Opioid Addiction and Opioid Use Disorder

1 Google Scholar, National Library of Medicine, and Plos One. Search Strings: (("opioid use disorder") AND (pregnancy)), (("geographic and specialty distribution") AND ("us physicians trained to treat opioid use disorder")), and (("social isolation") AND ("opioid addiction")) Krans, E. E., & Patrick, S. W. (2016). Opioid use disorder in pregnancy: health policy and practice in the midst of an epidemic. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 128(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1097%2FAOG.0000000000001446 

Implementing safe and responsible opioid prescription practices and making opioid medication available and accessible is important for treating and standardizing care for infants at risk of neonatal abstinence syndrome.

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Adherence to treatment protocol is associated with improved neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) outcomes, even though large gaps still exist in experts’ understanding of NAS and its optimal treatment.

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The White House Office of National Drug Control Policy released a plan to curb the prescription opioid epidemic in 2011. The plan had four pillars, namely; 1) Educating parents, children, providers, and the general public, 2) Implementing the use of prescription drug monitoring databases to improve tracking and monitoring, 3) Ensuring proper medication disposal, and 4) regulating and closely monitoring pill mills and doctor shopping

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2 Rosenblatt, R. A., Andrilla, C. H. A., Catlin, M., & Larson, E. H. (2015). Geographic and specialty distribution of US physicians trained to treat opioid use disorder. The Annals of Family Medicine, 13(1), 23-26. https://www.annfammed.org/content/annalsfm/13/1/23.full.pdf 

Only 1465 out of 3143 counties, or 46.6%, had physicians qualified to prescribe buprenorphine when the study was conducted.

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Most of the counties with fewer or no physicians with DATA waiver were located in isolated rural areas.

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There is a higher concentration of physicians with waiver on the east and west coasts, with wide swaths of continuous counties in the central part of the country has few or no physicians.

Hoffman KA, Ponce Terashima J, McCarty D. (2019). Opioid use disorder and treatment: challenges and opportunities. BMC Health Services Research. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12913-019-4751-4 

Medication for opioid use disorder (MOUDs) with an opioid receptor agonist (methadone), opioid antagonist (extended-release naltrexone), or partial agonist (buprenorphine) coupled with counseling and behavioral therapy can facilitate recovery from opioid use disorder.

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Opioid manufacturers ought to fund continuing medical education (CME) to providers, especially on current treatment practices and policies.

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Stakeholders need to invest resources to ensure that opioid prescriptions are accurately recorded and monitored to make intervention easier when problematic patterns are observed.

Hudgins JD, Porter JJ, Monuteaux MC, Bourgeois FT (2019) Prescription opioid use and misuse among adolescents and young adults in the United States: A national survey study. PLoS Med 16(11): e1002922. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002922 

About 27.5% of adolescents and young adults in the US used opioids at least once between 2015 and 2016.

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About 3.8% of adolescents and 7.8% of young adults had either misused opioids or had opioid use disorder.

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Among adolescents and young adults who misused prescription opioids, 55.7% obtained them from a friend or relative, 25.4% from the healthcare system, and 18.9% through other means.

Nina C, (2021). The role of social isolation in opioid addiction, Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 16(7), July 2021, Pages 645–656, https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsab029 

The opioid epidemic can be interpreted as an epidemic of social isolation and lack of belonging, which people try to mitigate through the use of opioids.

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Opioid addiction negatively affects all kinds of relationships, including familial, social, and romantic relationships.

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A person with substance use disorder is more likely to commit suicide than an average person. People whole abuse cannabis, alcohol, opioids, and polysubstance are 4, 6, 14, and 20 times more likely than an average person to commit suicide, respectively.

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5 Opioid addiction is a chronic and often debilitating condition characterized by the compulsive use of opioids despite the negative consequences it may have on one's health, relationships, and daily functioning. Opioids are a class of drugs that include prescription painkillers such as oxycodone, hydrocodone, and morphine, as well as illegal drugs such as heroin.