ACADEMIQUE JOURNAL Volume 1

Asian College of Technology Integrated School

STUDENT RESEARCH JOURNAL SY 2017-2019

Mylyn O. Beringuela Jeanille B. Cogtas Adviser/Co-Researcher

2

Table of Contents

The Synergistic Effect of Carica papaya and Cymbopogon citrates leaves Extract as Mosquito Repellent against Aedes aegypti

3-8

The Efficiency of Cucurbita maxima (Squash) Extract as a Floorwax Compared to Commercial Products

9 - 13

The Efficiency of Capsicum frutescens (chili) and Allium sativum (garlic) Extract as an Organic Insecticide

14 - 18

The Feasibility of Cymbopogon as an Organic Air Freshener

19 - 22

The efficiency of Lemon - Vinegar Wooden Furniture Cleaner

23 - 25

The Efficiency of Psidium Guajava (Guava Extract) as a Toilet Cleaner

26 - 28

3

The Synergistic Effect of Carica papaya and Cymbopogon citrates leaves Extract as Mosquito Repellent against Aedes aegypti PLAZA, ALNZEL ROSOS, ADRIAN PAUL SALAZAR, BRENDAN TADIOS, MARY CHRISHA VERDIDA, SHANNEN MAE WAGAS, JOHN GABRIEL

The most preferred treatment formulation was 95% level of Papaya and lemongrass leaves extract the researchers wanted to aim for. It is more efficient and has a stronger affectivity towards the mosquitoes.

Email address: chrishata07@gmail.com Asian College of Technology Bulacao Campus Ms. Mylyn O. Beringuela and Ms. Jeanille B. Cogtas Co. Researcher/adviser Abstract Carica papaya and Cymbopogon citratus leaves extract are used as substance in producing mosquito repellent against Aedes aegypti.

The purpose of this study is to produce organic mosquito repellent safe for human use and environmental friendly The experimental-descriptive method is used in producing mosquito repellent using three treatments of Carica papaya and Cymbopogon citrates. T1 25% level of Papaya and lemongrass leaves extract and 1/2 cup of water, T2 50% level Papaya and lemongrass leaves extract and 1/4 cup of water and T3 95% level Papaya and lemongrass leaves extract.

The experimental samples were subjected to sensory analysis by using the observation checklist and descriptive analysis of the gathered data.

Therefore, 95% level of Papaya and lemongrass leaves extract could be worth developing into a new product which helps prevent Aedes aegypti in the society. __________________________________ Keywords: Mosquito repellent; Product Development; Experimental Research; Talisay City, Cebu, Philippines

1. Introduction Mosquitoes are pests to the society and the bringer of diseases that the world is experiencing. They carry viruses that cause malaria, yellow fever, West Nile viral infection, filariasis or elephantiasis, encephalitis and many more but the most known and common is the dengue virus.

Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease that has rapidly spread in all regions of the world and female mosquitoes, mainly the Aedes aegypti species, transmit it. This species can also transmit chikunguya, Zika virus and including the West Nile Virus.

The case of dengue virus has grown dramatically in recent decades and about half of the world’s population is now at risk.

This virus is usually prominent in tropical and subtropical climates; the most seriously affected are Latin America, South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions. Based on the

4 official data submitted by Member States, the cases of dengue in South America, South-East Asia and Western Pacific exceeded 1.2 million in 2008 and 3.2 million in 2015. According to World Health Organization’s (WHO) article on dengue, by 2017 the region of Americas have reported 50, 172 cases of dengue fever while in Western Pacific Region has reported dengue outbreaks in several Member States in the Pacific, as well as the circulation of DENV-1 and DENV-2 serotypes. It was estimated that 500,000 people with severe dengue need hospitalization each year and about 2.5% of those people who were affected died.

Dengue is a major public health problem in the Philippines and is epidemic in all regions of the country. Dengue happens nationally and year-round in the Philippines and it is usually at its highest peak during the rainy season, May through November. According to the Department of Health (DOH), they recorded a 25 percent rise in dengue cases in Metro Manila and it has been recorded since the start of the rainy season, garnering 7,200 cases. The same happened in the same period of 2017, where there were only 5,800 dengue cases in the region. The increase of dengue cases of the present year and last year is very clear with its huge difference gap. Aside from Metro Manila, the Ilocos Region and Cagayan Valley as well saw an increase, with 80 and 66-percent rise compared to last year’s record. According to Herriman (2018), there are three closely related diseases but antigenically different serotypes of the virus that can cause dengue such as Dengue Fever (DF), Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) and then Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS). This shock syndrome is a dangerous complication of dengue infection and is

associated with high mortality. These three can kill a person if they are not treated, there are cases in which this has become the reason why people die, for instance in 2015, there were 598 deaths while during 2016, there were 1,019 deaths.

Cebu City also experienced dengue and has suffered from its effects.

Fortunately, the cases of dengue in Cebu are decreasing as the years pass by.

According to Woo (2017), last 2016, Cebu City has experienced a state of calamity due to the rising of dengue cases with over 22,460 cases and 192 deaths was recorded but by 2017, it also stated that according to city health office, 11,478 dengue cases were recorded and there were 104 deaths. It was 49 percent lower compared to 2016, it was even lower by 2017 with 2, 355 cases and 31 deaths and by this year, dengue cases were down by 48 percent. Although the problem is seen to be dropping more and more as the year goes by, the society is still experiencing dengue fever in their area where people from all ages and classes are affected.

Most people believe in the saying “Prevention is better than cure.” People from all over the world, including the Philippines, tried to avoid mosquitoes by throwing away stagnant water but mosquitoes are still seen in the area so they are using mosquito repellents to avoid being bitten. Mosquito repellents and pesticides are important tools in preventing diseases caused by mosquitoes and somewhat treating the painful and uncomfortable mosquito bites. One common repellent people are using is N, Ndiethyl-3-methylbenzamide, also known as DEET or they use synthetic repellents.

However, this kind of repellent has dangerous side effects that harm the body

5 such as rashes, skin irritation, nausea, headache, and dizziness (Patterson, 2017).

At a very rare time, people can get seizures when they are too exposed to DEET. Mohamed Abou-Donia and Aqel Abu-Qare, pharmacologists, experimented on rats and exposed them to DEET, they found out that it led to drain cell death of the animal and it caused their behavioral changes (Abu-Qare and Abou-Donia, 2012).

On the other hand, pesticides have chemicals used to kill pests. However, chemicals found in pesticides can harm the environment and humans. Thousands died due to pesticide poisoning upon usage of it that was meant to kill insects and pests.

How can people prevent the problem and lower the dengue cases when they are also using chemicals that can cause another problem? With all the problems mentioned above, the researchers came up with something that can be used as mosquito repellent to avoid suffering from the diseases they bring, the Papaya and Lemongrass Leaves Extract as Mosquito Repellent. This will be purely made from both papaya and lemongrass leaves extract therefore; it could not harm the users when the product is used.

Everyone from all around the world experiences the dengue problem.

Preventing this is much better than curing it since people will have to spend high expenses when suffering dengue; so as a result, they use mosquito repellents, usually the synthetic ones. Since synthetic repellents are effective, most people use them but the alternative ingredient the researchers are will be using to prevent mosquitoes can cause no harmful effects to humans and to the environment. The papaya and lemongrass leaves extract as mosquito repellent can prevent mosquitoes without harming the users; this is one of its

advantages. This is suitable and beneficial to everyone, especially those travelers and those humanitarian workers who are always present in tropical areas.

This study aims and concentrates to investigate the synergistic effect of the papaya and lemongrass leaves extract as mosquito repellent. It is an alternative to commercially manufactured mosquito repellents that can harm the users and the environment.

Specifically, this answer these questions:

study

tries

to

1. How effective is the product in: 1.1 Set A with 25% level of concentration of papaya and lemongrass extract?

1.2 Set B with 50% level of concentration of papaya and lemongrass extract?

1.3 Set C with 95% level of concentration of papaya and lemongrass extract?

2. How long does the product last?

3. Which process of extracting the papaya and lemongrass leaves extract (grinding and straining or soaking and straining) more efficient?

2.1 Research Method 2.2 Research Design The study is a mixture of qualitative and quantitative approaches to research.

The qualitative approach will determine the effectiveness of papaya and lemongrass leaves extract for repelling mosquitoes while the quantitative approach will determine how long the product will last.

6 The experimental samples were subjected to sensory analysis by using the observation checklist and descriptive analysis of the gathered data.

The result of this study was to produce organic mosquito repellent against Aedes aegypti.

2.2 Detailed Procedure This study used Input-Process-Output technique to arrive at the expected result of this experimental study.

The Input contains the nature of papaya leaves extract in making mosquito repellent.

The Process involves extracting the papaya and lemongrass leaves to create mosquito repellent and to test the effectiveness of the product. The Output is organic and safe mosquito repellent. All three treatments formulation of Carica papaya and Cymbopogon citratus are subjected to sensory evaluation.

Observation checklist used to find out if there are significant differences among the three levels of formulations. A mosquito repellent is the most preferred output of the study.

Findings The present study showed that organic ingredients can repel mosquitoes.

The ingredients such as Papaya and Lemongrass leaves extract can repel mosquitoes due to its insecticidal chemical compounds found in the extracts. The repellent Set C with a level of 95% level of concentration is more effective than Set A with a level of 50% level of concentration and Set B with a level of 25% level of concentration. It was observed that the lower the level of concentration the more it

is inefficient to repel mosquitoes. It was also found out that it does not last longer for more than 30 minutes due to the fact that it is organic. Since organic ingredients are biodegradable and easily decompose, especially underneath the sun. But this shows that it is safe to use by children, and people of any age. This does not harm the environment and does not contribute to pollution.

Discussion The researchers conclude that Papaya and Lemongrass leaves extract are effective as mosquito repellent but the level of concentration of the extracts can affect the efficiency of the product. The researchers conducted an experiment with three sets, Set A with 25% level of papaya and lemongrass leaves extract, Set B with 50% level of papaya and lemongrass leaves extract and Set C with 95% level of papaya and lemongrass leaves extract.

In Set A experimentation, it was observed that not reaching ten minutes of the product, mosquitoes started approaching the cloth. The researcher has to spray the cloth again after observing that mosquitoes are approaching. Set A wasn’t able to repel mosquitoes for a longer time period. Therefore it is not efficient and it does not last long. While in Set B, it lasted longer than Set A but it didn’t reach the time frame that the researchers wanted to achieve, which is 30 minutes or more. Set B still needs follow-up sprays due to the mosquitoes approaching the cloth after 19 minutes. Comparing Set A with Set B, Set B is more efficient and it lasts longer. While in Set C, it reached the time frame that the researchers wanted to aim for and the affectivity to the mosquitoes is higher and more efficient than the previous sets.

7 Therefore it is more efficient and has a stronger affectivity towards the mosquitoes.

The process of extracting the extracts can affect the efficiency of the product as well.

Grinding the ingredients is found to be more effective in getting the leaf extract then soaking and straining. It is observed that soaking the leaves does not really extract the extract fully; it needs more time to extract more of the extracts from the leaves.

The researchers conclude that it is better to have a 95% or higher level of concentration of papaya and lemongrass leaves extracted than a lesser level of concentration and the extracts are better to be extracted by grinding rather than soaking in the water.

With higher levels of concentration, the product will last longer but not more than 32 minutes. It is normal since the ingredients used to make the product are organic. And as mentioned before, organic ingredients are biodegradable and decompose easily especially underneath the sun.

In this recent study, further research is needed since there were certain limitations in the present research work regarding accurate measurement of quantities of various ingredients and participants which can also possibly affect the results of the experiment. Therefore, the researchers wanted to give recommendations to the future researchers to further develop this study.

The present researchers wanted to recommend controlling participants and standardizing ingredient quantities for future studies and field applications. The future researchers can also conduct further research on the effectiveness of different extraction of leaves extract to further know which process is more efficient and if it can affect the product’s efficiency on repelling mosquitoes.

Lastly, the researchers

recommend the future researchers to experiment on how to make the organic repellent to last longer than the present study.

These recommendations serve as guide and reference to future researchers to further develop and achieve better effects when conducting this research or researches that are similar to the study that the present researchers are conducting.

The future researchers are recommended to apply what the present researchers recommended due to the fact that there are things that need to be further tested and investigated especially during the experimentation of the product. The present research needs further enhancement for better results in the findings and analysis.

References Catapang,A,R.(2015,February 3) Lemongrass oil as an alternative insect repellent. Retrieved from lemongrassoilip.wordpress.com Viljoen, Chen,A.M.(2010, October 10).

Geranoil- A review of a commercially important fragrance material. South African Journal of Botany. Retrieved from sciencedirect.com Citronellal, The Merck Index, 12th Edition Johnson, Doug (2019 November 4).

Insecticidal properties of lemon grass.

SFGATE. Retrieved https://homeguides.sfgate.com/insecti cidalproperties-lemon-grass-55229.html Mercola, J. (2017 May 18). Lemongrass oil can lighten up your mood and more.

MERCOLA. Retrieved

8 https://articles.mercola.com/herbaloils/lemongrass-oil.aspx Pinto, Z. et.al (2015). Chemical composition and insecticidal activity of cymbopogon citratus essential oil from Cuba and Brazil against housefly. v.

24, p.36-24, Jan-Mar. Retrievedhttp://www.scielo.br/scielo.ph p?scri pt=sci_arttext&pid=S198429612015000100005 My pest control quick tips. Rentokil.

Retrieved https://www.rentokil.com.sg/my-pestcontrol-quick-tips/pest-myths/is-lemon grassthe-most-effective-mosquito-repellent/ Well, D. The power of lemongrass to repel mosquitoes and biting insects.

Retrieved http://mosquitorepellentinsider.com/po werlemongrass-repel-mosquitoes-biting-in sects/ Susan P. ( 2011 June 5). Battle mosquitos with a natural DIY insect repellant.

Pure Home and Body. Retrieved http://purehomeandbody.com/essential -oils- 2/single-and-blended-essentialoils/singleoils/copaiba/battle-mosquito s- with-a-natural-repellant/ Chikungunya virus. (2019). CDC. Retrieved https://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/inde x.ht ml

Rifai, R. (2017 March 8). UN:200,000 die each year from pesticide poisoning.

ALJAZEERA. Retrieved https://www.aljazeera.com/news/20 17/03/2 00000-die-year-pesticide-poisoning170308140641105.html Is it true that the DEET used in most mosquito repellents is toxic? (2008 June 12). Scientific American.

Retrieved https://www.scientificamerican.com/ article/is -it-true-that-the-deet/ Fai, YF and Lee, L. (1996 February 1).

Perception and use of insect repellent among soldiers in the Singapore armed forces. Oxford Academic. Retrieved https://academic.oup.com/milmed/a rticle/161/2/113/4843262 Rodriquez, S., et. al. (2015 October 2). The efficacy of some commercially available insect repellents for aedes aegypti (dptera:culicidae) and aedes albopictus (diptera:culicidae).

Oxford Academic.Retrieved https://academic.oup.com/jinsectsci ence/art icle/15/1/140/2583458

9

The Efficiency of Cucurbita maxima (Squash) Extract as a Floorwax Compared to Commercial Products

Buniel, James Kenth Llamos, Christopher Kyle Matas, Zachary Tim Selma, John Edward Tada, Ryutaro Tadios, Jude Francis

Therefore, 95% level of Papaya and lemongrass leaves extract could be worth developing into a new product which helps prevent Aedes aegypti in the society. ________________________________

Email address: judeg7courage@gmail.com Asian College of Technology Bulacao Campus Ms. Mylyn O. Beringuela Ms. Jeanille B. Cogtas Co. Researcher/adviser Abstract Cucurbita maxima (squash) essential component for floorwax making.

Commercial floor wax products that people use are far more harmful than other types, so with this, the researchers are also targeting to create a less harmful and organic product and this is by using the extract of Cucurbita maxima (squash) as floor polisher. It mainly focuses on its smoothness, the odor and the neatness that the product will produce.

The experimental-descriptive method used in producing the most preferred treatment formulation was 95% level of Papaya and lemongrass leaves extract the researchers wanted to aim for. It is more efficient and has a stronger affectivity towards the mosquitoes.

Keywords: Mosquito repellent; Product Development; Experimental Research; Talisay City, Cebu, Philippines

I.Introduction One of the simplest ways to maintain cleanliness are sweeping, dusting the furniture, wiping the tables and waxing the floor. When people wax floors, they use a floor polisher to make the floor tidy and spotless. It is also used to make the floor free from dust.

When people would think about floor wax, they think of good things like clean and shiny, but above all the good things; there lies one evil and bad problem. The materials being used in each commercial floor wax product contains harmful materials.

De-ionized water is used in conventional floor waxes in order to preserve the clarity and color of the floor surface because it is devoid of color-causing impurities. Unlike distilled water, de-ionized water can absorb insoluble chemicals such as mercury (Lee, 2018). When plants absorb mercury, it reduces photosynthesis, transpiration rate, and water uptake and chlorophyll synthesis (Boening, 2000). To animals, mercury

10 weakens fish eggs, opening them to increase bacterial contamination and can cause deformities in developing animals (Leslie, 2004). It can also damage the central nervous system (Park K. S., 2008).

As stated by Esmeralda Lee, historically the main preservative used in floor waxes is formaldehyde (2018).

Formaldehyde is a highly toxic poison that is absorbed by inhalation. When someone inhales formaldehyde, severe respiratory tract and skin irritant and may cause dizziness or suffocation. Contact with formaldehyde solution may cause severe burns to the eyes and skin and it is known as a human carcinogen that can cause cancer. A person who stays for a long time in a house that has formaldehyde is directly putting their health at risk (ATSDR, 2015).

Factory workers who were exposed to formaldehyde were likely to die because of cancer. Fourteen thousand workers died because of the exposure of formaldehyde (National Cancer Institute, 2011).

Another preservative used is cresol.

Cresol is a volatile compound that imparts the unpleasant smell in conventional floor waxes (Lee, 2018). Once exposed, it can cause respiratory failure, tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation, abdominal pain, vomiting, and corrosive lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, methemoglobinemia, leukocytosis and hemolysis, hepatocellular injury, renal alterations, skin damage, metabolic acidosis, and unconsciousness (ATSDR, 2008).

Polymer emulsions are also one.

Polystyrene is one kind of polymer emulsions that contains benzene and styrene that are toxic substances that also contain carcinogens and neurotoxins that are very harmful and dangerous to a human’s body (Future Centre Trust, 2010).

Another is film formers. Film formers maintain the consistency of the floor wax.

All these compounds are non-biodegradable and toxic to animal and aquatic life (Green Shield Floors, 2012).

There have been incidents regarding people falling ill from the different ingredients from floor waxes. According to a study conducted by Central Disease Control and Prevention held at Hospitals at University of Michigan (United States), with 867 floor care workers in a hospital in University of Michigan, the average hours a worker is absent because of the hazards in their products is 80.2 hours. With 17 workers being interviewed, 11 experienced headache, 7 experienced dizziness, 5 experienced eye irritation and poor concentration, 4 experienced rashes, sore throat and nausea and 3 experienced nose irritation (1995).

In Olongapo, 10 high school students fell ill from just the smell of the floor wax. They experienced stomach ache, nausea and breathing problems (Aglibot, 2018). Locally, in Cebu, The Food and Drug Administration discovered a toxic coloring chemical used for floor wax in bagoong (shrimp paste), ice candy and gulaman in Cebu public markets and has affected some people who bought it. The FDA warned against the use of Rhomadine B (a dye used for the color of floor wax) as it can affect the liver, kidney and red blood cells (Fernandez, 2014).

As John Wesley once said, “Cleanliness is, indeed, next to Godliness.”

In conclusion, there is evidence that floor wax is harmful to the environment, and to your health as well, so with this, this research does however mainly focus on its efficiency, but as it goes on with the process, it would result in a product with

11 lesser harmful ingredients than commercial floor waxes.

The researchers are also targeting to create a less harmful and organic product and this is by using the extract of Cucurbita maxima (Squash) as floor polisher. The researchers aims to answer the following questions: 1. Are the qualities of Cucurbita maxima extract as a floor wax better than commercial products?

Sub-problems: a. The ability of the product to smoothen floors. b. The efficiency of the floor wax applied to dirty/dusty/rough floors. c. The strength of the odor of the floor wax compared to commercial floor waxes d. The smoothness of the floor wax compared to commercial floor waxes e. The applicability of the product to many floor types.

2. Research Method 2.2 Research Design This study uses a mixture of qualitative and quantitative study. The researchers used qualitative to identify the effectiveness of the features and qualities of the floor wax. The researchers also used quantitative to identify the number of people who agree with the quality of the product.

2.2 Detailed Procedure Findings The results of the findings would originate through the survey results and observation results. The experimenting was

successful and the researchers also successfully gathered the results that answered the questions from the statement of the problem.

The floor wax was able to smoothen the floors for hardwood, vinyl and cement floors, but it didn’t produce a good result when applied to tile floors, based on the observation table. In surveys, the results fared a positive outcome, with the majority of the respondents (37.5%) rating the product a five – the highest rating in the survey scale. Referring to the survey forms, 62.5% or the majority of the respondents claimed that the commercial floor wax had a stronger smell than the researcher’s product, which only 25% of them claimed to have a stronger smell. Half of the respondents also preferred the smoothness of the organic floor wax than the commercial floor wax (which 37.5% of the respondents preferred the smoothness of the commercial floor wax). The product can be applied to several types of floors – preferably hardwood, cement, and vinyl floors as it yields a positive result from the surveys and the observations. Overall, the organic floor wax produced a positive result as 75% of the respondents agreed that the floor wax is indeed efficient.

As the researchers have gathered the results, they have also found out that the product is somehow not applicable to floor tiles, yet it also produced a good result when it comes to the cleanliness of the floor.

Discussion As the researchers finally analyzed the findings, they are able now to make a conclusion from these findings.

The researchers concluded that the floor wax is indeed an efficient alternative to commercial floor wax. In terms of smell, the floor wax does not produce a strong smell

12 that can be harmful to a person’s body. In terms of smoothness, the floor wax can also produce a smoothness similar to a commercial floor wax. In terms of neatness, the floor wax can also erase foot marks and at the same time, can successfully leave no color marks left from the wax. The floor wax can be best used especially in three common types of floors – hardwood, cemented and vinyl floors.

The researchers also concluded that the organic floor wax is much safer than the commercial ones. Based on the ingredients, the researcher’s product only contains lesser harmful ingredients (kerosene, candle wax and squash extract) than the commercial floor wax (refer to the rationale or review of related literature).

The researchers also have recommendations to further improve the study and to further improve the product.

To improve its life span, the researchers recommend putting antimicrobial ingredients to improve it. Since squash is also considered as an antimicrobial ingredient (refer to review of related literature), the researchers also want to improve further to extend its life span.

References New Report Reveals Most Floor Coatings Emit Toxic Chemicals Harmful to Human Health and the Environment: https://www.vermontnaturalcoatings.co m/ne w-report-reveals-most-floor-coatings-e mittoxic-chemicals-harmful-to-human-hea lth- and-the-environment/ Workers become ill from floor strippers.

(2006 August 1). Relias Media.

Retrieved from

https://www.reliasmedia.com/articles/1 21293 -workers-become-ill-from-floor-stripper s Lee, E. What Are the Ingredients in Floor Wax? Hunker.https://www.hunker.com/13421 822/ what-are-the-ingredients-in-floor-wax The Feasibility of Unused Parts of Cucurbita maxima (Squash) as Floor Wax. (2007 September 13). [blog] Retrieved from https://idoeinstein07.blogspot.com/200 7/09/f easibility-of-cucurbita-maxima.html?m =1 TCSFLOORS. (2015 September 30). An Introduction To Floor Wax. TCFC Solutions. Retrieved from http://www.tcsfloors.com/anintroduction-to-floor-wax/ Fernandez, A. (2014 January 16). Chemical used in floor wax found in bagoong samples from Cebu. Retrieved from https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/ne ws/n ation/344053/chemical-used-in-floor-w axfound-in-bagoong-samples-from-cebu/ story/ Aglibot, J. (2018 July 4). 10 Olongapo high school students fall ill from floor wax smell. Inquirer.Net. Retrieved from https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1007059/1 0olongapo-high-school-students-fall-ill-f rom- floor-wax-smell Villaseñor, I., et. al. (1995 August).

Microbiological and pharmacological studies on extracts of Cucurbita maxima. Wiley Online Library.

Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/1 0.10 02/ptr.2650090514

13 Salkever, A. (2009 November 7). Janitors seek ban on toxic cleaners used by supermarkets. Aol. Retrieved from https://www.aol.com/2009/11/06/janitor sseek-to-ban-toxic-cleaning-chemicalssafeway-lucky-ta/ Refinishing Your Floors Can Make You Sick.

(2017 December 18). IndoorDoctor.

Retrieved from https://www.indoordoctor.com/refinishi ngflo ors/ Pros and cons of hardwood floor waxing.

Retrieved from https://www.parquetfloorfitters.co.uk/ar ticle s/pros-and-cons-of-hardwood-floor-wa xing

Hussein, S. (2013 November 26).

Antibacterial Property of Squash (Cucurbita Maxima) Extract). Prezi.

Retrieved from https://prezi.com/rlosfrvdf7vn/antibact erialproperty-of-squash-cucurbita-maxima - extract/ 4 Benefits of Regularly waxing your floors.

(2020 October 24). JanPro. [blog] Retrieved from https://jan-pro.com.au/blog/4-benefits -of- regularly-waxing-your-floors/ Crowe, M. Floor Finish Ingredients And How They Work. CleanLink. https://www.cleanlink.com/cleanlinkmi nute/ details.aspx?id=36568

14

The Efficiency of Capsicum frutescens (chili) and Allium sativum (garlic) Extract as an Organic Insecticide

CARREON, KIMBERLEE GIL DACUA, LOURDES ANN DEGUIÑON, DAVE LARIOSA, VINZENT EMMANUEL LAPERA, LANCE NUÑEZ, VINCENTT JESSE Email address:vincenttjesse227@gmail.com Asian College of Technology Bulacao Campus Ms. Mylyn O. Beringuela Ms. Jeanille B. Cogtas Co. Researcher/adviser

I.Introduction Chemical-based insecticide has been used all throughout the years by farmers since most of their crops and plants have been attacked by plant- eating pests. Farmers and most plant- growers used different kinds of deadly chemicals from selenium, arsenic, etc. These have not only caused harm to most consumers of the plants but also to the one spraying or applying it to them because these chemicals are deadly even smelling them.

Pesticides are used widely in agriculture in the United States. When effectively applied, pesticides can kill or control pests, including weeds, insects, fungi, bacteria, and rodents. Chemical pest control has contributed to dramatic

increases in yields for most major fruit and vegetable crops. Its use has led to substantial improvements over the past 40 years in the quantity and variety of the U.S. diet and thus in the health of the public (see, for example, Block et al., 1992).

Cabbage Brassica oleracea, is a green leafy vegetable with very high nutritional value. In Ghana, the crop is cultivated mainly by small- scale urban farmers. Due to its high nutritional value, the crop is infested by many phytophagous insects. It was observed during the study period that the plant extracts were able to significantly reduce the incidence of pests on cabbage plants. Large numbers of the pests were recorded on the plants before the application of the plant extracts; infestation significantly reduced on all the sprayed plants. On the control plants, however, infestation rather increased three days after the application.

Brevycoryne brassicae is a resident pest of cabbage; it is commonly found on the underside of the leaves, either singly or in colonies. This pest appeared during the early stages of the plant. Infestation and feeding by this pest resulted in curled and wrinkled leaves (Brust, 2008). The destructive effects of this pest were most pronounced on the control plots. This was an indication that Cheilomenes sp. was not effective in controlling B. brassicae. It appears that there is a time lag between pest infestation on a crop and the build-up of its natural enemy to be able to bring about an effective reduction of pest

15 numbers. On the insecticide-sprayed plots, the numbers were kept very low because of the persistent nature of the insecticide.

The effect of the plant extracts were less pronounced compared with the chemical insecticide because of the possibility of them being washed off the leaves after rainfall, which actually occurred frequently during the study period. Even though the plant extracts reduced pest numbers, their performance in terms of pest management were not comparable to the chemical insecticide. The active ingredient of garlic, allicin is known to degrade very fast (Koch & Lawson, 1996), while most chemical insecticides persist in the environment for a considerable period of time. Garlic is known to have antifeedant, insecticidal and repellent properties (Vijayakshmi et al., 1999) which accounted for lower numbers of pests on the garlic-sprayed plants. Apart from allicin, garlic contains sulfur compounds which deter insects from feeding on plants (Vijayakshmi et al., 1999).

In an experiment where onion was intercropped with cabbage (Baidoo et al., 2012) fewer B. brassicae were observed on the onion- cabbage intercrop compared with the sole cabbage plots. This they attributed to the confusing olfactory cues offered by onion which reduced their ability to disperse.

Tacloban City– Instead of vast fields with golden yellow grains, farmers encountered brown and fallen rice stalks at the end of this cropping season on Samar island.

In Eastern Samar, small destructive insects called brown plant hoppers came in droves and attacked several hectares of rice paddies. The pests left destruction in their wake.

Nerio Naputo, a farmer from the town of Taft, said he noticed that the leaves of his rice plants turned brown after the insects feasted on them, and that all that was left of the kernels were the husks. Before the pests spread all over his rice field, Naputo reaped the crops that were still healthy.

However, his harvest was meager (Bingco, 2017).

Farmers know that major outbreaks of pests and diseases are infrequent. When local farmers lose their crop for the current season, they lose their livelihood and are forced to incur additional debts to start all over again. Brown Hoppers are ravaging again.

The latest attack took place in Carcar City and wiped out almost 83% of their total plant distribution. A whole field crop may not necessarily be damaged if the farmer and crop technicians were vigilant in their surveillance of the occurrence of pests and diseases. It is also during pests and disease outbreak situations that farmers are forced to use pesticides fueling continued concern on food safety and abuse of the environment (Domuguen, 2017).

The main purpose of this research is to create an organic insecticide out of chili extract and garlic extract which will be as effective as chemical-based products that are sold yet not as harmful.

This investigatory project seeks to answer the following questions: ● Is the product effective on all types of plants? ● How long is the duration of its effectiveness? ● Is the product eco- friendly?

16 2. Research Method 2.1 Research Design The study is a mix of qualitative approach and a quantitative approach.The Qualitative approach will determine the efficiency of chili extract and garlic extract as an organic insecticide. The quantitative approach of this study will test the duration of the product’s efficiency.

2.2 Detailed Procedure This study used Input-Process-Output technique

the

Findings As the researchers already gathered the data from the based observation. After the experimentation, the product did its part due to it repelling and exterminating the pests.And also considered as Bio due to it being reasonable with its surroundings and environment. The researchers’ product has served its part of this experimentation based on the result that had been organized through the process of observation. Lastly, the plant that was sprayed has not had any bad or negative side effects.

Discussion This research study proves that Chilli extracts combined with garlic extracts is good enough to be an insecticide. All plants have natural defenses built within them.

Could be structural, could be chemical or could be both. All plants have an epidermis- protects against water loss, regulates gas exchange, secretes metabolic compounds. The epidermis is the first line of defense. So any harmful substance that touches the plant, the epidermis is the protector of the plant. But even though the epidermis is strong because it is made out of waxy chemicals,

sometimes it is not strong enough causing animals or substances to penetrate to plants.

Synthetic Insecticides are really overpowering. They tend to neglect the plant’s epidermis which can cause the plant to be harmed. But, the researchers’ alternative insecticide is strong enough to eliminate the unwanted hosts but is also good enough to protect the plant. Due to our solution not having any chemical mixtures.

The plant’s epidermis can still protect the plant.

The duration of the effectiveness depends on how concentrated your solution is. ( can be seen in the table above). The highest grams we can max out is 25:20 any more stronger than that can cause the plant to darken its outer structure.

The product is eco-friendly. No chemicals were added to it. The solution was made with all organic ingredients and no harmful chemicals were added to it. Making it eco-friendly. And it can also be washed down by water.

The researchers’ main topic was only the tip of an iceberg. The researchers’ recommend further researchers to infuse the solution with an ingredient or another component that would make it long- lasting without harming the plant.

Due to the presence of chili extracts.

It might be possible that people using this product are strongly advised to wear protective gear because side effects can occur once made contact with. It is a strong recommendation towards future researchers to apprehend this side effect. Since skin contact with this product can cause itchiness.

The solution mainly focuses on leaf miners and cutworms, and they are in the same class which is Insecta or Hexapoda. It is possible that the researchers’ product

17 might harm other insects that are pollinators or helpful in the environment. Even though this mainly focuses on pests, it is still possible. So it is highly recommended to future researchers to make this specific insecticide to only eliminate pests and no other insects.

We recommend people to use the researchers’ product since this product is eco- friendly and much safer than synthetic.

By using the researchers’ product you are also keeping your system healthy.

References Chopan, M. and Littenberg, B. (2017 January 9). The association of hot red chili pepper consumption and mortality: A large population-based cohort study. Plos One. Retrieved from https://journals.plos.org/plosone/artic le?id=1 0.1371/journal.pone.0169876 Baumler, D. (2014 June 6). Antimicrobial properties of chili peppers. Journal of Infectious Diseases & Therapy.

Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3vRBYeU Mozaffari Nejad, A. S., Shabani, S., Bayat, M., & Hosseini, S. E. (2014).

Antibacterial Effect of Garlic Aqueous Extract on Staphylococcus aureus in Hamburger. Jundishapur journal of microbiology, 7(11), e13134. https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm.13134.

Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/art icles/PM C4332239/ Garlic. howstuffworks. Retrieved from https://home.howstuffworks.com/garl ic.htm# pt10

Lu, X., et. al. (2011). Investigating antibacterial effects of garlic (allium sativum) concentrate and garlic-derived organosulfur compounds on campylobacter jejuni by using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, raman spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. American Society for Mircrobiology. Retrieved from https://aem.asm.org/content/77/15/5 257 The Insecticidal Potential of Chili Pepper.

(2016, Nov 22).

StudyMoose.

Retrieved from http://studymoose.com/the-insecticid al- potential-of-chili-pepper-essay The insecticidal potential of chili pepper leaf extract against termites. bartleby research. Retrieved from https://www.bartleby.com/essay/TheInsecticidal-Potential-of-Chili-Pepper -Leaf- P37KCN936ZZA Praveen, P. J. (2017 November 11). Pest attack on pulse crop leaves farmers in a fix. The Hindu. Retrieved from https://www.thehindu.com/news/citie s/Madu rai/pulses-crop/article20217358.ece Gianessi, L. and Williams, A. (2012).

Insecticides have boosted chili pepper production and farmer incomes in India.CropLife Foundation.

Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/d ownloa d?doi=10.1.1.661.1198&rep=rep1&ty pe=pdf Cutworm.

Wikipedia.

Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutwor m

18 Leaf

miner. Wikipedia.

Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_mi ner Guiser, S. (2015 June 3). Organic insecticides. PennState Extension.

Retrieved from https://extension.psu.edu/organicinsecticides Leech, J. (2018 June 28). 11 proven health benefits of garlic. healthline.

Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/ 11- proven-health-benefits-of-garlic 7 surprising health benefits of garlic. (23 August 2018). NDTV Food.

Retrieved from https://food.ndtv.com/fooddrinks/powerhouse-of-medicine-andflavoursurprising-health-benefits-of-garlic-1 200468 Jessimy, M. (2019 September 24). 12 amazing health benefits of chili pepper. Natural Food Series.

Retrieved from https://www.naturalfoodseries.com/c hili- pepper-health-benefits/ Tangella, K. (2018 March 28). 7 health benefits of chili pepper. DoveMed.

Retrieved from https://www.dovemed.com/healthyliving/natural-health/7-health-benefit s-of- chili-pepper/ Ascough,J.C., et. al. ( 2008) Insect Pest Models and Insecticide Application.

Academic Press. pages 1978-1985. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/scien ce/articl e/pii/B9780080454054002081 Atwood, D. and Paisley-Jones, C. (2017) Pesticide industry sales and usage: 2008-2012 market estimates.

Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/sites/production /files/2 017-01/documents/pesticides-industr y-sales- usage-2016_0.pdf Jakuboski, S. (2011 July 25) Green science: musings of a young conservationist.

Scitable. [blog] Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/scitable/blog /greenscience/the_dangers_of_pesticides/

19

The Feasibility of Cymbopogon as an Organic Air Freshener ABAQUITA, LOWELL III C. ABELLANOSA, KERZLYNLY J. AHITO, BERNADETH CLAIRE G. ARANIEGO, KELSEY QUINN C. CABALUNA, LOUISE CALMA, ANGEL KYLE D. USOP, ALYASA JR. M. Email address: angelkylecalma07@gmail.com Asian College of Technology Bulacao Campus Ms. Mylyn O. Beringuela Ms. Jeanille B. Cogtas Co. Researcher/adviser

Abstract I.Introduction Most of us use freshener everyday to mask the smell or to remove unwanted odors in a certain room. The countrymen nowadays use this even though they are aware that the materials used are harmful chemicals.

Air fresheners are useful as we see but we must know what could be the side effects of using it. These products are typically emitting fragrances. There are tons of air fresheners’ brands and some types are mostly sprays, candles, oil, gels, beads, and plug-ins. Some fresheners also contain strong chemicals that provoke allergy and asthma symptoms or are toxic. (Healthland, 2011).

Many air fresheners employ carcinogens, volatile organic compounds and known toxins such as phthalate esters in their formulas. A Natural Resources

Defense Council (NRDC) study of 13 common household air fresheners found that most of the surveyed products contain chemicals that can aggravate asthma and affect reproductive development.

The NRDC filed a petition with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Consumer Product Safety Commission to report the findings (Toxicity Part), On September 19, 2007, along with the Sierra Club, Alliance for Healthy Homes, and the National Center for Healthy Housing).

The University of Bristol’s Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children also found that exposure to volatile organic compounds through frequent use of air fresheners and other aerosols in the home was found to correlate with increased earaches and diarrhea in infants, and with increased depression and headaches in their mothers.

These chemicals are easily inhaled, land on the skin and are absorbed, or accidentally ingested (Alexander, 2012).

And over 247.43 million Americans use air fresheners and studies have shown a long term exposure to these chemicals can also damage the lungs, liver kidneys and central nervous system and may alter the body’s hormones (hormone disruption effect), which may increase the risks of some cancers.

Recent research performed on mice exposed to a commercial brand solid air freshener for just one hour found to have acute toxic effects in its nervous system function, pulmonary irritation. and decreased airflow velocity. In this, the people wouldn’t have any mice running in our rooms and certain areas. But these findings prove that air fresheners have an

20 acute effect on mice and the potential for toxic effects on humans. These air fresheners can also cause eye and respiratory tract irritation, visual disorders, fatigue, loss of coordination, allergic skin reactions, nausea, and memory impairment to citizens.

Cebu is considered as a dirty place since people also don’t know how to take care of their own place and environment (Cebu Daily News, 2009). The same situation goes to the Asian College of Technology-Bulacao Campus. Some of the comfort rooms may be clean but are not that pleasant to smell enough. Classrooms and other indoor spaces are throngs because the population is fast increasing during enrollment. Many students have been asking what would be the best thing to get this bad odor off. There are lots of kids attending school every day and if the staffs, faculty members of the school will consider using chemical air freshener, this may lead to bad effects.

Since the problem is using chemical air fresheners, this proposed project will use organic air freshener to freshen up our places. The materials used will not be harmful to our health. But since several people today are quite clever enough to think and make their own organic air freshener (DIY’s) with the common scent such as lemon and orange (Youtube videos), the project will use Lemongrass as the main scent of the study.

This freshener will help most especially the rooms near the river since sometimes it may smell awful. And students, of course, may have a big tendency that they cannot focus on what they are doing in a certain subject.

Generally, the project aims to get an alternative organic air freshener to give us a solution to our problem. The project will use

Lemongrass to testify if the solution will work since lemongrass is usually seen in soaps and as one of the main ingredients in cooking.

This lemongrass may lead to a new and safer thing to smell or use as a scent in our places. Lemongrass is a helpful living organic material that can also give a better benefit.

Overall, Air Fresheners is something that is really useful. A lot of people have been using these for decades without even knowing that these air fresheners we use can cause harm to us. So that is why in this problem, instead of using Commercial Air Fresheners which highly contain bad chemical materials, the proposal will make an organic alternative one for that.

This study tries to investigate the feasibility of Cymbopogon leaves as an organic air freshener. This is an alternative to the other air fresheners that are commercially manufactured and this product will also be eco- friendly.

Specifically, this tries to find the following: ● Efficiency of the air freshener. ● Duration of the air freshener’s scent. ● Safeness of the air freshener 2. Research Method 2.1 Research Design This study entitled “The Feasibility of Cymbopogonas an Organic Air Freshener” is an applied research that aims to make an alternative air freshener with the use of materials that are organic and abundant in our country. Our research is a mixture of a qualitative and a quantitative research.

Quantitative Research involves the use of computational, statistical, and mathematical tools to derive results.(SIS International

21 Research, 2018)Qualitative research is more on the process of naturalistic inquiry that seeks in-depth understanding of social phenomena within their natural setting.

(University of Utah, 1975) Most of the research is qualitative for its goal is to find out the feasibility of lemon grass as an organic air freshener and the part where we find out how long the scent lasts and the distance of the scentis the quantitative part.

2.2 Detailed Procedure Findings As the researchers already gathered the data with the research instruments, the subjects had made improvements with the product. During the tests, the participants weren’t bothered with the scent while intervention was going on. Participants were not affected by any aspects. It was able to mask another scent which is a good thing because one of the characteristics of an air freshener is to be able to cover unwanted scents. The product also lasted long for it lasted about a month or so and it was able to cover the whole rectangular large room with the estimated size of 33 square meters.

Aside from that, it was observed that the scent wasn’t so strong but it was able to make a scent where the participants were able to smell it. Lastly, the product was able to reach its goal to be a safe product for everyone. As a result, the product was a great air freshener but it could definitely improve.

Discussion This research has gone far and it went through mountains and oceans to create a product that can satisfy one’s need, want and preference.

Throughout the year, the researchers created the best product possible. They conducted surveys and observed reactions from the participants. We would like to show appreciation to them for being very cooperative and supportive. This product showed and helped a lot of people and things in different aspects. This product also proved a lot of contemplation.

This research study proves that lemongrass is a compatible ingredient for organic air fresheners that is safe for the environment and people.From the main goals of the statement of the problem, it has proved most parts of the whole scope. With the use of the survey, we found out how our participants responded. For the first goal which is finding out the efficiency of the air freshener which mostly is answered by survey question number 1, 2 and 3, the air freshener was able to reach the length of average and the would rate it as a very satisfying product. For the duration of the product, survey question number 4 answered it with maybe, so one thing we can recommend for this a proper measurement of the duration and of course, a product that would last long. And lastly and also the most important part of the product is its safety, with question number 5 and 7, the respondents answered with a yes and that it is a safe product in all aspects and it is also a really big goal achieved. The researchers also conclude that the amount of lemongrass used, the stronger the scent which will create a not so pleasant odor. A fair distribution of raw materials will make the air freshener enough. According to the opinions of the respondents and the findings of this research, an organic air freshener with lemongrass is a possible product since most of the objectives have been met.

Therefore, the researchers conclude that the product was a success.

22 Lemongrass as an organic air freshener is a great product but it still has room for improvements. It has the characteristic of a regular air freshener and it is also safe for the environment and people as well. There are things that the researchers recommend for future research to create a better product and a stronger research. Overall, it was a successful product and we were able to find out the feasibility of lemongrass as an organic air freshener.

A year has passed by and yet the investigation is still ongoing. Lots and lots of caffeine were drunk by the researchers in order to finalize all the needed aspects in the research. Tons of places were used for the initiation of the product. Yet, the researchers looked and tested out to find more evidence that will prove that the project entitled “The Feasibility of Cymbopogon as an Organic Air Freshener” will smoothly work.

However, to further improve the study, the researchers recommended that it should compare with the commercial fresheners. This is to allow them which are preferable to their surroundings. Thus, it is also needed to be compared for them to know what would be the risks if they tend to choose commercial ones that have high chemicals than the organic ones that can be made at home.

The researchers used the application of knowledge through new enhanced and efficient technology on extracting the scent out of the lemongrass.

This is to prove that the product is tested and more importantly, find out if it is really safe for release. Its accurate measurement of the distance of the air freshener’s scent is also evidently analyzed and calculated statistically. Moreover, the researchers also

recommend the proper measurement of its scent duration.

Furthermore, finding a better or the best carrier oil to be used that would precisely fit to the product. Scents other than Cymbopogon (lemongrass) or additional scent is also a need for more complex and attractive scent.

The researchers recommend better observed various and exact techniques to accomplish the study.

References Schwartz, S. (2017) 5 things you should know about air fresheners Anderson, R. and Anderson, J. (April 2010) Toxic Effects of Air Freshener Emissions Steinemann, A. (2017) Ten questions concerning air fresheners and indoor built environments Younes, L. (2012) Are Air Fresheners Helpful or Harmful?

Taylor & Francis (2014) Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil as a potent anti-inflammatory and antifungal drugs Influence of Fragrances on Human Psychophysiological Activity: With Special Reference to Human Electroencephalographic Response (2016) Wills, K. (2016) Scenting our homes could ruin our lungs, claims new research, so best open a window Gumban, J.D. (2013) The effectiveness of lemon grass as natural insect repellent

23

THE EFFICIENCY OF LEMON – VINEGAR WOODEN FURNITURE CLEANER

Amores, Grace Avelino, Kristel Nicole Abellanosa, Johanna Rose Campo, Andre Kurt Ballares, Dan Paolo Edillor, James Ryan Raganas, James Keith

Asian College of Technology Bulacao Campus Ms. Mylyn O. Beringuela Ms. Jeanille B. Cogtas Co. Researcher/adviser

Abstract 1.Introduction Wood offers a unique combination of aesthetic appeal and peerless structural integrity that other materials can’t reflect (makeitwood.org) which is why to those who own wooden furniture, it is very important for them to preserve such furniture through cleanliness.

In cleaning the furniture, not only will it have an effect on the furniture cleaned but also on the environment and the people around. Scent, it is what affects all. It may cause headaches if it gets too strong and when this happens, the consumer will be forced to look for another product to clean the wooden furniture.

Some cleaning products even have strong smells that serve as cluster headache triggers. Something unique about cluster headaches, compared to other types of headaches, is that certain triggers can bring on a cluster headache suddenly.

Some of the most common types of cluster headache triggers are strong smells, which can pose challenges for a person’s cluster headache management strategy. Even smells that are pleasant to the average person can pose serious problems for people who have frequent headaches. The sense of smell is very powerful in regards to how the body feels and what the mind thinks. Some researchers believe that strong odors can lead to headaches because they can cause blood vessels to swell and dilate. Meanwhile, other research suggests that smells can stimulate parts of the brain and nervous system that are related to where pain is felt in the head (vanquishheadacherelief.com).

Surely, the consumers will be able to find a product that does not have a strong scent. But what if, it’s the only thing helpful about it. It may take such good care of the consumers, but not on the furniture. It can possibly deteriorate the quality of the furniture causing dissatisfaction in the look of the consumers’ homes.

The researchers desire to come up with a product that will be effective in removing different kinds of stains on wooden furniture while at the same time leaving a mild and pleasant scent in the environment and not risking the health of the consumers of the product. In a shorter

24 term, the researchers hope to find a way for the product to reach the consumers’ standards. The researchers will do this by using the scent and citric acid from Citrus x limon peels and acetic acid from vinegar.

There are many unknown dangers around our home, some of them can greatly affect our health. Cleaning can be one of the helpful ways to prevent some of these dangers. But sometimes, cleaning itself can create problems like discovering bad products, damaging our furniture, etc. In most Filipino homes, we can find wooden furniture. Which is why, the researchers aspire to create a product that will clean and at the same time protect wooden furniture in many homes.

The study examines the following: ●

● ●

To determine how the product will remove different stains on wooden furniture To determine the roles of lemon and vinegar in the product To determine the effect of the product in terms of: - Scent - Different stains

2.2 Detailed Procedure Findings According to the findings, the product is effective and is able to remove different kinds of stains. Although, it’s effectiveness is not the same with all the kinds. Based on the matrix in the previous chapter, the product is most effective in removing tannin – based stains compared to the three other kinds of stains.

Discussion The researchers can assert that the product is indeed effective in cleaning wooden furniture.

Other than studying the kinds of stains and testing what the product is able to remove, the researchers had also determined the effect of the product in terms of the scent. When using the product, there is a mild scent, mostly coming from the lemon rather than vinegar.

The researchers recommend potential users of the product to use it since it has been proven safe to use on wooden furniture. Although it wasn’t proven to completely remove all the kinds of stains mentioned and tested, it is a big help for those who may use it on wooden furniture.

2. Research Method References 2.1 Research Design The study is Qualitative approach of research.The Qualitative approach will determine the effectiveness of Citrus x limonand Acetic acid as cleaning agent on wooden furniture with different types of stains.Moreover, the Qualitativeapproach that will utilized is a case study of Qualitative research.

Harris, N. (2012 June 4). Natural Lemon Vinegar Cleaner. Wonky Wonderful.

Retrieved from https://wonkywonderful.com/work-wit h- wonky-wonderful/.

Acetic acid. Wikipedia.

Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetic_a cid.

25 Ali, J., et.al. (2017 April 20). Antimicrobial activity of lemon peel (Citrus Limon) Extract. Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Science (GIPS). Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3slM0CI Ossola, A. (2016 October 11). What Makes Lemons Such Good Cleaners? kitchn. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3faIx6m Wagner, K. Can ammonia be used to rid a home of a smoke smell? eHow. Retrieved from https://www.ehow.com/info_8224493 _can-rid-home-smoke-smell.html

NHG. (2013 October 23). Why does it smell like lemons? North Haven Gardens.

Retrieved from https://bit.ly/39ryqqb Lemon. Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemon How toxic are your household cleaning supplies? Organic Consumers Association. Retrieved from https://www.organicconsumers.org/n ews/ how-toxic-are-your-household-cleani ng- supplies#close.

Citric Acid. Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_ac id.

26

The Efficiency of Psidium Guajava (Guava Extract) as a Toilet Cleaner

Mary Kesie Basalo Trishia Cassandra May Bianzon Frances Abigail Caramol Ethan Maxine Enriquez Kurt Javier Gumera John Raphael Jacobe Email address: kurtjaviergu07@gmail.com Asian College of Technology Bulacao Campus

Ms. Mylyn O. Beringuela Ms. Jeanille B. Cogtas Co. Researcher/adviser

Abstract 1.Introduction Bacteria is an all present prokaryotic cell. It lives everywhere, in the soil, in the ocean. in the human gut, and in our toilets.

They live in our gut and follow with it the product of defecation and urination. We do both of those activities as part of our body’s way to release liquids and foods that aren’t digested .Doing those activities anywhere can make you feel vulnerable and what better way to do that than in the comfort room. It is the easiest part to do, but cleaning and maintaining its cleanliness of the comfort room is one of the most hated chore in America, according to Tyller Schmall, SWNS (2018). Based on the study conducted by Schmall, the research of 2,000 Americans examined the extent to

which people manage their domestic lives and found some cleaning organization task are much less popular than others .And while tackling the toilet is America’s most disliked chore, cleaning the oven(41%),removing the hair from a drain (38%),and unclogging the sink (33%) finished high on the 20 most-hated domestic tasks. One in 10 (9%) don’t even like to be bothered to empty the dishwasher.

Although many toilet cleaners from the states have big brand names, that doesn’t necessarily mean that it is 100% safe for the users. Manufacturers argue that in small amounts these toxic ingredients aren’t likely to be a problem, but when we’re exposed to them routinely, and in combinations that haven’t been studied, it is impossible to accurately gauge out the risks.

Most commercial toilet bowl cleaners contain harsh chemicals that can pollute your home’s environment. Hydrochloric acid is an active ingredient in many toilet bowl cleaners.

This corrosive chemical is extremely toxic, posing an alarming risk to children. To pets and especially the unfortunate family member who has the chore of cleaning the toilet. Inhalation of hydrochloric acid fumes is harmful to the nose, throat, and respiratory tract. If it gets on your skin it is highly corrosive. Chlorine bleach is another harmful ingredient Bleach is highly caustic, meaning it can easily aggravate asthma symptoms.

While bleach and hydrochloric acid definitely give germs and stains the 1-2 punch, it is not necessary to pollute your

27 home and the risk of potential health hazards when disinfecting your toilet. One of the reasons why Americans despise cleaning toilets is probably because of its powerful, intoxicating stench of the toilet cleaners that exhaust them to the core.In the Philippines, we’ve been through that phase of wanting to use a public toilet with a full bladder, only to be repulsed by the restroom’s unsanitary condition. For a race that prides itself in being clean, with most Filipinos taking a shower at least twice a day, many also apparently take the toilet for granted. According to a study conducted by Unilever Philippines, 90% of households don’t practice proper toilet hygiene and sanitation. When probed under a black light, toilets surface show that millions of microorganisms such as bacteria, germs, molds, and other contaminants that flourish in this environment .School toilet facilities are reported to be a problem for many school children as well as teachers ,caretakers, and school nurses. Most of the users would come to the washroom prepared with their own personal wipes and tissues. Frequent comments about how smelly, dirty, and unpleasant are and sometimes, about how the toilet won’t flush, making matters much more absorbed or breathed in more worse and – disgusting.

If schools were treated as a workplace for children and equivalent standards were applied school toilets would be significantly improved. It is important to promote a healthy lifestyle that includes regular bladder and bowel emptying and hand washing after using the toilet. It is also very clearly important to consider the fact of using eco-friendly products and less repercussions to the human body. Using natural ingredients as substitutes for chemicals used in commercial toilet cleaners like Formaldehyde, it can trigger

certain allergies like asthma or skin allergies. Using natural ingredients can ensure that there will be no longer any harmful chemical compounds absorbed. It is less expensive which is breathed in by our body and also it’s less expensive which is a plus to everyone on a tight budget.

Guava (Psidium guajava) is known to be an antibacterial wielding fruit and is abundant in most tropical countries such as the Philippines. Psidium guajava is our main ingredient in making our natural toilet cleaner since it contains antibacterial properties. It is important to our study so we can enhance and improve its effectiveness in the toilet cleaner. Psidium guajava as a toilet cleaner will have gained prominence as an important role of our project. As a natural existing ingredient, the goal of trying to reduce the risk of diseases and illness would far have a better chance since it doesn’t radiate and contain harmful chemicals.

The purpose of our research is to benefit everyone. Making our product reproducible, using items or ingredients found in normal houses e.g (baking soda, vinegar, etc.) using guava as a natural toilet cleaner. The following, seeks to answer the following objectives: 1. The level of effectiveness of Guava Extract (P.G) as a toilet cleaner 1.1 Duration 1.2 Scent 1.3 Cleanliness 2. Research Method 2.1 Research Design The study is Qualitative approach of research.The Qualitative approach will determine the effectiveness of guavaja extract as a tool for cleaning toilets.

28 Moreover, the Qualitative approach that will be utilized is a case study of Qualitative research.

2.2 Detailed Procedure Findings Discussion The presence of methanol, hexane, and ethyl acetate from the guava leaf extracts shows that we can make a safe and eco-friendly toilet cleaner that focuses and uses those chemicals's antibacterial properties for the toilet cleaning product.

The chemicals in this fruit could significantly improve research and development of eco-friendly cleaning products and not just toilet cleaners.

This also paints a promising future for guava farmers as they could be able to develop another source of income apart

References Saba. (2019 May 14). 17 best benefits of guava leaves for skin and health.

Stylecraze. Retrieved from https://www.stylecraze.com/articles/b enefits-of-guava-leaves-for-skin-hairand-health/ Joseph, B. and Priya, M. ( 2011 January ).

Review on nutritional, medicinal and pharmacological properties of guava (psidium guajava linn).

ResearchGate. Retreived from https://bit.ly/3lJmYLc

from their farms, and that is through this toilet cleaner. They can take a small bit of guava from what they harvest and turn it into a toilet cleaner like our research and sell it. This would make Guava a very versatile fruit not only as a source of food but also other home cleaning products.

To further improve the study the researcher recommends the following: ●

●

●

Conduct a feasibility study on the guava extract to further explore the viability of the process.

Making use of newer, better technology in improving the research and development of this study.

In placing the ingredients in the container, use a funnel so no mixture will overflow.

Joseph, B. and Priya, M. (2011 April).

Phytochemical and biopharmaceutical aspects of psidium guajava (L.) essential oil: a review. ResearchGate. DOI: 10.3923/rjmp.2011.432.442.

Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2QA3PQw Battino, Maurzinio. (2017 April 24). Health effects of psidium guajava.

Retrieved from ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

Liebert, M.A. (2007). Foodborne pathogens and disease. Volume 4, Number 4.

DOl: 10.1089/fpd.2007.0040