THE LIFE AND BIOGRAPHY OF DR. JOSE RIZAL

DR. JOSE RIZAL DR. JOSE RIZAL THE

WHOWASDR.JOSERIZAL? WHOWASDR.JOSERIZAL?

IINSIDETHISISSUE NSIDETHISISSUE

RIZAL’SFAMILYAND CHILDHOOD

RIZAL’SEDUCATION

RIZAL’SFIRSTTRAVELS ABROAD

RIZAL’S SPECIALIZATIONIN MEDICINE

Oneofthemostimportanthistorical eventsinthehistoryofthePhilippinesis the life of a national hero who greatly influenced many Filipinos and had significant contributions in the development of Filipino nation He is none other than, Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado TheprideoftheMalayanrace wasbornonJune19,1861,inthetownof Calamba,Laguna.Theyusedtocallhim “Pepe” as his nickname and he belonged to a big family of thirteen members including his parents Rizal’s father, Francisco Mercado Rizal was a diligent and hard-working farmer whomRizalcalled“amodeloffathers.” His father’s hometown was in Biñan, Laguna. While his mother, Teodora AlonzoyQuintoswasaverysuccessful

RIZAL’SACHIEVEMENTS RIZAL’SSECOND TRAVELSABROAD

RIZAL’SEXECUTION ANDDEATH

woman whom Rizal called “loving and prudentmother”Hismother’shometown was in Meisic, Sta. Cruz, Manila. Rizal’s parents were both carreer-oriented persons,wealthylandowners,andthey belonged to a recognized family Rizal was the seventh child among his nine siblings, namely: Saturnina Rizal, eldest child of the Rizal-Alonzo marriage, Paciano Rizal, only brother of Jose Rizal and the second child,Narcisa Rizal, the thirdchild,OlympiaRizal,thefourthchild, LuciaRizal,thefifthchild,MariaRizal,the sixth child, Concepcion Rizal, the eight childwhodiedattheageofthree,Josefa Rizal, the ninth child whose an epileptic, TrinidadRizal,thetenthchildwhowasthe lastofthefamilytodieandSoledadRizal, theyoungestchild

RIZAL’SEDUCATIONINMANILA RIZAL’SEDUCATIONINMANILA JoseRizal’seducationinManilabegan attheAteneodeMunicipalandwaslater renamedAteneodeManila,aprestigious institution run by Spanish Jesuits, shortly after the execution of GOM-BUR-ZA and whilehismotherwasimprisoned.

THEMERCADOHOMEINBINAN THEMERCADOHOMEINBINAN A two-storey stone and hardwood structure with Narra floors, and red tile roof,theRizalhomehasaspaciousparlor with wide capiz shell windows, a library, dining room, three bedrooms, a kitchen andpantryleadingouttoabalcony.

RIZAL’STRAVELSABROAD RIZAL’STRAVELSABROAD

To avoid detection by the Spanish authorities and the friars, Rizal's departure for Spain was kept secret. TheJesuitpriestsrecommendedhimto the members of their Society in Barcelona

FOUNDINGOFLALIGAFILIPINA FOUNDINGOFLALIGAFILIPINA

Almost simultaneously with the introduction of Masonry in the Philippines,acivicsocietycalledLaPropagandawasestablished Its members, composed mostly, not exclusively, of the middle class, contributedmoneytodefraytheexpensesoftheFilipinoreformersin Spainwhowerewagingacampaigntoobtainpoliticalconcessions fromtheMotherCountry Thefundscollectedwereforwardedtothe Hispano-Filipino Association. In time, however, the funds of the organization were malversed, and the society passed out of existence

NAT’LHEROJoséRizalcalledfor peacefulreformofSpainscolonial ruleinthePhilippinesAfterhis1896 execution,hebecameaniconfor thenationalistmovement

WhoisJoseProtacioRizalMercadoYAlonsoRealonda? WhoisJoseProtacioRizalMercadoYAlonsoRealonda? WhoisJoseProtacioRizalMercadoYAlonsoRealonda?

Jose Rizal comes from a large family, with ten siblings, but his parentswereabletoraisethemtobe better persons and Filipinos. He was so fortunate during his time because his parents belonged to the group of the principales and ilustrados, which allowed him to have his own tutors and later be sent to Binan for his first formal schooling. His mother was his first teacher, where he learned story telling, write the alphabet, and recite Spanish prayers His family had been supportive of his education. Rizal, like anyotherordinaryboyofhistime,had happy and sad childhood memories. Heweptoverthedeathofheryounger

AHeroisBorn,1861 AHeroisBorn,1861

sister Concepcion or Concha. He was so young when he was separated from his family to study in Binan, Laguna. His stay in Binan was both meaningful and painful because he hadtodealwiththedifficultiesofbeing a student away from his family. He reapedwhathesowedforattheend ofhisstay,hereceivedawardsasbest student for outperforming all Binan boys in academic subjects such as Spanish, Latin and others Rizal also had misfortunes following his education in Binan, where he learned oftheexecutionanddeathsofFathers MarianoGomez,JoseBurgos,and

JUNE19,1861,Laguna-JoseRizalwasborn inthelakesidetownofCalamba,Lagunaon the night of June 19, 1861, between eleven and twelve o’clock in the morning He was theseventhchildofDonFranciscoMercado and Dona Teodora Alonso Father Rufino Collantes baptized the baby, who was named Jose Protacio in honor of Saint Joseph and Saint Protacio, three days later DonaTeodorawasadevoutfollowerofSaint Joseph, and it was their custom to commemorate him on the 19th of each month SaintProtacio,ontheotherhand,is the patron saint of June 19, and he was martyredinMilan,Italy Hisfamilyreferredto himasPepe SaintJosephwasJesusChrist’s putative (commonly accepted) father. San Jose’snameisalwaysfollowedbytheletters P’P’forpaterputativusinLatin.Theletter‘P’is pronounced ‘peh’ in Spanish, giving rise to thenicknamePepeforJose.

JacintoZamorafromPaciano,hisolder brother They were instigated in the Cavite Mutiny in 1872 They were advocatorsofthesecularizationofthe Philippine parishes He cried so loud whenhewitnessedhismotherforced towalkfromCalambatoSantaCruz,a distance of 50 kms because of maliciouscharge Theseincidentshad a strong impact on him, as he was abletowriteabouttheoppressionthat Filipinos faced during the Spanish colonizationinthelatterpartofhislifeIt wasnotaneasyjourneyforhimtoget hiseducationawayfromhisfamily,but he finished with flying colors because ofperseverance

THEMERCADOHOMEINLAGUNA THEMERCADOHOMEINLAGUNA

Rizalwroteinhisdiary,“MemoirsofaStudentinManila,” thathismotherhadadifficulttimegivingbirthtohim.Itis said that Dona Teodora made a pact with Antipolo’s Patroness, Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage, that she would send the child she was carrying on a pilgrimage to hershrineonceshehadpassedthroughthedifficultbirthing process. The baby was saved. Dona Teodora kept her promise.Shesentherseven-year-oldsononajourneyfrom their hometown of Calamba to Antipolo, which was then partoftheprovinceofMorong DonFranciscoMercado,the youngRizal’sfather,accompaniedhim.

Rizal’sChristeningandBaptismal

RizalwaschristenedatthechurchonJune22,1861,whenhewasonly three days old. Reverend Father Rufino Collantes baptized him, and his godfatherwasReverendFatherPedroCasanas ReverendFatherCollantes told Pepe’s family that they should look after him because he predicted thatJosewouldbecomesomeonebecausehenoticedtheunusualsizeof hishead Hisprophecybecameevidentinthecourseofhislife

Pepe’s baptismal certificate was unfortunately destroyed in a fire in 1862 It was only restored with the help of eyewitnesses and under the supervision of Father Leoncio Lopez, a Filipino priest and a friend of the Mercado family Pepe loved going to see Father Lopez because he could talk to him about everything The priest never tired answering Pepe’s questionsandconversingwithhiminarationalmanner.FatherLopezwas themodelforPepe’sportrayalofFatherFlorentinoin“ElFilibusterismo”

AHEROISBORNOnJune191861

JoseRizalwasborninthelakeside townofCalamba,LagunaHewas theseventhchildofDonFrancisco andDonaTeodora

OLDMANSIONTheRizalhomehas aspaciousparlorwithwidecapiz shellwindows,alibrary,diningroom, threebedrooms,akitchenand pantryleadingouttoabalcony

CHRISTIANITYRizalofficially becameaCatholicwhenhewas christenedatthechurchonJune22, 1861attheageofthree

FRANCISCOENGRACIO FRANCISCOENGRACIO FRANCISCOENGRACIO RIZALMERCADOY RIZALMERCADOY RIZALMERCADOY ALEJANDRAII–FATHER ALEJANDRAII–FATHER ALEJANDRAII–FATHER

BorninBiñan,LagunaonMay11,1818

StudiedLatinandPhilosophyattheCollegeofSanJoseinManila Atenant-farmeroftheDominican-ownedhacienda Hewasahardyandindependent-mindedman,whotalkedlessand workedmore,andwasstronginbodyandvaliantinspirit 1849 decree of Governor-General Narciso Claveria (to Hispanized Filipinosurnames)

RIZALsurnamecamefrom“ricial”-greenfieldforpastureorafield whichisgreenafterthegrainhasbeencut Hewas30yearsoldwhenhegotmarriedwithTeodoraAlonsoonJune 28,1848

DiedonJanuary5,1898attheageof80.

RIZAL’SFAMILYANDCHILDHOOD RIZAL’SFAMILYANDCHILDHOOD

TheRizalsisconsideredoneofthebiggestfamiliesduringtheirtime DomingoLam-co,thefamily'spaternalascendantwasafull-blooded ChinesewhocametothePhilippinesfromAmoy,Chinaintheclosing yearsofthe17thcenturyandmarriedaChinesehalf-breedbythename ofInesdelaRosa ResearchersrevealedthattheMercado-Rizalfamilyhad alsotracesofJapanese,Spanish,MalayandEvenNegritobloodasidefrom Chinese Jose Rizal came from a 13-member family consisting of his parents, Francisco Mercado II and Teodora Alonso Realonda, and nine sisters Despitetheirlargefamily,DonFranciscoandDoñaTeodorawerestill able to find joy and happiness They have a harmonious relationship in whichaffectionsaresharedamongfamilymembers Theirparentsloved andcaredfortheirchildreninthesamewaythatanyotherfamilywould Despite this, they do not spoil their children In fact, they are present to disciplinetheirchildrenwhenevertheycommitwrongdoingorengagein harmfulactivitiesTheywerefirmbelieversintheadage“sparetherod,spoil thechild”Ifchildrenarenotdisciplineddecisivelyandareneverpunished whentheydeserveit,theywillbecomespoiledorband-mannered

DOÑATEODORAMORALES DOÑATEODORAMORALES DOÑATEODORAMORALES

ALONZOREALONDAY ALONZOREALONDAY ALONZOREALONDAY QUINTOS-MOTHER QUINTOS-MOTHER QUINTOS-MOTHER

BorninManilaonNovember8,1826

SheattendedtheCollegeofSantaRosa

Shewasdescribedasanintelligent,cultured,andawomanofstrong character

Rizalpennedapoemabouthisadoringmother“Mymotherisawoman ofhigherculture;sheisamathematicianwhohasreadalotofbooks” ShediedinManilaonAugust16,1911,attheageof85

Shewastalentedandremarkablewoman

ShewasRizal’sfirstteacher

SheinculcatedthevalueofknowledgeandeducationtotheyoungRizal ShewasagoodmathematicianandmanagerofbusinessoftheRizal family

RIZAL’SSIBLINGS RIZAL’SSIBLINGS

Dr Jose Rizal’s parents, Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonso, married on June 28, 1848 Teodora wasfromMeisik,Tondo,andFranciscowasfromBiñan, Laguna Theyhad11children,withtwoboysandnine girls

1) SATURNINA - the oldest of the Rizal children, nicknamedNeneng;shemarriedManuelT.Hidalgoof Tanawan,Batangas

2)PACIANO-olderbrotherandconfidantofJoseRizal; after his younger brother’s execution, he joined the PhilippineRevolutionandbecameacombatgeneral

3)NARCISA-shewascalledSisabyhersiblingsItwas believed that she also supported her brother Jose’s studies abroad and perhaps the only amongst the siblingsthatcouldnarratethepoemsofRizal

RIZAL’SCHILDHOOD RIZAL’SCHILDHOOD

RIZAL’SCHILDHOOD

Jose Rizal‘s childhood was filled with happymemories.TheylivedontheLaguna Lake‘sshoreandatthefootofMt.Makiling. Heenjoyedseeingthemagnificentbeauty ofLagunadeBay. Becausehewasfrailand sickly, his parents lavished him with tender lovingcare.Despitehispysique,hecando things like any other young man He was well-guided,particularlybyhismother,who served as his first teacher When he was threeyearsold,hismothertaughthimthe alphabet and how to pray His mother noticed that he could write poems at a young age and encouraged him to keep writing.

Hewasabletowriteapoemabouthis hometown. “In Memory of My Town,“ when hewasayoungboy Apoemabouthislove for his hometown, reminiscing about his beautiful memories as a young boy and cherishing the scenic beauty of his hometown Hisfatherbuilthimasmallnipa hutthatservedasbothasanctuaryforhim toplaywithhissiblingsandarestingplace forhim.HewasalsoattendedtobyanAya (nursemaid)hiredbyhisfathertolookafter his needs. His nurse maid told him ghost stories, treasure stories, legends, and folktales.WhenlittleJoserefusedtoeathis evening meal, she would scare him with storiesaboutaswang,nunosapunso,and tikbalang

He often enjoyed playing alone and listeningtothedifferentbirdssings,suchas the culiawan, maya, maria capra, martini, andpipit Hismother,asateacher,notonly taughthimtowritepoems,butalsotopray on a daily basis, including the recitation of the holy rosary His mother‘s brothers had also influenced him His uncle Jose was in chargeofteachinghimonaregularbasis His uncle Manuel worked on his physique untilhehadasilkandbracebody Hisuncle Gregorioinstilledinhimthedesiretodomore andworkharderinordertoachievehisgoals inlife

Josealsoownedapony,whichheusedto ride around his hometown‘s beautiful scenery Heusedtobeabletodrawabird flying without removing his pencil from his paperuntilthepicturehedrewwasfinished Hecanalsodrawahorsechasingadogand hisfavoriteactivitywasmoldinganimalsout of clay and wax Another happy memory washisnocturnalwalkwithUsman,hisbig blackdog(otherscallitBerganza) Heused toplaywithhisneighbors‘doves Hecould also perform magic tricks such as disappearing a coin, falsely cutting a thin rope,anduntyingahandkerchief

Jose’s happiest moment from his childhood was a trip with his father to Antipolotofulfillhismother’svowtoperform pilgrimage to the Virgin of Antipolo They boarded a barge and sailed to the Pasig River

4)OLIMPIA-shewascalledYpia.Shewasmarriedto SilvestroUbaldo,atelegraphoperatorfromManilaJose loved to tease her, sometimes good-humoredly describingherashisstoutsister

5)LUCIA-shewasbornin1857 ShemarriedMariano Herbosa and they had five children Mariano died in 1889asaresultofanepidemic,buthewasdenieda Christianburial

6)MARIA-shewasbornintheyear1855 Shemarried DanielFaustinoCruzofBinan,Laguna,andtheyhadfive childrentogetherOneofMaria’schildren,MauricioCruz, becameastudent ofJoseRizalinDapitanandwas knowntobeoneofhisuncle’sfavorites

7)CONCEPCION-shewascalledConchaShediedat theageofthree

8)JOSEFA-JosefaRizalwasbornin1865 Shewas unmarried and lived with sister Trinidad until death. Josefawassaidtohavesufferedfromepilepsy She diedin1945.

9)TRINIDAD-TrinidadRizalwasbornintheyear1868 She remained single and shared a home with her sisterJosefa Trinidadwastheonewhoreceivedfrom Joseanalcohollamp

10) SOLEDAD - Soledad Rizal Quintero was the youngestoftheRizalsiblings.ShemarriedPantaleon Quinteroandtheyhadfivechildren

YOUNGPEPEThechildhoodofJoseRizal canbecharacterizedbyhisdesireto learn,evenfrequentingthechurchnearby hishometowatchandobservepeople

RIZAL’SSIBLINGS FrancisoMercadoandTeodora Alonzohad11children,withtwoboysandninegirls

DOÑATEODORAASHISFIRSTTEACHER DOÑATEODORAASHISFIRSTTEACHER DOÑATEODORAASHISFIRSTTEACHER

Rizalwasfirsteducatedathomebyhismother,DoñaTeodora, whowasaremarkableandeducatedwomaninherownright.She wasRizal’sfirstteacher.Asalovingmotherandtutor,shewouldsitthe three-year-oldPepeonherlapanddevotedlytaughthimthealphabet andtheprayers.HealsotaughtPepetoreadtheHolyBible.Intheir momentstogether DoñaTeodorawouldtellhimmanystorieswhich la m r

RIZAL S FIRST FORMAL SCHOOLING IN BIÑAN

Jose Left Calamban to study in Biñan in June 1869. Paciano, who acted as his second father, accompanied him.Jose’sfathersenthimtoBiñantocontinuehisLatin studies when he was nine years old because his first teacherhaddied.

Rizal stayed in his aunt’s house. His teacher was Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz The school was in the teacher’s house, which was a small nipa hut about 30 metersfromJose’saunt’shouse Pacianowasfamiliarwith theteacherbecausehehadpreviouslystudiedwithhim.

HisBiñanteacherwasastrictdisciplinarian Justiniano AquinoCruzwashisname Hewasatall,lean,long-necked man with a sharp nose and a slightly bent forward body. He used to wear a sinamay shirt woven by Batangas women’sdefthands HeknewthegrammarsofNebrijaand Gainzabyheart.

Josealsometabullynamed,Pedro Hewasenraged at the bully for making fun of him during his morning conversation with the teacher. Pedro accepted Jose’s challenge to a fight The latter readily accepted, believing that he could easily defeat the smaller and younger Calamba boy. To the delight of their classmates, the two boyswrestledfuriouslyinclass Jose,whohadlearnedthe artofwrestlingfromhisathleticTioManuel,triumphedover thelargerboy Hegainedpopularityamonghisclassmates asaresultofthisachievement.Joseusedtospendhisfree timewithJustiniano’sfather-in-law,amasterpainter Josestoodoutinclassandheoutperformedmanyof his older classmates. Some of them were so wicked that they falsely accused him in front of the teacher, for which he received many whippings and strokes from the ferule, despitehisprogress.HeoutperformedeveryoneinSpanish, Latin, and other subjects Some of his older classmates wereenviousofhisintelligence

He visited his hometown every now and then while studying in Binan the road to his home in Calamba appeared to be long, but it became shorter during his return.

DuringRizal’searlyeducation,twodishearteningevents drewhisattentionanddisturbedhim:theexecutionofthe priests (Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora) and the imprisonmentofhismother

RIZALANDTHESTORYOFTHEMOTH RIZALANDTHESTORYOFTHEMOTH

DoñaTeodoraalwaysheldstorytellingsessionswiththeyoungRizal inordertoimpartlifelessons.Sheenjoyedreadingstoriesfromthebook AmigodelosNios(TheChildren’sFriend)toPepe.Sheoncechastisedher sonfordrawingonthepagesofthestorybook.Shethenreadhimastory inittoteachhimthevalueofobediencetohisparents

ThestoryofthemothandtheflamecamefromRizal’schildhood His mothertoldhimthestorywhileshewasteachinghimhowtoreadSpanish Thestroyrettelsthetragicdeathofababymothafterhedisobeyedhis mother Themothermothiswarningtheyoungmothtonotflyaroundthe flameofthelamporhiswingsmightgetcaughtintoflamesandkillhim Theyoungmoththough,stubborn,didnotlistenedandcontinuedtobe enchantedbythedancingflame.Soonenough,hiswingsgotcaughtby thefireandheburnedwithittodeath InsteadoffrighteningRizal,thestory ofthemothjustinterestedhimmoreandhebecamemoreattractedtothe flameIntheend,justlikethemoth,itresultedtohisheartbreakingdeath Dr.JoseRizallearnedalotfromthestoryofthemothandthelamp. OneofthemostimportantlessonshelearnedwasaboutobedienceInthe story,themothisburnedbytheflamesofthelamp

Thiswasduetothemothdisobeyinghismother’swarningnottoget near the flame As such, we can say that we should obey our elders because the lessons they teach us are already things they have experiencedinlife

WecaneasilyrelateRizal’smartyrdomtothefateofthemothinthe story Inthestory,Rizalthoughtthemothdiedasamartyr Heviewedthe lampasmorethanjustaflamebutasanobleidea

Assuch,Rizalthoughtthathewasreadytodieanobledeathandwas willing to sacrifice his life for an ideal cause – the freedom of his countrymen

TEODORA’SSTORYTELLINGThestoryofthe mothandtheflamecamefromRizal’s childhoodHismothertoldhimthestory whileshewasteachinghimhowtoread Spanish

RIZAL’SPRIVATETUTORS

toteachhimathomeashegrewolder.MaestroCelestinowasthefirst, andMaestroLucasPaduawasthesecond Later,theboywastutoredby anelderlymannamedLeonMonroy,aformerclassmateofRizal’sfather. JosewastaughtSpanishandLatinbythisoldteacherwholivedatthe Rizalhouse Unfortunately,hedidnothavealonglife Fivemonthslater, hepassesaway ThedeathofLeonMonroycausedJose’sparentsto sendtheirnine-year-oldJosetoaprivateschoolinBiñan.

THEIMPRISONMENTOFDOÑATEODORA

Jose Rizal was only 11 years old when he witnessed his mother’s extraordinary bravery: the Spaniards arrested Doña Teodora and forced her to walk 50 kilometers around Laguna. Upon arriving at Santa Cruz after more than a day of walking under the sun, the exhausted Doña Teodora was charged and imprisoned for two years without trial for falsehoods leveled against her, particularly an accusation that she attempted to poison her sister-in-law. She was around 45 years old at the time.

The poisoning allegation stemmed from Doña Teodora’s attempts to mediate between her brother Jose Alberto and his estranged wife, Teodora Alberto, according to Barbara CruzGonzales, Teodora’s great-granddaughter Doña Teodora discouragedherbrotherfromdivorcinghiswifeinordertoprotect the family’s reputation This enraged wife, who was allegedly sleepingwithaGuardiaCivilleader

When DonaTeodorbroughtfoodtoTeodoraAlbertooneday, the latter refused to eat it and instead fed it to her dog, who allegedly died as a result of eating it Teodora Alberto had Dona Teodora arrested in front of her entire family with the help of her Guardia Civil lover Dona Teodora calmed everyone down after the family patriarch and her husband Francisco Mercado attemptedtofight,Shedidn’tprotestbecauseshewaspowerless; instead she carried out the punishment with as much dignity as she could The Guardia Civil made Dona Teodora walk 50 kilometers around Laguna to humiliate her and prolong her sentence.

FIRSTOFMANY JoseRizal obtainedhisearlyschoolingata privateschoolinBiñan,because Biñanatthattimewasfamousfor itsprivateschool

Jose’sparentshiredprivatetutors

TEODORAALONZO.Sheisthe firstteacherandprotectorof JoseRizalShehasagreatest influenceinshapingRizals knowledgeandskills

RIZAL’SBIOGRAPHY January-March, 2024/Vol.001 5

JOSERIZAL’S JOSERIZAL’S JOSERIZAL’S

ENROLLMENTINATENEO ENROLLMENTINATENEO ENROLLMENTINATENEO

JoseRizal’seducationinManilabeganat the Ateneo de Municipal and was later renamed Ateneo de Manila, a prestigious institution run by Spanish Jesuits, shortly aftertheexecutionofGOM-BUR-ZAandwhile his mother was imprisoned. Before going to Ateneo,accompaniedbyhisbrother,Paciano, Rizalwenttotaketheentranceexaminationin San Juan De Letran and he passed all the subjects. However, Don Francisco, who had originally planned for Jose to attend Letran, changed his mind and enrolled his son at Ateneo Despite facing initial rejection due to lateness and health concerns, he gained admission with the help of Manuel Xeres Burgos, the nephew of one of the executed priests To maintain security and avoid suspicion, Rizal adopted the surname “Rizal” insteadof“Mercado,”hisfamilyname

ThehistoryofAteneobeganwhentheJesuits wereregardedasthebesteducatorsinSpain but had a limited power in administering parishes upon their return to the Philippines The Jesuits then were granted permission to build a school Consequently, the Ateneo Municipal was established in 1865, requiring entrance examination in Christian doctrine, reading, writing, grammar and elementary arithmetic

JosetookthesurnameRizalwhenenrolling inAteneoduetosuspicionsraisedbyhisfamily name,Mercado,amongauthoritiesparticularly aftertheexecutionofFatherJoseBurgos,with whom his brother Paciano had studied. PacianohelpedJoseRizalfindahouseoutside Intramuros in Sta Cruz, Manila and became acquainted with mestizo students in that house.

TheJesuiteducationalsystemwasthought tobemoreadvancedwithstrictdisciplineand its methods were more mechanical, incorporating physical and artistic education alongside vocational training to shape character and will of boys with adherence to Churchteachings,startingeachdaywithmass andclosingwithprayers.

RIZAL’SEDUCATIONINMANILA RIZAL’SEDUCATIONINMANILA

ACTIVITIESOFRIZALINATENEO ACTIVITIESOFRIZALINATENEO ACTIVITIESOFRIZALINATENEO

Joseattendedclassesdividedintointernos and externos, engaging in competitions representing the Roman and Carthaginian Empires. Rizal was known for his diligence, joining the fraternity of Mary and Saint Louis Gonzaga where they held public programs such as poetry and debates, after mass He also took private Spanish lessons at Santa Isabel College His first teacher, Fr Bech, influencedhimsignificantly,andheexcelledin his studies, winning prizes in quarterly examinations. Rizal's reading expanded to includenovelslike"TheCountofMonteCristo" and "Travels in the Philippines," which deeply impacted his views on colonialism and the Philippines' future. His family recognized his naturalabilitytolearnandenrolledhimasan internincollege,wherehecompletedhistwo yearsofinternshipinacornerofthedormitory facingtheseaandthepier.

Rizal had reason to be pleased with his advancement. March of 1873, he returned homeforthesummervacation Hethenwent to visit his mother, Donya Teodora, in prison andinformherofhisachievements

Moreover,Rizalstudiedmathematics,rhetoric, and Greek under Father Francisco Paula de Sanchez, receiving five medals by the end of the year Despite majoring in philosophy, physics,chemistry,andnaturalhistory,hislove

RIZALINUNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS RIZALINUNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS RIZALINUNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS

InAprilof1877,theyoungandambitiousJose Rizalembarkedonhiseducationaljourneyatthe esteemedUniversityofSantoTomas(UST) His decisiontoinitiatehisstudieswithphilosophy andletterswasrootedinatwofoldinfluence:

2

The preference of his father for this course and; 1 Rizal's own uncertainty about which career pathtopursue

InitialCourseofStudy(1877-1879)

DuringtheinauguralacademicyearatUST,at theageof16,Rizalimmersedhimselfinadiverse spectrum of subjects, as part of the course, he hadtocompleteunitsinthefollowingsubjects: Cosmology

Metaphysics

Theodicy

HistoryofPhilosophy

Concurrently, he sought guidance on his academic and vocational choices by reaching outtoFatherPabloRamon,theRectorofAteneo andamentorfromhisprevious

educational endeavors Unfortunately, the response to his letter was delayed by several months Nevertheless, Rizal's engagement with anarrayofphilosophicaldisciplinesunderscored hisintellectualcuriosityandthirstforknowledge ShifttoMedicine(1878-1879)

In the subsequent school year (1878-1879), Rizal underwent a transformative shift by enrollingsimultaneouslyinboththepreparatory medical course and the regular first-year medical course This significant transition was fueledbytwoprimaryreasons: DesiretoAssumetheRoleofaPhysician: Rizal'sdecisiontopursuemedicalstudieswas motivatedbyaprofounddesiretoembracethe responsibilities and identity of a physician He sought to actively contribute to the field of medicine and make a meaningful impact throughhisknowledgeandskills Imperative to Alleviate His Mother's DeterioratingEyesight: A critical factor influencing Rizal's shift to medicinewastheurgentneedtoaddresshis

for poetry remained strong, leading his philosophy professor to advise him to abandonit,causinghimdistress However,he continued to cultivate poetry with the guidanceofFatherdeSanchez

Physically,Rizalwasshortinstature,buthe actively participated in gymnastics and fencing to correct this perceived flaw He surprised his family with his sword-handling abilityinanexhibitionboutagainstthetown’s best swordsman after his baccalaureate He also devoted time to painting and sculpture, guided by Ateneo Professor Don Augustin Saez for drawing and painting, and Filipino instructor Romualdo de Jesus for sculpture Rizal’sskillincarvingwasnoted,particularlyin sculptinganimageoftheVirginandlaterthe SacredHeart,whichplayedsoimportantpart inhisfuturelife

Under the guidance of Professor Father Francisco Paula de Sanchez, Rizal honed his poeticlanguageinhisfourthyearatAteneo, producingaseriesofpoemsonthethemesof history, childhood memories, religion, education, and war, all with a pro-Spanish stance Some notable works include “Felicitacion,” “El Embarque: Himno a la Flota deMagallanes,”and“ElCombate:Urbiztondo, Terror de Jolo” Father de Sanchez, Rizal’s favorite teacher at Ateneo, later visited him during his exile in Dapitan and aided him in establishingaschoolfortheDapitanboys

mother'sdeterioratingeyesight Hiscommitment toalleviatingherconditiondrovehimtoseekthe practical applications of medical knowledge, highlightingadeeplypersonalmotivationforhis academicandcareerchoices

UnhappyDaysattheUST

Rizal, Ateneo’s boy wonder, found the atmosphere at the University of Santo Tomas suffocatingtohissensitivespiritHewasunhappy at this Dominican institution of higher learning because

1theDominicanprofessorswerehostiletohim the Filipino students were racially discriminatedagainstbytheSpaniards,and 2 themethodofinstructionwasobsoleteand repressive 3 Inhisnovel,ElFilibusterismo,hedescribedhow theFilipinostudentswerehumiliatedandinsulted by their Dominican professors and how backward the method of instruction was, especiallyintheteachingofthenaturalsciences HerelatedinChapterXIII,“TheClassinPhysics,” that his science subject was thought without laboratoryexperiments

Because of the unfriendly attitude of his professors,Rizal,themostbrilliantgraduateofthe Ateneo,failed to win high scholastic honors Although his grades in the first year of the philosophycoursewereall“excellent,”theywere not impressive in the four years of his medical course

AdditionalAcademicPursuits

Beyond the realm of medicine, Rizal demonstratedapenchantfordiverseacademic pursuits Simultaneously, he enrolled in the Ateneo vocational course, specializing in Perito Agrimensor anexpertiseinsurveying Thisdual academic commitment underscored Rizal's dedicationtoacquiringavariedskillsetduring histenureatUST Theincorporationofsurveying skills hinted at an early inclination towards practicalapplicationsandastrategicvisionfor contributing to the community He excelled in Agriculture, Commerce, Mechanics, and Topography(continuenextpage)

RIZALINESPANA JoseRizal,the nationalheroofthecountryembarked onacrucialphaseofhishigher educationatUST

RIZAL’SBIOGRAPHY January-March, 2024/Vol.001 6

THE9LOVESOFDR.JOSERIZAL THE9LOVESOFDR.JOSERIZAL

"”NolongerdoestheFilipinastandwithherheadbowednordoesshespendher timeonherknees,becausesheisquickenedbyhopeinthefuture;nolongerwill the mother contribute to keeping her daughter in darkness and bring her up in contempt and moral annihilation And no longer will the science of all sciences consist in blind submission to any unjust order, or in extreme complacency, nor willacourteoussmilebedeemedtheonlyweaponagainstinsultorhumbletears theineffablepanaceaforalltribulations"-Rizal,TotheYoungofMalolos

ThereareninewomenonrecordthatRizalwasinrelationshipwith It'snottosaythat allthoserelationshipswereserious,buthedidpursuewhenhewantedtopursue,cared, at least, and displayed his attentiveness and charm unapologetically They are the following:

SEGUNDAKATIGBAK SEGUNDAKATIGBAK SEGUNDAKATIGBAK

Segunda Katigbak was her puppy love Unfortunately, his first love was engagedtobemarriedtoatownmate-ManuelLuz Theymetwhenthe young hero visited his grandmother with his friend, Mariano Katigbak, Segunda's brother The two became very close However, Segunda was alreadyengagedtobemarriedtoamanwholivedinhertown,andRizal hadtostoppursuingher

LEONORVALENZUELA LEONORVALENZUELA LEONORVALENZUELA

Leonor"Orang"Valenzuela,Rizal'ssecondobjectofaffection,isliterallythe girl-next-door TheymetwhenRizalwasasophomoremedicalstudent attheUniversityofSantoTomas,duringwhichtimehealsolivedatDoña ConchaLeyva'sboardinghouseinIntramuros,Manila Orang,whowas then14yearsold,washisneighbor.

LEONORRIVERA LEONORRIVERA LEONORRIVERA

LeonorRivera,hissweetheartfor11yearsplayedthegreatestinfluenceinkeepinghim fromfallinginlovewithotherwomenduringhistravelUnfortunately,Leonor’smother disapproved of her daughter’s relationship with Rizal, who was then a known filibusteroShehidfromLeonorallletterssenttohersweetheartLeonorbelievingthat Rizalhadalreadyforgottenher,sadlyconsentedhertomarrytheEnglishmanHenry Kipping,hermother’schoice

CONSUELOORTEGAYREY CONSUELOORTEGAYREY CONSUELOORTEGAYREY

ConsueloOrtigayRey,theprettierofDonPabloOrtiga’sdaughters,fellinlovewithhimHe dedicatedtoherAlaSenoritaCOyR,whichbecameoneofhisbestpoemsTheOrtiga's residenceinMadridwasfrequentedbyRizalandhiscompatriotsHeprobablyfellinlove withherandConsueloapparentlyaskedhimforromanticversesHesuddenlybackedout beforetherelationshipturnedintoaseriousromance,becausehewantedtoremainloyal toLeonorRiveraandhedidnotwanttodestroyhidfriendshipwithEduardodeLetewho wasmadlyinlovewithConsuelo

OSEISAN OSEISAN OSEISAN

OSeiSan,aJapanesesamurai’sdaughtertaughtRizaltheJapaneseartof paintingknownassu-mie ShealsohelpedRizalimprovehisknowledgeof Japaneselanguage IfRizalwasamanwithoutapatrioticmission,hewould havemarriedthislovelyandintelligentwomanandlivedastableandhappy lifewithherinJapanbecauseSpanishlegationthereofferedhimalucrative job

GERTRUDEBECKETT GERTRUDEBECKETT GERTRUDEBECKETT

WhileRizalwasinLondonannotatingtheSucesosdelasIslasFilipinas,heboardedinthe houseoftheBeckettfamily,withinwalkingdistanceoftheBritishMuseum.Gertrude,ablueeyedandbuxomgirlwastheoldestofthethreeBeckettdaughtersShefellinlovewithRizal TottiehelpedhiminhispaintingandsculptureButRizalsuddenlyleftLondonforParisto avoidGertrude,whowasseriouslyinlovewithhimBeforeleavingLondon,hewasableto finishthegroupcarvingoftheBeckettsistersHegavethegroupcarvingtoGertrudeasa signoftheirbriefrelationship

NELLIEBOUSTEAD NELLIEBOUSTEAD NELLIEBOUSTEAD

RizalhavinglostLeonorRivera,entertainedthethoughtofcourtingotherladiesWhileaguestof theBousteadfamilyattheirresidenceintheresortcityofBiarritz,hehadbefriendedthetwo prettydaughtersofhishost,EduardoBousteadRizalusedtofencewiththesistersatthestudio ofJuanLunaAntonioLuna,Juan’sbrotherandalsoafrequentvisitoroftheBousteads,courted NelliebutshewasdeeplyinfatuatedwithRizalInapartyheldbyFilipinosinMadrid,adrunken Antonio Luna uttered unsavory remarks against Nellie Boustead This prompted Rizal to challengeLunaintoaduelFortunately,LunaapologizedtoRizal,thusavertingtragedyforthe compatriots

SUZANNEJACOBY SUZANNEJACOBY SUZANNEJACOBY

In1890,RizalmovedtoBrusselsbecauseofthehighcostoflivingin Paris InBrussels,helivedintheboardinghouseofthetwoJacoby sisters In time, they fell deeply in love with each other Suzanne criedwhenRizalleftBrusselsandwrotehimwhenhewasinMadrid

....(frompage5)Furthermore,duringhisacademic sojourn, Rizal actively participated in extracurricular activitiesandintellectualcircles.Hisengagementwith fellowstudentsandesteemedfacultysetthestagefor his subsequent prominence as an intellectual luminaryandnationalistfigure

Atthatpoint,hepaidcourttoayoungwomanin Calambaandhidheridentitybythename"MISSL" However,itendedduetotworeasons:

1ThesweetmemoryofSegundawasstillfresh 2HisfatherdidnotlikethefamilyofMissL. .

TheformativeeducationalexperiencesofJoseRizal attheUniversityofSantoTomasilluminateanarrative characterized by initial uncertainty and eventual resolve.Influencedbyfamilialpreferencesandguided by mentors, he traversed through an array of academicdisciplinesbeforeanchoringhimselfinthe field of medicine Concurrently, his involvement in surveying and extracurricular pursuits bespoke a comprehensive and multifaceted approach, laying thefoundationforRizal'senduringcontributionsasa nationalhero Thisnarrativestandsasatestamentto his scholarly acumen, practical orientation, and societalengagement

VICTIMOFBRUTALITY WhenRizalwas afreshmanmedicalstudentatthe UniversityofSantoTomas,hegothis firsttasteofSpanishbrutality

JOSEPHINEBRACKEN JOSEPHINEBRACKEN JOSEPHINEBRACKEN

InthelastdaysofFebruary1895,whilestillinDapitan,Rizalmetan18-yearoldpetiteIrishgirl, withboldblueeyes,brownhairandahappydispositionShewasJosephineBracken,the adopteddaughterofGeorgeTauferfromHongKong,whocametoDapitantoseekRizal foreyetreatmentRizalwasphysicallyattractedtoherHislonelinessandboredommust havetakenthemeasureofhimandwhatcouldbeabetterdiversionthattofallinlove again ButtheRizalsisterssuspectedJosephineasanagentofthefriarsandthey consideredherasathreattoRizal’ssecurity

VICTIMOFBRUTALITYBY VICTIMOFBRUTALITYBY ASPANISHOFFICER ASPANISHOFFICER

When Rizal wasafreshmanmedicalstudent atthe University ofSantoTomas,heexperiencedhisfirsttasteof Spanishbrutality. OncedarknightinCalamba,duringthe summervacationin1878,hewaswalkinginthestreet. He dimlyperceivedthefigureofamanwhilepassinghim Not knowingthepersonduetodarkness,hedidnotsalutenor sayacourteous“GoodEvening.”Thevaguefigureturned outtobealieutenantoftheGuardiaCivil Withasnarl,he turned upon Rizal, whipped out his sword and brutally slashedthelatterontheback.

Thewoundwasnotserious,butitwaspainful Whenhe recovered, Rizal reported the incident to General Primo de Rivera,theSpanishgovernorgeneralofthePhilippinesatthat time Butnothingcameoutofhiscomplaint,becausehewas an Indioand theabusivelieutenantwas aSpaniard Later, inalettertoBlumentritt,datedMarch21,1887,herelated:“I wenttotheCaptain-GeneralbutIcouldnotobtainjustice;my woundlastedtwoweeks

Rizalsubmittedanallegoricaldrama,ElConsejodelos Dioses(TheCounciloftheGods)Theallegorywasinspiredby Greekmythology WhenRizalenteredthecompetition,Father RectoroftheAteneoassistedhiminobtainingthenecessary reference materials The contest had a number of competitors It was attended by priests, laymen, UST professors, newspapermen, and scholars Fortunately, Rizal receivedthefirstprize,agoldringengravedwithabustof Cervantes

In 1879, Jose Rizal participated in a literary contest sponsored by the Artistic-Literary Lyceum, submitting his poem"ALaJuventudFilipina"(TotheFilipinoYouth)Thispoem imploredFilipinostoawakentheirgeniusandbreakthechains binding their spirit Rizal won first place in the competition, receiving a unique prize a feather-shaped, gold ribbondecoratedsilverpen Notonlywasthispoemrecognizedas thefirstgreatSpanishworkbyaFilipino,butitalsointroduced thenationalisticnotionthatFilipinoswerethetruehopeofthe FatherlandThismarkedapivotalmomentinFilipinoliterature, gainingrecognitionfromSpanishliteraryauthorities

ThesignificanceofRizal'spoemlayinitsestablishmentof his worth as a poet and the recognition of Filipino literary prowess by Spanish authorities Subsequently, Rizal participatedinanothercontestcommemoratingthedeathof Cervantes,submittinganallegoricaldramatitled"ElConsejo delosDioses (TheCounciloftheGods),inspiredbyGreek mythology AssistedbytheAteneoFatherRectorinobtaining referencematerials,Rizalcompetedagainstadiversegroup of participants, including priests, laymen, UST professors, newspapermen,andscholars

In this second competition, Rizal emerged victorious, securingthefirstprize agoldringengravedwithabustof Cervantes. This additional detail highlights the tangible recognition and rewards Rizal received for his literary contributionsduringthisperiod Hissuccessinbothcontests not only marked early literary achievements but also establishedhissignificanceinSpanishliterarycircles These victoriespavedthewayforfuturenationalistexpressionsin Filipinoliterature,settingthestageforRizalsinfluentialrolein thePhilippines'fightforindependence

RIZAL’SBIOGRAPHY

RIZAL’SHIGHEREDUCATION RIZAL’SHIGHEREDUCATION RIZAL’SHIGHEREDUCATION IINMADRID,SPAIN INMADRID,SPAIN NMADRID,SPAIN

AfterhismedicalstudiesatUniversityofSanto Tomas,RizalleftthePhilippinesonMay3,1882, andarrivedinMadridinSeptember1882.Hetook coursesinmedicineatUniversidadCentralde MadridaswellaspaintingatRealAcademiade BellasArtesdeSanFernandoinCalleAlcala.

RizalmentionedthatheenrolledatFacultadde Derecho,butshiftedtoFilosofiayLetras,whichhe finishedwithhighesthonorsonJune19,1885

UniversidadCentraldeMadrid,now Universidad deComplutensedeMadrid,hassincemovedto itsnewlocationattheoutskirtsofMadridknown asCiudadUniversitariaItisacitywithinacity

However,theoldbrick-and-plasterbuilding where our national hero finished his medicine course still stands in its old location, and few classesarestillbeingheldthere

Boardinghouses

AccordingtoGregorioBrilliantes,“from1882to 1885 and during his second shortest stay in Madrid, in 1890-91, he lived in at least nine boardinghouses,hostelsorresidences”

He continues: “One of the reasons for Rizal’s frequent transfer from one boarding house to another and the search for the best possible rooming house was due to the fact that he wanted to look for a cheaper place in order to save,alsotheproximityoftheplacetohisschool, the tranquility of its neighborhood, for nights of studyandwriting;thestateofthehouseitselfand thecompositionofitstenants”

ConsueloOrtigayPerez

HepaysavisittoDonPabloOrtigayRey'shome, where he lives with his son and daughter Don Pablo has served as the mayor of Manila Rizal then had an affair with Don Pablo's daughter, Consuelo Ortiga y Perez Their love did not blossombecausehewasstillengagedtoLeonor Rivera, and Rizal's friend was also in love with Consuelo.

Masonry

In Spain, he became close to prominent Spanish liberal and republican Spaniards. In March1883,hebecameamemberoftheAcacia MasonicLodgeinMadrid.Hismotivationforjoining wastogaintheassistanceofFreemasonryinhis fight against the friars in the Philippines. On November15,1890,hewastransferredtoLodge Solidaridad,wherehebecameaMasterMason.In Paris, he was awarded the diploma of Master Mason by Le Grand. Orient de France. Harvests failed on account of drought and locusts The Dominican-owned hacienda also increased the rentalsoftheRizalfamily'slandsBecauseofthese crises, Rizal's allowances were frequently late or neverarrived,causinghimunduehardship

January-March, 2024/Vol.001 7

AROUNDTHEGLOBE.Afterfinishinghis medicalcourseinUniversityofSanto Tomas,JoseRizalthendecidedtogo toSpain

Rizal’sJourneytoSpain

To avoid detection by the Spanish authoritiesandthefriars,Rizal'sdeparturefor Spain was kept secret. The Jesuit priests recommendedhimtothemembersoftheir SocietyinBarcelona.Beforeleaving,hewrote farewellletterstohisbelovedparentsandhis sweetheartLeonorRivera.

Rizal boarded the Spanish steamer SS SalvadoraboundforSingaporeonMay3,1882 HewastheonlyFilipinoamongtheship'sthirty sevenpassengers;therest,exceptforatallthin Englishman who mumbled but otherwise spoke Spanish quite well, were Spaniards returning to the Peninsula with their families Throughoutthevoyage,hepaidcloseattention tothepeopleandthingsonboardthesteamer Rizalandhisfellowpassengersplayedchessto pass the time on the long journey He then stayedattheHoteldelaPazfortwodaysand wentonasightseeingtourofthecity Afterhe embarkedforSingaporeonthemailsteamer SS Salvadora and after the six days of the journey then he transferred to a foreign passenger ship which carried him to Barcelona

Rizal boarded the ship Djemnah, a French steamer,andsetsailforEuropeItwasabigger, cleanershipthatcarriedmorepassengersOn board,Frenchwasspoken,andRizalattempted to converse with his fellow passengers in French The Djemnah arrived in Point Galle, a seacoasttowninsouthernCeylon,onMay17

desolateruggednessofwhichcontrastedwith thepicturesqueluxurianceofhistropicalhome, and remained a day at the frontier town of Port-Bou

ThecustomarySpanishdisregardoftourists comparedveryunfavorablywiththecourteous attentionwhichhehadremarkedonhisarrival atMarseilles,forthecustomhouseofficerson theSpanishfrontierratherremindedhimofthe classofemployeesfoundinManila Rizalsaid hisgoodbyestohisfellowpassengers

HIGHEREDUCATIONINMADRID.

RizalenrolledintheUniversidad

CentraldeMadridonNovember 3,1882

Between1872and1892,theFilipinoliberalsand studentswhohadsettledinEuropedevelopeda senseofnationalidentity.Exiledindividualsand thosepursuingeducationinEuropeanuniversities came together to establish the Propaganda Movement amidst the liberating atmosphere of Europe. Led by upper-class Filipinos, these Propagandists aimed to awaken Spanish awareness regarding the pressing needs of their homeland and to foster a more equitable relationshipbetweenthePhilippinesandSpainTheir agenda included advocating for equality, civil liberties, freedom of speech and press, redress of grievances, Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes,andtheFilipinizationofPhilippineparishes

The next day, the ship set sail for Colombo, Ceylon'scapital Rizalarrivedinthecityaftera few hours of sailing Rizal was awestruck by Colombo's scenic beauty and elegant architecture Forthefirsttime,RizalsawAfrica's barren coast, which he described as a "inhospitable but famous land" The following stopoverwasinAden Hefoundthecitytobe hotterthanManila,andhewasamusedtosee camelsforthefirsttime Theshipsailedfrom AdentoSuez,theRedSeaterminaloftheSuez CanalRizaldisembarkedandwentsightseeing uponarrival.RizalarrivedinPortSaidtoseethe interestingsights

RizalarrivedinNaplesonJune11.Rizalwas impressedbythiscity'sbusinessactivity,lively people, and scenic beauty. The steamer arrived in Marseilles, France, on the night of June12,1882.RizaldisembarkedatMarseilles, sawalittleofthatfamousport,andthenwent byrailtoBarcelona,crossingthePyrenees,the

Additionally,theypushedfortheincorporation ofthePhilippinesasaregularprovinceofSpain andtheimplementationofcrucialgovernment reformsintheIslands.

ThemostoutstandingPropagandistwas Jose Rizal, a physician, scholar, scientist, and writer Rizalemergedasaleaderandeloquent spokesperson among Filipino student communities in Madrid and other European cities.Heforgedsignificantconnectionswithin the realms of European science and scholarship,particularlyinGermany,wherehe cultivatedrelationshipswithprominentnatural and social scientist.Rizal was deeply committedtoleveragingscientificevidenceto debunk the friars' derogatory stereotypes of FilipinoracialinferiorityHowever,hismost

The Spaniards discriminated against the Filipinostudentsbasedontheirrace

1 Theteachingmethodwasantiquatedand oppressive 2 Hedidnotreceivehighscholastichonors asaresultofhisprofessors'attitudes

3 His decision to continue his education abroadwassupportedbyhisbrotherPaciano, histwosistersSaturninaandLucia,aswellas hisuncleAntonioRiveraandsomeofhisclose friends InadditiontostudyinginSpain,hewas onacovertmissionThismissionwastoclosely observe the life and culture, languages and customs, industries and commerce, governmentandlawsoftheEuropeannations inordertopreparehimselfforthemonumental task of liberating his oppressed people from Spanish tyranny Rizal's journey begins with a traveltoSpain

Barcelona,Spain

RizalleftMarseillesRizalandcontinuedhis journeybyrail,arrivinginBarcelonaonJune16, 1882 He discovered it to be a wonderful city withalibertarianandfree-spiritedatmosphere He also discovered its people to be openhearted, hospitable, and brave Following the toasts,Rizalupdatedthemonthelatestnews andgossipinthePhilippinesRizalwrotehisfirst written article on Spanish soil, a nationalistic essaycalled"ElAmorPatrio,"inBarcelona

From anthropological perspective, Rizal's voyagetoanewworldcanbeseenasbringing about displacement and the experience of otherness HethensenthisarticletoDiariong Tagalog publisher Basilio Teodoro Moran Basilio was so taken with the article that he congratulatedRizalandaskedhimtopublish more Rizal received bad news about the cholera outbreak ravaging Manila and the provinces while living in Barcelona Rizal followedhisadviceandleftBarcelonainthefall of1882

enduring contribution to the Filipino national consciousness came through the publication ofhisseminalnovels,"NoliMeTangere"in1886 and "El Filibusterismo" in 1891. These literary works vividly depicted the harsh realities of Spanish rule in the Philippines, particularly exposingtheabusesperpetratedbythefriars, drawingfromRizal'sownexperiences.

Other important Propagandists included Graciano Lopez Jaena, a skilled orator and pamphleteer,whodepartedthePhilippinesfor Spain in 1880 following the publication of his scathing satire, "Fray Botod" In 1889, Lopez Jaena launched "La Solidaridad," a biweekly newspaper in Barcelona, which quickly emerged as the primary platform for disseminatingtheideasof(continuepage8 )

THEPROPAGANDAMOVEMENT THEPROPAGANDAMOVEMENT THEPROPAGANDAMOVEMENT

2024/Vol.001

(from page 7)... the Propaganda Movement, garnering audiences both in Spain and the Philippines.

Lastly was Marcelo del Pilar, a passionate advocateforsocialchange,activelyparticipated in the anti-friar movement in the Philippines before fleeing to Spain in 1888. There, he assumedtheroleofeditorof"LaSolidaridad"and tookoverleadershipoftheFilipinocommunityin

Spain

TheCirculoHispano-Filipino

In1882,theCirculo-HispanoFilipinoemerged as a new organization advocating for governmentreforminthePhilippines.Comprised of Filipinos and Spaniards, the group aimed to addresstheinjusticesandmaltreatmentinflicted uponthePhilippinesbytheSpanishauthorities TheyestablishedtheRevistadelCirculoHispanoFilipino, a newspaper dedicated to highlighting these issues and advocating for desired changes However, the publication faced challenges, including a lack of leadership and funding,leadingtoitsshort-livedexistence

UponRizal'sarrivalinMadrid,heencounteredan existing Circulo Hispano-Filipino, led by Juan Atayde, a retired Spanish military officer from Manila The club published a review, with contributions from Rizal and Lopez Jaena. However, disagreements arose between the retired colonials and the expatriate students, leading to the eventual demise of the club Despite Rizal's efforts to sustain it, the society dissolved, reflecting the challenges of aligning diverse perspectives and securing financial supportEffortstorevivetheorganizationpersisted, but as Rizal observed, there was a discrepancy between vocal support and tangible contributions, ultimately hindering its reorganization

SchoolDemonstration

Rizal was also involved in student demonstrationsonNovember20,21,and22,1884 They were fighting for Dr Miguel Morayta, who declared that “the freedom of science and the teacher” should be protected The Catholic bishopsofSpaincondemnedsuchaliberal

viewpoint.Somestudentsandotherstudentsfrom other colleges took part in the demonstration, whichleftthemajorityofthemhurtandinjured.This demonstrationwasthoughttobesupportedbythe Rector until he was replaced by Dr. Creus. As a result, Jose Rizal was almost detained by police authoritiesifithadn’tbeenforhisplantofleewith hisfriendValentinVentura

FinancialProblem

HistwoyearsinSpainwerefilledwithmemories, but things did not go well in the Philippines Financial struggles ensued due to poor harvests caused by drought and locusts Additionally, his familyfacedstrictcontrolbytheDominicans,who imposedhighrentsontheircultivatedlandsThere were instances where Rizal's father couldn't even giveaturkeytoahaciendamanagerduetofearof affecting by the locusts. Overcharging on rentals sometimes led to delayed allowances for Rizal During the day, he frequently went without food Despite these hardships, Rizal managed to earn money by participating in competitions, often emergingvictorious

RIZAL’SSPECIALIZATIONINMEDICINEANDHISOTHERACHIEVEMENTS RIZAL’SSPECIALIZATIONINMEDICINEANDHISOTHERACHIEVEMENTS

After finishing his studies in Spain, Rizal specialized in ophthalmology in France and Germany to cure his mother's deteriorating eye condition. He traveled to Paris in 1885, whereheworkedasanapprenticeforDr.Louis deWecker,aleadingFrenchophthalmologist. RizalspenttimewithhisfriendsJuanLunaand Felix Resurreccion, discussing art problems andimprovinghispaintingtechnique.

In 1886, Rizal traveled to Germany, visiting Strasbourg and other cities. He arrived in Heidelberg, a historic city known for its old university and romantic surroundings. He workedattheUniversityEyeHospitalunderthe direction of Dr. Otto Becker and attended lectures at the university Rizal observed the harmonyandcordialitybetweenGerman

CatholicsandProtestantsinHeidelberg

Rizal traveled through Germany, arriving in LeipzigonAugust14,1886 Heattendedlectures attheuniversityandbecameacquaintedwith German historians and anthropologists He translated William Tell's story from German to Filipino and Hans Christian Andersen's Fairy TalesintoFilipino

In Dresden, Rizal met Dr Adolph Meyer, the directoroftheAnthropologicalandEthnological Museum, and experienced the Holy Mass in a Catholic church He left Dresden by train on November1st,arrivinginBerlin RizallikedBerlin due to its scientific atmosphere and lack of racialprejudice HemetDr FeodorJagor,author of Travels in the Philippines, and Dr Rudolf Virchow,awell-knownanthropologistDrKarl

Ernest Schweigger, a well-known German ophthalmologist,hiredRizaltoworkinhisclinic Rizal was the first Asian to be honored for membership in the Anthropological Society, EthnologicalSociety,andGeographicalSociety of Berlin He published a scholarly paper titled Taglische Verkunsi (Tagalog Metrical Art) that received positive feedback from all scientific circles.

In Berlin, Rizal lived a methodical life while workingasanassistantandattendinglectures. He spoke Italian, French, and German and exercised to stay in good physical fitness. He admired the custom of bowing his head to guests,aswellastheGermanYuletidecustom. Heexperiencedpovertyonewinterduetolackof moneyfromCalamba.

PUBLICATIONOFNOLIMETANGEREIN PUBLICATIONOFNOLIMETANGEREIN BERLIN BERLIN

Jose Rizal published Noli Me Tangere on March 21, 1887, inspired by Harriet Beecher Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin." Despite his financial struggles and physical condition, Rizal continued to work on the novel, finishing chapters in Germany and the Philippines. He borrowed money from Maximo Viola, who provided him with the necessary funds for the publication Rizal repaid the obligationwhenhisfamily'sdelayedremittancearrived Duringtheprintingprocess,thechiefofpoliceBerlinvisitedRizal'sboardinghouse,demanding hispassport Rizalwasunabletoproduceoneandwasinformedthathewassuspectedofbeing aFrenchspy However,heexplainedthathewasaFilipinophysicianandscientist Asaresult,he waspermittedtoremaininGermanyindefinitely Noli Me Tangere was dedicated to the Philippines and compared it to a cancer patient who awakens the sharpest pains with the gentlest touch Rizal's close friends praised the novel, with Blumentritt receiving the most important congratulatory letter. Blumentritt wrote, "First and Foremost,"congratulatingRizalonhisnovelaboutcustoms.

RIZAL’SGRANDTOUROFEUROPEWITHMAXIMOVIOLA(1887) RIZAL’SGRANDTOUROFEUROPEWITHMAXIMOVIOLA(1887)

Afterthepublicationofhisnovel,RizalpaidMaximoViolatheamountheloanedforthepublicationWithhis remaining funds, he informed Viola of his plans to return to Europe and continue his social-political observationsTheyleftBerlinbytrainonMay11,1887,andvisitedDresden,wheretheymetDrAdolphMeyer,the MuseumofArts,andwitnessedtheFloralExpositionTheyalsometDeFeodorJagorandadvisedhimtowrite FerdinandBlumentrittbeforevisitinghim TheythentraveledtoLeitmeritz,Czechoslovakia,wheretheymet BlumentrittandtookashortbreakbeforemeetinghimatHotelKrebs.TheythenvisitedPrague,Vienna,and Lintz, where they traveled overland to Salizburg, Munich, Nuremberg, Ulm, Stuttgart, Rheinhall, Basel, Bern, Lausanne, Leman, and Geneva, Switzerland. Jose Rizal celebrated his 26th birthday in Geneva, and they decidedtopartways ViolareturnedtoBarcelona,whileRizalcontinuedhisjourneythroughoutItaly,visiting Turin, Milan, Venice, Florence, and Rome He enjoyed observing the various structures and edifices of the churches,StPeterandStPaul,beforepreparingforhistripbackhomeafteraweekofsightseeinginRome

FLOREYJANE VICENTE HURVEYDEUZ

ADDISONM. PASCUA

ANNIEKLIEN DIZOLBARICOG

APPLETHEA MAMUAD

IRENEABAD

JESSALINEALAPIT

KIMBERLYANNE AGUSTIN

LEAHJOY BALLESTEROS

MARIEJOYALIPIO

MARJORIE ALVAREZ

RAYVENRIVERA

ROXANNEJOY

RizalstudiedinEuropebetween1882and1887,butreturnedtothePhilippinesinAugust1887.He practicedmedicineinCalambaandreturnedhometooperateonhismother'seyesandlearnabout theimpactofhisnovelsonFilipinos.HeboardedthesteamerDjemnahandthesteamerHaiphong, whichtraveledthroughtheSuezCanal.

UponarrivinginManila,Rizalopenedamedicalclinic,treatingpatientsfromalloverManila Healso opened a gym for young people, teaching them European sports while avoiding cockfights and gambling However,hewasunabletoseehisbelovedLeonorRivera

GovernorGeneralEmilioTerrerorequestedRizaltotestifybeforehim,denyingaccusationsagainsthis novel,NoliMeTangere Rizalclaimeditwasanexpositionoftruthanddidnotadvocateforradicalideas Thegovernorgeneralrequestedacopyofthenovel,whichRizalfoundinthepossessionofafriend.

ThefriarswereenragedbyRizal'snovel,andafacultycommitteefounditagainstCatholicteachings, anti-patriotic,harmfultopublicorder,harmfultotheSpanishgovernment,anddetrimentaltothepolitical functionofSpaininthePhilippines.Thegovernorgeneralsentthenoveltothepermanentcommissionof censorship for further investigation and verification. The findings were consistent, and it was recommended that the novel be banned from being imported, reproduced, or circulated in the Philippines

People became interested in the novel after hearing this recommendation and reading it behind closeddoors Thefriarsurgedauthoritiestopunishthosefoundwiththenovelasashowofsupportfor theircallforharshpenaltiesagainstviolators.

RIZAL’S FIRST HOMECOMING

WhenthenovelwasbannedinthePhilippines,manyofhiscomradesshowedtheirsupportby defendingitagainstJoseRizal’senemies ButitwasReverendVicenteGarcia,amongthosewho supported him and had the best defense. The priest refuted Fr. Jose Rodriguez’s claim that Rizal wasan“impiousman,ahereticwhohatedreligionandSpain”inhisdefenseletter.Asaresult,Fr. Garciamadethefollowingstatement:

1.

Jose Rizal was a graduate of Spanish universities and a recipient of scholastic honors so he couldnotbeanignorant;

2

Jose Rizal does not criticize the Church or Spain, because what he criticizes in the novel are badSpanishofficials,notSpain,andbadcorruptfriars,nottheChurch;

3.

Finally,thefriarsbelievethatthosewhohavereadthenovelhavecommittedamortalsin,so Fr Rodriguezhasalsocommittedamortalsin

InCalamba,Rizaladvisedtenantstodemandtheirlandlords'deedsincourt,astheyclaimed more land than their deeds allowed for He also convinced the town to report the full amount of rentspaid,forcinglandlordstopaytaxestheyhadpreviouslyavoided.Thelawsuitarosefromthe tenants'refusaltosignnew,one-sidedcontractsledbytheRizalfamily. Rizal'shappydaysweremarredbythedeathofhisoldersisterOlimpiaandtherumorthathe was a German spy, agent of Bismarck, Protestant, Mason, Witch, and soul beyond salvation. His parents received anonymous threats against his life, and he was advised to leave due to the situation Thegovernorgeneral,whohadassignedhimaCivilGuardlieutenantasabodyguard, found it difficult to protect him and advised him to leave after six months. Governor General Terrero summoned Rizal to leave the Philippines for his own good, as he was unable to defy the governorgeneral'sorders In1888,RizalleftCalamba

AROUNDTHEWORLDPART2

Rizalembarkedonhissecond journeyabroadonFebruary3, 1888

RIZAL’SSECONDTRAVELSABROAD RIZAL’SSECONDTRAVELSABROAD

In1888,attheageof27,Rizalembarkedonhissecondjourneyabroad, fleeingthePhilippinesduetothreatsfromenemiesandtheoppressive influenceofthefriars.HesailedfromManilatoHongKongontheZafiroon February3,1888,feelingsickandsaddenedbytheinjusticeshefaced In HongKong,hestayedattheVictoriaHotelandwaswarmlywelcomedby theFilipinocommunity.DespitebeingobservedbyaSpanishspynamed JoseVaranda,Rizaldocumentedhisexperiences,includingwitnessing the vibrant Chinese New Year celebrations and exploring the city's landmarks.

From Hong Kong, Rizal continued his journey to Japan aboard the Oceanic,anAmericansteamer,arrivinginYokohamaonFebruary28,1888. HefoundJapanenchanting,admiringitsnaturalbeauty,thedemeanorof itspeople,anditspicturesqueshrines Duringhismonthandahalfstay,he fellinlovewithaJapanesegirl InTokyo,hestayedattheGrandHoteland later moved to the Spanish Legation, aware that it was a tactic by the SpanishgovernmenttomonitorhimDespitethis,Rizalembracedhistimein Japanasoneofthehappiestperiodsofhislife

DuringhisstayinTokyo,Rizalfacedchallengescommunicatingand shoppingduetothelanguagebarrier,promptinghimtolearnJapanese Withinafewdays,hemasteredthelanguageandimmersedhimselfin Japanese culture, studying drama, arts, music, and judo He explored various places in Japan, including museums, libraries, art galleries, and charmingvillageslikeMeguro,Nikko,andHakone

RizalwascaptivatedbytheperformanceofaTokyobandplaying Westernmusicinthepark,amazedbytheirproficiencyandintegrationof Europeancompositions.Tohissurprise,themusiciansswitchedtospeaking Tagalog,leadingtoanunexpectedencounterandconversation Japan's cleanliness,politeness,andnaturalbeautymadealastingimpressionon Rizal,althoughhedislikedtheuseofmale-drivenrickshaws

DuringhistimeinJapan,RizalmetSeikoUsui,whomheaffectionately calledO-Sei-San Theirsharedlovefortheartsblossomedintoaromance, with Rizal admiring Seiko's beauty, charm, modesty, and intelligence DespitehisdeepaffectionforSeiko,Rizalultimatelydecidednottosettlein Japan,asexpressedinhisheartfeltwritingsabouttheirlove

AfterleavingJapan,RizalbrieflyconsideredajobofferfromtheSpanish Legation but ultimately decided to continue his mission to free his oppressedpeople,influencedbyhisloveforhishomelandandhisfather's advice BoardingtheBelgiconApril13,1888,RizaldepartedJapan,leaving behind his beloved Seiko Usui and the memories of their time together, markingoneofthehappiestperiodsofhislife

ArrivingintheUnitedStatesonApril28,1888,Rizalexperiencedracial prejudicefirsthand,witnessingdiscriminationagainstChineseandAfrican Americans Despiteadmiringthecountry'smaterialprogress,energyofthe people,andnaturalbeauty,hewasdismayedbythelackofracialequality He traveled through several states, including Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Nebraska, and Illinois, before arriving in New York City on May 13, 1888 Marvelingatthecity'slandmarkssuchasGeorgeWashington'srelics,the BrooklynBridge,andtheStatueofLiberty,Rizal'striptoAmericalasteduntil May16,1888,whenheboardedtheCityofRomeandsailedfromNewYork to Liverpool aboard the Great Eastern, marking the end of his American journey

JOSERIZAL’SRETURNTOEUROPE JOSERIZAL’SRETURNTOEUROPE JOSERIZAL’SRETURNTOEUROPE

FromMay1888toMarch1889,RizalresidedinLondonforvarious purposes Firstly, he aimed to enhance his English language proficiency.Secondly,heconductedresearchandannotatedMorga's SucesosdelasIslasFilipinas,whichhefoundintheBritishMuseum Lastly, London provided a safe refuge from the threats of Spanish tyranny RizaltraveledtoLondononMay25,1888Duringhisstay,Rizalimmersed himselfinhistoricalstudiesattheBritishMuseum,focusingonPhilippine historyandrarebooksHeformedfriendshipswithindividualslikeDrRost, who recognized Rizal's intellect and recommended him to the British Museumauthorities

InSeptember1888,RizalbrieflyvisitedParistogathermorehistorical materialsfromtheBibliothequeNationale UponhisreturntoLondon,he embarked on a trip to Spain in December, where he assessed the political situation and met with prominent figures of the Propaganda Movement,suchasMarceloHDelPilarandMarianoPonce ReturningtoLondonforChristmasandNewYear'scelebrationswith theBecketts,Rizalcherishedtheholidayseasonandreceivedabookasa giftDuringhistimeinLondon,hewaselectedasthehonorarypresident of Asociacion La Solidaridad and contributed his first article, "Los AgricultoresFilipinos,"tothepatrioticnewspaperLaSolidaridadonMarch 25,1889

DuringhistimeinLondon,Rizalcontributedtovariousworksand publications,includingarticlesforDrRost'sjournalandtheestablishment of La Solidaridad, a review aimed at advocating for equal rights and privilegesbetweenSpainanditsoverseascolonies Healsofellinlove withGertrudeBeckett,oneoftheBeckettsisters,beforeleavingLondonfor ParisonMarch19,1889

ArrivinginParisinthespringof1889,Rizalencounteredchallenges finding accommodation due to the bustling activity surrounding the UniversalExpositionDespitethis,hebrieflystayedwithhisfriendValentin VenturaandpublishedhisannotatededitionofMorga'sbookduringhis timeinthecity

DuringhistimeinParis,RizalwascaptivatedbytheUniversalExposition, particularlytheEiffelTower,andestablishedtheRDLMRedenciondelos MalayosSociety,aimingtospreadknowledgeandredeemtheMalay race He also continued his historical research on the Philippines and authored "The Indolence of the Filipinos" Additionally, he joined the "InternationalAssociationofFilipinologists"ledbyDrFerdinandBlumentritt andwrotethesatiricalwork"PorTelefono"inresponsetoFrSalvadorFont

InJanuary1890,RizalmovedtoBrusselswithJoseAlbert,wherehe continuedworkingonhissecondnovel,"ElFilibusterismo"Hecontributed articles to La Solidaridad and engaged in physical activities like gymnastics Duringthistime,helearnedoftheplightofhisfamilyand townmatesinCalamba,facingpersecutionduetotheCalambaestates conflictTragicnewsarrivedfromhissisterSaturninaaboutherhusband's deportation,furtheraddingtoRizal'sdistress

ArrivinginMadridinAugust1890,Rizalattemptedlegalmeanstoseek justiceforhisfamilyandtheCalambatenantsbutfacedobstacles He soughtsupportfromtheFilipinocolonytoprotestinjusticescommitted bytheDominicansagainsttheCalambapeople Moredistressingnews reached him about the eviction of his family and the deportation of severalrelativestoMindoro,furtherfuelingRizal'sresolvetofightforjustice

THEPUBLICATIONOFTHEELFILIBUSTERISMO THEPUBLICATIONOFTHEELFILIBUSTERISMO

OnJuly5,1891,RizalmovedfromBrusselstoGhenttoreduceprintingcostsforhis novel"ElFilibusterismo."Facingfinancialconstraints,heresidedinamodestboarding houseandpawnedallhisjewelstocovertheexpenses.Withfinancialassistancefrom Valentin Ventura and funds received from Jose Ma. Basa and Evaristo Arias, Rizal restartedtheprintingprocessof"ElFilibusterismo"atF.Meyer-VanLooPress.

"El Filibusterismo," written four to five years after "Noli Me Tangere," reflects Rizal's matured perspective on the political and social conditions in the Philippines The dedication of the first edition to the martyrs of the Gom-Bur-Za, executed in 1872, highlights Rizal's belief in their innocence and his commitment to combating injustice. This dedication was later used as evidence against him during his trial in 1896 Rizal's dedication emphasizes the doubts surrounding the accusations against the martyrs andhisaspirationforSpaintoeventuallycleartheirnames,portrayingthemasvictims oftheevilshesoughttoaddressinhiswork

BACKINEUROPERizaltraveled toLondononMay25,1888 Duringhisstay,Rizalimmersed himselfinhistoricalstudies

TIMELINEOFDR.JOSERIZAL’S TIMELINEOFDR.JOSERIZAL’S SECONDTRAVELSABROAD SECONDTRAVELSABROAD

In1888,attheageof27,Rizalembarkedonhissecondjourney abroad,fleeingthePhilippinesduetothreatsfromenemiesandthe oppressiveinfluenceofthefriars.

LEAVINGMANILA-FEBRUARY3,1888 LEAVINGMANILA-FEBRUARY3,1888 LEAVINGMANILA-FEBRUARY3,1888 RizalleftManilaforHongKongafter6monthsin Calamba. Hewasforcedtoleavethecountryfor thesecondtime Hisstaymightexposehisfamily todangerbecausehisnovelNoliMeTangere.

UNITEDSTATES-APRIL28,1888 UNITEDSTATES-APRIL28,1888 UNITEDSTATES-APRIL28,1888

RizalarrivedinSanFranciscoPort.OnMay4,1888, RizalcheckedinatthePalaceHotel OnMay13,1888, hereachedNewYorkandstayedfor3days.OnMay 16,1888,heleftNewYorkforLiverpoolandboardthe “CityofRome”steamer.

HONGKONG-FEBRUARY8,1888 HONGKONG-FEBRUARY8,1888 HONGKONG-FEBRUARY8,1888

RizalsailedtoHongKongthroughsteamer“Zafiro”buthad anemergencystopoverinAmoyonFebruary7because hewasnotfeelingwell,itwasraininghard,andheheard thatthecitywasdirtyOntothenextday,helandedin mainlandHongKongandstayedatVictoriaHotelwhere hewaswelcomedbyhisFilipinofriends

LONDON-MAY28,1888 LONDON-MAY28,1888 LONDON-MAY28,1888

RizalstayedasaguestwithDr AntonioMa Regidor Dr Regidorwasalawyer,diplomat, andpropagandist.Rizal’sgreatestachievement inLondonwastheannotatingofMorga’sbook

MISFORTUNESINMADRID-AUGUST1890 MISFORTUNESINMADRID-AUGUST1890 MISFORTUNESINMADRID-AUGUST1890

RizalsoughthelpfromtheFilipinoColony, AssociationHispano-Filipina.Neartheendof 1890,RizalandMarceloH DelPilar’srivalryfor supremacyarose

PUBLICATIONOFELFILIBUSTERISMO PUBLICATIONOFELFILIBUSTERISMO PUBLICATIONOFELFILIBUSTERISMO RizalleftBrusselsforGhentbecausethecostofprintingin GhentwascheaperOnSeptember18,1891,El FilibusterismocameofftheprintingpressHesenttwo copiesrightawaytoHongKongforBasaandLopezRizal camehometothePhilippinesinJune1892

VISITTOMACAU-FEBRUARY18,1888 VISITTOMACAU-FEBRUARY18,1888 VISITTOMACAU-FEBRUARY18,1888 RizalvisitedMacauwithJoseMaBasaonFebruary18, throughtheferrysteamer“Kiu-Kiang”Theystayatthe homeofDonJuanFranciscoLecarosAftervisitingcasinos, churches,andbotanicalgardensandwitnessingCatholic processionsfortwodays,theyreturnedtoHongKong

PARIS-MARCH19,1888 PARIS-MARCH19,1888 PARIS-MARCH19,1888

FormedtheKidlatClubforFilipinosinFranceto enjoyforthedurationoftheexposition.Formed theIndiosBravosthatreplacedKidlatClub They practicedswords,pistols,andjudo

JAPANJAPAN-FEBRUARY28,1888 FEBRUARY28,1888 FEBRUARY28,1888

RizalarrivedatYokohama,JapanonFebruary28,1888, andstayedattheGrandHotelRizalwasimpressedbythe City.OnMarch7,1888,RizalcheckedoutofTokyoHoteland livedinSpanishLegationHemetO-Sei-SanOnApril13, 1888,heboardedtheBelgicatYokohama,goingUnited States

BRUSSELS,BELGIUM-JANUARY28,1890 BRUSSELS,BELGIUM-JANUARY28,1890 BRUSSELS,BELGIUM-JANUARY28,1890

RizalleftParisbecauseoftheexpensivecostoflivingand, hisliteraryworkswerehamperedthegaysocietallifein ParisInBrussels,Rizalmadehimselfbusywithsculpturing, shooting,goingtothegym,writingandreading,and writingarticlesforLaSolidaridad

BIARRITZVACATION BIARRITZVACATION BIARRITZVACATION Rizal’svacationawayfromMadridtoseeksolace fromhisdisappointmentsOnMarch29,1891,the nightbeforehisdepartureforParis,Rizalfinishedhis manuscriptforElFilibusterismo.

RIZAL’SSECONDHOMECOMING RIZAL’SSECONDHOMECOMING

In May 1892, Rizal made the decision to return to Manila despite protests from his familyandfriends Beforehisdeparture,heentrustedsealedletterstohisfriendDr Marques with instructions for them to be opened after his death Rizal arrived in Manila with his sister Lucia on June 26, 1892, staying at the Hotel de Oriente. The next day, he visited friends after boarding a train from Tutuban Station On July 6, while continuing his series of interviews at Malacanan Palace, Rizal was handed printed leaflets, allegedly found in Lucia's pillowcases. Despite his denial and demands for investigation, he was arrested and taken to Fort Santiago, as authoritiesaccusedhimofpossessingtheleaflets

RIZALLIFE:EXILE,TRIAL,ANDDEATH RIZALLIFE:EXILE,TRIAL,ANDDEATH

ArrivalinManila

Rizal'sdaringreturntoManila in June, 1892 was his second homecoming because of his firm belief that the battleground is in the Philippines. He told his European compatriots that when he returned home, they should meet there. They will help one another, and they will suffer or triumphtogether.

RizalandhissisterLuciaarrived in Manila on June 26, 1892, at 12:00 noonHe was greeted by guards, including a commandant, a captain, anda sergeant of the

Guardia Civil Veterana in disguise

After passing through Customs, he settledintoRoom22attheHotelde OrienteinBinondo.

Later that afternoon, at 4:00 o 'clock, he went to Malacanang Palacetoseekanaudiencewiththe Spanish governor general, General Eulogio Despujol Rizal had the promised interview with the Governor- General after his return to Manila from his railway journey The discussions had been quite informalattheirpreviousmeetings During their meeting at 7 PM, Dr. Rizal securedhisfather’s freedom

FOUNDINGOFLALIGAFILIPINA FOUNDINGOFLALIGAFILIPINA FOUNDINGOFLALIGAFILIPINA

AlmostsimultaneouslywiththeintroductionofMasonryinthePhilippines,acivicsocietycalled LaPropagandawasestablished Itsmembers,composedmostly,notexclusively,ofthemiddle class,contributedmoneytodefraytheexpensesoftheFilipinoreformersinSpainwhowere wagingacampaigntoobtainpoliticalconcessionsfromtheMotherCountryThefundscollected were forwarded to the Hispano-Filipino Association. In time, however, the funds of the organizationweremalversed,andthesocietypassedoutofexistence

Atthisjuncture,Rizalsteppedintothepictureandproposedthefoundingofanothercivicsociety HehadpreparedaconstitutionforthissocietywhileatHongkongandnowhethoughtthatthetime hadcomeforconcreteaction OnthenightofJuly3,1892,atahouseinTondo,Rizalfoundedand inaugurated“LaLigaFilipina”ThemottoofLaLigaFilipinais“Unusinstaromnium”or“OnelikeAll”Its officials were composed of Ambrosio Salvador (president), Agustin dela Rosa (fiscal), Bonifacio Arevalo(treasurer),andDeodatoArellano(secretary)

TheSupremeCouncilwastheleague'sgoverningbody,withjurisdictionovertheentirecountryIt wasmadeupofapresident,asecretary,atreasurer,andafiscal TherewasaProvincialCouncilin eachprovinceandaPopularCouncilineachtownTheLigamembers'responsibilitiesareasfollows: (1)toobeytheSupremeCouncil'sorders;(2)toassistinrecruitingnewmembers(3)tokeeptheLiga authorities'decisionsstrictlyconfidential(4)tohaveasymbolicnamethathecannotchangeuntil hebecomespresidentofhiscouncil(5)toreporttothefiscalanythinghehearsthataffectstheLiga (6)tobehavewellasbefitsagoodFilipino(7)tohelpfellowmembersinanyway

ThenewgroupofFilipinoReformistweremainlybelongingtotheFilipinoMiddleClassandthe FilipinoProfessionals ManymembersofsocietyseekingchangeweredrawntotheLiga,including AndresBonifacio,whobecameoneoftheorganization'sfounders

Rizal'sfoundingtheLaLigaFilipinauponhisreturntothePhilippinesinJuly1892representeda stepforwardinthereformistideasofthetime,asthenewgroupsoughttoinvolvethepeople directlyinthereformmovementThefoundingofthe"LigaFilipina,"aleagueorassociationsoughtto uniteallFilipinosofgoodcharacterforconcertedactiontowardtheeconomicadvancementoftheir country, for a higher standard of manhood and to ensure opportunities for education and developmentfortalentedFilipinoyouth,wasalmostRizal'slastactwhileatliberty

AslistedintheconstitutionRizalprepared,theLiga'saimswere:Tounitethewholearchipelagointo one compact, vigorous, and homogenous body;Mutual protection in every want and necessity;Defenseagainstallviolenceandinjustice;Encouragementofinstruction,agriculture,and commerce;andStudyandapplicationofreforms.

AsRizalenvisionedit,theleaguewastobeasortofmutualaidandself-helpsocietydispensing scholarshipfundsandlegalaid,loaningcapitalandsettingupcooperatives.Thesewereinnocent, even naive objectives that could hardly alleviate the social ills of those times, but the Spanish authoritiesweresoalarmedthattheyarrestedRizalonJuly6,1892,ascantfourdaysaftertheLiga wasorganizedWithRizaldeportedtoDapitan,theLigabecameinactiveuntil,throughtheeffortsof DomingoFrancoandAndresBonifacio,itwasreorganized.ApolinarioMabinibecamethesecretary oftheSupremeCouncil UponhissuggestiontheorganizationdecidedtodeclareitssupportforLa

but not his brother's, and was instructed to return on Wednesday at 7:30 PMFrom there, Rizalwenttoseehissisters.Hefirst met with his sister Nacisa López, and later with Neneng (Saturnina Hidalgo) On June 27,at 6:00 pm 1892 Rizal boarded a train in Tutuban Station to visit friends in Malolos (Bulacan), San Fernando (Pampanga), Tarlac (Tarlac), and Bacolor (Pampanga) Rizal returned to Manila by train the followingday,June28,at5o'clock intheafternoon.

EXILEINDAPITAN EXILEINDAPITAN EXILEINDAPITAN

RizalwasexiledinDapitan,ZamboangaDel NorteandaremotetowninMindanao,from1892 to1896.Hestayedthereforfouryearsandhislife wasmonotonous,buthehadaccomplisheda lot. Jose led a very peaceful, happy and enjoyablelifeinDapitan,andthewayhelivedit was admirable and worthy of imitation. His medicalpracticeattractedalargenumberof low-income patients. He put the curative propertiesofthePhilippinemedicinalplantshe studiedtogooduse,dispensingthemtohispoor patientswhocouldn’taffordimportedmedicine OneofJose’smostimpressiveprojectswas hiswatersystem,whichhedesignedandbuiltso thatthepeopleofDapitancouldhaveaccessto clean water Despite lack of funds, limited resourcesandnogovernmentassistance,hewas abletobuilditwithnothingmorethanhisAteneo education, engineering textbook readings and sheerdeterminationandingenuity

WhileinDapitan,JosestudiedtheBisayan, Subanum,andMalayanlanguagesandwrotea Tagaloggrammar SomeofhispoemsincludeA DonRicardoCarnicero,HimnoATalisay(Hymnto theTalisayTree),MiRetiro(MyRetreat),ElCanto delViajero(TheTraveler’sSong)andJosephine Well as planted fruit trees, corn, coffee, cacao, sugarcaneandhempHealsodrewandsculpted peopleandobjectsofinteresttohim

With the assistance of Ramon Carreon, a Dapitan merchant, Jose was successful in his businessventuresinfishing,copraandhemp.He established the Cooperative Association of DapitanFarmerstobreaktheChinesemonopoly inDapitanTheconfederation’sgoal,accordingto Rizal, was to “improve farm products, obtain better outlets for them, collect funds for their purchases,andassistproducersandworkersby establishing a store where they can buy prime commoditiesatmoderateprices”.

DespitehisachievementsinDapitan,Josefelt empty.Helongedtobewithhisfamily,relatives and friends He had the impression that he needed someone to re-energize him. As JosephineBrackenarrivedinDapitan,Josefound his answer. She arrived in Dapitan like a ray of sunshinetocheerhimupJosephineBrackenwas a sweet eighteen-year-old Irish. On October 3, 1876,herIrishparents,JamesBracken,acorporal in the British garrison and Elizabeth Jane MacBride,gavebirthtoherinHongKong Jose andJosephinefellinloveanddecidedtomarry, butnopriestwaswillingtomarrythem

Evenwithouttheblessingofthechurch,Jose andJosephinejoyfullysharedeachother’slivesin Dapitan

Josewasopposedtothecourageousand shocking uprising of the Katipuneros He was convincedtheywereunpreparedforarevolution Hewentontosaythattheylackedthenecessary weaponsandfundsandthatitwouldonlyresult inthedeathsofmanyofhiscountrymenHealso declinedKatipuneros’soffertosavehim Several monthsbeforetheKatipuneroscontactedJose, Blumentritt informed him of the dire health situationinwar-tornCuba,specificallytheyellow feverepidemicandencouragedhimtovolunteer asanarmydoctortheretoendhisexile

RIZAL’SBIOGRAPHY January-March, 2024/Vol.001

RIZAL’SLASTHOURS

Duringthechaoscreatedbytheuprising,Josereceived two letters from Governor General Blanco exonerating him from the raging insurgency. Jose’s last trip abroad was on September3,1896,whenheleftforSpain,troubled bytheKatipuneros'violentattempttooverthrow theSpanishGovernment

Hewastransferredtoanothersteamer,whichhe believedwouldTransporthimfromSpaintoCuba Before reaching Barcelona, he was unexpectedly Apprehended and unlawfully detained as a prisoner on a Spanish steamer On Board the transport ship Colon, he was informed that he wouldbereturnedtoManila

TheshipColonarrivedinManilaonNovember3, 1896 Rizal was then transferred to Fort Santiago fromtheship Thepreliminaryinvestigationbegan on November 20 He was given 15 pieces of documentaryevidences OnNovember6,Colonel Olivetransmittedtherecordsinordertobeginthe appropriate action against Rizal Rizal was only given the option of selecting his own defense attorney

Colonel Francisco Olive, the Judge Advocate, briefedJoseonthechargesleveledagainsthim General Camilo G de Polavieja was appointed GovernorGeneralofthePhilippinesonDecember 13th Documentaryandtestimonialevidencewere presentedagainstJoseRizal.

Captain Dominguez sent a summary of the action to Governor General Ramon Blanco, who forwardedittoDonNicolasDelaPena,theJudge Advocate General. Pena made the following recommendationsafterstudyingthepapers: (1)theaccusedbebroughttotrialimmediately (2)hebekeptinprison

TEODORA’SLETTERTOGOVERNOR TEODORA’SLETTERTOGOVERNOR TEODORA’SLETTERTOGOVERNOR GENERALPOLAVIEJA GENERALPOLAVIEJA GENERALPOLAVIEJA

Teodora Alonso de Rizal, a resident of Kalamba, penned a heartfelt letter to Governor-General Camilo Polavieja on December 28, 1896, seeking clemency for herson,JoseRizalyMercado

In the letter, Teodora respectfully implored the Governor-General to reconsidertheextremepenaltyimposedon her son for the alleged offense of rebellion against the Mother Country She expressed herconvictionthatthechargesagainstJose had not been conclusively proven, emphasizing her certainty of his absolute innocence Teodora, aged seventy-one, portrayed the heartbreaking prospect of witnessingthedeathofhersonastheresult of what she deemed unfortunate circumstancesandthewhimsoffate

Despite acknowledging the court's authority, she appealed to Governor Polavieja's generous heart and sense of justicetosparehersonfromtheimpending execution Teodora highlighted Jose's past exile,enduredwithhumilityandresignation, asevidenceofhisinnocence Sherefrained fromchallengingthetribunal'sdecisionbut instead pleaded for mercy, beseeching the Governor to grant clemency for her unfortunateson

Teodora concluded her impassioned plea by invoking the name of God, expressing hope that the Governor's magnanimous heart would spare her son ' s life, an act for which she and her family wouldbeeternallygrateful,offeringprayers forthewell-beingofGovernorPolaviejaand thehonorofMotherSpain Theletter,dated 1896 in Manila, serves as a poignant testamenttoamother'sdesperatepleafor her son ' s life in the face of impending tragedy

(3)anorderofattachmentbeissuedagainsthis property in the amount of one million pesos as indemnity (4)heberepresentedincourtbyanarmyofficer ratherthanacivilianlawyer.

OnDecember1,1896,chargeswerereadtoJose inhisprisoncellwithhislawyerbyhisside.Hewas accusedofbeing“theprincipalorganizerandthe livingsouloftheFilipinoinsurgency,thefounderof societies, periodicals, and books dedicated to fomenting and propagating ideas of rebellion". Josedidnotobjecttothecourt’sjurisdiction,but claimedthathewasnotarevolutionary

He acknowledged that he drafted the Liga Filipina’s constitution, emphasizing that it was merelyacivicalliance Hereiteratedthathewas notinvolvedinpoliticsduringhisexiletoDapitan General Camilo G de Polavieja, who replaced GeneralRamonBlancoasGovernorGeneralofthe Philippines,receivedJose’scaseonDecember13, 1896Rizal’strialwasapowerfulexampleofSpanish injusticeandmisrule Itwasclearlyamistrial,not justafarce

Hiscasewasprejudged,andhewasdeemed guiltybeforethetrialevenbeganThemilitarycourt convened to accuse and condemn him, not to provide him with justice All charges and testimoniesagainsthimwereaccepted,whileall argumentsandproofsinhisfavorwereignored

ThetrialofRizaltookplaceonDecember26, 1896 Lt Luis Taviel de Andrade, Rizal’s counsel workedtirelesslytopersuadethemembersofthe military court not to sentence the accused to death Joseconcludedhisdefensebyreminding the judges to be fair and avoid vindictiveness in theirdecision-making FollowingLt DonLuisTaviel deAndrade’sdefense,thecourtaskedJoseifhe had anything to say Jose confidently read the followingsupplementtohisdefense:

(1)HecouldnotbearebelbecauseheadvisedDr PioValenzuelainDapitannottorevolt

(2) He did not share the radical, revolutionary elements

(3)Therevolutionariesusedhisnamewithouthis permission Ifhehadbeenfoundguilty,hecould havefledtoSingapore

(4) If he had been involved in the revolution, he could have fled in a Moro vinta and not built a house,ahospital,orpurchasedlandinDapitan

(5)Ifheweretherevolution’scommander-in-chief, why hasn’t he been consulted by the revolutionaries?

(6) It was true that he drafted the Liga Filipina’s bylaws, but this was a civic organization, not, a revolutionarysociety.

(7) The Liga Filipina did not last long, as he was exiledtoDapitanafterthefirstmeetinganditdied out (8) He was unaware that the Liga had been reorganizedninemonthslater (9)IftheLigahadservedtherevolutionaries’needs, theywouldnothavereplaceditwiththeKatipunan (10)IfthereweresomevenomousremarksinRizal’s letters, it was because they were written in 1890, when his family was being persecuted, being evictedfromtheirhomes,warehouses,andlands and his brother and all his brothers-in-law were deported (11)Asfarasthepolitico-militarycommandersand Missionarypriestscouldtell,hislifeinDapitanhad beenexemplary (12)ItwasNottruethathisonespeechatDorotea Ongjunco’s house inspired the revolution, as claimed by witnesses he wishes to confront His friendswerewellawareofhisoppositiontoarmed rebellion Why did the Katipunan dispatch an unknownemissarytoDapitan?Becausethosewho knewhimknewhewouldneversupportaviolent movement

Jose’s appeal was dismissed by the biased militarycourt Themembersofthemilitarycourt agreed to convict Jose and sentenced him to deathafterabriefdeliberation OnDecember26, 1896,theunjustmilitarycourtdecisionwashanded downtoGovernorGeneralCamiloG dePolavieja, who sought the opinion of Judge Advocate General Nicolas de la Pena, who confirmed the deathsentence OnDecember28,1896,Governor GeneralCamiloGdePolaviejasignedthedecision ofthecourt-martialtoexecuteJoseRizal

This decree was presented by Medina (1998) as follows:

The 28th of December, 1896, in Manila. In accordancewiththeprecedingopinionIapprove theCourtMartial’sdecisioninthiscase,which imposesthedeathpenaltyontheaccusedJose Rizal Mercado, which will be carried out by shooting him at 7:00 am on the 30th of this monthintheBagumbayanfield.Hediedahero and a martyr for Philippine independence, according to them. After learning of the court martial’s unjust decision, Jose spent the next twenty-fourhoursseeingandspeakingwithhis friends,familyandJosephineBracken.

RIZAL’SEXECUTIONANDDEATH RIZAL’SEXECUTIONANDDEATH

JoseRizal'speacefuladvocacydidnotsitwell with the Spanish authorities. In November 1896, he was arrested on charges of inciting rebellionDespitehispeacefulmethodsandhis disapproval of violent revolution, Rizal was implicatedintheuprisingduetohiswritings thatinspiredthemovementforindependence. Rizal'strialwasafarce,characterizedbyjudicial irregularitiesandlackofdueprocess.Witnesses werenotcross-examined,andtheirtestimonies were not corroborated Despite the lack of concrete evidence linking him to the rebellion, Rizalwasfoundguilty

OnDecember30,1896,Rizalwasledtothe executiongroundinBagumbayan,nowknown as Rizal Park in Manila He was executed by a firingsquad,hisdeathmarkingtheendofanera andthebeginningofanewone Theexecution was carried out by the Spanish colonial government,whichsawRizalasathreattotheir rule

Beforehisexecution,Rizalpennedapoem titled"Miúltimoadiós"("MyLastFarewell"),which is considered one of his last notes before his death As he faced the firing squad, his last wordswere"consummatumest,"whichmeans "Itisfinished."Thesewords,originallyspokenby

Jesus Christ on the cross, signified Rizal's acceptanceofhisfateandhiscommitmentto hiscause.

Inconclusion,theexecutionanddeathofJose Rizalwerenotmerelytheendofanindividual's lifebutthebirthofanation'sspirit.Hislifeand deathsymbolizethestruggleforfreedomand justice, his legacy continuing to inspire and guide the Philippines as it charts its course in history

THEAFTER-LIFEINMEMORY THEAFTER-LIFEINMEMORY

FollowingRizal'sexecutiononDecember30, 1896,inBagumbayan,hisbodywassecretly buried at the Paco Cemetery. The Spanish authorities,waryofthepotentialforhisgraveto becomeasiteofrebellion,didnotmarkhisfinal restingplace.However,Rizal'ssister,Narcisa,was determinedtolocateherbrother'sgrave After touringallpossiblegravesites,shefoundfreshly turnedearthatthecemetery,guardedbycivil guards Thisunmarkedgrave,shebelieved,was herbrother's.

Two days after Rizal's execution, Narcisa placedamarkeronthegravewiththeletters "RPJ," Rizal's initials in reverse This act of defianceensuredthatRizal'srestingplacewould not be forgotten, even as his name was forbiddentobementionedafterhisdeath

OnAugust17,1898,twoyearsafterRizal's execution, his remains were exhumed from Paco Cemetery and transferred to his family homeinBinondo,Manila Thiseventmarkedthe beginning of a long journey to honor Rizal's legacy Hisremainswereplacedinanivoryurn, wheretheystayeduntil1912.

Rizal'sburialattire,asperthecustomsof thetime,wouldhavebeensimple,yetdignified Rizal was dressed in a black suit he had purchased for his European trip, and a derby hat Novisitorswereallowedintothecemetery whiletheinternmentistakingplaceandeven the exact location of the internment was kept secret.

Thetrialof JoseRizalbyaSpanishmilitary courtbeganonDecember6, 1896

JOURNEYTODEATHOnDecember30,1896, atapproximatelysixthirtyamThestartof Jose’sjourneytodeathwassignaledbya trumpetblast

MYLASTFAREWELL(POEMOFRIZAL) MYLASTFAREWELL(POEMOFRIZAL)

MyLastFarewell(MiUltimoAdiosinSpanish)wasthelastpoemthatJoseRizalwrote.It MyLastFarewell(MiUltimoAdiosinSpanish)wasthelastpoemthatJoseRizalwrote.It wasMarianoPonce,hisfriend,whogavethetitletothispoem. wasMarianoPonce,hisfriend,whogavethetitletothispoem.

Farewell,myadoredLand,regionofthesun Farewell,myadoredLand,regionofthesun Farewell,myadoredLand,regionofthesun caressed, caressed, caressed,

PearloftheOrientSea,ourEdenlost, PearloftheOrientSea,ourEdenlost, PearloftheOrientSea,ourEdenlost, WithgladnessIgiveyoumyLife,sadand WithgladnessIgiveyoumyLife,sadand WithgladnessIgiveyoumyLife,sadand rrepressed; repressed; epressed;

Andwereitmorebrilliant,morefreshandat Andwereitmorebrilliant,morefreshandat Andwereitmorebrilliant,morefreshandat iitsbest, itsbest, tsbest, IIwouldstillgiveittoyouforyourwelfareat Iwouldstillgiveittoyouforyourwelfareat wouldstillgiveittoyouforyourwelfareat most. most. most.

Onthefieldsofbattle,inthefuryoffight, Onthefieldsofbattle,inthefuryoffight, Onthefieldsofbattle,inthefuryoffight, Othersgiveyoutheirliveswithoutpainor Othersgiveyoutheirliveswithoutpainor Othersgiveyoutheirliveswithoutpainor hesitancy, hesitancy, hesitancy, Theplacedoesnotmatter:cypresslaurel,lily Theplacedoesnotmatter:cypresslaurel,lily Theplacedoesnotmatter:cypresslaurel,lily white, white, white, Scaffold,openfield,conflictormartyrdom’s Scaffold,openfield,conflictormartyrdom’s Scaffold,openfield,conflictormartyrdom’s site, site, site, IItisthesameifaskedbyhomeandCountry. ItisthesameifaskedbyhomeandCountry. tisthesameifaskedbyhomeandCountry.

IIdieasIseetintsontheskyb’gintoshow IdieasIseetintsontheskyb’gintoshow dieasIseetintsontheskyb’gintoshow Andatlastannouncetheday,afteragloomy Andatlastannouncetheday,afteragloomy Andatlastannouncetheday,afteragloomy night; night; night;

IIfyouneedahuetodyeyourmatutinalglow, Ifyouneedahuetodyeyourmatutinalglow, fyouneedahuetodyeyourmatutinalglow, Pourmybloodandattherightmoment Pourmybloodandattherightmoment Pourmybloodandattherightmoment spreaditso, spreaditso, spreaditso, Andgilditwithareflectionofyournascent Andgilditwithareflectionofyournascent Andgilditwithareflectionofyournascent llight! light! ight!

Mydreams,whenscarcelyaladadolescent, Mydreams,whenscarcelyaladadolescent, Mydreams,whenscarcelyaladadolescent, Mydreamswhenalreadyayouth,fullofvigor Mydreamswhenalreadyayouth,fullofvigor Mydreamswhenalreadyayouth,fullofvigor ttoattain, toattain, oattain, Weretoseeyou,gemoftheseaoftheOrient, Weretoseeyou,gemoftheseaoftheOrient, Weretoseeyou,gemoftheseaoftheOrient, Yourdarkeyesdry,smoothbrowheldtoa Yourdarkeyesdry,smoothbrowheldtoa Yourdarkeyesdry,smoothbrowheldtoa highplane highplane highplane

Withoutfrown,withoutwrinklesandof Withoutfrown,withoutwrinklesandof Withoutfrown,withoutwrinklesandof shamewithoutstain. shamewithoutstain. shamewithoutstain.

Mylife’sfancy,myardent,passionatedesire, Mylife’sfancy,myardent,passionatedesire, Mylife’sfancy,myardent,passionatedesire, Hail!Criesoutthesoultoyou,thatwillsoon Hail!Criesoutthesoultoyou,thatwillsoon Hail!Criesoutthesoultoyou,thatwillsoon partfromthee; partfromthee; partfromthee; Hail!Howsweet’tistofallthatfullnessyou Hail!Howsweet’tistofallthatfullnessyou Hail!Howsweet’tistofallthatfullnessyou mayacquire; mayacquire; mayacquire;

Todietogiveyoulife,‘neathyourskiesto Todietogiveyoulife,‘neathyourskiesto Todietogiveyoulife,‘neathyourskiesto expire, expire, expire, Andinyourmysticlandtosleepthrough Andinyourmysticlandtosleepthrough Andinyourmysticlandtosleepthrough eternity! eternity! eternity!

IIfovermytombsomeday,youwouldsee Ifovermytombsomeday,youwouldsee fovermytombsomeday,youwouldsee blow, blow, blow, Asimplehumbleflow’ramidstthickgrasses, Asimplehumbleflow’ramidstthickgrasses, Asimplehumbleflow’ramidstthickgrasses, Bringituptoyourlipsandkissmysoulso, Bringituptoyourlipsandkissmysoulso, Bringituptoyourlipsandkissmysoulso, Andunderthecoldtomb,Imayfeelonmy Andunderthecoldtomb,Imayfeelonmy Andunderthecoldtomb,Imayfeelonmy brow, brow, brow, Warmthofyourbreath,awhiffofyour Warmthofyourbreath,awhiffofyour Warmthofyourbreath,awhiffofyour ttenderness. tenderness. enderness.

Letthemoonwithsoft,gentlelightme Letthemoonwithsoft,gentlelightme Letthemoonwithsoft,gentlelightme descry, descry, descry, Letthedawnsendforthitsfleeting,brilliant Letthedawnsendforthitsfleeting,brilliant Letthedawnsendforthitsfleeting,brilliant llight, light, ight, IInmurmursgraveallowthewindtosigh, Inmurmursgraveallowthewindtosigh, nmurmursgraveallowthewindtosigh, Andshouldabirddescendonmycrossand Andshouldabirddescendonmycrossand Andshouldabirddescendonmycrossand alight, alight, alight, Letthebirdintoneasongofpeaceo’ermy Letthebirdintoneasongofpeaceo’ermy Letthebirdintoneasongofpeaceo’ermy site. site. site.

Lettheburningsuntheraindropsvaporize Lettheburningsuntheraindropsvaporize Lettheburningsuntheraindropsvaporize Andwithmyclamorbehindreturnpuretothe Andwithmyclamorbehindreturnpuretothe Andwithmyclamorbehindreturnpuretothe sky; sky; sky;

Letafriendshedtearsovermyearlydemise; Letafriendshedtearsovermyearlydemise; Letafriendshedtearsovermyearlydemise; Andonquietafternoonswhenonepraysfor Andonquietafternoonswhenonepraysfor Andonquietafternoonswhenonepraysfor meonhigh, meonhigh, meonhigh, Praytoo,oh,myMotherland,thatinGodmay Praytoo,oh,myMotherland,thatinGodmay Praytoo,oh,myMotherland,thatinGodmay rrestI. restI. estI.

Praytheeforallthehaplesswhohavedied, Praytheeforallthehaplesswhohavedied, Praytheeforallthehaplesswhohavedied, Forallthosewhounequalledtormentshave Forallthosewhounequalledtormentshave Forallthosewhounequalledtormentshave undergone; undergone; undergone; Forourpoormotherswhoinbitternesshave Forourpoormotherswhoinbitternesshave Forourpoormotherswhoinbitternesshave cried; cried; cried;

Fororphans,widowsandcaptivestotortures Fororphans,widowsandcaptivestotortures Fororphans,widowsandcaptivestotortures wereshied, wereshied, wereshied, Andpraytoothatyoumayseeyourown Andpraytoothatyoumayseeyourown Andpraytoothatyoumayseeyourown rredemption. redemption. edemption.

Andwhenthedarknightwrapsthecemet’ry Andwhenthedarknightwrapsthecemet’ry Andwhenthedarknightwrapsthecemet’ry Andonlythedeadtovigilthereareleftalone, Andonlythedeadtovigilthereareleftalone, Andonlythedeadtovigilthereareleftalone, Don’tdisturbtheirrepose,don’tdisturbthe Don’tdisturbtheirrepose,don’tdisturbthe Don’tdisturbtheirrepose,don’tdisturbthe mystery: mystery: mystery:

IIfyouhearthesoundsofcitternorpsaltery, Ifyouhearthesoundsofcitternorpsaltery, fyouhearthesoundsofcitternorpsaltery, IItisI,dearCountry,who,asongt’youintone. ItisI,dearCountry,who,asongt’youintone. tisI,dearCountry,who,asongt’youintone.

Andwhenmygravebyallisnomore Andwhenmygravebyallisnomore Andwhenmygravebyallisnomore rremembered, remembered, emembered, Withneithercrossnorstonetomarkits Withneithercrossnorstonetomarkits Withneithercrossnorstonetomarkits place, place, place, Letitbeplowedbyman,withspadeletitbe Letitbeplowedbyman,withspadeletitbe Letitbeplowedbyman,withspadeletitbe scattered scattered scattered Andmyasheseretonothingnessare Andmyasheseretonothingnessare Andmyasheseretonothingnessare rrestored, restored, estored, Letthemturntodusttocoveryourearthly Letthemturntodusttocoveryourearthly Letthemturntodusttocoveryourearthly space. space. space.

Thenitdoesn’tmatterthatyoushouldforget Thenitdoesn’tmatterthatyoushouldforget Thenitdoesn’tmatterthatyoushouldforget me: me: me:

Youratmosphere,yourskies,yourvalesI’ll Youratmosphere,yourskies,yourvalesI’ll Youratmosphere,yourskies,yourvalesI’ll sweep; sweep; sweep; VibrantandclearnotetoyourearsIshallbe: VibrantandclearnotetoyourearsIshallbe: VibrantandclearnotetoyourearsIshallbe: Aroma,light,hues,murmur,song,moanings Aroma,light,hues,murmur,song,moanings Aroma,light,hues,murmur,song,moanings deep, deep, deep, Constantlyrepeatingtheessenceofthefaith Constantlyrepeatingtheessenceofthefaith Constantlyrepeatingtheessenceofthefaith IIkeep. Ikeep. keep.

MyidolizedCountry,forwhomImostgravely MyidolizedCountry,forwhomImostgravely MyidolizedCountry,forwhomImostgravely pine, pine, pine, DearPhilippines,tomylastgoodbye,oh, DearPhilippines,tomylastgoodbye,oh, DearPhilippines,tomylastgoodbye,oh, harken harken harken

ThereIleaveall:myparents,lovesofmine, ThereIleaveall:myparents,lovesofmine, ThereIleaveall:myparents,lovesofmine, II’llgowheretherearenoslaves,tyrantsor I’llgowheretherearenoslaves,tyrantsor ’llgowheretherearenoslaves,tyrantsor hangmen hangmen hangmen

WherefaithdoesnotkillandwhereGodalone WherefaithdoesnotkillandwhereGodalone WherefaithdoesnotkillandwhereGodalone doesreign. doesreign. doesreign.

Farewell,parents,brothers,belovedbyme, Farewell,parents,brothers,belovedbyme, Farewell,parents,brothers,belovedbyme, Friendsofmychildhood,inthehome Friendsofmychildhood,inthehome Friendsofmychildhood,inthehome distressed; distressed; distressed;

GivethanksthatnowIrestfromthe GivethanksthatnowIrestfromthe GivethanksthatnowIrestfromthe wearisomeday; wearisomeday; wearisomeday; Farewell,sweetstranger,myfriend,who Farewell,sweetstranger,myfriend,who Farewell,sweetstranger,myfriend,who brightenedmyway; brightenedmyway; brightenedmyway; Farewell,toallIlove.Todieistorest. Farewell,toallIlove.Todieistorest. Farewell,toallIlove.Todieistorest.

CROSSWORDPUZZLE CROSSWORDPUZZLE

Across

2.SecretsocietyfoundbyAndresBonifaciothat aimed for Philippine independence fromSpanishrule

4. Newspaper founded by Rizal and other Filipino expatriates in Spain to fight for reforms

6.ProfessionofRizal;hestudiedthisfieldin Europe.

7. Rizal’s last poem, written just before his execution

8.FilipinopainterandfriendofRizal.known forhisartworksdepictingPhilippineculture andhistory

9. Place where Rizal was exiled by the Spanishauthorities

11.BirthplaceofJoseRizalintheprovinceof Laguna,Philippines.

12. School where Rizal studied in Manila beforegoingtoEurope

13. Language in which Rizal wrote his famouslettertoFerdinandBlumentritt.

Down

1. Abbreviation for Rizal's second novel, a sequeltohisfirstwork

3. Rizal's novel depicting the social injustices and abuses during Spanish colonialrule

5. Acronym for the three Filipino priests who were executed by the Spanish authorities, influencing Rizal's views on colonialop

10.TermoftenusedtodescribeRizaldueto his execution by the Spanish colonial government

REFERENCES: REFERENCES:

Porras,C.,Doctor-Salinas,E.,et.al.(2022).TheLifeandWorksofJoseRizal.LorimarPublishingInc. DeGuzman,C.(2020).OntheStoryoftheMoth.Prezi.com.https://prezi.com/p/wahavxg1bt5g/on-the-story-of-the-moth-crystal-ede-guzman/

Lim, JR (2011) Education: Binan, Ateneo, University of Santo Tomas The Life and Works of Rizal Blogspot https://thelifeandworksofrizal.blogspot.com/2011/12/education.html

BayaningRizal.(n.d.).TheMercado-RizalFamily.http://bayaningrizal.pairserver.com/jru/rizalfamily.html

Esteria, P. (2019). The 9 Loves of Dr. Jose Rizal. The Kahimyang Project. https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/2407/the-9loves-of-dr-jose-rizal

Mendejar,J (2021) TimelineofRizal’sTravelAbroad Prezicom https://prezicom/p/enxgoyxg365u/timeline-of-rizals-travel-abroad/ Marinas,J (2013) Rizal’sFieldofSpecialization Prezicom

https://prezicom/tt74ku1lhdib/rizals-field-of-specialization/ Filipinas Heritage Library (2018) Rizal’s Education https://wwwfilipinaslibraryorgph/articles/rizals- education/#: :text=Rizal%20eventually%20earned%20a%20land,Faculty%20of%20Medicine%20and%20Surgery.

https://www.joserizal.com/jose-rizal-family/#google vignette

https://pdfcoffee.com/the-story-of-the-moth-affect-rizaldocx-pdf-free.html

https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/arellano-university/literature/activity-1-lifes-influence-rizal/20618534

https://www.coursehero.com/file/p2fm26gi/Victim-of-Spanish-Officers-Brutality-When-Rizal-was-a-freshmen-medical-student/ https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/cagayan-de-oro-college/accountancy/life-and-works-of-jose-rizal-3/48207844

https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/university-of-the-cordilleras/life-and-works-of-rizal/the-travels-of-dr-jose-rizal/18461908

CLAIREVENTURA

CLEMENTE

FLOREYJANE VICENTE

HURVEYDEUZ

ADDISONM. PASCUA

ANNIEKLIEN DIZOLBARICOG

APPLETHEA MAMUAD

IRENEABAD

JESSALINEALAPIT

KIMBERLYANNE AGUSTIN

LEAHJOY BALLESTEROS

MARIEJOYALIPIO

MARINELJUBINAL

MARJORIE ALVAREZ

RAYVENRIVERA

ROXANNEJOY RAMOS