North Korea in the World
Pyongyang, the capital of North Korea, is one of the unique cities around the world. At first, it was developed under socialist ideas. Later, the ideas combined with totalitarianism. These ideas make the city special, and its isolation from other countries makes it more unprecedented.
However, Kim Jung-un has begun to make a different move. This change opens a new future scenario for North Korea; opening the country to foreign relations. If it happens, an enormous amount of capital will be available, especially for Pyongyang, because not only it is the capital but has a lot of potentials to be a part of a transit core connecting Korea with
China, Russia, and even the European countries by train. However, this could easily cause imprudent developments ruining its originality like other post-socialist cities. This research will examine what a 21st-century post-socialist city is focusing on Pyongyang. At first, it will starts from a socialist city; the definition of a socialist city and the city planning strategies. Second, it will look into on the uniqueness of Pyongyang as a socialist city. Even though the city was developed under socialist ideas; it is different from other socialist cities due to several reasons. Next, it goes to a post-socialist city; the definition and the characteristics of post-socialist
cities, and their problems. Based on above research, this thesis will look at what is a 21st-century postsocialist city. Especially focusing on Pyongyang, it will determine the possible future development scenario.
NORTH KOREA (DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF KOREA)
CAPITAL_ PYONGYANG
AREA_ 123,138 SQKM
URBANIZATION RATE_ 61%
POPULATION_ 24,897,000
GROWTH RATE OF GDP_ 3.9%
- 2016
SOCIALIST CITY _ EXISTING SOCIALIST COUNTRIES
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels define five urban planning strategies in the nineteenth century. They think every urban problem comes from density as well, so the first strategy is anti-metropolitan. The second is anti-urban regeneration which is not helpful to improve urban housing quality in their opinions. Third, the main idea is a combination of city and agriculture land. They think imprudent developments are another main problem with high density, so
forth, they argue that city should be developed under plans. At last, they believe control and regulation by a government. According to their ideas, governments possess every lands and productions and force the regulations.
With those fundamental ideas, there are three base theories about socialist city planning. The first one is planning strategies of Vladimir Lenin. The second one is the Linear city concept, and the third one is the
Garden City concept of Ebenezer Howard.
Vladimir Lenin put Marx and Engels’s principles into practice. There are six strategies. First, housing should be separated from factories to protect residential district. Second, to reduce commuting time and energy, the landscape should surround factories to block pollution. Third, all amenities should be placed evenly. Forth, the city center is an
14 | Transition in Socialist City | Pyongyang, 21st Century Post-socialist City
educational space about socialism surrounded by cultural buildings. Fifth, governments should encourage public transportation instead of personal vehicles. Last, land use plan should be based on socialist ideology or technical concern.
The combination of agriculture to a city was inspired by the Garden City of Ebenezer Howard. This theory is about another way that a city can be expanded. If a city grows over the
population of 58,000, starts to create satellite cities with 32,000 people each. Those cities are connected with train tracks and roads. Moreover, each city is surrounded by a green belt which blocks further expansion.
The linear city theory is about how a city can be expanded. There is more than one person who suggests a linear city such as Miliutin and Le Corbusier. However, the main idea is the same. Along with a major
transit corridor, a city is expanded parallel. The purpose is getting spatial equality. Through the linear city theory, every house can have a similar distance to transportation, industries, and amenities.
CHINA LAOS
VIETNAM Pyongyang, 21st Century Post-socialist City | Transition in Socialist City 15
NORTH KOREA
MARKETS _ IN NORTH KOREA
_ NUMBER OF MARKETS AND MAIN LOCATIONS
HOERYONG
Border market
Allow Chinese merchants
SOURCE: MINISTRY OF UNIFICATION
Imports from China
National distribution route
PEONGSUNG
The biggest product distribution center
CENTRAL
The second general market in Pyongyang
TONG-IL STREET
General market started in 2003 3 buildings with parking lots
SARIWON
Grains, Groceries, Clothes
CHEHA
Pyongan-do 116 30 4 4 Hwanghea-do 68 Gangwon-do 29
Yanggang-do
Jagang-do 24
Hamgeong-do 94
18
30 | Transition in Socialist City | Pyongyang, 21st Century Post-socialist City
_ TYPOLOGY OF NORTH KOREAN COMMERCE
DEPARTMENT STORE
- Storages, Shops, Offices, Conference rooms, Restaurants, Beverages
- Luxury products
- Less than 20 department stores in North Korea
RETAIL/STREET VENDER
- Street vender: Small snacks or drinks
- In the past, government runed retails directly Now, individual can do with some rents
GENERAL MARKET_Official Market
- Started in 2003 under the government control
- Pay rental to the government
- Mostly groceries and primary products
- Indoor space
- The closer to the entrance, the more expensive rent
JANGMADANG_Illegal Market
- Started naturally in 1990 to maintain a livelihood
- Held in streets, alleys, or private house paying a little rent for the owner
- Outnumbered by official markets
- Pyongyang has the least Jangmadang in the country
- Getting bigger and more
- mostly groceries
- Started outskirts of a city, extended to riverside or yard inside of the city, and became part of it
Pyongyang, 21st Century Post-socialist City | Transition in Socialist City 31
1 NATURE PRESERVATION _ TOPOGRAPHY OF NORTH KOREA
PYONGYANG TOTAL 128,154 KM2 Over 1,500m 1,000m 800m 500m 300m 100m PLAINS / HILLS (>300M) 53,615 KM2 (49%) MOUNTAIN 64,895 KM2 (51%)
PAEKTU MOUNTAIN
38 | New Structure for North Korea | Pyongyang, 21st
City
MT. KUMGANG NATIONAL PARK
Century Post-socialist
WATER _ THE QUALITY AND THE WATER CONSUMPTION OF MAIN RIVERS
AMNOK
Industrial and domestic sewage from North Korea and China
Water quality below grade 3 river which is difficult to drink
DEADONG
Half of wastewater and the excrement entering without being purified
Dead fishes floating in the river residents who drank tap water complained of stomachache
PRECIPITATION by month
DUMAN
Inflow of waste water, bleach, sewage from Musan coal mine, Hoeryong paper factory
SUNGCHEON
Inflow of waste water and sewage from Hanheong’s dye/leather factory Became an irreducible river
WATER RESOURCES STRUCTURE and the utilization
2
Jan Fab Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Agricultural Water 13% Agricultural Water 15% Industrial Water 4% Industrial Water 35% Low High etc. 3% Surface Water (98.7%) 60% OF ANNUAL PRECIPITATION HYDROELECTRIC 80% DOMESTIC 50%
Pyongyang, 21st Century Post-socialist City | New Structure for North Korea 39
3 ENERGY _ PYONGYANG
GENERATION CAPACITY by type and location
ENERGY SUPPLY WAY by ratio
DOMESTIC ENERGY USE by ratio
ENERGY SOURCE by ratio
ENERGY OUTPUT from 1990 to 2014
ELECTRIC ENERGY in billion kwh
Coal 67.9% Lighting 3.7% Electronics 9.3% Hydroelectric 19.6% Hydroelectric 156 102 131 134 100 92 84 103 90 Thermal electric 121 1 Million kwh Hydroelectric Thermal electric 0.5 Million kwh 0.3 Million kwh Oil 4.6% 2000 1990 2005 2010 2015
Heating 50.9% Market 44.1% Self-supply 35.3% Distribution 20.6% Cooking 36.1% SUPOOM PYONGYANG BOOKCHANG HAMJU SEODUSU 40 | New Structure for North Korea | Pyongyang, 21st Century Post-socialist City
4 FOOD _ PYONGYANG
The lack of food production in North Korea has started since 1980s. They failed to develop their own agricultural administration, called ‘Juche Nongbub.’ Furthermore, because of the collective farming of socialism, the production power
started decline. Even on 1980s, the average amount of production is only 4.15 million tons, which is 2 million lesser than minimun requirement. Therefore, the North Korean government decided to reduce a ration from 700g to 546g per
person(22% reduction).
After 1990, most of socialist contries like USSR stopped supporting North Korea and this made the situation worse.
6M 5.5M 5M 4.5M 4M 3.5M 3M 2.5M 2M 1.5M 1M 0.5M 0
month
DIFICIENCY
FOOD PRODUCTION by
NUTRITION
LEVEL by regions
DAILY FOOD SUPPLY by rank 1995 1997 2000 2002 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Grain Vegetable Fat Meat Rank Supply Recipient 1 900g Harmful Occupation 2 800g Coal Miner 3 700g General Ocupation 4 600g College Student, Patient 5 500g Middle School Student 6 400g Elementary School Student 7 300g Eldery, Kindergartener 8 200g 2-4 years old, Prisoner 9 100g Younger than 1 year old 43% 62% 10% 13% 8% 11% 4% 27% South Korea Low High Pyongyang, 21st Century Post-socialist City | New Structure for North Korea 41
SOURCE OF NUTRITION compare to South Korea
5 MOBILITY _ PYONGYANG
TYPOLOGIES OF TRANSPORTATION in North Korea SOUTH KOREA | NORTH KOREA
The most common for long distance journey International train connected to China and Russia
Only in Pyongyang, the capital Utilization by Pyongyang citizen and Tourist
Only in Pyongyang, Using rails Using electrical wires in rural area
Cross-country bus in 6 cities in North Korea 40 routes in Pyongyang
The second common public transportation Run by military or administry of North Korea
Only in Pyongyang, Double-shift system The fare from $2
Only the executive members
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The most common transportation method No.1 property for North Korean
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TRAIN SUBWAY STREET CAR BUS SERVI-CAR TAXI CAR BIKE
TOTAL LENGTH OF RAILWAY 1910-2015 in 1,000km 5,226 km 3,918 km 73.3% 26,176 km 3% 34 km 774 km 285,000 79.8% 674.2 km 4,438 km 21,803,000 108,780 km 92% Total Length of Railway Rate of Electric Railway Total Length of Subway Total Length of Roads Percentage of Paved Roads Total Length of Expressways Number of Cars 1910 1 2 3 4 5 6 1970 1920 1980 1930 1990 1940 2000 1950 2010 1960 2020
42 | New Structure for North Korea
Pyongyang, 21st
|
Century Post-socialist City
_ ROADS AND RAILWAY NETWORK Pyongyang, 21st Century Post-socialist City | New Structure for North Korea 43
6 HOUSING _ PYONGYANG
333-666
67-135
24,897,000
5,887,471
4.22
Time Project The number of housing built Kim Il-sung 1954 – 1956 Post-war reconstruction plan 771,700 18.6% 1957 – 1960 5-years plan 1961 – 1969 The first 7-years plan 800,000 19.2% (37.8%) 1971 – 1976 6-years plan 886,000 21.3% (59.1%) 1978 – 1984 The second 7-years plan 750,000 - 1,050,000 25.3% (84.4$) 1987 – 1993 The third 7-year plan 290,000 - 340,000 8.1% (92.5%) Kim Jung-il Unknown 300,000 3.75% (96.25%) Kim Jung-un Unknown 300,000 3.75% (100%) Total 3,797,500 – 4,147,500 100% HOUSING CONSTRUCTION through time HOUSE TYPOLOGY by ratio NUMBER OF ROOM in a house SIZE OF HOUSE in North Korea
Population Density
people/ha
Population in 2016
Total Number of Household
people Average Number of Family Member
Housing Penetration 1M Housing New Housing Construction Needed
Housing Old Housing Need to be Improved
70-80 %
2M-3M
units/ha Housing Density Detached House 33% Row House 44% 2 Rooms 65% 50-75m2 73% Apartment 21% 44 | New Structure for North Korea | Pyongyang, 21st Century Post-socialist City
7 TRADE TO WORLD MAIN TRADING CITIES IN NORTH KOREA
HEASAN
80% Mountains 10% Plain area
Dry-field farming
Rich underground resources
Russia
CHONGJIN
80% Mountains 10% Plain area
Dry-field farming
Rich underground resources
SINUIJU
China
HAMHUNG
Central city of west side
Im/export to Japan and Russia
NAMPO
The biggest port in North Korea 90km to Pyongyang
Frontier Trade to China Seoul
WONSAN
80% Mountains 10% Plain area
Dry-field farming
Rich underground resources
HEAJU
Gate to China Coals
THE TOTAL EXPORTS (2008-2017) THE MAJOR EXPORTS (2015, Billion $) THE MAJOR IMPORTS (2015, Billion $)
CLOTHES ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT IRON MACHINERY CAR / PARTS PLASTIC GOODS FISH STEEL MINERAL
Pyongyang, 21st Century Post-socialist City | New Structure for North Korea 45
MINERAL FUEL (11.8)
FUEL (7.5)
KOREAN PENNINSULA _ REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
Historically, Korea penninsula works as one mega region. According to the location and landscape, each
municipalaties have different specialties.Alique parita doloren dignatio ipicti doluptae intoremporio
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PRECIPITATION TOPOGRAPHY CLIMATE
SOILS
MOUNTAIN LINES
RIVERS
50 | New Structure for North Korea | Pyongyang, 21st Century Post-socialist City
_ 9 MUNICIPALITIES AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS
JAGANG-DO
90% Mountains
PYONGAN-DO
Gate to China
Coals
HWANGHEA-DO
Plain area, Agriculture
GYEONGGI-DO
The center of the penninsula Capital since1392
CHUNGCHEONG-DO
Mud flat area
JEOLLA-DO
The biggest breadbasket in Korean penninsula
YANGGANG-DO
Plateau area
Bio-diverse zone
HAMGYEONG-DO
Livestock industry
Driest area in Korean penninsula
GANGWON-DO
80% Mountains 10% Plain area
Dry-field farming
Rich underground resources
GYEONGSANG-DO
Lighter precipitation
Main port to trade to overseas
Pyongyang, 21st Century Post-socialist City | New Structure for North Korea 51
EXISTING NATIONAL STRUCTURE _ REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
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TRAIN LINES ENERGY URBANIZED AREA INDUSTRIAL AREA AGRICULTURE / GRASSLAND 8 MAIN CITIES
52 | New Structure for North Korea | Pyongyang, 21st Century Post-socialist City
EXISTING STRUCTURE PLAN
_
Mountain Range
Main Train Line
Local Train Line
Hydro-electric
Thermal Electric
Urban Area
Agriculture Land
Grassland
Industrial Area
Transfer Station Station Pyongyang, 21st Century Post-socialist City | New Structure for North Korea 53
FUTURE DEVELOPMENT SCENARIO _ REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
-1950
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1950 - PRESENT
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FUTURE
STAGE 01
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FUTURE STAGE 02
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54 | New Structure for North Korea | Pyongyang, 21st Century Post-socialist City
UTILIZING WHOLE LAND FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
_ FOUR ECONOMIC HUBS IN NORTH KOREA Economic Hub in North Korea Flight Route Water Route Train Track Economic Hub in Other Countries EH 01 02 03 04 Beijing Shanghai Tokyo Seoul Pyongyang, 21st Century Post-socialist City | New Structure for North Korea 55
