the site frontage and frequent passer bys may be intrigued by the addition of a new building prototype.

The surroundings are relatively less dense and thus a new example settlement has the scope to influence the surroundings in a positive manner.

Weakness Absence of Bus stops and other transport options at immediate distance, Small plot sizes in the area, mostly residential and least mixed uses.

Further away from the NH44, Making pedestrian accessibility an issue.

Threats The area is already at the residential edge, the proximity of the site with the residential edge makes it harder to have other activities happening there without adequate buffer, the small plot size also contributes to this effect, thus the most suitable purpose of the area favours residential use.

74

SITE

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SPA_boundaries F: Forest BT: Bus terminals C/BG: Crematorium/Burial grounds Buffer_Kalmeshwar C/BG: Crematorium/Bur Buffer_Kalmeshwar Quarries Station Buffer_Kuhi T:powerplant Transportation NDZ_OS Ashponds Publi # Inside_site_Bo_soaner 0 Rail_Rightof way Inside_site_Bo_soaner Buffer_saoner Proposed_ROW_Dissolve2 Substations Buffer_Kalmeshwar IS_RoadROW Village boundaries Station IS Boundaries BT: Bus terminals S71 Buffer_Kuhi IS Boundaries Publi M23 Solidwaste_facility S71 TT: Truck terminals R5 Kanhan_pench SPA_boundaries East AMajor_Streams_Buffer15m M28 Quarries Station TT: Truck terminals I: Industrial Buffer_Kuhi M17 Recre Buffer_Kuhi Ashponds EC01008 Rail_Rightof way Buffer_saoner Inside_site_Bo_soaner powerplant Legend S71 Substations Proposed_ROW_Dissolve2 Buffer_Kalmeshwar IS_RoadROW C/BG: Crematorium/Burial grounds Buffer_Kalmeshwar Village boundaries BT: Bus terminals Buffer_Kuhi Recre East AIS Boundaries Rail_Rightof way S71 Solidwaste_facility SPA_boundaries TT: Truck terminals M22 Buffer_saoner SPA_boundaries Location Transportpatch Kanhan_pench_buffer1 Utility EC02002 ORR_Proposed Station M34 ELU_su Resid Minor_Streams_Buffer10m Ashponds Rail_Rightof way I2: Hazardoous explosives Transportpatch Buffer_saoner Buffer_saoner Substations IS_RoadROW Village boundaries C/BG: Crematorium/Bur Buffer_Kalmeshwar Bus terminals Resid Buffer_Kuhi Buffer_Kuhi IS Boundaries Solidwaste_facility TT: Truck terminals Legend Buffer_saoner Hills/Rocky areas SPA_boundaries ProposedBT: IS_RoadROW Location Station Transportpatch Village boundaries Inside_Site_Bo Station Trans S71 # 0 Defenceland T: Transportation NDZ_OS Mahalgaon National_Highway Rail_Rightof way river_vena_Buffer Substations # 0 Ag IS_RoadROW Defenceland M16 Village boundaries SEE Trans Village boundaries BT: Bus terminals # 0 IS #0Boundaries S71 Solidwaste_facility # 0 Buffer_Kuhi TT: Truck terminals Buffer_saoner Buffer_saoner SPA_boundaries Location S72 Transportpatch # 0 Station Village boundaries Wate Town Planning Office Inside_Site_Bo M32 Kapsi Agriculture A1 IS-Residential Rail_Rightof way S71 Defenceland Solidwaste_facility S71 IS Boundaries Outside_Site_Bo Rail_Rightof way # 0 Hill Proposed Inside_site_Bo_soaner powerplant M01 East AProposed_ROW_Dissolve2 TP_1_KIRMITI IS_RoadROW Wate S71 water_dpareabesa_Buffer10mminor # 0 M30 M19 BT: Bus terminals IS Boundaries PG019 Solidwaste_facility IS Boundaries TT: Truck terminals TP_1_KIRMITI Bk (35) Co # 0 M21 SPA_boundaries Location S72 Buffer_saoner Transportpatch Village boundaries Villageway boundaries Legend Station Inside_Site_Bo PROPOS Defenceland Widen upto 18 # IS Boundaries 0 Location Outside_Site_Bo Rail_Rightof M01 m IS_RoadROW SPA_boundaries Agriculture A2 #0 WCL Proposed IS_RoadROW TP_1_KIRMITI Industrial # 0 Buffer_Kalmeshwar Legend Agriculture A1 IS-Residential 50 mts area C/BG: Agriculture A1 Crematorium/Bur ISwater_dpareabesa_Buffer15mmajor Solidwaste_facility Agriculture A1 Quarry to Park IS-Residential TT: Truck terminals buffer SPA_boundaries Location SPA_boundaries Transportpatch Inside_Site_Bo Station Village boundaries#0 from river MDR 34 Defenceland De IS Boundaries IS Boundaries Draft Rail_Rightof way Outside_Site_Bo SPA_boundaries TP_1_KIRMITI WCL Proposed area IS_RoadROW Inside_Site_Bo Hill StationExisting Proposed Quarries S71 Solidwaste_facility Nagpur Me Solidwaste_facility Commercial Solidwaste_facility Buffer_Kuhi Industrial # 0 A2 Agriculture A2 Industrial Agriculture Ind Location S71 Re Hills/Rocky areas Public utility Existing Transportpatch Proposed Agriculture M31 # 0 Inside_Site_Bo Station A2 Recreation/Open Industrial TP_1_KIRMITI # 0 space Station Defenceland Outside_Site_Bo Rail_Rightof wayarea # 0 M14Proposed IS Boundaries SPA_boundaries SPA_boundaries IS_RoadROW WCL Fo Station Quarries Outside_Site_Bo # 0 ISSolidwaste_facility Rail_Rightof way Ashponds Agriculture A1 Location Ag Buffer_saoner Commercial Existingway Industrial in Recreation/Open space Inside_Site_Bo East ALegend Commercial Defenceland Asoli Commercial Existing Ind Agriculture A1 Location S71 Quarry to Park Re IS-Residential Outside_Site_Bo Rail_Rightof wayarea S71 Rail_Rightof S71Industrial EC01015 TP_1_KIRMITI WCL Proposed IS_RoadROW Commercial Recreation/Open space Existin Industrial Existing SPA_boundaries ODR 179 Station Station Nagpur M33 Quarries M20 t ALegend Legend Solidwaste_facility M29 Rail_Rightof way Mahalgaon Ashponds Temsana WCL Proposed area Hil Location Inside_Site_Bo IS_RoadROW Substations 001 Inside_Site_Bo Agriculture A2 Village boundaries Ind S71 Legend NH 6 Ag Outside_Site_Bo Defence Widen upto 60mMines and Quarries Existing spac Wide Legend n upto WCL Proposed area TP_1_KIRMITI IS_RoadROW Commercial Existing 60m IS_RoadROW Agriculture A2 Solidwaste_facility Existing Industrial Recreation/Open Recreation/Open space Re Industrial M04 Quarries NH Proposed 6 in Station Bhandara Rail_Rightof way Rail_Rightof wayS71 Residential Agriculture A1 Ind Commercial Existing Industrial inCommercial Recreation/Open space Ashponds Legend S71 Location IS_RoadROW Inside_Site_Bo Quarries Widen upto 60m Substations Outside_Site_Bo Re Hills/Rocky areas Public utility Existing BT: Bus terminals Proposed M33 Outside_Site_Bo Solidwaste_facility Propose M04 Legend IS Boundaries Ind # 0 Commercial Ind WCL Proposed area Co Defence - Industrial way Mines/Quarries Quarries Propose Defence Min Solidwaste_facility Ashponds Commercial Solidwaste_facility LEGEND: Agriculture A1 Recreation/Open Existing Industrial Mines Existing Legend Rail_Rightof NH 6 Defence Mines andspace Quarries Existing Re Hills/Rocky areas Public utility Existing Location Proposed IS_RoadROW IS_RoadROW Legend Substations Inside_Site_Bo Residential Agriculture A2 Defence and Quarries Existing BT: Truck Bus terminals Solidwaste_facility Outside_Site_Bo Ashponds WCL ProposedQuarry area Hill TT: terminals Proposed WCL Proposed area Location WCL Proposed area Agriculture A1 to Park Re IS-Residential DR 180 SPA_boundaries Agr Proposed Land use Quarries Min Commercial Existing Ind Re Hills/Rocky areas Public utility Existing Nagpur Proposed Ashponds Forest PSP NH 6 Location Co Agr Substations Location Defence - Industrial IS_RoadROW Inside_Site_Bo Min S85 in Recreation/Open CommercialA1 Existing Agriculture A2 Residential Re dePark Industrial space Agriculture Quarry to IS-Residential BT: Bus terminals Solidwaste_facility Outside_Site_Bo Defence Industrial Mines/Quarries Solidwaste_facility S85Agriculture A1 S85 n Hill Legend TT: Truck terminals Proposed Location WCL Proposed area Substations upResidential Re Hills/Rocky areas Public utility Existing M04Mines/Quarries S85 Proposed Existing Defence - Industrial Quarries Transportpatch Inside_Site_Bo Legend Agriculture A1 Quarries ISM16 to M03 Station Agriculture Agr Recreation/Open space Re Industrial Ashponds M15 Defence Substations Min Agriculture A2 A1 PS Inside_Site_Bo Quarry to Park Re IS-Residential Inside_Site_Bo BT: Bus terminals Forest in Industrial PSP Existing Agr Outside_Site_Bo De Solidwaste_facility Forest PS # 0 TT: Truck terminals Defence A2 WCL Proposed area Commercial Location Residential Agriculture A2 Mines and Quarries Existing Location Agriculture Re Recreation/Open space Industrial m Inside_Site_Bo Transportpatch Forest PSP Agriculture A1 ISQuarries BT: Bus terminals S85 P Ashponds A1 Defenceland Outside_Site_Bo Quarry to Park Re IS-Residential Kapsi Agriculture roPSP Ashponds Hills/Rocky areas Pub Rail_Rightof way Residential Mines Forest Proposed Agriculture A2 po Ind Substations Commercial Co Re Recreation/Open space Existing Industrial Existing Hills/Rocky areas M02 terminals s Proposed BT: Bus Outside_Site_Bo Defence - Industrial 50 mts Outside_Site_Bo Min A2 TT: Truck terminals Recreation/Open space Re Industrial Pu WCL Proposed areaed Road Bk (35) Agriculture Gaothan Residential Public utility Location Com Inside_Site_Bo Transportpatch Inside_Site_Bo Quarries buffer Forest in Industrial De PS Defence - Industrial Residential Existing Re Mines/Quarries Commercial Existing Outside_Site_Bo Commercial Defenceland Recreation/Open space Existing Industrial Existing Ashponds TT: Truck terminals Agriculture A2 Substations Ind Forest in Industrial PSP Existing WCL Proposed area from river Legend Substations TP_1_KIRMITI Agriculture A2 IS_RoadROW Recreation/Open space Re Industrial Agriculture A1 Qua IS-Residential BT: Bus terminals Commercial Residential PSP Forest in Industrial PSP Existing Ind Mahalgaon Commercial Existing Agriculture A1 Co Residential Agriculture A1 Re Industrial in Recreation/Open space IS-Residential TT: Truck terminals WCL Proposed areaExisting WCL ProposedRecreation/Open area Legend Transportpatch Forest PS Quarries Commercial space Existing Re Industrial Inside_Site_Bo Outside_Site_Bo Defenceland Outside_Site_Bo Re Ashponds S85 Com Gaothan Residential WCL Proposed area Pub R_Pedstrian R4 Fo Substations Mines PSP Defence Transportpatch Commercial Existing TP_1_KIRMITI R1 space IS-PS3 (Improvment Scheme Residential Agriculture Re Industrial inAgriculture Recreation/Open BT: Bus terminals Quarries Rail_Rightof way BT: Bus terminals BT: Bus Forest terminals Commercial Ind M10 A1: Prime Agriculture Stat R2 IS-R1 (Improvment Scheme Gaothan Residential Public utility Solidwaste_facility Commercial IS Boundaries Recreation/Open spaceA1 Existing Propose ReR Industrial Existing TT: Truck terminals A2: Agriculture A2 S85 Rec Industrial R3 IS-WB (Improvment Scheme Commercial Existing Ind Stat R_POLY_Boundary Residential R/OS Gaothan Residential Public utility Transportpatch SPA_boundaries C: Commercial C/BG: Crematorium/Burial grounds Buffer_Kalmeshwar Defence Agriculture A2 De Residential Agriculture A2 Re Mines and Quarries Existing R4 R_Pedstrian Industrial Quarries 4 # 0Quarries M: Mines Defenceland NM Proposed Station m LayerR5 Defence M01 Proposed area Ashponds Kanhan_pench Outside_Site_Bo Forest in Industrial PS Commercial Existing WCL area WCL Residential Agriculture A1 Re Industrial in Recreation/Open space F: Forest Substations Propose TP_1_KIRMITI R1 IS-PS3 (Improvment Scheme Quarries Def I: Industrial Re R5 Kanhan_pench BT: Bus terminals Defenceland ODR 180TT: Truck R2 IS-R1 (Improvment Scheme TT: Truck terminals Forest in Industrial PSP IS-WBA2 TraR PSP Existing Defence Ashponds Defence IS_RoadROW Fo TT: Truck terminals Residential Agriculture Re terminals Mines andinCommercial Quarries Existing A2: Agriculture Rail R3 (Improvment Scheme Commercial Existing - Industrial Ind Location R_POLY_Boundary SPA_boundaries Transportpatch C:Mines Commercial Commercial Existing Ashponds Hills Public utility Existing R4 R_Pedstrian Residential Agriculture A1 Re Industrial Recreation/Open space Rec Industrial Existing Rail Agr ODR 181 M: Defenceland Station Defence Defence Buffer_Kuhi Layer Min R5 Kanhan_pench Ashponds Defence Industrial Asoli NDZ: No Development Zone Residential R2 FP Hills ORG Public utility Existing Residential Existing Re Rail_Rightof way Mines/Quarries Commercial De Industrial Existing F: Forest Substations ODR 181 TP_1_KIRMITI Utility Kanhan_pench_buffer1 WCL Proposed area Quarries Quarries Residential I: Industrial BT: Bus terminals Pub Defence Inside_site_Bo_kalmeshwar ResidentialGaothan Agriculture A2 ReR Mines and Quarries Existing Agr R2 IS-R1 (Improvment Scheme Ashponds I2: Hazardoous explosives Kanhan_pench_buffer1 Utility TT: Truck terminals Def R3 IS-WB (Improvment Scheme Transportpatch TP_1_KIRMITI Substations R_POLY_Boundary Tra Transportpatch Gaothan Residential S85 C: Commercial Residential R/OS Tra Public utility Forest Solidwaste_facility Defence Industrial IS_R R4 R_Pedstrian Existing Re Mines/Quarries Inside_Site_Bo I2: Hazardoous explosives Ga Station M: Mines Defenceland Defence Defence Layer Min R5 Kanhan_pench Defence S85 IS_R NDZ: No Development Zone FP Rail_Rightof way Residential Agriculture A2 Re Mines and Quarries Existing F: Forest M08 Commercial Existing Buffer_saoner Substations S85 Res Industrial in Recreation/Open space Agr Utility Kanhan_pench_buffer1 TP_1_KIRMITI Substations Defence Industrial Min OS: Open Space & recreation IS-C3 (Improvment Scheme Commercial 3) PA IS_RoadROW I: Industrial BT: Bus terminals Forest T: Transportation NDZ_OS Commercial Existing Residential Mines Re PSP Quarries Inside_site_Bo_kalmeshwar Industrial in Recreation/Open space M05 Ashponds Ashponds I2: Hazardoous explosives TT: Truck terminals For M17 R3 IS-WB (Improvment Scheme Substations Defence - Industrial Location Residential Existing Re Mines/Quarries T: Transportation NDZ_OS Agr R_POLY_Boundary Transportpatch R4 R_Pedstrian Defenceland BT: Bus terminals For M: Mines Defenceland S85 Layer Defence R5 Kanhan_pench Outside_Site_Bo Wa Forest in Industrial Solidwa Wa Forest Rail_Rightof way # 0 NDZ: No Development Zone FP F: Forest Residential Mines Re PSP Utility Kanhan_pench_buffer1 TP_1_KIRMITI Hil Defence Industrial Min M18 OS: Open Space & recreation IS-C3 (Improvment Scheme Commercial 3) IS_RoadROW I: Industrial Village boundaries BT: Bus terminals M: Mines Nagpur city roads Solidwas Defence Industrial T: Transportation NDZ_OS Residential Existing Re Mines/Quarries Inside_site_Bo_kalmeshwar Layer BT: Bus terminals Defence PSP: Public semi public IS-MR (Improvment Mixed Residential 1) PG Res Mines and Quarries Existing Com I2: Hazardoous explosives TT: Truck terminals Forest Inside_site_Bo_soaner powerplant PS Solidwaste_facility Ashponds Proposed_ROW_Dissolve2 Forest in Industrial Substations Existing_road_ROW Substations Defence Residential PSP Tra PSP Existing Transportpatch Mines and Quarries Existing R4 R_Pedstrian For osed Landuse Zones ODR 182 BT: Bus terminals Inside_site_Bo_soaner powerplant M: Mines Defenceland Layer Forest R5 Kanhan_pench Residential Mines Re PSP Com TT: Truck terminals NDZ: No Development Zone FP TP_1_KIRMITI Inside_Site_Bo F: Forest TP_1_KIRMITI Utility Kanhan_pench_buffer1 For Location IS_RoadROW OS: Open Space & recreation IS-C3 (Improvment Scheme Commercial 3) I: Industrial Gaothan Residentia T: Transportation Forest in Industrial NDZ_OS Inside_site_Bo_kalmeshwar Residential PSP Tra PSP Existing PSP: Public semiexplosives public IS-MR (Improvment Mixed Residential 1) I2:Quarry Hazardoous Wid ISPSP Boundaries Forest V-DCC001 NDZ: No Development Zone Legend FP Location PS Inside_site_Bo_soaner powerplant Solidwaste_facility Proposed_ROW_Dissolve2 Q: IS-OS (Improvment Scheme Open Space & Zudpi Jungle) PHC Forest Residential Mines Re e Defence Industrial Buffer_Kalmeshwar C/BG: Crematorium/Burial gr Res Location Mines/Quarries nu Com Forest in Industrial osed Landuse Zones Inside_site_Bo_kalmeshwar PS Legend M: Mines p Gaothan Residential Layer Defence Industrial Ga Residential R/OS Tra Public utility to 1C/BG: Crematorium/Burial Mines/Quarries R5 Kanhan_pench Legend grounds Buffer_Kalmeshwar NDZ: No Development Zone FP 50 mts Utility Kanhan_pench_buffer1 8 ELECTRIC P m Forest in Industrial OS: Open Space & recreation IS-C3 (Improvment Scheme Commercial 3) V-J001 Residential PSP Tra PSP Existing Outside_Site_Bo Com I: Industrial T: Transportation NDZ_OS Insid Inside_site_Bo_kalmeshwar Ga PSP: Public semi public buffer from IS-MR (Improvment Mixed Residential 1) I2: Hazardoous explosives ELEVATED SERVICE Figure.34 : Proposed Land Use plan Solidwaste_facility Inside_site_Bo_soaner powerplant Proposed_ROW_Dissolve2 Q: Quarry IS-OS (Improvment Scheme Open Space & Zudpi Jungle) Gaothan Residential Insid NATIO Residential R/OS Tra Public utility SPA_boundaries RESIDENTIAL R1 UESR PRIMARY SCHOOL PS IS-C3 (Improvment Sch OS: Open Space & recreation Buffer_Kalmeshwar C/BG: Crematorium/Burial gr Location M: Mines Nagpur cityZones roads river Existing Road Forest in Industrial R1 IS-PS3 (Improvment Scheme Public & Semi Public 3) PK osed Landuse PS Layer M: Mines Inside_Site_Bo RESERVOIR Buffer_Kuhi Layer Forest in Industrial #0 Layer Residential PSP Tra PSP Existing Forest Inside_site_Bo_Kuhi Res PSP Def NDZ:Open No Development Zone FP Gaothan Existing_road_ROW Pub Kanhan_pench_buffer1 Nagpur city1) roads Buffer_Kuhi Forest Wa OS: Space & recreation IS-C3 (Improvment Scheme Commercial 3)Residential Layer Nag Wi PSP Source:Residential Draft Development Plan Nagpur Metropolitan AreaUtility T: Transportation NDZ_OS Inside_site_Bo_kalmeshwar de PSP: Public semi public Legend IS-MR (Improvment Mixed Residential WCL Proposed area EXIST I2:Quarry Hazardoous explosives Exis Gaothan Inside_site_Bo_soaner Residential R/OS Tra Public utility Out n Def Proposed_ROW_Dissolve2 IS-OS (Improvment Space & IS-MR Zudpi Jungle) FIRE STATION SECONDARY SCHOOL SS RESIDENTIAL R2 FR Open up Scheme Location Buffer_Kalmeshwar C/BG: Crematorium/Burial gr( osed Landuse Zones Zone Q: R1 IS-PS3 (Improvment Scheme Public & powerplant Semi Public 3) Out to Station M: Mines Inside_Site_Bo WAY PSP: Public semi public Rail_line_coalmines MDR_Existin (Improvment Mix Buffer_Kuhi Layer NDZ: No Development Zone FP Wa R2 IS-R1 (Improvment Residential 1) Park 2Scheme NDZ: No Development Zone FP Outside_Site_Bo NDZ: No Development FP 4m Gaothan Residential Buffer_saoner Pub Gaothan Residential OS: Open Space & recreation IS-C3 (Improvment Scheme Commercial 3) Residential R/OS Tra Public utility Proposed Landuse Zones Inside_site_Bo_kalmeshwar Forest in Industrial Res PSP Existing Def T: Transportation Inside_site_Bo_kalmeshwar NDZ_OS W Powerlines Buffer_saoner PSP: Public semi public IS-MR (Improvment Mixed Residential 1) NH Pow PROP i Inside_site_Bo_soaner powerplant Forest in Industrial PSP Existing Proposed_ROW_Dissolve2 V-J001 Q: Quarry IS-OS (Improvment Scheme Open Space & Zudpi Jungle) Quarries SLAUGHTER HOUSEPublic HOSPITAL SHNagpur RESIDENTIAL R3 H Insi Buffer_Kalmeshwar Crematorium/Burial gr( WC city roads osed Landuse Zones LegendR1 IS-PS3 (Improvment Scheme Public & C/BG: Semi 3) Wa Inside_Site_Bo M: Mines Def WAY Buffer_Kuhi Layer R2 IS-R1 (Improvment Scheme Residential 1)3) IS-C3 ODR_Existing WC Rail_Rightof way NDZ: No Development Zone FP Outside_Site_Bo Q: Quarry Regional_Plan_roads IS-OS (Improvment Sch Exis Buffer_saoner OS: Open Space & recreation (Improvment Sch R3 IS-WB (Improvment Scheme Water Bodies) Sports club OS: Open Space & recreation IS-C3 (Improvment Scheme Commercial WCL Proposed area IS-C3 (Improvment Scheme Commercial 3) OS: Open Space & recreation Village boundaries Inside_site_Bo_kalmeshwar A1: Prime Agriculture from road PSP: Public semi public IS-MR (Improvment Mixed Residential 1) Inside_site_Bo_Kuhi Inside_site_Bo_soaner powerplant Wa Railway Proposed_ROW_Dissolve2 Gaothan Residential SH Village boundaries Res Public utility Q: Quarry IS-OS (Improvment Scheme Open Space & Zudpi Jungle) For EXIST HT LINES RESIDENTIAL R4 VH VETERINARY HOSPITAL Buffer_Kalmeshwar Crematorium/Burial gr Railw R1 IS-PS3 (ImprovmentScheme Scheme Public & C/BG: Semi Public 3) osed Landuse Zones Legend Ashponds Gaothan Residential Public utility M: Mines Insi Buffer_Kuhi S85 Qua # 0 Powerlines R2 IS-R1 (Improvment Residential 1)3) IS-PS3 NDZ: No Development Zone Layer Outside_Site_Bo FP Buffer_saoner For OuterQua Ring Legend R3 IS-WB (Improvment Scheme Water Bodies) IS_RoadROW OS: Open Space & recreation IS-C3 (Improvment Scheme Commercial WCL Proposed area(Improvment R1 Roadbuffermerge (Improvment ScR Insi Village boundaries Legend M23 PSP: Public semi public Rail_line_coalmines IS-MR Mix Inside_site_Bo_kalmeshwar R_Pedstrian R4 T Mines Nagpur city roads M: PSP: Public semi public IS-MR (Improvment Mixed Residential 1) Quarries PSP: Public semi public Lay IS-MR (Improvment MixedMD Residential 1) EXIST IS Boundaries A2: Agriculture Q: Quarry IS-OS (Improvment Scheme Open Space & Zudpi Jungle) TRANSMISSION POLES RESIDENTIAL R5 MEDICAL FACILITY Existing_road_ROW Proposed Landuse Zones Buffer_Kalmeshwar C/BG: Crematorium/Burial gr POWERLINE Rail_line_coalmines Legend osed Landuse IS Boundaries IS-PS3 (Improvment SchemeResidential Public & Semi 3) M: Mines RAIL ( Buffer_Kuhi For M:(Improvment Mines Nagpur cityZones roads LegendR1 Rail_ R2 IS-R1 Scheme 1) Public Layer Substations NDZ: No Development Zone LayerVillage FP Buffer_saoner Ash Propose Railway # 0 R3 IS-WB (Improvment Scheme Water Bodies) WCL Proposed area OS: Open Space & recreation IS-C3 (Improvment Scheme Commercial Existing_road_ROW ELECT boundaries Inside_site_Bo_kalmeshwar Nagpur city roads M: R_Pedstrian R4 Villag Ash Lay PSP: Public semi public IS-MR (Improvment Mixed Residential 1) 3) Quarries R2 IS-R1 (Improvment Sch For Insi PROP IS Boundaries Q: Quarry Solidwaste_facility Regional_Plan_roads IS-OS (Improvment Sch R5 Kanhan_pench VHMines Powerlines NDZ: No Development Zone Canals Q: Quarry IS-OS (Improvment Scheme Open Space & Zudpi Jungle) Ashponds IS-OS (Improvment Scheme Open Space & Zudpi Jungle) SPA_boundaries COMMERCIAL SPORTS COMPLEX SC Existing_road_ROW C: Commercial osed Landuse Zones R1 IS-PS3 (Improvment Scheme Public & Semi Public 3) A1: Prime Agriculture Villag Inside_site_Bo_kalmeshwar RAIL Gaothan Buffer_Kuhi Regional_Plan_roads SPA_boundaries R2 IS-R1 (Improvment Scheme Residential 1)3) ODR NDZ:Open No Development Zone FP Buffer_saoner 181 ODR 182 NDZ: No Development Zone FP Reg R3 IS-WB (Improvment Scheme Water Bodies) BT: Bus terminals Ga OS: Space & recreation IS-C3 (Improvment Scheme Commercial A1: Existing R Village boundaries Sub Rail_line_coalmines Inside_site_Bo_kalmeshwar Nagpur city roads M: Mines R_Pedstrian R4 M: Mines Railway_ PSP: Public semi public Quarries IS-MR (Improvment MixedPKResidential 1) Development ODR 181 Lay Inside_site_Bo_kalmeshwar Layer IS Boundaries Powerlines NDZ: Zone R5 Kanhan_pench Dighori Bk3) Sub Q: Quarry Ashponds IS-OS (Improvment Scheme Open Space & Zudpi Jungle) R3 IS-WB (Improvment Sch PARKS & No GARDENS SPA_boundaries COMMUNITY CENTRE PUBLIC / SEMI PUBLIC CC PROP Existing_road_ROW Existing_road_ROW R1 Roadbuffermerge IS-PS3 (Improvment Sc Propose Location ORR_POLY_Boundary Ga Kanhan_pench_buffer1 Utility VM OS: Open Space & recreation Railway osed Landuse Zones R1 IS-PS3 (Improvment Scheme Public & Semi Public 3) Substations IS-PS3 (Improvment Scheme Public & Semi Public Station Railway_ Inside_site_Bo_kalmeshwar # 0 Defence R2 IS-R1 (Improvment Scheme Residential 1) A2: Agriculture I2: Hazardoous explosives Inside_site_Bo_Kuhi Buffer_saoner Roadbuffermerge Station Layer R3 IS-WB (Improvment Scheme Water Bodies) OS: Open Space & recreation IS-C3 (Improvment Scheme Commercial Village boundaries OS: Open Space & recreation IS-C3 (Improvment Sch Road LAYER R_Pedstrian R4 TT: Truck terminals PSP: Public semi public IS-MR (Improvment Mixed Residential 1) 3) A2: IS Boundaries M: Mines Nagpur city roads BT: Layer Powerlines NDZ: No Development Zone R5 NDZ: No Development Zone 2 4 m ProUTILITY Kanhan_pench FP Ashponds Q: Quarry IS-OS (Improvment Scheme Open Space &Space Zudpi Jungle) Inside_site_Bo_Kuhi BT ODR 182 PLAYGROUND PGRegional_Plan_roads SPA_boundaries BUS T DISTRICT COURT COMPLEX PUBLIC DCC po sed Road OS: Open & recreation Railway Kanhan_pench_buffer1 Utility BT: Existing_road_ROW LAYER osed Landuse Zones R1 IS-PS3 (Improvment Scheme Public & Semi Public 3) Substations R_Pedstrian R4 A1: Inside_Site_Bo Station Inside_site_Bo_kalmeshwar Inside_site_Bo_kalmeshwar R2 IS-R1 (Improvment Sch T: Transportation NDZ_OS PSP: Public semi public Rail_line_coalmines R2 IS-R1 (Improvment Scheme Residential 1) BT: Bus terminals IS-R1 (Improvment Proposed Scheme Residential 1) NR_Corridor_commercial Rail_Rightof way 24 m Prop osed Road MDR_ Inside_site_Bo_Kuhi I2: Hazardoous explosives F: Forest R3 IS-WB (Improvment Scheme Water Bodies) C: Commercial Broad Village boundaries Landuse Zones Proposed_orr Dighori Rail_Rightof way R_Pedstrian R4 PSP: Public semi public IS-MR (Improvment Mixed Residential 1) IS Boundaries PSP: Public semi public Rail_line_coalmines IS-MR (Improvment MixC Prop R5 Quarry Kanhan_pench Transportpatch Q: IS-OS (Improvment Scheme Open Space Zudpi Jungle) C: TT TRUC RPRoadbuffermerge SPA_boundaries NDZ: No(Improvment Development Zone RECREATION / OPEN SPACE & recreation FP GOVERNMENT USE REGIONAL PARK& GO TT: Broad Railway OS: Open Space recreation Kanhan_pench_buffer1 Utility OS: Open Space IS-C3 Scheme Commercial 3)& Substations R1 IS-PS3 (Improvment Scheme Public &Public Semi Public 3) osed Landuse Zones Station Proposed Landuse Zones PSP: semi public Rail_line_coalmines T: Transportation NDZ_OS TT: Inside_site_Bo_kalmeshwar NH R2 IS-R1 (Improvment Scheme Residential 1)terminals BT: Bus terminals R5 Kanhan_pench A2: Outside_Site_Bo Rail_Rightof way Inside_site_Bo_Kuhi I2: Hazardoous explosives Inside_site_Bo_Kuhi R3 IS-WB (Improvment Sch Inside_site_Bo_soaner powerplant Q: Quarry Regional_Plan_roads R3 IS-WB (Improvment Scheme Water Bodies) <all other values> ORR_POLY_Boundary TT: Truck IS-WB (Improvment Scheme Water Bodies) Narro IS_RoadROW Digho Proposed Landuse Zones I: Industrial R_Pedstrian R4 Defence A1: Prime Agriculture <all other values> IS Boundaries IS_RoadROW R5 Kanhan_pench ORR_POLY_Boundary Q: Quarry IS-OS (Improvment Scheme Open Space & IS-OS Zudpi Jungle) SPA_boundaries Narro ORGANIZATION DEFENCE ORG Q:(Improvment Quarry Regional_Plan_roads (Improvment Sch Kanhan_pench_buffer1 Utility Defenceland R1 IS-PS3 (Improvment Scheme Public &Public Semi Public 3) ORR_PO Def Station OS: Open Space & recreation (Improvment Sch Tran Proposed_orr ODR_E Dighori IS-C3 Rly Station public Rail_line_coalmines PSP: semi T: Transportation PSP: Public semi public NDZ_OS IS-MR (Improvment Mixed Residential 1) R2 BT: Bus terminals IS-R1 Scheme Residential 1) A1: Prime Agriculture Rail_Rightof way I2: Hazardoous explosives Q: Quarry Regional_Plan_roads Inside_site_Bo_soaner powerplant Tran Inside_site_Bo_Kuhi R3 IS-WB (Improvment Water Bodies) TT: Truck terminals Kanhan_pench_buffer1 Utility NMA_Me C: C WCL Proposed area IS_RoadROW ORR_Proposed R4Crematorium/Burial C/BG: grounds Buffer_Kalmeshwar Proposed Landuse ZonesScheme Proposed Landuse R1 R_Pedstrian R4 Transportpatch R_Pedstrian PLU PARCELLayer / REVENUE R_Pedstrian A1: Agriculture Prime Agriculture Nagpur city roadsZones#0 Roadbuffermerge M: Mines Solidwaste_facility I2: Hazardoous explosives R5 Kanhan_pench F: Forest A2: VEGETABLE MARKET VM TRANSPORTATION SPA_boundaries NMA_Me PLU Kanhan_pench_buffer1 Utility Existing_road_ROW Layer R1 IS-PS3 (Improvment Scheme Public & Semi Public (Improvment 3) Station Solidwaste_facility SH BOUNDARY R1 Roadbuffermerge IS-PS3 (Improvment ScF T: Transportation NDZ_OS Layer R2 IS-R1 (Improvment Scheme Residential 1) F: Rail_Rightof way PSP: Public semi public Rail_line_coalmines IS-MR Mix TP_1_KIRMITI Defe I2: Hazardoous explosives <all Regional_Plan_roads Q: Quarry Inside_site_Bo_soaner Q: Quarry powerplant IS-OS (Improvment Scheme Open Space & Zudpi Jungle) TT: Truck terminals R3 IS-WB (Improvment Scheme Water Bodies) ORR_POLY_Boundary A2: Agriculture IS_RoadROW R1 Roadbuffermerge C/BG: Crematorium/Burial grounds Buffer_Kalmeshwar Defe R_Pedstrian R4 Transportpatch T: Transportation NDZ_OS Defoo Proposed Landuse Zones Quarries National_Highway A1: Prime Agriculture A1: Prime Agriculture R5 Kanhan_pench Buffer_Kuhi R2 Proposed_orr Solidwaste_facility R5 Kanhan_pench Commercial Defenceland Kanhan_pench Notes: <all A2: Agriculture NDZ: No Development Zone INDUSTRIAL FP GAOTHAN BOUNDARY Location Kanhan_pench_buffer1 Utility Outer R I: Industrial C: Commercial Commercial Station ORR_Existing T: Transportation NDZ_OS Inside_site_Bo_kalmeshwar R2 IS-R1 (Improvment Scheme Residential 1) IS-OS Rail_Rightof way Location R2 IS-R1 Sch I2: Hazardoous explosives ELU_sum Inside_site_Bo_soaner powerplant ORR R3 IS-WB (Improvment Scheme Water Bodies) I: In IS_RoadROW Q: Quarry Regional_Plan_roads (Improvment Sch Roadbuffermerge R1 C/BG: Crematorium/Burial grounds Buffer_Kalmeshwar R1 IS-PS3 (Improvment Scheme Public Semi (Improvment PublicTP_1_KI 3) TP_1_KI Transportpatch R_Pedstrian R4 C: Commercial Layer East ACONGESTED AREA&powerplant R2 Proposed_orr Buffer_Kuhi A1: PrimeA1Agriculture Solidwaste_facility ELU_sum R5 Kanhan_pench Defenceland Inside_site_Bo_soaner F: F Ashponds A2: Agriculture Proposed_ROW_Dissolve2 GENERAL UTILITY GU Utility Kanhan_pench_buffer1 AGRICULTURE Buffer_saoner ORR_Proposed R3 Location POWE EC02001 Kanhan_pench_buffer1 Utility Congested Kanhan_pench_buffer1 ORR_POLY_Boundary C: Commercial Inside_Site_Bo TP_1_KIRMITI IS-C3 (Improvment Sch OS: Open Space & recreation BOUNDARY T: Transportation NDZ_OS I2: Hazardoous explosives Agric Defence Congested Rail_Rightof way I2: Hazardoous explosives ORR_Proposed Inside_site_Bo_soaner powerplant Inside_site_Bo_Kuhi Inside_Site_Bo R3 IS-WB (Improvment Scheme Water Bodies) IS-WB IS_RoadROW R3 (Improvment Sch C/BG: Crematorium/Burial grounds Buffer_Kalmeshwar ORR ORR_POLY_Boundary R_Pedstrian R4 I2: R1 Roadbuffermerge IS-PS3 (Improvment ScH Agric Solidwaste_facility Proposed_orr R2 Buffer_Kuhi R2 IS-R1 (Improvment Scheme Residential 1) ORR_Existing R5 Defenceland Kanhan_pench Defence Canals VILLAGE BOUNDARYC/BG: Crematorium/Bur AGRICULTURE A2 WATER SUPPLY WS R3 Buffer_saoner Location A2: Agriculture Kanhan_pench_buffer1 Utility Buffer_Kalmeshwar ORR_POLY_Boundary # I:Mix In 0 Substations C: Commercial T: Transportation NDZ_OS Inside_Site_Bo TP_1_KIRMITI Village boundaries National_Highway R4 T: Transportation NDZ_OS STP NDZ_OS Comm Defence Outside_Site_Bo Rail_line_coalmines PSP: Public semi public IS-MR (Improvment I2: Hazardoous explosives Layer Inside_site_Bo_soaner powerplant F: Forest Existing_Gaothans IS_RoadROW National_Highway C/BG: Crematorium/Burial grounds Buffer_Kalmeshwar Outside_Site_Bo R_Pedstrian R4 Proposed Landuse Zones W Comm R4 R_Pedstrian Solidwaste_facility Buffer_Kuhi Natio R5 i de Kanhan_pench Gaotha R2 IS-R1 (Improvment Sch TEHSIL BOUNDARY ES ELECTRIC SUBSTATION FOREST S85 R3 Location Buffer_saoner R3 IS-WB (Improvment Scheme ORR_Proposed Kanhan_pench_buffer1 Utility F: Forest ORR_POLY_Boundary nu TP_1_KIRMITI Inside_Site_Bo R4 Water Bodies) Village boundaries Defen C: Commercial T: NDZ_OS Buffer_Kuhi I2: H BT: Bus terminals LayerORR_Existing pt Defence Inside_site_Bo_soaner powerplant Outside_Site_Bo I2: Hazardoous explosives IS Transportation Boundaries M35 R5 Proposed_ROW_Dissolve2 Inside_site_Bo_soaner powerplant Inside_site_Bo_soaner powerplant o F:Industrial Forest Hingna_Commercial WCL Proposed Regional_Plan_roads Q: Quarry area IS-OS (ImprovmentDefen Sch ODR 181 C/BG: Crematorium/Burial grounds Buffer_Kalmeshwar I: Zudpi jungle NAGPUR METROPOLITAN Proposed_ROW_Dissolve2 Buffer_Kuhi Solidwaste_facility WCL Proposed area A1: Agriculture R5 Kanhan_pench R5 Kanhan_pench USTP SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT HILLS /Prime ROCKY AREAS Buffer_saoner Location Prop Kanhan_pench_buffer1 Utility R3 Sch Inside_Site_Bo AREA BOUNDARY IS-WB (ImprovmentFores R4 ORR_POLY_Boundary Village boundaries R_Pedstrian R4 National_Highway T: Transportation NDZ_OS I: Industrial Layer Outside_Site_Bo I2: Hazardoous explosives R5 IS Boundaries Defence ORR_Existing Inside_site_Bo_soaner powerplant Buffer_saoner TT: Truck terminals F: Forest C/BG: Crematorium/Bur Buffer_Kalmeshwar WCL Proposed area SPA_boundaries Utility C/BG: Crematorium/Burial grounds Buffer_Kalmeshwar ORR_Proposed Fores C/BG: Crematorium/Burial Buffer_Kalmeshwar I:grounds Industrial Quarries Roadbuffermerge R1 IS-PS3 (Improvment Sc NAGPUR DISTRICT Kolkata SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL / Buffer_Kuhi I2: Hazardoous explosives Waterbodies USWD MINESAgriculture / QUARRIES KOLKATA Buffer_saoner Location A2: Quarries Kanhan_pench_buffer1 Utility Hills/ Dighori Utility Kanhan_pench_buffer1 S85 Inside_Site_Bo BOUNDARY PROCESSING FACILITY ORR_Proposed Village boundaries T: NDZ_OS R_Pedstrian R4 Dighori Outside_Site_Bo Dighori Rly. Statio # I2: Hazardoous explosives R5 0 ORR_Existing IS Transportation Boundaries R5 Kanhan_pench Proposed_ROW_Dissolve2 Inside_site_Bo_soaner powerplant I2: Hazardoous explosives M33 WCL Proposed area Railway Utility Hills/ SPA_boundaries F: Forest ORR_Proposed C/BG: Crematorium/Burial grounds Buffer_Kalmeshwar Village boundaries Transportpatch I: Railway Buffer_Kuhi Quarries CREMATION/ StationWATER BODIES T: Transportation Buffer_Kuhi National_Highway I2:Industrial Hazardoous explosives Ashponds R2 BURIAL (Improvment Sch Station CBG MIHAN BOUNDARY IS-R1 Buffer_saoner Indus Nag_River Station V-UESS011 GROUND Inside_Site_Bo Village boundaries Ashponds C: Commercial T: NDZ_OS T: Transportation NDZ_OS Outside_Site_Bo National_Highway IS Transportation Boundaries Inside_site_Bo_soaner powerplant R5 Kanhan_pench WCL Proposed area Indus Utility SPA_boundaries Kanhan_pench_buffer1 Utility ORR_Proposed C/BG: Crematorium/Burial grounds Buffer_Kalmeshwar Quarries T: Transportation StationDefenceland I:IRRIGATION Industrial National_Highway Buffer_Kuhi IS Boundaries I2: Hazardoous explosives I2: Hazardoous explosives Proposed_ROW_Dissolve2 Buffer_saoner Ashponds Rail_Rightof way Inside_site_Bo_soaner CANALS Buffer_saoner Mine Substations IS-WB (Improvment Sch R3 ORR_POLY_Boundary Village boundaries Nag_update S85 Outside_Site_Bo 0 250 IS Boundaries Substations Defence Inside_site_Bo_soaner powerplant Mine Inside_site_Bo_soaner WCL Proposed area powerplant Proposed_ROW_Dissolve2 SPA_boundaries C/BG: Crematorium/Burial grounds Buffer_Kalmeshwar Kanhan_pench_buffer1 Utility M34 Quarries ORR_Proposed T: Transportation Station T: Transportation NDZ_OS Buffer_Kuhi National_Highway Ashponds Inside_site_Bo_soaner Rail_Rightof way Publi I2: Hazardoous explosives Proposed_ROW_Dissolve2 Buffer_saoner SPA_boundaries Village boundaries Substations IS_RoadROW TP_1_KIRMITI Buffer_Kalmeshwar Village boundaries Village boundaries # BT: Bus terminals 0 R_Pedstrian Scale - 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PG015 National_Highway S71 SITE

90

NIT Cultural Hall 16 148 North

148

SITE

11.2 | SITE 2 | MUBARAKPUR Plot area : 25000 sqm DP Reservation : Agricultural Context This site is chosen beside a the Nag River at Mubarakpur, the river in this case is very polluted and plans for its revival are underway, the proximity to a major highway will assure footfall and the slated road widening will too help the accessibility of the site.

This area though is further away from the city and modes of transport such as metros and airports, bus frequency here is also low thus the prospect of chance visits decreases.

Scope The river though polluted, this section of the river is further from the city and thus it is less compared to the core areas, the DP states this land as an agricultural land and the proximity to the highway is a value addition to the whole area.

It is closer to the Rural areas and thus has larger scope of engaging the population out there.

Weakness The site is reserved under agricultural use, the proximity does not observe any settlements, thus the primary user groups are not present.

Threats We may observe that the rural urban migration phenomenon is not happening at all since the diversification of lands is not yet visible.

In such a case the core values of the project cannot be effectively incorporated.

77

SITE

11.3 | SITE 3 | KHAPRI Plot area : 67000 sqm DP Reservation : Public / Semi-Public Context In the larger context, the site is in close proximity to small businesses such as restaurants and ‘Dhabhas’ and hotels, the NH44 Highway is at walking distance, the NH44 connects the site to the city centre which is at about 15 Kms and the upcoming airport at about 4 Kms from the site.

A good number of residential communities fall in close proximity to the site, bus stops along with the cotton research institute fall across the street.

Scope There is a strong presence of small industries, along with the MIHAN project gaining traction, there is a pattern of small scale urban to rural migrations, this is reinforced with upcoming residential projects around the site.

Small businesses such as restaurants and industrial units see a lot of unskilled and exploited labour force, connecting this site to these groups becomes much easier. The presence of the Cotton research institute also makes it possible for research and technology sharing.

Weakness The area lies further away from the city, thus engaging the urban population at initial phases will remain a publicity task.

The proximity to the highway and outer ring road may pose a threat to some farming practices.

Threats Future road widening projects may cause the NH44 to share the site boundary. Large institutes such as AIIMS and IIMs will see a rise in temporary tenants.

78

SITE

Figure.36 : Location plan for the larger context Source: Google Earth

Figure.37 : Location plan for the Immediate context Source: Google Earth

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ExistingAgriculture Industrial Existing Re A1 Commercial Existing Residential Agriculture A1 Residential Transportation S111 strial in Recreation/Open space Quarry to Park IS-Residential Industrial in Recre Forest space PSP Re Recreation/Open Existing Legend Residential R5 strial Existing M29 Recreation/open space Commercial Existing Industrial in Recre Gaothan Residential Public utility Re R_Pedstrian Forest PSP Mines to Industrial Defence Mines and 3) Quarries Existing R1 space IS-PS3 (Improvment Scheme Public & Semi Public Residential Agriculture A1 Residential Transportation strial way inAgriculture Recreation/Open ightof Commercial Industrial Existing Re griculture Station R2 IS-R1 (Improvment Scheme Residential 1) Residential R/OS Gaothan Residential Public utility IS Boundaries Recreation/Open space Existing Residential R5 strial Existing ure A2 Recreation/Open space Reside Industrial R3 IS-WB (Improvment Scheme Water Bodies) Hills/Rocky areas Commercial Existing Proposed Industrial in Recreation/Open space Re Station Residential R/OS Transportation Existing Public utility SPA_boundaries cialand C/BG: Crematorium/Burial grounds _Kalmeshwar Agriculture A2 Defence Residential Agriculture A2 Residential to Agriculture A1 es Quarries Existing R_Pedstrian R4 Recreation/Open space Industrial Mines and Quarri NM Station LayerR1 R5 Kanhan_pench in Industrial PSP Existing Re ResidentialForest Agriculture A1 Residential Transportation strial in Recreation/Open areas Proposed (Improvment Scheme Public & Semi Public 3) A1 Hills/Rocky Defence Residential Mines Quarri Kanhan_pench R2 space IS-R1 (Improvment Scheme Residential ResidentialCommercial PSP IS-PS3 Transportation Existing Defence Mines/Quarries adROW Forest inBodies) Industrial PSP and Existing Agriculture A2 Residential to1) Agriculture es andinCommercial Quarries Existing ure Rail_Rightof way R3 IS-WB (Improvment Scheme Water Existing - Industrial Industrial in Recreation/Open space Re SPA_boundaries cial Residential R2 Hills Public utility Existing R_Pedstrian R4 Residential Agriculture A1 Residential Transportation strial Recreation/Open space Recreation/Open space Existing Reside Industrial Existing Rail_Rightof way Agriculture A1 Kharsoli IS-Residential Station Defence _Kuhi Layer Mines and Quarries Existing Re R5 Kanhan_pench elopment Zone Residential R2 Water bodies S111 FP ORG Public utility Existing Residential Existing Residential to Agriculture A2 Rail_Rightof way es/Quarries Commercial Recreation/Open space Existing Re Industrial Existing Kanhan_pench_buffer1 Utility Defence - Industrial Mines/Quarries Gaothan Residential Public utility Residential Agriculture A2 Residential to1) Agriculture A1 IS-Residential es and Agriculture A1 R2 IS-R1 (Improvment Residential M29 Quarries Existing ous explosives Kanhan_pench_buffer1 Defence -Bodies) Industrial R3 IS-WB (ImprovmentScheme Scheme Water Mines/Quarries Transportation cial Residential R/OS Transportation Existing ic utility Forest e_facility IS_RoadROW PSP R_Pedstrian R4 Existing Residential to Agriculture A2 es/Quarries Gaothan Residential Public utility Re Station Defence Layer Mines and Quarries Existing R5 Kanhan_pench IS_RoadROW elopment Zone Existing FP Rail_Rightof way Residential Agriculture A2space Residential to Agriculture A1 Industrial es Quarries Commercial Existing _saoner Residential Agriculture A1 Industrial in Industrial Recreation/Open Agriculture A2 Kanhan_pench_buffer1 Utility Defence - Industrial Mines/Quarries Re IS-C3 (Improvment Scheme Commercial 3) aceand & recreation PA IS_RoadROW T: Transportation NDZ_OS Commercial Existing Residential Mines Residential to Industrial Residential Agriculture in Recreation/Open space PSP A1 Reside ous explosives Forest R3 IS-WB (Improvment Scheme Water Bodies) Residential Existing Residential to Agriculture A2 es/Quarries sportation NDZ_OS Agriculture A2 Industrial MDR 46 R_Pedstrian R4 Waroda Forest PSP Layer R5 Kanhan_pench Water bodies Forest in Industrial Solidwaste_facility Water bodies Rail_Rightof way PSP Existing elopment Zone FP Residential Mines Residential to Industrial A2 Public utility Exi Utility Kanhan_pench_buffer1 Hills Defence - Industrial Solidwaste_facility Mines/Quarries Re IS-C3 Scheme Commercial 3) ace & recreation IS_RoadROW boundaries M:(Improvment MinesMines T: Transportation NDZ_OS Residential Existing Residential to Agriculture es/Quarries Layer Defence semi public IS-MR (Improvment Mixed Residential 1) PG Residential Agriculture A2 Reside and Quarries Existing Commercial ous explosives Industrial Forest Inside_site_Bo_soaner powerplant PSP Solidwaste_facility Re g_road_ROW Defence Residential PSP Transportation Existing Residential Agriculture A2 Existing Mines and Quarries Existing PSP Existing R_Pedstrian R4 Forest in Industrial _site_Bo_soaner powerplant Layer R5 Kanhan_pench Residential Mines Residential to Industrial Commercial Industrial Existing elopment Zone FP _Site_Bo Kanhan_pench_buffer1 Utility Forest in Industrial PSP Existing Location IS_RoadROW IS-C3 (Improvment Scheme Commercial 3) ace & recreation Gaothan Residential T: Transportation NDZ_OS Public utility Residential PSP Transportation Existing semi public IS-MR (Improvment Mixed Residential 1) ous explosives ndaries Forest NDZ: No Mines/Quarries Development Zone Legend PSP FP Location Re Inside_site_Bo_soaner powerplant Solidwaste_facility IS-OS (Improvment Scheme Open Space Zudpi Jungle) PHC Residential Mines Residential to Industrial Defence - Layer Industrial Buffer_Kalmeshwar C/BG: Crematorium/Burial grounds Residential Existing Location Commercial Existing Industrial inReside Recre Forest in & Industrial _site_Bo_kalmeshwar PSP Existing Re Legend Defence - (Improvment Industrial Residential R/OS Transportation ExistingExisting icExisting utility Residential Mines/Quarries R5 Kanhan_pench Public utility Legend C/BG: Crematorium/Burial grounds _Kalmeshwar elopment Zone FP Gaothan Residential Kanhan_pench_buffer1 Utility IS-C3 Scheme Commercial 3) ace & recreation Residential PSP Transportation e_Site_Bo Commercial Existing Industrial in Recre T: Transportation NDZ_OS Inside_Site_Bo Gaothan Residential semi public IS-MR (Improvment Mixed Residential ous explosives ELEVATED 1) SERVICE Public utility Solidwaste_facility Inside_site_Bo_soaner powerplant IS-OS (Improvment Scheme Open Space & Zudpi Jungle) Inside_Site_Bo NATIONAL HIGHWAY Residential R/OS Transportation Existing ic utility oundaries AL R1 UESR PRIMARY SCHOOL PS IS-C3 (Improvment Scheme Commercial 3) OS: Open Space & Location recreation Buffer_Kalmeshwar C/BG: Crematorium/Burial grounds M: Mines Existing Road network_NMA Forest in Residential Industrial IS-PS3 (Improvment Scheme Public & Semi Public 3) PK PSP Existing Layer Re Inside_Site_Bo RESERVOIR Buffer_Kuhi PSP Transportation Existing Forest _site_Bo_Kuhi Residential Mines Reside PSP Residential Defence elopment Zone Layer FP Quarri Gaothan g_road_ROW Public utility Re Kanhan_pench_buffer1 Utility Nagpur city1) roads M: and Mines _Kuhi Forest WaterROAD bodies IS-C3 (Improvment Scheme Commercial 3) ace & recreation Residential MinesMines PSP T: Transportation NDZ_OS Layer Nagpur city roads semi public Legend IS-MR (Improvment Mixed Residential roposed area EXISTING RIGHT OF Existing ous explosives Existing_road_ROW Inside_site_Bo_soaner powerplant Residential R/OS Transportation icR2utility Outside_Site_Bo Defence Mines and Quarri IS-OS (Improvment Scheme Open Space & Zudpi Jungle) FIRE STATION SECONDARY SCHOOL SS AL FR Existing_road_R Location Buffer_Kalmeshwar C/BG: Crematorium/Burial grounds IS-PS3 (Improvment Scheme Public & Semi Public 3) Outside_Site_Bo Inside_Site_Bo WAY (ROW) PSP: Public semi public IS-MR (Improvment Mixed Residential 1) Buffer_Kuhi Layer NDZ: No Development Zone FP Water bodies IS-R1 (Improvment Scheme Residential 1) Park elopment Zone FP Outside_Site_Bo Gaothan Buffer_saoner Public utility Re IS-C3 (Improvment Scheme Commercial 3)Residential ace & recreation R/OS Transportation ExistingPSP Mines/Quarries ic utility Landuse Zones _site_Bo_kalmeshwar Forest in Industrial Residential PSP PSP Residential Existing Defence - RIGHT Industrial T: Transportation NDZ_OS Powerlines NDZ: NoTransp Devel _saoner semi public IS-MR (Improvment MixedSHResidential 1) PROPOSED ROAD OF Inside_site_Bo_soaner powerplant in Industrial Residential PSP Existing Powerlines IS-OS (Improvment Scheme Open Space & Zudpi Jungle) es SLAUGHTER HOUSE HOSPITAL AL R3 HForest Inside_site_Bo_kalmeshwar Buffer_Kalmeshwar C/BG: Crematorium/Burial grounds WCL Proposed area Nagpur city roads M: Mines IS-PS3 (Improvment Scheme Public & Semi Public 3) Water bodies Inside_Site_Bo Defence Industrial WAY (ROW) Mines/Quarries Inside_site_Bo_k Buffer_Kuhi Layer IS-R1 (Improvment Scheme Residential 1) WCL Proposed area ightof way elopment Zone FP Outside_Site_Bo Q: Quarry IS-OS (Improvment Scheme Scheme Open Space3)& Zudpi Jungle) Existing_road_ROW Buffer_saoner (Improvment Commercial OS: Open Space & recreation IS-WB (Improvment Scheme Water Bodies) Sports club IS-C3 (Improvment Scheme Commercial 3) IS-C3 ace & recreation WCL Proposed area (Improvment Scheme Commercial 3) Village boundaries me Agriculture S111 semi public IS-MR (Improvment Mixed 1) _site_Bo_Kuhi Inside_site_Bo_soaner powerplant Water bodies Railway OS: Open Spac Gaothan Residential boundaries Residential Transp utilityResidential IS-OS (Improvment Scheme Open Space & Zudpi Jungle) Forest EXISTING RAIL LINE R/OS HT LINES AL R4 VHGaothan VETERINARY HOSPITALPublic Buffer_Kalmeshwar C/BG: Crematorium/Burial grounds Railway M29Layer IS-PS3 (Improvment Scheme Public & Semi Public 3) nds Residential Residential R/OSPSP Public utility Inside_site_Bo_Kuhi Buffer_Kuhi Quarries Powerlines NDZ: No Devel IS-R1 (Improvment Scheme Residential 1) elopment Zone Outside_Site_Bo FP Inside_site_Bo_K Buffer_saoner Forest Legend PSP IS-WB (Improvment Scheme Water Bodies) Quarries S111 adROW IS-C3 (Improvment Scheme Commercial 3) ace & recreation WCL Proposed area R1 IS-PS3 (Improvment Scheme Public & Semi Public 3) Inside_site_Bo_kalmeshwar Village boundaries Legend PSP: Public semi public IS-MR (Improvment Mixed Residential 1) R_Pedstrian T Mines sriculture M: semi public Zones IS-MR (Improvment Scheme Mixed Residential 1) Quarries Layer (Improvment MixedMD Residential 1) EXISTING RAIL RIGHT OF IS Boundaries IS-OS (Improvment Open Space &S111Zudpi Jungle) M45 TRANSMISSION POLES AL R5 MEDICAL FACILITY Existing_road_ROW Landuse Buffer_Kalmeshwar C/BG: Crematorium/Burial grounds Rail_line_coalmines Public se Legend ndaries IS-PS3 (Improvment Scheme Public Semi 3) S111& RAIL (ROR) in Industrial Buffer_Kuhi Water Forest M: Mines Rail_line_coalmines PSPPSP: Existing IS-R1 (Improvment Scheme Residential 1)3)M45Public Layer tions& recreation elopment Zone LayerBuffer_saoner FP Ashponds Proposed Landuse Zones Railway OS: Open Spac # 0 IS-WB (Improvment Scheme Water Bodies) WCL Proposed area IS-C3 (Improvment Scheme Commercial ace g_road_ROW M43 ELECTRIC POLES_MAY15_2012 Village boundaries Proposed Landuse s M: Mines R_Pedstrian Village_Boundary Ashponds Layer semi public Scheme IS-MR (Improvment Mixed Residential 1) Quarries R2 IS-R1 (Improvment Scheme Residential 1) Forest in Industrial Inside_site_Bo_Kuhi PROPOSEDFP RAIL RIGHT OF IS Boundaries PSP Existing e_facility Q: Quarry IS-OS (Improvment Scheme Open Space & Zudpi Jungle) Kanhan_pench VH NDZ: No Development Zone IS-OS (Improvment Scheme Open Space & Zudpi Jungle) Ashponds (Improvment Open Space & Zudpi Jungle) SPA_boundaries IAL SPORTS COMPLEX SC Existing_road_ROW mmercial IS-PS3 (Improvment Scheme Public & Semi Public 3) me Agriculture Village_Boundary Inside_site_Bo_kalmeshwar RAIL (ROR) Buffer_Kuhi Regional_Plan_roads Q: Quarry S111 oundaries IS-R1 (Improvment Scheme Residential 1) FP S111 elopment Zone FP Buffer_saoner NDZ: No S111 Development Zone Regional_Plan_roads IS-WB (Improvment Scheme Water Bodies) ses terminals Gaothan Residential M41 IS-C3 (Improvment Scheme Commercial & recreation Public utility A1:Road Prime Agriculture Existing network_NMA Village boundaries Substations Rail_line_coalmines PSP: Public se M42 sace M: Mines R_Pedstrian Railway_Merged semi public Quarries M38 IS-MR (Improvment Mixed Residential 1) 3) Layer _site_Bo_kalmeshwar Layer A1: Prime IS Boundaries NDZ: No Development Zone FP Kanhan_pench Substations Ashponds IS-OS (Improvment Scheme Open Space & Zudpi Jungle) R3 IS-WB (Improvment Scheme Water Bodies) PARKS & GARDENS PK SPA_boundaries COMMUNITY CENTRE EMI PUBLIC CC PROPOSED METRO LINE Existing_road_ROW R1 IS-PS3 (Improvment Scheme Public & Semi Public 3) Proposed Landuse Zones Gaothan Residential Kanhan_pench_buffer1 VM OS: Open Space & recreation IS-C3 (Improvment Scheme Commercial 3) Public utility Agricu IS-PS3 (Improvment Scheme Public & Semi Public 3) Substations 3riculture (Improvment Scheme Public & Semi Public 3) Station Railway_Merged Inside_site_Bo_kalmeshwar ce IS-R1 (Improvment Scheme Residential 1) Inside_site_Bo_Kuhi Buffer_saoner Roadbuffermerge R1 Layer IS-WB (Improvment Scheme Water Bodies) IS-C3 (Improvment Scheme Commercial 3) ace & recreation Village boundaries IS-C3 (Improvment Scheme Commercial 3) OS: Open Space & recreation Roadbuffermerge LAYER R_Pedstrian ck Development terminals semi public IS-MR (Improvment Mixed Residential 1) Development A2: Agriculture IS Boundaries M: Mines BT: Bus terminals Regional_Plan_roads Q: Quarry Layer NDZ: No Zone FP No Zone Kanhan_pench FP Ashponds IS-OS (Improvment Scheme Open Space & Zudpi Jungle) _site_Bo_Kuhi A2: Agriculture BT PLAYGROUND PG SPA_boundaries BUS TERMINAL DISTRICT COURT COMPLEX ILITY DCC Pewtha OS: Open Space & recreation IS-C3 (Improvment Scheme Commercial Kanhan_pench_buffer1 BT: terminals g_road_ROWScheme LAYER IS-PS3 (Improvment Scheme Public &Public Semi Publicpublic 3) Substations R4 A1: Bus Prime Agriculture _Site_Bo Station Inside_site_Bo_kalmeshwar R2 IS-R1 (Improvment Scheme Residential 1) tion NDZ_OS nes PSP: semi IS-MR (Improvment Mixed Residential 1) 3) IS-R1 (Improvment Scheme Residential 1) R_Pedstrian BT: Bus terminals (Improvment Residential 1) way NR_Corridor_commercial Rail_Rightof MDR_Existing Inside_site_Bo_Kuhi SH Village 348 est IS-WB (Improvment Scheme Water Bodies) mmercial Broad gauge boundaries Proposed Landuse Zones Proposed_orr R2 ightof way R_Pedstrian semi public IS-MR (Improvment Mixed Residential 1) IS Boundaries PSP: Public semi public Salai (Godhani) IS-MR (Improvment Mixed Residential 1) Proposed_orr Kanhan_pench ortpatch S111 GO IS-OS (Improvment Scheme Open Space Zudpi Jungle) C: Commercial TT TRUCK TERMINAL RPRoadbuffermerge SPA_boundaries NDZ: No(Improvment Development Zone ON / OPEN SPACE & recreation FP GOVERNMENT USE REGIONAL PARK& TT: Truck terminals Broad gauge S111 OS: Open Space recreation IS-C3 (Improvment Scheme Commercial Kanhan_pench_buffer1 pen Space IS-C3 Scheme Commercial 3)& Substations IS-PS3 (Improvment Scheme Public &Public Semi Public 3) C:R1 Commercial Station Landuse Zones SH 348 nes PSP: semi public IS-MR (Improvment Mixed Residential 1) 3)& Z tion NDZ_OS TT: Truck terminals _site_Bo_kalmeshwar NH IS-R1 (Improvment Scheme Residential 1)terminals BT: Bus terminals R5 M49 Inside_site_Bo_Kuhi Kanhan_pench A2: Agriculture e_Site_Bo Rail_Rightof way R3 IS-WB (Improvment Scheme Water Bodies) o_soaner M40 Bodies) powerplant oads Q: Quarry IS-OS (Improvment Scheme Open Space IS-WB (Improvment Scheme Water Bodies) <all other values> TT: Truck (Improvment Scheme Water Narrow gauge IS_RoadROW Proposed Landuse Zones strial R_Pedstrian ce A1: Prime Agriculture her values> IS Boundaries R3 adROW Kanhan_pench ORR_POLY_Boundary IS-OS (Improvment Scheme Open Space & IS-C3 Zudpi Jungle) SPA_boundaries Narrow gauge ORGANIZATION Q:(Improvment Quarry IS-OS (Improvment Scheme Open(Improvment Space3)& Zudpi Jungle) Kanhan_pench_buffer1 celand IS-PS3 (Improvment Scheme Public &Public Semi Public 3) ORR_POLY_Boundary Defence Station (Improvment Scheme Commercial OS: Open Space & recreation Transportpatch Proposed_orr R2 ODR_Existing nes PSP: semi IS-MR Mixed Residential 1) & Z tion Public semi public ORG IS_RoadROW NDZ_OS IS-MR (Improvment Mixed 1) public BT: Bus terminals IS-R1 Scheme Residential 1)terminals me Agriculture Defence Rail_Rightof way Q:Residential Quarry IS-OS (Improvment o_soaner powerplant Transportpatch _site_Bo_Kuhi IS-WB (Improvment Scheme Water Bodies) TT: Truck Utility Kanhan_pench_buffer1 NMA_MergeAug30_forestupdate C: Commercial roposed area R4Crematorium/Burial C/BG: grounds eshwar Proposed Landuse Zones eoads R1 IS-PS3 (ImprovmentScheme SchemeOpen PublicSpace & Semi P R_Pedstrian Transportpatch dstrian PLU PARCELLayer / REVENUE R_Pedstrian A1: Prime Agriculture M: Mines Solidwaste_facility S111 zardoous explosives Kanhan_pench est A2: Agriculture VEGETABLE MARKET VM RTATION SPA_boundaries NMA_MergeAug30_forestupdate R4 Kanhan_pench_buffer1 g_road_ROW Layer IS-PS3 (Improvment Scheme Public & Semi Public 3) Station e_facility SH BOUNDARY R1 IS-PS3 (Improvment Scheme Public & Semi Public 3) M51 tion NDZ_OS Layer IS-R1 (Improvment Scheme Residential 1) F: Forest Rail_Rightof way PSP: Public semi public IS-MR (Improvment Mixed Residential 1) MITI Defenceland R3 <all other values> oads Q: Quarry IS-OS (Improvment Scheme Open Space & Z o_soaner arry powerplant IS-OS (Improvment Scheme Open Space & Zudpi Jungle) TT: Truck terminals IS-WB (Improvment Scheme Water Bodies) ORR_POLY_Boundary Forest IS_RoadROW ericulture R1 IS-PS3 (Improvment SchemeF: Public & Semi P C/BG: grounds eshwar Defenceland R_Pedstrian Transportpatch T: Transportation NDZ_OS Defence Landuse Zones es A1: Prime Agriculture R5Crematorium/Burial Kanhan_pench R2 IS-R1 Solidwaste_facility Kanhan_pench Commercial Defenceland n_pench Notes: <all other values>(Improvment Scheme Residential 1) A2:Commercial Agriculture NDZ: No DevelopmentORR_Existing Zone AL FP GAOTHAN BOUNDARY Location Kanhan_pench_buffer1 Outer Ring Road strial C: ercial Station R5 tion NDZ_OS _site_Bo_kalmeshwar IS-R1 (Improvment Scheme Residential 1) IS-OS Rail_Rightof way R2 IS-R1 (Improvment Scheme Residential 1) ELU_summar o_soaner powerplant ORR_Existing IS-WB (Improvment Scheme Water Bodies) I: Industrial IS_RoadROW Q: Quarry (Improvment Scheme Open Space & Zudpi Jungle) R4 eme Agriculture Solidwaste_facility R1 IS-PS3 (Improvment SchemeResidential Public & Semi C/BG: Crematorium/Burial eshwar IS-PS3 (Improvment Scheme Public Semi PublicTP_1_KIRMITI 3) TP_1_KIRMITI Transportpatch R_Pedstrian mmercial Layergrounds Industrial CONGESTED AREA&powerplant R2 IS-R1 (Improvment 1) P ELU_summar Kanhan_pench Defenceland Inside_site_Bo_soaner F: Forest nds A2: Agriculture S111 GENERAL UTILITY GU Utility Kanhan_pench_buffer1 URE A1 rn_pench_buffer1 R3 IS-WB (ImprovmentScheme Scheme I:Water Bodies) Location POWERLINES_MAY15_2012 Kanhan_pench_buffer1 Congested Agriculture A1 Quarry to Park

1.

The map shown is for the purpose of documenting information concerned with the preparation of the Draft Development Plan. Boundaries of tehsils, villages and revenue parcels referenced from individual village maps and such other relevant sources are indicative, and are provided to establish relative location of various plan elements. These maps should not be scaled or used for calculation of areas and related measurements.

For any references related to village or revenue parcel boundaries or area measurements, revenue records and relevant land records from the respective tehsil offices shall be referred to and shall prevail.

The Proposed Land Use Map is to be read concurrently with the Development Plan Report and the policies stated therein including the Development Control Regulations. Proposed land uses indicate the future use of the property and have no impact on the lawful use of the land and property as it currently exists. Any development work carried out subsequent to the adoption of this plan shall be as per the provisions of the Development Plan and this Proposed Land Use Map. The proposed road right of ways (ROWs) shown are proposed based on the minmum ROW width that is required as per the land use proposed in the respective areas. In places where existing ROW is greater than the proposed ROW, the width of the existing ROW shall prevail.

Existing amenities and utilities are mapped based on their current use and do not indicate the status of the property ownership.

The high flood line is shown as per the data received from the Irrigation Department.

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Station Road, Kingsway, Sadar, Nagpur 440001 Head Office

Technical assistance by the Consortium led by Sadar, Nagpur-440010 Halcrow Consulting India Pvt. Ltd. (A CH2M Hill Company) Consortium Members: Metro Office

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70

113

138

71

5/2

95

4

ide nu

6

143

133

118

9

pto

76

75

91

o_soanerexplosives I: Industrial powerplant zardoous WCL Proposed area Utility Kanhan_pench_buffer1 Hills/Rocky area ries est C/BG: grounds eshwar Village boundaries ortpatch Buffer_Kuhi Quarries CREMATION/ BURIAL T: Transportation ay I2: Hazardoous explosives Ashponds R2Crematorium/Burial SchemeNDZ_OS Residential 1) CBG MIHAN BOUNDARY IS-R1 (Improvment Industrial rDIES River Buffer_Kuhi GROUND Inside_Site_Bo daries nds mmercial tion NDZ_OS T: Transportation NDZ_OS Outside_Site_Bo s S111 o_soaner powerplant R5 Kanhan_pench WCL Proposed area Industrial Buffer_Kalmes Utility Kanhan_pench_buffer1 ries Kanhan_pench_buffer1 C/BG: grounds eshwar Quarries T: Transportation NDZ_OS strial ay ISCrematorium/Burial Boundaries celand I2: Hazardoous explosives Buffer_saoner Ashponds way Inside_site_Bo_soaner powerplant N CANALS M23 r _Dissolve2 Mines, quarries/extractive areas 11 Substations R3 IS-WB (Improvment Scheme Water Bodies) daries pdate Buffer_saoner Outside_Site_Bo 0 250 500 meters sries N tions ce 4o_soaner powerplant Mines, quarries/extractive areas Inside_site_Bo_soaner WCL Proposed area powerplant C/BG: Crematorium/Burial grounds eshwar Utility Quarries Buffer_Kuhi T: Transportation NDZ_OS Kaldongri Kanhan_pench_buffer1 NDZ_OS ay Ashponds Inside_site_Bo_soaner powerplant way Public Semi publicCrematorium/Burial grounds zardoous _Dissolve2 rsportation SPA_boundaries S111 explosives Village boundaries Substations W Buffer_Kalmeshwar MITI C/BG: daries Scale - 1 : 10,000 BT: Bus terminals R_Pedstrian R4 s Public Semi public M39 Village bounda WCL Proposed area S111 ries est son_buffer_fin terminals C/BG: Crematorium/Burial grounds eshwar Buffer_Kalmeshwar C/BG: Crematorium/Burial grounds Quarries T:powerplant Transportation NDZ_OS Ashponds Buffer_saoner Public utility M02 Inside_site_Bo_soaner powerplant way _site_Bo_soaner r _Dissolve2 Tehsil Nagpur Rural : Village WelaC/BG: (H), Panjri(Farm),Crematorium/Burial Substations Buffer_Kalmeshwar grounds Sheet No. W daries Station IS Boundaries BT: Bus terminals Buffer_Kuhi s Public utility Kharsoli, Parsodi (Gokhle), Waroda, Pewtha, Rui, Gawasi ility TT: Truck terminals R5 Kanhan_pench ries _Streams_Buffer15m (Manapur), Jamtha, Zari (Rithi), Banwadi, Khasarmari, S111 IS Boundaries Quarries strial Recreation/ open space Buffer_Kuhi Ashponds way Kaldongri, Khatmari, Dhuti rck terminals Inside_site_Bo_soaner Substations M24 Village bounda Widen Buffer_Kalmeshwar C/BG: Crematorium/Burial grounds W _Kalmeshwar C/BG: Crematorium/Burial grounds powerplant daries upto 30 m BT: Bus Banwadi terminals Buffer_Kuhi Recreation/ open space sries Rail_Rightof way ility SPA_boundaries TT: Truck terminals Buffer_saoner Kaldongri Transportpatch Kanhan_pench_buffer1 Utility Residential _Streams_Buffer10m SPA_boundarie Ashponds way zardoous rortpatch explosives Buffer_saoner Substations W daries Buffer_Kalmeshwar C/BG: Crematorium/Burial grounds BT: Truck Bus terminals Residential IS Boundaries Buffer_Kuhi _Kuhi S111 S111 sries ility TT: terminals Buffer_saoner IS_RoadROW S111 Transportpatch Station Village boundaries Bo M57 M02 Transportation Defenceland T: Transportation NDZ_OS way M10 vena_Buffer Station Substations W celand daries Transportation Village boundaries BT: Truck Bus terminals sries ility Buffer_Kuhi TT: terminals SPA_boundarie Buffer_saoner _saoner S111 Transportpatch ODR 162 W boundaries Village Water Chairman Chairman Town Planning Officer bodies Bo Rail_Rightof way Defenceland iden upto 3 0 m Solidwaste_facility IS Boundaries M08 _Bo way Inside_site_Bo_soaner powerplant TP_1_KIRMITI W Water bodies _dpareabesa_Buffer10mminor Rail_Rightof wa BT: Bus terminals Salai (Godhani) s ility IS Boundaries TT: Truck terminals MITI V-UESS015 ries Buffer_saoner Transportpatch Station Village boundaries boundaries Bo PROPOSED LAND USE PLAN Defenceland IS Boundaries _Bo way IS_RoadROW Location SPA_boundaries ed area W TP_1_KIRMITI Submitted to the Government of Maharashtra Published u/s 26 of the Buffer_Kalmeshwar C/BG: Crematorium/Burial grounds _dpareabesa_Buffer15mmajor ility IS_RoadROW u/s 30(1) of the M.R.T.P 1966 Act, 1966.

Maharashtra Regional and TownAct, Planning TT: Truck terminals S111 ries SPA_boundaries Transportpatch Bo Village boundaries Defenceland Rail_Rightof wa IS BoundariesM27 ndaries Draft Development Plan way _Bo SPA_boundaries MDR 46 TP_1_KIRMITI ed area W Inside_Site_Bo Station Solidwaste_facility Nagpur Metropolitan Area, Nagpur ility Buffer_Kuhi S111 Transportpatch ODR 241 Solidwaste_facil Bo Station Defenceland _Bo M07 way IS Boundaries IS_RoadROW SPA_boundaries oundaries TP_1_KIRMITI W ed area Station Outside_Site_Bo S111 ility Rail_Rightof way Location S111 Buffer_saoner Bo Defenceland M06 Location _Bo way M25 Rail_Rightof way TP_1_KIRMITI ed area W SPA_boundaries Station Nagpur Improvement Trust id Solidwaste_facil ility Rail_Rightof way W WCL Proposed area Inside_Site_Bo IS_RoadROW Bo ODR 164 Village boundaries _Boarea Inside_Site_Bo ed TP_1_KIRMITI W IS_RoadROW S111 Station ility way Rail_Rightof way ightof Location Panjri (Lodhi) M28 IS_RoadROW Bo Quarries Deoli (Gujar) Dawalmet Outside_Site_Bo nals _Bo Solidwaste_facility IS Boundaries ed area Outside_Site_B ility Solidwaste_facility Rail_Rightof way IS_RoadROW adROW Inside_Site_Bo Bo nals Solidwaste_facility _Bo Ashponds WCL Proposed areaLocation minals ed area SPA_boundaries WCL Proposed Location IS_RoadROW Bo Outside_Site_B nals Solidwaste_facility _Bo e_facility minals Location ed Substations Quarries ch area Inside_Site_Bo Station Quarries Bo Inside_Site_Bo nals _Bo Solidwaste_facility WCL Proposed minals ed Location Inside_Site_Bo ch area BT: Bus terminals Ashponds Outside_Site_Bo Rail_Rightof way Ashponds nals _Bo Outside_Site_Bo minals ed Location Inside_Site_Bo ch area _Site_Bo Outside_Site_Bo TT: Truck terminals 81Quarries Substations WCL Proposed area IS_RoadROW nals Substations minals ed area WCL Proposed area ch Inside_Site_Bo Ashponds Outside_Site_Bo e_Site_Bo WCL Proposed area Transportpatch BT: Bus terminals Quarries nals Solidwaste_facility minals BT: Bus termina ch Quarries Outside_Site_Bo Substations WCL Proposed area roposed area Quarries nals Defenceland TT: Truck terminals Ashponds minals Location ch TT: Truck termi NIT Cultural Hall Complex, Near Dharmapeth Science College, North Ambazari Road, Nagpur-440010 HCPDPM

HCPDPM

HCPDPM

HCPDPM

SITE

DRAFT SURVEY REMARKS FOR PLOT BEARING CTS NO 113, VILLAGE PANJRI,KHAPRI, NAGPUR 440025 SR.NO

DETAILS OF PROPERTY

Y/N

SPECIFIC REMARKS

1

Reservation affecting the land

NA

NA

2

Reservation abutting the land

NA

NA

3

Designations affecting the land

NA

NA

4

Designations abutting the land

Y

PUBLIC / SEMI PUBLIC

5

D.P. Roads affecting the land

NA

NA

6

Existing Roads

Y

NORTH SIDE - 8.0 M EAST SIDE - 12.0 M SOUTH SIDE - 12.0 M WEST SIDE - 8.0 M

7

Zone

Y

PUBLIC / SEMI PUBLIC

8

Plot Falls in TPS

NA

NA

9

Plot is reserved for

a

Buidable

Y

b

Not Buildable

NA

10

DETAILS OF PROPERTY

a

CTS No

113

b

Village

PANJRI

c

Goathan

Figure.39 : Draft Survey Remarks Source: Author

82

PUBLIC / SEMI PUBLIC

NA

SITE

PROFORMA 'A' AREA STATEMENT

Sr No. 1

2 2A

2B

2C 2D 3 4 5 6 7

AREA OF THE PLOT a) Area of Reservation in plot b) Area of Road Setback c) Area of D.P. Road Deduction for For Reservation / Road Area a) Road Setback Area handed over (100%) b) Proposed D.P Road to be handed over c) i) Reservation area to be handed over ii) Reservation area to be handed over as per Accomodation Reservation For Amenity Area a) Area of Amenity plot to be handed over as per Reg.No.14(A) b) Area of Amenity plot to be handed over as per Reg.No.14(B) C) Area of Amenity plot to be handed over as per Reg.No.35 Deduction for Existing BUA to be retained / Land Component for Existing BUA / Existing BUA as per Regulation under which development was allowed Deduction for area under encroachment Total deductions [(2(A) + 2(B) + 2(C)) as and when applicable] Balance Area of plot Plot Area under development after areas to be handed over to the MCGM / Appropriate Authority as per Sr No. 4 above Zonal FSI Built up Area as per Zonal (Basic) FSI

IN SQ MT AS PER DCPR 2034

67000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 67000.00 67000.00 1.1 73700.00

Figure.40 : PERFORMA -A Source: Author

83

CHAPTER 12 CASE STUDIES

84

CASE STUDIES | DAKAKKER ROOF TOP

12.1 | DAKAKKER ROOF TOP, ROTTERDAM

The DakAkker is a 1000 m2 rooftop farm on top of the Schieblock in Rotterdam in The Netherlands. Vegetables, edible flowers, and fruit are grown and bees are kept. The DakAkker is the largest open-air roof farm in the Netherlands and one of the largest in Europe. The Smartroof is located on the roof of the rooftop pavilion. A test site for smart water storage and – management.

There are multiple beehives on the DakAkker. The honeybees assure pollination of plants on the DakAkker.

Organic seed and – planting material is used at the Dakakker rooftop farm. No fertilizer is used and no spraying with poison a 6-year alternating crop schedule is used.

The Smart roof on the roof pavilion is a smart water storage green roof with a smart flow control that is driven by the weather forecast.

When predicting extreme rainfall, the smart flow control responds by making extra water storage capacity available 24 hours in advance.

DakAkker

contributes

to

2

Sustainable

Development

Goal(s)

On top of the Schieblock office building in the centre of Rotterdam the largest rooftop-farm in Europe is situated: “the DakAkker”. Here fruits, vegetables and herbs are grown and honey bees are kept.

The DakAkker functions as a test site to experiment with different ways of green-roofs and farming in the city.

The Dakakker was created in April 2012 by Binder Groenprojecten and initiated by ZUS and developed by ZUS in collaboration with the Rotterdams Milieucentrum (Environmental Centre Rotterdam).

The DakAkker is one of the projects of the City Initiative The Luchtsingel and exhibition-site during the International Architecture Biennale 2012.

Source:https://rotterdamsedakendagen.nl

85

CASE STUDIES | DAKAKKER ROOF TOP

Figure.41 :Gatherings at the roof top Source: https://rotterdamsedakendagen.nl/en/dakakker/

Figure.42 : Overview showing connections with the bridge Source: https://rotterdamsedakendagen.nl/en/dakakker/

86

CASE STUDIES | DAKAKKER ROOF TOP

Inferences The idea of the roof top as a place for the community to gather and learn is a rather interesting one, it is constantly trying to connect with the community and bring it together in various ways.

The highlight of the entire project, the bridge is not directly connected to the roof but plays an important role in connecting and bridging gaps created in the city due to development projects and shifting infrastructure.

The bridge acts as a connector and also as a place making tool, the path it takes through the district is a rather interesting one and given the pause points and activities it goes through allows for the people to pause, view, communicate with the surroundings.

The entries and exits to the bridge have also been used to make small amphitheatres and meeting spaces, landing amidst open spaces the bridge acts as an access to local festivals and gatherings due to its placement within the open areas.

Figure.43 : Central area of the bridge Source: https://rotterdamsedakendagen.nl/en/dakakker/

87

CASE STUDIES | DAKAKKER ROOF TOP

Figure.44 : Plan showing bridge Source: https://zus.cc/projects/luchtsingel-rotterdam

Figure.45 : Isometric showing various programmes Source: https://zus.cc/projects/luchtsingel-rotterdam

88

CASE STUDIES | DAKAKKER ROOF TOP

Figure.46 : Central area of the bridge Stairs re purposed as amphitheatre Source: https://rotterdamsedakendagen.nl/en/dakakker/

Figure.47 : Central area of the bridge Source: https://zus.cc/projects/luchtsingel-rotterdam

89

CASE STUDIES | DAKAKKER ROOF TOP

Figure.48 : Contextual study of the project Source: A part of Design exercise Sem-9 (Shruti S, Soham T, Prajwal S, Author)

90

CASE STUDIES | DAKAKKER ROOF TOP

91

CASE STUDIES | KRISHI VIDYAPEETH

12.2 | DR.PANJABRAO DESHMUKH KRISHI VIDYAPEETH, NAGPUR

The College of Agriculture, Nagpur, is one of the oldest college in the country established in the year 1906 by the then British Government.

It is one of the first five Agriculture Colleges in the country. The other four colleges were located at Pusa, Kanpur, Coimbatore, Lyallpore (Pakistan).

The college is situated in the important citrus belt of the country and was opened to develop agriculture technology, educate, train and generate specialized agricultural experts and to cater the needs of the local farming community. The College have also celebrated its Centenary in the year 2005. The college was under the administrative control of the Department of Agriculture, Maharashtra State and was initially affiliated to the Nagpur University.

Figure 2-4: Expansion of Nagpur under Gond, Bhonsale and Colonial Rule The college is held at historic and heritage Victoria Building (built in 1856 as a palace for stay of Queen of England Her Highness Victoria at Nagpur) at Maharajbagh, Nagpur by the then British Government.

Figure.49 : Expansion of Nagpur in the Gond Rule (1636-1743) Source: Draft development plan of Nagpur metropolitan area 2032.

92

Source : http://www.pdkvacn.ac.in/history.htm

N

er Gond, Bhonsale and Colonial Rule CASE STUDIES | KRISHI VIDYAPEETH

UR IMPROVEMENT TRUST

Figure.50 : Expansion of Nagpur in the Bhonsale Rule (1743-1854) Source: Draft development plan of Nagpur metropolitan area 2032.

PMENT PLAN FOR THE NAGPUR METROPOLITAN AREA 2032

2-9 Figure.51 : Expansion of Nagpur in the Colonial Rule (1854-1947) Source: Draft development plan of Nagpur metropolitan area 2032.

93

CASE STUDIES | KRISHI VIDYAPEETH

Figure.52 : Location of Krishi Vidyapeeth in context of Nagpur.

Source : Google Earth

Figure.53 : Immediate context of Krishi Vidyapeeth Source : Google Earth

94

CASE STUDIES | KRISHI VIDYAPEETH

Inferences

The Krishi Vidyapeeth is located at the centre of the City, very close to the zero mile, which marks the centre of India, the development during 1906 is evident, when we compare the expansion of the city from the Gond rule to the British rule, we can observe that the site was at the periphery of the original city.

The area of the institute itself has a lot of open space and agricultural land, where in we can observe small amounts of farming activities taking place, mostly research based.

Gradually this area, after the Indian Independence, has seen a lot of densification, with residential areas popping around the site and a lot of mixed use and institutional buildings coming up.

Across the road on the eastern side we observe a very dense commercial zone, with markets and a lot of activities happening around this area.

From this development pattern, and a basic understanding of the institute, we can say that the city has grown around this site and there is almost no public nature in the site itself, despite such a dense fabric just outside.

Keeping in mind this aspect of integration, the programs can be curated to better integrate the expanding city at its current rate, the location of the selected site at Khapri shares the common characteristics and thus a more integrated program to connect with the city and the people can be examined.

95

CASE STUDIES | MAPRO GARDENS

12.3 | MAPRO GARDENS, PANCHGANI

In 1959, Kishore Vora started operations in a small room, as a home business with a mutually beneficial relationship with the farmers to make strawberry jam for product sales. This eventually led to the launch of the Mapro brand in 1978.

Located around the idyllic hill-town of Panchgani in Western India, Mapro Foods manufactures Fruit Jams; Fruit beverage concentrates – Crushes and Squashes; and Fruit Bars. With an annual processing capacity of around 30 thousand MT. Founded in 1959, The company has grown organically over the last five decades with sustained profitability.

Started the first self-owned factory in 1989 and then set up state-ofthe-art cold storage at Wai, in 2005, which is capable of pre-cooling 20 MT of fresh fruits and produce chocolate. Its food park is open for all guests looking for delicious treats.

Mapro Food Park

The Mapro food park is a tourism attraction at multiple locations, such as Wai and Mahabaleshwar, these spots are near their factories and small farms are available for the public to access, there are various factory tours as well as various activities that the visitors can engage in.

There as restaurants and stalls where they sell and display their products to the visitors, as well as cater for a good dining experience.

Gureghar or Mapro Garden is host to the annual Strawberry Festival.

Mahabaleshwar contributes to 85% of the total Strawberry produce in India and about 80% is consumed fresh. The Strawberry Festival encourages the strawberry cultivation in the belt. The highlights of this festival are fresh farm picked strawberry lined up on tables for visitors to eat to their fullest as well as traditional folk performances.

96

CASE STUDIES | MAPRO GARDENS

Figure.54 : Farmer Picking Fruits Source : https://www.mapro.com/about.html

Figure.55 : Mapro food Park Source : Mahabaleshwar Tourism

97

CASE STUDIES | MAPRO GARDENS

Inferences

The evolution from a food processing company to a tourist place is an interesting one, the place-making through the various engaging activities and dining options makes this place a prospect for repeat visitors and family visits.

Integrating the local farming communities to supply them with a steady produce and the factory creating a ready market, makes this a mutual relationship between the factory and the place.

The surrounding areas too in some ways have started to mimic these business models and the Mapro Gardens has acted as a prototype for these places.

Holding festivals and performances ensures a larger audience other than the usual audience the place already has, in addition to this the surrounding families too are provided with employment in the factory, starting from 12 to now 300 workers the capacity has vastly increased.

Another aspect we can infer is the nation wide reach through its products, the products are well manufactured and packaged, which play a vital role in the profitability of this place, thus creating a circular economy for the company as well as the farming and non farming families around the areas.

98

CASE STUDIES | MAPRO GARDENS

Figure.56 : Display stalls at the Mapro food Park Source : Mahabaleshwar Tourism

Figure.57 : Products from the Mapro factory Source : https://www.mapro.com/about.html

99

CASE STUDIES | HAZEL HARE CENTRE FOR PLANT SCIENCE

12.4 | HAZEL HARE CENTRE FOR PLANT SCIENCE Architects: 180 Degrees Design + Build + colab studio Text description provided by the architects.

Walls and fences are typically used to keep people and areas separate, but at the Desert Botanical Garden an unusual series of structures actually brought people together. We combined wood, concrete, steel, stone and block to create a variety of richly textured and highly functional separators that both physically divided and visually connected open spaces. The Garden also needed a means to separate the “front of house” from “back of house” operations at the Horticultural Center, while allowing the public some degree of access and understanding of the building’s purpose and innovation.

Sustainability was one of the top touchstones of the project. Commercial construction can result in a lot of waste, and the 100-foot wash retaining wall was going to require a lot of wood form work and stabilizing reinforcements. “If you can’t re purpose the form work, it all just goes to the landfill. It’s no longer new lumber; it’s discoloured, splattered with concrete, and it has holes in it,” explains 180 Degrees Design + Build Principal Architect John Anderson AIA. We decided to salvage the lumber and give it a new life as a texture along the four- foot courtyard perimeter fence, and to face the demonstration planters in the education centre. An unexpected boon came in the form of free wood.

Local corporation Intel provided two truckloads of wooden pallets formerly used to ship electronics. Where some might see landfill, we saw opportunity. Garden volunteers broke the pallets down into boards, then cut them to size for use in the fence and planters. “While Salenger was the design lead, we were brought in as a partner to share our expertise,” says Anderson. Because of our grasp of both design and building knowhow, the Desert Botanical Garden realized that we’d give the project all the attention it deserved.

100

Source : archdaily.com - Hazel Hare Centre for Plant Science

CASE STUDIES | HAZEL HARE CENTRE FOR PLANT SCIENCE

Figure.58 : Site plan Source : archdaily.com

Figure.59 : Section showing various spaces Source : archdaily.com

101

CASE STUDIES | HAZEL HARE CENTRE FOR PLANT SCIENCE

Inferences

The project enables the people to come together, the labs and research areas are visible to the visitors to some extent, allowing them to understand the efforts that go into the research and growing of plants in the area.

Community involvement plays a vital role as information abut waste material and its sources can be shared with one another, it is not limited to just that, but also a fair share of volunteers under the guidance of the designers were able to reuse most waste wood that was acquired.

The structures have double roofs, the first one is a slanted roof which provides for actual weather protection, while the second one acts as a shading device for the structures.

The sloped roofs allow for easier rainwater harvesting, this water is accumulated into the tanks placed outside the structures, this method of double shading and rainwater harvesting plays an important role in the keeping the consumption of the buildings low.

This project allows the public good access and thus understanding the purpose of the building, this allows for year round awareness for visitors instead of certain festivals or special access days.

This awareness in turn has seen a good amount of volunteers and the project has been able to connect with the local population in many ways.

102

CASE STUDIES | HAZEL HARE CENTRE FOR PLANT SCIENCE

Figure.60 : Planters made from reused wood Source : archdaily.com

Figure.61 : Double Roof & Water tanks Source : archdaily.com

103

CONCLUSIONS

12.5 | CONCLUSIONS The case studies can be divided into four types: 1. DAKAKKER ROOF TOP - Urban level intervention including The community.

2. DR.PANJABRAO DESHMUKH KRISHI VIDYAPEETH - Urban level intervention excluding the community.

3. MAPRO GARDENS - Project shifting its purpose to connect with a larger audience.

4. HAZEL HARE CENTRE FOR PLANT SCIENCE - Project involving the local population right from concept to building completion.

From these variety of case studies, we can make an observation about how different projects have tackled the issues pertaining to farming practices or growing practices in some way.

A project conceived in 1906 the Krishi Vidyapeeth starts to loose its relevance because it has not adapted with time, this leaves it disconnected and under used. On the other hand, the Mapro Garden becomes an interesting visiting spot for a lot of people, with a very public nature to the project, they are able to reach a wider audience.

The Dakaker Roof top too in some ways through its products has been able to cater to a larger audience, the ideas about restaurants integrated with the roof top garden and activities for visitors share a similar idea with the Mapro Gardens.

The Centre for Plant Science though being a more research and science based project, has been able to open up their doors for visitors and volunteers.

Learning from these cases a better understanding of the programs is formed, a set of target users is also considered.

104

CONCLUSIONS

105

CHAPTER 13 PROJECT FEASIBILITY & PROGRAM

106

PROGRAMME OUTLINE

13.0 | PROGRAMME OUTLINE

The main aim of the programme is to create a place of belonging to the new migrating populations. The migrating populations are not just limited to the urban to suburban but also from rural to suburban and urban areas.

The programmes intend to engage the populations into creating a place for themselves, a community within the growing city which is interdependent on each other for their economic, food and health benefits.

The aim of this community is to accommodate and engage as many people as possible and to create an example that such a connect is possible, with proper engagement and chance interactions with the members of the communities who come from very different walks of life the aim is to create a hub to share and grow knowledge amongst the people.

Other functions along with these aim to empower the community with the help of economic benefits and stimulus, engagement in formal activities such as small scale industrial food packaging and production units.

Along with these activities the presence of strong food consumption and recirculation of the produce seems like a opportunity to build upon, facilitating small restaurants, cafés and stalls will help stimulate the economic growth and justify the land costs attached to the area, this stimulus will help offset costs and help the community grow and market itself, help attract crowd from other food related communities such as foodies, bloggers, chefs and other visitors.

These factors also need to be supported by constant technological innovation to make the community more resilient to external change and educate people within and outside about the technological advancements and possibilities of these activities.

107

PROGRAMME OUTLINE

13.1.0 | User Groups

The proposed program will aim to reach various people across age groups, the primary users in the proposal are to be the migrating populations.

The migrating populations consists of two categories, the rural to urban and the urban to the rural-urban fringe areas, these populations mainly have similar goals in terms of having better standards of living, the latter already are employed and use their skills to earn a living but the former usually have lost their land to urbanisation and residential uses.

The next group of users would be the urban population, this group will be targeted to boost economic growth by engaging the populations in product consumption as well as creating awareness through various activities throughout the project.

13.2.0 | Architectural Intent CIRCULAR SYSTEM The project is to be designed in a manner where most waste generated from an activity could be reused for other purposes on the site, sustainability in terms of natural resource consumption and waste production.

PRODUCE The economic viability of the project depends on what it gives back to the community in terms of raw produce or processed products which can support the community.

EDUCATE Skill building is a necessary tool, acquiring new skills helps a person to expand their boundaries and also to make better use of skills they already possess, thus educating all the user groups in different ways becomes essential.

108

PROGRAMME OUTLINE

ASSIST Assistance here is a long term effort, assisting new farming activities and providing research and technological support, this assistance is a two way street, where one group shares their knowledge with the other thus forming a symbiotic relation.

ENGAGEMENT Engaging the surrounding communities in the project becomes a key to how the place evolves with the city growing around it, thus engaging the people through activities and facilities is aimed at.

PROTOTYPE The typology of the proposal should act as a prototype to be used for future expansions, the prototypes can also be used throughout the expanding city.

109

PROGRAMME OUTLINE

PROGRAM FEASIBLITY & TARGET USERS

Figure.62 : Program Feasibility & Target users Source: Author

110

PROGRAMME OUTLINE

Creating a sense of community towards achieving similar goals.

Production and processing of harvest using the existing skill sets.

Integrating research and learning of new skills into the system for overall growth.

Bringing together various players to reinforce the community.

Creating opportunities for economic growth of individuals.

111

PROGRAMME OUTLINE

13.3 | DESIGN PROPOSAL AGRICULTURE & SKILL DEVELOPMENT CENTRE FOR MIGRATING POPULATIONS IN THE EXPANDING CITY. The project is a mixed use development which aims to provide migrating populations with necessary support, by integrating and facilitating various activities throughout the project, thereby trying to increase the quality of life of the people engaged.

Figure.63 : Primary Programs Source: Author

112

PROGRAMME OUTLINE

113

DETAILED PROGRAMS

13.4 | DETAILED PROGRAMS NO.

SPACE

L (m) B (m) LEARNING & RESEARCH

Units

Area (msq)

1

Green houses

25

12

1

300

2

Research lab

20

10

1

200

3

Changing room

6

3

2

36

4

Equipment store

6

3

1

18

5

Cleaning and drying

6

3

1

18

6

Toilets

6

4

2

48

7

Auditorium

30

20

1

600

8

Instructional areas

12

10

4

480

9

Small Libraries

20

10

1

200

24000

FARMING ACTIVITIES 10

Small farming plots

60

40

10

11

Tool sheds

9

6

2

108

12

Small machinery areas

12

6

2

144

13

Fertilizers storage

9

6

2

108

14

Wash & Change areas

12

6

2

144

15

Service & Supply areas

12

12

3

432

16

Harvest storage

17

Cold storage

9

6

1

54

18

Enviornment monitoring

6

4

2

48

19

Dry storage

12

9

1

108

20

Green houses

25

12

4

1200

21

Water storage

6

6

2

72

22

Toilets

9

4

2

72

0

PROCESSING 23

Kitchen unit

25

18

1

450

24

Packaging area

12

9

1

108

25

Cleaning And Hygene

9

6

1

54

26

Cold storage

9

6

1

54

27

Transport Bay

6

6

1

36

28

Office

12

9

1

108

29

Test kitchen

9

6

1

54

RETAIL MARKET SHOPS 30

Display areas

100

50

1

5000

31

Toilets

9

4

1

36

32

Backend office

6

6

1

36

33

Storage

12

9

1

108

34

Waste management

6

6

1

36

RESTAURANTS/CAFES/STALLS

114

35

Dining areas

36

Open air

15

10

1

150

0

37

Enclosed

20

10

1

200

38

Kitchen

15

10

1

150

39

Storage

6

6

1

36

COMPOSTING & OTHER TECH 40

Solar Panels

0

23

Kitchen unit

25

18

1

450

24

Packaging area

12

9

1

108

25

Cleaning And Hygene

9

6

1

26

Cold storage

9

6

1

54

27

Transport Bay

6

6

1

36

28

Office

12

9

1

108

29

Test kitchen

9

6

1

54

54 PROGRAMS DETAILED

RETAIL MARKET SHOPS 30

Display areas

100

50

1

5000

31

Toilets

9

4

1

36

32

Backend office

6

6

1

36

33

Storage

12

9

1

108

34

Waste management

6

6

1

36

RESTAURANTS/CAFES/STALLS 35

Dining areas

0

36

Open air

15

10

37

Enclosed

20

38

Kitchen

15

39

Storage

6

1

150

10

1

200

10

1

150

6

1

36

COMPOSTING & OTHER TECH 40

Solar Panels

0

41

Management room

6

6

1

36

42

Site management office

9

6

1

54

43

Smart system rooms

9

6

1

54

44

Composting pits

3

3

5

45

Total

34995

Figure.64 : Detailed Programs Source: Author

AREA PROPORTIONS

5% 1% 20%

35%

8%

31%

LEARNING & RESEARCH TOTAL

FARMING ACTIVITIES

PROCESSING

RETAIL MARKET SHOPS

RESTAURANTS/CAFES/STALLS

COMPOSTING & OTHER TECH

Figure.65 : Area comparisons Source: Author

115

CHAPTER 14 TECHNICAL DATA & PROCESSES

116

117

118

TECHNICAL DATA | URBAN FARMING

14.0 | URBAN FARMING

To define urban agriculture we need to understand how it different from other terms. Most people confuse this with other agricultural disciplines such as subsistence farming, community gardening, homesteading, these terms are different in how it is placed in the community, the term urban farming holds a place of economic benefit and is concentrated on the purpose of commercial activity. While the other mentioned terms lean towards leisure, community building.

Personal consumption and sharing is a small portion of this type of farming since inputs are much higher and economics play a huge role in the farms running.

Apart from commercial interest, some urban farm centres are built exclusively for the purpose of educating or training a community of urban farmers or people. These urban farm centres normally focus on improving food access, food transportation and food quality. In the end, these efforts are all made with the common goal of improving farm efficiency and knowledge to promote better economic opportunities within the area.

Figure.66 : Nature of Urban farming Source: Author

Source : https://mtfc.crenov8.com

119

TECHNICAL DATA | URBAN FARMING

14.1 | TYPES OF URBAN FARMING 14.1.0. VERTICAL FARMING Vertical farming is the practice of growing crops in vertically stacked layers. It often incorporates controlled-environment agriculture, which aims to optimize plant growth, and soil-less farming techniques such as hydroponics, aquaponics, and aeroponics. Some common choices of structures to house vertical farming systems include buildings, shipping containers, tunnels, and abandoned mine shafts. Current applications of vertical farmings coupled with other state-of-the-art technologies, such as specialized LED lights, have resulted in over 10 times the crop yield than would receive through traditional farming methods.

The main advantage of utilizing vertical farming technologies is the increased crop yield that comes with a smaller unit area of land requirement. The increased ability to cultivate a larger variety of crops at once because crops do not share the same plots of land while growing is another sought-after advantage.

Additionally, crops are resistant to weather disruptions because of their placement indoors, meaning fewer crops lost to extreme or unexpected weather occurrences. Because of its limited land usage, vertical farming is less disruptive to the native plants and animals, leading to further conservation of the local flora and fauna.

Vertical farming technologies face economic challenges with large start-up costs compared to traditional farms. In Victoria, Australia, a “hypothetical 10 level vertical farm” would cost over 850 times more per square meter of arable land than a traditional farm in rural Victoria.

Vertical farms also face large energy demands due to the use of supplementary light like LEDs. Moreover, if non-renewable energy is used to meet these energy demands, vertical farms could produce more pollution than traditional farms or greenhouses.

120

Source : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_farming

TECHNICAL DATA | URBAN FARMING

Figure.67 : Types of vertical farming Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_farming

121

14.1.1. HYDROPONICS Hydroponics refers to the technique of growing plants without soil. In hydroponic systems, the roots of plants are submerged in liquid solutions containing macro-nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, as well as trace elements, including iron, chlorine, manganese, boron, zinc, copper, and molybdenum.

Additionally, inert (chemically inactive) mediums such as gravel, sand, and sawdust are used as soil substitutes to provide support for the roots.

The advantages of hydroponics include the ability to increase yield per area and reduce water usage. A study has shown that, compared to conventional farming, hydroponic farming could increase the yield per area of lettuce by around 11 times while requiring 13 times less water.

Due to these advantages, hydroponics is the predominant growing system used in vertical farming.

VARIOUS TYPES OF HYDROPONIC SYSTEMS Static solution culture In static solution culture, plants are grown in containers of nutrient solution, such as glass Mason jars (typically, in-home applications), pots, buckets, tubs, or tanks. The solution is usually gently aerated but may be un-aerated. If un-aerated, the solution level is kept low enough that enough roots are above the solution so they get adequate oxygen.

Continuous-flow solution culture In continuous-flow solution culture, the nutrient solution constantly flows past the roots. It is much easier to automate than the static solution culture because sampling and adjustments to the temperature, pH, and nutrient concentrations can be made in a large storage tank that has potential to serve thousands of plants.

122

Source : https://www.sowthecity.org/hydroponics.htm

TECHNICAL DATA | HYDROPONICS

Amount of water required per plant As a general rule of thumb when growing hydroponically, small plants require at least 2 litres per plant, medium plants 6 litres and large plants 10 litres. These volumes need to be maintained throughout the life cycle and any loss to evaporation, spillage should be refilled.

Figure.68 : Working of conventional hydroponic systems Source: marleypipesystems.co.za

Figure.69 : Hydroponic system in a community setting Source: https://www.sowthecity.org/hydroponics.htm

123

124

TECHNICAL DATA | AEROPONICS

14.1.2. AEROPONICS Aeroponic systems nourish plants with nothing more than nutrientladen mist. The concept builds off that of hydroponic systems, in which the roots are held in a soilless growing medium, such as coco coir, over which nutrient-laden water is periodically pumped. Aeroponics simply dispenses with the growing medium, leaving the roots to dangle in the air, where they are periodically puffed by specially-designed misting devices.

In aeroponics systems, seeds are “planted” in pieces of foam stuffed into tiny pots, which are exposed to light on one end and nutrient mist on the other. The foam also holds the stem and root mass in place as the plants grow.

The Advantages of Aeroponics Eliminating the growing medium is very freeing for a plants’ roots: the extra oxygen they are exposed to results in faster growth. Aeroponic systems are also extremely water-efficient. These closed-loop systems use 95 percent less irrigation than plants grown in soil. And since the nutrients are held in the water, they get recycled, too.

In addition to these efficiencies, aeroponics’ eco-friendly reputation is bolstered by the ability to grow large quantities of food in small spaces.

The approach is mainly employed in indoor vertical farms, which are increasingly common in cities – cutting down on the environmental costs of getting food from field to plate. And because aeroponics systems are fully enclosed, there is no nutrient runoff to foul nearby waterways. Rather than treating pest and disease with harsh chemicals, the growing equipment can simply be sterilized as needed.

Drawbacks of Aeroponics Aeroponics systems require a bit of finesse to operate effectively. The nutrient concentration of the water must be maintained within precise parameters and even a slight malfunction of your equipment can cause the loss of a crop. If the misters don’t spray every few minutes – maybe because the power goes out, for example – those dangling roots will quickly desiccate. And the misters need regular cleaning to keep them from becoming clogged by mineral deposits in the water.

Source : https://modernfarmer.com/2018/07/how-does-aeroponics-work/

125

TECHNICAL DATA | AEROPONICS

There is also one major drawback, environmentally-speaking: aeroponic systems rely on electrical power to pump water through the tiny misting devices. And while they can be employed in the natural light of a greenhouse, they are more often used with energy-intensive grow lights.

Solar power or other alternative energy sources can be harnessed to eliminate this drawback, however.

The costs connected to the equipment and monitoring systems too are high and require heavy investments.

Equipment Considerations All aeroponics systems require an enclosure to hold in the humidity and prevent light from reaching the roots (this is typically a plastic bin with holes drilled for each plant), plus a separate tank to hold the nutrient solution. Beyond these basic components, there are a few other things to consider in devising an aeroponic system to suit your needs.

Some aeroponics systems are designed to be used horizontally, like a traditional planting bed. But towers and other vertical approaches are increasingly popular – since the roots need to spread out, this is a clever way to save space. Vertical systems are also popular because the misting devices may be placed at the top, allowing gravity to distribute the moisture.

Figure.70 :Working of aeroponic system Source: https://sharetheseeds.me/forum/index.php?topic=3207.0

126

TECHNICAL DATA | AEROPONICS

VARIOUS TYPES OF AEROPONIC SYSTEMS Low-pressure units In most low-pressure aeroponic gardens, the plant roots are suspended above a reservoir of nutrient solution or inside a channel connected to a reservoir. A low-pressure pump delivers nutrient solution via jets or by ultrasonic transducers, which then drips or drains back into the reservoir.

As plants grow to maturity in these units they tend to suffer from dry sections of the root systems, which prevent adequate nutrient uptake.

These units, because of cost, lack features to purify the nutrient solution, and adequately remove incontinuities, debris, and unwanted pathogens.

Such units are usually suitable for bench top growing and demonstrating the principles of aeroponics.

High-pressure devices High-pressure aeroponic techniques, where the mist is generated by high-pressure pump(s), are typically used in the cultivation of high value crops and plant specimens that can offset the high setup costs associated with this method of horticulture.

High-pressure aeroponics systems include technologies for air and water purification, nutrient sterilization, low-mass polymers and pressurized nutrient delivery systems.

Commercial systems Commercial aeroponic systems comprise high-pressure device hardware and biological systems. The biological systems matrix includes enhancements for extended plant life and crop maturation.

Biological subsystems and hardware components include effluent controls systems, disease prevention, pathogen resistance features, precision timing and nutrient solution pressurization, heating and cooling sensors, thermal control of solutions, efficient photon-flux light arrays, spectrum filtration spanning, fail-safe sensors and protection, reduced maintenance & labor saving features, and ergonomics and long-term reliability features.

127

TECHNICAL DATA | AEROPONICS

These are used for the cultivation of high value crops where multiple crop rotations are achieved on an ongoing commercial basis.

Advanced commercial systems include data gathering, monitoring, analytical feedback and internet connections to various subsystems.

Figure.71 :Aeroponic system using PVC Source: https://growlode.com/blog/2018/01/09/aeroponic-system-c-vertical-column-system-using-pvc/

128

TECHNICAL DATA | AQUAPONICS

14.1.3. AQUAPONICS Aquaponics is a food production system that couples aquaculture (raising aquatic animals such as fish, crayfish, snails or prawns in tanks) with hydroponics (cultivating plants in water) whereby the nutrient rich aquaculture water is fed to hydroponic grown plant, involving nitrifying bacteria for converting ammonia into nitrates.

As existing hydroponic and aquaculture farming techniques form the basis for all aquaponic systems, the size, complexity, and types of foods grown in an aquaponic system can vary as much as any system found in either distinct farming discipline.

Aquaponics consists of two main parts, with the aquaculture part for raising aquatic animals and the hydroponics part for growing plants.

Aquatic effluents, resulting from uneaten feed or raising animals like fish, accumulate in water due to the closed-system recirculation of most aquaculture systems.

The effluent-rich water becomes toxic to the aquatic animal in high concentrations but this contains nutrients essential for plant growth.

Although consisting primarily of these two parts, aquaponics systems are usually grouped into several components or subsystems responsible for the effective removal of solid wastes, for adding bases to neutralize acids, or for maintaining water oxygenation.

Source : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics

129

TECHNICAL DATA | AQUAPONICS

COMPONENTS OF AQUAPONIC SYSTEMS Rearing tank Rearing tanks are used for raising and feeding the fish, the fish are fed and any effluents produced by feeding and extretement adds to the nutrients of the water which is circulated to the plants.

Settling basin A unit for catching uneaten food and detached biofilms, and for settling out fine particulates.

All materials not removed from the system during harvesting are categorized as wastes including uneaten feed, excreta, chemicals and therapeutics, dead and moribund fish, escaped fish and pathogens.

Settling basins in the field are simple ponds dug downstream of the farm to optimally remove suspended solids effectively, produce clarified effluent, and accumulate and thicken sludge to minimal volume.

Biofilter A place where the nitrification bacteria can grow and convert ammonia into nitrates, which are usable by the plants.

The use of biofilters is common in closed aquaculture systems, such as recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). Many designs are used, with different benefits and drawbacks, however the function is the same: reducing water exchanges by converting ammonia to nitrate.

This “nitrification” process requires oxygen (aerobic conditions), without which the biofilter can crash. Furthermore, as this nitrification cycle produces H+, the pH can decrease which necessitates the use of buffers such as lime.

Hydroponics subsystem The portion of the system where plants are grown by absorbing excess nutrients from the water.

130

TECHNICAL DATA | AQUAPONICS

This system is essentially an aquaponic system attached to an aquaculture system thereby letting the plants absorb the excess nutrients and recirculating the water to the main tank.

Sump: The lowest point in the system where the water flows to and from which it is pumped back to the rearing tanks.

Depending on the sophistication and cost of the aquaponics system, the units for solids removal, biofiltration, and/or the hydroponics subsystem may be combined into one unit or subsystem,which prevents the water from flowing directly from the aquaculture part of the system to the hydroponics part.

By utilizing gravel or sand as plant supporting medium, solids are captured and the medium has enough surface area for fixed-film nitrification.

The ability to combine biofiltration and hydroponics allows for aquaponic system, in many cases, to eliminate the need for an expensive, separate biofilter.

131

TECHNICAL DATA | AQUAPONICS

Water drain from rafts Waste dump lines

Degassing tank

Netting filter tanks x4

Figure.72 :Mechanical components of Aquaponics: Source : Author

132

TECHNICAL DATA | AQUAPONICS

Culture Tanks Doser tank Sump

Clarifier

To Sediment Pond

Water supply to rafts

133

TECHNICAL DATA | AQUAPONICS

LIVE COMPONENTS OF AQUAPONIC SYSTEMS Plants A Deep Water Culture hydroponics system where plant grow directly into the effluent rich water without a soil medium. Plants can be spaced closer together because the roots do not need to expand outwards to support the weight of the plant.

Many plants are suitable for aquaponic systems, though which ones work for a specific system depends on the maturity and stocking density of the fish. These factors influence the concentration of nutrients from the fish effluent and how much of those nutrients are made available to the plant roots via bacteria. Green leaf vegetables with low to medium nutrient requirements are well adapted to aquaponic systems, including chinese cabbage, lettuce, basil, spinach, chives, herbs, and watercress.

Other plants, such as tomatoes, cucumbers, and peppers, have higher nutrient requirements and will do well only in mature aquaponic systems with high stocking densities of fish.

Plants that are common in salads have some of the greatest success in aquaponics, including cucumbers, shallots, tomatoes, lettuce, capsicum, red salad onions and snow peas.

Some profitable plants for aquaponic systems include chinese cabbage, lettuce, basil, roses, tomatoes, okra, cantaloupe and bell peppers.

Other species of vegetables that grow well in an aquaponic system include watercress, basil, coriander, parsley, lemongrass, sage, beans, peas, kohlrabi, taro, radishes, strawberries, melons, onions, turnips, parsnips, sweet potato, cauliflower, cabbage, broccoli, and eggplant as well as the choys that are used for stir fries.

134

TECHNICAL DATA | AQUAPONICS

Figure.73 : Live components of Aquaponics Source : https://www.concordmonitor.com

135

TECHNICAL DATA | AQUAPONICS

Fish (or other aquatic creatures) Freshwater fish are the most common aquatic animal raised using aquaponics due to their ability to tolerate crowding, although freshwater crayfish and prawns are also sometimes used.

There is a branch of aquaponics using saltwater fish, called saltwater aquaponics. There are many species of warmwater and coldwater fish that adapt well to aquaculture systems.

In practice, tilapia are the most popular fish for home and commercial projects that are intended to raise edible fish because it is a warmwater fish species that can tolerate crowding and changing water conditions.

Barramundi, silver perch, eel-tailed catfish or tandanus catfish, jade perch and Murray cod are also used.

For temperate climates when there isn’t ability or desire to maintain water temperature, bluegill and catfish are suitable fish species for home systems.

Koi and goldfish may also be used, if the fish in the system need not be edible.

Other suitable fish include channel catfish, rainbow trout, perch, common carp, Arctic char, largemouth bass and striped bass.

Figure.74 : Live components of Aquaponics Source : https://www.concordmonitor.com

136

TECHNICAL DATA | AQUAPONICS

Bacteria Nitrification, the aerobic conversion of ammonia into nitrates, is one of the most important functions in an aquaponic system as it reduces the toxicity of the water for fish, and allows the resulting nitrate compounds to be removed by the plants for nourishment.

Ammonia is steadily released into the water through the excreta and gills of fish as a product of their metabolism, but must be filtered out of the water since higher concentrations of ammonia (commonly between 0.5 and 1 ppm)[citation needed] can impair growth, cause widespread damage to tissues, decrease resistance to disease and even kill the fish.

Although plants can absorb ammonia from the water to some degree, nitrates are assimilated more easily, thereby efficiently reducing the toxicity of the water for fish.

Ammonia can be converted into safer nitrogenous compounds through combined healthy populations of 2 types of bacteria: Nitrosomonas which convert ammonia into nitrites, and Nitrobacter which then convert nitrites into nitrates. While nitrite is still harmful to fish due to its ability to create haemoglobin, which cannot bind oxygen, by attaching to haemoglobin, nitrates are able to be tolerated at high levels by fish.

High surface area provides more space for the growth of nitrifying bacteria. Grow bed material choices require careful analysis of the surface area, price and maintainability considerations.

Figure.75 : Nitrification Process Source : https://www.researchgate.net

137

TECHNICAL DATA | ROOF TOP GARDENS

14.2.0. ROOF TOP GARDENS A roof garden is essentially a garden on the rooftop of a building, manmade green spaces on the topmost level of residential and commercial structures. Consisting of different plants, these verdant areas help improve a building’s aesthetics.

Rooftop gardens have been in existence for a long time now. The people of ancient Mesopotamia have grown trees and shrubs atop ziggurats.

Some European homes in the olden days had roofs made with turf.

And the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, are known to have tiered gardens with lots of vegetation.

Due to today’s urban landscapes, which is congested and has less green space, more residential owners and building architects opt to develop rooftop gardens.

Figure.76 : Roof top garden Source: https://www.weforum.org

138

Source :https://www.newyorkdecks.com/rooftop-garden-benefits/

TECHNICAL DATA | ROOF TOP GARDENS

VARIOUS TYPES OF ROOF TOP GARDENS Extensive Green Roof: This is a low-maintenance green roof garden that has a thin, lightweight growing medium. This type of green roof is characterized by its vegetation, which is often limited to sedums, mosses, herbs, small plants and flowers, desert grasses, and succulents.

Because it has a growing medium depth of around 3 to 6 inches, an extensive green roof is easier to install and cost-efficient, and generally doesn’t require an irrigation system to survive. It is ideal for storm-water management for flat or low-sloped roofs and retrofits.

Figure.77 : Extensive Green Roof Source: https://www.newyorkdecks.com

139

TECHNICAL DATA | ROOF TOP GARDENS

Semi-Intensive Green Roof: Boasts a mix of both the intensive and extensive green roofs. It is characterized by a growing medium depth of around 6 to 12 inches to host a much richer ecology. Greenery in this type of rooftop garden consists of small plants, grasses, herbs, small shrubs, and ground covers that require occasional irrigation and moderate maintenance.

A semi-intensive green roof is able to retain more storm water than an extensive green roof and, at the same time, provides the potential for a formal roof garden effect. Its design makes it ideal for long-term care facilities, daycare play spaces, and urban picnic areas.

Figure.78 : Semi-Intensive Green Roof Source: https://www.newyorkdecks.com

140

TECHNICAL DATA | ROOF TOP GARDENS

Intensive Green Roof | Roof Garden : This is more of a rooftop garden or sky park than anything else. This roof garden design is characterized by deep soils that have a growing medium depth of more than 6 inches. A variety of vegetation can be grown in an intensive roof garden, from small to large plants, shrubs, ground covers, and even small trees.

An intensive green roof offers a great potential for highly creative designs and biodiversity. It can support small home gardens, playgrounds, fullscale parks, and even vegetable gardens. But this rooftop garden type also requires intensive care, with regular professional maintenance and advanced irrigation systems.

Figure.79 : Intensive Green Roof | Roof Garden Source: https://www.newyorkdecks.com

141

CROP

Sunlight hrs /day

EDIBLE PLANT NEEDS 13-16 / Onion day Garlic

6-8 hrs

Sowing time

AREA PER PLANT- sq ft

PLANT HEIGHT

WATER PER AREA /week in mm

2-5 hrs

SOIL TYPE

TIME UNTIL HARVEST

YEILD KG/MSQ

STORAGE

BULBS

cool

4

1-3 ft

25-30

25-35

loamy

2-4 months

5

cool dark dry ventilated

cool

8

1-3 ft

25-30

20-40

Clayey

8-9 months

4

cool dark dry ventilated

25-30

25-35

loamy

1-2 months

4

cool dark dry ventilated

25-30

25-30

Loamy

6-7 months

5

cool dark dry ventilated

13-16 / 14.3 | EDIBLE PLANT Spring onion cool 4 NEEDS 1-3 ft day Ginger

TEMPRATURECentigrade

warm

6

2-3 ft

This section is about what the plants need in terms of care and natural FLOWERS resources, weather conditions for 30-40 optimum growth, certain information light/claey 3-5 months Cauliflower 6-8 hrs warm-cool 2 1-3 ft 20-35 10 about yield are march rough estimates from multiple sources, they give a basic sandy/clay 2-3 months Brocolli 6-8 hrs 2 1-3 ft 30-40 20-35 5 june idea about the possibilities on the selected site. cool dry ventilated cool dry ventilated

FRUITS

Capsicum CROP

Eggplant

4-5 hrs

Sunlight hrs /day

Summer spring Sowing time

4

AREA PER PLANT- sq ft

2-4 ft

PLANT HEIGHT

30 - 40 WATER PER AREA /week in mm

20-35

TEMPRATURECentigrade

fertile free draining SOIL TYPE

4-5 months TIME UNTIL HARVEST

5

cool dry ventilated STORAGE

3

cool dark dry

6 5

cool drydry cool dark ventilated

YEILD KG/MSQ

25-30

Sandy/loam 3-4 months y

30 - 40 25-30

22-35 25-35

Sandy/loam 2-3 months loamy 2-4 months y

1-3 ft ft 1-3

30 - 40 25-30

18-40 20-40

fertile free Clayey draining

3-4 8-9 months months

3 4

cool dark dry ventilated

2 4

4-5 ft 1-3 ft

30 - 40 25-30

18-25-35 25-35

fertile free loamy draining

2-3 1-2 months months

6 4

cool dark dry ventilated

1 6

7-10 2-3 ftft

30 - 40 25-30

25-30 25-30

1.5 5

cool dark dry ventilated

1 10

cool dry cool dry ventilated ventilated

fertile free 2-4 sandy/clay 2-3 months months draining

2 5

cool dry cool dry ventilated ventilated

fertile free draining fertile free draining

2-3 months

1

cool dry ventilated

4-5 months

5

cool dry ventilated

25-35 25-30

Sandy/loam Loamy soil 2-3 months 3-4 months y

2 3

cool dry ventilated cool dark dry

30 30 -- 40 40

25-35 22-35

Sandy/loam Loamy soil 1-2 months 2-3 months y

2 6

cool dry ventilated cool dry

1/2 ft 1-3 ft

30 30 -- 40 40

25-35 18-40

2 3

cool dry ventilated cool dark dry

2 1

4-5 ft 1-3 ft

LEAVES 30 - 40 30 - 40

fertile free Loamy soil 1-2 months 3-4 months draining

18-25-35 18-30

2-3 months 1-2 months

6 2

1 2

7-10 ft 1-3 ft

30 - 40 30 - 40 VEGETABLES

25-30 25-30

fertile free draining Loamy soil Sandy/loam y Loamy soil

2-3 months 2-4 months

1.5 3

cool dark dry cool dry ventilated

Summer Winter spring

1 1

1-3 ft 5-6 ft

30 - 40 120-300

18-30 20-35

fertile free Loamy soil 1-2 months 4-6 months draining

2 1

cool dry cool dry ventilated ventilated

Summer spring SpringSummer Summer spring

3 1

1-3 ft 8-12ft

30 30 -- 40 40

25-30 20-35

fertile free Loamy soil 1-2 months 2-4 months draining

1 2

cool dry cool dry ventilated ventilated

1 1

1-3 3-5 ft ft

30 40 30 -- 40

25-30 20-35

fertile free Loamy soil 1-2 months 2-3 months draining

1 1

cool dry cool dry ventilated ventilated

6-8h

warm-cool

Bhindi Onion

13-16 6-7 h / day

june - july cool

4 4

7-10 1-3 ftft

Pumpkin Garlic

6-7hrs h 6-8

may - june cool

1 8

Tomatoes Spring onion

13-16 6-8h / day

marchcool april

Cucumbers Ginger

6-8h 2-5 hrs

Summer warm spring

Karela Cauliflower

6-8 6-8 hrs hrs

Summer warm-cool spring

1 2

5-6 ft 1-3 ft

120-300 30-40

20-35 20-35

fertile free light/claey draining

Snake Brocollibeans

6-8 hrs hrs 6-8

Summer march spring june

1 2

8-12ft 1-3 ft

30 - 40 30-40

20-35 20-35

Lauki

5-6 hrs

1

3-5 ft

FRUITS 30 - 40

20-35

Capsicum

4-5 hrs

4

2-4 ft

30 - 40 ROOTS

20-35

Carrots Eggplant

6-8 hrs 6-8h

Spring warm-cool

1 1

1/2 ft 2-4 ft

30 -- 40 40 30

Radish Bhindi

6-8 6-7hrs h

winter june - july

1 4

1/2 ftft 7-10

Beet root Pumpkin

6-8 6-7hrs h

Spring may - june

1 1

Tomatoes Spinach

6-8h 6-8 hrs

Cucumbers Cabbage

6-8h 6-8 hrs

Red Spinach Karela

4-6 hrs 6-8 hrs

Alu Snake beans (colacasia)

partial 6-8 hrs shade

Methi Lauki

4-6 hrs 5-6 hrs

Summer spring Summer spring

marchapril Winter Summer Springspring Winter

1

2-4 ft

30 - 40 BULBS

Sandy/loam 2-3 Loamy 6-7 months months y

VEGETABLES FLOWERS

HERBS & SPICES ROOTS

4-6 months 3-5 months

cool dark dry cool dry ventilated

Green Carrotschilly

5-6 hrs 6-8 hrs

AutumnSpring Winter

Mint Radish

5-6 hrs 6-8 hrs

Autumnwinter Winter

4 1

1-3 ft 1/2 ft

30 30 -- 40 40

18-30 25-35

fertile free Loamy soil 1-2 1-2 months months draining

1 2

cool dry cool dry ventilated ventilated

Corriander Beet root

5-6 hrs 6-8 hrs

AutumnSpring Winter

4 1

1-3 ft 1/2 ft

30 40 30 -- 40

25-40 25-35

fertile free Loamy soil 2-4 1-2 months months draining

2 2

cool dry cool dry ventilated ventilated

2 1

1-3 ft 1/2 ft

10 30 -- 30.

40

25-40 25-35

fertile free Loamy soil 2-4 2-3 months months draining

2.5 2

cool dry cool dry ventilated ventilated

TUBERS LEAVES Potato Spinach

6-8 hrs 6-8 hrs

Autumn Winter

1 1

1-3 ft 1-3 ft

30 30 -- 40 40

18-30 18-30

Loamy soil 2-3 months Loamy soil 1-2 months

6 2

cool dry cool dry ventilated ventilated

Sweet Cabbage potato

6-8 hrs hrs 6-8

1 2

1-2 ft 1-3 ft

30 -- 40 40 30

18-30 25-30

Loamy soil 3-4 months Loamy soil 2-4 months

1.5 3

cool dry cool dry ventilated ventilated

Elephant Red Spinach Yam (suran)

SpringSpring Winter

6-8 hrs hrs 4-6

Summer Winter

1 1

4-8 ft 1-3 ft

30 30 -- 40 40

18-30 18-30

Loamy soil 8-9 months Loamy soil 1-2 months

3 2

cool dry cool dry ventilated ventilated

Alu (“Arbi”) Taro (colacasia)

partial 6-8 hrs shade

Summer Summer

1 3

1-2 ft 1-3 ft

30 -- 40 40 30

18-30 25-30

Loamy soil Loamy soil 1-2 months months

1 1

cool dry cool dry ventilated ventilated

Methi

4-6 hrs

SpringSummer

1

1-3 ft

30 - 40

25-30

Loamy soil 1-2 months

1

cool dry ventilated

Green chilly

5-6 hrs

AutumnWinter

2

1-3 ft

10 - 30.

25-40

fertile free draining

2-4 months

2.5

cool dry ventilated

Mint

5-6 hrs

AutumnWinter

4

1-3 ft

30 - 40

18-30

fertile free draining

1-2 months

1

cool dry ventilated

Corriander

5-6 hrs

AutumnWinter

4

1-3 ft

30 - 40

25-40

fertile free draining

2-4 months

2

cool dry ventilated

9-12

HERBS & SPICES

142

2

cool dry ventilated

Carrots

6-8 hrs

Spring

1

1/2 ft

30 - 40

25-35

Loamy soil 2-3 months

Radish

6-8 hrs

winter

1

1/2 ft

30 - 40

25-35

Loamy soil 1-2 months EDIBLE2 PLANT NEEDS ventilated

Beet root

6-8 hrs

Spring

1

1/2 ft

30 - 40

25-35

Loamy soil 1-2 months

2

cool dry ventilated

cool dry

LEAVES Spinach

6-8 hrs

Winter

1

1-3 ft

30 - 40

18-30

Loamy soil 1-2 months

2

cool dry ventilated

Cabbage

6-8 hrs

SpringWinter

2

1-3 ft

30 - 40

25-30

Loamy soil 2-4 months

3

cool dry ventilated

Red Spinach

4-6 hrs

Winter

1

1-3 ft

30 - 40

18-30

Loamy soil 1-2 months

2

cool dry ventilated

Alu (colacasia)

partial shade

Summer

3

1-3 ft

30 - 40

25-30

Loamy soil 1-2 months

1

cool dry ventilated

Methi

4-6 hrs

SpringSummer

1

1-3 ft

30 - 40

25-30

Loamy soil 1-2 months

1

cool dry ventilated

HERBS & SPICES Green chilly

5-6 hrs

AutumnWinter

2

1-3 ft

10 - 30.

25-40

fertile free draining

2-4 months

2.5

cool dry ventilated

Mint

5-6 hrs

AutumnWinter

4

1-3 ft

30 - 40

18-30

fertile free draining

1-2 months

1

cool dry ventilated

Corriander

5-6 hrs

AutumnWinter

4

1-3 ft

30 - 40

25-40

fertile free draining

2-4 months

2

cool dry ventilated

TUBERS

Figure.80 : Data on Edible Plants Potato 6-8 hrs Autumn Source: Author

1

1-3 ft

30 - 40

18-30

Loamy soil 2-3 months

6

cool dry ventilated

Sweet potato

6-8 hrs

Spring

1

1-2 ft

30 - 40

18-30

Loamy soil 3-4 months

1.5

cool dry ventilated

Elephant Yam (suran)

6-8 hrs

Summer

1

4-8 ft

30 - 40

18-30

Loamy soil 8-9 months

3

cool dry ventilated

Taro (“Arbi”)

6-8 hrs

Summer

1

1-2 ft

30 - 40

18-30

Loamy soil

1

cool dry ventilated

9-12 months

143

DESIGN VIGNETTES

14.4 | DESIGN VIGNETTES

FRUIT / VEGETABLE STALL Figure.81 : FRUIT / VEGETABLE STALL Source: Author

144

DESIGN VIGNETTES

FOOD TRUCK / TRAILER Figure.82 : FOOD TRUCK / TRAILER Source: Author

145

DESIGN VIGNETTES

VERTICAL PLANTERS Figure.83 : VERTICAL PLANTERS Source: Author

146

DESIGN VIGNETTES

RAINWATER STORAGE TANKS Figure.84 : RAINWATER STORAGE TANKS Source: Author

147

DESIGN VIGNETTES

AQUAPONIC SYSTEM Figure.85 : AQUAPONIC SYSTEM Source: Author

148

DESIGN VIGNETTES

EQUIPMENT GARAGE Figure.86 : EQUIPMENT GARAGE Source: Author

149

DESIGN VIGNETTES

TOOL STAND Figure.87 : TOOL STAND Source: Author

150

DESIGN VIGNETTES

TOOL SHED Figure.88 : TOOL SHED Source: Author

151

CONCLUDING NOTE

Farmers and farming activities are the backbone of city life. The traditional farming activities and techniques are slowly falling out of practice and the overall skill development, in the coming future will play a vital role in well-being of the farming community.

Not being able to afford food is the main cause of Hunger around the globe, this contradicts the narrative of ‘lack of food’ in the food chains.

Integration of the local and migrating communities and their contribution to understanding the food chains and efforts behind food production, an unique identity to the project will play a vital role in reaching out to the people around the area.

Prototyping this culture is of essence to the project, with adaptability, these prototypes can be implemented in various cities at various scales, hoping to revitalise the farming culture and making an effort to build a community with its support.

152

Figure.89 : Ideas for the future Source: Author

153

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF FIGURES Figures 1

A Growing Culture Source : Author

14

Figures 2

Research Methodology Source : Author

19

Figures 3

Hollowing out of INDIA by ‘Great’ Britain.

Source : Author

24

Figures 4

Disorganised Growth Source: Author

29

Figures 5

Urban Rural Transformation Source: Author

32

Figures 6

Growth of Magarpatta city Source: Google Earth

35

Figures 7

Proposed development plan (Pune) Source: Pune Municipal Corporation 36

Figures 8

Garden at Magarpatta Source: Magic Bricks website

36

Figures 9

IT HUB at Magarpatta Source: Magic Bricks website

36

Figures 10 Howard defined three “magnet” locations: Town, Country, and TownCountry–AKA the garden city. Source:Garden Cities of To-Morrow, Ebenezer Howard 39 Figures 11 A single ward of the Garden City, showing the series of avenues and gardens that make up the rings of the city. Source: Garden Cities of To-Morrow, Ebenezer Howard 40 Figures 12 The overview of Howard’s protoypical Garden City, showing the entire city as well as the surrounding agricultural belt. Source: Garden Cities of To-Morrow, Ebenezer Howard 40 Figures 13 A view of Ebenezer Howard’s ultimate goal, a “social city” made up of interconnected garden cities. Source: Garden Cities of To-Morrow, Ebenezer Howard 41 Figures 14 A sketch of the Contemporary City concept.

Source: Fondation Le Corbusier.

45

Figures 15 A model of Plan Voisin (Amber Case on Flickr), compared to the area as it appears today (Google Maps).

45

154

Figures 16 News paper article Source: The Guardian (Digital article)

48

Figures 17 News paper article Source: The Times of India (Digital article)

48

Figures 18 Urban-rural linkages Source: Author

50

LIST OF FIGURES

Figures 19 A theory of change for micro credit Source:https://www.povertyactionlab.org/ policy-insight/microcredit-impacts-and-limitatio ns

52

Figures 20 Rural-Urban transect Source: Draft development plan of Nagpur metropolitan area 2032

57

Figures 21 Farmer & the Farm Source: Author

59

Figures 22 Urban centres in Vidharbha region Source: Census of India data and CRIS analysis

61

Figures 23 Urban centres in Vidharbha region Source: Census of India, 2011 data and CRIS analysis

61

Figures 24 Population trend in Nagpur City 1971-2011 Source: Census of India, 2011 data and CRIS analysis

61

Figures 25 Expansion of Nagpur in the Post-independence period Source: Draft development plan of Nagpur metropolitan area 2032 62 Figures 26 Structured Plan Source: Draft development plan of Nagpur metropolitan area 2032

63

Figures 27 Grain of development Source: Draft development plan of Nagpur metropolitan area 2032

63

Figures 28 Growing urban areas in the NMA Source: Draft development plan of Nagpur metropolitan area 2032

64

Figures 29 Population distribution Source: Draft development plan of Nagpur metropolitan area 2032

65

Figures 30 Theory & program formulation Source: Author

66

Figures 31 Possibilities for multiple prototypes around the city.

Source: Author | Development plan of Nagpur 2000 | Institute of Town Planners, India

68 Figures 32 MADC Masterplan for MIHAN Source: MADC website

72

Figures 33 Location plan Source: Google Earth

73

Figures 34 Proposed Land Use plan Source: Draft Development Plan Nagpur Metropolitan Area

76

Figures 35 Location plan Source: Google Earth

76

Figures 36 Location plan for the larger context Source: Google Earth

79

155

LIST OF FIGURES

Figures 37 Location plan for the Immediate context Source: Google Earth

79

Figures 38 Proposed Land Use plan Source: Draft Development Plan Nagpur Metropolitan Area

80

Figures 39 Draft Survey Remarks Source: Author

82

Figures 40 PERFORMA -A Source: Author

83

Figures 41 Gatherings at the roof top Source: https://rotterdamsedakendagen.nl/ en/dakakker/ 86 Figures 42 Overview showing connections with the bridge Source: https://rotterdamsedakendagen.nl/en/dakakker/

86

Figures 43 Central area of the bridge Source: https://rotterdamsedakendagen.nl/en/dakakker/

87

Figures 44 Plan showing bridge Source: https://zus.cc/projects/luchtsingel-rotterdam

88

Figures 45 Isometric showing various programmes Source: https://zus.cc/projects/luchtsingel-rotterdam

88

Figures 46 Central area of the bridge Stairs re purposed as amphitheatre Source: https://rotterdamsedakendagen.nl/en/dakakker/

89

Figures 47 Central area of the bridge Source: https://zus.cc/projects/luchtsingel-rotterdam

89

Figures 48 Contextual study of the project Source: A part of Design exercise Sem-9 (Shruti S, Soham T, Prajwal S, Author) Figures 49 Expansion of Nagpur in the Gond Rule (1636-1743) Source: Draft development plan of Nagpur metropolitan area 2032.

90

92

Figures 50 Expansion of Nagpur in the Bhonsale Rule (1743-1854) Source: Draft development plan of Nagpur metropolitan area 2032.

93 Figures 51 Expansion of Nagpur in the Colonial Rule (1854-1947) Source: Draft development plan of Nagpur metropolitan area 2032.

93

156

Figures 52 Location of Krishi Vidyapeeth in context of Nagpur.

Source : Google Earth

94

Figures 53 Immediate context of Krishi Vidyapeeth Source : Google Earth

94

Figures 54 Farmer Picking Fruits Source : https://www.mapro.com/about.html

97

Figures 55 Mapro food Park Source : Mahabaleshwar Tourism

97

Figures 56 Display stalls at the Mapro food Park Source : Mahabaleshwar Tourism

99

Figures 57 Products from the Mapro factory Source : https://www.mapro.com/about.html

99

LIST OF FIGURES

Figures 58 Site plan Source : archdaily.com

101

Figures 59 Section showing various spaces Source : archdaily.com

101

Figures 60 Planters made from reused wood Source : archdaily.com

103

Figures 61 Double Roof & Water tanks Source : archdaily.com

103

Figures 62 Program Feasibility & Target users Source: Author

110

Figures 63 Primary Programs Source: Author

112

Figures 64 Area comparisons Source: Author

115

Figures 65 Nature of Urban farming Source: Author

119

Figures 66 Types of vertical farming Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_farming

121

Figures 67 Working of conventional hydroponic systems Source: marleypipesystems.co.za

123

Figures 68 Hydroponic system in a community setting Source: https://www.sowthecity.org/hydroponics.htm

123

Figures 69 Working of aeroponic system Source: https://sharetheseeds.me/forum/index.php?topic=3207.0 126 Figures 70 Aeroponic system using PVC Source: https://growlode.com/blog/2018/01/09/aeroponic-system-cvertical-column-system-using-pvc/ 128 Figures 71 Mechanical components of Aquaponics: Source : Author

132

Figures 72 Live components of Aquaponics Source : https://www.concordmonitor.com

135

Figures 73 Live components of Aquaponics Source : https://www.concordmonitor.com

136

Figures 74 Nitrification Process Source : https://www.researchgate.net

137

Figures 75 Roof top garden Source: https://www.weforum.org

138

Figures 76 Extensive Green Roof Source: https://www.newyorkdecks.com

139

Figures 77 Semi-Intensive Green Roof Source: https://www.newyorkdecks.com

140

157

LIST OF FIGURES

158

Figures 78 Intensive Green Roof | Roof Garden Source: https://www.newyorkdecks.com

141

Figures 79 Data on Edible Plants Source: Author

143

Figures 80 FRUIT / VEGETABLE STALL Source: Author

144

Figures 81 FOOD TRUCK / TRAILER Source: Author

145

Figures 82 VERTICAL PLANTERS Source: Author

146

Figures 83 RAINWATER STORAGE TANKS Source: Author

147

Figures 84 AQUAPONIC SYSTEM Source: Author

148

Figures 85 EQUIPMENT GARAGE Source: Author

149

Figures 86 TOOL STAND Source: Author

150

Figures 87 TOOL SHED Source: Author

151

Figures 88 Ideas for the future Source: Author

153

159

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY Research Articles • Agriculture: The true culture of India and impact of westernisation , Suman joshi Research Scholar D. S. B. Campus, Department of History, Kumaun University, Nainital, 2019 • Agriculture as an upholder of cultural heritage Conceptualizations and value judgements - A Norwegian perspective in international context, Birgitte Ska , 2006 • Cultural Tradition & Social Change in Agriculture, Hans Pongratz, 1990 • Social Forces and Cultural Factors Influencing Farm Transition Shoshanah Inwood, 2013 • Urbanisation to cause huge loss of prime farmland: UNCCD , Shagun Kapil • IAS PCS Human Geography LECTURE-48: Urbanisation: Rural-Urban Fringe • Urbanization and its implications for food and farming, David Satterthwaite,* Gordon McGranahan, and Cecilia Tacoli, 2010 • Internal Migration in India: Integrating Migration with Development and Urbanization Policies, S.Irudaya Rajan and R.B. Bhagat , 2021 • Managing India’s urban transition in 2021 , Rumi Aijaz, 2021 • Urban expansion and loss of agricultural land – a GISbased study of Saharanpur City, India , Shahab Fazal , 2000.

• 5 Modern Agricultural Practices Today, 2019 • Vertical farming: a summary of approaches to growing skywards, Jim Monaghan, 2019 • The Utilization of Agricultural Waste as Agro-Cement in Concrete: A Review, Jing He, Satoru Kawasaki, and Varenyam Achal, 2020 • Solid Waste Reuse And Urban Agriculture--Dilemmas In Developing Countries: The Bad News And The Good News , Christine Furedy And Tasneem Chowdhury ,1996 • India’s Green Revolution Sowed the Seeds of Today’s Meltdown, Kabir Agarwal, 2021 • “Making Aid Work”, Authors: Abhijit Banerjee & Ruimin He

160

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books • Permaculture, A Designer’s Manual, Bill Mollison, 1988 • TransformingFood Systems for a Rising India, Prabhu Pingali, Anaka Aiyar, Mathew Abraham, Andaleeb Rahman, 2019 •

Social Science - Contemporary India - NCERT- Geography, Class - 10

Websites • www.financialexpress.com • urbanutopias.net • rotterdamsedakendagen.nl • www.pdkvacn.ac.in • researchgate.net • archdaily.com - Hazel Hare Centre for Plant Science • mtfc.crenov8.com • en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_farming • www.sowthecity.org/hydroponics.htm • modernfarmer.com/2018/07/how-does-aeroponics-work • en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics • www.newyorkdecks.com/rooftop-garden-benefits •

https://www.vegetables.co.nz/vegetables-a-z/

Documentaries •

Wild Wild Country, Chapman Way, Mclain Way, Netflix

•

A Selfish Argument for Making the World a Better Place – Egoistic Altruism, Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshell, Youtube

• The Futuristic Farms That Will Feed the World | Freethink | Future of Food, Freethink, Youtube

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ADISH RATH0D | SEM-9 | 1627 | adishr16@aoamumbai.in