How Crumple Zones and Airbags Reduce injuries

How Crumple Zones and Airbags Reduce injuries Crumple zones are sectional areas in the front and rear of the car that is meant to absorb energy by crushing predictably. Upon sudden impact on the car, the crumple zones crush predictably, preventing the energy and the impact of the crash from reaching the car occupants.

Carbon fiber is the commonly used material to provide crumple zones in the car as it is said to absorb up to 12 times more energy than metals.

Airbags reduce injury by preventing the driver from hitting his or her chest on the steering wheel directly. Cars are made with nylon bags that are packed in the steering wheel.

When cars hit something when they were in high speed, they begin to lose speed quickly. An accelerometer, a device fitted in the car, quickly detects the change in speed and activates the airbag circuit, which passes an electric current through a heating element.

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This causes a chemical substance stood in the car to explode, creating huge volumes of harmless gas usually nitrogen. This gas begins to fill the nylon bag behind the steering wheel. As the bags continue to fill with gas, the increasing pressure removes the plastic cover on the steering wheel causing the airbag to bulge in the front of the driver, preventing their direct impact with the steering wheel. The airbag deflates slowly until the car completely stops. It acts as a buffer zone between the driver and steering wheel, which enables the airbag to reduce injury in cars.

Question 2: How Does the Long Handle Make it Easier to Loosen the Nut? To find torque, one is required to multiply force by perpendicular distance from the rotational axis (Zitzewitz 56). Torque refers to the ability of a force to rotate things (Bergmann and Peterson, 25). According to this formula, when the distance from the axis of rotation to the applied force is enlarged, the torque increases, making it easier to loosen the nut. Given that torque increases with the increase in the length of the handle between the axis of rotation and applied force, it takes less work when using a long handle wrench as compared to using a shorter wrench.

There are various cases where the concept of torque can be applied to make work easier.

To begin with, using a hammer with a long handle makes it easier to remove nails in masonry and carpentry than using one with a shorter handle. Second, a wheelbarrow fitted with longer handles can carry heavier loads than one with shorter handles. Another real life example is the use of a wedge to lift a load towards a particular direction. Using a thinner longer wedge, it is easier to lift a heavy load than using a short, thick wedge to lift the same load. Incline plane can also be used to raise heavy objects to the required higher surface. Incline plane has a flat surface that is usually inclined at a particular angle. Increasing the length of the inclined plane usually

reduces the force required to move an object up to the required surface. For example, houses built to enable people with disability to access them using wheelchairs usually have inclined planes. The longer the inclined plane, the lesser the force required to push a wheelchair into the building. Increasing the length of the inclined plane may reduce the force required to a quarter of the initial force.

Works Cited Bergmann, Thomas F, and David H. Peterson. Chiropractic Technique: Principles and Procedures. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier/Mosby, 2011. Print.

Sweet, David. Vehicle Extrication Level I & Ii: Principles and Practice. Boston: Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2012. Print.

Zitzewitz, Paul W. The Handy Physics Answer Book. New York: Visible Ink Press, 2011. Print.