Butler (1975)
Key areas of consideration: All four forms of reaction may exist at one time, but the
number of people in any one category need not remain constant
The framework includes a dynamic element, assuming that
social impacts will change over time
Compared to Doxey’s framework Butler’s framework allows
attitudes and behaviour to change in different directions
Doxey’s framework is based around the entirety of the
destination environment, whereas Butler’s framework places greater emphasis on different groups and individuals and the resultant tensions that may emerge