Test Bank Mirror for Humanity A Concise Introduction to Cultural Anthropology 13th Edition by Kottak

Test Bank Mirror for Humanity, A Concise Introduction to Cultural Anthropology, 13th Edition by Kottak

Test Bank Mirror for Humanity, A Concise Introduction to Cultural Anthropology, 13th Edition by Kottak

Test Bank Mirror for Humanity, A Concise Introduction to Cultural Anthropology, 13th Edition by Kottak

CHAPTER 1 1) This chapter begins with a commonly heard opinion: "People are pretty much the same all over the world." Why is this assumption often wrong? How might your consideration of this understanding affect how you would design an anthropological study?

2)

What is culture? How do anthropologists define and study culture?

3) What does holism refer to? Why is the concept central to anthropology? How does this concept relate to the "four-field" approach within the discipline? Have you encountered this concept in any of your other classes?

4) This chapter provides an example of human adaptation to high altitude to illustrate the various forms of cultural and biological adaptation. Can you think of another example that illustrates the broad capacity of humans to adapt both biologically and culturally?

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5) What doesbiocultural perspective refer to? If you are planning to major in the biological sciences or planning a career as a medical doctor or clinical researcher, how might a minor in anthropology complement your education? If you are thinking of majoring in the humanities, how might a minor in anthropology complement your education?

6) This chapter considers differences and similarities between anthropology and other academic fields such as sociology. What about history?

7)

Anthropology is the study of

A) humans around the world and through time.

B) the psychological stages of human development.

C) myths in industrial societies.

D) the evolution of religion.

E) long-term psychological adaptation.

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8) Anthropology as a holistic science refers to the study of the whole of the human condition: the past, the present, and the future of blank.

A) math, physics, and astronomy B) biology, society, language, and culture C) faith and religion across the world D) geography and cartography E) ancient civilizations and archaeological remains

9) As humans organize their lives and adapt to different environments, our abilities to learn, think symbolically, use language, and employ tools and other products

A) rest on certain features of human biology that make culture, which is not itself biological, possible.

B) have made some human groups more cultured than others.

C) are shared with other animals capable of organized group life—such as baboons, wolves, and even ants.

D) prove that only fully developed adults have the capacity for culture; children lack the capacity for culture until they mature.

E) rest on certain features of human biology that make culture itself a biological phenomenon.

10)

Which of the following statements about culture isfalse?

A) Culture guides the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to it.

B) Culture is passed on from generation to generation.

C) Cultural forces consistently mold and shape human biology and behavior.

D) Culture is a key aspect of human adaptability and success.

E) Culture is passed on genetically to future generations.

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11)

What is the process by which children learn a particular cultural tradition?

A) biological adaptation B) ethnology C) ethnography D) acculturation E) enculturation

12) This chapter's description of how humans cope with low oxygen pressure in high altitudes illustrates

A) how in matters of life or death, biology is ultimately more important than culture.

B) the need for anthropologists to pay more attention to human adaptation in extreme environments.

C) human capacities for cultural and biological adaptation, the latter involving both genetic and physiological adaptations.

D) how human plasticity has decreased ever since we embraced a sedentary lifestyle some 10,000 years ago.

E) how biological adaptations are effective only when they are genetic.

13) The presence of more efficient respiratory systems to extract oxygen from the air among human populations living at high elevations is an example of which form of adaptation?

A) genetic adaptation B) symbolic adaptation C) cultural adaptation D) short-term physiological adaptation E) long-term physiological adaptation

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14) Over time, humans have become increasingly dependent on which of the following in order to cope with the range of environments they have occupied in time and space?

A) social institutions, such as the state, that coordinate collective action B) social and cultural means of adaptation C) biological means of adaptation, mostly thanks to advanced medical research D) technological means of adaptation, such as the creation of virtual worlds that allow us to escape from day-to-day reality E) a holistic and comparative approach to problem-solving

15) Today's global economy and communications link all contemporary people, directly or indirectly, in the modern world system. People must now cope with forces generated by progressively larger systems—the region, the nation, and the world. For anthropologists studying contemporary forms of adaptation, why might this be a challenge?

A) Anthropological research tools do not work in this new modern world system, making their contributions less valuable.

B) A more dynamic world system, with greater and faster movements of people across space, speeds up the process of evolution, making the study of genetic adaptations more difficult.

C) Since cultures are tied to place, people moving around and connecting across space means the end of culture, and thus the end of anthropology.

D) According to Marcus and Fischer (1986), "The cultures of world peoples need to be constantly rediscovered as these people reinvent them in changing historical circumstances."

E) Truly isolated indigenous communities, anthropology's traditional and ongoing study focus, are becoming harder to find.

16) The academic discipline of anthropology includes four main subfields. They are sociocultural anthropology, anthropological archaeology, biological anthropology, and blank.

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A) psychosociological archaeology B) linguistic anthropology C) scientific–humanistic studies D) genetical anthropology E) biological archaeology

17)

What are the four subdisciplines of anthropology?

A) archaeology, biological anthropology, applied linguistics, and applied anthropology B) biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology C) medical anthropology, ethnography, ethnology, and cultural anthropology D) primatology, ethnology, cultural anthropology, and paleoscatology E) genetic anthropology, physical anthropology, psychological anthropology, and anthropology and linguistics

18)

Anthropologists' early interest in Native North Americans

A) was replaced in the 1930s by the two-field approach.

B) was more important than interest in the relation between biology and culture in the development of U.S. four-field anthropology.

C) is unique to European anthropology.

D) is an important historical reason for the development of four-field anthropology in the U.S. E) proved early on that culture is a function of race.

19)

How are the four subfields of U.S. anthropology unified?

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A) Each subfield studies the human capacity for language.

B) The subfields really are not unified; their grouping into one discipline is a historical accident.

C) Each subfield studies human biological variability.

D) Each subfield studies human genetic variation through time and space.

E) Each subfield studies human variation through time and space.

20)

What is one of the most fundamental key assumptions that anthropologists share?

A) We can draw conclusions about human nature by studying a single society.

B) Anthropologists cannot agree on what anthropology is, much less share key assumptions.

C) A degree in philosophy is the best way to produce good ethnography.

D) A comparative, cross-cultural approach is essential to study the human condition.

E) There are no universals, so cross-cultural research is bound to fail.

21)

Cultural anthropologists carry out their fieldwork in

A) the ruins of ancient civilizations.

B) typically in the third world nations.

C) mostly in formerly colonized countries.

D) all kinds of societies.

E) factories.

22)

Ethnography is the

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A) generalizing aspect of cultural anthropology.

B) fieldwork component of cultural anthropology.

C) study of biological adaptability.

D) cross-cultural comparative component of cultural anthropology.

E) preliminary data that sociologists use to develop survey research.

23) Based on his observation that contact between neighboring tribes had existed since humanity’s beginnings and covered enormous areas, Franz Boas argued that

A) general anthropologists were wrong to focus too much attention on biology.

B) even the earliest foragers engaged in warfare.

C) language must have originated among the Neandertals.

D) cultures should not be treated as isolated phenomena.

E) biology, not culture, was responsible for the vast majority of human diversity.

24) What component of cultural anthropology is comparative and focused on building upon our understanding of how cultural systems work?

A) data collection B) fieldwork C) data entry D) ethnology E) archaeology

25) Archaeologists studying sunken ships off the coast of Florida or analyzing the content of modern garbage are examples of how

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A) Hollywood has popularized archaeology in recent movies, making it a popular college major.

B) archaeologists study the culture of historical and even living peoples.

C) archaeology is going through an identity crisis, with its practitioners questioning the discipline's focus on studying prehistory.

D) archaeology is free from having to worry about the impact of its work on people.

E) training in the use of research skills for extreme environments—such as landfills and the deep sea—are worth the time, resources, and risk for the sake of the anthropological knowledge gained.

26)

Which of the following best describes biological anthropology?

A) the study of biology through soil and decomposing matter B) the study of human biological diversity C) the study of language and linguistic diversity D) the study of biological and cultural approaches to a given problem E) the study of public health

27)

The study of monkeys, apes, and other nonhuman simians is termed

blank.

A) paleontology B) primatology C) ornithology D) osteology E) semiology

28) Which of the following subfields of anthropology studies language in its social and cultural context, throughout the world and over time?

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A) demographical anthropology B) archaeological anthropology C) palaeoecological anthropology D) linguistic anthropology E) symbiological anthropology

29) Which of the following dimensions of anthropology employs anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary social problems?

A) public ethnography B) applied anthropology C) academic anthropology D) social archaeology E) medical anthropology

30)

Applied anthropology

A) originated at the same time that anthropology's four-field approach became established among early-20th-century U.S. academics.

B) focuses on preparing emerging academic scholars to improve their grant application skills.

C) is concerned with the relationships between anthropological knowledge and the uses of that knowledge in the world beyond anthropology.

D) has yet to be recognized by the American Anthropological Association.

E) is a European phenomenon.

31) During a massive construction project, a city came across a treasure trove of archeological sites under its streets. It decided to call in an expert to help decide what needed to be saved and how to preserve information about what was not saved. This expert's role is best described to be in the field of

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A) cultural resource management.

B) sociological anthropology.

C) historic preservation.

D) sociolinguistics.

E) biological anthropology.

32) Anthropology is a science, yet it has been suggested that anthropology is among the most humanistic of all academic fields. This is because

A) the field, particularly in the United States, traces its origins to philosophy and literature.

B) of its fundamental respect for human diversity.

C) its main object of study is humans.

D) its findings are best expressed with the tools of the humanities.

E) it puts so much emphasis on the study of culture that cannot be studied scientifically.

33)

Anthropologists study only non-Western cultures. ⊚ ⊚

34)

Humans can adapt to their surroundings through both biological and cultural means. ⊚ ⊚

35)

true false

true false

Culture is not itself biological but rests on certain features of human biology. ⊚ ⊚

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36) Adaptation refers to the processes by which organisms cope with environmental forces and stresses, such as those posed by climate and topography. ⊚ ⊚

true false

37) Anthropologists agree that a comparative, cross-cultural approach is unnecessary as long as researchers are diligent in their work. ⊚ ⊚

true false

38) Ethnography involves the collection of data used to create an account of a particular community, society, or culture. ⊚ ⊚

39)

Ethnomusicology is one of the four main subfields of anthropology. ⊚ ⊚

40)

true false

Archaeologists study only prehistoric communities. ⊚ ⊚

41)

true false

true false

Biological anthropologists study only human bones.

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⊚ ⊚

true false

42) As an academic discipline, anthropology falls under both the social sciences and the humanities. ⊚ ⊚

true false

43) The differences between sociology and cultural anthropology are becoming increasingly distinct. ⊚ ⊚

true false

44) Applied anthropology encompasses any use of the knowledge and/or techniques of its four subfields to identify, assess, and solve theoretical problems. ⊚ ⊚

true false

45) Anthropological archaeology reconstructs, describes, and interprets human behavior and cultural patterns through anecdotal records passed through the generations. ⊚ ⊚

true false

46) Archaeologists may infer cultural transformations by observing changes in the size and type of sites and the distance between them. ⊚ ⊚

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47) The forces of globalization and industrial production link all contemporary people, directly or indirectly, in the modern world system. ⊚ ⊚

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Answer Key Test name: Chap 01_13e_Kottak 7) A 8) B 9) A 10) E 11) E 12) C 13) E 14) B 15) D 16) B 17) B 18) D 19) E 20) D 21) D 22) B 23) D 24) D 25) B 26) B 27) B 28) D 29) B 30) C 31) A 32) B Version 1

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33) FALSE 34) TRUE 35) TRUE 36) TRUE 37) FALSE 38) TRUE 39) FALSE 40) FALSE 41) FALSE 42) TRUE 43) FALSE 44) FALSE 45) FALSE 46) TRUE 47) TRUE

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CHAPTER 2 1)

What does it mean to say that culture is all-encompassing?

2)

How has this chapter challenged your understanding of the concept of human nature?

3) What are the different kinds of learning? On which kind (or kinds) of learning is culture based? How is culture transmitted across generations?

4) Explain the distinctions among cultural universals, generalities, and particularities, and give examples of each.

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5) Agency refers to the actions that individuals take, both alone and in groups, in forming and transforming culture. Describe examples in your own life that illustrate the relationship between agency and culture.

6) What does it mean to say that there are levels of culture? What are they? How do cultural traits extend to a broader geographic area?

7) What are ethnocentrism and cultural relativism, and how do they affect the work of anthropologists? How do they influence your own life in an increasingly diverse society?

8) Compare and contrast the various mechanisms of cultural change discussed in this chapter. In particular, to what extent does each model for change suggest that culture shapes human behavior or is shaped by human behavior?

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9)

Which of the following statements about culture is true?

A) It developed among nonhuman primates around 10,000 years ago.

B) It is acquired by humans as members of society through the process of enculturation.

C) It is more developed in industrial nations than among hunters and gatherers.

D) It is being destroyed by electronic media.

E) It is the exclusive domain of the elite.

10)

Which of the following statements about enculturation isfalse?

A) It occurs through a process of conscious and unconscious learning.

B) It may involve direct teaching.

C) It results in internalization of a cultural tradition.

D) It is the exchange of cultural features that results when two or more groups come into consistent firsthand contact.

E) It is the process by which culture is learned and transmitted across generations.

11)

Regarding the human capacity for culture, anthropologists agree that

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A) although women and men both share the emotional and intellectual capacities for culture, at the population level there is less variability in these capacities among men than among women.

B) both mental abilities and mental disabilities are evenly distributed among individuals of all cultures.

C) because human populations differ in their emotional and intellectual capacities, the ability to learn culture differs among societies.

D) although an individual's genetic endowment does not affect that person's ability to learn cultural traditions, it does affect his or her capacity to change culture creatively.

E) although individuals differ in their emotional and intellectual capacities, all human populations have equivalent capacities for culture.

12) Anthropologist Clifford Geertz defined culture as ideas based on cultural learning and symbols. What is a symbol?

A) something verbal or nonverbal within a particular language or culture that comes to stand for something else, with no necessary or natural connection to the thing for which it stands B) a distinctive or unique cultural trait, pattern, or integration that can be translated into other cultures C) any element within a culture that distinguishes it from other cultures, precisely because it is difficult to translate D) a linguistic sign within a particular language that comes to stand for something else in another language E) something verbal or nonverbal with a nonarbitrary association with what it symbolizes

13)

What does it mean to say that humans use culture instrumentally?

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A) Culture is a human construct.

B) Culture is instrumental in the creation of societies.

C) People use culture to fulfill their basic biological needs for food, drink, shelter, comfort, and reproduction.

D) People use culture to develop artistic endeavors, including musical instruments and visual arts.

E) People use culture to advance civilization.

14)

What do anthropologists mean when they say culture is shared?

A) Culture is universally regarded as more important than the concept of the individual.

B) Culture is an attribute of particular individuals.

C) Passive enculturation is accomplished by more than one person.

D) Culture is what ensures that all people raised in the same society have the same opinions.

E) Culture is an attribute of individuals as members of groups.

15)

Identify an example of a maladaptive cultural trait.

A) overconsumption of processed foods B) individuals seeking informal support to satisfy emotional needs C) individualism seeking formal support to conform to social norms D) industrialization of manufacture of essential everyday items E) use of machinery in agriculture

16) People must eat, but culture teaches us what, when, and how to do so. This is an example of how

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A) culture takes the natural biological urges we share with other animals and teaches us how to express them in particular ways.

B) "human nature" is a cultural construction, an idea we have in our minds that has nothing to do with true nature.

C) we are all just uncultured animals.

D) individuals are powerless to alter the strong relationship between nature and culture.

E) biology dominates culture.

17) Something verbal or nonverbal, within a particular language or culture, that stands for something else is known as a blank.

A) taboo B) symbol C) transmitter D) substitute E) talisman

18)

Which of the following statements about culture isfalse?

A) It is acquired by all humans, as members of society, through enculturation.

B) Everyone is cultured.

C) It encompasses rule-governed, shared, symbol-based, learned behavior, as well as beliefs transmitted across the generations.

D) It is transmitted genetically.

E) It has an evolutionary basis.

19)

Culture can be adaptive or maladaptive. It is maladaptive when

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A) cultural traits diminish the survival of particular individuals but not others.

B) cultural traits, patterns, and inventions disrupt the world economy, causing international discontent.

C) it threatens the core values of a culture that guarantee its integration.

D) it exhibits cultural traits that are not shared with the majority of the group.

E) cultural traits, patterns, and inventions threaten the group's continued survival and reproduction and thus its very existence.

20) The human capacity for culture has an evolutionary basis that extends back perhaps 3 million years. This date corresponds to

A) evidence of hunting and the use of fire to cook tough meats.

B) early toolmakers, whose products survive in the archaeological record.

C) the advent of anatomically modern primates.

D) a genetic mutation that caused an increase in brain size and complexity.

E) the earliest production of cave art found in South Africa.

21) Why does this chapter on culture include a section that describes similarities and differences between humans and apes, our closest relatives?

A) to better define culture as a capacity that distinguishes members of the zoological familyhominidae from anatomically modern humans B) to stress that there is no such thing as human nature C) to emphasize culture's evolutionary basis D) to illustrate how evolution is just a theory E) to promote the study of primatology, which has nothing to do with human culture

22) Many human traits reflect the fact that our primate ancestors lived in trees. These traits include all of the followingexcept

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A) learning ability based on a large brain.

B) echolocation, made possible by overlapping visual fields.

C) depth and color vision.

D) substantial parental investment in a limited number of offspring.

E) grasping ability.

23)

Which of the following is a mechanism of cultural change?

A) generational enculturation B) diffusion C) ethnocentrism D) particularity E) cultural relativism

24)

Which of the following is an example of cultural generality?

A) vegetarianism B) immortality C) illiteracy D) solo living E) the incest taboo

25)

Which of the following is true of cultural change through diffusion?

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A) It doesn't commonly happen because cultures are isolated B) In today's world, much international diffusion is indirect—culture is spread by mass media and information technology.

C) It occurs through independent human invention D) In the current world, finding creative solutions to problems is the main means of diffusion of culture E) It is the ongoing exchange of cultural features that results when groups have continuous firsthand contact.

26)

What are cultural particularities?

A) cultural traits of individuals rather than of groups B) traits unique to a given culture, not shared with others C) different levels of culture D) the most general aspect of culture patterns E) traits isolated from other traits in the same culture

27)

All of the following are evidence of the tendency to view culture as a processexcept

A) interest in public, collective, and individual dimensions of day-to-day life.

B) attention to agency in anthropological analysis.

C) practice theory.

D) interest in how acts of resistance can make and remake culture.

E) analysis that attempts to establish boundaries between cultures.

28)

What process is most responsible for the existence of international culture?

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A) cultural diffusion B) dendritic acculturation C) gene flow D) ethnocentrism E) cultural relativism

29)

Which of the following is a major contrast between humans and other primates?

A) Unlike primate females, human females have a visible estrus cycle.

B) Unlike humans, primates practice exogamy exclusively.

C) Unlike humans, primate adolescents do not disperse, leaving kinship ties intact lifelong.

D) Primate pair bonds for mating are more exclusive and more durable than are those of humans.

E) Unlike primates, humans maintain lifelong ties with sons and daughters.

30) The tendency to view one's own culture as superior and to use one's own standards and values in judging others is called

A) patriotism.

B) ethnocentrism.

C) moral relativism.

D) cultural relativism.

E) illiteracy.

31) In anthropology, cultural relativism is not a moral position but a methodological one. It states that

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A) to understand another culture, we must use tactics to try to jar people so that their true views are revealed.

B) some cultures are relatively better than others.

C) to understand another culture fully, we must try to understand how the people in that culture see things.

D) to bring about desired cultural change, anthropologists should act as emissaries of the most evolved cultural values.

E) because cultural values vary between cultures, they cannot be analyzed and compared.

32)

How are cultural rights different from human rights?

A) The United Nations protects human rights but not cultural rights.

B) Cultural rights are vested in groups, not in individuals.

C) The termcultural rights is a politically correct synonym for human rights.

D) Human rights are real, whereas cultural rights are just perceived.

E) Cultural rights are more clear-cut than human rights.

33)

Human rights are seen as inalienable. This means that

A) they are vested in groups and not individuals.

B) no one can abuse them.

C) anthropologists have no moral grounds to question them.

D) nations cannot abridge or terminate them.

E) they are universally accepted by all individuals.

34) Although rap music originated in the United States, it is now popular all over the world.

Which of the following mechanisms of cultural change is responsible for this?

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A) acculturation B) enculturation C) colonization D) diffusion E) independent invention

35) What is the term for the kind of cultural change that results when two or more cultures have consistent firsthand contact?

A) independent invention B) acculturation C) enculturation D) imperialism E) colonization

36) What is the primary and neutral meaning of globalization as it is applicable to anthropology?

A) global connectedness and linkages, and not any kind of political position B) opposition to global free trade C) the impact of the world on the rest of the universe D) the promotion of the interests of multinational corporations at the expense of farmers and workers E) the efforts by international financial powers to create a global free market for goods and services

37) Which of the following is an example of independent invention, the process by which people in different societies have innovated and changed in similar but independent ways?

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A) acculturation B) language C) globalization D) agriculture E) culture

38) Culture helps us define the world in which we live, to express feelings and ideas, and to guide our behavior and perceptions. ⊚ ⊚

39)

true false

Culture is transmitted by both formal and informal instruction, but not by observation. ⊚ ⊚

true false

40) Most ethnographers try to be objective, accurate, and sensitive in their accounts of other cultures. The presence of objectivity, sensitivity, and a cross-cultural perspective means that anthropologists must ignore international standards of justice and morality. ⊚ ⊚

41)

true false

Language is one of the distinctive possessions of Homo sapiens. ⊚ ⊚

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42) Cultures are integrated, patterned systems in which, if one part of the system is changed, other parts may also change. ⊚ ⊚

true false

43) Although culture is one of the principal means humans use to adapt to their environment, some cultural traits can be harmful to a group's survival. ⊚ ⊚

44)

true false

While cultural abilities have a biological basis, they do not have an evolutionary basis. ⊚ ⊚

true false

45) Although humans do employ tools much more than any other animal does, tool use also turns up among several nonhuman species, including birds, beavers, sea otters, and apes. ⊚ ⊚

46)

true false

Hunting is a distinctive human activity not shared with the apes. ⊚ ⊚

true false

47) Exogamy, marriage outside one's kin or local group, is a major cultural contrast between humans and other primates.

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⊚ ⊚

true false

48) Cultural particularities are unique to certain cultures, while cultural generalities are common to several (but not all) cultures. ⊚ ⊚

true false

49) Practice theory recognizes that the study of anthropology takes a lot of practice before resulting in accurate descriptions of a culture. ⊚ ⊚

50)

true false

Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism are inherently problematic viewpoints. ⊚ ⊚

true false

51) Only people living in the industrialized, capitalist countries of Europe and the United States are ethnocentric. ⊚ ⊚

true false

52) Cultural relativists believe that a culture should be judged only according to the standards and traditions of that culture and not according to the standards of other cultural traditions. ⊚ ⊚

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53) Anthropology is characterized by a methodological rather than moral relativism; in order to understand another culture fully, anthropologists try to understand its members' beliefs and motivations. ⊚ ⊚

54)

true false

Methodological relativism does not preclude making moral judgments or taking action. ⊚ ⊚

true false

55) The idea of universal and inalienable human rights that are superior to the laws and ethics of any one culture can conflict with some of the ideas central to cultural relativism. ⊚ ⊚

56)

true false

Diffusion plays an important role in spreading cultural traits around the world. ⊚ ⊚

true false

57) In many countries, use of the English language reflects a colonial history and is thus a consequence of forced diffusion. ⊚ ⊚

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58) Independent invention occurs when two or more cultures independently come up with similar solutions to a common problem. ⊚ ⊚

59)

true false

Acculturation is the process by which people lose the culture they learned as children. ⊚ ⊚

true false

60) Indigenous cultures are at the mercy of the forces of globalization, as they can do nothing to stop threats to their cultural identity, autonomy, and livelihood. ⊚ ⊚

61)

true false

Globalization has led to new forms of cultural expression. ⊚ ⊚

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Answer Key Test name: Chap 02_13e_Kottak 9) B 10) D 11) E 12) A 13) C 14) E 15) A 16) A 17) B 18) D 19) E 20) B 21) C 22) B 23) B 24) B 25) B 26) B 27) E 28) A 29) E 30) B 31) C 32) B 33) D 34) D Version 1

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35) B 36) A 37) D 38) TRUE 39) FALSE 40) FALSE 41) TRUE 42) TRUE 43) TRUE 44) FALSE 45) TRUE 46) FALSE 47) TRUE 48) TRUE 49) FALSE 50) TRUE 51) FALSE 52) TRUE 53) TRUE 54) TRUE 55) TRUE 56) TRUE 57) TRUE 58) TRUE 59) FALSE 60) FALSE 61) TRUE

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CHAPTER 3 1) Briefly describe the eight characteristic field techniques of the ethnographer. How do they compare with the research techniques you have learned about in courses or readings in other academic disciplines?

2)

What is the genealogical method, and why did it develop in anthropology?

3) What advantages do you see in ethnographic research techniques? What are the advantages of survey techniques? Which one would you choose, and what would that choice depend upon?

4) What advantages might a project that combines both quantitative and qualitative techniques have over one that utilizes only one or the other? What research situation might be best suited to such a combined strategy?

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5) In today's world in which people, images, and information move as never before, people simultaneously experience the local and the global. Explain what this means and consider its implications for methods in cultural anthropology.

6) What about the Human Terrain System? What concerns have these Pentagon programs raised among anthropologists? In your view, what role (if any) should academics play in national security?

7) How did the early work of scholars such as Émile Durkheim develop into the modern-day disciplines of sociology and anthropology?

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8)

Which of the following research methods is a distinctive strategy within anthropology?

A) its practice of cross-cultural comparison B) the evolutionary perspective C) the biological perspective D) working with skilled respondents E) ethnography

9)

All of the following are characteristic field techniques of the ethnographerexcept

A) in-depth interviewing, often leading to the collection of life histories.

B) problem-oriented research.

C) detailed work with key consultants.

D) longitudinal analysis of data sets gathered from state-sponsored statistical agencies.

E) direct, firsthand observation of behavior, including participant observation.

10) An anthropologist has just arrived at a new field site and feels overwhelmed with a creepy, profound feeling of alienation, of being without some of the most ordinary, trivial (and therefore basic) cues of his culture of origin. What term best describes what he is experiencing?

A) configurationalism B) synchrony C) diachrony D) culture shock E) agency paralysis

11)

Which of the following isnot an example of participant observation?

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A) helping out at harvest time B) administering interviews according to an interview schedule over the phone C) dancing at a ceremony D) buying a shroud for a village ancestor E) engaging in informal chit-chat

12) What did Bronislaw Malinowski mean when he referred to everyday cultural patterns as "the imponderabilia of native life and of typical behavior"?

A) Features of everyday culture are, at first, imponderable, but as the ethnographer builds rapport, their logic and functional value in society become clear.

B) Everyday cultural patterns are important but so numerous that their detailed description should not be included in the main body of an ethnographic study.

C) Features of culture such as distinctive smells, noises people make, how they cover their mouths when they eat, and how they gaze at each other are so fundamental that natives take them for granted but are there for the ethnographer to describe and make sense of.

D) Everyday cultural patterns of native life can best be studied by asking key informants to explain them.

E) Everyday cultural patterns are full of senseless cultural "noise," and it is the anthropologist's job to get at the truly valuable behaviors that distinguish one culture from another.

13) In the field, ethnographers strive to establish rapport: a good, friendly working relationship, based on personal contact,

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A) as well as on payment, based on local standards, for people's time spent with the researcher.

B) and if that fails, the next option is to pay people so they will talk about their culture.

C) achieved in large part by engaging in participant observation.

D) which if done properly ensures the ethnographer's ability to conduct detached, unbiased research.

E) which is necessary for conducting any valuable research in the social sciences, not just anthropology.

14) The research technique that uses diagrams and symbols to record kin connections is called

A) interpretive anthropology.

B) kin-based interviewing.

C) genealogical participant observation.

D) DNA testing.

E) the genealogical method.

15)

What is the term for an expert on a particular aspect of native life?

A) key cultural consultant B) life-history approach specialist C) biased informant D) representative sample E) etic informant

16) Ethnographers typically combine emic and etic research strategies in their fieldwork. This means they are interested in applying both

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A) genealogical and survey methods.

B) local- and scientist-oriented research approaches.

C) personal and impersonal research approaches.

D) local and bifocal research approaches.

E) reflexive and salvage approaches.

17) Archaeologists use the materials.

blank absolute dating technique to date organic

A) potassium-argon B) uranium series C) thermoluminescence D) carbon-14 E) electron spin resolution

18) Traditional ethnographic research focused on the single community or culture, which was treated as more or less isolated and unique in time and space; however,

A) all such single communities have already been studied, so anthropologists have very limited project choices.

B) there has been a shift within the discipline against the concept of culture and toward the individual as the only true, reliable unit of analysis.

C) the American Anthropological Association still requires its members to strive toward research focused on one single community.

D) there has been a shift within the discipline toward recognition of ongoing and inescapable flows of people, technology, images, and information.

E) this is no longer true, nor has it ever really been true, a fact that renders classic ethnographies historical curiosities and not serious academic works.

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19) Reflecting today's world in which people, images, and information move about as never before, fieldwork must be more flexible and done on a larger scale. The result of such fieldwork is often an ethnography that

A) is more traditional, negating anthropologists' concerns about defending their field's roots.

B) challenges anthropologists concerned with salvaging isolated and untouched cultures around the world.

C) is multisited and multitimed, integrating analyses of external organizations and forces to understand local phenomena.

D) requires researchers to stay at the same site for more than three years.

E) becomes less useful and valuable to understanding culture.

20)

In survey research, what is sampling?

A) the interviewing of a small number of key cultural consultants B) a form of participant observation C) a collection reflecting the emic perspective D) the selection of a study group from a larger population E) the collection of life histories of every member in a community

21)

In survey research, a sample should

A) be invariant.

B) include the entire population in question.

C) be constituted to allow inferences about the larger population.

D) target only one social, cultural, or environmental factor that influences behavior.

E) include anyone who will be interviewed by the ethnographer.

22) In survey research, what term is used to refer to the attributes that vary among the members of a population?

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A) interviews B) questionnaires C) variables D) random samples E) unknowns

23) Despite the variety of research techniques the ethnographer may utilize in the field, in the best studies the hallmark of ethnography remains

A) defining the local culture in such a way as to highlight what makes the particular culture so unlike any other.

B) entering the community and getting to know its people.

C) gathering large quantities of data on a limited budget.

D) collaborating with the community to construct a cohesive image of local culture.

E) providing detailed descriptions of "the imponderabilia of native life and of typical behavior."

24) An agreement to take part in research after having the nature, procedures, and possible impacts of the research explained is known as

A) a research protocol briefing.

B) the do no harm directive.

C) implied consent.

D) etic and emic protocols.

E) informed consent.

25) The Human Terrain System has sought to embed anthropologists and other social scientists within military teams in Iraq and Afghanistan. Which of the following isnot a reason anthropologists and the AAA Executive Board object to the use of anthropologists in the military?

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A) It is difficult to give informed consent in an active war zone without feeling coerced, thereby compromising "voluntary informed consent" in the AAA Code of Ethics.

B) Anthropologists in war zones have an ethical dilemma where their responsibilities to their military units may conflict with their obligations to the local people they study.

C) Anthropologists, by the nature of their discipline, are not permitted to interact with any military personnel.

D) The Human Terrain System conflicts with the ethical responsibility of anthropologists to disclose who they are.

E) Anthropologists may not be able to identify themselves as anthropologists, distinct from military personnel.

26) The characteristic field techniques of the ethnographer are participant observation, the genealogical method, and in-depth interviewing. ⊚ ⊚

27)

true false

Traditionally, ethnographers have tried to understand the whole of a particular culture. ⊚ ⊚

true false

28) When an ethnographer uses an interview schedule to gather information from the field, the researcher's capacity to ask and answer truly relevant questions is inevitably limited. ⊚ ⊚

true false

29) Really good key cultural consultants will actually end up recording most of the data needed to write an ethnography.

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⊚ ⊚

30)

The emic perspective focuses on local explanations of criteria and significance. ⊚ ⊚

31)

true false

true false

The etic perspective refers to a nonscientific perspective. ⊚ ⊚

true false

32) Because there are so many anthropologists in the United States, the distinction between emic and etic does not apply to American culture. ⊚ ⊚

true false

33) Longitudinal research is the long-term study of a community, region, society, culture, or other unit, usually based on repeated visits. ⊚ ⊚

true false

34) Despite the increasing popularity of team research among anthropologists, the best ethnographies are always the product of individual work. ⊚ ⊚

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35) Ethnography is increasingly multitimed and multisited, the result of a shift toward a recognition of the ongoing and inescapable flows of people, technology, images, and information that characterizes much of the world today. ⊚ ⊚

true false

36) Given the realities of the contemporary world, anthropologists need to apply methods that protect their analyses from biases caused by external forces. ⊚ ⊚

true false

37) The American Anthropological Association Code of Ethics prohibits anthropologists from working with governments on matters of national security. ⊚ ⊚

38)

true false

Survey research studies a small sample of a larger population. ⊚ ⊚

true false

39) Survey research is usually conducted through intensive personal contact with the study subjects. ⊚ ⊚

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Answer Key Test name: Chap 03_13e_Kottak 8) E 9) D 10) D 11) B 12) C 13) C 14) E 15) A 16) B 17) D 18) D 19) C 20) D 21) C 22) C 23) B 24) E 25) C 26) TRUE 27) TRUE 28) FALSE 29) FALSE 30) TRUE 31) FALSE 32) FALSE 33) TRUE Version 1

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34) FALSE 35) TRUE 36) TRUE 37) FALSE 38) TRUE 39) FALSE

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CHAPTER 4 1) Compare and contrast the evolution of language and biological evolution. What role might mutations have played in the origins of human language, if any?

2)

Discuss factors that increase linguistic diversity among speakers of the same language.

3) Discuss some common interests of linguistics and ethnography. Of what use can knowledge of linguistic techniques and principles be to the ethnographer?

4) What are some ways in which linguistics can aid archaeologists, biological anthropologists, and sociocultural anthropologists who are interested in history?

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5) How has technology influenced the way you communicate? Considering what you already know about anthropological theory and methods, what kinds of questions might an anthropologist pose about the role of technology in human culture, and particularly language?

How might he or she go about answering those questions?

6) According to some estimates, the world's linguistic diversity has been cut in half in the past 500 years, and half the remaining languages are predicted to disappear during this century.

Why does this matter? Isn't this just a natural result of globalization, something we should actually celebrate because it makes communication among diverse groups much easier?

7)

Identify a true statement about language.

A) Language is inherited.

B) Language is a uniform system.

C) Language is a communication system based solely on the exchange of words.

D) Language is transmitted through learning.

E) Language is the only system humans use to communicate.

8)

Which of the following statements about chimpanzee call systems is not true?

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A) They are stimuli dependent.

B) Like language, they include displacement and cultural transmission.

C) They consist of a limited number of sounds.

D) Calls cannot be combined when multiple stimuli are present.

E) They consist of sounds that vary in intensity and duration.

9) Research on the communication skills of nonhuman primates reveals their inability to refer to objects that are not immediately present in their environment, such as food and danger.

The ability to describe things and events that are not present is called

A) phonology.

B) displacement.

C) linguistic imagination.

D) productivity.

E) cultural transmission.

10) What is the term for the ability to create new expressions by combining other expressions?

A) diglossia B) displacement C) productivity D) morphemic utility E) phonemic utility

11) Recent research on the origins of language suggests that a key mutation might have something to do with it. Comparing chimp and human genomes, it appears that

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A) the speech-friendly form of the geneFOXP2 took hold in humans some 150,000 years ago.

B) the speech mutation occurred even before the hominin line split from the rest of the hominids.

C) chimps lack the tongue-rolling gene that all humans have, which might explain why they struggle to achieve clear speech.

D) a speech-friendly mutation occurred among Neandertals in Europe and spread to other human populations through gene flow.

E) chimps share with humans all the genetic propensities for language but lack the language-activation mutation.

12) Language and communication involve much more than just verbal speech. The study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and facial expressions is known as

A) diglossia.

B) kinesics.

C) protolinguistics.

D) linguistic physiology.

E) biosemantics.

13) Linguistic anthropologists also are interested in investigating the structure of language and how it varies across time and space. What is the study of the forms in which sounds combine to form words?

A) phonology B) lexicon C) morphology D) syntax E) grammar

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14)

Thelexicon of a language is

A) its symbolic and poetic value.

B) the range of speech sounds.

C) the set of rules that govern the written but not spoken language.

D) its degree of complexity.

E) a dictionary containing all its morphemes and their meanings.

15)

What term refers to the arrangement and order of words into sentences?

A) phonology B) syntax C) grammar D) morphology E) lexicon

16)

What are phonemes?

A) syntactical structures that distinguish passive constructions from active ones B) electromagnetic signals that carry messages between speakers in a telephone conversation C) the rules by which deep structure is translated into surface structure D) the minimal sound contrasts that distinguish meaning in a language E) regional differences in dialect

17)

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A) Syntax B) Morphology C) Phonemics D) Semantics E) Phonetics

18)

Which of the following was studied by Sapir and Whorf?

A) the influence of deep structure on semantic domains B) the influence of deep structure on surface structure C) the influence of language on thought D) the influence of culture on language E) the interaction of thought and surface structure

19) Just as in other areas of anthropology, the study of language involves investigating what is or isn't shared across human populations and why these differences or similarities exist. The linguist Noam Chomsky has argued that the human brain contains a limited set of rules for organizing language, so that all languages have a common structural basis. He calls this set of rules

A) generalities.

B) universal grammar.

C) the evolutionary linguistic imprint.

D) a global mental map.

E) linguistic structuralism.

20) Studies conducted by Lakoff, 2004, on the differences between female and male Americans with regard to the color terms they use suggest that

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A) women and men are equally sensitive to the marketing tactics of the cosmetic industry.

B) changes in the U.S. economy, society, and culture have no impact on the use of color terms, or on any other terms for that matter.

C) women spend more money on status goods than do men.

D) it might be more reasonable to say that changes in culture produce changes in language and thought, rather than the reverse.

E) different languages produce different ways of thinking, as was argued by Sapir-Whorf.

21) blank refers to the specialized set of terms and distinctions that are particularly important to certain groups.

A) Syntactical vocabulary B) Vernacular vocabulary C) Spatial vocabulary D) Temporal vocabulary E) Focal vocabulary

22)

A sociolinguist studies

A) speech in its social context.

B) linguistic competence.

C) the universal grammar of language.

D) the interaction of history and sociology.

E) cross-cultural comparisons of phonemic distinctions.

23)

Which of the following statements about sociolinguists isfalse?

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A) They look at society and at language.

B) They focus on surface structure.

C) They are concerned with linguistic change.

D) They are more interested in the rules that govern language than the actual use of language in everyday life.

E) They are concerned more with performance than with competence.

24)

What is the term for variations in speech due to different contexts or situations?

A) contextual phonetics B) style shifts C) situational syntax D) linguistic confusion E) Chomskian verbosity

25) Romance languages like French and Spanish are daughter languages of Latin, which is their common

A) protolanguage.

B) focal vocabulary.

C) call system.

D) diglossia.

E) syntax.

26)

What term refers to the existence of "high" and "low" dialects within a single language?

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A) lexicon B) diglossia C) displacement D) kinesics E) semantics

27) What is an example of what Bourdieu callssymbolic domination in the context of language use?

A) focal vocabulary contrasts among groups B) Chomsky's insistence that the universal grammar defines all culture C) in an egalitarian society, the promotion of linguistic diversity D) pride in one's linguistic heritage, regardless of what the majority thinks E) the fact that in a stratified society, even people who do not speak the prestige dialect tend to accept it as standard or superior

28)

What term refers to languages that have descended from the same ancestral language?

A) daughter languages B) brother languages C) protolanguages D) F2 languages E) sibling languages

29)

What is pidgin?

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A) a language that develops during acculturation, when different societies come into contact and must devise a system of communication B) a rhythmic sublanguage present in any human language as the result of a universally shared mutation C) a partial language that results from primitive tribes' attempts to learn the language of a modern industrialized state D) a set of languages believed to be most like the original human language, spoken by a small population of Indian Ocean islanders E) metalanguage, developed by computer programmers, that has yielded valuable insights into the workings of the human brain

30)

One aspect of linguistic history is language loss. When a language disappears,

A) so does pride in one's heritage.

B) humanity is that much closer to global integration.

C) cultural diversity is reduced as well.

D) less strain is put on the educational system, because it has less language diversity to deal with.

E) historical linguists have confirmation that language is also a victim of evolutionary forces.

31)

Words that clearly descend from the same ancestral word are known as

A) cognates.

B) daughters.

C) synonyms.

D) subgroups.

E) homonyms.

32)

Animal call systems exhibit linguistic productivity.

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⊚ ⊚

true false

33) Recent genetic research suggests that a speech-friendly mutation took hold in humans around 150,000 years ago. ⊚ ⊚

34)

All human nonverbal communication is instinctive and uninfluenced by cultural factors. ⊚ ⊚

35)

true false

Phonology is the study of speech sounds. ⊚ ⊚

36)

true false

true false

Syntax refers to the rules that dictate the order of words in a language. ⊚ ⊚

true false

37) The phonemes in a given language are discovered by comparing minimal pairs, words that resemble each other in all but one sound. ⊚ ⊚

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38) Sapir and Whorf argued that all languages share a single set of universal grammatical categories. ⊚ ⊚

true false

39) Focal vocabularies develop only among indigenous groups such as the Eskimos and the Nuer of South Sudan. ⊚ ⊚

true false

40) In this chapter, an alternative to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that cultural changes lead to changes in language. ⊚ ⊚

true false

41) Sociolinguists study linguistic performance by categorizing speakers as inadequate, competent, or highly proficient. ⊚ ⊚

true false

42) In his study on how linguistic variation correlated with social class in New York City department stores, William Labov found that job interviewers practiced sociolinguistic discrimination by using linguistic features in deciding who got certain jobs. ⊚ ⊚

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43) All languages and dialects are equally effective as systems of communication, regardless of whether or not they carry greater or lesser symbolic capital. ⊚ ⊚

true false

44) Bourdieu argues that languages with the highest symbolic capital are those that are better systems of communication. ⊚ ⊚

true false

45) Sociolinguistics has demonstrated that men lack the linguistic capacity to distinguish between slight changes in color. ⊚ ⊚

true false

46) Studies investigating differences in the way men and women talk are examples of sociolinguistics. ⊚ ⊚

true false

47) African American Vernacular English (AAVE) is an incomplete linguistic system that is able only to express thoughts and ideas related to life in inner-city communities. ⊚ ⊚

true false

48) Creole languages are commonly found in regions where different linguistic groups come into contact with one another.

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⊚ ⊚

true false

49) Historical linguists use linguistic similarities and differences in the world today to study long-term changes in language. ⊚ ⊚

true false

50) A close relationship between languages is always indicative of a close biological or cultural relationship between the speakers. ⊚ ⊚

true false

51) The world's linguistic diversity has been cut in half, as measured by the number of distinct languages extant, in the past 500 years; and half the remaining languages are predicted to disappear during this century. ⊚ ⊚

true false

52) Problems arise with contemporary means of communication, such as texting and online messaging, because much of what we communicate is a nonverbal reflection of emotional states. ⊚ ⊚

true false

53) Linguistic stratification can occur between dialects when one is considered a prestige dialect, as is the case with High German and Low German.

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⊚ ⊚

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Test Bank Mirror for Humanity, A Concise Introduction to Cultural Anthropology, 13th Edition by Kottak

Answer Key Test name: Chap 04_13e_Kottak 7) D 8) B 9) B 10) C 11) A 12) B 13) C 14) E 15) B 16) D 17) D 18) C 19) B 20) D 21) E 22) A 23) D 24) B 25) A 26) B 27) E 28) A 29) A 30) C 31) A 32) FALSE Version 1

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33) TRUE 34) FALSE 35) TRUE 36) TRUE 37) TRUE 38) FALSE 39) FALSE 40) TRUE 41) FALSE 42) TRUE 43) TRUE 44) FALSE 45) FALSE 46) TRUE 47) FALSE 48) TRUE 49) TRUE 50) FALSE 51) TRUE 52) TRUE 53) TRUE

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CHAPTER 5 1) List the first four of Cohen's adaptive strategies and summarize the key features of each.

What are the correlated variables for each strategy?

2) We should not view contemporary foragers as isolated or pristine survivors of the Stone Age. Why? What is the evidence to suggest this view?

3) Imagine a foraging society that operates largely according to principles of generalized reciprocity, just prior to being colonized. Now defend the following statement: "Capitalism is not just an economic system; it is also a cultural system."

4) What are the basic differences and similarities between horticultural and foraging populations? Indicate reasons for the contrasts.

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5) Is the contrast between horticulture and agriculture one of degree, or are they entirely separate practices? What is the difference between these two types of cultivation? Cite ethnographic evidence in your answer.

6) Anthropologists often say that in nonindustrial societies, economic relationships are embedded in social relationships. What does this mean?

7) How does economic anthropology differ from classical economics? In what ways can economic anthropology serve as a safeguard against ethnocentrism?

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8) Do people in all societies maximize material benefits? If not, what other things could be maximized to help explain their motives in everyday life? Do anthropologists believe that the profit maximization motive is a universal? What do you think? Explain your answer.

9) How is a rent fund different from a subsistence fund? Cite examples to clarify your argument.

10) What is industrial alienation? What kinds of activities are most likely to be associated with alienation? Which activities in our own society are most alienating? Which are least so?

11) In recent times, many foraging groups have been exposed to the idea of food production but have not adopted it. Why?

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A) They did not realize the advantages of food production.

B) People naturally resist change, especially foragers.

C) They had to ask permission from the state to do so.

D) Their own economies provided a perfectly adequate and nutritious diet.

E) They did not have the skills or tools to do so.

12)

Which of the following is a characteristic shared by recent foraging communities?

A) They lived in marginal environments that were of little interest to food-producing societies.

B) They spoke simplified languages.

C) They relied on welfare supplied by state-level societies.

D) They devolved to foraging from a more advanced level of subsistence.

E) They fished a great deal.

13) Despite differences arising from environmental variation, all foraging economies have shared one essential feature

A) their reliance on welfare supplied by state-level societies.

B) their reliance on available natural resources for their subsistence, rather than controlling the reproduction of plants and animals.

C) their willingness to test out new food-producing technologies to see if they are any better than what they are used to.

D) their interest in developing irrigation technologies to control sources of water.

E) their emphasis on devising new forms of organic pesticides.

14) This chapter's description of the San Bushmen's relation to the government of Botswana provides a telling example of how

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A) foragers are willingly choosing to change their lifestyles and become a part of the global village.

B) foraging communities' identities are being reshaped by their relationships with NGOs. C) more and more foragers have come under the control of nation-states and are now influenced by the forces of globalization.

D) the foraging lifestyle has finally become a thing of the past.

E) human rights are limited.

15)

Yehudi Cohen's adaptive strategies

A) suggest an association between the economies of societies and their social features.

B) suggest hypothetical correlations—that is, a causal relation between two or more variables, such as economic and cultural variables.

C) have strong predictive powers when analyzed in computer models.

D) suggest multidirectional relationships between a society's means and its mode of production.

E) suggest that economic systems are a better way of categorizing societies than relying on cultural patterns.

16)

Which of the following isnot characteristic of band-organized societies?

A) minor contrasts in prestige B) permanent villages C) all related by kinship or marriage D) an egalitarian social structure E) fewer than 100 people

17)

Which of the following is most characteristic of foragers?

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A) permanent villages and full-time priests B) high mobility and small groups with flexible affiliations C) territoriality and organized warfare D) unilineal descent and ancestor worship E) a redistributive economy and specialized leadership roles

18)

Which of the following statements is true of present-day foragers?

A) There are no present-day foragers.

B) They are pristine survivors from the Stone Age. C) They all exist within nation-states and are influenced by the modern world.

D) They convert into agriculturists once they discover food production.

E) They live in isolation from the rest of the world and retain their Stone Age ways of living.

19)

Which of the following is a characteristic of most foraging societies?

A) egalitarianism B) large population C) sedentism D) social stratification E) irrigation

20)

A horticultural system of cultivation is characterized by

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A) lack of proper knowledge about plant domestication.

B) the use of irrigation and terracing.

C) developing almost exclusively in arid areas.

D) periodic cycles of cultivation and fallowing.

E) intensive use of land and human labor.

21)

What kinds of societies are typically associated with slash-and-burn cultivation?

A) state-level societies B) foraging societies C) hydraulic societies D) nomadic societies E) nonindustrial societies

22)

Which of the following statements about shifting cultivation is true?

A) It requires cultivators to change plots of land, with the fallowing durations varying in different societies.

B) It is typically associated with the use of draft animals.

C) It relies extensively on chemical fertilizers.

D) It requires irrigation.

E) It cannot support permanent villages.

23)

Which of the following statements about irrigation isfalse?

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A) Irrigated fields typically increase in value through time.

B) The Ifugao from the Philippines use irrigation intensively.

C) Irrigation is one of the defining characteristics of foraging societies.

D) Irrigated fields are labor intensive compared to swidden (burned over) fields.

E) Irrigation usually enriches the soil.

24) In which food production system does part of the group's population accompany the herds to distant pastures and the remaining population maintain year-round villages and grow crops?

A) modified foraging B) intensive agriculturalist C) pastoral nomadic D) mixed specialization E) transhumance

25) Because nonindustrial economies can have features of both horticulture and agriculture, it is useful to discuss cultivators as being arranged along a cultivation continuum. Which of the following generally occurs in moving toward the more intensive end of the cultivation continuum?

A) improved overall health status of the population B) increased permanency C) longer fallow periods D) increased leisure time E) increased egalitarianism

26)

Which of the following doesnot occur in moving along the cultivation continuum?

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A) Land is used more intensively.

B) Villages are located closer together.

C) Village size increases.

D) Societies become more egalitarian.

E) Population density increases.

27)

What happens as one moves along the cultivation continuum?

A) Ceremonies and rituals become less formal.

B) There is a heavier reliance on swidden cultivation.

C) More time for leisurely pursuits becomes available.

D) The use of land and labor intensifies.

E) The use of communal cooking-houses becomes more common.

28)

Intensive agriculture

A) is not ecologically destructive when it is done with fuel-efficient machinery.

B) can actually breed greater ecological diversity.

C) has significant environmental effects, such as deforestation, water pollution, and reduction of ecological diversity.

D) is an ecological improvement over sectorial fallowing.

E) has a significant impact on the environment, but this impact is very localized and can be controlled.

29) What term refers to the type of pastoral economy in which the entire population moves with their animals throughout the year?

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A) transhumance B) foraging C) pastoral nomadism D) balanced subsistence E) discretionary pastoralism

30)

What is a mode of production?

A) whether a society is foraging, horticulturalist, or agriculturalist B) the land, labor, technology, and capital of production C) the cultural aspect of any given economy, such as changing fashions in the textile and clothing industry D) the way a society's social relations are organized to produce the labor necessary for generating the society's subsistence and energy needs E) a postindustrial adaptive strategy, such as commercial agriculture or international mercantilism

31)

What are the means, or factors, of production?

A) a synonym of a society's mode of production B) a society's institutional mechanisms for making sure that everyone is productive C) a society's major productive resources, such as land and other natural resources, labor, technology, and capital D) the ways a society organizes production E) labor forces organized by kinship ties

32) Unlike in industrial societies, where economic alienation is common, in nonindustrial societies

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A) alienation is suffered only among the poorer classes.

B) social relations are embedded in all relations except the economic ones.

C) alienation is an ascribed status.

D) the relations of production, distribution, and consumption are social relations with economic aspects.

E) alienation is pervasive.

33)

How are nonindustrial economic systems embedded in society?

A) The economic system cannot easily be separated from other systems, such as kinship.

B) People are not aware that they are working toward a goal.

C) Most economic activity takes place far from home.

D) Most nonindustrial economies are managed systems.

E) The economic system has little to do with the everyday life of the people.

34) Economic relationships are characteristically embedded in other relationships, such as kinship, in all of the following kinds of societiesexcept

A) foragers.

B) pastoralists.

C) horticulturalists.

D) chiefdoms.

E) industrial.

35) Economic anthropologists have been concerned with two main questions, one focusing on systems of human behavior and the other on the individuals who participate in those systems.

The first question is: How are production, distribution, and consumption organized in different societies? Which of the following is the second question?

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A) Why has the myth of the profit-maximizing individual been so pervasive, despite evidence to the contrary?

B) What are the best ways to convince individuals in funding agencies of the value of ethnographic knowledge in the realm of economics?

C) What has been the impact of globalization at the level of the individual?

D) What motivates people in different cultures to produce, distribute or exchange, and consume?

E) What encourages overconsumption in Western economies?

36)

Which of the following statements about peasants isnot true?

A) They owe rent to the government.

B) They practice small-scale agriculture without modern technology such as chemical fertilizers and tractors.

C) They are not part of the world market.

D) They owe rent to landlords.

37)

Who are peasants?

A) anyone who lives in the country B) people who ignore social norms of behavior C) small-scale farmers with rent fund obligations D) small-scale farmers who own their own land and sell all their crops to buy necessities E) anyone who falls below the poverty line

38) blank occurs when products, such as a portion of the annual harvest, move from the local level to a center, from which they eventually flow back out.

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A) Negative reciprocity B) Redistribution C) Transhumance D) Balanced reciprocity E) Generalized reciprocity

39)

Which of the following economic principles is generally dominant in industrial society?

A) balanced reciprocity B) redistribution C) the market principle D) negative reciprocity E) generalized exchange

40)

Which of the following isnot associated with the market principle?

A) the law of supply and demand B) control of the means of production C) impersonal economic relations D) profit maximization E) kin-based generalized reciprocity

41)

Generalized reciprocity

A) is exemplified by silent trade.

B) usually develops after redistribution but before the market principle.

C) is characterized by the immediate return of the object exchanged.

D) is the characteristic form of exchange in egalitarian societies.

E) disappears with the origin of the state.

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42) Which of the following kinds of exchange is characteristic among the members of a family?

A) generalized reciprocity B) balanced reciprocity C) negative reciprocity D) redistribution E) None of the answer choices are correct.

43)

Which of the following statements about potlatching isnot true?

A) Potlatching was misinterpreted as a classical case of economically wasteful behavior.

B) Potlatching is a form of exchange that has long-term adaptive value.

C) Potlatching is an example of competitive feasting.

D) Potlatching is well documented among Native American communities of the North Pacific Coast of North America.

E) Potlatching is a case that proves that the profit-maximizing motive is a human universal.

44) Most contemporary foragers live in remote areas, completely cut off from contact with other modern, agricultural, and industrial communities. ⊚ ⊚

true false

45) The Kalahari Desert of southern Africa is home to the foraging group known as the Ju/'hoansi San. ⊚ ⊚

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46) Horticulture refers to non-intensive farming that often uses slash-and-burn techniques to clear land. ⊚ ⊚

true false

47) Domesticated animals, more specifically their manure and their pulling capabilities, are key components of horticulture. ⊚ ⊚

true false

48) In order to intensify production, agriculturalists frequently build irrigation canals and terraces. ⊚ ⊚

true false

49) Correlations are highly useful for anthropologists studying societies because they are often highly accurate. ⊚ ⊚

true false

50) Agriculturalists tend to live in permanent villages that are larger and closer to other settlements than the semipermanent settlements of horticulturalists. ⊚ ⊚

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51) The high level of intensification and long-term dependability of horticulture paved the way for the emergence of large urban settlements and the first states. ⊚ ⊚

true false

52) Pastoralists are specialized herders whose subsistence strategies are focused on domesticated animals. ⊚ ⊚

53)

true false

In transhumant societies, the entire group moves with their animals throughout the year. ⊚ ⊚

true false

54) A mode of production is a way of organizing production, whereas the means of production include the factors of production, such as land, labor, and technology. ⊚ ⊚

true false

55) Although some kind of division of economic labor based on age and gender is a cultural universal, the specific tasks assigned to males, females, and people of different ages vary. ⊚ ⊚

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56)

Band- and tribal-level societies actively promote craft and task specialization. ⊚ ⊚

57)

true false

In nonindustrial societies, economic activities are embedded in the society. ⊚ ⊚

true false

58) Redistribution is the most widespread form of exchange, because it exists in every kind of society, from foraging bands to industrial nations. ⊚ ⊚

true false

59) With negative reciprocity, the goal is to get something immediately and as cheaply as possible, even if it means being cagey or deceitful or even cheating. ⊚ ⊚

true false

60) With generalized reciprocity, the individuals participating in the exchange usually do not know each other prior to the exchange. ⊚ ⊚

61)

true false

With balanced reciprocity, the giver expects something in return equal to what was given. ⊚ ⊚

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62) Potlatching is a form of competitive feasting that enables individuals to redistribute surplus materials while simultaneously increasing their own prestige. ⊚ ⊚

true false

63) Anthropological analysis of potlatching contradicts the classic economics assumption that individuals are, by nature, profit maximizers. ⊚ ⊚

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Answer Key Test name: Chap 05_13e_Kottak 11) D 12) A 13) B 14) C 15) A 16) B 17) B 18) C 19) A 20) D 21) E 22) A 23) C 24) E 25) B 26) D 27) D 28) C 29) C 30) D 31) C 32) D 33) A 34) E 35) D 36) C Version 1

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37) C 38) B 39) C 40) E 41) D 42) A 43) E 44) FALSE 45) TRUE 46) TRUE 47) FALSE 48) TRUE 49) FALSE 50) TRUE 51) FALSE 52) TRUE 53) FALSE 54) TRUE 55) TRUE 56) FALSE 57) TRUE 58) FALSE 59) TRUE 60) FALSE 61) TRUE 62) TRUE 63) TRUE

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CHAPTER 6 1) How does Morton Fried definepolitical organization? Why does Kottak prefer to use the termsociopolitical organization in discussing the regulation or management of interrelations among groups and their representatives?

2) What are the major results and implications of food production? How does reliance on food production affect the social, economic, and political organization of societies that practice it?

3) Modern hunter-gatherers should not be seen as representative of Stone Age peoples, all of whom were also foragers. Why?

4) Anthropologists claim that in nonstate societies the political structure is embedded in relationships based on kinship, descent, and marriage. What does this mean? Use two ethnographic cases to illustrate this claim.

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5)

Discuss ways in which order is maintained in societies that lack chiefs and rulers.

6) Contrast two of the following as political regulators: (A) sodalities based on age and gender; (B) village headmen; (C) village councils; (D) big men; and (E) pantribal sodalities.

7) Contrast the Inuit and Yanomami with respect to their reasons for disputes, the effectiveness of their means of resolving disputes, and how they enforce decisions about resolving disputes.

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8) What factors are responsible for the variable development of political regulation and authority structures among pastoralists?

9) How does one distinguish between a chiefdom and a state? Is this a useful distinction? Is it always easy to make such a distinction?

10) This chapter describes various ways in which dominant members of society exert control over a population by resorting to indirect or even covert means. What are some examples of this?

What concepts have some come up with to understand the social dynamics that arise from these situations? Can you think of some contemporary examples of the use of these means of control?

11) This chapter's description of the Makua of Mozambique illustrates the combination of newer and more traditional characteristics of the Makua's formal political system. Give three examples of how the formal and traditional systems mix. Would the duality of the Makua system have been revealed had the analysis of this community focused only on the formal aspects of social control?

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12) What are the differences between shame and guilt? Why is it important for anthropologists interested in understanding sociopolitical organization to pay attention to people's concerns with shame or guilt in the communities they study?

13) Kottak prefers the termsociopolitical organization to Morton Fried's term political organization in discussing the regulation or management of interrelations among groups and their representatives. This is because

A) the termpolitical refers only to contemporary Western states.

B) Fried's definition is much less applicable to nonstates, in which it is often difficult to detect any public policy.

C) sociopolitical is the term the founders of anthropology used to refer to the regulation or management of interrelations among groups and their representatives.

D) the termsociopolitical is more politically correct.

E) anthropologists and political scientists have an interest in political systems and organization, but they cannot agree on the same terminology.

14) Despite the analytical usefulness of learning about anthropologist Elman Service's typology of political organization into bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states, it is important to remember that

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A) it applies only to the reality of societies in the so-called Third World.

B) today, none of these political entities, or polities, can be studied as a self-contained form of political organization, because all exist within nation-states.

C) people all over the world vocally reject being classified under such a typology and typically express their anger through hidden transcripts.

D) it has no practical value in ethnographic research, only in theoretical anthropology.

E) Bronislaw Malinowski first came up with this typology.

15) Foraging economies are usually associated with which type of sociopolitical organization?

A) tribe B) chiefdom C) primate D) state E) band

16) Modern foragers are not Stone Age relics, living fossils, lost tribes, or noble savages.

Still, to the extent that foraging has been the basis of their subsistence, contemporary and recent hunter-gatherers

A) suggest that the most basic motive driving human survival is the need for power.

B) can illustrate links between foraging economies and other aspects of society and culture, such as their sociopolitical organization.

C) are the closest we can come to studying true human nature.

D) illustrate links between foraging economies and the emergence of social stratification.

E) illustrate the social precursors to hegemony.

17)

Which of the following was/werenot used by traditional Inuit to handle disputes?

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A) courts of law B) killing of the offender C) kin ties D) blood feuds E) song contests

18)

The Inuit song battle is

A) a widespread feature of tribal society.

B) used to initiate colonial strategies.

C) a means of resolving disputes in order to forestall open conflict.

D) sometimes the occasion for a “treacherous feast.”

E) a ritualized means of designating hunting lands.

19)

Which of the following statements about political leaders in foraging bands is true?

A) They have inherited special access to strategic resources.

B) They have no means of forcing people to follow their decisions.

C) They maintain control by conquering foreign territories.

D) They maintain power by nurturing strong ties with the commoner class.

E) They are the most dominant males in the largest, most powerful descent group.

20) Tribal societies, which are typically organized by village life or membership in descent groups, tend to be egalitarian. However, egalitarianism diminishes

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A) as tribal leaders gain too much power and start to put it to use to buy favors.

B) as the village head’s family grows.

C) as the overall population ages.

D) the closer one is to the big man’s wife.

E) as village size and population density increase.

21) As an example of how virtually no one is immune from larger political and economic forces, the Yanomami tribal society of Brazil has suffered recent changes as a result of

A) modern-minded big men amassing so much wealth that people have begun to regard them as chiefs.

B) village raiding among tribal groups.

C) the involvement of NGOs in their internal political affairs.

D) being overrun by the more expansion-minded Nilotic peoples.

E) encroachment by gold miners and ranchers.

22) The Yanomami of Venezuela and Brazil have descent groups, which span more than one village and are

A) purely horticultural.

B) typically led by a female leader.

C) without gender stratification.

D) patrilineal and exogamous in nature.

E) matrilineal and primarily dependent on foraging.

23)

In the context of tribal societies, a “big man” is a leader who

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A) leads one village at a time.

B) avoids and discourages excessive displays of generosity.

C) acquires his position through hard work and good judgment.

D) acquires his position through coercion and violence.

E) inherits his or her position by birth.

24)

How does a big man increase his status?

A) Big men are village heads who are trying to turn their achieved status into something more permanent; the standard way of doing this is through conspicuous symbolic displays of wealth.

B) Big men do not keep the wealth they accumulate; instead, they redistribute it to create and maintain alliances with political supporters.

C) The primary means of becoming a big man is the wearing of atonowi shell necklace, which is imported from the coast and is therefore quite expensive by Kapauku standards.

D) Big men are typically war leaders and as such must have a standing supply of “grievance gifts” to compensate the families of warriors who die under their command.

E) The termbig man refers to the liminal state a Kapauku youth enters before marriage; he accumulates wealth as a way of funding the wedding and paying the bride price.

25)

A big man’s position depends on all of the followingexcept

A) inherited inequality.

B) hard work.

C) personal charisma.

D) generosity.

E) the creation of wealth superior to that of others.

26)

What is an age set?

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A) a village council B) a pantribal sodality that represents a certain level of achievement in the society, much like the stages of an undergraduate’s progress through college C) all men and women related by virtue of matrilineal descent from a nonhuman apical ancestor D) a group uniting men born during a certain span of time in some pastoral African societies E) all men and women related by virtue of patrilineal descent from a human apical ancestor

27) A comparison between the Basseri and Qashqai, two Iranian nomadic tribes, illustrates how as regulatory problems increase,

A) pastoralists are less likely to interact with other populations in the same space and time.

B) silence becomes the best strategy for avoiding conflict.

C) political hierarchies become more complex.

D) age sets begin to disintegrate.

E) rules regarding crime and punishment become more severe.

28) Why is it important to remember that thechiefdom and the state, like many categories used by social scientists, are ideal types?

A) They distinguish political and sociopolitical analyses among social scientists.

B) They are useless in sociopolitical analysis.

C) They are labels that make social contrasts seem sharper than they really are.

D) They represent social goals that politicians should strive to achieve.

E) They ensure that the field of anthropology remains more scientific.

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29) Noting that chiefdoms created the megalithic cultures of Europe, such as the one that built Stonehenge, Kottak reminds us that

A) all powerful chiefdoms require elaborate stonework to be recognized by competing groups.

B) chiefdoms that failed to become states did not have enough stone.

C) chiefdoms have been among the rarest forms of social organization throughout human history.

D) all chiefdoms end up becoming states.

E) chiefdoms and states can fall as well as rise.

30) In which of the following forms of political organization is it most likely that the most important leaders will acquire their positions based on personal background or ability, rather than heredity?

A) tribal societies B) agrarian, preindustrial states C) feudal states D) imagined communities E) chiefdoms

31) The status systems of chiefdoms and states are similar in that both are based on differential access to resources. Nevertheless, a key distinction is that

A) stratum endogamy exists in chiefdoms but not in state status systems.

B) the status system of chiefdoms can sometimes function in a completely egalitarian manner when the populations are small enough.

C) differential access in chiefdoms is still very much tied to kinship.

D) status is much more important to leaders in chiefdoms than in states.

E) in chiefdoms, women are always excluded from the competition for status, whereas in states, this gender difference does not exist.

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32) Which of the following kinds of societies is most likely to have stratum endogamy (marriage within one's own group)?

A) society with segmentary lineage organization B) tribe C) state D) band E) chiefdom

33)

How do chiefdoms differ from states?

A) Chiefdoms are based on differential access.

B) Chiefdoms have permanent political regulation.

C) Chiefdoms lack ascribed statuses.

D) Chiefdoms lack socioeconomic stratification and stratum endogamy.

E) Chiefdoms have full-time religious specialists.

34) The presence and acceptance of which of the following is one of the key distinguishing features of a state?

A) rapport between the elites and commoners B) generosity, even at the fiscal level C) the authority of charismatic leaders D) stratification E) gender differences in terms of access to resources

35) The influential sociologist Max Weber defined which three related dimensions of social stratification?

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A) wealth, power, and prestige B) selfishness, greed, and ignorance C) superordinate, ordinate, and subordinate D) judiciary, enforcement, and fiscal E) cultural capital, power, and population control

36)

According to Max Weber, prestige is the basis of

A) social status.

B) power.

C) political status.

D) economic status.

E) political capital.

37) Which of the following is the most important factor in determining an individual's power and prestige in a state?

A) social status B) physical size C) anthropomorphism D) speaking ability E) personality

38)

Which of the following isnot typical of state-level societies?

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A) a purely foraging-based subsistence strategy B) intensive, managed agriculture C) boundary maintenance systems D) class stratification E) a specialized decision-making system

39)

What is hegemony?

A) the critique of power by the oppressed that goes on offstage, in private, where the power holders can't see it B) open, public interactions between dominators and the oppressed—the outer shell of power relations C) an overt sociopolitical strategy used to control people D) use of social controls that induce guilt and shame in the population E) a stratified social order in which subordinates comply with domination by internalizing their rulers' values and accepting the "naturalness" of domination

40) The case of the Igbo Women's War shows how women effectively used blank (through song, dance, noise, and "in-your-face" behavior) to subvert blank and, in so doing, gained greater influence.

A) formal authority; social power B) prestige; differential access C) conflict resolution; formal authority D) social power; formal authority E) social control; law

41)

According to Pierre Bourdieu and Michel Foucault,

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A) if state institutions such as prisons and schools are able to control people's bodies, their minds will follow.

B) anthropologists have no business studying the process of how the dominant ideology becomes internalized, since this is the job of psychologists and political scientists.

C) anatomically modern humans have a long way to go in the process of evolution, since they are so easily tricked into believing that forms of state control are both natural and good.

D) overt violence is critical in order for a state to succeed in dominating its population.

E) it is easier and more effective to dominate people in their minds than to try to control their bodies.

42) In the southern United States before the Civil War, gatherings of five or more slaves were forbidden unless a White person was present, because

A) White persons were curious about the use of the story of Moses that was popular among slaves at the time.

B) resistance is most likely to be expressed openly when people are allowed to assemble.

C) resistance was most likely to be expressed openly when Black slaves were provoked by the presence of White persons.

D) some Whites were eager to join the black slaves in their plans, some successful, in establishing free communities in isolated areas.

E) these Whites were actually covert anthropologists eager to study social relations during these politically difficult times.

43) In an ethnographic field study of political systems in northern Mozambique, Nicholas Kottak found that avoiding shame can be an effective control against breaking social norms. This example of how shame can be a powerful social sanction

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A) joins the work of many other anthropologists that cite the importance of informal processes of social control, including gossip and stigma.

B) is unique among ethnographic cases illustrating the variety of sociopolitical systems that exist in the world today.

C) is evidence that shame is a cultural universal.

D) is often a key component of the formal processes of social control.

E) is an indication that women tend to suffer from the consequences of shame more than men do.

44)

In the context of anthropology, the termpower is synonymous with the termauthority. ⊚ ⊚

true false

45) The anthropological approach to the study of political systems and organization is global and comparative and includes nonstates as well as the states and nation-states usually studied by political scientists. ⊚ ⊚

46)

true false

The sociopolitical organization of foragers tends to be bands. ⊚ ⊚

true false

47) In bands, the leader occupies an official office with coercive control over the members of the community. ⊚ ⊚

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48)

Since bands lack formalized law, they have no way of settling disputes. ⊚ ⊚

true false

49) Although rules and norms are cultural universals, only state societies, those with established governments, have formal laws that are formulated, proclaimed, and enforced. ⊚ ⊚

true false

50) In tribal societies, the village head leads by example and through persuasion; he lacks the ability to force people to do things. ⊚ ⊚

true false

51) Pantribal sodalities function to integrate the community by providing a series of important nonkin relationships. ⊚ ⊚

true false

52) The Qashqai and Basseri peoples are examples of nomadic foragers who live in modernday Iran. ⊚ ⊚

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53) In archaic states, the subordinate group's access to valued resources by was limited by the privileged group in the superordinate stratum. ⊚ ⊚

54)

true false

In chiefdoms, chiefs occupy formal offices and administer or regulate a series of villages. ⊚ ⊚

true false

55) In chiefdoms, individuals are ranked according to seniority, but everyone is believed to be descended from a common set of ancestors. ⊚ ⊚

true false

56) Stratum endogamy is restricted to chiefdoms, wherein chiefs occupied a formal elite stratum in society. ⊚ ⊚

57)

true false

Status in chiefdoms and states is based primarily on differential access to resources. ⊚ ⊚

true false

58) With the rise of states, kinship's role in society continued to grow and dominate daily activities.

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⊚ ⊚

59)

true false

Status in chiefdoms and states is based primarily on differential access to resources. ⊚ ⊚

true false

60) With the rise of states, kinship's role in society continued to grow and dominate daily activities. ⊚ ⊚

true false

61) States are complex systems of sociopolitical organization that aim to control and administer everything from conflict resolution to fiscal systems to population movements. ⊚ ⊚

62)

A fiscal system includes the judges, laws, and courts that resolve conflicts. ⊚ ⊚

63)

true false

true false

Population control in states refers to the police and military. ⊚ ⊚

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64)

The elites of archaic states restricted access to sumptuary goods. ⊚ ⊚

true false

65) To be effective as a sanction, the prospect of being shamed or of shaming oneself must be internalized by the individual. ⊚ ⊚

true false

66) Social controls refers to the fields of the social system—beliefs, practices, and institutions—that are most actively involved in the maintenance of norms and the regulation of conflict. ⊚ ⊚

true false

67) In the Igbo women's war, women used song, dance, noise, and "in-your-face" behavior to attempt to subvert formal authority, but women did not gain any greater influence. ⊚ ⊚

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Answer Key Test name: Chap 06_13e_Kottak 13) B 14) B 15) E 16) B 17) A 18) C 19) B 20) E 21) E 22) D 23) C 24) B 25) A 26) D 27) C 28) C 29) E 30) A 31) A 32) C 33) D 34) D 35) A 36) A 37) A 38) A Version 1

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39) E 40) D 41) E 42) B 43) A 44) FALSE 45) TRUE 46) TRUE 47) FALSE 48) FALSE 49) TRUE 50) TRUE 51) TRUE 52) FALSE 53) FALSE 54) TRUE 55) TRUE 56) FALSE 57) TRUE 58) FALSE 59) TRUE 60) FALSE 61) TRUE 62) FALSE 63) FALSE 64) TRUE 65) TRUE 66) TRUE 67) FALSE

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CHAPTER 7 1) Cite evidence confirming or denying the universality of the nuclear family. Give examples from different cultures. What other social units might assume the functions associated with nuclear families?

2) Discuss ways in which kinship and descent help human populations adapt to their environments.

3) This chapter offers a brief overview of kinship-related demographic changes in the United States and Canada. How have kinship arrangements changed? How do these changes relate to other cultural changes? Do you find any of the current trends surprising? If so, why?

4) "Anthropologists spend much of their time studying trivia like kinship." Do you agree with this statement? If so, why? If not, why not?

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5) There are rights, duties, and obligations associated with kinship and descent. Many societies have both families and descent groups. Give an illustration of how obligations to one may conflict with obligations to the other. How does your example relate to your experience managing rights, duties, and obligations in your own family?

6) Using what you know about cross-cultural comparisons of marital practices, discuss the following statement: Serial monogamy is the result of a cultural emphasis on individualism, whereas polygamy is the result of a cultural emphasis on social responsibility.

7)

Does the practice of paying a dowry necessarily imply gender inequality?

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8) What are some of the differences between endogamy and exogamy, and how absolute is the distinction implied by these terms? Use examples to illustrate your argument.

9) This chapter includes several examples linking marriage practices with issues about property and inheritance. Describe these examples. Based on what you have learned so far about marriage, kinship, adaptive strategies, and political systems, can you suggest ways in which anthropologists could help explain relationships involving property?

10) How does the 2017 travel ban implemented by the Trump administration illustrate that there can be significant disagreement over kinship classification in a single nation-state? In what ways does the travel ban show that the social construction of kinship has moved into our systems of law and border control?

11)

Understanding kinship systems is an important part of anthropology because

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A) the study of kinship is part of the anthropological tradition established by the field's pioneers.

B) it provides an objective, universal perspective on how people are related to one another.

C) kinship ties are what triggered the split between the hominin line and the rest of the primates and are thus the defining aspect of our humanity.

D) kinship ties are important to the people anthropologists study; they are a key component of people's everyday social relations.

E) it is the only aspect of anthropological study that the general public cares about.

12)

Which term refers to the family in which a child is raised?

A) family of kin B) family of nucleation C) genealogical family D) family of orientation E) family of procreation

13) Traditionally, in some areas of Bosnia, several nuclear families were embedded in an extended family household called a zadruga. Among the Nayar in southern India, it was typical for people to live in matrilineal extended family compounds called tarawads. Descriptions of these two culturally specific cases highlight how

A) the nuclear family is the only stable kin group arrangement.

B) children who grow up in stable kin groups are better off than those who don't.

C) extended family households are an adaptive strategy for dealing with extreme poverty.

D) there are many alternatives to the nuclear family.

E) nuclear families are extremely rare in terms of living arrangements.

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14) What is the name of the postmarital residence pattern in which the married couple is expected to establish their own home?

A) matrilocality B) uxorilocality C) ambilocality D) neolocality E) patrilocality

15) In North America, the relatively high incidence of expanded family households in the lower class is

A) caused by bifurcate merging, a practice brought to the United States by Irish immigrants during the early part of the 20th century.

B) an important strategy used by the urban poor to adapt to poverty.

C) the reason the families of lower-class urbanites are dysfunctional.

D) maladaptive, since poor families should be smaller in order to cut down on expenses.

E) the result of enduring cultural ties to Europe.

16) Although the nuclear family remains a cultural ideal for many Americans, nuclear families accounted for 18 percent of American households in 2019. In fact, other domestic arrangements outnumber the traditional U.S. household five to one. All of the following are among the reasons for this trendexcept that

A) contrary to expectations, the importance of kinship is growing in contemporary nations.

B) job demands compete with romantic attachments.

C) divorce rates have risen.

D) it is increasingly economically feasible for women to delay marriage and yet live away from their family of orientation.

E) women are increasingly joining men in the workforce.

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17) Contemporary North American adults usually define their families as consisting of their husbands or wives and their children. In contrast, when middle-class Brazilians talk about their families, they mean their parents, siblings, aunts, uncles, grandparents, and on, down to their children. They rarely mention the spouse. Which of the following is among the reasons for this stark cultural contrast?

A) Brazilians readily incorporate strangers into their social worlds.

B) Brazilians live in a less mobile society and so stay in closer contact with their relatives, including members of their extended family, than do North Americans.

C) Brazilians have purely economic relationships with their spouses.

D) North Americans have more choices about where they can live, and they have chosen to live away from their relatives.

E) North Americans value independence over their family.

18)

What are the two basic social units of foraging societies?

A) the band and the clan B) the lineage and the nuclear family C) the band and the extended family D) the extended family and the clan E) the nuclear family and the band

19) A unilineal descent group whose members demonstrate their common descent from an apical ancestor is a(n)

A) extended family.

B) lineage.

C) family of orientation.

D) clan.

E) family of procreation.

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20)

What does ego represent in a depiction of a kinship system?

A) the emotional attachment felt by the people who use the system B) the sense of distinct individuality that is present in any society C) the point of reference used to determine which kin terms are applicable to certain individuals D) the boundary between one's kin group and outsiders E) a gender-free way of reckoning kinship

21) Which of the following statements about the role of the Internet in marriage and dating in contemporary societies isfalse?

A) Like the workplace, bars, parties, and churches, the Internet is part of what has been labeled the "marriage market."

B) Use of the Internet for partner shopping first began to soar when dynamic websites based on databases were introduced.

C) One's offline social connections influence one's opinions and use of online dating.

D) Older people are more likely than younger ones to use online dating to find a partner.

E) The Internet has largely supplanted traditional "offline" partner shopping, which has dramatically faded in significance.

22)

Which of the following statements about polyandry is most likely true?

A) It is legal in the United States.

B) It is a cultural adaptation to the high labor demands of rice cultivation.

C) It is found only among fishing communities in Madagascar.

D) It is almost always sororate.

E) It is a cultural adaptation to mobility associated with male travel for trade, commerce, and warfare.

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23)

Which of the following statements about polygynous marriages is true?

A) They are characterized by there being more than one husband in a single household.

B) They tend to occur in societies that have more men than women.

C) They frequently involve a hierarchical arrangement among the wives.

D) They are associated with male infanticide.

E) They are characteristic of high social instability, as with serial monogamy in southern California and Washington, DC.

24)

All of the following are forms of polygamyexcept

A) a man who has three wives, all of whom are sisters.

B) a woman who has three husbands, all of whom are brothers.

C) a woman who has two unrelated husbands.

D) a man who has four wives simultaneously.

E) a man who marries, then divorces, then marries again, then divorces again, then marries again, each time to a different woman.

25)

Which of the following best defines polygyny?

A) the type of marriage in which there is more than one husband B) the custom whereby a widower marries the sister of his dead wife C) the custom whereby a wife marries the brother of her dead husband D) the type of marriage in which there is more than one wife E) the type of marriage involving only two spouses

26) What is the name of the custom by which a widower marries the sister of his deceased wife?

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A) sororate marriage B) filial marriage C) serial polyandry D) fraternal marriage E) levirate marriage

27)

Divorce tends to be more common

A) when marriages are political alliances between groups.

B) in matrilineal than in patrilineal societies.

C) in all societies when romance fails.

D) in societies in which marriage residence is patrilocal.

E) when the dowry is very small.

28) What is the term for the marital exchange in which the bride's family or kin group provides substantial gifts when their daughter marries?

A) brideservice B) dowry C) progeny price D) polygamy E) bridewealth

29) A lobola, a substantial marital gift from the husband and his kin to the wife and her kin, such as among the BaThonga of Mozambique, is

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A) widespread in patrilineal societies.

B) the same as a dowry.

C) only given for elopements.

D) a form of bride theft.

E) widespread in matrilineal societies.

30) true?

Which of the following statements about same-sex marriage in the United States today is

A) Unlike in 21 other countries, same-sex marriage is illegal in the United States.

B) Although legal in most states, same-sex marriages are not recognized by the federal government.

C) In 2015, the Supreme Court legalized same-sex marriage in the United States.

D) Same-sex marriage is only permissible in Vermont.

E) Because of the Defense of Marriage Act, married same-sex couples do not have the same federal rights and benefits as other legally married couples.

31) Anthropologist Edmund Leach (1955) observed that, depending on the society, several different kinds of rights are allocated by marriage. According to Leach, marriage can—but doesn't always—accomplish each of the followingexcept

A) giving either or both spouses rights over the latent and manifest functions of the other.

B) establishing a socially significant "relationship of affinity" between spouses and their relatives.

C) giving either or both spouses rights over the other's property.

D) giving either or both spouses rights to the labor of the other.

E) giving either or both spouses a monopoly in the sexuality of the other.

32)

How do the rules of endogamy function in society?

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A) They extend kin ties across classes.

B) They prove that the incest taboo is not the cultural universal it was once thought to be.

C) They tend to maintain social distinctions between groups.

D) They encourage the extension of affinal bonds to an ever-widening circle of people.

E) They expand the gene pool.

33)

Which of the following is an example of a rule of endogamy?

A) a taboo on marrying members of the same totemic group B) the Nazi law forbidding Aryans from marrying anyone but other Aryans C) a taboo on mating with members of one's extended family D) a taboo against marrying within the same village E) the incest taboo

34) Which of the following marital customs dictate mating or marriage within a group to which one belongs?

A) sororate B) endogamy C) sororal polygyny D) levirate E) progeny price

35) What term refers to the culturally sanctioned practice of marrying someone within a group to which one belongs?

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A) endogamy B) endosperm C) incest D) exogamy E) hypogamy

36)

The incest taboo is almost culturally universal, but

A) some cultures have replaced it with the levirate.

B) some cultures practice gerontology anyway.

C) not all cultures have one.

D) not all cultures define incest the same way.

E) not all cultures know about the consequences of incest.

37) A recent cross-cultural study of 87 societies, all of which had incest taboos, investigated the rate at which such taboos were broken. The results of this study add to the evidence that

A) cultural universals, like the human ability to make fire, always have a genetic basis.

B) although taboo, incest does happen.

C) many societies need better techniques of social control.

D) many societies need better educational systems.

E) Freud was right: Children everywhere have sexual feelings toward their parents.

38) Although the incest taboo is a cultural universal, cultures define incest differently. For example, in many cultures it is incestuous to marry parallel cousins but not cross cousins. What is the difference between parallel and cross cousins?

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A) Parallel cousins are socially recognized relatives, but cross cousins are true biological cousins.

B) Parallel cousins are true biological cousins, whereas cross cousins are simply socially recognized relatives.

C) The children of a brother and a sister are parallel cousins. The children of two brothers or two sisters are cross cousins.

D) There is no symbolic difference between the two, only a biological difference.

E) The children of two brothers or two sisters are parallel cousins. The children of a brother and a sister are cross cousins.

39) Why does exogamy, the practice of seeking a husband or wife outside one's own kin group, have adaptive value outside of biological concerns?

A) It increases the likelihood that disadvantageous alleles will find phenotypic expression and thus be eliminated from the population.

B) Exogamy is not adaptive; it is just a cultural construction.

C) It was an important causal factor in the origin of social stratification.

D) It impedes peaceful relations among social groups and therefore promotes population expansion.

E) It creates new social ties and alliances, providing access to more resources and social networks.

40) All cultures have taboos against blank, sexual relations with someone considered to be a close relative, although precisely what constitutes a close relative varies across cultures.

A) levirate B) incest C) exogamy D) sororate E) fraternal

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41)

What is the term that anthropologists use to refer to the biological father of a child?

A) genitor B) provider C) moiety D) creator E) pater

42) In South Sudan, a Nuer woman can marry a woman if her father has only daughters but no male heirs. This is done to maintain the patrilineage. The "wife" has sex with one or more men until she gets pregnant. The children born are then accepted as the offspring of both the female husband and the wife. What is important in this example is

A) how biology overrides culture regardless of human intentions.

B) social rather than biological paternity, again illustrating how kinship is socially constructed.

C) the fact that only same-sex marriages are recognized in patrilineal societies.

D) that it illustrates how romantic love is both universal and complicated.

E) how often marriage is simply about property.

43) In a recent Pew Research Center survey, 88 percent of Americans ranked highest among reasons to get married.

blank

A) love B) making a lifelong commitment C) companionship D) having children E) financial stability

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44)

blank is the term used to describe the practice in which brothers share a wife.

A) Sororal polygyny B) Exogamy C) Endogamy D) Fraternal polygyny E) Fraternal polyandry

45) Although briefly popular after its introduction, online dating never became a significant part of the marriage market. ⊚ ⊚

true false

46) In almost all cases of marriage in nonindustrial societies, some kind of preexisting social relationship between any two individuals helps determine whether they may marry. ⊚ ⊚

47)

true false

With polyandry, a woman takes more than one husband at one time. ⊚ ⊚

true false

48) Polygynous marriages often serve important economic and political functions, with the number of wives a man has serving as an indicator of his wealth, prestige, and status. ⊚ ⊚

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49) Serial polygamy is the practice of having more than one wife, but never more than one at the same time. ⊚ ⊚

true false

50) In a study among the Hopi of northeastern Arizona, more than a third of the women of the community had been divorced at least once, which correlates with the fact that these women were socially and economically insecure. ⊚ ⊚

true false

51) Cross-culturally, divorce is known only in industrialized societies where a high percentage of women are gainfully employed. ⊚ ⊚

true false

52) If Hannah marries her deceased husband's brother, the arrangement is considered a levirate marriage. ⊚ ⊚

true false

53) In tribal societies, unlike industrial ones, marriage entails only an agreement between the people getting married; descent groups play only a minor role. ⊚ ⊚

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54) Dowries are most common in societies in which women occupy an elevated status position. ⊚ ⊚

true false

55) In the United States, the Supreme Court upheld the legality of same-sex marriage in 2015. ⊚ ⊚

true false

56) In the caste system of India, failure to adhere to class endogamy rules traditionally resulted in a ritually impure union. ⊚ ⊚

true false

57) Early anthropologists explained incest taboos as a reflection of an "instinctive horror" of mating with close relatives. However, this explanation for societal bans has been rejected because formal incest restrictions would be unnecessary if humans really do have an instinctive aversion to incest. ⊚ ⊚

58)

true false

Incest is a cultural universal that is defined the same way by all cultures. ⊚ ⊚

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59)

The children of your father's sister are called your cross cousins. ⊚ ⊚

60)

true false

Exogamy is the practice of seeking out a mate within one's own social group. ⊚ ⊚

true false

61) Cultures have different definitions and expectations of relationships that are biologically or genetically equivalent. In other words, kinship is socially constructed. ⊚ ⊚

62) love.

Anthropologists have noted a trend away from arranged marriages and toward romantic

⊚ ⊚

63)

true false

Native American "Two-Spirits" were permitted to marry men. ⊚ ⊚

64)

true false

true false

Polyandry is common and practiced under a wide range of conditions.

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⊚ ⊚

true false

65) There are significant differences involving kinship between middle-class and poorer North Americans. ⊚ ⊚

66)

true false

Your family of procreation is the one into which you were born. ⊚ ⊚

true false

67) Although nuclear families are found in many societies around the world, this phenomenon is not a cultural universal. ⊚ true ⊚ false

68) The higher proportion of expanded family households among poorer Americans has been explained as an adaptation to poverty. ⊚ ⊚

true false

69) After reaching an all-time low for the twentieth century in the 1970s, the nuclear family is now making a rebound, accounting for a greater number of U.S. households each year. ⊚ ⊚

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70) Recent census data reveal that fewer than half of American women lived with a husband in 2019, compared with 65 percent in 1950. ⊚ ⊚

true false

71) Industrialization increases mobility, which plays a major role in the disappearance of extended families in the United States. ⊚ ⊚

true false

72) Comparing notions of family between the United States and Brazil, the extended family still plays a central role for most Brazilians. ⊚ ⊚

73)

true false

A descent group consists only of a married couple and their children. ⊚ ⊚

true false

74) With patrilineal descent, a person takes his or her father's last name but recognizes descent through both parents. ⊚ ⊚

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75)

In unilineal descent, one's ancestry is traced through only one line of descent. ⊚ ⊚

76)

true false

Members of a clan say they are descended from a common apical ancestor. ⊚ ⊚

true false

77) Neolocal postmarital residence rules require newly married couples to establish their own residence. ⊚ ⊚

true false

78) The most common postmarital residence rule is matrilocality, in which the married couple moves in with the husband's family. ⊚ ⊚

true false

79) Members of a clan do not try to demonstrate specific genealogical links; rather, they just stipulate their common ancestry and descent. ⊚ ⊚

80)

true false

Clans can have apical ancestors that are nonhuman such as an animal or a plant. ⊚ ⊚

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81) Among the Moso farmers of the Yunnan province, Tisese relationships are neither binding nor exclusive, and all children produced by such a union belong to their mother's household. ⊚ ⊚

true false

82) The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a dramatic increase in the number of Americans aged 18 to 29 years living with their parents—the highest share ever recorded. ⊚ ⊚

true false

83) In many societies with patrilineal descent, the giving of lobola by the husband's group to the bride's group is insurance against divorce. ⊚ ⊚

true false

84) Oxford researchers found that younger people were more likely than older ones to use online dating to find their current partner. ⊚ ⊚

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Answer Key Test name: Chap 07_13e_Kottak 11) D 12) D 13) D 14) D 15) B 16) A 17) B 18) E 19) B 20) C 21) E 22) E 23) C 24) E 25) D 26) A 27) B 28) B 29) A 30) C 31) A 32) C 33) B 34) B 35) A 36) D Version 1

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37) B 38) E 39) E 40) B 41) A 42) B 43) A 44) E 45) FALSE 46) TRUE 47) TRUE 48) TRUE 49) FALSE 50) FALSE 51) FALSE 52) TRUE 53) FALSE 54) FALSE 55) TRUE 56) TRUE 57) TRUE 58) FALSE 59) TRUE 60) FALSE 61) TRUE 62) TRUE 63) TRUE 64) FALSE 65) TRUE 66) FALSE Version 1

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67) TRUE 68) TRUE 69) FALSE 70) TRUE 71) TRUE 72) TRUE 73) FALSE 74) FALSE 75) TRUE 76) TRUE 77) TRUE 78) FALSE 79) TRUE 80) TRUE 81) TRUE 82) TRUE 83) TRUE 84) FALSE

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CHAPTER 8 1) What position do most anthropologists take on the matter of whether male dominance is a cultural universal? What is your own view on the matter? What evidence can you put forth to support your view?

2) How are sexuality, sex, and gender related to each other? What are the differences among these three analytical concepts?

3) Contrast gender roles in two of the following: (A) foraging societies; (B) matrilinealmatrilocal societies; (C) patrilineal-patrilocal societies; (D) pastoralists; and (E) agriculturalists.

4) What is the domestic-public dichotomy? In what kinds of societies does it occur, and in what kinds of societies is it absent? What factors contribute to its presence or absence, and what are its effects on gender roles?

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5) What is the relationship between gender stratification and economic roles? Do these relationships apply equally to all types of societies, regardless of the type of productive activity?

Why or why not?

6) Are certain sexual preferences more natural than others? What factors compel some societies to deviate from the heterosexual norm found in most human societies?

7) What factors might explain the correlation between women's work outside the home and a national index of happiness? What is it about women working outside of the home that might make a country's population happier? Brainstorm possible causes for this correlation.

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8) With the termsex, anthropologists are referring to biological differences. In contrast,gender is defined as

A) one's biological identity.

B) the tasks and activities that a culture assigns to each sex.

C) the marked differences in male and female biology, which vary across cultures.

D) the cultural construction of whether one is female, male, or something else.

E) a political system ruled by men that defines the identity of women.

9)

The tasks and activities that a culture assigns to each sex are known as

A) gender roles.

B) sex roles.

C) sexual ascribed status.

D) the prestige coefficient.

E) gender stereotypes.

10) The differences in male and female biology besides the contrasts in breasts and genitals are referred to as

A) sexual orientation.

B) sexual dimorphism.

C) gender stereotypes.

D) gender identity.

E) cisgender.

11) Ethnographic evidence has revealed that traditionally, Pawnee women worked wood, and among the Hidatsa, women made boats. Cases such as these suggest that Version 1

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A) exceptions to cross-cultural generalization are actually the rule.

B) anthropologists are overly optimistic about finding a society with perfect gender equality.

C) patterns of division of labor by gender are culturally general—not universal.

D) biology has nothing to do with gender roles.

E) the division of labor by gender is a natural characteristic of human societies.

12)

This chapter's discussion on recurrent gender patterns stresses that

A) these generalities are based on bad data, because the studies did not use randomized sampling.

B) exceptions to cross-cultural generalizations may involve societies or individuals.

C) these patterns are universals rather than generalities.

D) the United Nations should become more involved in reversing these patterns.

E) it is the role of industrialized nations to correct patterns that are immoral.

13)

Thedomestic-public dichotomy refers to the separation of

A) the elite and commoners.

B) cooking and sleeping spaces in residential units.

C) spheres of exchange.

D) home and the outside world.

E) secular and sacred domains.

14)

Among the Agta of the Philippines, women not only gather, they also

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A) are the tribal leaders.

B) cultivate small food plots inside village defenses.

C) fish, while carrying their babies with them.

D) are the primary warrior class, except when pregnant or breastfeeding.

E) hunt small animals and do some fishing.

15) When compared to other kinds of societies, all the following are true about foragers except that

A) the public and private spheres are least separate.

B) when gathering is prominent, gender status tends to be more equal.

C) hierarchy is least marked.

D) the rights, activities, and spheres of influence of men and women overlap the most.

E) sexual promiscuity is most common and routinely punished.

16)

Among American working parents, which of the following isfalse?

A) As her children get older, a woman is less likely to enter the labor force.

B) The median income of a woman working full time is about 80 percent that of a comparably employed male.

C) About 69 percent of married mothers are in the labor force.

D) Women today fill more than half of all management and professional jobs.

E) Ninety-four percent of married fathers with children under age 18 are in the labor force.

17) Which of the following isnot among the four sexual orientations found throughout the world?

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A) homosexuality B) bisexuality C) asexuality D) heterosexuality E) transsexuality

18) If a patriarchy is a political system ruled by men, what would a matriarchy be—a political system ruled by women? Anthropologist Peggy Reeves Sanday, who investigated this question among the Minangkabau of West Sumatra, found that

A) although Minangkabau women play a central role in their culture's social, economic, and ceremonial life, they are still regarded as having lower status than men.

B) true matriarchies do not exist.

C) the Minangkabau matriarchy is not the equivalent of female rule because of their belief that decision-making should be by consensus.

D) women in matriarchies see their male counterparts as being inferior.

E) women of newer generations are experimenting with new ideas of gender roles.

19) Which of the following statements about groups with the patrilineal-patrilocal complex isfalse?

A) Their land and prestige are passed through the females.

B) They have their prestige goods under male control.

C) They are sometimes characterized by a view that females are dangerous and polluting.

D) They have strongly developed private-public dichotomies.

E) They often practice polygyny and have patterns of intervillage raiding.

20) Among societies exhibiting the patrilineal-patrilocal complex in highland Papua New Guinea,

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A) women remain the primary producers of subsistence crops.

B) women govern the extra-domestic distribution of prestige items.

C) women fear contacts, including sexual intercourse, with men.

D) household productivity is decreased by polygyny, because a man must provide for more than one wife.

E) the population pressure on strategic resources is relaxed.

21) Why should the numbers from Kinsey's research be considered merely illustrative, rather than statistically accurate?

A) sample sizes that were too small B) flaws in the statistical models used C) failure to account for variance in the target population D) a reliance on nonrandom samples E) incorrect assignment of causation

22) Of the following factors, which is historically correlated with the shrinking of the female factory workforce in the United States?

A) European immigration around 1900 B) World War II C) inflation D) voting rights for women E) the women's rights movement

23)

More than half the poor children living in the United States live in families that are

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A) patrifocal.

B) dichotomized.

C) blended.

D) headed by men.

E) headed by women.

24)

Which of the following statements isfalse?

A) The feminization of poverty has serious consequences with regard to living standards.

B) Households headed by women tend to be poorer than those headed by men.

C) Married couples are much more secure economically than single mothers.

D) The feminization of poverty is unique to the United States.

E) Among developed nations, the U.S. has the largest percentage of single-parent households.

25)

In which type of society would you expect women's status to be highest?

A) hunters and gatherers B) societies where there is a great deal of population pressure C) agriculturalists D) pastoralists E) industrial states with high unemployment

26) According to studies in the 1960s, why did young Etoro men and boys engage in homosexual relationships?

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A) Genetic drift created a population dominated by a homosexual gene.

B) The status of Etoro women was considered above and beyond males.

C) They believed it is necessary for boys to ingest semen in order to mature in a healthy way.

D) They did not understand biological reproduction, which is why they no longer exist.

E) A warrior cult of older adult men vigorously enforced a monopoly on access to women.

27)

Recent cross-cultural studies of gender roles demonstrate that

A) the relative status of women is variable, depending on such factors as the type of subsistence strategy employed, the importance of warfare, and the prevalence of a domesticpublic dichotomy.

B) women are subservient in nearly all societies, because their subsistence activities contribute much less to the total diet than do those of men.

C) changes in the gender roles of men and women are usually associated with social decay and anarchy.

D) the gender roles of men and women are largely determined by their biological capabilities—relative strength, endurance, intelligence, and so on.

E) foraging, horticultural, pastoral, and industrial societies all have similar attitudes toward sex but different attitudes toward gender.

28)

Regarding sexual orientation, all of the following are trueexcept that

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A) there is conclusive scientific evidence that sexual orientation is genetically determined.

B) culture always plays a role in molding individual sexual urges toward a collective norm, and these norms vary from culture to culture.

C) within a society, individuals will differ in the nature, range, and intensity of sexual interests and urges.

D) flexibility in sexual expression seems to be an aspect of our primate heritage, since both masturbation and same-sex sexual activity exist among chimpanzees and other primates.

E) different types of sexual desires and experiences hold different meanings for individuals and groups.

29)

Which of the following statements about the label "transgender" is accurate?

A) Just like the labels "masculine" and "feminine," "transgender" is an absolute and binary category.

B) Transgender and intersex are both biologically based.

C) Transgender individuals may or may not contrast biologically with ordinary males and females.

D) Transgender only includes those whose gender identity has biological roots.

E) Feeling their previous gender assignment was incorrect, transgender individuals become female.

30) Based on research in the 1960s, which of the following statements about Etoro conceptions of heterosexual intercourse isfalse?

A) It was thought to sap a man's vitality.

B) Such sex was permitted only a hundred days a year.

C) It was permitted to take place only in the couple's residence.

D) Women who wanted too much heterosexual intercourse were viewed as witches.

E) It was seen as a necessary sacrifice that would eventually lead to a man's death.

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31)

What is meant by the termfeminization of poverty?

A) the increasing number of women among the poorest people B) the view that only women care about issues of poverty C) the popularity of feminist ideals among poor people D) the recent campaign by feminists to work with the poor E) the view that conditions of poverty are emasculating

32)

Transgender is a social category that

A) has no validity within the social sciences.

B) is entirely biologically constructed.

C) consists of only intersex people.

D) includes people whose gender identity has no apparent biological roots.

E) always contrasts biologically with "ordinary" males and females.

33) Intersex, a group of conditions involving discrepancy between external genitals and internal genitals, can have a variety of chromosomal causes that create a sex-gender difference.

Which of the following chromosomal anomalies identifies a person with the chromosomes of a woman and female internal anatomy, but with male external genitals?

A) XX intersex person B) true gonadal intersex person C) XY intersex person D) Turner syndrome E) Klinefelter's syndrome (XXY configuration)

34)

The specific roles assigned to each gender vary from culture to culture.

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⊚ ⊚

35)

Gender roles are the instinctual behaviors that are the exclusive domain of each sex. ⊚ ⊚

36)

true false

true false

Cross-culturally, the subsistence contributions of men and women are roughly equal. ⊚ ⊚

true false

37) Adding together men's and women's subsistence activities and their domestic work, men tend to work more hours than women do. ⊚ ⊚

38)

true false

Cross-culturally, polyandry is much more common than polygyny. ⊚ ⊚

true false

39) The anthropological record confirms that gender diversity has existed in many societies and taken many forms, including eunuchs in Byzantium, the Zuni Two-Spirit, and virginal transvestites of North Albania. ⊚ ⊚

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40)

Gender stratification tends to be extremely pronounced in patrilineal-patrilocal societies. ⊚ ⊚

true false

41) In foraging societies, gender stratification was most marked when men contributed much more to the diet than women did. ⊚ ⊚

true false

42) Family violence and domestic abuse of women are widespread problems: These occur as commonly in nuclear family settings, such as Canada and the United States, as in more blatantly patriarchal contexts. ⊚ ⊚

true false

43) In the United States, attitudes regarding the role of women in the workplace have varied according to economic needs. ⊚ ⊚

true false

44) The reason there are more modern-day "Rosie the Riveters" is that modern industry is even more physically demanding than it was during World War II. ⊚ ⊚

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45)

COVID-19 disproportionately affected America's working men. ⊚ ⊚

true false

46) As of 2019, more than 40 percent of American mothers were the primary or sole source of income in their homes. ⊚ ⊚

47)

true false

Female employment continues to lag noticeably in certain highly paid professions. ⊚ ⊚

true false

48) Only about 11 percent of American private-sector employers offer paid leave specifically for family reasons, and the consequence is that more than a quarter of American workers have encountered actual or threatened job loss because of an illness or family-related absence. ⊚ ⊚

true false

49) Transgender and XX intersex are interchangeable terms referring to individuals with external genitals that are incompletely formed, ambiguous, or female. ⊚ ⊚

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50)

Flexibility in sexual expression seems to be an aspect of our primate heritage. ⊚ ⊚

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Answer Key Test name: Chap 08_13e_Kottak 8) D 9) A 10) B 11) C 12) B 13) A 14) E 15) E 16) A 17) E 18) C 19) A 20) A 21) D 22) A 23) E 24) D 25) A 26) C 27) A 28) A 29) C 30) C 31) A 32) D 33) A Version 1

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34) TRUE 35) FALSE 36) TRUE 37) FALSE 38) FALSE 39) TRUE 40) TRUE 41) TRUE 42) TRUE 43) TRUE 44) FALSE 45) FALSE 46) TRUE 47) TRUE 48) TRUE 49) FALSE 50) TRUE

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CHAPTER 9 1)

How do you explain the universality of religion?

2) On the basis of theories about the origins and functions of religion, what are the functions that organized religion serves in U.S. society? Can religion in the United States be described as embedded in other sociocultural institutions, such as politics? If you have spent most of your life in a different country, feel free to write about religion in that country.

3) Contrast ritual behavior with ordinary behavior. Give examples of religious and secular rituals. What are the main differences between such kinds of rituals?

4) Much religious and ritual behavior is adaptive. Can you think of cases in which it is not?

What does it mean for religion to be maladaptive?

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5) What are the similarities and differences between religions of foraging societies and those of nation-states? How do these compare with Olympian religions and monotheism? What kinds of general evolutionary trends are discernible in religious worship?

6)

Discuss two cases illustrating religion's role in social change.

7) Is religion declining or becoming increasingly important in contemporary society? Why? If you believe that religion is declining, what is replacing it?

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8) Ironically, religious fundamentalism is a very modern phenomenon. Why is this an irony?

How does learning about the concept of modernism in the context of a chapter on anthropology and religion alter, if at all, the way you understand world events today?

9) Émile Durkheim, an early scholar of religion, stressed what he termed religious effervescence. Anthropologists too have stressed

A) the collective as well as individual universality of religion.

B) the qualities that make religion present in some societies but not in others.

C) the analysis of the use of behavior-altering drugs in religious experience.

D) that proper analysis requires separation of collective re-creation from collective religion.

E) that religious worlds are real and significant to those who construct and inhabit them.

10)

Like ethnicity and language, religion is

A) a cultural generality.

B) associated with social divisions within and between societies and nations.

C) a phenomenon that illustrates the power of biology over culture.

D) a topic of research that distinguishes anthropology from other disciplines.

E) a social fiction.

11) Who focused on religion's explanatory role and argued that religion would eventually disappear as science provided better explanations?

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A) Bronislaw Malinowski B) Claude Lévi-Strauss C) Sir Edward Burnett Tylor D) Sir E. E. Evans-Pritchard E) Margaret Mead

12)

Animism, polytheism, and monotheism are the

A) three kinds of religion that exist in the world today.

B) names for the three psychological needs that all individuals have, thus explaining the universality of religion.

C) stages, according to Edward Tylor, through which religion evolved.

D) stages through which all present-day religions have passed.

E) stages of ritual, according to Victor Turner.

13) What kind of religion is based on the idea that each human has a double that is active during sleep?

A) animatism B) polytheism C) mana D) animism E) totemism

14) Besides animism—and sometimes coexisting with it in the same society—there is a view of the supernatural as a domain of raw impersonal power, or force, that people can control under certain conditions. This conception of the supernatural is particularly prominent in Melanesia, where it is referred to as

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A) magic.

B) mana.

C) good (or bad) luck.

D) taboo.

E) the Force.

15)

What term refers to the manipulation of the supernatural to accomplish specific goals?

A) animism B) magic C) pantheism D) religion E) rite of passage

16) blank magic is based on the belief that whatever is done to an object will affect a person who once had contact with it.

A) Serial B) Contagious C) Imitative D) Sequential E) Simultaneous

17) Religion and magic don't just explain things and help people accomplish goals—they also enter the realm of human feelings. In other words,

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A) they determine the emotional well-being of all their practitioners.

B) they often lead to extreme psychological disruption and even mental illness.

C) they serve emotional needs as well as cognitive (i.e., explanatory) ones.

D) they are psychologically and cognitively relevant, but these realms are well contained and have no effect beyond the mental well-being of the practitioner.

E) religion helps reduce differences by promoting brotherly love.

18) Bronislaw Malinowski found that the Trobriand Islanders used magic when sailing, a hazardous activity. He proposed that

A) magic was a surprisingly effective stand-in for proper fishing skills and experience, because it made people confident in their capabilities.

B) people turn to magic to instill psychological stress on their competitors, especially when the fish supply is very low.

C) magic emboldened people to take more risks.

D) because people can't control matters such as wind, weather, and the fish supply, they turn to magic.

E) magic actually reduced the fishing success of the Trobriand Islanders, but at least they did not feel directly responsible, since then they could blame it on bad luck.

19)

Which of the following is true about rites of passage?

A) Participants in rites of passage are only tricked into believing that there was a big change in their lives.

B) Despite their prevalence during the time that Victor Turner did his research, rites of passage have disappeared with the advent of modern life.

C) Rites of passage only worsen the anxieties caused by other aspects of religion.

D) Beliefs and rituals can, ironically, both diminish and create anxiety and a sense of insecurity and danger.

E) Rites of passage would be effective in diminishing anxiety and fear if they did not involve the liminal phase.

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20)

Which of the following isnot among contemporary rites of passage?

A) fasting B) bat mitzvah C) marriage D) initiation E) baptism

21) According to Victor Turner, all rites of passage have three phases: separation, liminality, and incorporation. Of these three, the liminal phase—which is the most interesting—is typically characterized by

A) symbolic reversals of ordinary behavior.

B) intensification of the social hierarchy.

C) a forming of an implicit ranking system.

D) no change in the social norms.

E) the use of secular language.

22) Both induction into the U.S. Marine Corps and the vision quest of certain North American Indian societies are examples of

A) a generalized exchange.

B) genetic programming.

C) binary opposition.

D) rites of passage.

E) a structural analysis of religion.

23)

What is the term for the marginal or in-between phase of a rite of passage?

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A) mana B) taboo C) voodoo D) animism E) liminality

24)

What is communitas?

A) the Latin word for mana B) a collective liminality C) anxiety D) a social inequality that is accepted even by those who are less privileged E) the supernatural

25) Rituals serve the social function of creating temporary or permanent solidarity among people—forming a social community. We see this also in practices known as

A) mana.

B) liminality.

C) totemism.

D) fundamentalism.

E) animism.

26)

Which of the following isnot a religious descriptor term?

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A) caste B) unaffiliated C) agnostic D) syncretic E) None of the answers is correct.

27) As today's forces of globalization displace people, which church has spread most quickly, offers a tightly knit egalitarian community, and adapts easily to local culture?

A) Catholic B) mainline Protestant C) Jewish D) Pentecostal E) Islam

28) Which of the following describes a church's ability to become locally relevant as it spreads throughout the world?

A) globalization B) antimodernism C) hybridization D) fundamentalism E) homogenization

29) Which of the following tend to be directed at socially marginal individuals as a method of social control?

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A) witchcraft accusations B) rites of passage C) Olympian religions D) cargo cults E) blood feuds

30) Which of the following isnot a problem when defining the difference between secular and sacred?

A) Behavior considered appropriate for religious occasions varies from culture to culture.

B) Some secular settings, objects, and events acquire intense, powerful meaning.

C) The distinction between the supernatural and natural is not consistently made in society.

D) If religion is defined with reference to the sacred and/or supernatural, it raises the question of how to classify ritual-like behaviors in secular contexts.

E) Secular rituals are performed in strictly religious settings.

31) Which of the following kinds of religion involves part-time religious specialists in foraging societies?

A) communal religion B) shamanistic religion C) Olympian religion D) individualistic cults E) idiosyncratic belief systems

32)

Which of the following kinds of religion involves full-time religious specialists?

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A) communal religion B) shamanistic religion C) individualistic cult D) Olympian religion E) idiosyncratic belief system

33) Protestant values such as asceticism and entrepreneurship as a result of the belief that success on Earth could lead to salvation, and a fervent individualism due to the belief that only individuals could be saved, both lead in the right conditions to the rise of capitalism. Who made this argument?

A) Robert Bellah B) Sir Edward Burnett Tylor C) Max Weber in his influential book The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism D) Claude Lévi-Strauss in his famous book The Savage Mind E) Anthony F. C. Wallace in his attempt to show religion's relevance in understanding historical change

34) Which of the following groups see a sharp divide between themselves and other religions, as well as between a "sacred" view of life and the "secular" world?

A) Haredi Jews B) Communitas C) Hindus D) Pentecostals E) mainline Protestants

35)

Cargo cults, syncretic religions that mix Melanesian and Christian beliefs, are

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A) culturally defined activities associated with the transition from one place or stage of life to another.

B) antimodernist movements that reject anything Western.

C) just like religious fundamentalism in that they are ancient cultural phenomena enjoying a rebirth in current world affairs.

D) cultural acts that mock the widespread but erroneous belief of European cultural supremacy.

E) a religious response to the expansion of the world capitalist economy, often with political and economic consequences.

36) Antimodernism describes the rejection of the modern in favor of what is perceived to be an earlier, purer, better way of life. Fundamentalism describes antimodernist movements in various religions. Ironically,

A) fundamentalist sentiments depend on recognition of the modern culture.

B) fundamentalist movements have both benefited from and promoted the use of technology for international networking.

C) fundamentalists never lead a better way of life, precisely because they reject the benefits of modern life.

D) religious fundamentalism is an extremely old phenomenon that actually spurred the rise of modernism.

E) religious fundamentalism is itself a modern phenomenon, based on a strong feeling among its adherents of alienation from the perceived secularism of the surrounding modern culture.

37)

Which of the following statements about religion isfalse?

A) It is, in some cases, ecologically adaptive.

B) It is a cultural construction, therefore not a reality.

C) It is sometimes a source of conflict.

D) It can both create and maintain divisions within society.

E) It can both create and maintain social solidarity.

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38)

Which of the following statements about religion isfalse?

A) Religious beliefs can help regulate the economy.

B) The functions of religious beliefs and practices vary with the society.

C) Religion serves only to maintain social solidarity; it does not create or maintain societal divisions.

D) Religion is often an instrument of societal change, even revolution.

E) Political leaders never mix religion with politics.

39) Evangelical Protestantism is experiencing rapid growth in all of the following regionsexcept

A) Brazil.

B) Europe.

C) the Middle East and North Africa.

D) sub-Saharan Africa.

E) Latin America.

40)

Which of the following isnot a problem with defining religion?

A) Only one religion can be considered true, so all others must be classified as myth.

B) There are both sacred and secular rituals.

C) Behaviors considered appropriate for religious occasions vary between cultures.

D) Defining religion with reference to supernatural powers makes it difficult to classify ritual-like behavior in secular contexts.

E) Distinctions between supernatural and natural are not consistently made in a society, making it difficult to tell what is a religion and what isn't.

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41) Émile Durkheim, an early scholar of religion, stressed what he termed religious effervescence, the bubbling up of collective emotional intensity generated by worship. ⊚ ⊚

true false

42) Like ethnicity and language, religion is associated with social divisions within and between societies and nations. ⊚ ⊚

true false

43) According to Edward Tylor, religion evolved from polytheism to animism to monotheism. ⊚ ⊚

true false

44) In Melanesia, mana is an essential, sacred life force that resides in people, animals, plants, and objects. ⊚ ⊚

true false

45) According to Bronislaw Malinowski, religion provides people with emotional comfort during problematic times. ⊚ ⊚

true false

46) Animism, belief in souls or doubles, is thought by some to be the earliest form of religion.

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⊚ ⊚

true false

47) By participating in a ritual, the participants signal that they accept the common social and moral order prescribed by their religion. ⊚ ⊚

48)

true false

Rites of passage involve three phases: separation, liminality, and totemism. ⊚ ⊚

true false

49) Communitas is the strong feeling of collective unity shared by individuals at the core of a society who define themselves in opposition to the society's liminal members. ⊚ ⊚

50)

true false

Religion can be used as a powerful means of controlling society. ⊚ ⊚

true false

51) Witch hunts are an example of how religion can be used to limit deviant social behavior by instilling strong motivations to behave properly. ⊚ ⊚

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52)

Shamans are full-time religious practitioners generally found in state-level societies. ⊚ ⊚

true false

53) Max Weber argued that the spread of capitalism was closely linked to the ethics and values of Catholicism. ⊚ ⊚

true false

54) Based on people's claimed religions, Christianity is the world's largest, with some 2.3 billion adherents. ⊚ ⊚

true false

55) Worldwide, Islam is growing at a rate of about 2.9 percent annually, versus 2.3 percent for Christianity. ⊚ ⊚

true false

56) After Christians and Muslims, the largest spiritual group consists of those who lack any religious affiliation. ⊚ ⊚

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57)

Syncretic religions are a blending of elements from different religions. ⊚ ⊚

58)

Christianity originated as a revitalization movement. ⊚ ⊚

59)

true false

true false

The rapid spread of Islam illustrates cultural globalization and hybridization. ⊚ ⊚

true false

60) Antimodernism is a rejection of the modern in favor of what is perceived as an earlier, purer, better way of life. ⊚ ⊚

61)

true false

Militant groups are part of an organized global network based on top-down control. ⊚ ⊚

true false

62) Extremist group members are often refugees, migrants, and marginalized groups— individuals who feel adrift and apart from, perhaps even despised by, the society or nation-state that surrounds them. ⊚ ⊚

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63) Like Catholicism, Pentecostalism is egalitarian, and adherents need no special education to preach or run a church. ⊚ ⊚

64)

true false

Behaviors associated with sports fandom could be considered secular rituals. ⊚ ⊚

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Answer Key Test name: Chap 09_13e_Kottak 9) E 10) B 11) C 12) C 13) D 14) B 15) B 16) B 17) C 18) D 19) D 20) A 21) A 22) D 23) E 24) B 25) C 26) A 27) D 28) C 29) A 30) E 31) B 32) D 33) C 34) A Version 1

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35) E 36) E 37) B 38) C 39) B 40) A 41) TRUE 42) TRUE 43) FALSE 44) TRUE 45) TRUE 46) TRUE 47) TRUE 48) FALSE 49) FALSE 50) TRUE 51) TRUE 52) FALSE 53) FALSE 54) TRUE 55) TRUE 56) TRUE 57) TRUE 58) TRUE 59) TRUE 60) TRUE 61) FALSE 62) TRUE 63) FALSE 64) TRUE Version 1

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CHAPTER 10 1) Is it contradictory to say that membership in an ethnic group is an ascribed status while arguing that we negotiate our social identities? Why or why not?

2) How does the concept of race used by anthropologists today differ from the concept used by early biologists?

3) Support or refute this statement: By rejecting the race concept, anthropologists are ignoring obvious human biological variation.

4) Populations in equatorial Africa and Papua New Guinea are phenotypically similar. They are both dark skinned, with similar hair and facial features. How would a typical racial model explain these similarities? How would evolutionary biology's explanation differ? Which model does a better job of explaining such data?

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5) What is meant bythe social construction of race? How does this concept differ from race as perceived by the average middle-class American?

6)

What is hypodescent? Why is it an arbitrary rule of racial classification?

7) Racial classification is a political issue. Compare the Canadian census, in its treatment of racial categories, to the U.S. Census. What do you think would be the political consequences of using one census over another?

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8) The election of Barack Obama to the U.S. presidency in 2008 rekindled public discussion on race in the United States. How does this debate highlight the gap between "the gray" and "the brown"?

9) What are the major differences between the Brazilian and U.S. systems of racial classification?

10) Describe the political aspect of ethnicity. Give examples. How is multiculturalism an attempt to depoliticize ethnicity? (Start with a careful definition of what you mean by political.)

11) Describe the difference between nations and nationalities. What effect did colonialism have on both?

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12) There are nation-states in which multiple ethnic groups live together in harmony. What are the different types of positive ethnic interaction that occur in these societies?

13)

Ethnicity means identification with

A) and feeling part of two or more groups in a plural society.

B) and feeling part of a biologically racial group.

C) and feeling part of a cultural group and exclusion from other cultural groups.

D) the cultural values of the dominant culture.

E) neighbors in a multicultural society.

14) An anthropological understanding of ethnicity and race requires exploring how people and institutions define, negotiate, and even challenge their identities in society. One way that anthropologists—and social scientists in general—do this is by studying status, which refers to

A) any position, no matter what its prestige, that someone occupies in society.

B) an identity determined by the state through census practices.

C) one's socially negotiated identity, which always changes throughout a person's lifetime.

D) a mutually exclusive social identity that is set by others and has little to do with the actions of an individual.

E) one's biologically determined identity within a hierarchical society.

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15)

An ascribed status is a status that

A) you choose for yourself.

B) bestows dominance in society; for example, that of a king.

C) people have little choice about occupying.

D) is based on standardized test scores.

E) you earn, as when a successful law student becomes a lawyer.

16) Depending on the situation, the same man might declare "I'm Jimmy's father"; "I'm your boss"; "I'm African American"; or "I'm your professor." This phenomenon, whereby a person's claimed or perceived identity varies depending on context, is called

A) ethnic tolerance.

B) hypodescent.

C) the situational negotiation of social identity.

D) rotating core personality traits.

E) ethnicity.

17)

Race, like ethnicity in general, is

A) poorly understood by geneticists and is therefore considered a cultural category.

B) used by social scientists to classify humans based on their genes and shared blood.

C) a meaningless concept to people living day-to-day.

D) a biological reality as much as a cultural one.

E) a cultural category rather than a biological reality.

18) Which of the following statements about attempts to assign humans to discrete racial categories, purportedly based on common ancestry, is true?

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A) Even though most people assume races are based in biology, they are not.

B) They are based on global racial categories that vary little from one society to another.

C) They are applied to endogamous breeding populations.

D) They are based on genotypic rather than phenotypic characteristics.

E) They are a recent phenomenon brought on by globalization.

19) In theory, a biological race is a geographically isolated subdivision of a species.

Humanity ( Homo sapiens) lacks such races because

A) human populations have not been isolated enough from one another to develop such discrete groups.

B) although humans exhibit biological differences, these are only skin deep.

C) they are politically incorrect.

D) humans are less genetically predictable than the animals and plants that are susceptible to domestication.

E) human populations have experienced a type of controlled breeding that is distinct from that experienced by dogs and roses.

20) In understanding the problems with attempts at human racial classification, why is it important to know the difference between genotype and phenotype?

A) The phenotypical traits used to classify humans into races go together as genetic units.

B) Although phenotypic characteristics may change, the genetic material of populations stays the same for a long time.

C) Attempts at human racial classification have typically used phenotypic traits like skin color as markers of common ancestry, but many such traits do not reflect shared genetic material.

Instead, they are often the result of different populations biologically adapting to similar environmental stressors in similar ways.

D) Attempts at human racial classification have typically used genotypic traits like blood type as markers of common ancestry, and these traits are passed on from generation to generation in discrete bundles.

E) Phenotypic similarities and differences do not always have a genetic basis.

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21)

What term refers to an organism's evident traits, or its "manifest biology"?

A) biological circumscription B) genotype C) manifest destiny D) hereditary inequality E) phenotype

22) In the early 20th century, anthropologist Franz Boas described changes in skull form among the children of Europeans who had migrated to North America. He found that the reason for these changes could not be explained by genetics. His findings underscore the fact that

A) though the environment influences phenotype, genetics is a more powerful determinant of racial differences.

B) describing changes in skull form is the most accurate way to study the impact of migration on traveling populations.

C) diet affects which genes are turned off and on, resulting in a particular phenotypic characteristic.

D) phenotypic similarities and differences don't necessarily have a genetic basis.

E) observing changes over one generation is not enough to make conclusions about changes in genotype and phenotype.

23) Traditional racial classification assumed that biological characteristics such as skin color were determined by heredity and remained stable over many generations. We now know that

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A) skin color is determined by sun exposure and the amount of melanin in our diets.

B) a biological similarity such as skin color is always the result of both a common ancestry and natural selection.

C) a biological similarity such as skin color is also the result of natural selection working among different populations that face similar environmental challenges.

D) skin color is actually determined throughout child development.

E) skin color is determined by a single gene that is prone to mutations over many generations.

24)

Which of the following is a reason why dark skin color is adaptive?

A) admission of UV rays B) preventing the destruction of folate C) reducing the frequency of rickets D) malarial resistance E) dietary adaptation

25) East Asians who have emigrated recently to northern areas of the United Kingdom have a higher incidence of rickets and osteoporosis than the general British population. This phenomenon illustrates that

A) natural selection continues today.

B) because of global warming, the lack of sunlight that people are exposed to in the northern regions is made up for by the intensity of the sunlight.

C) natural selection's role in determining skin color is a thing of the past, relevant only prior to the 16th century when massive population migrations altered the geographic distribution of dark-skinned people.

D) genetic adaptation to environmental stressors can occur within one generation.

E) cultural adaptation provides effective shortcuts to those that are genetically disadvantaged in a foreign environment.

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26)

Which of the following statements about human skin color isfalse?

A) Skin color varies because of differences in ultraviolet radiation between different regions of the world.

B) Light skin is a selective disadvantage in the tropics, because it is more susceptible to the destruction of the folate that is needed to produce folic acid to protect against neural tube defects in human embryos.

C) The amount of melanin in the skin affects the body's production of vitamin D. D) The amount of melanin in the skin affects the body's ability to process lactose.

E) Light skin is a selective advantage outside the tropics because it admits ultraviolet radiation, which causes the body to manufacture vitamin D and thus prevents rickets and osteoporosis.

27)

Which of the following statements about ethnicity is true?

A) Ethnicity is based on common biological features.

B) Ethnicity is one's identification with a group that shares a common set of beliefs, values, customs, and norms.

C) Ethnicity is the politically correct term for race.

D) Americans maintain a clear distinction between ethnicity and race.

E) Ethnicity and race are synonyms.

28)

Which of the following statements about U.S. racial categories is true?

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A) U.S. racial categories are culturally arbitrary, even though most people assume them to be based on biology.

B) U.S. racial categories are biologically valid, as demonstrated by the Phipps case in 1970s Louisiana.

C) U.S. racial categories are applied to endogamous breeding populations.

D) U.S. racial categories are based on genetics, contrasting with Japan's, which are based on undemonstrated descent.

E) U.S. racial categories are based on global racial categories that vary little among societies.

29) What is the term for the arbitrary rule that automatically places the children of a union between members of different socioeconomic groups into the less-privileged group?

A) polygyny B) hypogamy C) hypodescent D) hypervitaminosis E) polyandry

30) In the United States, organizations such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the National Council of La Raza, a Hispanic advocacy group, have opposed adding a "multiracial" census category. This suggests that

A) racial classification can become more scientifically accurate, regardless of people's ignorance on the subject.

B) racial classification matters only to Hispanic minorities in the United States.

C) both organizations need to hire anthropologists.

D) classification is a political issue—these groups fear that their political clout will decline if their numbers go down.

E) racial classification is all about cultural pride.

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31)

In Japan, the burakumin

A) constitute a numerical majority in Japan.

B) no longer face discrimination.

C) are stigmatized despite being genetically indistinguishable from other Japanese.

D) are perceived as pure Japanese, even if one of their parents is not Japanese.

E) are the cream of Japan's racial categories, having the purest blood.

32)

Which of the following statements about the concept of race in Brazil isfalse?

A) There are more than 500 different terms used to describe phenotypes.

B) The perception of biological races is influenced not just by their physical phenotype but by how they dress and behave.

C) The large number of racial categories in Brazil does not easily lend itself to socioeconomic discrimination based on race.

D) A person's race can change from day-to-day.

E) Racial classification in Brazil is built around the concept of hypodescent.

33) Which of the following is a major difference between Brazilian and American racial taxonomies?

A) There are no important differences between the two taxonomies.

B) Brazilians do not recognize racial differences.

C) U.S. categories are purer than Brazilian categories.

D) Brazilian racial categories are based on genotype, whereas U.S. categories are based on phenotype.

E) In the United States, social race is determined at birth and does not change, but in Brazil, race can change from day-to-day.

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34) What term formerly referred to a culture that shared a single language, religion, history, territory, ancestry, and kinship?

A) nation B) society C) country D) monoculture E) homeland

35) What is the term for ethnic groups that once had, or wish to have or regain, autonomous political status?

A) ethnic avengers B) ethnicities C) nationalities D) captive nations E) nations

36)

What term refers to an independent, centrally organized political unit, or a government?

A) state B) tribe C) nationality D) culture E) bureaucracy

37)

Nation-states are

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A) the same as tribes and ethnic groups.

B) defined by their lack of ethnic identity.

C) otherwise known as countries.

D) parts of other states.

E) ethnically homogeneous.

38) What term does anthropologist Fredrik Barth use to refer to a society that combines ethnic contrasts, ecological specialization, and the economic interdependence of those groups?

A) pluralism B) assimilationist C) plural society D) broad-spectrum subsistence E) multicultural

39) According to Fredrik Barth's theories about ethnic identity, ethnic boundaries are most stable when

A) ethnic groups are culturally very similar and tend to pursue the same goals.

B) the members of the ethnic groups are highly educated, as with postcolonial states.

C) ethnic groups occupy different ecological niches.

D) ethnic groups share the same nation-state.

E) ethnic groups share a common ancestor.

40) The presence of an atmosphere in which minorities embrace their cultural-ethnic traditions while still participating in the dominant (national) culture indicates what kind of coexistence?

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A) assimilation B) multiculturalism C) acculturation D) enculturation E) colonialism

41)

What is the term for policies and practices that harm a group and its members?

A) colonialism B) ethnocentrism C) racism D) discrimination E) prejudice

42) A policy of ethnic expulsion aims at removing groups that are culturally different. There are many examples, including Bosnia-Herzegovina in the 1990s. Uganda expelled 74,000 Asians in 1972. The neofascist parties of contemporary Western Europe advocate repatriation of immigrant workers. What is one of the potential consequences of such policies?

A) state-mandated forced assimilation B) gender stratification C) the creation of refugees D) the breakup of imaginary communes E) the creation of class consciousness

43) What term refers to the deliberate suppression or destruction of an ethnic culture by a dominant group?

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A) ethnocleansing B) discrimination C) ethnocentrism D) ethno-nationalism E) ethnocide

44) What is the term for the use of force by a dominant group to compel a minority to adopt the dominant culture?

A) environmental racism B) attitudinal discrimination C) forced assimilation D) genocide E) ethnocentrism

45) Ronald Brownstein (2010) identified groups he described as "the gray and the brown."

Based on his findings, which of the following are true of "the gray and the brown"?

A) The "gray" population is generally accepting of taxes and public spending.

B) The "brown" population appears increasingly resistant to taxes and public spending.

C) The "gray" population voted solidly for Democratic candidates, whereas the "brown" population voted consistently for Republican candidates.

D) Politically, "the gray and the brown" are very similar.

E) The "gray and the brown" are more independent economically than either realize.

46) One of Europe's most distinctive ethnic groups, the Basque people, have maintained a strong ethnic identity and a language that is unrelated to any other known language. Which of the following was a result of the forced assimilation campaign that banned speaking and using Basque in print?

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A) Basque is now an extinct language.

B) Strong nationalist sentiment and Basque terrorist groups were created in the Basque region.

C) Speaking Basque became taboo among the Basque people.

D) Basque parents, ashamed of their ethnicity, are refusing to teach their children their language, opting for their full immersion in schools that teach in the national language.

E) Ethnic pride in the Basque people is now diminished.

47) Achieved statuses come through choices, actions, efforts, talents, or accomplishments, and may be positive or negative. ⊚ ⊚

48)

When one’s ethnic identity is flexible and situational, it can become an achieved status. ⊚ ⊚

49)

true false

true false

There is no difference between the biological and cultural definitions of race. ⊚ ⊚

true false

50) Historically, scientists have approached the study of human biological diversity in two main ways: racial classification (now largely abandoned), and the current explanatory approach, which focuses on understanding specific differences. ⊚ ⊚

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51) Biological races have been scientifically discredited not just for humans but to all living species. ⊚ ⊚

true false

52) Humanity ( Homo sapiens) lacks distinct races, because human populations have not been isolated enough from one another to develop into discrete groups. ⊚ ⊚

true false

53) Biologists have rejected the idea of three great races (white, black, and yellow) largely because it fails to account for Native Americans. ⊚ ⊚

true false

54) In the 1970 census, Hispanics were found to represent no more than 4.7 percent of the American population. By 2019, this figure had risen to 18.5 percent. ⊚ ⊚

true false

55) The role of natural selection in producing variation in human skin color illustrates the explanatory approach to explaining human biological diversity. ⊚ ⊚

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56) Older white Americans tend to live apart from minorities, who represent a growing share of the national population. ⊚ ⊚

true false

57) In the coming decades, due to a youth high dependency ratio, immigrants will be needed to supply workers for an aging America. ⊚ ⊚

true false

58) Politically speaking, the two groups identified by aBrookings report as the gray (older) and the brown (younger) are poles apart. The aging gray population appears to increasingly support taxes and public spending, while the younger brown group values lowered government support of education, health, and social welfare. ⊚ ⊚

59)

true false

Hypodescent refers to individuals who are racially pure. ⊚ ⊚

true false

60) Interracial, biracial, and multiracial identities are becoming more and more common in the United States. ⊚ ⊚

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61)

The U.S. and Canadian governments use the same racial categories in their censuses. ⊚ ⊚

62)

true false

Racial categories in Japan are more rigid than they are in Brazil. ⊚ ⊚

true false

63) In Japan, the burakumin represent an isolated breeding population that is genetically distinct from the rest of the country. ⊚ ⊚

true false

64) The Japanese media treatment of tennis's Naomi Osaka illustrates an exception to Japanese racism. ⊚ ⊚

true false

65) Phenotype refers to an organism's evident traits, its "manifest biology"—physiology and anatomy, including skin color, hair form, facial features, and eye color. ⊚ ⊚

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66) The termnation formerly referred to an ethnic group that shared a religion, language, history, territory, ancestry, and kinship. ⊚ ⊚

67)

true false

One of the definitions ofstate is a centrally organized political unit; a government. ⊚ ⊚

true false

68) Colonialism often erected boundaries that corresponded poorly with preexisting cultural divisions. ⊚ ⊚

true false

69) Host countries that emphasize assimilation tend to encourage minority ethnic groups to retain their identities. ⊚ ⊚

70)

Assimilation is inevitable, and there cannot be ethnic harmony without it. ⊚ ⊚

71)

true false

true false

A plural society is the opposite of a society that forces groups to assimilate. ⊚ ⊚

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72) Multiculturalism emphasizes the need for a series of cultures to abandon their old ethnic identities and join together to forge a new and unique cultural identity. ⊚ ⊚

73)

true false

A key element of multiculturalism is a respect for ethnic diversity. ⊚ ⊚

true false

74) Migration and rapid population growth are fueling multiculturalism in countries like the United States and Canada. ⊚ ⊚

true false

75) Only dominant or majority groups can have prejudiced views; minority groups are not capable of being prejudiced. ⊚ ⊚

true false

76) De facto discrimination occurs when laws exist that harm a specific group and its members. ⊚ ⊚

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77) Genocide refers to the physical destruction of an ethnic or religious group through mass murder. ⊚ ⊚

true false

78) A common technique in cultural colonialism is to flood ethnic areas with members of the dominant ethnic group to diminish the cohesion and clout of the local people. ⊚ ⊚

79)

Refugees are those who flee a country to escape persecution or war. ⊚ ⊚

80)

true false

true false

The U.S population is aging, and most of the senior population is white. ⊚ ⊚

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Answer Key Test name: Chap 10_13e_Kottak 13) C 14) A 15) C 16) C 17) E 18) A 19) A 20) C 21) E 22) D 23) C 24) B 25) A 26) D 27) B 28) A 29) C 30) D 31) C 32) E 33) E 34) A 35) C 36) A 37) C 38) C Version 1

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39) C 40) B 41) D 42) C 43) E 44) C 45) E 46) B 47) TRUE 48) TRUE 49) FALSE 50) TRUE 51) FALSE 52) TRUE 53) FALSE 54) TRUE 55) TRUE 56) TRUE 57) TRUE 58) FALSE 59) FALSE 60) TRUE 61) FALSE 62) TRUE 63) FALSE 64) TRUE 65) TRUE 66) TRUE 67) TRUE 68) TRUE Version 1

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69) FALSE 70) FALSE 71) TRUE 72) FALSE 73) TRUE 74) TRUE 75) FALSE 76) FALSE 77) TRUE 78) TRUE 79) TRUE 80) TRUE

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CHAPTER 11 1) Defineapplied anthropology. What distinguishes the old from the new applied anthropology? What are some current examples that raise the question of whether or not new applied anthropology has completely moved on from the dangers of the old?

2) Discuss the relevance of the ethnographic method for modern society, contemporary problems, and applied anthropology.

3) What is the relationship between theory and practice in anthropology? Do you agree that applied anthropology should be recognized as a separate subsection of anthropology?

4) Identify government, international, and private organizations that concern themselves with socioeconomic change abroad and hire anthropologists to help meet their goals. Review their mission statements. Do they make reference to the dangers of underdifferentiation or overinnovation?

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5) What, if anything, is the difference between an anthropologist currently consulting on a development project in Indonesia and another one conducting research in support of the British colonial government's efforts to subdue African natives in the 1930s?

6) There is considerable debate today over whether or not governments should require schools to provide bilingual education for students, and if so, to what extent this should be carried out. Pretend that you are an anthropologist who has been asked to provide guidance on this issue to a school board in a bilingual community. What can you suggest about the nature of ethnicity, language, and enculturation that will help educators address their challenges?

7) Distinguish between scientific medicine and Western medicine. How can Western systems of medicine benefit from emulating the more non-Western curer-patient-community relationship?

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8) How might a premedical student apply some of the knowledge learned through anthropology as a physician? What is the value of studying the curing and belief systems of patients' ethnic groups?

9) HIV/AIDS is a global pandemic. How does culture play a role in HIV transmission? How might applied anthropology help in finding a solution to this problem?

10) Discuss the ways in which globalization and industrialization have contributed to an increasing number of health problems.

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11)

Applied anthropology is

A) the term used for all anthropological research programs.

B) not guided by anthropological theory.

C) rarely possible, as anthropological studies are not practical in the "real world."

D) the purely academic dimension of anthropology.

E) the use of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary problems.

12) do?

Which of the following doesnot illustrate the kinds of work that applied anthropologists

A) helping the Environmental Protection Agency address environmental problems B) borrowing from fields such as history and sociology to broaden the scope of theoretical anthropology C) using the tools of medical anthropology to work as cultural interpreters in public health programs D) working for or with international development agencies, such as the World Bank and the U.S. Agency for International Development E) applying the tools of forensic anthropology to work with police, medical examiners, the courts, and international organizations to identify victims of crimes, accidents, wars, and terrorism

13) Why is ethnography one of the most valuable and distinctive tools of the applied anthropologist?

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A) It produces a statistically unbiased summary of human responses to set stimuli.

B) It is valuable insider data that can be routinely sold to multinational corporations and state agencies without the consent of the people studied.

C) It provides a firsthand account of the day-to-day issues and challenges that the members of a given community face, as well as a sense of how those people think about and react to these issues.

D) It is among the most economical and time-efficient tools that exist in the social sciences.

E) It can be produced without leaving the comfort of the anthropologist's office.

14) Which of the following is a distinguishing characteristic of the work that applied anthropologists do?

A) They gather government statistics.

B) They promote development.

C) They consult project managers.

D) They enter the affected communities and talk with people.

E) They consult government officials and other experts.

15) Which of the following illustrates some of the dangers of early applications of applied anthropology?

A) anthropologists practicing participant observation and taking photographs of ritualistic behavior B) anthropologists promoting the study of their field among university undergraduates C) anthropologists' work on the contrasts between urban and rural communities D) anthropologists collaborating with nongovernmental organizations in the 1980s E) anthropologists aiding colonial expansion by providing ethnographic information to colonists

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16) Who were studied at a distance during the 1940s in an attempt to predict the behavior of the political enemies of the United States?

A) the Koreans and English B) the Brazilians and Indonesians C) the Germans and Japanese D) the Yanomami and Betsileo E) the Malagasy

17)

The U.S. baby boom of the late 1940s and 1950s

A) brought anthropology into most high school curricula.

B) fueled the general expansion of the U.S. educational system, including academic anthropology.

C) produced a new interest in ethnic diversity.

D) promoted renewed interest in applied anthropology during the 1950s and 1960s.

E) worked to shrink the world system.

18)

All of the following are proper roles for applied anthropologists except

A) identifying the needs for change that local people perceive.

B) working with people to design culturally appropriate and socially sensitive change.

C) working as participant observers, taking part in the events they study in order to understand local thought and behavior.

D) placing the cultural values of local people above all others' cultural values.

E) protecting local people from harmful policies and projects that might threaten them.

19) Development anthropology is the branch of applied anthropology that focuses on social issues in, and the cultural dimension of, which type of development?

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A) theoretical B) economic C) ethical D) political E) scholastic

20)

What is the commonly stated goal for most development projects?

A) decreased local autonomy B) greater socioeconomic stratification C) ethnocide D) increased equity E) cultural assimilation

21) Which of the following was observed in the Bahia, Brazil, development project in which sailboat owners got loans to buy motors, as described in this chapter?

A) The fishing community became more egalitarian.

B) Ambitious young men increasingly sought wage labor.

C) Individual initiative was rewarded, and the fishing industry grew.

D) The price of power fishing vessels decreased.

E) There was an increase in commercial sailboat ownership.

22) People are usually willing to change just enough to maintain, or slightly improve on, what they already have. For this reason, development projects are most likely to succeed when they avoid the fallacy of

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A) overinnovation.

B) intervention philosophy.

C) ethnobias.

D) underdifferentiation.

E) cultural relativism.

23) are?

What term refers to the tendency to view less developed countries as more alike than they

A) intervention philosophy B) overinnovation C) underdifferentiation D) cultural relativism E) ethnobias

24)

Development projects should aim to accomplish all of the followingexcept

A) preserving local systems while working to make them better.

B) respecting local traditions.

C) promoting change, but not overinnovation.

D) drawing models of development from indigenous practices.

E) developing strategies with little input from the local communities.

25) Which of the following is a reason that the Madagascar project to increase rice production was successful?

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A) There is a clear fit between capitalist development schemes and corporate descentgroup social organization.

B) Malagasy leaders were of "the people" and were therefore prepared to follow the descent-group ethic of pooling resources for the good of the group as a whole.

C) The educated members of Malagasy society are those who have struggled to fend for themselves and therefore brought an innovative kind of independence to the project.

D) The project took into account the inevitability of native forms of social organization breaking down into nuclear family organization, impersonality, and alienation.

E) The elites and the lower class were of different origins and thus had no strong connections through kinship, descent, or marriage.

26) of

The Malagasy development program described in this chapter illustrates the importance

A) the local government's ability to improve the lives of its citizens, when committed to doing so.

B) replacing subsistence farming with a viable cash crop.

C) replacing outdated traditional techniques of irrigation with more modern ones.

D) the top-down strategies developed by the UN. E) breaking down corporate descent groups, which are too independent and interfere with development.

27) In an example of applied anthropology's contribution to improving education, this chapter describes a study of Puerto Rican seventh graders in a Midwestern U.S. urban school (HillBurnett 1978). What did anthropologists discover in this study?

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A) Puerto Ricans do not benefit from bilingual education.

B) Puerto Rican students came from a background that placed less value on education than did that of white students.

C) The Puerto Rican subjects benefited from the English-as-a-foreign-language program.

D) The parents of Puerto Rican students did not value achievement.

E) The Puerto Rican students' education was being affected by their teachers' misconceptions.

28) Anthropology may aid in the progress of education by helping educators avoid all of the followingexcept

A) incorrect application of labels such as "learning impaired."

B) ethnic stereotyping.

C) tolerance of ethnic diversity.

D) indiscriminate assignment of nonnative English speakers to the same classrooms as children with "behavior problems."

E) sociolinguistic discrimination.

29)

One of the stated goals of public anthropology is to

A) oppose policies that promote injustice.

B) refrain from discussion of social issues in the media.

C) restrict the publication of research papers to professional journals.

D) promote anthropology as a career, especially to minorities.

E) encourage academic anthropologists to become applied anthropologists.

30)

Which of the following statements about medical anthropology is true?

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A) It applies non-Western health knowledge to a troubled industrialized medical system.

B) This field applies Western medicine to solving health problems around the world.

C) It is the field that proved that people from rural areas suffer only from illnesses and not diseases.

D) Typically, in cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, medical anthropology does market research on the use of health products around the world.

E) This growing field considers the biocultural context and implications of disease and illness.

31)

What is a disease?

A) an artificial product of biomedicine B) a consequence of a foraging lifestyle C) an unnatural state of health D) a scientifically identified health threat E) a health problem as it is experienced by the one affected

32)

What is an illness?

A) a scientifically described health threat B) a nonexistent ailment (only diseases are real) C) a condition of poor health perceived by an individual D) a purely linguistic problem E) an artificial product of biomedicine

33) Shamans and other magicoreligious specialists are effective curers with regard to what kind of disease theory?

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A) scientific B) personalistic C) ritualistic D) exotic E) naturalistic

34)

Which of the following best describes scientific medicine?

A) the beliefs, customs, and specialists concerned with curing illness B) the availability of free or low-cost health care for all C) the practice of medicine in particular Western nations D) a tendency to overprescribe drugs and surgeries E) a health care system that relies on advances in technology

35)

An ethnographic study of the workplace

A) is not very useful, because all workplaces are becoming increasingly homogeneous, compared to 20 years ago.

B) provides close observation of workers and managers in their natural setting.

C) is required of all organizations that want to become not-for-profit, according to the American Anthropological Association.

D) is routinely performed by employees of the U.S. federal government.

E) provides evidence that economic factors are fundamental to understanding differential productivity.

36) Which of the following is true of market research techniques such as focus groups and surveys?

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A) Focus groups and surveys tend to elicit only what people say, report, or write down.

B) Focus groups involve observing real-time, real-life behavior, as anthropologists do.

C) Focus groups eliminate the possibility of groupthink, making it an extremely reliable research technique.

D) Surveys are useful as a market research technique because participants are likely to be patient and deliver accurate responses.

E) Focus groups and surveys are more reliable techniques for market research than interviews or observation methods.

37)

Efforts to demonstrate the public policy relevance of anthropology are known as

A) cultural resource management.

B) development anthropology.

C) public anthropology.

D) underdifferentiation.

E) ethnography.

38)

Anthropology has three dimensions: academic, applied, and a mix of the two. ⊚ ⊚

true false

39) During World War II, the U.S. government recruited anthropologists to study Japanese and German cultures. This chapter uses this example to illustrate the problems with early applications of anthropology. ⊚ ⊚

40)

true false

During the 1950s and 1960s, most American anthropologists were college professors.

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⊚ ⊚

true false

41) Academic and applied anthropology have a symbiotic relationship, as theory aids practice and application fuels theory. ⊚ ⊚

true false

42) Development anthropology is the branch of applied anthropology that focuses on social issues in, and the cultural dimension of, moral development. ⊚ ⊚

true false

43) The Bahia, Brazil, development project in which loans were given to fishing-boat owners is an example of how some development projects can actually widen wealth disparities instead of increasing equity. ⊚ ⊚

true false

44) The best strategy for change is to base the social design for innovation on locally based demand. ⊚ ⊚

true false

45) Fortunately for applied anthropologists eager to do effective international work, all governments are by their nature genuinely and realistically committed to improving the lives of their citizens.

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⊚ ⊚

true false

46) When nations become more tied to the world economy, indigenous forms of social organization inevitably break down into nuclear family organization, impersonality, and alienation. ⊚ ⊚

true false

47) Sociolinguists and cultural anthropologists studying Puerto Rican communities in the Midwestern United States found that Puerto Rican parents valued education more than nonHispanics did. ⊚ ⊚

48)

Urban anthropologists research topics such as immigration, ethnicity, poverty, and class. ⊚ ⊚

49)

true false

true false

Strictly speaking, medical anthropology is an applied field within anthropology. ⊚ ⊚

true false

50) Epidemic diseases such as cholera, typhoid, and bubonic plague are more likely to thrive in isolated indigenous communities rather than in agrarian and urban populations. ⊚ ⊚

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51) When Western medicine is introduced into a local culture, people usually preserve many of their old methods while also accepting new ones. ⊚ ⊚

true false

52) Biomedicine, which aims to link an illness to scientifically demonstrated agents that bear no personal malice toward their victims, is an example of naturalistic medicine. ⊚ ⊚

true false

53) The termcurer describes a specialized role acquired through a culturally appropriate process of selection, training, certification, and acquisition of a professional image. ⊚ ⊚

true false

54) Health care systems refers only to the nationalized health care services that exist in core industrial nations. ⊚ ⊚

true false

55) Non-Western medicine does not maintain a sharp distinction between biological and psychological illnesses. ⊚ ⊚

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56) Non-Western medicine recognizes that poor health has intertwined physical, emotional, and social causes. ⊚ ⊚

57)

Scientific medicine is not the same thing as Western medicine. ⊚ ⊚

58)

true false

true false

A bachelor's degree in anthropology is of little value in the corporate world. ⊚ ⊚

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Answer Key Test name: Chap 11_13e_Kottak 11) A 12) B 13) C 14) D 15) E 16) C 17) B 18) D 19) B 20) D 21) B 22) A 23) C 24) E 25) B 26) A 27) E 28) C 29) A 30) E 31) D 32) C 33) B 34) E 35) B 36) A Version 1

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37) C 38) FALSE 39) TRUE 40) TRUE 41) TRUE 42) FALSE 43) TRUE 44) TRUE 45) FALSE 46) FALSE 47) TRUE 48) TRUE 49) FALSE 50) FALSE 51) TRUE 52) TRUE 53) TRUE 54) FALSE 55) TRUE 56) TRUE 57) TRUE 58) FALSE

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CHAPTER 12 1)

What is the world system perspective, and why is it important in anthropology?

2) What is the world capitalist economy? When did it originate, and what are its features?

What are the core, semiperiphery, and periphery? What is their relationship to world capitalism?

3) What was the Industrial Revolution, and how did life in that period differ from previous life in villages, towns, and cities? Why is this topic relevant to anthropologists?

4) How did the views of Marx and Weber on stratification differ? Relate their views to the modern global stratification system.

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5) How is the world stratification system related to structural positions within the world capitalist economy? What about the modern stratification system within the United States?

6) Based on the way the text definesimperialism andcolonialism, do you think that they describe phenomena of the past? These terms have been used recently to describe current international affairs. Find an example of this and compare the use of the term to its definition in the text.

7) Hundreds of ethnic groups and so-called tribes are colonial constructs. What does this mean—does it suggest that they are only imaginary and therefore of no consequence? Illustrate your answers with examples.

8) Discuss neoliberalism and NAFTA as an intervention philosophy. What are the consequences to Mexican and American farmers? What is the current impact on immigration?

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9) What economic system is committed to production for sale or exchange, with the object of maximizing profits rather than supplying domestic needs?

A) world-system theory B) capitalist world economy C) neoliberalism D) intervention philosophy E) communism

10) What term refers to wealth or resources invested in business with the intent of producing a profit?

A) socioeconomic stratification B) capital C) the modern world system D) industrialization E) an open class system

11) According to world-system theory, countries are assigned to one of which three positions?

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A) preliterate, nonliterate, and literate B) metropole, satellite, and semi-satellite C) core, periphery, and semiperiphery D) wealth, power, and prestige E) state, nation-state, and nation

12)

Periphery nations

A) lack industrialization.

B) are isolated from the world economy.

C) have little incentive to interact with nations of the core.

D) export to the core but not to the semiperiphery.

E) have economies that disproportionately benefit capitalists in the core.

13)

Which of the following statements about core nations isfalse?

A) They have complex economies.

B) They export their raw materials to other countries.

C) They have advanced systems of production.

D) They represent the dominant structural position in the world system.

E) They consist of the strongest and most powerful states.

14) According to Gerhard Lenski (1966), what reduces the polarization between the owning and working classes in advanced industrial societies?

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A) a less complex stratification system B) less social mobility C) the growth of the middle class D) a socialist government E) off-shoring of low-wage jobs

15)

What does the term Columbian exchange refer to?

A) the spread of people, resources, products, ideas, and diseases between the Eastern and Western hemispheres after contact B) the peaceful exchange among Europeans and Native Americans of native edible plant species C) the spread of European notions and technologies of warfare to Native Americans, who never engaged in massive violent campaigns prior to the 1500s D) the general reciprocity that characterized the relationship between Europeans and Native Americans during the first 15 years after initial contact E) the exchange of culture that occurred among Native Americans and Europeans that eventually led to the first great civilizations in the Americas and, in Europe, the first classless societies

16)

The growth of a market for sugar in Europe spurred

A) a tremendous expansion in the strength of independent indigenous nations of Mexico and South America.

B) the movement of sugar-producing nations from the periphery to the core of the world system.

C) a long-term improvement in the distribution of wealth among the rural peasantry of England.

D) the movement of capitalism, once a cultural trait specific to New Guinea (where sugar was first domesticated), to the rest of the world.

E) the development of the transatlantic slave trade.

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17)

According to Marx, who are thebourgeoisie and theproletariat?

A) moiety groups that dominated Western capitalism B) the products of gender differentiation from Europe's tribal past C) groups destined to reconcile through the postcapitalist process of alienation D) distinct and opposed classes produced by the world capitalist economy E) exogamous social groups

18)

According to Karl Marx, classes are

A) powerful collective forces that could mobilize human energies to influence the course of history.

B) based more on notions of prestige and morality than on actual economic differences.

C) complementary, in that they each do different tasks necessary for the survival of the society.

D) part of the original, preindustrial social system of humans.

E) not important to his vision of social change in Western society.

19)

What changes did workers instigate in response to industrialization in England?

A) Workers launched a proletarian revolution.

B) Workers barred women and children from working in factories.

C) Workers developed organizations to protect their interests.

D) Workers demanded the 8-hour work day and the Sabbath off.

E) Workers won the right to control production.

20)

Which of the following statements about Karl Marx isfalse?

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A) He viewed socioeconomic stratification in terms of several classes with different but complementary interests.

B) He analyzed 19th-century industrial production capitalism.

C) He emphasized class consciousness.

D) He called the people who sold their own labor the proletariat.

E) He called the owners of the means of production the bourgeoisie.

21) According to the world-system theory, the blank consists of the wealthiest and most powerful nations, which have the most productive economies and the greatest concentration of capital.

A) core B) bourgeoisie C) periphery D) proletariat E) semiperiphery

22)

According to Weber, what are the three dimensions of social stratification?

A) wealth, power, and prestige B) gender, ethnicity, and race C) status, exchange, and religion D) the means of production, mode of production, and measure of production E) age, gender, and ethnicity

23) What is the name of the political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended time?

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A) apartheid B) alienation C) industrialization D) petty capitalism E) colonialism

24)

Which of the following statements about British colonialism isfalse?

A) It can be divided into two stages.

B) It was legitimized by the racist notion of the "white man's burden."

C) It lacked an intervention philosophy.

D) It began to disintegrate after World War II. E) It was partly driven by business interests.

25)

Which of the following is a principle of Keynesian economics?

A) Full employment was necessary for capitalism to grow.

B) The government should stay out of its nation's economic affairs.

C) Central banks should avoid intervening in employment.

D) There should be no restrictions on manufacturing, no barriers to commerce, and no tariffs.

E) Free, unregulated trade, is the best way for a nation's economy to develop.

26) What term refers to the ideological justification for outsiders to guide native groups in specific directions?

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A) intervention philosophy B) coercive philosophy C) development ideology D) intrusive ideology E) development philosophy

27)

What best characterizes the intervention philosophy of the British empire?

A) in his majesty's domain B) this land is our land C) fifty-four forty or fight D) manifest destiny E) white man's burden

28)

What best typifies the intervention philosophy of the French empire?

A) coup d'état B) nom de plume C) mission civilisatrice D) savoir-faire E) carte blanche

29) How did the Belgian colonizers of East Africa identify who was Tutsi and who was Hutu?

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A) individual self-identification B) previous census data C) the number of cattle owned D) unique tribal body modifications such as scar tattoos E) phenotype, or how the individual physically looked

30) In anthropology, history, and literature, the field of postcolonial studies has gained prominence since the 1970s. Postcolonial refers to

A) social movements that, instead of rejecting colonialism, actually embraced it and transformed it for their own benefit.

B) the study of the past and present interactions between European nations and the societies they colonized.

C) the period succeeding the slave trade.

D) an up-and-coming subfield in sociology.

E) a moral stance toward oppressed peoples.

31)

All of the following are true about neoliberalismexcept that it

A) seeks to control costs by lowering wage expenses.

B) refers to a recent revival of economic liberalism.

C) characterizes the type of policies designed by powerful international financial institutions.

D) has been spreading globally.

E) is characterized by the policy that environmental protection and job safety are too important to be left unregulated.

32) Neoliberalism is a new form of the old economic liberalism laid out in Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations (1776). To Smith, economic liberalism encouraged free enterprise and competition, with the goal of generating profits. However, this meaning of liberal

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A) is a Protestant ideology.

B) varies depending on whether it refers to politics in a Western or non-Western context.

C) is different from the one typically used in current U.S. politics, in which liberal is the opposite of conservative.

D) has no implications for the relationship between economics and the state.

E) is a more accurate use of the term than the one Americans typically hear in current talk radio.

33) blank is a sociopolitical organization and economic system in which the means of production are owned and controlled by the government, rather than by individuals or corporations.

A) Liberalism B) Imperialism C) Colonialism D) Neoliberalism E) Socialism

34) Communism has two meanings, distinguished by how they are written. Small- c communism describes a social system in which property is owned by the community and in which people work for the common good. Large- C Communism

A) was a political movement and doctrine seeking to overthrow capitalism and establish a form of communism such as that which prevailed in the Soviet Union (the USSR) from 1917 to 1991.

B) is an imperial doctrine to appropriate private capital for the sake of the survival of the state.

C) refers to the social aspects of small- c communism.

D) is Lenin's political theory of small- c communism.

E) is just another version of neoliberalism but in disguise.

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35) In postsocialist Russia's initial changeover to capitalism, all of the following declinedexcept

A) farm and industry subsidies.

B) the poverty rate.

C) the birth rate.

D) life expectancy.

E) the gross domestic product.

36) By promoting rural-to-urban migration, industrialization hastened the process of proletarianization, which is

A) the separation of workers from the means of production.

B) elite domination of the means of communication, schools, and other key institutions.

C) personal identification with one's own economic group.

D) the shift from mills and factories to cottages and farms.

E) a form of communism.

37) Which of the following refers to a conscious policy of extending the rule of a country or an empire over foreign nations and of taking and holding foreign colonies?

A) colonization B) postcolonial C) communism D) neoliberalism E) imperialism

38)

Adam Smith laid out an economic plan of laissez-faire capitalism that is currently called

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A) neoliberalism.

B) conservatism.

C) socialism.

D) colonialism.

E) democracy.

39) Which of the following statements about environmental hazards in American communities isnot accurate?

A) Polluting facilities are often built in neighborhoods undergoing demographic and social transition.

B) Poorer communities are more likely to be victims of toxic waste exposure than are more affluent or even average (middle class) communities.

C) Economic resources and political clout have little to do with where polluting facilities are constructed.

D) Environmental hazards are located disproportionately in minority and poor neighborhoods.

E) Polluting industries are more likely to target communities with fewer resources to organize a resistance.

40) The current world stratification system features a substantial contrast between capitalists and workers in the core nations, and workers on the periphery. ⊚ ⊚

true false

41) Trade and other economic relations between core and periphery disproportionately benefit capitalists in the core. ⊚ ⊚

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42) When deciding where to locate polluting facilities, industries typically target minority and low-income neighborhoods. ⊚ ⊚

43)

true false

Sugar and cotton helped fuel the development of a capitalist world economy. ⊚ ⊚

true false

44) Class conflicts tend to occur within nations, and nationalism has impeded global class solidarity, particularly of proletarians. ⊚ ⊚

true false

45) One of the reasons that the Industrial Revolution started in England was that England needed to innovate in order to meet a demand for staples both at home and in its far-flung colonies. ⊚ ⊚

true false

46) The seeds of industrial society were planted well before the 18th century. For example, a knitting machine invented in England in 1589 was so far ahead of its time that it played a profitable role in factories two and three centuries later. ⊚ ⊚

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47) Marx argued that socioeconomic stratification was based on the sharp and simple division between the successful Protestant industrialists and the poor Catholic peasantry. ⊚ ⊚

true false

48) According to Marx, the bourgeoisie is made up of the people who must sell their labor to survive. ⊚ ⊚

true false

49) Weber argued that without Catholic ethics and values, capitalism and industrialism would have never spread beyond England. ⊚ ⊚

true false

50) Weber argued that the only true capitalists were Protestants, and people who believed in any other faith could never fully mature as capitalists. ⊚ ⊚

true false

51) The domestic system is the economic system in which an organizer-entrepreneur supplies the raw materials to workers in their homes and collects the finished products from them. ⊚ ⊚

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52) English national income tripled between 1700 and 1815 and increased 30 times more by 1939. Standards of comfort rose, but prosperity was uneven. ⊚ ⊚

true false

53) The United States originally started out as a peripheral nation, but by 1900 it had asserted itself as a member of the industrialized core. ⊚ ⊚

true false

54) Mass production gave rise to a culture of consumption, which has become global in scope. ⊚ ⊚

true false

55) Colonialism refers to the solicitation by peripheral countries of political and financial assistance from core nations. ⊚ ⊚

true false

56) The British notion of the "white man's burden" was similar to the French concept mission civilisatrice, in that both were racist ideologies used to justify the colonial efforts of their respective countries. ⊚ ⊚

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57)

French colonial strategies incorporated both direct and indirect rule. ⊚ ⊚

true false

58) Many of the political, linguistic, religious, and economic distinctions among the countries of West Africa today are artifacts of colonialism. ⊚ ⊚

true false

59) The Portuguese colonial empire included the Caribbean, the southern portions of what was to become the United States, and Central and South America. ⊚ ⊚

true false

60) Neoliberalism refers to a revival of Adam Smith's classic economic liberalism, which suggests that governments should not regulate private enterprise and that free market forces should rule. ⊚ ⊚

61)

true false

Recall the defining characteristics of communist, socialist, and postsocialist societies ⊚ ⊚

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62) The distinction between small- c communism and large- C Communism is an example of arbitrary concepts defined in the social sciences. ⊚ ⊚

true false

63) Postsocialist Russia's economy was growing again by 2010, as were its birth rate and average life expectancy. ⊚ ⊚

true false

64) There has been a dramatic decline in the socioeconomic contrasts between the richest and the poorest Americans. ⊚ ⊚

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Answer Key Test name: Chap 12_13e_Kottak 9) B 10) B 11) C 12) E 13) B 14) C 15) A 16) E 17) D 18) A 19) C 20) A 21) A 22) A 23) E 24) C 25) A 26) A 27) E 28) C 29) C 30) B 31) E 32) C 33) E 34) A Version 1

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35) B 36) A 37) E 38) A 39) C 40) TRUE 41) TRUE 42) TRUE 43) TRUE 44) TRUE 45) TRUE 46) TRUE 47) FALSE 48) FALSE 49) FALSE 50) FALSE 51) TRUE 52) TRUE 53) TRUE 54) FALSE 55) FALSE 56) TRUE 57) TRUE 58) TRUE 59) FALSE 60) TRUE 61) TRUE 62) FALSE 63) TRUE 64) FALSE Version 1

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CHAPTER 13 1) How can the perspective of an ethnographer, who carries out research at the local level of communities, contribute to addressing large-scale environmental concerns such as climate change and deforestation?

2) What is environmental anthropology? What can its contribution be to addressing environmental threats around the world?

3) What are some of the arguments for and against the interpretation of the mass media as a form of cultural imperialism?

4) How can mass media play a cultural role for those individuals and families leading transnational lives?

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5) What is the difference between postmodernity and postmodernism? How has postmodernity affected the units of anthropological study?

6) What are the key points of the American Anthropological Association's "Statement on Humanity and Climate Change"?

7) How have recent movements regarding the politics of identity and indigenous peoples varied around the world?

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8) How have indigenous movements, political mobilization, and identity politics affected ethnography?

9)

What are some recent examples that illustrateglobalization of risk?

10) Discuss the two meanings of the termglobalization. What factors must an anthropologist consider in relation to environmental and indigenous influence?

11) Because our planet's climate is always changing, the key question becomes: How much of global warming is caused by human activities versus natural climate variability? On this issue, most scientists agree that the causes are mainly

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A) ecological.

B) indigenized.

C) moral.

D) anthropogenic.

E) evolutionary.

12) The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon that keeps the earth's surface warm.

Without greenhouse gases—water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, halocarbons, and ozone—life as we know it wouldn't exist. The current problem is that

A) scientists cannot agree on a general model of how the greenhouse effect went from being a positive to a negative and a life-threatening force.

B) it is difficult to distinguish between climate change and global warming.

C) global warming actually benefits 90 percent of the world's population, so it is difficult to mobilize the will to address the anthropogenic causes of climate change.

D) most scientists dispute the anthropogenic reasoning for high concentrations of greenhouse gases.

E) the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases has reached its highest level in 400,000 years and will continue to rise, as will global temperatures, without actions to slow it down.

13)

Which is the single greatest obstacle to slowing climate change?

A) a lack of visible climatic changes B) the growing population of the poorer nations in the world C) having scientists agree on a definition of climate change D) a lack of data portraying the effects of climate change E) meeting global energy needs, particularly in energy-hungry countries such as the United States, China, and India

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14) Anthropology has always been concerned with how environmental forces influence humans, and how human activities affect the biosphere and the Earth itself. The 1950s through the 1970s witnessed the emergence of an area of study known as cultural ecology or ecological anthropology. This field

A) studied human-environment relations as cultural constructions and analyzed them as "texts."

B) is no longer relevant because it dealt with research models that were either regional or local, but not global enough to account for the changes caused by climate change.

C) studied etic perspectives on human-environment relationships.

D) focused on how cultural beliefs and practices help human populations adapt to their environment.

E) has limited value in the present day, because it is not scientifically rigorous enough to address environmental problems.

15) Which of the following isnot one of the key points of the American Anthropological Association's "Statement on Humanity and Climate Change"?

A) Human action is the cause of the environmental changes that have taken place during the last 100 years.

B) Most of those affected will be people living on coasts, in island nations, and in highlatitude, and high-altitude areas.

C) Climate change will exacerbate the spread of infectious disease.

D) Consumerism and reliance on fossil fuels are the two key factors influencing climate change.

E) Climate change should be addressed exclusively at the international and national levels.

16) Today's ecological anthropology, also known as environmental anthropology, attempts not only to understand environmental problems but also to

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A) contribute to development projects that sometimes, out of necessity, replace indigenous institutions with culturally alien concepts.

B) work closely with state agencies, among whom they do most of their ethnography, to promote institutional change.

C) find solutions, acknowledging that ecosystems management involves multiple levels.

D) prescribe top-down solutions to ecological problems.

E) promote the concepts of environmental rights, even at the expense of cultural rights.

17)

Westernization is a form of what kind of cultural change?

A) imperialism B) exodus C) migration D) enculturation E) acculturation

18) Deforestation is a global concern. Forest loss can lead to increased greenhouse gas production, which contributes to global warming. The destruction of tropical forests is also a major factor in the loss of global biodiversity. The global scenarios of deforestation include all of the followingexcept

A) cash cropping.

B) the intensification of foraging lifestyles among communities that have retreated from the chaos of modern life.

C) urban expansion.

D) demographic pressure on subsistence economies.

E) commercial logging and road building.

19) blank refers to the changes that result when groups come into continuous firsthand contact.

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A) Colonialism B) Acculturation C) Diffusion D) Enculturation E) Hegemony

20) Which of the following isnot one of the possible consequences experienced after the "shock phase" of an encounter between indigenous societies and more powerful outsiders?

A) fragmentation of kin groups B) disrupted subsistence C) a broad-spectrum revolution D) damaged social support systems E) increased mortality

21) Which of the following isnot a factor in the emergence and spread of dangerous infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS, Ebola, West Nile, SARS, Lyme disease, and Zika?

A) population increase B) commercial expansion C) spillovers from humans to wildlife D) changing settlement patterns E) modern air travel

22) What is the name of the Brazilian dance play that reenacts the Portuguese discovery of Brazil?

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A) Parantíns B) Carnaval C) Arembepeiros D) Dia do Descobrimento E) Chegança

23) blank refers to the rapid spread or advance of one culture at the expense of others, or its imposition on other cultures.

A) Conquest B) Symbolic domination C) Diasporation D) Colonialism E) Cultural imperialism

24) In the process of globalization, people continually make and remake culture as they assign their own meanings to the information, images, and products they receive from outside.

This process is described as blank.

A) postmodernization B) Westernization C) autochthony D) acculturation E) indigenization

25) Cases of local communities using modern technology to preserve and revive their traditions

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A) are becoming increasingly rare, due to the ballooning cost of the technologies involved.

B) are examples of hidden ethnocide.

C) suggest that modern technology is always an agent of cultural imperialism.

D) are becoming more common.

E) contradict Gramsci's theory of hegemony.

26)

All of the following are examples of key forces in modern global cultureexcept

A) essentialism.

B) production.

C) the media.

D) commerce.

E) finance.

27) As discussed in the text, what Caribbean people have been characterized as living "between two islands" (Grasmuck and Pessar 1991)?

A) Trinidadians B) Dominicans C) Cubans D) Puerto Ricans E) Jamaicans

28) To Arjun Appadurai (1990), " blank" describes the linkages in the modern world that have both enlarged and erased old boundaries and distinctions.

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A) diasporic B) translocal C) ethnocentric D) postmodern E) essentialized

29)

Which of the following isnot true of postmodernism?

A) It rejects rules, geometric order, and austerity.

B) It extends value well beyond classic, elite, Western cultural forms.

C) The term originally referred to a style and movement in architecture.

D) It draws on a diversity of styles from different times and places.

E) It has a clear and functional design or structure.

30) blank refers to the blurring and breakdown of established canons—rules, standards, categories, distinctions, and boundaries.

A) Entropy B) Postmodern C) Chaos D) Agoraphobia E) Diaspora

31) Social movements worldwide have adopted which term as a self-identifying label based on past oppression but now legitimizing a search for social, cultural, and political rights?

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A) indio B) indigenous people C) freedom fighter D) mestizo E) autochthon

32) In Spanish-speaking Latin America, social scientists and politicians favor which term over indio (Indian), the colonial term that the Spanish and Portuguese conquerors used to refer to the native inhabitants of the Americas?

A) indígena (indigenous person) B) cultural patrimony C) citizen D) civilian E) autochthon

33) The last 30 years have seen a dramatic shift in the conditions of indigenous peoples in Latin America, where the push by indigenous peoples for self-identification has emphasized all of the followingexcept

A) political reforms involving a restructuring of the state.

B) limited self-government.

C) sustainable development and political representation.

D) their cultural distinctiveness.

E) an implicit call for excluding strangers.

34) Unlike indigenous peoples, the term blank highlights the prominence that the exclusion of strangers has assumed in day-to-day politics worldwide and has been claimed by majority groups in Europe.

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A) indigenous people B) Euroindio C) autochthony D) mestizo E) freedom fighter

35) blank describes the process of viewing an identity as established, real, and frozen, so as to hide the historical processes and politics within which that identity developed.

A) Essentialism B) Autochthony C) Patrimony D) Marketing E) Fluidity

36)

Identities are

A) not fixed; they are fluid and multiple.

B) fictions.

C) never dependent on context.

D) fixed by both genotype and phenotype.

E) creative constructs and therefore of little real consequence.

37) blank is any society's set of environmental practices and perceptions—that is, its cultural model of the environment and its relation to people and society.

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A) Ecological imperialism B) Ethnoecology C) Indigenized D) Ecological anthropology E) Essentialism

38) The average American consumes almost 3 times the energy used by the average Chinese and about 12 times the energy used by the average citizen of India. ⊚ ⊚

true false

39) Although anthropologists may be interested in contemporary global issues such as climate change, their perspective is necessarily limited to the local scale of their fieldwork. ⊚ ⊚

true false

40) Scientists prefer the term climate change to global warming. Climate change points out that, beyond rising temperatures, there have been changes in sea levels, precipitation, storms, and ecosystem effects. ⊚ ⊚

41)

true false

Global warming is primarily due to increased solar radiation, not human activity. ⊚ ⊚

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42) Ethnoecology is any society's set of environmental practices and perceptions—that is, its cultural model of the environment and its relation to people and society. ⊚ ⊚

true false

43) Development projects usually fail when they try to replace indigenous institutions with culturally alien concepts. ⊚ ⊚

true false

44) When people are asked to give up the basis of their livelihood, they usually comply, especially if they are paid money. ⊚ ⊚

true false

45) The spread of environmentalism may expose radically different notions about the rights and values of plants and animals versus humans. Fortunately, it is clear to everyone that certain animal rights trump other rights. ⊚ ⊚

true false

46) Contemporary, applied ecological anthropologists work to plan and implement policies aimed at environmental preservation. They also advocate for people who are at risk, actually or potentially. One of the roles of today's environmental anthropologist is to assess the extent and nature of risk perception and to harness that awareness to combat environmental degradation. ⊚ ⊚

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47) If contact between two groups is sustained long enough, acculturation will be reciprocal—influencing both groups, even if one is influenced more than the other. ⊚ ⊚

48)

true false

Diseases that spread from animals to humans are known as zoonotic diseases. ⊚ ⊚

true false

49) Modern technology plays an important role in both facilitating cultural imperialism and resisting it. ⊚ ⊚

true false

50) Cultural forces are indigenized when native traditions are presented to and appreciated by the former colonialists, who then acknowledge these forces as indigenous or native. ⊚ ⊚

true false

51) Mass media can play an important role in constructing and maintaining national and ethnic identities. ⊚ ⊚

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52) TV programming that is culturally alien tends to outperform native programming when the alien programming comes from the United States, Great Britain, or France. ⊚ ⊚

true false

53) Forces influencing production and consumption are no longer restricted by national boundaries. ⊚ ⊚

54)

true false

Diasporas refer to people who have spread out from an original, ancestral homeland. ⊚ ⊚

true false

55) Postmodernism refers to the breakdown of traditional categories, standards, and boundaries in favor of a more fluid, context-dependent set of identities. ⊚ ⊚

true false

56) In Spanish-speaking Latin America, social scientists and politicians now favor the term indio over indígena when referring to Native Americans. ⊚ ⊚

true false

57) The term indigenous people gained legitimacy within international law with the creation in 1982 of the United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Populations.

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⊚ ⊚

true false

58) In Latin America, the drive by indigenous peoples for self-identification has emphasized their autochthony, with an implicit call for excluding strangers from their communities. ⊚ ⊚

true false

59) Essentialism refers to the process of viewing an identity as established, real, and frozen, so as to hide the historical processes and politics within which that identity developed. ⊚ ⊚

true false

60) Either speaking an indigenous language or wearing "native" clothing is required for one to identify as indigenous. ⊚ ⊚

true false

61) Anthropology teaches us that there is little chance that the current world system and the power relations within it will last forever, and that future developments will need to build on, modify, and perhaps discard preexisting practices and institutions. ⊚ ⊚

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Answer Key Test name: Chap 13_13e_Kottak 11) D 12) E 13) E 14) D 15) E 16) C 17) E 18) B 19) B 20) C 21) C 22) E 23) E 24) E 25) D 26) A 27) B 28) B 29) E 30) B 31) B 32) A 33) E 34) C 35) A 36) A Version 1

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37) B 38) TRUE 39) FALSE 40) TRUE 41) FALSE 42) TRUE 43) TRUE 44) FALSE 45) FALSE 46) TRUE 47) TRUE 48) TRUE 49) TRUE 50) FALSE 51) TRUE 52) FALSE 53) TRUE 54) TRUE 55) TRUE 56) FALSE 57) TRUE 58) FALSE 59) TRUE 60) FALSE 61) FALSE

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