Designing Resilience in Asia by Actar Publishers

⁄ Climate Change y / Sea Level Rise all ⁄ Urban Heat Island ystems ⁄ Salinization nce ⁄ Water Pollution re ⁄ Land Subsidence Designing Resilience in Asia Research programme

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Thinking the Unpredictable Oscar Carracedo

FOREWORD

Cities around the world are under constant pressure from a wide variety of stressors, many of which threaten their very existence yet are unpredictable in nature. These may range from environmental hazards, like natural disasters or climate change, to health risks like pandemics, and even technological disruptions. Increasingly, city governments are recognizing that developing resilience against a multitude of stressors is paramount. And there is a growing movement to use urban design as one way of achieving that resilience by integrating different systems to create a sustainable and livable environment. The Designing Resilience in Asia (DRiA) research programme on urban and architecture resilience was launched in 2014 by the National University of Singapore’s School of Design and Environment. This innovative programme aims to promote and foster research and solutioning for the resiliency of Asian cities in response to the environmental impacts caused by climate change. The DRiA programme has long understood the importance of researching and developing resilience in an urban city context, which is especially critical not just in Asia but globally, in such uncertain times. Since 2015, the DRiA programme has organized their International Symposium, which convenes experts on resilience from around the world to lend their expertise and activate discussions on innovative and practical solutions for resilience. They also organize an annual DRiA International Design Competition, which spotlights a community in Asia facing climate-related challenges every year to garner foresighted urban and architectural design proposals to address the community’s resiliency. These events are key to driving research and innovation in urban resilience design.

The DRiA programme has distilled the knowledge and experience gleaned over the years through the programme into these two-volumes. The first, Thinking the Unpredictable, deliberates on the factors affecting urban resilience through seven “inspirations”, and the second, Designing with Uncertainty, explores various case studies representing different city types. The book provides invaluable insights into how cities have creatively harnessed design, infrastructure, people, nature, and technology, and they will serve as an important resource for any urban planner, designer, architect or anyone interested in how we can build urban resilience in the future. At the Centre for Liveable Cities (CLC), our mission is to distil, create and share knowledge on livable and sustainable cities. We have long championed building urban resilience in Singapore through the systems approach. Many ideals of the systems approach are echoed in the seven “inspirations” articulated in Volume 1 – in particular, the need to reinstate nature, consider multiple systems and to involve the community. In Singapore, we have many excellent examples of urban design that embody these “inspirations”. One worth noting is Bishan Ang-Mo Kio Park, which was once a concrete canal but was converted into a naturalized stream running through parkland that doubles as a floodplain as part of the ABC Waters Programme. It exemplifies how smart design can integrate the needs of so many systems, such as nature, flood management, recreation, community resilience, within a single elegant multi-functional solution. Seeing how these principles are applied to cities around Asia with different city typologies is enlightening and will go far in building up the knowledge and understanding of urban planners on how to design cities for urban resilience, particularly against climate change. As Singapore adapts to the impacts of climate change, Designing Resilience in Asia will be an invaluable resource to creating a process that integrates planning, research, design and governance, which will require multiple disciplines to come together. The DRiA programme shows how this can be done successfully, through various case studies and their competitive approach to inspire innovative solutions. CLC looks forward to strengthening our partnership with DRiA as we continue to address critical resilience issues like climate change in Singapore. Khoo Teng Chye CLC Fellow, Centre for Liveable Cities Former Executive Director for the Centre for Liveable Cities. Ministry of National Development

PR E FAC E

In the last decade and beyond, we have witnessed natural disasters and extreme weather events besieging human settlements across various continents at a greater frequency. From earthquakes and hurricanes to extreme temperatures resulting in droughts and floods, these events have wreaked havoc on urban and rural areas alike; they have devastated communities, cost lives, and brought destruction to property. Geologically, communities situated on the Asian continent are perhaps most vulnerable to and least prepared for such extreme weather events. When considering the aggregation of natural disasters, including earthquakes and torrential storms, eight Asian metropolitan areas are in the top 10 of highly populated metropolitan areas most susceptible to the occurrences of multiple, differing natural disasters.1 As evinced by climate events such as the 2019 water crisis in Chennai (India); the torrential rains in Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, and Nepal; the frequent typhoons affecting the Philippines; and the earthquakes in China, the issue of building resilient Asian communities is extremely critical in light of the region’s environmental vulnerability, as well as the exponential growth of its population and cities. We initiated the Designing Resilience in Asia (DRiA) research programme with the objective to promote and foster a substantive discussion about innovative ideas and propositions towards the resiliency of Asian cities, given the effects of climate change. Through the international design competition and symposium, we have provided platforms to highlight the role of planning, landscape, urban and architectural design, and building technologies in enhancing Asian communities’ resiliency to climate disaster situations. Among the range of professionals linked to cities’ making, it would seem logical for architects, urban designers, and planners to be involved in building resilience. Ironically, though, our professions have played a limited role in defining policy or informing best practices to prevent and respond to climate disaster situations. Typically, officials from non-governmental organizations (NGOs), governmental agencies, and local communities define the parameters and practices of the rebuilding processes. However, without the essential expertise and experience in design, planning, and building, they may face greater challenges in effectively deploying significant construction funding under their purview.2

1 Sundermann, L. et al. (2013). Mind the Risk – A Global Ranking of Cities under Threat from Natural Disasters, ed. Urs Leimbacher. Zurich: Swiss Re, 18.

2 Harris, V. L. (2011). “The Architecture of Risk”, Beyond Shelter – Architecture for Crisis, ed. Marie J. Aquilino. London: Thames & Hudson, 13.

The DRiA programme aims to fill this gap and promote innovative responses to climate change and anticipate and prevent disaster situations through design. We hope to inspire our students to re-think the role and social responsibilities of architects and stoke the flames of passion within them. To this end, we initiated the programme with the participation of nine other partner universities, many of which are located in disaster-prone countries and have direct experience in disaster relief. I am grateful to our like-minded colleagues from these universities, thanks to whom we could form a consortium of 10 universities from around the world to participate in this meaningful initiative. They include the Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology from Bangladesh, Center for Environmental Planning and Technology (CEPT) University from India, Institut Teknologi Bandung from Indonesia, National Cheng Kung University from Taiwan, South China University of Technology from China, RMIT University from Australia, TU Darmstadt from Germany, Université de Montréal from Canada, Louisiana State University from the United States and ourselves – the National University of Singapore. Six years later, the consortium has grown to 30 universities from 17 countries. The DRiA platform offers an exceptional opportunity to build ties and develop networks with distinguished academics, industry leaders, and senior policymakers for the greater good of Asia’s diverse regions and communities. This book summarizes the work done in the first four years of the programme and offers positive and optimistic insights on how to think, plan, and design the resilient cities of the future. With this publication, we aim to debate the role of design in preventing and responding to climate challenges while providing a great and unique reference for designers looking for a solid theoretical foundation on urban resilience. The book is copiously referenced by design projects and examples that aim to be an essential reference for anyone interested in designing resilience. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all the sponsors who made this publication and programme possible, especially to Stephen Riady Foundation and Newsman Realty Pte Ltd, for their conviction regarding the importance of this cause and their generous patronage by way of substantial gifts. Without their financial support, the programme and this book would not have been possible. I am thankful to all the speakers, jury members, tutors, and participants who, in one way or another, have taken part in the DRiA over the past six years. Last but not least, thanks to my colleagues from the Department of Architecture for their hard work in administering all aspects of the programme these years, and special thanks to Oscar Carracedo for leading the initiative until today. Prof. Heng Chye Kiang Provost’s Professor at the School of Design and Environment (SDE), Director of the Centre for Sustainable Asian Cities (CSAC). Former Dean of the School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore

INTRODUCTION

Why Asia? Why Resilience? Why Design? O S C A R C A R R AC E D O GA R C Í A- V I L L A L B A

Thinking the Unpredictable

W H Y A S I A? W H Y RES ILIEN CE? W H Y DES IGN ?

We live in an urban world, a world of unpredictable changes and uncertain futures. It is widely known that over half of the world’s population lives in urban areas and that the urban population is expected to continue growing in the coming decades. According to the United Nations prospects, approximately 70% of the world’s population will be living in cities by 2050. This is the equivalent of saying that one person will be added to the global urban population every second, that 1.5 million people will become urban every week, or that, to host the future urban population, we will need to build the equivalent of 2 new Tokyos, 3.2 Shanghais, 9.4 Bangkoks, or 13.8 Singapores every year. To absorb this increasing population, many cities worldwide are and will be urbanizing at unprecedented speeds. In this sense, some estimations say that

60% of the land that will become urban by 2030 has not been built up yet and, if scenarios are confirmed, to provide shelter to the world’s growing population, by 2050 we will need nearly 1 billion new housing units, most of them in cities. However, the world is paying dearly for such fast, and too often uncontrolled, development. Cities and urbanized areas are currently responsible for over 75% of global CO2 emissions, and they are also simultaneously contributors to and victims of climate change, suffering climate disasters and extreme weather events at a greater frequency. WHY ASIA?

It cannot be denied that climate disasters are the consequence of the current global warming and climate change trend created by the greenhouse effect caused by human

World population projections. Source: Author

Total Population (in billions)

1968 2.07%

Annual Growth Rate of the World Population

2.0 %

1.8 %

1.85 %

11.2 billion

10.85 billion

10.22 billion

1.6 % 9.21 billion

1.4 %

7.8 billion 1.2 %

6.13 billion

1.0 %

0.8%

8 1.04 %

6 5

4.44 billion 4.4 billion

World Population Rural Population Urban Population

2007

0.6%

3.4 billion

3.03 billion

0.4% 0.2%

2.01 billion

1.02 billion 1960

1980

0.1% 2000

2020

2040

2060

2080

PROJECTION (UN Population Division)

2100

Cohesive Inclusivity

Cohesive Inclusivity explores the design of processes, methods, measures, and specific actions to actively involve individuals and local communities to achieve physical, cultural, spatial, and socioeconomic resilience. Discussions revolve around balancing bottom-up and top-down approaches and reflect on reviving local culture by involving the local community in the planning process through community-led actions, community participation, and participatory design. This approach reflects on how the process facilitation can be effectively designed and achieved by promoting knowledge transfer or local know-how, with a particular focus on the impact of social inclusivity on the physical urban environment. Cohesive Inclusivity targets strengthening the social resilience of a place by uplifting the livelihood of local communities and making them self-reliant by introducing resilient measures into people’s everyday lives.

COHESIVE INCLUSIVIT Y

Many parts of the world have faced urbanization caused by rural-urban migration during the 20th century, creating settlements outside the provisions of urban amenities. Because of this, various programmes have been employed to improve the physical conditions of these areas. While some of them can be solved with government schemes – a top-down approach, many cases are instead solved through actions of the residents, mobilizing localscale programmes to improve livability on their own. The praxis of such localized programmes is known as ‘self-help’ (typically illustrated in the building of individual houses) and ‘urban self-management’. It is a bottom-up approach to curbing urban crises, in which participant entities are essentially areabased community organizations. This research attempts to identify the social structure that enables these actions to take place and how such praxis is mobilized through the input of the residents’ ‘ethos’ to materialize these programmes. Therefore, this article particularly focuses on the systems of localized self-help practice and urban self-management, which contain three essential components: social structure, ethos, and materialization, which mobilize the community to direct the programmes. Through the case study in Semarang, Indonesia, this article aims to discuss this system in detail. Semarang, much like many other cities in the world, has experienced population increases which have led to many spontaneous settlements, called kampung. The local-scale “kampung programmes” contain the three essential components. The social structure is a neighborhood organization that exists by regulation, called the RT/RW. The second component, the ethos – expressed in Indonesian as Musyawarah dan Mufakat (consensus and democracy) and Gotong Royong (kampung spirit) – encourages the top-down planning to be implemented. Once this social structure and ethos are in place, the programme is materialized through a small-scale intervention, or pendopo, a localized self-help practice. Fuelled by the kampung’s ethos, this mobilizes urban self-management and transforms the programme into a larger context via the structure.

Junko Tamura

LOCALIZED SELF-HELP PRACTICE AND URBAN SELFMANAGEMENT AS A STRATEGIC RESILIENT APPROACH FOR COMMUNITY SERVICES AND SPACES

INTRODUCTION

Industrialization and a lack of employment opportunities in rural areas has often incentivized internal migration, leading to rapid population growth in urban areas and the creation of illegally or informally developed settlements in the city. In the mid-20th century, similar urban developments began appearing in various countries, mainly after World War II and coinciding with movements toward independence and decolonization. There was an increase of urban growth as new jobs emerged and control over internal migration was easing, allowing previously restricted people to enter the city (Tamura, 2014). In these areas, the low-income population – who were unable to afford the smallest or cheapest legal house – lived under poor housing conditions with little or no running water, sanitation, or services (McAuslan 1985). Today, it is estimated that urban poverty affects approximately one-third of all urban residents, or one-quarter of the total poor in the developing world. In some cities, up to 80% of the population lives in slum areas. If these areas are not managed properly, the increase in rapid urbanization may result in more informal settlements. For this reason, provisions for slum upgrading schemes for 3 billion people, or about 40% of the world’s population by 2030, have been made to implement proper housing and access to basic infrastructure and

N AT I O N A L U N I V E R S I T Y O F S I N G A P O R E

services, such as water and sanitation systems (UN Habitat, 2014). Despite these provisions, supply in the developing world is often limited by inadequate governance systems, human resource deficiencies, institutions, and regulations that are either obsolete or lacking in capacity (UN Habitat, 2014). That results in leaving these projects unauthorized to be fully materialized. Moreover, a top-down approach often limits the beneficiaries to a specific target group of people, meaning that many vulnerable neighborhoods that are not within the scope remain untouched. However, while some of the most critical areas are being addressed through government schemes, other vulnerable neighborhoods – in fact, the majority – are instead intervened through actions undertaken by residents, mobilizing local-scale programmes to improve livability by themselves. In other words, the progressive improvements of informal settlements and low-income housing areas have spontaneous development in their nature, and therefore they have the capacity to organize and solve their own housing and facilities problems in the context where the government cannot (Sakay et al., 2011). The praxis of such localized programmes encompasses ‘self-help’, typically illustrated in the building of individual houses, and ‘urban self-management’, which is a bottom-up approach to curbing urban crises through

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9 - 10 _ Pendopo in Bandarharjo, completed in 2019

TA M U R A

LOCALIZED SELF-HELP PR ACTICE AND URBAN SELF-MANAGEMENT

REFERENCES Abrams, C. (1964). Man’s struggle for shelter in an urbanizing world. Massachusetts, MA: MIT Press. Bakker, K. (2003). “Archipelagos and networks: urbanization and water privatization in the South”. In Geographical Journal, 169(4), pp.328-341. Bamberger, M., Sanyal, B., & Valverde, N. (1982). Evaluation of sites and services projects: the experience from Lusaka, Zambia. Washington, DC: World Bank. CODI (2008). 50 Community Upgrading Projects (CODI Update, No.5). Bangkok: Community Organizations Development Institute. Devas, N. (1980). Indonesia’s Kampung Improvement Programme: An Evaluative Case-study. Birmingham: Birmingham University, Joint Centre for Urban, Regional and Local Government Studies. Fukui, C. (1999). “Urbanization and Problems Related to Poverty in Peru. A Study of the Current Situation in the Lima Metropolitan Area and Measures Aiming at its Enhancement.” In Regional Policy Research, 2(1-2), pp.57-73. Harada, K. (2002). “Parque industrial in Villa El Salvador, Peru and its micro-industrialization.” In Annals of economic research, 20, pp.105-108. Imparato, I., & Ruster, J. (2003). Slum upgrading and participation: Lessons from Latin America. Washington, DC: World Bank, pp. 431-468. Kobayashi, K. (2006). “The Origin of RT/RW System in the New Order.” In Southeast Asia: History and Culture, 2006(35), pp.103-134. Laquian, A. A. (1983). “Sites, services and shelter - An evaluation.” In Habitat International, 7(5-6), pp.211-225. Logsdon, M. G. (1974). “Neighborhood organization in Jakarta.” In Indonesia, (18), pp.53-70. —(1978). “Traditional Decision Making in Urban Neighborhoods.” In Indonesia, (26), pp.95-110. Mangin, W. (1967). “Latin American squatter settlements: a problem and a solution.” In Latin American research review, 2(3), pp. 65-98.

McAuslan, P. (1985). Urban land and shelter for the poor. London: International Institute for Environment and Development. Monzón, F. M., & Oliden, J. C. (1990). Tecnología y vivienda popular. Lima: IT. Potter, R., & Lloyd-Evans, S. (1998). The City in the Developing World. London: Longman, pp.137-158. Poupeau, F., & Hardy, S. (2017). “The social conditions of self-organized utilities: water cooperatives in La Paz and El Alto, Bolivia.” In Water international, 42(1), pp.73-91. Sakay, C., Sanoni, P., & Deng, T. H. (2011). “Rural to urban squatter settlements: The micro model of generational self-help housing in LimaPeru.” In Procedia Engineering, 21, pp.473-480. Sawa, S. (1994). “Community Participation in Improvement of Urban Settlement: Kampung Improvement Program in Jakarta.” In Annals of the Association of Economic Geographers, 40(3), pp.165-182. Skinner, R. J., & Rodell, M. J. (eds.) (1983). People, poverty and shelter: Problems of selfhelp housing in the third world (Vol. 817). London: Taylor & Francis. Tamura, J. (2013). “Re-Evaluation of Sites and Services Projects in Lusaka, Zambia.” In Summaries of Technical Papers of Annual Convention, Architectural Institute of Japan, (2013-07-31), pp.341342. —(2014). “Spatial Patterns in Incremental Process of Low-Income Population. The Case of Lusaka Sites and Services Project.” In Journal of Architecture and Planning, 79(703), pp.1995-2002. —(2016). “Re-Evaluation of Sites and Services Project in Dandora, Kenya.” In Summaries of Technical Papers of Annual Convention, Architectural Institute of Japan, (201607-31), pp.1117-1118. Tamura, J., & Shima, N. (2012). “Research on Informal Housing Supply Mechanism in Sites and Services Area: The Case of Bangkok.” In Reports of the City Planning Institute of Japan, 10, 2012, pp.213-216. Tamura, J., Miyazaki, S. & Honma, K. (2012). “Research

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on Urban Self-Management: The Case of Lima, Peru.” In Summaries of Technical Papers of Annual Convention, Architectural Institute of Japan, 2012-07-31, pp.197198. —(2014). “Research on Housing and Urban Improvement Process for Low Income Population in Lima. The case of Self-Help Housing and Urban Self-Management.” In Journal of Architecture and Planning, 79(696), pp.475482. Taylor, J. L., & Williams, D. G. (Eds.). (1982). Urban planning practice in developing countries (Vol. 25). Elsevier. Turner, J. F. C. (1982). “Issues in Self-help and Self-managed Housing.” In Self-help Housing: A Critique, P. M. Ward (ed.). London: Mansell Publishing, pp.99-113. UNCHS. (1987). Case Study of sites and services schemes in Kenya. Nairobi: United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat). UN Habitat. (2014). Fact Sheet 21, Rev. 1. Williams, D. G. (1984). “The role of international agencies: The World Bank.” In Low Income Housing in the Developing World. G. K. Payne (ed.). New York, NY: Wiley, pp.173-185. World Bank (1975). Kenya. Site and Service Project. Washington, DC: World Bank. —(1976). Peru. Urban Sites and Services Development Project. Washington, DC: World Bank. —(1996). Kenya. Development of Housing, Water Supply and Sanitation in Nairobi. World Development Sources. Washington, DC: World Bank. Yap, K. S., & De Wandeler, K. (2010). “Self-help housing in Bangkok.” In Habitat International, 34(3), pp.332-341.

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1 _ Mulberry fishponds in the east of Foshan, Pearl River Delta. Source: Google Earth / CNES / Airbus 2018

earning the status of cultural heritage (Ruddle and Zhong, 1988). Concurrently, the traditional landscape also made a significant contribution to the protection of the river bank: the plant structures, first, prevent erosion; and, second – as part of their function as an ecosystem – they react to tidal waves and rising sea-levels. However, the industrialization of China, and the growing population along its coastal zones, has fundamentally marked the land-use pattern of the PRD. In the 1990s,

the Guangdong province opened up to the international market, as evidenced by the massive construction of industrial zones that now produce goods for the entire world. He et al. (2014) investigated the influences of these developments on the traditional mulberry fishpond system and came to the conclusion that the distribution, the numbers, and the economic relevance had changed substantially since 2000. The altered land-use pattern, new urban clusters, and the degradation of the water-

2 _ The traditional system of the mulberry fishpond. Source: S. Gehrmann

Sludge as fertilizer for the mulberry trees, organic material from trees an silkworms as fish food

RUDOLPH-CLEFF - GEHRMANN - LIN

C U LT U R A L L A N D S C A P E S I N T H E P E A R L R I V E R D E LTA

shed are major challenges in the context of the traditional fishpond systems. This has led step by step to a complete change in the traditional system. The areas formerly used for agriculture are being developed as building plots for industrial use. A mosaic of contrasting uses can be found in the PRD today. Many areas are further characterized by abandoned fishponds without protecting structures. In addition, farmers now are mostly working in industrial zones, or have changed their aquaculture into extensive monoculture fishponds (Yee, 1999) with increased efficiency through the use of artificial fertilizer and food. Both, industrial uses and extensive aquaculture have had a lasting impact on the environment and have largely destroyed the ecological balance of the traditional cultural landscape. Industrialization, and especially a lack of adequate wastewater treatment, have polluted the environment by spilling toxic substances from the industrial zones to the river system. This resulted in the destruction of ecosystems, with far-reaching consequences for the traditional landscapes. The removal of the mulberry fishponds, which includes

protective mangroves, in favor of industrial areas, poses an enormous danger regarding the expected sea-level rise by offering incoming tidal waves direct access to the inner land. [FIG. 3] TOWARDS NEW CULTUR AL LANDSCAPES IN THE PRD

The heritage of mulberry fishponds shows the cultural context in which new solutions for the sustainable design of our urban landscape should be sought and developed. The fragmented land use patterns of peri-urban areas are asking for new forms of land use and water services that mediate between local structures and the community. It not only has a bearing on the ecological value of a landscape but also involves the social and cultural contribution that a landscape can make. The importance of water networks and fishponds for the PRD is beyond question. Recent research (Biggs, Fumetti, KellyQuin, 2018) indicates that small water bodies, including ponds, small lakes, lowerorder streams, ditches, and springs are the most important freshwater environments in the world. It is precisely these small

3 _ Schematic illustration of the mulberry ponds. Source: Yang Li, 2018

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IMPRINT Designing Resilience in Asia. Thinking the Unpredictable The volume includes the title Designing the Uncertainty. Both titles cannot be sell separately. Published by Actar Publishers, New York, Barcelona www.actar.com Editor and author Oscar Carracedo García-Villalba Edition coordination Chaitali Dighe Coordination support Antonio Pizarro de Menedilla Contributors Mauro Baracco, Edith BeauvaisSauro, Floris Boogaard, Oscar Carracedo García-Villalba, Ho-Ling Chang, Jori Erdman, Simon Gehrmann, Shayer Ghafura, Catherine D. Gomes, Rick Heikoop, Tanja Hess, Cheng-Luen Hsueh, Joep Janssen, Guangsi Lin, Céline C. Mertenat, Ahammad-AlMuhaymin, Nandita Nayak, Amy Oliver, Daniel S. Pearl, Simita Roy, Annette Rudolph-Cleff, Sankalpa, Pratyush Shankar, Mehnaj Tabassum, Junko Tamura, Md Tariquzzamanb, Dominika Wróblewska

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ISBN 978-1-948765-25-1

⁄ Sea-Water Intrusion s / Rural Cities ⁄ China Floods ⁄ Peri-Urban Cities m ⁄ Philippines ⁄ Droughts d-sized Cities ⁄ Indonesia on ⁄ Thailand ⁄ Mega Cities Designing Resilience in Asia Research programme

Un–

Designing with Uncertainty Oscar Carracedo

This book is the product of the first four years of persistent dedication and long-term joint effort made by friends, colleagues, and students from all over the world. I am grateful, first and foremost, to the Stephen Riady Foundation for the sustained generosity of their patronage, commitment, and invaluable support, which made the Designing Resilience in Asia programme and book possible. My deepest gratitude to Newsman Realty Pte Ltd and Mr. KH Tan for his auspices, kindness, altruistic support, and selfless dedication. I also would like to thank JTC Corporation, the Singapore Institute of Architects, HSL Constructor Pte Ltd, Mitshubishi Electric, SCDA Architects for their sponsorships. Finally, I would like to acknowledge all the partners who continuously support the programme. To the patrons, sponsors, and all the partners, thank you for believing in the relevance and worth of the DRiA initiative. I am also very grateful to Professor Khoo Teng Chye for his generous words in writing the foreword, Professor Chye Kiang Heng for his inspiration and taking the first and essential step to launching the programme, to Professor Wong Yunn Chii for his guidance and constant support since the DRiA inception, and to Professors Lam Khee Poh and Ho Puay-peng for encouraging the continuity of this initiative. I offer my sincere gratitude to all of them for including the Designing Resilience in Asia programme in their vision for the School of Design and Environment. I would also like to thank my colleagues Junko Tamura, Roland Sharpe Flores, Zdravko Trivic, Hwang Yun Hye, and Kua Harn Wei for their tireless commitment during the preparation and development of the DRiA conferences. My deepest gratitude to the speakers and jury members: Toyo Ito, Shigeru Ban, Riken Yamamoto, Yung Ho Chang, Claire Weisz, Henk Ovink, Alexandros Washburn, Richard Hassell, Dan Lewis, Brian McGrath, Renee Y. Chow, Tracy Metz, Alejandro Echeverri, David Sanderson, Chang Ching-Hwa, Sean C. S. Chiao, Josef Letiman, Yossapon Boonsom, Anne Loes Nillesen, Kanjanee Budthimedhee, Purnomo Dwi Sasongko, Muralee Thummarukudy, Miho Mazereeuw, Marie Aquilino, Rohit Jigyasu, Reena Tiwari, and Esther Charlesworth. Many thanks for contributing your time, effort, and knowledge to the DRiA conferences and design competitions.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would also like to thank the initial partner universities Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (Bangladesh), Centre for Environment Planning & Technology University (India), Institut Teknologi Bandung (Indonesia), Louisiana State University (USA), National Cheng Kung University (Taiwan), National University of Singapore (Singapore), Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (Australia), South China University of Technology (China), Technical University of Darmstadt (Germany), and Université de Montréal (Canada). Thanks to the universities and their representatives for their enthusiasm in initiating this journey with us six years ago and for being with us in the years to come. Thanks to the local partner universities Anna University (India), De La Salle-College of Saint Benilde (The Philippines), Universitas Katolik-Soegijapranata (Indonesia), King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (Thailand), and Bicol State College of Applied Sciences and Technology (The Philippines). Thank you for your time and help in organizing the design competitions and assisting the teams during the site visits. And thanks to the new partner universities BRAC University (Bangladesh), Columbia University-GSAPP (USA), Curtin University (Australia), Kyushu University (Japan), Padmabhushan Dr. Vasantdada Patil College of Architecture (India), Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences (The Netherlands), Siracuse University (USA), Technical University of Munich (Germany), Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong (Hong Kong), The City College of New York (USA), Universidad EAFIT-URBAM (Colombia), Universidad Nacional de Colombia (Colombia), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (Spain), University of Hawaii (USA), and University of Pennsylvania (USA). Thank you for your interest and proactiveness in joining this project to continue for many more years to come. And of course, my deepest gratitude to the over 700 students and tutors who have contributed to DRiA with their brilliant minds, innovative ideas, and creative designs. Without their contributions, eagerness, and enthusiastic support there would literally be no book. Special thanks are due to Actar for their belief in this project and for allowing me to contribute to the debates on urban resilience in the era of rapid urbanization and climate change. Also, my most sincere gratitude to Chaitali Dighe for all the hard work done in the coordination of the book. Once again, her work has been invaluable. My heartfelt thanks go to my family and my childhood friends. Most importantly, to my brothers Toni and Carlos, for always being close in the distance, and especially to my parents Matilde and Antonio, for their caring and their sacrifices in educating and preparing me for my future. Your love and guidance are with me in whatever I pursue. Finally, I wish to thank my awesome and enthusiastic wife, Maite, and my wonderful and beloved daughters, Maya and Astrid, for their unconditional love, smiles, laughs, and continuing emotional support to complete this endeavor. No one has been more important to me in the pursuit of this project. They provide me unending inspiration, and this book is dedicated to them as they have been as important as I was in making it a reality. Oscar Carracedo García-Villalba Director of the Design Resilience in Asia International Research Programme

SCENARIOS

3 Foreword, Khoo Teng Chye 4 Preface, Heng Chye Kiang 6 Acknwoledgments, Oscar Carracedo García-Villalba 10 “R” is for Restorative, Regenerative and Resilience Oscar Carracedo García-Villalba

Sea Surges / Coastal Flooding Rur(al)Urban Cities Hainan China

24 Introduction: Resurging from Surges

IDE AS & APPROACHES

Ideas & Approaches

WINNERS

Start Small, Grow Strong. Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany

OVERALL DESIGN EXCELLENCE

72 Introduction: Overflowing Rivers.

Living below the Water

80 Ideas & Approaches

WINNERS

102

Bamboom. South China University of Technology, China

Ugat. Université de Montréal, Canada

OVERALL DESIGN EXCELLENCE

103

Water Line. National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan

URBAN DESIGN EXCELLENCE

River and Tidal Flooding Peri-Urban Cities Valenzuela The Philippines

S.A.F.E. Waterscape. Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany

URBAN DESIGN EXCELLENCE

104

ARCHITECTURE DESIGN EXCELLENCE

The Vigor of Vacancy. South China University of Technology, China

ARCHITECTURE DESIGN EXCELLENCE

HONORABLE MENTIONS

Living on Paraground / National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan 56 Technature. Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany 57 Constructing a Lifeline. Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia

Design in Resilience. Centre for Environmental Planning & Technology University, India 59 Fishermen’s Net(Work). Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia 60 Tena_City. Centre for Environmental Planning & Technology University, India 61 Revolving with Nature. Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Bangladesh 62 Absorptive - Adaptive - Progressive. Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Bangladesh 63 Osmosis. Université de Montréal, Canada 64 Seaward. Université de Montréal, Canada 65 Break + Make. Louisiana State University, USA 66 Eco-interpenetration. South China University of Technology, China 67 Adaptive Future. National University of Singapore, Singapore 68 Diversify | Unify. National University of Singapore, Singapore

HONORABLE MENTIONS

105 106 107 108 109 110 111

Resilient Game. National University of Singapore, Singapore Community Connection. Louisiana State University, USA Future Proof / Water Proof. Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia Resilient Grid. National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan Paghabi. Université de Montréal, Canada Interwoven. Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia xArk. South China University of Technology, China

112 Manila Delta Park. Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany 113 Resilience in the Terrain of Water. Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia 114 Anchor, Adapt, Activate. National University of Singapore, Singapore 115 Micro-self-healing. National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan 116 From the Ground Up. Louisiana State University, USA 117 Polygon Nesting. Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia 118 Bridging a Flood Cycle. Centre for Environmental Planning & Technology University, India 119 Symbiotic Adaptation. Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Bangladesh 120 Growing Hybrid. Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Bangladesh 121 Bahayanihan. De La Salle – College of Saint Benilde, The Philippines

122

124 132

Land Subsidence / Flooding / Drought Mid-Sized Cities Semarang Indonesia Introduction: Sinking in Drought Ideas & Approaches

WINNERS

156

Building On, Living Within. Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia

OVERALL DESIGN EXCELLENCE

157 ReTrace. Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany URBAN DESIGN EXCELLENCE

158

Pendo-Po, Keran, Kela, Dukain. National University of Singapore, Singapore

176

178 188

Land Subsidence / Flooding / Sea-level Rise Megacities Bangkok Thailand Introduction: Drowning by the Sea Ideas & Approaches

WINNERS

216 Human Ecology. Centre for Environmentalal Planning & Technology University, India OVERALL DESIGN EXCELLENCE

217 WAT.er. Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia URBAN DESIGN EXCELLENCE

218 BKK River Link. Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia

ARCHITECTURE DESIGN EXCELLENCE

HONORABLE MENTIONS

159 Free Flow. Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia 160 Strenthening W.E. (Water Ecosystems). Centre for Environmental Planning & Technology University, India 161 Sproud. Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany 162 Soakable Society. Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Bangladesh

163 Kampung Mandiri. National University of Singapore, Singapore 164 Ponds+. South China University of Technology, China 165 River Revival. South China University of Technology, China 166 Water Zipper. National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan 167 Harvest Raindrops Share More. National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan 168 Buoyant Bandarharjo. Centre for Environmental Planning & Technology University, India 169 Gotong Royong. Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Bangladesh 170 Beyond Bandarharjo. University of Pennsylvania, USA 171 This is Garbage. Université de Montréal, Canada 172 Inter-scalar. Université de Montréal, Canada 173 Rhizomatic Resilience. Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia 174 Acupunctural Canopy. Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia

219 220 221 222

Poroscity. National University of Singapore, Singapore Agri-Penetration. National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan Inflorescence. National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan Liquid Bangkok. Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia

223 Water Welcome. Université de Montréal, Canada 224 Third Season Gardens. Université de Montréal, Canada 225 Moving Forward. Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany 226 Symbiosis. South China University of Technology, China 227 Empower. Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany 228 BANK+OK. South China University of Technology, China 229 Go with the Flow. Rotterdam University for Applied Sciences, The Netherlands 230 Reinstating Nature. National University of Singapore, Singapore 231 Noi Yai Wetlands. Rotterdam University for Applied Sciences, The Netherlands 232 City Strata. Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia 233 The New Normal. Centre for Environmental Planning & Technology University, India 234 Weaving for Resilience. Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Bangladesh 235 The Prize of Water. Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Bangladesh

INTRODUCTION

“R” is for Restorative, Regenerative and Resilience O S C A R C A R R AC E D O GA R C Í A- V I L L A L B A

Designing with Uncertainty

R I S F O R R E S T O R AT I V E , R E G E N E R AT I V E A N D R E S I L I E N C E

Researching and teaching in the fields of architecture, urban design, planning, and landscape architecture cannot be oblivious to the rapid urbanization processes affecting cities. The growing complexity of urban phenomena, the impact of the digital transformation on the relationship between the city and territory, and the growing role of the great metropolis internationally require the resetting of methods and intervention tools and the development of new paradigms to re-think the mission of design in meeting the challenges of contemporary global development and urbanization. We are witnessing how the effect of these processes is transforming regions, cities, populations, and landscapes into dense and complex environments where resilience and regeneration are a must. Therefore, it is essential to understand the role of urbanism as an integrated practice between disciplines, involving a diversity of scales and knowledge, and an intense dialogue with users. In this scenario, as professionals and key actors dealing with the design and construction of cities, we have a mid- and long-term responsibility in the diversity, social equity, resilience, and management of our urban environments, landscapes, and territories, where good design configures a flexible and adaptable support framework to accommodate the complexity deriving from uncertain and unpredictable urban scenarios (Carracedo, 2021). R IS FOR RESTORATIVE, REGENERATIVE, AND RESILIENCE

The Designing Resilience in Asia International Research Programme (DRiA) was initiated in 2014 to assume an active responsibility and commitment in addressing the design and thinking on some of the most urgent and critical urban issues of our time: climate change and rapid urbanization. In a scenario where over 50% of the world’s population lives in urbanized areas, which are responsible for 75% of global CO2 emissions, many cities are battling the impending climate crisis since it threatens their urban development and since they are simultaneously contributors to and victims of climate change. DRiA reflects on design and the city as drivers of resilient and transformative change. With an emphasis on the new paradigms generated by global shifts and the growing complexity of urban phenomena, and transcending the administrative boundaries of cities, we discuss the city-region as an uncertain, non-fixed, and unpredictable territory supported by ecosystems, resources, metabolism, infrastructure, culture, and socio-economic inclusiveness.

Acknowledging that sustainability is not enough,1 DRiA works on the active recovery and reinstatement of the natural and ecological qualities of the urbanized milieu. The programme re-examines the role of design, architecture, planning, and landscape as an integrated, interactive, and inclusive framework for transformative innovation and design for regeneration. This means design, architecture, planning, landscape, and engineering solutions that can – by design – have a regenerative effect on climate, ecosystems, urban environment, and place. This approach generates innovative and creative design paradigms to engender communities’ physical, cultural, and social resilience to the effects of climate change and global warming in order to reach climate-positive scenarios. Drawing from the theoretical basis and conceptual framework laid out by Mang, Rees, Haggard, and Wahl,2 we address the challenge of proposing regenerative design from a system-based and a nature-based perspective. We introduce an anticipatory design, in constant transformation, that embraces uncertainty and change, adapts to the inevitable, and is capable of restoring the ecosystem. Thus, the DRiA proposals critically investigate new forms of urbanism as a relationship between ecology, resilience, and regeneration, on the one hand, and culture, space, and urban processes, on the other. To do so, “reinstatement” and “restorative” become fundamental concepts – not only in terms of the recovery response to climate disasters but, in our case, mainly as the urgent actions needed to reinstate and give back to nature to revert the effects of climate change by regenerating and restoring urban ecosystems. In other words, thinking and designing resilient and regenerative cities that, beyond sustaining, contribute positively to reinstate and restore the previous status and qualities of the natural ecosystems and the urban milieu (Carracedo, 2021). The programme revolves around three main principles. SHARING KNOWLEDGE

DRiA is a global network to share knowledge and expertise. The broad interdisciplinary structure of the programme offers a unique platform where academics, professors, and researchers from all over the world contribute to the debates on designing resilience through diverse approaches such as design, planning, technology, management, policies, or community involvement. The DRiA interdisciplinary global network brings together over 600 researchers, designers, architects, planners,

INTRODUCTION

Scenarios, Ideas and Approaches

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— Main Approaches to Designing Resilience The first conclusion that can be observed is that Hybridized Living, Reinstating Nature, and Interdependent Systems are, in absolute numbers, the three most recurrent approaches to tackling climate change suggested by the DRiA proposals, as both a primary and a secondary approach. It is interesting to note that Reinstating Nature and Interdependent Systems become more relevant as the scenarios become more urban, while Hybridized Living loses impact as the urban scale and complexity increases. —Correlation between Responses and Scales In this sense, the correlation between approaches and scales is remarkable. Hybridized Living is an effective solution suitable for all four scales and the most recurrent for rururban and peri-urban cities, as it addresses adaptive design and techniques to encourage co-living with water. Also, for rururban and peri-urban cities, the second most recurrent approach is Cohesive Inclusivity as it explores methods designed to actively involve individuals and local communities in achieving physical, spatial, and socio-economic resilience effectively. On the other hand, Reinstating Nature and Interdependent Systems are the most recurrent approaches for mid-sized and megacities. Interestingly, Reinstating Nature is clearly considered the most appropriate criterion for megacities as it is the only approach used as both primary and secondary. This is because re-naturalizing dense urban environments is essential for adapting to water-related events and mitigating carbon emissions by increasing carbon absorption capacity. On the other hand, Interdependent Systems address the necessary integration that different urban systems must have to avoid systemic collapse and achieve urban resilience. The complexity of urban systems in dense environments makes this approach more relevant for mid-sized and megacities.

—Emergent Approaches We also observe that, as the urban scale becomes larger and more complex, the use of comprehensive design tactics becomes more difficult; hence, emergent approaches are suggested. In this case, Synergetic Enclaves becomes a more appropriate selective strategy for mid-sized and megacities. These proposals suggest small urban-scale interventions in specific sites that amplify their resilient impact on larger physical and social contexts. It is also remarkable that Off-grid Infrastructure is primarily and extensively suggested for rururban cities, where smaller scale communities, with less dependence on public utilities, make the objective of achieving self-sufficiency more feasible. Finally, it is important to highlight the role of the new emergent approach to designing and achieving resilience in urban spaces based on digital transformation, the use of data, and user experience. In this case, the use of Virtual Technology aims to anticipate the effects of climate change by including social perception and collaboration and modeling the impacts of different climate scenarios. This volume goes through each approach in depth and details the provocative, creative, and innovative design outcomes for planning and building urban resilience for each urban scenario in the face of uncertain and unpredictable scenarios. This volume aims to serve as a guide for designing resilience and regenerative urban responses to mitigating and adapting to the effects of climate change. ENDNOTES 1 See the introduction to volume 1, “Why Asia? Why Resilience? Why Design?” 2 Pamela Mang, Ben Haggard, and Bill Reed, members of the Regenesis Group, are the authors of the book Regenerative Development and Design, and biologist Daniel Christian Wahl is the author of Designing Regenerative Cultures. 3 Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC). https://www.adrc.asia/ nationinformation.php?NationCode=608&Lang=en

REFERENCES Andrada, M. D., San Miguel, I. M. & Evangelista, E. V. (2020). “Community-Based Disaster Preparedness of Valenzuela City and Iriga City.” In IOER International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, Vol. 2, No. 4, Dec. Carracedo García-Villalba, O. (2021). “Designing Resilience in Asia International Research Programme. The Teaching of Urbanism in the Era of Climate Change and Rapid Urbanization” in Emerging Practices in Archi-

Haggard, B. & Mang, P. (2016). Regenerative Development and Design: A Framework for Evolving Sustainability. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Indah Wahyuni, H., Awaluddn Fitraah, A., Handayani, F. Robie, D. (2018). “Ecological Communication in Asia-Pacific: A comparative analysis of social adaptation to maritime disaster in Indonesia and Fiji.” In Pacific Journalism Review. July.

Hauberg, J. (2012). “Research by Design – a research strategy.” In Lusofona Journal of Architecture and Education, [S.l.], No. 5, p. 46-56, Mar. ISSN 1646-6756.

Mark Co, J.R., Abad, M.C.M., Felicia, T.D.D., Lim, M. & Peteza, J.C. (2020). “Assessment of Valenzuela City’s Resilience in Times of Disaster Using the Ten Essentials for Making

tectural Pedagogy: Accommodating an Uncertain Future. Chapter 6. Pedagogy and Resilience. Routledge.

Cities Resilient Toolkit.” 2020. https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/341480963_Assessment_of_Valenzuela_City’s_Resilience_ in_Times_of_Disaster_using_the_Ten_ Essentials_for_Making_Cities_Resilient_Toolkit/stats Wahl, D.C. (2016). “Designing Regenerative Cultures” In Permaculture Magazine. https://www.permaculture. co.uk/articles/designing-regenerative-cultures.

Land Subsidence / Flooding / Drought Mid-sized Cities Semarang INDONESIA

KELUR AHAN

ASIA

NG K ALI BARU

JAVA SEA SEMARANG RIVER

G (S ) EMAR ANG CIT Y

CENTRAL JAVA ISLAND

SEMARANG CITY

AM .K

TANJUNG MAS SEMARANG PORT AREA

GARANG RIVER

123

POPULATION

DENSITY

2030

2010 2005

Millions

2,060,000

1,885,000

1,555,984

s q. km

1,352,900

AREA

373.70 1,763,370 4,700

2025

Source: http://www.demographia.com/db-wuaproject.pdf

INHABITANTS

POPULATION

Semarang is the 5th largest city in Indonesia Source: https://www.100resilientcities.org/wp-content/ uploads/2017/07/Semarang-Resilience-Strategy-English.pdf

PEOPLE / sq. km

CLIMATE CHANGE

LAND SUBSIDENCE

Semarang has a land subsidence average ratio of 6–7 cm per year (2008-2011) and a maximum of 14–19 cm per year Source: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/ 10.1080/19475705.2012.692336

13m

15.5m

77.5m 80

2030

SEA LEVEL RISE Source: https://www.acccrn.net/sites/default/files/publication/attach/ semarang_resilience_strategy_-_english.pdf

Source: http://www.droughtmanagement.info/literature/ UNFPA _IIED_climate_vulnerability_adaptation_semarang_ metropolitan_area_2013.pdf

0 cm 2015

Prolonged droughts and intense rainfall make Semarang a vulnerable area to live in

2110 year

ECONOMY

Semarang is in a strategic location for manufacturing, one of the most encouraged and prioritized sectors Source: https://www.cekindo.com/blog/manufacturingsemarang

1 24

L AND SUBSIDENCE / FLOODING / DROUGHT

MID-SIZED CITIES

Sinking in Drought Resilient Urban Solutions for Subsidence, Flooding and Droughts in Semarang O S C A R C A R R AC E D O GA R C Í A- V I L L A L B A

SEMAR ANG, INDONESIA

INTRODUCTION

125

CLIMATE CHANGE

The urbanization and economic growth has been at the expense of the existing ecological and community systems, which has increased Semarang’s vulnerability to climate change hazards.

[Left] Source: “Pendo-Po, Keran, Kela, Dukain” by Cheong Tze Shenn Jason, Muhammad Rahmat Bin Khairudin, Nijel Hong Terng Wei, Timothy Ou Shi Loon, John Kevin Chandra (National University of Singapore). Photo: the authors.

Located on the coastal plain of northern Java Island, Semarang covers an area of 373.7 square kilometres, although the functional urban area extends beyond the administrative boundaries. With a population of approximately 1.8 million, currently the 10th-largest in Indonesia, Semarang is the capital of Central Java Province. With five other neighboring regencies and cites (Kendal Regency, Demak Regency, Semarang Regency, Salatiga City, Semarang City, and Grobogan Regency) they form the Kedungsepur Urban National Strategic Area, also called the Semarang Metropolitan Area (SMA), a center of national and international economic activities, which places Semarang in a strategic position in the region. Remarkably, a third of the population within the SMA lives in Semarang City, with an annual population growth of approximately 1.4% in the period 2005-2010 compared to 0.7% in the surrounding regencies, which gives the sense of the attractiveness and central weight that Semarang has in the SMA. Semarang’s urban history has always been related to water. Although known as a coastal city, it has a diverse topography formed by the relatively flat lowland along the coast, the Semarang bawah, and the hilly areas that descend from mount Ungaran at the south. From the slopes, two main rivers – the Semarang and the Garang

Rivers – and about 20 streams and watercourses flow through the plain, creating a landscape with a high potential risk of flooding. The first settlement and urban development of Semarang took place along the Semarang River in the 15th century (Miladan, 2016), making the river the primary structural element of the city, where daily life occurred based on trading and commerce. Although a few roads connected the city and the nearby villages to the east and west, its location in the middle of a coastal mangrove landscape made access easier from the sea and the river. Because of its strategic geographic location, Semarang became a significant port city after 1678, when Sunan Amangkurat II, ruler of the second Islamic Mataram kingdom, ceded it to the United Dutch East Indian Company (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie – VOC). By the mid-18th century, Semarang was the VOC trade center in Central Java and the second most important port city on the island after Batavia, present-day Jakarta. In the 19th century, the development of new urban infrastructures like the Great Post Road of Daendels (1808-1811), the new Kali Baru canal port (1854), and the railway system (1864-1872) connecting it to Tanggung, Surakarta, and Yogyakarta accelerated the urbanization process (Miladan, 2016).

132

L AND SUBSIDENCE / FLOODING / DROUGHT

MID-SIZED CITIES

SEMAR ANG, INDONESIA

Ideas & Approaches to Designing Resilience for Mid-sized Cities Many mid-sized coastal cities are evidencing the first symptoms of the threats that megacities are already experiencing. Mid-sized cities do not only contribute to the effects of climate change through their rapid growth and exponential industrialization. They also suffer from it in the form of surges, and coastal and river floods. Additionally, due to the overexploitation of the phreatic levels and the depletion of vegetation and soils by an increasing, evergrowing, and demanding population, mid-sized cities also experience the effects of subsidence and landslides.

Hybridized living

The study of the proposals shows a slight change in the patterns to approach resilience in mid-sized cities compared to rural and peri-urban cities. In this case, the most recurrent approaches to strengthen urban resilience are Interdependent Systems and Reinstating Nature, with a total of 13 and 12 projects, respectively. Proposals show that designing resilience for mid-sized cities cannot be done in isolation, as they are part of a continuous landscape and wider ecological systems. On the other hand, it can be observed that actions jump from the

more strategic and overarching large scales to the smaller scales and specific transformative projects for communities or even individual households that belong more to the Hybridized Living and Synergetic Enclaves approaches. This denotes the importance of setting a general strategy, on the one hand, and the need for selective actions to simplify the transformational processes in more complex urban environments while amplifying their effect when it comes to the specific implementations.

Despite not being the most recurrent strategic approach, a shift from rural and peri-urban cities is detected. While in the first two urban situations, Hybridized Living mainly focuses on the solution of housing typologies dealing with water, for mid-sized cities it can be observed that, rather than architectural designs, there is a shift towards prototype solutions according to different urban scenarios.

MANAGING FLOODING AND SEA LEVEL RISE WITH POND COMMUNITIES In this sense, this strategy works with the insertion of prototypical solutions for water management spaces into flood-inflicted sites to form resilient systems that increase the capability of retaining and infiltrating rainwater and decrease the surface runoff. The use of water spaces in the form of ponds in selective locations effectively reduces the waterlogging effects, the excessive water runoff, and the impacts of floods on residential units during intensive rain episodes, as they provide spaces for retention and infiltration. The benefits of these ponds are twofold. On the one hand, they provide environmental, ecological, and water management benefits and, on the other hand, they enhance social inclusivity. In this sense, the insertion of ponds within the urban fabric introduces the discus-

IDE AS & APPROACHES

133

sion about hybridized co-living with water and the activation of the community atmosphere. Ponds are designed at three different scales: City, Neighborhood, and Community, creating three types of urban spaces. At the city scale, a series of ponds, swales, wetlands, and deep ditches are suggested to recover the environmental systems from a comprehensive perspective. At the neighborhood scale, strategic actions and projects are detected to insert water spaces that support social activities. Finally, at the community scale, a selective strategy is implemented to introduce water spaces that, combined with local facilities, activate community systems and a mode of hybridized living.

1-4 “Ponds+”. South China University of Technology » 164

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Synergetic enclaves

1-3 “Building On, Living Within”. Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology » 50

MID-SIZED CITIES

SEMAR ANG, INDONESIA

In many mid-sized cities, the characteristic combination of rapid urbanization processes, a lack of urban planning and design tradition, exponential but uncertain economic growth, and environmental depletion seems incompatible with an urbanism based on authority, top-down planning, and permanence. Instead, the Synergetic Enclaves approach for mid-sized cities searches for an open system characterized by speed and flexibility that promotes catalytic, local, and small-scale incremental and adaptable interventions to transform and amplify the resilient effect in the large urban context.

of ‘urban renewal’ applied to urban environments currently in highly sensitive situations of urban, building, and ecological degradation. The outcome is an alternative approach to current planning, which, rather than suggesting generic designs in isolation, works with infill strategies to connect natural systems. The proposed approach considers the existing context to repurpose the unfavorable and underutilized elements into interventions that positively impact and transform the urban milieu at a grander scale. A selective or acupunctural approach is applied to specific areas to derive a new multifaceted urban interface that intervenes with the land extensively with a reduced impact on the existing fabric. Various programs are inserted or repurposed into existing structures to activate and form a network of flexible design interventions to improve mobility within the neighborhood. Essentially, the selective approach is an integrated scheme of living spaces and mixed-use programs that is woven together by water management strategies to reduce the impact of water events. The new interventions include public and private programs to provide amenities and community infrastructure. Three scales are proposed to inject these punctual transformative interventions.

INJECTING PUNCTUAL TRANSFORMATIVE INTERVENTIONS In this case, design proposals take holistic approaches to mitigate the threats and implications of the pressing shocks that mid-sized cities are currently facing, such as rapid land subsidence, floods due to high-intensity and high-volume precipitation, and seasonal droughts, and on the other hand stresses such as overpopulation, economic uncertainty, and inefficient mobility. Proposals suggest urban resilience solutions for these shocks and stresses by reconsidering the traditional concerns of land use and urbanization. They investigate the role and effects

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L AND SUBSIDENCE / FLOODING / DROUGHT

MID-SIZED CITIES

SEMAR ANG, INDONESIA

and trash. In this way, using the basic principle of the circular economy, depreciation is eliminated, and future waste production is reduced. Creating awareness about the value of waste and rewarding responsible handling through recycling effectively reduces pollution and increases upcycling and recycling.

can bring their household waste and trash are located within the neighborhoods. At the facilities, fractions that are not reutilized are classified in different categories and resold to recycling companies for a profit. Trash banks also contribute to generating jobs and ultimately turn garbage into a resource of economic value. Linked to both waste management and water infiltration, and intending to

Purify. In order to reduce water pollution and health risks due to untreated wastewater, natural wastewater treatment systems are implemented. Rather than installing conventional centralized systems, proposals implement decentralized green infrastructure for wastewater treatment at the neighborhood scale. The wastewater is treated and purified in a natural treatment system consisting of facultative wastewater basins, constructed wetlands, and maturation ponds. Thus, an effluent quality is achieved that makes possible the reuse of water, e.g., for aquaculture in fishponds. Also, in relation to all three actions, drains along the roads and laneways are extended, widened, softened, and vegetated, forming continuous strip networks. The combination of water basins and bioswales slows water velocity, preventing water canal congestion, allowing for more significant infiltration, retention, and purification, helping to manage water runoff during flooding events, attenuating the damage of water overflow, and providing alternative water resources to be reused during drought periods.

VALUE WASTE Regarding waste management, two primary actions can be observed in the proposals. Exchange. Actions, in this case, aim to provide value to waste. The idea of “Trash Banks” is an emerging concept that consists of giving recycled goods, construction materials, or, in some cases, money in exchange for waste

Manage. To put “Trash Banks” into place, collection facilities where people

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reduce subsidence, some proposals suggest using the “Biopori” low-cost technology to increase the soil water absorption capacity. This system consists of making deep holes in the soil and filling them with organic waste. This organic waste is transformed through time into compost that supports the soil’s living fauna, which in return creates pores in the ground that increase infiltration and percolation capacity. WASTE TO ENERGY Finally, proposals suggest implementing simple regenerative energy systems to secure a stable and independent energy supply. Using organic waste to produce biogas along with basic solar technology, the energetic potential of natural resources is put into focus.

Streetside detention pool and biopori system

9 - 10

6 “Acupunctural Canopy”. Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology. » 174 7 “Building On, Living Within”. Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology » 156 8 -10 “Harvest Raindrops Share More”. National Cheng Kung University » 167 11 “Sproud”. Technical University of Darmstadt » 161

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DESIGN RESILIENCE IN ASIA INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM & DESIGN COMPETITION PARTICIPANTS

2015 SYMPOSIUM Speakers Dr. Marie Aquilino Professor of Architectural History, Ecole Spéciale de l’architecture. Author of Beyond Shelter: Architecture and Human Dignity Dr. Esther Charlesworth Director, Humanitarian Architecture Research Bureau (Harb) Associate Professor, School of Architecture & Design, RMIT University Dr. Rohit Jigyasu President, International Scientific Committee on Risk Preparedness (ICOMOS) India Dr. Reena Tiwari Head of Department, Department of Architecture and Interior Architecture Director of International Cooperation Research Cluster Curtin University

Students Giovanni Coakley, Asalsadat Emamjomeh, Christopher James, Michelle Jones, Ethan Jordan, Andrew Layman, Delayney Mcguinness, Ana Orosco, Wanqin Su, Yi Tao National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), Taiwan Tutors Hsueh Cheng Luen, Wu Kwang Tyng Students Chen Jun An, Chu Yu Heng, Feng Hsing Ya, Hsueh Chih Yang, Lai Hung Yi, Tseng Hsuan Che, Wang Yi Han, Wangshin Yu, Wei Miao-Yang National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore Tutors Tan Beng Kiang, Zdravko Trivic Students Bak Jianxun, Fiona Chua Shi Yi, Hu Jia Jun, Liu Yuehua, Ng Wai Lin Iris, Ng Wan Ting Esther, Quah Kai Li Kally, Riberd Ng, Toy Jia Ling, Wynn Lei Phyu

Université de Montréal (UdM), Canada

N. Bautista, Paul J. Carmona, Camille Detera, Michael S. Diaz, Alessa K. Engalan, John D. Galang, Niño Mark Garces, Mark Jervoso, Julia I. Lastrilla, Benilda J. Lim, Michelle M. Macaraig, Maria B. Margallo, Willyhado Mercurio, Shannon M. Pervera, Jervyzelle Salcedo, Jaynelle L. Samonte, Jehoiakim Art Vilela

South China University of Technology (SCUT), China

Institut Teknologi Bandung (IT), Indonesia

Technical University of Darmstadt (TUD), Germany

2016

Tutors Baskoro Tedjo, Heru Wibowo Poerbo

SYMPOSIUM

Students Ida Ayu Agung Purniza Maysitha, Tri Amartha Wiranata, Widi Auliagisni, Sikkharini Cintantyadwisthi, Hanifah Fairus, Ardian Hario Wibowo, Padhang Harryndra, Azhari Pradityo, Annisa Safira Riska

Tutors Nebojša Čamprag, Simon Gehrmann, Annette RudolphCleff, Lucia Wright-Contreras

Tutors Beaudoin Thierry Students Sarah Ador, Camille Bigo, Mar Camille, L. Charbonneau Simon, Bernica Joseph, Chartier Justine, R. Paré Julien, L. Phaneuf Kelly, Sophie Talbot, Leila Unland

Speakers Shigeru Ban Shigeru Ban Architects Dan Lewis Chief Director of UN-Habitat. Urban Risk Reduction Unit. City Resilience Profiling Programme (CRPP) Miho Mazereeuw Assistant Professor and Director of The Urban Risk Lab at The MIT Alexandros Washburn Cru(X), Center for Coastal Resilience and Urban Xcellence

COMPETITION

Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), Australia

Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Bangladesh

Tutors Lindsay Holland

COMPETITION

Students Chenzi Yu, Ecknaathh Bala

Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Bangladesh

South China University of Technology (SCUT), China

Tutors Maherul Kader Prince

Tutors Yiqiang Xiao

Students Tanvir Ahmad, Arundhuti Dey, Nabila Ferdousi, Israt Jahan Nishat, Al Muttasim, Pankaj Nath Joy, Tanzim Rachana, Mohammad Safat Ullah, Swarajit Sarker, Md Shariful Alam, Sumaiya Sharmin Shemonty, Md Fahim Ul Alam, Mohammad Wasimul Alam

Tutors Nasreen Hossain Students Lamia Ahmed, Shimanto Goswami, Kh Walid Mahmud, Shycot Mondol, Banik Sancharee Srishty, Reshma Talukder Toma. Centre for Environmental Planning & Technology University (CEPT), India

Students Danni Luo, Lu Pin, Peisheng Ding, Ruoqi Fan, Shen Yang, Xinyu Xiao, Ye Sun, Yingxin Wu, Ziyan Li

Tutors Sankalpa

Technical University of Darmstadt (TUD), Germany

Students Prasik Kuberbhai Chaudari, Purvi Tank

Tutors Nebojša Čamprag, Britta Eiermann, Simon Gehrmann, Yang Li, Annette Rudolph-Cleff

Institut Teknologi Bandung (IT), Indonesia Tutors Heru W. Poerbo, Achmad D. Tardiyana Students Adelita Febiola, Gagas Firas S., Made Harris K., Muhammad Hadyan, Aulia Kurniaputri, Nastiti Natasari, Adhietya Orlando, Arif Rachman H., Juda Tirana Louisiana State University (LSU), USA Tutors Jori Erdman, Robert Holton

Students Sandro Bellini, Hannah Freund, Nadine Jezernik, Vera Kallenbach, Neele Leson, Beata Preiger, Jennifer Weil, Ann-Cathrin Winkelmann Daniel Mario Appari, Dominika Ewa Czajkowska, Alexander Habermehl, Sandra Leipe, Sandra Michel, Sonja Müller, Alexandru Oprea, Shirin Safaei, Robert Maximilian Sand, Charlotte Schauer

Centre For Environmental Planning & Technology University (CEPT), India Tutors Sankalpa Sinha, Jigna, Gauri, Arian Students Shalin Bhatt, Prashik Chaudhari, Devashree Dvivedi, Purvi Tank De La Salle – College of Saint Benilde, The Philippines Tutors Laredo A. Carandang, Asela D. Domingo, Joseph A. Javier, Maria T. Quimpo, Jose M. Yupangco Students Rossanne E. Abas, Vincent P. Abril, Rozzellia Arceo, Cyrene

Louisiana State University (LSU), USA Tutors Jori Erdman, Alkis Tsolakis Students Giovanni Coakley, Isabelle Gizinksi, Barry Holton, Molly Johnson, Allison Keppinger, Margaret Long, Ana Orosco, Patrick Raymond, Yi Tao, Thomas Woodard National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), Taiwan

Tutors Xu Haohao, Yiqiang Xiao Students Xie Jiaheng, Haozhuo Li, Wanting Li, Zhihao Liang, Pei Lingjin, Tang Shua, Yicehng Wang, Yang Yuelun, Zhengu Zhou, Ma Zishu

Students Lara Giacometti, Fabian Gräfe, Tyagita Hidayat, Boshra Khoshnevis, Min Kim, Rui Nong, Leonie Lube, Jonathan Mwanza, Robert Maximilian Sand, Seyede Shirin, Safaei Tavallomi, Ni Made Wenes Widiyani, Khatun E. Zannat Université de Montréal (UdM), Canada Tutors Céline C. Mertenat, Daniel Pearl Students Étienne Chaussé, Mimi Devroede, Scott Duillet, Dany Guimond, Yohann Hubert, Loic Jasmin, Lolita Leblanc, Pascale Nadeau, Samuël Paulin-Langlois, Shakeera Romain

Tutors Kwang Tyng Wu, Hsueh Cheng Luen, Chang Ho Ling

2017

Students Chen Chien Wen, Chen Szu-Han, Chih Chiang Wu, Chuang Po-Hsuan, Hsin Fang Tsai, Huang Tzu-En, Lee Cheng-Han, Lee Yu Ching, Lin Tsung-Han, Wang Yi Ju

SYMPOSIUM

National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore Tutors Oscar Carracedo, Erik L’Heureux, Junko Tamura Students Xu Chen, Jonathan Chin, Hongyan Li, Tao Yibei, Lin Yongtian, Luo Yueyu, Chen Wei, Tan Wei Ming, Ng Yi Loong, Teo Yiquan Bob, Tan Yuan Wei Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), Australia Tutors Lindsay Holland Students Muhammad Azizi Zulkifli, Monique Banks, Ying Li, Aya Maharani, Mario Shaaya, Jiawei Wang

Speakers Yung Ho Chang Principal Architect Atelier Feichang Jianzhu (FCJZ). Professor and Former Head at MIT Architecture Department. Professor of Tongji University Purnomo Dwi Sasongko Semarang City Chief Resilience Officer (CRO). 100 Resilient Cities Semarang Climate Change Resilience Working Group Coordinator. ACCCRN Program Alejandro Echeverri Director of Urbam, Center for Urban and Environmental Studies. EAFIT University. Medellín. Colombia Tracy Metz Journalist, Director John Adams Institute David Sanderson Judith Neilson Chair of Architecture at the University of New South Wales (UNSW), Australia

237

Muralee Thummarukudy Chief of Disaster Risk Reduction at United Nations Environment Programme. UNEP Round Table Panellists Lam Khee Poh (Moderator) Dean of the School of Design and Environment. Provost’s Chair Professor Sophianne Araib Centre for Liveable Cities, Director Evlyn W. Y. Cheong Singapore Institute of Planners, President

Mariva, Addina Nur Amalia, Tymar Nurhassan, Nur Syakirin Saharom National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), Taiwan Tutors Ho-Ling Chang, Cheng-Luen Hsueh, Kuang-tyng Wu Students Ka Wai Cheng, Ke-ting Chen, Tsung Huang Chen, Yen Chuang, Yi-feng Huang, Yu Chiao Huang, An Hsuan Hung Yu-shan Lai, Lu Jia Ou, Wen Han Tsao, Kuan-I Wu, Ying Xiong

Fong Hoo Cheong HCF and associates, Founder

National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore

Amit Prothi 100 Resilient Cities, Associate Director

Tutors Imran Bin Tajudeen, Junko Tamura, Oscar Carracedo García-Villalba, Hwang Yun Hye

Damian Tang Asia Pacific Region, IFLA, President. Immediate Past President Sila Rinus Vis Director Deltares Singapore Operations

COMPETITION Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Bangladesh Tutors Nayma Khan, Farida Nilufar, Md. Ruhul Amin, Md. Shahidul Ameen Students Shariful Alam, Tansen Alam, Chawdhury Ali Imam, Sangita Bhattacharjee, Mahua Chakma, lsrat Jahan Tuli, Ananna Khan, Pankaj Nath Joy, Shehran Parvez Seyan, Tanzim Rachana, Ridwan Rafiq, Rafia Rukhsat, Sarah Shehnaz Bipasha Centre for Environmental Planning & Technology University (CEPT), India Tutors Íñigo Cornago Bonal, Sankalpa

Students Sun Hao Jen Ashley, Amanda Jennifer Chandra, John Kevin Chandra, Nijel Hong Terng Wei, Timothy Ou Shi Loon, Muhammad Rahmat Bin Khairudin, Bonaventura Kevin Satria, Viany Sutisna, Cheong Tze Shenn Jason, Kelvin Andrian Winarta Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), Australia

Université de Montréal (UdM), Canada Tutors Amy Oliver, Daniel Pearl, Owen Rose, Students Vincent Bergeron Marier, Jade Boisvert, Simon Cyr, Benoit Faucher, Maxence Grangeot, Juliette Manseau, Julien Porchet, Jean-Charles Potvin, Dominique Raymond, Pascale Toupin University of Pennsylvania (UPENN), USA Tutors David Gouverneur, Oscar Grauer Students Jessica Arias, Zhengneng Chen, Yang Du, Cody Erhart, Sa Min Han, Kathryn Kramer, Adrian Subagyo, Wenhao Wu, Xiaoye Xing, Peiqian Zhong

2018

Tutors Mauro Baracco

SYMPOSIUM

Students Trent Baker, Imogen Fry, Amy Jiang, Erhau Lee, Minji Lee, Michael McMahon, Tamsin O’Reilly, Bruce Oakley, Elsie Retter, Lewis Smith, Sudrano, Benjamin Tan, Zhenwen Zhang Justin

Speakers

South China University of Technology (SCUT), China Tutors Xu Haohao, Wang Jing, Yimin Sun, Jing Wang, Haohao Xu, Xiao Yiqiang

Students DVNL Chandra Bhanu, Satish Chandran, Anusha Hemanth, Ekta Rakholiya, Rajendrakumar Vegad

Students Xiao Jiaqi, Du Jiawe, Yao Junwe, Jiang Lincheng, Liu Qi, Hu Qinhuan, Lin Ruokun, Wen Shuting, Liu Siyan, Dong Xiaohui, Zheng Xiaoya, Yao Zhu

Institut Teknologi Bandung (IT), Indonesia

Technical University of Darmstadt (TUD), Germany

Tutors Achmad Deni Tardiyana, Yu Sing

Tutors Simon Gehrmann, Björn Hekmati, Frederik Helms, Annette Rudolph-Cleff

Students Muhammad Abdurrahman, Yohanes Aldi, Ivana Anggraeni Pribadi, Stephanie Claussie Diana, Asep Darmana, Adiansya Halimawan, Yoval Julianto, Tjendrawati Lontoh, Dhienda

Kunschert, Van Ly Nghiem, Leonie Lube, Leonie Ott, Marco Padberg, Clara Poursedighi, Mai Quynh Lai, Marlies Richter, Robin Thomä, Huyen Trang Dao, Johanna Westermann, Marius Wolf, Mathias Wolf

Students Diep Chieu Duong Ngo, Young Eun Ha, Andrea Hanak, Vanessa Jansen, Anna Sofia Jeldres, Tessa Krämer, Fanny Lou

Yossapon Boonsom Shma, Co-Founder And Director Landscape Architect Kanjanee Budthimedhee Chair of the Graduate Program in Design and Planning at King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT) Urban Sense Lab, Principal. Richard Hassell Woha, Founding Director Josef Leitmann World Bank Lead Disaster Risk Management Specialist Anne Loes Nillesen Defacto, Founding Director Henk Ovink Special Envoy for International Water Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands Rebuild by Design, Principal. Riken Yamamoto Riken Yamamoto & Fieldshop, Principal And Founder

COMPETITION Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Bangladesh

Rotterdam University for Applied Sciences (RUAS), The Netherlands Tutors T.H. Heikoop, Gerard Peet

Tutors Shayer Ghafur, Catherine Daisy Gomes, Apurba Kumer Poddar, Ahammad-Al-Muhaymin, Md. Tariquzzaman, Simita Roy

Students Amira al Zakka, Lesley Blom, Alexander van Delft, AnneSophie van Oosterom

Students Ahnaf Akif Siddique, Farzana Akter Mim, Homaira Chowdhury, Khairun Fahmi, Fahim Faisal Khan, Zannatul Fardous Nisa, Najmush Shaker

Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), Australia

Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology University (CEPT), India

Tutors Brent Allpress Students Alisha Galea, Nathalie Kartika Putri, Ip Kwun Lun, Zhi Li, George Mollett, Emma Noren, Heejoo Son, Phu Vu, Zheyi Xue

Tutors Sankalpa

South China University of Technology (SCUT), China

Students Netra Bafna, Samarpan Bhagora, Aksh Chauhan, Nusaiba Khan, Yash Mehta, Mauli Patel

Tutors Jing Wang, Yiqiang Xiao, Haohao Xu

Institut Teknologi Bandung (IT), Indonesia Tutors Jimmy Purba, Achmad D. Tardiyana Students Bhagaskara Adwitiya, Belia Astoria, Tidi Ayu Lestari, Cathrine, Aliviana Demami, Diah Fitria Ardani, Heince Andre Maahury, Yuninda Mukty Ardyanny, Mutiara Ningrum, Winsensius Stevano Patrix Raco, Freddy Tjahyadi, Agnes Trisia National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), Taiwan Tutors Ho-Ling Chang, Cheng-Luen Hsueh, Kwang-Tyng Wu Students Chen Wei-Hao, Chen Yi-Ran, Chow I Ruey, Chung Po Hsien, Chung Yi, Li Hsin-Lun, Lin YuanChang, Lu Nien-Chen, Lung Huang, Pan Nian-Syuan, Pan Tung Hsia, Wei Che, Wu Sheng Mao, Yi Teng, Yu Cheng Lung National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore Tutors Jason Ang, Oscar Carracedo, Tan Shee Tiong, Hwang Yun Hye Students Bernardo Afable Jr., Abhishek Arun, Kumar Rahate, Wang Hanfeng, Nandita Nayak, Kuldeep Rabha, Saleel Sanjay Savarkar, Mehnaj Tabassum, Sumanyu Vasudeva, Cheng Wai Look

Students Xin Feng, Yu Lijing, Jiancheng Lin, Yuanyuan Liv, Liu Rongxin, Wang Runxian, Geng Shizheng, Can Sun, Yujian Zeng, Wenhao Zhang, Zhang Zifan, Zhao Zikai Technical University of Darmstadt (TUD), Germany Tutors Simon Gehrmann, Bjoern Hekmati Frederik Helms, Anette Rudolph-Cleff Students Nils Adam, Oznur Aktas, Isabella F. Baum, Andrea Benoist, Christine Kaut, Luise Kaut, Ramiz Khan, Sun A. Kim, Lena Kirchhain, Lisa Knieper, Valerie Kronauer, Jascha Lenz, Tobias Lenz, Marcel Lux, Iman Ikbar Muthadi, Laura Neumann, Andrea Noblega, Tefilla Pelafu, Sruthi Ravi, Ole Spittal, Eva Streng, Fredrik Tost Université de Montréal (UdM), Canada Tutors Valérie Mahaut, Owen Rose Students Theresa Bader, Edith Beauvais-Sauro, Andree-Julie Charbonneau, Alexandra DionFortin, Pascale Dionne, Elizabeth Gendron, Maxime Leblanc, Melissa Mazzola, Clara Prefontaine-Paquette, Maxime Savoie, Marjolaine Szymaniak, Philippe Treteault

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PARTNER UNIVERSITIES

Anna University, India www.annauniv.edu

Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Bangladesh www.buet.ac.bd

Bicol State College of Applied Sciences and Technology, The Philippines www.biscast.edu.ph

BRAC University, Bangladesh www.bracu.ac.bd

Centre for Environmental Planning & Technology University, India www.cept.ac.in

Columbia University - GSAPP, USA www.columbia.edu

Curtin University, Australia www.curtin.edu.au

De La Salle - College of Saint Benilde, The Philippines www.benilde.edu

Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia www.itb.ac.id

King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Thailand global.kmutt.ac.th

Kyushu University, Japan www.kyushu-u.ac.jp

Louisiana State University, USA www.lsu.edu

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan www.ncku.edu.tw

National University of Singapore www.nus.edu.sg

Padmabhushan Dr. Vasantdada Patil College of Architecture, India www.pvpcoapune.edu.in

Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences, The Netherlands www.rotterdamuas.com

Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia www.rmit.edu.au

Siracuse University, USA www.syracuse.edu

South China University Of Technology, China www.scut.edu.cn/en/

Technical University of Munich, Germany www.tum.de/en/

Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany www.tu-darmstadt.de

Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong www.thei.edu.hk

The City College of New York, USA www.ccny.cuny.edu

Universidad EAFIT-URBAM, Colombia www.eafit.edu.co

Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia www.unal.edu.co

Universitas Katolik-Soegijapranata, Indonesia www.unika.ac.id

Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain www.uic.es/en

Université de Montréal, Canada www.umontreal.ca/en/

University of Hawaii, USA www.hawaii.edu

University of Pennsylvania, USA www.upenn.edu

24 0

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IMPRINT Designing Resilience in Asia. Designing the Uncertainty The volume includes the title Thinking the Unpredictable. Both titles cannot be sell separately. Published by Actar Publishers, New York, Barcelona www.actar.com Editor and author Oscar Carracedo García-Villalba Edition Coordination Chaitali Dighe Coordination support Antonio Pizarro de Menedilla Copy editing and proofreading Angela K. Bunning Graphic design spread: Tomoko Sakamoto - David Lorente Printing company Arlequin & Pierrot Printed and bound in Barcelona, European Union

Publication date: 2021

Patroned by:

Published by:

www.designingresilience.com

An initiative by:

Flood Manageme Waterspatial tac Acupuntural intervention Interscalar Sys Reinstating Forests ⁄ Coastal Ero

ISBN 978-1-948765-25-1