Introduction to Biblical Languages

Charles Sturt University THL100, Introduction to Biblical Languages Session 2, 2018 Text Report – Old Testament Template for 1 Kings 19:9-14 Make sure you have carefully read the requirements for Assessment item 2 in the subject outline, “Guidelines for Text Reports” and the “Marking Rubric for Text Reports (Assignments 2 and 4)” found in the Interact site under the Assessment tab. Please insert your answers in each section below, then save this document with a new file name and submit it via EASTS by the due date.

NAME: Edward Moala STUDENT NUMBER: 1158620 PART A

1 Kings 19:9-14 9

ּ‫אל ִי ָֽ ּהו׃‬ ֵ ‫א ֔ ָליו ו ֣ ַּי ֹאמֶר ֹ֔לו מַה־ל ְ ָּך֥ ֖פ ֹה‬ ֵ ֙‫ה ֵ ּ֤נה ְדבַר־יְהו ָה‬ ִ ְ ‫מעָ ָ ֖רה ו ָ ַּ֣י ל ֶן ָ ׁ֑שם ו‬ ְּ ‫ה‬ ַ ‫וַי ָ ּבֹא־ ָ ׁ֥ש ם אֶל־‬ 10

ּ ‫ה ָ ֔רסו‬ ָ ָ ‫אלֹ ֵ ֣הי צְבָ ֗א ֹות כ ִ ּֽי־עָז ְ ֤בו ּ בְר ִֽיתְ ָ֙ך בְ ּ ֵ ֣ני ִישְׂר ָאֵ֔ ל אֶת־מִזְבְ ּחֹ ֶ ֣תיך‬ ֱ ‫ק ֵּ֜נאתִי ל ַיה ָ֣וה׀‬ ִ ‫ק ּ֨נ ֹא‬ ַ ‫מ ֩ר‬ ֶ ‫וַיֹּא‬ ‫תָֽהּ׃‬ ּ ‫ח‬ ְ ‫ק‬ ַ ְ ‫ק ׁ֥שו ּ אֶת־נַפְ ִ ׁ֖שי ל‬ ְ ַ‫הר ְג֣ ו ּבֶ ָ ֑חר ֶב וָֽאִו ָ ּ ֵ ֤תר אֲנ ִ ֙י לְבַ ֔ ִּדי וַיְב‬ ָ ָ ‫וְאֶת נְבִי ֶ ֖איך‬ 11

‫ה ִ֨רים‬ ָ ֩‫מפָר ֵק‬ ְ ‫ח ֞ ָזק‬ ָ ְ ‫ח גְּדֹו ֡ ָלה ו‬ ַ ּ ‫ה ֵ ּ֧נה יְה ָ֣וה עֹ ֵ֗בר ו ֣ ְרו‬ ִ ְ ‫ה ֮ר לִפְ ֵ ֣ני יְהו ָ ֒ה ו‬ ָ ָ‫מ ְד ָ ּ֣ת ב‬ ַ ָ‫ו ֗ ַּי ֹאמֶר ֵ ֣צא וְע‬ ‫ח ַ ֔ר עַשׁ ֹ֥לא בָ ַ ֖רעַשׁ יְהו ָֽה׃‬ ַ ּ ‫הר֨ ו‬ ָ ‫א ַ ֤חר‬ ַ ְ ‫ח יְה ָ֑וה ו‬ ַ ּ ‫סלָעִי ֙ם לִפְ ֵ ֣ני יְה ָ֔וה ֹ֥לא בָ ֖רו‬ ְ ‫משַׁ ֵ ּ֤בר‬ ְּ‫ו‬ 12

‫קּֽה׃‬ ָ ‫מ ָ ֥מה ַד‬ ָ ‫האֵ֔ שׁ ֖ק ֹול ְּד‬ ָ ‫א ַ ֣חר‬ ַ ְ ‫ה ַ ֨רעַׁש֙ אֵ֔ שׁ ֹ֥לא בָ ֵ ֖אשׁ יְה ָ֑וה ו‬ ָ ‫א ַ ֤חר‬ ַ ְ‫ו‬

13

‫אל ָי ֙ו ֔ק ֹול ו ֕ ַּי ֹאמֶר‬ ֵ ‫ה ֵ ּ֤נה‬ ִ ְ ‫מעָ ָ ֑רה ו‬ ְּ ‫ה‬ ַ ‫ַדר ְ ּ֔ת ֹו וַי ֵ ֵ֕ ּצא וַֽי ַ ּעֲ ֖מ ֹד ֶ ּ֣פתַח‬ ַּ ‫פָנ ָי ֙ו בְ ּא‬ ּ ‫אל ִ ָּ֗יהו ּ ו ַָּ֤יל ֶט‬ ֵ ַ‫וַי ְ ִ ֣הי׀ כ ִ ּשְׁ ֣מ ֹע‬ ּ‫אל ִי ָֽ ּהו׃‬ ֵ ‫מַה־ל ְ ָּך֥ ֖פ ֹה‬ 14

ּ ‫ה ָ ֔רסו‬ ָ ָ ‫אלֹ ֵ ֣הי צְבָ ֗א ֹות כ ִ ּֽי־עָז ְ ֤בו ּ בְר ִֽיתְ ָ֙ך בְ ּ ֵ ֣ני ִישְׂר ָאֵ֔ ל אֶת־מִזְבְ ּחֹ ֶ ֣תיך‬ ֱ ‫ק ֵּ֜נאתִי ל ַיה ָ֣וה׀‬ ִ ‫ק ּ֨נ ֹא‬ ַ ‫מ ֩ר‬ ֶ ‫וַיֹּא‬ ‫תָֽהּ׃ ס‬ ּ ‫ח‬ ְ ‫ק‬ ַ ְ ‫ק ׁ֥שו ּ אֶת־נַפְ ִ ׁ֖שי ל‬ ְ ַ‫הר ְג֣ ו ּבֶ ָ ֑חר ֶב וָאִו ָ ּ ֵ ֤תר אֲנ ִ ֙י לְבַ ֔ ִּדי וַיְב‬ ָ ָ ‫וְאֶת־נְבִי ֶ ֖איך‬

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THL100 Template 1 Kings 19:9-14

Literary Context.

Elijah had in the previous chapter eighteen experienced one of the most significant challenges in his service and ministry. This was his confrontation with the prophets of Baal on Mount Carmel and the subsequent revelation and demonstration of the power of God. After this Jezebel threatened Elijah's life and he opted to run away and went out into the desert and hid in a cave.

While at the cave, Elijah fell asleep and God appeared to him. Verses 9 to 14 described the heart of the story when God visited Elijah in a still small voice. In these verses, the story moves past Elijah and his own needs to that more profound level that tends to the subject of how God functions in our reality. God was all the while willing to work with Elijah. God's constant inquiries tenderly pushed Elijah toward an unwavering reaction. Before Elijah reacted, however, he picked up something critical about God. God called Elijah back to his ministry to the revelation that he was yet God’s prophet. God revealed Himself to Elijah by showing him that He will always be with him even as he continued Ahab and Jezebel (Cogan, 2001, p. 220).

Word Study Do a word study on the phrase ‫דקָּה‬ ַ ‫ממָה‬ ָ ‫( קֹול ְּד‬1 Kgs 9:12) Ensure you have access to Accordance software or an equivalent resource and some good Hebrew-English lexicons (either digital or books).

Answer the following questions: (i)

How is this phrase translated in the bible software? What part of speech is each word (noun, verb, adjective, participle, or preposition)?

The various words in the phrase vary concerning the parts of speech they play. The nouns in the phrase are fire, earthquake and the Lord. Secondly, the prepositions in the phrase are “the” and “a.” Thirdly, the common verb in the phrase is “came.”

Additionally, “was not” and “gentle” represent the participle and adjective respectively.

(ii)

Find out whether (a) this phrase or (b) the individual words are used elsewhere in the OT. Record how many times they are used elsewhere and whether the same English translation is used in these places (use the Accordance tools, Blue Letter Bible, or a Hebrew concordance).

Word (s) a still small voice

(iii)

Strong’s Number H 182 H 185 H 6963

Frequency 73 times 14 times 506 times

Using at least two good Hebrew-English lexicons (do not ‘cut and paste’), look up

‫ממָה‬ ָ ‫ ְּד‬and ‫ ַדקָּה‬and write out the semantic range of these words. The semantic range is the different ways this word may be translated into English.

The Analytical Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon by Benjamin Davidson gives the following translations of the provided phrases. The first phrase translations are: - silence, THL100 Template 1 Kings 19:9-14

still, quiet, death,. The second phrase has to be silent, resignation, rest, silently to indicate adjective.(Davidson, 1848, p. 147-148 Under The Ancient Hebrew Lexicon of the Bible Hebrew Letters, Words and Roots Defined Within Their Ancient Cultural Context by Jeff A. Benner the phrases different translations according to English are still, silence, calm, rest, cease, tarry, wait, dumb, forbear, (Benner, 2005, p. 93-94)

(iv)

(v)

Choose at least three good commentaries on 1 Kings (you may use the resources provided on the Interact website or other print resources) and note what they say about this phrase.

Cogan Commentary The chapter has been described as the conclusion or final end of the ongoing spat between Elijah and Ahab and Jezebel. The commentary brings to light the various challenges that a Prophetic office faced key among them being despair, fear of failure and rejection. Cogan also seems to bring out some similarity with Moses encounter with God and His Ministry. (Cogan, 2001, p. 456-457) International Organization For the Study of the Old Testament Commentary by Leiden E.J. Brill This commentary, focuses majorly on the gentle breeze and thunderous sound. This commentary actually casts doubt on the fact that Elijah heard the voice of God and quickly asserts the fact that it was a mere cosmic phenomena. It goes further to draw inferences from the Hebrew text that indicate the aforementioned. It states that in normal cosmic phenomena, there is a certain sequence of events which are storm, earthquake and lightning, drawing a conclusion that is what happened on Mount Horeb. (Brill, 1975, p. 111-113) Berit Olam, Studies in Hebrew Narrative & Poetry, 1st Kings by Jerome T. Walsh The commentary seeks to bring out the sequence of the interaction between Yahweh and Elijah on Mount Horeb by breaking down the verses with their respective purpose ranging from Elijah’s move to Mount Horeb, Yahweh’s questions, Elijah’s answers, the commands given, the sequence of events and the victory (Walsh, 1996, p. 271) Summarise what you have found out about ‫דקָּה‬ ַ ‫ממָה‬ ָ ‫קֹול ְּד‬ The verse is one of the popular verses that is often preached in many congregations. The verse emphasizes the need for quietness, stillness, and calmness as one of the pre-requisites of hearing and listening to the voice of God. Additionally, it has been used to encourage Christians to seek time away from the activities of life and shift their focus to hearing from God in quiet and serene places. Further to this, the verse bears great theological meaning in understanding Israel and particularly the significance of the role that Elijah played in the nation of Israel (Robinson, 1991, pp. 530-532).

THL100 Template 1 Kings 19:9-14

Parsing Parse the following words and comment on any implications for the meaning this passage (not every word will have significant implications for the meaning).

Nominal forms (nouns and adjectives): Word

PoS

Lex form

Gender

Number

State

Definiteness

Suffix/ prefix

ָ ‫בְר ִיתְך‬ (v 10) noun

Female ‫ברית‬

const

‫גְּדֹול ָה‬ Female

(v 11)

Singular

adj

Your covenant your alliance

Sing

abs

Translation and implications for meaning

good =

Greatness great, (the adj must be feminine because the noun it qualifies is feminine)

sing

1.

Verbal forms: Word

Lex form

‫א קַנֹּא‬

stem

Form

Piel

(v 10, 14) ‫קנא‬

THL100 Template 1 Kings 19:9-14

Infinitive absolute

person

gender

Number

Suffix/ prefix

Translation and implications for meaning

to envy, to covet, to be jealous of (someone) ; to suspect infidelity ; to protect zealously good

ex si

‫קִנ ֵּאתִי‬ (v 10, 14)

perf

‫קנא‬

1st

piel

common

‫צ ֵא‬ (v 11)

Sing

Male

‫יצא‬

qal

imperati ve

2nd

I was jealous jealousy, envy ; suspicion against ; chauvinism regarding ; (flowery) fury, rage, outrage

Sing

go out, so he is told to do it good, ie a command.

Meaning of the Passage Elijah was still on Mount Horeb when God revealed Himself to him. With a look at how God had previously manifested Himself, we would expect another grand disclosure and revelation to Elijah that would persuade him regarding God's capacity and power. In any case, however, he didn't discover God in the breeze, the tremor, or the fire. Elijah did not leave his give in to witness those things. It was a concealed, small and still voice that that attracted Elijah to a point where he could at long last react to God. This has been translated to mean that we can take confidence in the fact that sometimes He can be heard in the delicate, every day and ordinary intimations of life, as we are tenderly attracted to tune in. We should willing to embrace the different ways in which God reveals Himself and speaks to us. God always acts in magnificent ways. Some of the time He works in great supernatural occurrences (VanGemeren, 1997, pp. 135-136). We will perhaps never observe the fire fall as it did on Mount Carmel. If we search for God in those things, we may miss Him in the tranquil, common and low-key events in our lives.

THL100 Template 1 Kings 19:9-14

PART B English translations of 1 Kings 19:9-14 Discussion Comparison of Translations The Mathews translation offers a more literal translation. The passage adopts the use of three main subjects to indicate the characters/individuals are performing the various actions in place. The passage adopts the subjects; narrator, YHWH, and Elijah. By the use of a hyphen, the passage can interact with the reader by helping them to understand the great revelation of God to Elijah in the simplest yet profound ways The New International Version separates verse 9 and 10 with sub-title while the Common English and Matthews translations combine the two without any sub-title. This would probably suggest the importance of expressing and indicating the significant change and shift in the atmosphere where Elijah was. This was also probably an intention to expressly show the change that comes in when God steps into the ordinary running of our life. Secondly, the New International Version by splitting the verse 9 into two is also symbolic of the very fact that God appeared to Elijah in the dead of night in His worry and fear. Additionally, in verse 9, we see different expressions in the three translations. In the New International Version verse 9 the second part begins by saying, “And the word of the Lord came to him: “What are you doing here, Elijah?” the Common English Translation begins by “the Lord’s word came to him and said, “Why are you here, Elijah?” and the Mathews translation, “And behold! The word of YHWH to him and he said to him what are you doing here Elijah”. These different yet significant expressions of the entry of God are very fundamental in the message passed across. The New International Version brings the subject as the word of God that came upon Elijah. The Common translation version shows possession of the word itself. That the word itself was of God and God alone. The Mathews translation, on the other hand, brings out the entry of God by an exclamation showing the change of environment.

Verse 13 also differs in the three translations. The New International Version and Mathews translation state that God asked Elijah, “what are you doing here, Elijah” while in the Common English translation God asked Elijah, “why are you here, Elijah?” The first two translations with their subsequent responses in verse 14 show that Elijah was agonized by the apostasy atmosphere that existed in the nation of Israel.

This comparison of translations should not be commenting on whether one translation sounds nicer than another, or even on the theological meaning of the passage that is conveyed by the translation.

Each of the translations worked with the same original Hebrew text, so we are asking you to observe the differences and make suggestions as to why they differ. For example, Mathews uses the name YHWH while the others translate the name as “Lord”. NIV and CEV translate ‫ רּו ַח‬as “wind” and Mathews translates “spirit” – can the Hebrew word be translated with both English words?

Why does Mathews translate “zealously zealous” instead of “very zealous” or “very jealous”?

THL100 Template 1 Kings 19:9-14

References Benner, J. A. (2005). The ancient hebrew lexicon of the Bible. Jeff A. Benner.

Brill, E.J.L, (1975), Vetus Testamentum Quarterly Published By the International Organization For the Study Of the Old Testament Cogan, M. (Ed.). (2001). 1 Kings: a new translation with introduction and commentary (Vol. 10). Anchor Bible.

Davidson, B. (1848). The analytical Hebrew and Chaldee lexicon. S. Bagster and sons. https://www.blueletterbible.org https://www.biblical-hebrew-study.com/bh-resources/hebrew-concordance/ Robinson, B. P. (1991). Elijah at Horeb, 1 Kings 19: 1-18: A coherent narrative?

Revue Biblique (1946-), 513-536.

VanGemeren, W. A. (1997). New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theo. Zondervan.

Walsh, J. T. (1). Kings (Berit Olam). Studies in Hebrew narrative and poetry.

Verheij, A. J. (1990). Verbs and numbers: a study of the frequencies of the Hebrew verbal tense forms in the books of Samuel, Kings, and Chronicles.

Uitgeverij Van Gorcum.

THL100 Template 1 Kings 19:9-14

THL100 201860 MARKING RUBRIC Assessment Item 2: TEXT REPORT (HEBREW)

Marking Criteria:

(see the document entitled “Marking Rubric for Text Reports” in the I2 subject site) Explanation of the context of the passage Key word study Parsing of selected words Elaboration upon any grammatical matters, such as the tense of verbs, that are important to an understanding of the text Explanation of the differences between translations of the text Critical use, including correct referencing, of scholarly resources such as lexicons, grammars, commentaries and other resources including Bible Software Effective writing and communication of ideas as well as sound grammar Presentation

FL

PS

CR

DI

HD

X X X

X

X X

X X

Mark: 15/40 or Resubmit Comments: You have not really reached a pass standard for most of the criteria above, although in a few areas the work is acceptable. It is not clear to me that you understand the basic Hebrew grammatical principles, nor that you have properly understood the instructions of the assignment. My main concern is that you have not used the materials that I made available in the subject site, which are far superior to the online sites and commentaries you made use of.

I am happy for you to rework this assignment using those correct resources, and taking note of the corrections I have made on this assignment, or if you would rather concentrate on doing better in the Greek component of the subject and applying these comments when you come to do your Greek assignment you may still achieve a pass mark for the subject overall.

If you decide to resubmit, please do so by the end of September. You should send the assignment to me by email jmathews@csu.edu.au.

THL100 Template 1 Kings 19:9-14