Comparative Homeland Security By Nadav Morag

1 Chapter 7, 8 & 9 Comparative Homeland Security By Nadav Morag How do the British transport police provide mutual aid to local constabularies?

British Transport Police work with local police constabularies in emergencies, special training, and overwhelming security demands. When the need arises, local Chief Constables may request assistance from the British transport police (Morag, 2011). The assistance often happens when local constabularies cannot meet their operational demands, implying that they must be given some support to perform their duties effectively. In essence, the local constabularies should first request aid before the British Transport police can offer assistance.

The mutual aid often helps local constabularies properly manage major public events that require extra security that the local police cannot effectively handle. The British transport police offer mutual aid to local constabularies during civil emergencies that may overwhelm the local police (Morag, 2011). The support aim at helping the local police constabularies manage emergencies. Also, British transport police work with the local constables to provide them with specialist policing competencies to perform a complex task that falls within their jurisdiction.

However, while mutual is offered, British Transport Police carry its supportive roles under the control of a local Chief Constable during the entire operation.

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2 This arrangement aims to ensure that there is a clear flow of command. The powers and authority of officers from the British transport police remain the same as the police that of local police force during the duration of mutual aid (Morag, 2011). Consequently, during the entire time of mutual aid, the British Transport Police is put under the command of the leadership of the local police force that is in charge of policing the operation.

What are the different models for socialized medical and public health systems?

There exist various models for socialized medical and public health systems that countries adopt in managing their health system (Mason, 2020). The model the country chooses determines how the health sector is structured and the accessibility of health services. Also, models impact the cost of health services. The public health systems can be broadly classified into free market–based systems of private insurance, social insurance systems, and government monopoly–based national health services systems (Morag, 2011).

The National Health Insurance Model This model incorporates the elements of the first two to produce private-sector providers.

The finance for healthcare services comes from government-controlled insurance package in which citizens make their contributions (Morag, 2011). Citizens are the major funders of the insurance cover, with the government acting as the administrator to ensure that members of the public can access quality healthcare services, regardless of their financial status.

The Beveridge Model The Beveridge Model is a government monopoly–based healthcare system under which health services are offered and funded by the government. The government owns or controls the largest part of the public healthcare system, determining what the healthcare service providers can do, particularly charges (Mason, 2020).

3 The Bismarck Model The Bismarck mode of healthcare takes the form of health insurance covers, mainly financed jointly by the employee and the employers. The fund is collected through routine payroll deductions each time the employee receives salary or payments from the employer.

The Out-of-Pocket Model The Out-of-Pocket Model is a health system in which citizens pay health bills with their own money because they have no health insurance cover or government-sponsored healthcare.

The model is synonymous with unequal access to health services and poor public health because one's economic status determines the quality of healthcare service he or she can access. The system is common in the third-world and some developing countries.

4 References Mason, J. I. L. L. (2020). Concepts in dental public health. Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Morag, N. (2011). Comparative homeland security: Global lessons. John Wiley & Sons.