Sexually Transmitted Infection Case Study

1 Sexually Transmitted Infection Case Study STDs are associated with many complications and commodities. They can easily cause long-term harm, chronic pain, and infertility. This discussion presents a case study of a patient possibly suffering from an SDT. The paper will highlight some of the possible comorbidities she might experience.

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2 The Factors that Affect Fertility (STDs) STDs are known causes of infertility in women. STDs such as gonorrhea and Chlamydia affect women's fertility by causing inflammation of the urethra. If the diseases are left untreated, the inflammation may progress to the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries and develop the pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) (Fertility Coalition, 2021). PID causes infertility problems, ectopic pregnancies, and pelvic pain because they can cause scarring and adhesions to the fallopian tubes, uterus, and surrounding tissues and block sperms from reaching the eggs. PID is characterized by pain and tenderness in the lower abdomen, pain during sexual intercourse, heavy and painful periods, fever, chills, and chandelier signs (Fertility Coalition, 2021). In this case, the patient has a fever, chills, LLQ pain, foul-smelling urine, and vaginal discharge, indicating the presence of internal inflammations (PID). This shows that the patient is suffering from an STD associated with PID complications, hence the possibility of fertility problems.

Why Inflammatory Markers Rise in STD/PID STD/PID is associated with an increase in inflammatory markers, such as CA-125, ESR, and CRP. Park et al. (2017) attribute the increase in CA-125 levels in endometriosis to an inflammatory reaction in the mesothelial cells of the peritoneum and peritoneal leakage of an endometriotic cyst. STDs, particularly Chlamydia, exacerbate the irritation of the peritoneal.

Another reason suggests that severe inflammation of the fallopian tube can increase the levels of CA-125 since the CA-125 antigen is naturally found in normal adult fallopian tube epithelium (Park et al., 2017).

Causes of Prostatitis, Infection, and Systemic Reaction Patients with STD or PID have high chances of developing prostatitis and infection. Puhr et al. (2016) attribute this to viruses leaking into the prostate gland via a direct extension or

3 lymphatic spread from the rectum or the urinary tract. The spreading inflammations can also cause systematic reactions. This is possible where the inflammations have started spreading to localized areas such as the oviduct and uterus.

Reasons for a Splenectomy after a Diagnosis of ITP Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is associated with exceptionally low platelet levels, thereby affecting blood clotting. Patients with ITP require splenectomy to remove the spleen (Chaturvedi, Arnold, & McCrae, 2018). The spleen is known for the removal of platelets. In such cases, the body treats the platelets as foreign bodies and destroys them. To avert such a process, the spleen is removed to prevent further removal of the platelets (Chaturvedi, Arnold, & McCrae, 2018).

Anemic Complications Some forms of anemia, such as micro and macrocytic anemia, have been reported among patients suffering from STDs or PID. Such conditions have been attributed to iron deficiency in the body, indicated by a low hemoglobin count (Maner & Moosavi, 2019). Some STDs like Chlamydia are reported to alter Iron-Regulatory Protein-1 by modulating iron homeostasis in CT-infected HeLa cells at the interface of acquisition and commensal use of iron. However, this might not be the case for this patient because her hemoglobin count lies within the normal level.

STDs such as Chlamydia and gonorrhea are very complex diseases with vast effects. If left untreated for a long time, they can easily cause other complications such as infertility, anemia, prostatitis, Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), and systemic reactions, as seen in the discussion. As such, patients should seek medical attention when they suspect that they have an STD to avoid escalation. Holistic and diverse care should also be given to such patients to ensure no other part of the body is affected by the disease.

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5 References Chaturvedi, S., Arnold, D. M., & McCrae, K. R. (2018). Short Title: Splenectomy in ITP. Blood, The Journal of the American Society of Hematology, 131(11). https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2017-09-742353 Fertility Coalition. (2021). Sexually transmitted infections (STIs). https://www.yourfertility.org.au/everyone/health-medical/sexually-transmittedinfections-stis Maner, B. S., & Moosavi, L. (2019). Mean corpuscular volume (MCV).

Park, S. T., Lee, S. W., Kim, M. J., Kang, Y. M., Moon, H. M., & Rhim, C. C. (2017). Clinical characteristics of genital chlamydia infection in pelvic inflammatory disease. BMC Women's Health, 17(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-016-0356-9 Puhr, M., De Marzo, A., Isaacs, W., Lucia, M. S., Sfanos, K., Yegnasubramanian, S., & Culig, Z. (2016). Inflammation, microbiota, and prostate cancer. European Urology Focus, 2(4), 374-382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euf.2016.08.010