An Epidemiology Study on Covid-19: A Rapidly Spreading Disease

An Epidemiology Study on Covid-19: A Rapidly Spreading Disease 1. Authors and Funding Sources The article’s authors are Hussein H Khachfe, Mohamad Chahrour, Julie Sammouri, Hamza Salhab, Bassel Eldeen Makki, and Mohamad Fare. They are medical professionals and surgeons who possess high-level academic qualifications from the American University of Beirut Medical Center. These authors hold professional positions in different fields, from General Surgery to Sports Medicine. The research’s funding was from Cureus, and the information received has a bias potentiality. Prejudice arises because Cureus acknowledges research from experienced clinical independent individuals or organizations.

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CRITICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDY2 2. Study Objectives In late 2019, a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome corona-virus 2 surfaced in Wuhan City, Hubei, China. After three months from the first incidence, Covid-19 became a worldwide crisis, leading to the World Health Organization declaring its infections a pandemic. On that note, the purpose of the research was to evaluate Covid-19’s occurrence and extremity.

Similarly, the research intended to investigate precautionary measures aiming to contain the virus’s spread. Several studies are underway since the emergence of the Covid-19 attack.

Another objective of this study was to determine the territorial coverage of the Covid-19 pandemic. The research’s final aim focused on identifying the total number of infected individuals, new emerging cases, real cured cases, and the cumulative number of deaths.

3. Research Question The research question was; what are the measures and precautions governments need to undertake to limit and contain the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic? This study is to access the hypothesis that social distancing, proper sanitization, and quarantine promote coronavirus’s containment.

4. Exposure and Outcome Variables The research clarifies Covid-19’s cause to arise from seafood. Primarily, the bats get recognized as the carrier of this deadly virus. The research credits China as the origin of Covid19; thorough scrutiny showed respiratory droplets and person-to-person contact to spread the virus. The study also pinpoints Italy and Iran as the most infected nations, recording the highest number of patients worldwide. This study showed the infected individuals’ symptoms were dry cough, dyspnea, and fever. The research links Covid-19 cases to tally at over 150,000 infections and over 5000 related deaths. When the virus lasted for 22 days, the infection rate steadily rose

CRITICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDY3 to 1.8 cases per one million individuals. For the subsequent 11 days, the infection rate reduced to 0.071 casualties per million heads. The aftermath was a significant increase in occurrence rate to 1.429 cases per million persons. The research showed a varying percentage of deaths and cured patients across the nations. Typically, the study clarifies death incidences to lessen steadily since the virus’s detection.

5. Study Design The researchers applied a Joint-point regression to calculate the data from the World Health Organization. For the effectiveness of this study, the joint-point regression setting was at a level greater than 0.05. The calculation model enabled the researchers to comprehend the percentage change of cases over the stipulated period.

6. Subjects The research recognizes the elderly patients, age 80 years and beyond, as the subjects to Covid-19 deaths. These casualties’ selection arises from their numerous ailments and immunecompromised conditions. However, the study identified a percentage estimation of 3.7 as the total fatal cases, with the elderly at the top. The research was fair to include other sample groups in this cumulative case-fatality percentage.

7. Data Collection The research used case data extraction from the World Health Organization’s Health Emergency Dashboard from January 21 to March 14. The study further classified the data into cumulative cases, emerging cases, cured cases, and total deaths from Covid-19 infections.

Therefore, the research’s data collection method did not show any prejudice.

8. Measures of Association

CRITICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDY4 The study measures Covid-19’s impacts as unpredictable. The study also describes the spread of Covid-19 as rapid over six continents. Again, the research showcased the high mortality rate resulted from the unpreparedness of healthcare facilities among nations.

Nevertheless, the study certifies that social distancing, thorough hand-washing, and quarantine effectively limit the spreading of the coronavirus. Governments need to impose strict precautionary measures for containing the virus, reduce its reach, and restrict its mortality rate from the researcher’s fundamental perspective.

9. Measures of Statistical Stability The research used both P-Values and Confidence Interval to measure the statistical stability of the Covid-19 pandemic. The study’s P-Values enabled the identification of any statistical data-worthiness of Covid-19 cases. This confirmatory study showed that the probability of Covid-19 incidences is different across nations globally. Subsequently, Confidence Interval allowed the researchers to estimate the range in which the actual value of Covid-19 cases lies. For example, this study estimates the total recovery at 70,000 plus, with a fluctuating trend in new claims over the study period. On that note, the research could determine Covid-19’s incident probability, its robustness, and the future predictions of its occurrence.

10. Results This study reveals China, Italy, and Iran as the countries with the highest infection rate.

While the research shows China has over 80,000 Covid-19 cases, Italy and Iran possess approximately 21,000 cases and 12,500 claims. Consequently, the study observes the three countries to lead in cumulative deaths. Whereas China recorded over 3,000 deaths by March 14, Italy and Iran record 1,400 and 600 estimated deaths as of that period. Similarly, the research shows that over 75,000 patients recovered from infection as of March 14.

CRITICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDY5 The research puts China to top the recovery table, with approximately 66,900 patients having recovered from Covid-19. Iran followed closely by over 4.300 recovered patients while Italy was third in the recovery rate, having close to 2,000 recovered casualties. The study further touched on trending new cases as recorded by the World Health Organization. During the first day of Covid-19 surfacing, the research showed a 0.074 occurrence per million individuals. This study also recorded a significant increase in the rate at the end of day 22, noting 1.81 casualties per million heads. Similarly, the subsequent 11 days, as the research shows, experienced a declining rate of infection at 0.071 cases per million persons. However, this study also notes a significant increase in the virus’s spread by day 53, following an increment rate from 0.071 cases per million persons to 1.429 casualties per million individuals.

11. Discussion The research’s authors identified Covid-19 as a worldwide pandemic, touching on all earth’s continents. They have critiques on human-to-human touch as the primary transmission mode of the virus. As a result, the researchers elaborate that over 156,000 infections occurred between January and March, across 154 nations worldwide, with cases occurring over 53 days.

These authors also mentioned the death rate at 3.7 percent of the total incidences. The authors claim unpreparedness among nations’ healthcare facilities to have the upper hand in the virus’s continuous spread.

The authors also verify that from day 33 and beyond, the worldwide increment of Covid19 was at its extraordinary course. They state that most countries had insufficient and ineffective resources and facilities to combat the corona virus’s spread at that period. On that note, they critique precautionary measures to helping the limitation of the disease. From my perspective, I

CRITICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDY6 concur with the authors’ arguments. Typically, they discussed all Covid-19’s concerns as of that period, January to March.

12. Conclusion The research showed that Covid-19’s rapid spread led to the unpredictability of its impacts. Again, nations were unwatchful of the disease leading to a high death rate worldwide.

Nevertheless, precautionary measures adopted by infected countries were advantageous in containing the virus coverage. Therefore, the research’s conclusion is justified based on the World Health Organization’s data.

CRITICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDY7 Reference Khachfe, H. H., Chahrour, M., Sammouri, J. (2020, March 18). An Epidemiology Study on Covid-19: A Rapidly Spreading Disease. Cureus, 12(3). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7164711/