Colonial Bungalows of Bengaluru
OVERVIEW
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1 CONTENTS OVERVIEW 2
PRELUDE.................................................................................................................................... 3
3
WHAT IS COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE?...................................................................................... 4
4
THE ORIGIN OF THE IMPERIAL BUNGALOW IN INDIA .............................................................. 5 4.1
5
ELEMENTS OF THESE COLONIAL BUNGALOWS ............................................................. 11
THE GROWTH OF BENGALURU CANTONMENT ..................................................................... 12
DOCUMENTATION BINFIELD ......................................................................................................................................... 17 1
WHERE ABOUTS & LOCATION ............................................................................................... 17
2
SPACIAL PLANNING ............................................................................................................... 18 2.1
SITE PLAN AND FLOOR PLAN .......................................................................................... 19
2.1.1
SITE PLAN .................................................................................................................. 19
2.1.2
FLOOR PLAN............................................................................................................. 20
3
CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS ............................................................................................... 23
CLOVELLY, ..................................................................................................................................... 28 4
WHEREABOUTS ....................................................................................................................... 29 4.1
WALLS AND GARDEN ..................................................................................................... 29
4.2
SERVICE GATE ................................................................................................................. 30
4.3
DRAWING-ROOM ........................................................................................................... 30
4.4
BEDROOM ....................................................................................................................... 30
4.5
PANTRY ............................................................................................................................ 30
4.6
KITCHEN ........................................................................................................................... 30
5
CONSTRUCTION DRWAINGS ............................................................................................... 32
6
CONSTRUCTION DETAIL & FIXING DETAILS.......................................................................... 37
7
BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................................... 46
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2 PRELUDE For many centuries and even eras, India has experienced many architectural styles and changes. From caves, temples and mosques to palaces and stupas, India boasts an architectural diversity like no other country in the world. This incredibly rich heritage has developed over nearly 4000 years, during which time India absorbed many different political, religious and artistic influences. Taking a glance through the past history of India’s architecture, it all starts with the India’s very earliest towns that were build in the Indus Valley, where one of the world’s oldest and most advanced urban civilizations flourished between 2700 and 1700 BCE. Following which is the early Indian architecture that lasted from 273 BCE to the start of the common Era. This era brought us the Mauryan dynasty followed by the Shunga dynasty, the Kushan dynasty after which the rock-cut architecture was in its peak throughout the nation. During the 1 st to the 8 th centuries CE the Indian classic art and architecture emerged, which was the start of the common era. This is when Indian ar t underwent changes that conditioned all its future evolution. Then from 8th to 16th centuries the influence of medieval art and architecture conquered all over India. At the end of the 8th century a number of regional styles emerged in Indian art, each with a strong character of its own. In south India, architecture thrived with the creation of Hindu Kingdoms which comprises of The Pallavas (7th to 8th century), The Cholas (around 10 th century), The Pandayas, The Western Gangas (10 th century), The Hoysalas (10th to 14th century), The Vijayanagars (1336 – 1565), The Nayaks (16th to 18th century), The Solanki dynasty (960 to 1243), The Eastern Gangas (1028 – 1434), The Chandelas (9 th to 13 th century). After so many centuries, India became a target for the Muslim powers around the 10 th And 11 th centuries which lead to the start of Islamic (12 th – 16 th century) and Mughal architecture (16 th – 18th century). Muslim rulers in India were great builders, but until 16 th century they restricted themselves to transforming Hindu and Jain temples into Mosques. As a result, Indo-Islamic architectural idioms emerged. Then after the victory of Babur in 1526, the Mughals established their rule in India. The Mughal style in India is a blend of Islamic, Persian and Indian idioms that took shape during the 16 th , 17th and 18 th centuries. The arrival of the European powers started a new chapter in Indian architecture. Under European colonial rule, architecture became an emblem of power, designed to endorse the occupying power. Numerous European countries invaded India and created architectural styles reflective of their ancestral and adopted homes. The European colonizers created architecture that symbolized their mission of conquest, dedicated to the state or religion. The British, French, Dutch and the Portuguese were the main European powers that colonized parts of India.
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3 WHAT IS COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE? Colonial architecture is any type of architecture that incorporates classic architectural elements of a ‘mother country’ in buildings or structures in territories overseas. This is commonly found in former European ‘colonies’ where continental architecture found its way to the Americas, Asia, and beyond. Often, traditional elements mixed with the local culture led to a stylistic hybr id, a unique architectural style not found anywhere else in the world. Commonly we distinguish between Spanish Colonial, Portuguese colonial, British colonial, French colonial, and Dutch colonial. Less frequently, however, we can also identify buildings in the Italian Colonial style and the German Colonial style.
In this documentation we will be looking at the British colonial architecture enrolled into the country and how it has transfigured its style in some parts of India especially in Bengaluru.
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4 THE ORIGIN OF THE IMPERIAL BUNGALOW IN INDIA The bungalow is an architectural form that the whole world has know for over so many years. It is especially common as a residence in tropical climate. It is generally considered as a British invention, although the word bungalow exists in many languages other than English and it is usually understood as a single-storey residence often used as a vacation house which is open to the outdoors and has large verandahs for spending leisure time.
One of the main reason for the bungalows wide spread popularity was that it came to be seen as the recreational building. This association can be traced back to the mid 19th century Britain, coinciding with the birth of the concept of the leisure activities and holidays. The bungalow was then adapted by Australians and Americans thereby ensuring its global reach.
But the real origins of the bungalow lie much earlier in a period where it served neither as a recreation house nor as a resort, but an ingenious solution to the vagaries of the tropical weather of Bengal the erstwhile colony of Britain.
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Bengal is the largest delta in the world. The nature and character of the delta is a flat marshy land and suitable for cultivation. The local people – the cultivator or the peasant build their own house either in the middle of the field or near their cultivation field. They built a very small pavilion like structure and it is a temporary structure. This was done in this way due to the course shifting of the river. Both the name and form of the bungalow originated in Bengal. The word ‘Bungalow’ came from the Guajarati word ‘bangalo’ or in Hindi ‘bangala’ meaning ‘from or of bengal’ or ‘bengalese’. These refered to the indeginous Bengali huts. The ‘Bangala ghar’ meaning ‘bengal hut’ was an easily constructed temporary structure used to reside in or to accommodate cattle. In this delta land, the rivers change course regularly and flooding is common. It has the advantage of being set up and dismantled easily. When the first Europeans arrived in Bengal for trade in the middle of the 16th century, they restricted themselves largely to the coasts where they had established their factories. However, in some occasions when they have to travel to the hinterlands requiring overnight stays, they turned to the Bengal huts which their servants could build quickly using locally available materials. Heritage Documentation
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As it was originally envisaged the bungalow had a number of features that made it a unique construction perfectly suited for the hit sun, humidity and heavy monsoon rains of Bengal. Its most significant feature was that it was made out of bamboo an inherently flexible material which led to variations in the number of slopes of the roofs known as ‘dho chala’ or two-sloped, ‘cho chala’ or four-sloped or ‘aat chala’ or eight-sloped.
This position of the rural hut is a rectangular room with a frontal verandah. The wall is made of bamboo which was perforated so that the summer breeze can pass through the room there by allowing cross ventilation inside the huts. The builders of
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the Bengal hut used the fact that the flexibility of the bamboo becomes so much stronger when tied with a rope to form a curved skeletal structure. They took this as an advantage to build a curved roof to dispose of the rain water as quick as possible. Because of this curved roof is slanted to its corners, it extended beyond the side walls leading to the introduction of the verandas or open-air corridors that ran around the main room. In a hot-humid climate, the semi-open spaces of the veranda became the principle site of the household activities.
Well before it inspired the British, the ‘bangala ghar’ had already stirred the imaginations of the regions former rulers. The architecture of the both Hindu and Muslim rulers of Bengal is replete with the instances of the chala roof form serving as a symbol in both temple and mosques.
Towards the end of the 19th century, the British colonization of India was being illustrated through their appropriation through the Bengal hut. Like other Europeans, the British had initially been attracted to the ease with which the bungalow hut could be built. As a temporary structure when moving into the hinterlands. As the British had their posts or their factories only near their barracks which was near the coasts, they had to travel in to the interiors of bengal. This led to their requirement of temporary shelters for which they turned back to the ‘bangala ghar’. The British soon realized that the bungala ghar was versatile enough to be adapted to the new requirements born of their entrenched settlements in India. As the needs of British governance and administration grew, the single spaces ‘bangala ghar’ became transformed into a more permanent multi-room structure. The most important change was the introduction of service spaces along with annex buildings for servants. Heritage Documentation
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Further changes was brought about by the emergence of luxury living born of colonial wealth. The ‘punkah’ or hand drawn fan was added to the ceiling to create artificial breeze. While the bungalow was sometimes raised on a platform allowing a large number of servants to sit and work at a slightly lower level, thereby enduring social distinction.
The development of bungalow as a common term to refer to British dwellings was much influenced by two events that took place in the middle of the 19th century. In 1854, the Public Works Department was established to build and maintain British administrative and common establishments. And in 1858, the governance of India came directly under the British crown. These events instigated the design of more administrative buildings as well as setting a prototype for British residences in India. Many of the administrative and military models did away entirely with the curved slanting roofs opting instead for the functional flat one, thereby removing the main attribute of the original ‘bangala ghar’.
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However, in other cases especially with private residences the slanting roof was retained leading to the diversification of the British Bungalow. These bungalows are the evidence that the non-military residences, some of which are double-storeyed and have greater signs of crafted embellishments including stained glass windows, wrought iron balustrades and wooden lattice work were clearly moving away from the austere military models.
4.1 ELEMENTS OF THESE COLONIAL BUNGALOWS The colonial bungalows of Bangalore consists of many architectural elements which includes the following: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Monkey tops Balustrades Pediments Doric, Ionic, Tuscan columns Cast iron railings Stone walls Tile floorings Trellis Cast iron Brackets Madras terrace roof Fan light Skylight Pediments Porch Verandah Pitched Roofs
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5 THE GROWTH OF BENGALURU CANTONMENT Bangalore Cantonment was founded early Conurbation [ kon-er-bey-shuhn ] in the 19th century. At that time the British [noun] moved their troops from Srirangapatna to an An extensive urban area resulting area just east of the walled town of Bangalore. from the expansion of several The Cantonment grew during the 19th century cities or towns so that they both as a military station, and as a flourishing coalesce but usually retain their administrative and residential centre. It was separate identities. separated from the old town by a strip of Open land a half to one mile wide. Now the Cantonment and the old town have merged and expanded in all directions into the modern conurbation of Bangalore. However, the term Cantonment is still commonly used for the eastern part, and something of its special character remains.
The events that led to the Growth of Bangalore Cantonment takes place between the years 1800 to 1947, the events are given below as a timeline : 1799: The British troops had occupied Srirangapatna since capturing the island. 1807: As they had suffered badly from malaria in that low-lying situation and in contrast the Bangalore area had, at 3000 ft, a cooler and apparently healthier climate and offered plenty of space for the army's needs. the Madras Government negotiated this move with the Maharaja of Mysore, and the first barracks were built south of Ulsoor village at Agram. Heritage Documentation
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1809: the troops had shifted from Srirangapatna. In the following decades the army laid out a large and spacious military station. Soon civilians -merchants, contractors, dhobis, barbers, craftsmen, labourers and others-were attracted to the Cantonment by the opportunities to provide goods and services to the army and to the soldiers. The General Bazaar grew up early in the century in the valley north of what is now Commercial Street. 1831: The administration of Mysore State was taken over by the British and run by a commissioner. Bangalore became the administrative headquarters. The official residence of the Commissioner was at the western end of the Parade Ground where Raj Bhavan now stands. 1850: A map was showing the extent of the Cantonment at that time .
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1862-1870: New phase of Bangalore's development started during Bowring's time as Commissioner. Many changes were made in Government; health and education services were improved; and much building was undertaken. the railway was opened as far as Cantonment station. Links with Madras became as important as those with Mysore and trade increased rapidly. 1881: Mysore State was restored to the Maharaja, but Bangalore remained the headquarters of the State Government. The Cantonment remained under British administration, and its status was changed to 'Civil and Military Station'. The wellto-do families of the Cantonment-British, Anglo-Indian, and westernized Indianslived in large bungalows. By the closing decades of the 19th century Bangalore Cantonment had become a well-established and flourishing town.
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1882: The Maharaja's Bangalore Palace, completed the model of mediaeval castles in Normandy and England'. Bangalore's reputation as a 'garden city' was founded as these bungalows spread. All the services catering to this kind of society and to the army flourished. Shops grew up on South Parade and elsewhere in the Cantonment selling all kinds of imported goods, from pianos to champagne, and from millinery to chandeliers. Early in the 19th century: Arab horses had been brought to Bangalore by Persian traders. These horses were stabled in the area off Richmond Road which is still known as Arab Lines. the end of the 19th century: A new fashion of building came to the Cantonment, apparently inspired by the Gothic revival in Europe. the Bangalore buildings of this period are given a special and distinctive character by their wealth of decorative detail. Most distinctive of all— almost the trade-mark of buildings is the monkey top. 1947: The expansion of Bangalore accelerated when Independence allowed the City and Cantonment to merge, and gave free rein to industrial development which had hitherto been very restricted in the Cantonment. Spaciousness and greenery that still dominate some areas of the Cantonment It is they that strike many visitors to Bangalore, and that gave it its reputation as a 'garden city.
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DOCUMENTATION
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BINFIELD, 87, RICHMOND ROAD, BENGALURU.
1 WHERE ABOUTS & LOCATION This property belongs to Col. Hussein, who spent his childhood here. It was bought by his father for his own and family’s use. But this bungalow was originally designed for and occupied by a British Engineer. The area occupied by the burnside, 86, Richmond road, was the first to be sold off.
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2 SPACIAL PLANNING •
•
• •
•
• •
The planning of bungalows was generally influenced by the 19th-century vernacular style, which was later modified as time passed ahead. The engineers from the British mostly followed symmetrical planning. Based on the drawings available from the Janet Pott book and the primary case study held we understood the bungalow lied inside a property of more than 20,000sft enclosed by compounds and a gate in the entrance, the carpet area of the bungalow was in average 13,000 sq.ft to 15,000 sq.ft. The main entrance to bungalows was in common with a porch, continued with veranda, entering a huge hall divided into living area and dining hall. Both the side of the halls were an entry to the bedroom, where each bedroom had an attached bathroom, the kitchen and storeroom would in average be in the rare end of the bungalow or outside the bungalow. Depicting the social discrimination for the servants who could not enter the bungalow, we can also notice the servant’s quarters provided located in the rare end of the property. The entrance to the bungalows were naturally one in the front and the other in the back for the servant‘s entry. The study on planning alone signifies the social significance of the British.
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2.1 SITE PLAN AND FLOOR PLAN
2.1.1SITE PLAN 1. The original compound was about SIX acres, extending from Richmond road to the park boundary and from Kinston Road to the present Western Boundary. 2. Originally the drive came right up to the Verandah steps. There was formal garden and tennis court in front of the house. 3. A ditch, which must originally have been a natural stream but has now been straightened and lined, runs through the compound from beside the main gate and still carries storm water out to the old tank behind the park. The compound has its own well, near the south west corner, and ‘water-men’ would carry water to the house or service quarters in pots hanging from a yoke across their shoulders. The contents of household commodes or ‘thunder-boxes’ were emptied into a large container in a remote corner of the compound, which was periodically emptied by the ‘night-cart’. 4. Leading from the back of the house was a long raised covered way, extending to the kitchen and bathing quarters, near the southern boundary of the site. These facilities were moved nearer to the house, where ‘hamman khana’ with special arrangements for heating water for bathing was used by all members of the family. 5. About twenty-five were employed in Col. Hussein’s parent’s days, and their accommodation was also behind the house. As in other Indian households, and in some European ones of the last century, the staff would take a great Heritage Documentation
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interest in any events which happened in the families of the owner of the property and would take part in family festivities. 6. Vegetables and fodder for castle were grown behind the house and the cattle themselves were kept there. Ample stabling for horses for riding, driving and polo and the necessary coach-houses, harness room etc. were situated along the south wall of the compound.
2.1.2FLOOR PLAN
7. The front verandah originally had a trellis between the elegant ionic columns. There was plenty of comfortable cane furniture here and thus verandah was used for receiving visitors who would not come into the house itself because of the women in purdah. 8. The drawing room was used for entertaining close friends and relatives who would come within the family circle. 9. Meals were taken in the dining room when there were guests or extra relatives. A punkah hung across it, pulled by a ‘punkah wallah’ who sat in one of the back bedrooms.
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10. The two front bedrooms were always the main bedroom. In earlier days, the rooms leading off these bed rooms were not Bathrooms but study/boudoirs. 11. The back bedrooms were used either as dressing rooms when the family was smaller, or as children’s rooms. 12. The fireplace, an unusual, but not unique, feature of Bangalore houses was used in chilly weather. 13. The breakfast room was used as the family dining room when there were no guests. 14. On one side of the breakfast room was the prayer room, used largely by the women of the household, and on the other side was the nursery, the ayah’s domain. 15. The present bathrooms, off these back bedrooms, were portioned off as part dressing rooms and part toilets in European sense, when bedroom were in use. 16. Binfield gives the impression of a house which has been designed and built with particular care and skill. The thick walls are said to be of ‘pukka’/ burnt bricks. The delicate craftsmanship and detail of both plaster and woodwork in the niches, pilasters, fireplace and fan lights is especially fine. 17. It is significant that this house and compound have been through many changes of occupants as families grow up and ways of life and fortunes fluctuate, but Binfield has been easily adapted to different uses, and the grace of the Building itself and its setting among fine tress still remains.
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3 CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS
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CLOVELLY, 5, SAMPANGI TANK ROAD, BENGALURU.
Mrs. Romela Chatterjee, whose father was Srirangam Desikacher Seshandri lyengar, whose ancestors had migrated from the South to Mysore in the mid 19th century. He was a hydroelectric engineer, a graduate of Columbia University. New York, and chief electrical engineer of Sivasamundram.
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4 WHEREABOUTS He bought the house in 1919 for himself, his wife and 3 children, two girls of 9 and 10 and a boy of 8. They had formerly lived in: A little L-shaped bungalow and its garden in the hills of Sivasamundram, not far from Bangalore. It was here that parents, and servants too, gave us our first tales, and my eyes were opening onto my past. It has no garden wall, only a wire fence and two small wooden gates, and so I never felt that there was a world outside — there wasn't. We were just part of the hills and their jungles and the river. Friends and cousins drove down from Bangalore and that meant picnics together and the discovery that a tigress and her cubs were asleep on the other side of the stream, or that wild bees were on the prowl and we saw a panther on the way back — it bounded away into the fields and we heard the peasants shout to scare it away.
4.1
WALLS AND GARDEN
Clovelly had fairly high walls and a great gate. There were many trees, guava, loquat, mango and papaya, and two peach trees. Monkeys came in often from the coconut groves that seemed to surround the house. My Father was a great gardener, and soon the garden had its rose-garden and a small vineyard behind it; and a tennis court and a badminton court and a putting green. Heritage Documentation
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4.2
SERVICE GATE
Clovelly brought tradesmen to the door; they preferred to come by the front gate than by the small service gate that was beyond the courts.
4.3
DRAWING-ROOM
They were the hours of magical manipulation by which Father and Mother nourished our Indian roots. They were the hours of India's legends and of their own remembered childhood. And more often than not, the drawing-room was the place for these and for Mother's songs. There were stone gods in the garden. They are now in the Bangalore Museum. And the drawing-room has brass gods and figures, a brass temple bell from Orissa, a prayer-wheel from Darjeeling and a prayer-rug from the frontier or Delhi, and a collection of brass and silver and sandalwood knickknacks and a cheetah skin covered a wide cane chair. Except for the dining-room and drawing-rooms, were simply and comfortably furnished. Nor were there large storage cupboards that now hide just about everything and give the rooms their cold and tidy looks.
4.4
BEDROOM
There was a shallow wall-cupboard in each bedroom. Furniture was varied — in design, choice of wood and color. Bedroom had Maplewood beds, desks and benches of the same color. Dressing room had teak dressing table and chest of drawers, a stand and a cane-sided soiled-linen box. Father and Mother had rosewood beds, a rocking chair and an ornate and heavy rosewood almirah. The spare room had all the rest; an old glass-doored almirah to store books.
4.5
PANTRY
Pantry was full of earthen jars and tins and bottles and sacks with earthy smells. There were zinc or stone rests for the legs of the cupboards in this store -room with water to keep ants out.
4.6
KITCHEN
The kitchen was in the nearest of a series of outhouses beside the house. There were 3 or 4 fireplaces in a row on raised brick shelf in a recessed alcove under a sort of archway which provided a good smoke-duct up to the chimney. There was a big deep oven to one side for baking. The fireplaces were against the wall, so that the cook had enough of the raised shelf on which to accommodate the burning firewood, and on which to rake out hot embers with ease. Each fireplace had three mortar knobs on which the cooking pots rested, to provide a good draught for the fire. Old fireplaces even if somewhat primitive, were extraordinarily efficient.
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5 CONSTRUCTION DRWAINGS
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6 CONSTRUCTION DETAIL & FIXING DETAILS
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7 BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS 1. Old Bungalows in Bangalore – Janet Pott 2. Monkey Tops – Elizabeth Staley 3. Anthony Douglas King – The Bungalow 1600 – 1980 (Ph.D. Thesis) WEBSITES 1. https://magikindia.com/culture-india__trashed/architecture-of-india/ 2. http://www.archiestudio.in/when_there_were_only_pencil_pen_and_typewriter/old_bun galows_of_bangalore_in_1978 3. https://www.makeheritagefun.com/colonial-bungalows-bengaluru/ 4. https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/designing-for-typologies/a4209-origin-anddevelopment-of-colonial-bungalows/ 5. https://www.architectural-review.com/places/india/the-origin-and-indigenisation-of-theimperial-bungalow-in-india ARTICLES
1. Retracing the Colonial Roots of Bungalow Architecture in Bangalore ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 10, Issue 6, (Series-VII) June 2020, pp. 37-48 2. Colonial Indian Architecture : A Historical Overview Debobrat Doley, Research Scholar, Dept of History, Dibrugarh University. 3. The bungalow – part of India’s vernacular heritage Monalisa Bhardwaj, Pushplata Garg Department of architecture and planning, Indian institute of technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India YOUTUBE 1. The Origins of Bungalow https://youtu.be/OezbwhvbOuo
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