Schizotypal Personality Disorder

1 Schizotypal Personality Disorder Personality is crucial in defining individuality. It entails a distinctive blend of traits, thoughts, behaviors, and their expression during interactions. Regrettably, people develop personality disorders that distort their perceptions of reality causing distress across different life aspects. Personality disorders are common psychiatric conditions that involve persistent patterns of behaviors and thoughts different from culturally and socially normal ones. These thoughts and behaviors are inflexible, distorted, disruptive, and unhealthy. They negatively impact an individual’s social activities, relationships, and work. Individuals with personality disorders experience challenges dealing with everyday stresses that others easily overcome.

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2 Unfortunately, people with these disorders do not realize their behaviors and thoughts are problematic. Also, they need to realize the impact of these disorders on their relationships (Moskowitz et al., 2019). This paper reviews the schizotypal personality disorder highlighting its clinical presentations, treatment, recovery, and outcomes.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD) This disorder is a complex psychiatric condition associated with biological causes. The risk of developing Schizotypal Personality Disorder is higher among persons with a family history of this disorder (Moskowitz et al., 2019). A pervasive pattern of decreased capacity and intense discomfort with close relationships typifies this disorder. Individuals with this condition express distorted cognition, eccentric behavior, and distorted perceptions. The cognitive experiences reflect more incredible disorganization and departure from reality than other personality disorders. The prevalence of this disorder is about 4% of the U.S. population (Moskowitz et al., 2019). More men present with schizotypal Personality Disorder than women.

Comorbidities are common; over 50% of patients experience major depressive episodes, schizophrenia, and suicidal ideations. Substance use disorder is also often diagnosed in persons with this disorder.

Clinical Presentation Symptoms of Schizotypal Personality Disorder include persistent social anxiety, paranoid thoughts, unusual thinking, and inappropriate emotional responses. Incorrect interpretation of events and unusual speech patterns are common among patients (Moskowitz et al., 2019). Also, a person might experience superstitions, unusual perceptions, constant doubts, eccentric beliefs, and mannerisms (Zimmermann, 2022). Since this disorder affects relationships, the person might be a loner and lack close friends. They also express limited interest in social activities,

3 underperformance in school, and limited effect. Some people might also express distorted notions that everyday events have unique meanings directed at themselves (Zimmermann, 2022).

They might also hear voices whispering their names in addition to odd beliefs and preoccupation with paranormal phenomena.

Interventions People with this disorder should seek timely psychiatric intervention to improve their relationships with others. Early treatment also prevents comorbidities such as depression and substance use. Assessment for Schizotypal Personality Disorder involves a physical assessment to rule out other conditions and a thorough psychiatric evaluation. Diagnosis focuses on symptoms, medical and personal history.

Treatment Although therapy and medications effectively treat SPD, the FDA has not authorized any medication for this disorder. However, therapists can prescribe antidepressants to relieve depressive symptoms and anxiety. Atypical antipsychotics can also help improve patient thinking’s flexibility (Zimmermann, 2022). Psychotherapy is the primary treatment for Schizotypal Personality Disorder. Psychotherapeutic interventions help improve learning and coping skills by establishing trust with a therapist. Cognitive behavioral therapy is suitable for SPD since it involves identifying and applying appropriate mechanisms to challenge unhelpful thoughts (Zimmermann, 2022). Also, CBT modifies problem behaviors and helps an individual learn helpful social skills.

Therapists can integrate supportive therapy into the SPD treatment plan to encourage and foster adaptive skills. Supportive therapy focuses on providing reassurance, emotional assistance, and validation during challenging life situations (Carducci et al., 2020). The therapist creates a

4 non-judgmental environment and encourages individuals to discuss their feelings, problems, and concerns. Also, family therapy is helpful for SPD. This therapy improves communication among family members, thus helping them build trust and work together at home.

Recovery SPD is a chronic condition diagnosed in early adulthood. SPD symptoms endure across the lifespan though treatment may help improve some symptoms. Also, experiences that foster self-confidence, social support, and belief in one’s abilities could improve SPD symptoms over time (Egan, 2019). Therapy helps improve relationships with family and friends. Further, it creates a sense of accomplishment at school, home, and in extracurricular activities among young people.

Conclusion Although schizotypal personality disorder is rare, therapists and patients need to understand its causes, risk factors, treatment, and recovery. This topic creates a platform to explore appropriate treatment interventions for SPD. Therapists can integrate these interventions into the treatment plan to improve symptoms and life quality among patients. Medications and psychotherapy are effective in treating SPD though no medication is approved for this condition.

Therapy helps improve interpersonal relationships, while medications alleviate depressive symptoms and anxiety.

5 References American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2023). What are personality disorders? https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/personality-disorders/what-are-personalitydisorders Carducci, B. J., Nave, C. S., Mio, J. S., & Riggio, R. E. (2020). The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality & individual differences, clinical, applied, and cross-cultural research.

Wiley.

Cleveland Clinic. (2023). Personality disorders. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9636-personality-disorders-overview Egan, J. (2019). Your teeth can explode (and other disorder facts). Lulu.com.

Moskowitz, A., Schäfer, I., Dorahy, M.J. (2019). Psychosis, trauma, and dissociation: evolving perspectives on severe psychopathology. Wiley.

Rocca, P. Fusar-Poli, P., Galderisi, S., & Bellino, S. (2020). Psychosis and personality disorders: Do we need early diagnosis for successful treatment? Frontiers Media Zimmermann, M., (2022). Schizotypal personality disorder. https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/personality-disorders/ schizotypal-personality-disorder-stpd