Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Chapter: Chapter 1: Essay

Essay

1. Describe the origins and basic elements of the Canadian legal system.

Ans: Answers may vary but should include material from text, particularly diagram on p. 3 (Figure 1-1) and references to: former colonial status and incorporation of British common law; adoption of stare decisis; Supreme Court has binding authority over lower courts, conforms to Constitution and follows Criminal Code of Canada and other related federal legislation; Canada’s civil law evolved from Roman law and covers private relationships and property.

Difficulty: M Page: 2-3 Section: Origins of the Canadian Legal System Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 1.3

2. Explain the role the four Daubert criteria play in trial proceedings today.

Ans: Answers will vary but should include reference to at least some of these cases: Daubert v.

Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; General Electric Co. v. Joiner; Kumho Tire Ltd. v.

Carmichael; R. v. Mohan; R. v. McIntosh and McCarthy; R. v. Abbey; R. v. D. D.; judges as gatekeepers for scientific testimony; the four criteria for admissibility listed on p. 18 of the text and the controversy over their interpretation; judges’ responsibility for evaluating methods and statistics used and the expansion of gatekeeping to include judges’ authority to evaluate nonscience expertise as well; guidance court receives from Mohan test and its four points outlined

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

on p. 19 including relevance, necessity, absence of exclusionary rule and qualifications of the expert; experts may be excluded if they don’t provide information beyond what is commonly known by jurors or what judge can otherwise instruct them on; the importance of judges’ screening function led to hot-tub rules.

Difficulty: C Page: 18-19 Section: Expert Testimony Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 1.1

3. Discuss some of the controversial issues related to the use of brain scans as evidence in trials.

Ans: Answers will vary but should include references from the text as to whether brain abnormalities can eliminate culpability; whether jurors are unduly influenced by images of brain scans and abnormalities; the occurrence of false positives; the fact that abnormalities might not result in functioning deficits that cause criminal behavior; the need to compare defendant with others with same abnormalities who do not commit crime; issue of mens rea; questions about who bears burden of proof and level of proof; need for more advanced technology and scientific research.

Difficulty: M Page: 20 Section: Science Spotlight: Brain Scans Go Legal Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.1

4. Describe, in chronological order, some of the major events and influences in the developing relationship between psychology and law.

Ans: Answers will vary but should include some of the following from the text: (1885) the trial of resistance leader Louis Riel for treason and the controversy over his accountability as experts disagreed on his mental status; (early 1900s) the influence of the work of Sigmund Freud, the psychologist Hugo Munsterberg and the legal writings of Louis Brandeis; (1930s) the legal realism movement, particularly Karl Llewellyn; (1950s and 1960s) landmark court decisions like Brown v. Board of Education and testimony on segregation; (1970s and 1980s) the increasing use of psychological experts in trials, as well as the development of scholarly journals, undergraduate studies, and professional organizations related to the combination of law and Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

psychology.

Difficulty: C Page: 5-9 Section: A Brief History of Psychology and Law Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.2

5. Explain some of the sources of tension between the disciplines of law and psychology as outlined in Chapter 1.

Ans: Answers will vary but should include references from the text to the following concepts: Law is conservative and resists innovation while psychology emphasizes creativity and innovation. Law is hierarchical with lower courts bound by the rulings of higher courts while psychology relies on empiricism for new ideas based on supporting data. Law is adversarial and focused on finding the ―truth‖ while psychology relies on experimentation and hypothesis testing to uncover ―truth.‖ Law is prescriptive while psychology is descriptive. Law is ideographic while psychology is nomothetic. Law operates on certainty while psychology relies on probability.

Law is reactive and psychology is proactive. Law is operational or applied while psychology is academic.

Difficulty: M Page: 10-11 Section: A Brief History of Psychology and Law Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.1

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Import Settings: Base Settings: Brownstone Default Information Field: Page Information Field: Section Highest Answer Letter: D Multiple Keywords in Same Paragraph: No

Chapter: Chapter 1: Multiple Choice

Multiple Choice

1. According to the authors, the most visible piece of the justice system is: A) the police.

B) the trial.

C) the prison.

D) the appeals process.

Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 1 Section: Psychology and Law: A Cautious Alliance Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.2

2. The early leader of the realist movement who argued that laws must be continually reexamined in order to best serve the interests of society was: A) Karl Llewellyn.

B) Louis Brandeis.

C) John MacDonald.

D) Hugo Munsterberg.

Ans: A Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Difficulty: M Page: 7 Section: A Brief History of Psychology and Law Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 2.1

3. The maturation of the relationship between psychology and the law did not take place until the: A) 1930s.

B) 1950s.

C) 1970s.

D) 1990s.

Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 8 Section: A Brief History of Psychology and Law Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 2.2

4. Which statement regarding differences between Canadian law and U. S. law is TRUE? A) Most U.S. states have abolished the death penalty.

B) Canadian courts are more often likely to refer to international law.

C) U.S. states have more uniformity of law than do the Canadian provinces.

D) Jurors are more restricted in discussing case outcomes in the U.S. Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 4 Section: The Origins of the Canadian Legal System Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.5

5. An expert witness who explains how she arrived at the probability that two siblings both died Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

of sudden infant death syndrome would be said to be acting as a(n): A) philosopher-advocate.

B) hired gun.

C) conduit-educator.

D) actuarial-editor.

Ans: C Difficulty: C Page: 22 Section: Expert Testimony Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 1.3

6. A modern interpretation of the doctrine of stare decisis would be that: A) all things come to be decided over time.

B) if too many judges are involved in a decision, time will be wasted in the process.

C) an issue is not decided until all parties are willing to agree that justice has been served.

D) a decision should adhere to what has already been established in law.

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 12 Section: Methods: Rulings versus Data Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.5

7. Psychology can be described as A) prescriptive; descriptive B) descriptive; prescriptive C) realistic; idealistic D) understanding; demanding

, while law is

.

Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 10 Section: Goals: Approximate Truth versus Approximate Justice Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

APA Outcome: 1.1

8. The primary goal of psychological science is to: A) provide guidelines for behavior.

B) regulate human behavior.

C) demonstrate how punishment works.

D) provide accurate explanations of human behavior.

Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 9 Section: Goals: Approximate Truth versus Approximate Justice Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.1

9. Concerning the differences between law and psychology, which statement is FALSE? A) Neither approach can be fully certain of its outcomes.

B) Law focuses on what is best for groups rather than individuals.

C) Case studies and clinical testimony are of more interest to legal systems than are other areas of psychology.

D) The courts engage in more dichotomous decision making than psychology.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 10-11 Section: Goals: Approximate Truth versus Approximate Justice Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.2

10. Once the research is done, a psychological study: A) is conclusive in all situations.

B) is truly definitive.

C) may be revised by contrary data.

D) never has to be repeated.

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 11 Section: Goals: Approximate Truth versus Approximate Justice Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.1

11. According to the text, the goal of psychology is to , while the goal of the legal system is to .

A) emphasize the characteristics of groups; emphasize individual cases B) emphasize individual cases; emphasize the characteristics of groups C) apply abstract principles; understand the general nature of humans D) develop legal protocol; generalize the details of a case Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 11 Section: Goals: Approximate Truth versus Approximate Justice Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.1

12. Which is NOT one of the characteristics of the legal culture?

A) Its outcomes are viewed in terms of probabilities.

B) It prioritizes the concept of uncertainty avoidance.

C) It relies on judgments that are dichotomous.

D) The judgments rendered result in consequences.

Ans: A Difficulty: E Page: 10 Section: Goals: Approximate Truth versus Approximate Justice Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.1

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

13. Precedents can best be described as: A) legal cases that have established a rule that then may be used when deciding future cases with similar issues.

B) past decisions dictating all future cases regardless of the ―goodness of fit.‖ C) a balancing process that reviews all of the factors in a case.

D) past criminal behaviors that become linked to the resolution of current cases.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 12 Section: Methods: Rulings versus Data Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.2

14. The basis of the adversarial system in law is that: A) the prosecution depends on the adverse nature of the case.

B) truth will emerge as a result of conflict between opposing sides.

C) the defense depends on eyewitness testimony only.

D) the truth always prevails.

Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 1213 Section: Style of Inquiry: Advocacy versus Objectivity Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.1

15. According to the text, what is NOT a feature of the Canadian Bar Association’s Code of Professional Conduct?

A) a duty not to let witnesses lie under oath B) limits on the fees that can be assessed indigent clients C) an emphasis on the duty to be fearless advocates D) the responsibility to be candid with clients Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 13 Section: Style of Inquiry: Advocacy versus Objectivity Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 3.1

16. The purpose of a brief is to: A) provide a summary of the case.

B) provide a simple review of precedents set.

C) provide written arguments to the court.

D) develop curriculum vitae to be provided to potential employers.

Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 15 Section: Psychologists as Advisors Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 5.1

17. Trial consultants are used to: A) provide expertise.

B) cite law.

C) perform psychological evaluations.

D) complete research.

Ans: A Difficulty: E Page: 15 Section: Psychologists as Advisors Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 5.1

18. Ongoing information regarding program effectiveness is called: A) trial consultation.

B) summative evaluation.

C) peer review.

D) formative evaluation.

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 16 Section: Psychologists as Evaluators Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

19. Sam is a cognitive psychologist. With what aspect of the legal process might he provide assistance to the court?

A) clarify how police interrogators influence suspects to confess B) clarify at what age children are fully cognizant of their actions within the law C) clarify how a psychologist would determine competence to stand trial D) clarify whether jurors understand the instructions for deliberation for a verdict Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 1 Section: Psychology and Law: A Cautious Alliance Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.1

20. When considering scientific testimony, gatekeeping, in the legal sense, includes: A) determining court protocol.

B) assessing the scientific validity of potential testimony.

C) counseling juries.

D) advising on approved witness lists.

Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 18 Section: Expert Testimony Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

21. According to the text, one of the characteristics of expert testimony is that it: A) provides the only point of view.

B) provides specialized knowledge.

C) is not under the purview of the court.

D) is used by lawyers to confuse the jury.

Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 1718 Section: Expert Testimony Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

22. According to the text, the term gatekeeper refers to: A) one who secures the courtroom from potential safety threats.

B) one who catalogs and stores various legal briefs.

C) one who must establish the identities of the triers of fact.

D) one who assesses the scientific validity of testimony before allowing it in trial.

Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 15 Section: Expert Testimony Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

23. Roles that psychologists may play in the legal system include: A) auxiliary judges.

B) gatekeepers.

C) reformers.

D) triers of fact.

Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 17 Section: Psychologists as Reformers Question Type: Multiple Choice Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

24. The Daubert case established standards for the admissibility of scientific evidence. Which is NOT one of those criteria?

A) whether the error rate of the statistical tests used is known B) whether other scientists have accepted this evidence as valid C) whether this type of evidence has been allowed in past court cases D) whether the testimony is based on theory or techniques that are legitimately testable Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 18 Section: Expert Testimony Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

25. Which court case expanded a judge’s gatekeeping responsibility to include not only scientific testimony but any type of expert opinion?

A) R. v. Mohan B) Kumho Tire Ltd. v. Carmichael C) General Electric Co. v. Joiner D) Daubert. v. Merrell Down Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 19 Section: Expert Testimony Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

26. Susan is studying developmental psychology, but is also interested in law. As an expert witness, what might she be asked to testify about if called into court?

A) the reliability of expert witnesses B) group behavior Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

C) the impact on children of long-term exposure to violence on television D) the predictability of repeat behavior in a person who batters his or her spouse Ans: C Difficulty: C Page: 1 Section: Psychology and Law: A Cautious Alliance Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 1.3

27. According to the text, forensic practitioners are bound by ethical guidelines that prohibit all of these acts EXCEPT: A) being influenced by partisan pressures in the conduct of duties B) entering into a relationship that may be interpreted as a conflict of interest C) accepting bonuses for referrals to legitimate clinicians D) using hot-tub meeting practices to expedite legal proceedings Ans: D Difficulty: C Page: 23-24 Section: Expert Testimony Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 3.1

28. Which statement about the role of amicus curiae briefs is FALSE? A) They are typically written by teams of researchers.

B) They have been used recently in cases arguing about same-sex marriage.

C) So far they have not been successful in educating judges about psychological research.

D) They can range from simple scientific reporting to impassioned advocacy.

Ans: C Difficulty: C Page: 25-26 Section: Amicus Curiae Briefs Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 1.3

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

29. The Mohan test outlines points for determining the admissibility of expert testimony.

A) 4 B) 5 C) 6 D) 7 Ans: A Difficulty: E Page: 19 Section: Expert Testimony Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.1

30. In the case General Electric v. Joiner, it was held that appellate courts should not: A) limit the number of experts who can testify if they address different issues.

B) disregard test results based soley on the research methods used.

C) put undue emphasis on a defendant’s decision not to testify.

D) second-guess a trial judge’s decision to exclude expert testimony.

Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 1819 Section: Expert Testimony Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 5.1

31. When Oliver Wendell Holmes said that ―Law is the government of the living by the dead,‖ he was referring to the concept of: A) dualism.

B) patriarchy.

C) confluence.

D) precedent.

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 12 Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Section: Methods: Rulings versus Data Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.2

32. According to the text, which statement regarding the way judges acquire scientific knowledge is FALSE? A) Judges are more likely to read Psychology Today than law or science journals.

B) Judges are required to complete several continuing education courses each year.

C) Canadian law requires judges to ―hot-tub‖ meet with relevant social researchers.

D) Popular media (including websites) is a viable way to communicate research findings.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 27-28 Section: Broad Dissemination of Research Findings Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.2

33. An example of how the Canadian Psychological Association attempted to influence the legislature with a position paper involved: A) the insufficiency of repressed memories to serve as the sole basis of a conviction.

B) the lack of evidence to clearly support the existence of a gambling addiction diagnosis.

C) the accumulation of evidence that associates fibromyalgia with malingering.

D) the lack of agreement on the interpretation of the science of neuroplasticity.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 28 Section: Influencing Legislatures and Public Policy Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.1

34. Which of the following statements about legal realism is FALSE? A) Legal realism is generally associated with a movement popular during the 1920s and 1930s.

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

B) Legal realists sought to re-energize the principles of natural law.

C) Legal realists assert that judges interpret evidence and precedent in social contexts.

D) Legal realists claim that the social effects of laws and judicial behavior are important to study.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 6 Section: A Brief History of Psychology and Law Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.1

35. The trial of Louis Riel was one of the earliest Canadian cases involving the use of psychiatric experts. What was the final result of this case?

A) The jury found Riel not guilty of treason.

B) The psychiatrists all agreed that Riel should not be held accountable for his actions.

C) A special committee appointed by the prime minister unanimously found Riel to be sane.

D) Riel was found guilty of treason and hanged.

Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 5 Section: A Brief History of Psychology and Law Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Import Settings: Base Settings: Brownstone Default Information Field: Page Information Field: Section Highest Answer Letter: D Multiple Keywords in Same Paragraph: No

Chapter: Chapter 2: Essay

Essay

1. What do we know about the relationship between confessions and trial outcomes?

Ans: Answers will vary but should reference some of the following from the text: Police prefer confessions because they save time and avoid trials. Confessions are a fast track to conviction, carry great weight with jurors. In Canada, 27 percent of interrogations end in full confessions, another 23 percent end in partial confessions. Mock trials with confessions have conviction rates over 70 percent, which is significantly higher than the second most influential factor: eyewitnesses (around 59 percent). Researchers say this is due to fundamental attribution error.

Research also tells us that even if jurors see coercion and heavy handed tactics by police, most will convict anyway. Jurors don’t recognize false confessions very well. The way jurors relied on any confession concerned the government enough to call for common law confession rule.

Difficulty: M Page: 33-35 Section: The Power of a Confession Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.4

2. What has been the Canadian courts’ position on the use of deception by police during interrogations? How does the use of deception during interrogations in other countries such as England and Wales compare?

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Ans: Answers will vary but should reference some of the following from the text: In R. v. Oickle the court seems to condone tricks and deceptions as necessary to stay ahead of criminals.

Court’s vague threshold of tolerance seems to be conduct that would ―shock the community.‖ Court seems to say that use of good cop/bad cop, having the suspect’s family exert influence for a confession, use of polygraphs, religious appeals, Mr. Big-type schemes are all permissible in obtaining a confession. What would make a confession inadmissible would be threats, abuse, quid pro quos, and extreme conditions of interrogation. It would also be problematic to deceive or lie to someone vulnerable like the mentally ill or developmentally impaired, as well as a child.

Other countries like England, Wales, Norway and New Zealand forbid trickery, and are more likely to use PEACE model over Reid, which is more manipulative.

Difficulty: C Page: 38-46; 58 Section: Determining the Voluntariness of Disclosures & Inside the Modern Interrogation Room & Alternative Models of Interrogation Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.4

3. What are some possible reforms that can be implemented in police interrogation procedures to reduce the risk of false confessions?

Ans: Answers will vary but should reference some of the following from the text: PEACE model used in other countries, which was developed in collaboration with psychologists; replaces the Reid model with softer tactics. Use of videotape for all portions of interrogations (start to finish) especially with wide, equal-view lens that allows reviewers to see everyone, not just the suspect.

Set reasonable time limits for interrogations as research indicates that often false confessions result from sessions over six hours but even less for vulnerable populations like elderly, youth, mentally ill, handicapped, immigrants, etc. Provide advocates and adults/parents for vulnerable populations. Improve comprehension of rights through multi-methods of instruction in basic protections in the legal system. Have special training for investigators so that they know boundaries when questioning suspects; discipline those who do not abide by rules.

Difficulty: C Page: 52-58 Section: Potential Solutions to the Problem of False Confessions Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.4

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

4. Discuss some of the accepted as well as some of the controversial practices in police interrogation. Do you think courts should be stricter or more lenient in tolerating the more controversial approaches? Why or why not?

Ans: Answers will vary but should reference some of the following from the text: The controversial practices include lying about evidence such as the amount and quality; lying about or exaggerating the accuracy of tests such as the polygraph; lying about leniency or benefits for confessing; Mr. Big schemes that involve entrapment; placing undercover officers in jails to talk with suspects; extreme conditions or amount of time in interrogation rooms without heat, bathrooms, food, water. Some of the accepted practices will include using good cop/bad cop questioning, not letting co-defendants be together, using polygraph, premature use of test results, pitting co-defendants against each other, promising leniency.

Difficulty: C Page 41-51 Section: Multiple Question Type: Essay Blooms Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.4

5. What are some of the research findings on false confessions?

Ans: Answers will vary but should reference some of the following from the text: Researchers say that false confessions are more common than we officially know of or have proven to be false like through DNA tests. Many other cases do not get reviewed or have resources to re-open. One quarter of wrongful convictions are based on false confession and most are murder and rape.

There are four types of false confessions: instrumental-coerced, authentic-coerced, instrumentalvoluntary and authentic-voluntary. Jurors almost always misinterpret fidgeting and nervousness for guilt and may accept a false confession under many circumstances. Those who falsely confess are assessed to be higher in compliance and suggestibility. False confessions are disproportionately common among suspects under 18, which may be related to pre-frontal cortex under-development. False confessions can be caused by intense psychological pressure that may also involve sleep deprivation and the effects of drugs or alcohol.

Difficulty: C Page 47-50 Section: The Problem of False Confessions Question Type: Essay Blooms Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.4

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Import Settings: Base Settings: Brownstone Default Information Field: Page Information Field: Section Highest Answer Letter: D Multiple Keywords in Same Paragraph: No

Chapter: Chapter 2: Multiple Choice

Multiple Choice

1. Which statement about Canadian crime data is TRUE? A) Only about 5 percent of police interrogations end in a confession.

B) The ratio of police to citizens in Canada is about the same as similar countries.

C) In the past three decades, crime rates in Canada have decreased.

D) Canadians filed just under 2 million police reports in 2012.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 32-33 Section: The Challenge of Police Investigation Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.1

2. According to the text, the most powerful type of evidence is the second most powerful form of evidence.

A) confession; DNA B) surveillance film; confessions C) DNA; eyewitness testimony D) confessions; eyewitness testimony Ans: D Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

and behind that,

is

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Difficulty: M Page: 33 Section: The Power of a Confession Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.1

3. Research outlined in the text has shown that frequency of full confessions that are procured through interrogation is within the range of _ percent.

A) 6–22 B) 15–25 C) 21–30 D) 39–48 Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 33 Section: The Power of a Confession Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.1

4. In addition to the number of confessions obtained, the text explains that interrogations may also produce an additional percent of cases where damaging statements or partial admissions are obtained.

A) 5–10 B) 13–16 C) 20–28 D) 30–42 Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 33 Section: The Power of a Confession Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.1

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

5. According to the text, which statement about research on confessions is FALSE? A) In the United States police reported in one study that 68 percent of interrogated suspects make incriminating statements.

B) One study indicated that even though jurors in a mock trial reported disregarding coerced confessions, they still found the mock defendant guilty.

C) In one study of DNA-exonerated defendants, even though they falsely confessed, then pled not guilty, jurors still convicted them.

D) Researchers in Quebec found that women were more likely to believe that a false confession was coerced by the police than men were.

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 33-34 Section: The Power of a Confession Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

6. Which statement is NOT true of Canada’s common law confession rule?

A) The rule was clarified and explained in R. v. Oickle in 1890.

B) It reflects the court’s opinion that involuntary confessions are more likely to be unreliable.

C) Despite the rule, it has still been difficult for courts to determine voluntariness.

D) The level of analysis for inadmissibility of a confession is a reasonable doubt.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 35 Section: The Power of a Confession Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

7. Which statement is NOT true concerning research on the effects of cautionary warnings?

A) Modifications of instructions, listing and explanations improved comprehension.

B) Overall, data indicate that people’s comprehension is relatively low.

C) Comprehension increases significantly if a written copy of the warnings is provided.

D) Research indicates that comprehension increases under actual arrest conditions.

Ans: D Difficulty: C Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Page: 37-38 Section: How Well Are the Rights of Suspects Understood?

Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

8. In R. v. Oickle the coerciveness of the confession was attributed to two police mistakes: A) threatening to co-charge Oickle’s brother and lying about fingerprints found at the scene.

B) referencing Oickle’s mother’s poor health and forcing him to take a polygraph.

C) lying that Oickle had failed the polygraph and exaggerating its accuracy.

D) misrepresenting the number of fires and the evidence found at the scene of the arsons.

Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 3839 Section: Determining the Voluntariness of Disclosures Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

9. The tendency to believe that the behavior of others is caused by dispositional traits such as personality rather than some situational crisis is referred to as: A) fundamental attribution error.

B) functional fixedness.

C) negative characterization hypothesis.

D) false personification syndrome.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 34 Section: The Power of a Confession Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.1

10. In the controversial case of R. v. Singh, the Canadian Supreme Court held that: A) a person’s request for an attorney is not the same as asserting the right to be silent, so Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

questioning can continue.

B) at the time a person asserts the right to be silent, they can no longer be interrogated.

C) once a person requests an attorney, he or she can no longer be questioned about a crime.

D) police can continue to question suspects even after they assert their right to be silent.

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 39 Section: Determining the Voluntariness of Disclosures Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.2

11. Which police tactic would render a suspect’s confession inadmissible?

A) Saying it would be better to confess with the use of implied or actual threats or promises.

B) Involving a suspect’s family in appeals.

C) Presenting fabricated evidence.

D) Using spiritual or religious directives to comply.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 40 Section: Determining the Voluntariness of Disclosures Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

12. Which statement about interrogations and confessions is FALSE? A) Protections against abuses in confessions and interrogations are guaranteed in the Charter.

B) Across Canada, there is a uniform dialogue of police cautions.

C) To render a confession inadmissible, police conduct would need to ―shock the community.‖ D) It is permissible to offer counseling in exchange for a confession, even though such services are already available.

Ans: B Difficulty: C Page: 35-36 Section: The Rights of Suspects and Legal Safeguards to Protecting These Rights Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Analyzing Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

APA Outcome: 1.1

13. Which statement about R. v. Sinclair is FALSE? A) Police made false claims as to incriminating evidence that they had obtained.

B) From the outset of questioning, Sinclair said he would not speak without counsel present.

C) In jail, Sinclair made a second confession to an undercover police officer.

D) The court held that a phone call with an attorney was not representation at questioning.

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 40 Section: Determining the Voluntariness of Disclosures Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

14. Utilizing two interrogators working together to obtain a confession is often referred to as: A) tag teaming.

B) good cop-bad cop.

C) collar collaboration.

D) alternating interrogation.

Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 41 Section: Inside the Modern Interrogation Room Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

15. The Reid technique is a form of interrogation that relies on a psychological process to glean information from a suspect. One of the four basic influence strategies is: A) providing them a false sense of control.

B) creating illusions of how much time has elapsed.

C) establishing a sense of social isolation.

D) manipulating temperature levels in the room.

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 41 Section: Inside the Modern Interrogation Room Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.1

16. Which is NOT one of the steps used in the Reid technique?

A) cut off all attempts by the suspect to deny involvement in the crime B) as he or she appears to tire, avoid eye contact to help the suspect save face C) hold attention by demonstrating sincere understanding, pats or touch D) offer the suspect a plausible excuse for having committed the crime Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 41 Section: Inside the Modern Interrogation Room Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

17. The main point of the story of the Kyle Unger Manitoba murder case was that: A) after serving 14 years on a conviction that was overturned, a case cannot be retried.

B) acquittals may not result in wrongful conviction compensation if the case had a confession.

C) false testing of trace evidence may result in expensive wrongful conviction compensation.

D) cases may be overturned if police engage in an undercover sting to get a confession.

Ans: B Difficulty: C Page: 42 Section: Hot Topic: Mr. Big Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 1.3

18. Which statement about the Mr. Big technique is FALSE ?

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Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

A) It was developed by the RCMP in British Columbia.

B) It distinguishes between suspects in and out of police custody.

C) It relies heavily on the ability to infiltrate an existing criminal organization.

D) The technique is time consuming and costly in terms of elaborate staging.

Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 4243 Section: Hot Topic: Mr. Big Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

19. Which statement about the use of the Mr. Big technique is FALSE? A) Mr. Big techniques have remained popular because psychological research finds they cause no real lasting damage.

B) False confessions are likely because the incentives to admit to committing alleged acts are too great.

C) The courts have found that the use of Mr. Big techniques does not appear to shock the community.

D) In the most recent case cited by the text, the court ruled the confession inadmissible because of the coerciveness of the inducements.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 43 Section: Hot Topic: Mr. Big Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 1.1

20. The purpose of exculpatory scenarios is to: A) attempt to devalue or negate evidence that might be used to clear the suspect.

B) increase the probability of admission of guilt through offering a justification for actions.

C) reduce the suspect’s opportunities to implicate associates or enemies in the crime.

D) maximize the creation of fear in the suspect in terms of potential violence in jail or prison.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 45 Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Section: Inside the Modern Interrogation Room Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.2

21. In King and Snook’s research on the use of Reid techniques and other influence tactics and coercive strategies, it was found that: A) about 50 percent of the Reid techniques were present in the interrogations analyzed.

B) the more techniques and influence tactics used, the more likely police were to get partial or full confessions.

C) defendants have become more sophisticated because of television dramas and are less influenced by coercion.

D) there was no relationship between the amount or type of tactic used and the outcomes of the interrogations.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 46 Section: Inside the Modern Interrogation Room Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

22. According to the text, approximately confessions.

A) 10 B) 25 C) 35 D) 40

percent of wrongful convictions involve false

Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 48 Section: The Problem of False Confessions Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

23. Of all of the traits that can be defined as vulnerability, the text argues that the most dangerous vulnerability is probably: A) youth.

B) mental illness.

C) low intelligence.

D) high aggression.

Ans: A Difficulty: E Page: 48 Section: The Problem of False Confessions Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

24. Which statement about false confessions is FALSE? A) Almost 90 percent of false confessions are for the crimes of rape and murder.

B) In the United States youths have a disproportionately high rate of false confessions.

C) Canadian police use an effective modified set of interrogation techniques for youth.

D) Research indicates those who falsely confess score high on suggestibility and compliance.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 48 Section: The Problem of False Confessions Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.2

25. The most commonly identified type of false confession is the: A) instrumental-coerced confession.

B) authentic-coerced confession.

C) instrumental-voluntary confession.

D) authentic-voluntary confession.

Ans: A Difficulty: E Page: 49 Section: Types of False Confessions Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

26. Jeremy purposely confessed to a crime he did not commit to cover for his wife. This type of confession is referred to as an: A) authentic-coerced confession.

B) authentic-voluntary confession.

C) instrumental-voluntary confession.

D) instrumental-coerced confession.

Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 49 Section: Types of False Confessions Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

27. As a result of a long, drawn-out interrogation process, Kathryn confessed to a crime knowing that she did not commit it. This type of confession is called an: A) authentic-voluntary confession.

B) instrumental-coerced confession.

C) authentic-coerced confession.

D) instrumental-voluntary confession.

Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 49 Section: Types of False Confessions Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

28. After an intense interrogation process, Matthew became convinced that he had robbed the store. This form of false confession is called an: A) instrumental-voluntary confession.

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Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

B) instrumental-coerced confession.

C) authentic-voluntary confession.

D) authentic-coerced confession.

Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 49 Section: Types of False Confessions Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

29. Jillian had often suffered from a delusional behavior disorder. When brought in for questioning, she quickly confessed to a crime that she had taken no part in. The term used for this type of false confession is: A) instrumental-voluntary confession.

B) authentic-voluntary confession.

C) instrumental-coerced confession.

D) authentic-coerced confession.

Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 49 Section: Types of False Confessions Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

30. The United Kingdom’s Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) requires that police provide a number of protections. Which is NOT one of those protections afforded under the Act? A) Allow appropriate adults to witness the interview of any vulnerable suspect.

B) Provide snacks, drinks and bathroom breaks for every 45 minutes of an interview.

C) Audio-record all interviews conducted at the police station.

D) Refrain from tricking or lying to any suspects as a means of inducing a confession.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 51 Section: Should Interrogators Be Allowed to Lie? Question Type: Multiple Choice Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

31. Which is NOT a solution suggested by the authors for reducing the number of false confessions?

A) impose a time limit on interrogations of two hours or less B) restrict the use of recaps where only selective portions of interviews are recorded C) limit the use of ―suspect–only‖ camera views D) video-record custodial interviews of suspects Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 55 Section: Time Limits on Interrogations?

Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

32. Which statement concerning safeguards for vulnerable suspects is TRUE? A) Specific protections for youths are outlined under the Coerced Confessions Reform Act. B) Youths can waive their rights to safeguards in interviews but only in video or written form.

C) There is one uniform youth waiver document used in Canada.

D) After appeals in the case of R. v. L.T.H., the acquittal was overturned as his statements were ruled admissible.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 55 Section: The ―Appropriate Adult‖ Safeguard for Vulnerable Suspects Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 1.2

33. The neutral positioning of a camera to record both suspect and interrogator is called: A) single-focus camera perspective.

B) multiple-focus camera perspective.

C) equal-focus camera perspective.

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Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

D) complex-focus camera perspective.

Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 54 Section: Video Recording of Interrogations Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

34. The acronym for an alternative method of interrogation, PEACE, stands for: A) personalize, educate, accuse, control and empathize B) probing and posturing, evaluation, admission, confession and explanation.

C) pacify, empathize, advise and align, collaborate and clarify and end.

D) preparation and planning, engage and explain, account, closure and evaluation Ans: D Difficulty: C Page: 58 Section: Alternative Models of Interrogation Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

35. Research on youth and their understanding of legal rights has found that: A) fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) youth scored the same as non-FASD youth on their ability to understand their legal rights.

B) fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) youth were more confident about their ability to understand their legal rights than researchers expected to find.

C) age, race and income all seem to predict risk factors for youth comprehending their legal rights.

D) simplification of wording and the use of a standardized fifth grade reading level has increased comprehension of legal rights in the last decade.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 57 Section: The ―Appropriate Adult‖ Safeguard for Vulnerable Suspects.

Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

APA Outcome: 1.3

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Import Settings: Base Settings: Brownstone Default Information Field: Page Information Field: Section Highest Answer Letter: D Multiple Keywords in Same Paragraph: No

Chapter: Chapter 3: Essay

Essay

1. Compare and contrast the relevant-irrelevant test (RIT), the control question test (CQT) and the guilty knowledge test (GKT).

Ans: Answers will vary but should reference some of the following from the text: RIT developed

by Canadian John Larson; RIT first/oldest polygraph procedure; uses crime-relevant and crimeirrelevant questions to gauge differences in strength of physiological response to these two types of questions; RIT has a high false positive because of stress to innocents related to this interrogation method. CQT designed to correct some of the problems of the RIT; CQT uses control questions rather than irrelevant ones; control questions often called ―known lie‖ questions because everyone is usually guilty of some small things like stealing, cheating, etc.; like RIT, CQT looking for relative arousal differences between control and known crime questions. Basic premise is that innocent person will react more strongly to broad control questions, guilty person will react more strongly to questions about the crime; CQT improves on RIT but still requires a skilled examiner. GKT focuses on what the ―guilty know,‖ things that only the criminal would recognize; looks for elevated physiological arousal with six questions about the crime, although the first answer is thrown out as an unscored buffer (because reactions to first questions are always stronger and thus unreliable). Five following option questions are equally plausible; has a high percentage of accurate distinction between guilty and innocent distinguished in mock trials; possibly most promising polygraph technique; however, guilty person must remember details, and crime facts must be known; witnesses and family may test positive because they may know facts.

Difficulty: C Page: 70-71; 76-79 Section: The Process of Polygraphing & An Alternative Polygraph-Based Technique Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 1.3

2. Discuss the scientific validity of the polygraph.

Ans: Answers will vary but should reference some of the following from the text: Polygraphs measure physiological reactions to questions against baseline of known truthful answers for the test subject; problem of false positives, which can be 70 percent and over for the RIT; accuracy seems to vary with skill of examiner. Many innocent nervous people test positive, many tests are inconclusive, lying psychopaths can test negative. Guilty people can learn countermeasures that are too hard for examiners to detect. Might be better used for pre-employment rather than crimes – may work better if stakes are lower and confessions would not hold serious consequences.

Studies using mock crimes don’t replicate real life stressors – have low validity; with careful controls research indicates one can accurately detect 77 percent of guilty and exonerate 70 percent of innocent. Concerns about scientific validity are why polygraphs are not admissible in court, particularly if police use deceptive claims about its accuracy.

Difficulty: C Page: 73-74 Section: Research on the Polygraph Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.3

3. Discuss the contributions and limitations of fMRI studies in the detection of deception.

Ans: Answers will vary and other information may be included but should reference some of the following from the text: Contributions: gives a video image of brain in action, measures how much oxygen in brain during activity with images every two seconds to reflect movement. Tries to capture truth-telling in different parts of brain compared to lying. For example, indicates whether prefrontal cortex is more involved in lying, which might indicate a higher order function. Sees if there are differences in rehearsed versus spontaneous lies (appears to be so).

Limitations: equipment is not portable, is expensive and requires subject to lie perfectly still, which a suspect is unlikely to do; two seconds per image is fairly slow; has not been field tested, used mostly on low consequence, yes/no ―card tricks‖ in simulated experiments. So far findings are too varied and weak. Many researchers are skeptical about a ―lie zone‖ in the brain.

Difficulty: M Page: 79-81 Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Section: Looking for Lies in the Brain Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.2

4. What rulings have Canada’s courts made in regards to the use of the polygraph as evidence in a criminal trial?

Ans: Answers will vary but should reference some of the following from the text: Two major cases have set tone for courts’ continued refusal to consider polygraph evidence. In R. v.

Phillion, defence sought to introduce polygraph results to show suspect was a pathological liar so his confession would be doubted. The polygraph evidence was disallowed and he was convicted and spent 30 years in prison before having his conviction overturned on other grounds. In R. v.

Beland appellate court ruled that judge shouldn’t have disallowed polygraph evidence in a conspiracy case but the Supreme Court overturned decision, reconfirming that polygraph has no place in criminal trials. Despite this ruling, courts should consider the use of polygraph evidence if it influences a suspect’s confession, as in R. v. Oickle. It should be used to rule out deception and coercion in the process if the confession is allowed and it is used to convict.

Difficulty: M Page: 75-76 Section: Legal Status of the Polygraph Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.2

5. What does the future seem to hold in terms of technology for detecting deception?

Ans: Answers will vary but should reference some of the following from the text: Possible advancements in the technology for detecting deception include: high-definition infrared thermal imaging, which measures tiny shifts in the heat of the face corresponding to increased blood flow associated with physiological changes related to lying arousal; instruments for measuring eye movement memory assessment may be used to analyze scanning paths, pupil fixation and dilation, all believed to be associated with lying; techniques using laser doppler vibrometry may be effective in monitoring physical stressors thought to be associated with lying (instrument that will measure changes in respiration, heart rate, and muscle tremors). Uses near-infrared light beam aimed at the neck that can be effective from some distance away and be done without subject’s noticing, which would allow for more discreet use and surveillance.

Difficulty: M Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Page: 83-84 Section: Telling Lies from the Eyes Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.2

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Import Settings: Base Settings: Brownstone Default Information Field: Page Information Field: Section Highest Answer Letter: D Multiple Keywords in Same Paragraph: No

Chapter: Chapter 3: Multiple Choice

Multiple Choice

1. According to a study of college student interactions noted in the text, on average, study participants told lies in about 10 minutes.

A) 2.9 B) 3.8 C) 4.5 D) 5.3 Ans: A Difficulty: E Page: 61 Section: The Complexity and Pervasiveness of Deception Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.1

2. Lying is considered to be an adaptive behavior from a(n) A) psychodynamic B) cognitive C) behavioral D) evolutionary Ans: D Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

point of view.

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Difficulty: E Page: 61 Section: The Complexity and Pervasiveness of Deception Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.1

3. As one Canadian Supreme Court Justice explained, determining who is telling the truth involves a number of factors. Which is NOT one of the factors?

A) the significance placed on any inconsistencies B) the demeanour of the witness C) the availability of lie detection testing D) the common sense of the jury Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 63 Section: Can We Tell When Others Are Lying?

Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.1

4. According to the text ― hypothesis‖ posits that human intelligence was accelerated by the need for humans to develop social skills related to manipulation and deception.

A) Da Vinci’s intelligence B) Darwin’s intelligence C) Goleman's emotional intelligence D) the Machiavellian intelligence Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 62 Section: The Complexity and Pervasiveness of Deception Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

5. The polygraph’s invention is attributed to: A) Franklin Pruitt in 1942.

B) Arnold Writtenmore in 1937.

C) William Marston in 1915 .

D) Carl Randolph in 1924.

Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 68 Section: The Polygraph Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.2

6. According to research completed by Bond and DePaulo (2006), people's ability to distinguish lies was noted as: A) only slightly better than chance.

B) better if the liar was given more time to prepare.

C) not improved by being able to witness the same liar also telling the truth.

D) better if the liars were of the same age and gender as the person observing them.

Ans: A Difficulty: E Page: 63 Section: Can We Tell When Others Are Lying?

Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.2

7. When one study compared police detectives and college students in their ability to detect whether prisoners were telling the truth in staged videotaped confessions, which was NOT one of the findings?

A) The police were more likely to judge false confessions as true than the students were.

B) The police were not as effective as the students in distinguishing between true and false confessions.

C) The police were almost 15 percent more accurate than the students at distinguishing true from false confessions.

D) The students performed only slightly better than chance at detecting true and false confessions.

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Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 63-64 Section: Can We Tell When Others Are Lying?

Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.4

8. According to the text, police mistakenly believe that they can detect lies with an accuracy of percent when in reality their accuracy rate is about percent.

A) 85; 38 B) 80; 26 C) 77; 52 D) 70; 44 Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 64 Section: The Police and Lie Detection Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

9. According to one study, percent of individuals reported that squirming, glancing askance, and fidgeting were indicators of untruthfulness.

A) 30 B) 50 C) 60 D) 70 Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 64 Section: Can We Tell When Others Are Lying?

Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

10. According to Porter and ten Brinke (2009), when investigators, judges and jurors rely on irrational cues such as gut feelings or intuition in their assessments and thus bias subsequent information, it is called: A) Stereotype Threat.

B) Liar’s Bias.

C) Confirmation Bias.

D) Dangerous Decisions Theory.

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 65 Section: The Police and Lie Detection Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.1

11. The tendency to seek out information about people that supports our beliefs and discount information that does not is known as: A) expected outcome.

B) integration of thought.

C) confirmation bias.

D) attribution error.

Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 65 Section: The Police and Lie Detection Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.1

12. The theory behind the polygraph test is that: A) lying causes physiological arousal.

B) lying suppresses physiological stimuli.

C) being truthful causes physiological arousal.

D) being truthful suppresses physiological stimuli.

Ans: A Difficulty: E Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Page: 68 Section: The Polygraph Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.1

13. Which is NOT one of the Canadian agencies listed in the text as using the polygraph for employment screening?

A) Halifax firefighters B) Canada Revenue Agency C) CSIS, the national intelligence agency D) The Royal Canadian Mounted Police Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 69 Section: Hot Topic: Use of the Polygraph in Hiring Practices Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

14. The control question test (CQT) posits that guilty individuals react to whereas innocent individuals react to questions.

A) relevant; control B) control; relevant C) known; unknown D) unknown; known Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 70 Section: The Process of Polygraphing Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.2

15. Which is NOT a criticism of the polygraph explained in the text?

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questions,

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

A) Its use creates tensions with employee unions in most provinces.

B) The system lacks standardized questions, formats and scoring.

C) Results can be manipulated if subject employs countermeasures.

D) It is subjectively scored.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 72-73 Section: Weaknesses of Polygraphing Techniques Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

16. According to a study conducted by Honts, Raskin, & Kircher (1994), the use of countermeasures reduced the detection of guilty suspects by percent.

A) 20 B) 30 C) 40 D) 50 Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 7273 Section: Weaknesses of Polygraphing Techniques Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

17. Techniques such as the use of drugs, alcohol, and physical distractions are all examples of: A) resistance to polygraph testing.

B) countermeasures to polygraph testing.

C) aversion to polygraph testing.

D) liar’s stereotype.

Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 7273 Section: Weaknesses of Polygraphing Techniques Question Type: Multiple Choice Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Bloom’s Level: Remembering

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

APA Outcome: 1.3

18. According to the text, polygraphers fail to snare about percent of guilty suspects and falsely accuse approximately percent of innocent individuals.

A) 16; 21 B) 21; 16 C) 25; 10 D) 30; 20 Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 74 Section: Research on the Polygraph Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

19. Research on the accuracy of the polygraph is generally done in one of two ways. Those two ways are: A) re-enactments and mock trials.

B) laboratory studies and field studies.

C) clinical exams and university samples.

D) random samples and quasi-experimental designs.

Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 73 Section: Research on the Polygraph Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

20. The major criticism of research attempts to replicate the conduct of actual criminal uses of the polygraph is that: A) it may be unethical.

B) it is impossible to duplicate what a test subject and what a criminal feels they have to lose in being caught.

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Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

C) it is difficult to find experimental subjects who have experience in the use of counter measures.

D) researchers do not have access to enough funds and incentives to entice subjects not to get caught.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 74 Section: Research on the Polygraph Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 1.3

21. Which statement is FALSE regarding the case that first led the Canadian Supreme Court to consider the admission of polygraph evidence?

A) It was the defence that wanted to use the evidence of the failed polygraph.

B) It was argued that the suspect was trying to protect his son, the real murderer.

C) The defendant is Canada’s longest serving wrongfully convicted prisoner.

D) The conviction was eventually overturned because alibi evidence was withheld from the defence.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 75 Section: Legal Status of the Polygraph Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.3

22. Which statement about polygraph use is FALSE: A) Examiners must be skilled at developing questions that will elicit strong reactions.

B) Results are based on the differences between a person’s scores compared to others who are telling the truth.

C) Polygraph examiners must convince subjects that results are undeniably accurate.

D) Polygraph scores are numerical with negative scores indicating deception.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 70-71 Section: The Process of Polygraphing Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.1

23. The polygraph technique that simply seeks to determine whether the suspect knows facts one would expect only the criminal to know is called the: A) criminal information checklist.

B) evidence awareness assessment.

C) simple background test.

D) guilty knowledge test.

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 76 Section: An Alternative Polygraph-Based Technique Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.2

24. The guilty knowledge test (GKT) uses a multiple-choice question format. When questions are posed, multiple-choice options are provided.

A) three B) four C) five D) six Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 77 Section: An Alternative Polygraph-Based Technique Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

25. According to research completed by Lykken (1998), when the guilty knowledge test (GKT) is used, percent of innocent suspects were correctly classified, while percent of guilty suspects were correctly classified.

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Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

A) 75.2; 83.5 B) 87.1; 90.9 C) 96.7; 88.2 D) 80.3; 90.9 Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 77 Section: An Alternative Polygraph-Based Technique Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

26. In Lykken’s GKT process, the first question that is discarded is known as the: A) bias interceptor.

B) hypothetical adjustment.

C) practice dichotomy .

D) unscored buffer.

Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 77 Section: An Alternative Polygraph-Based Technique Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

27. The A) fMRI B) MRI C) CBCA D) EEG

shows a video image of the brain in action.

Ans: A Difficulty: E Page: 79 Section: Looking for Lies in the Brain Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.1 Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

28. Which statement about research on whether lying and truth-telling produce detectable differences in brain activity is FALSE? A) Rehearsed lies and spontaneous lies produce differences in brain activity.

B) Small samples used in these studies make any conclusions extremely limited.

C) In individuals there are very small variations in the areas or combined areas active in lying.

D) Overall, it appears that lying and truth-telling seem to generate differences in brain activity.

Ans: C Difficulty: C Page: 80-81 Section: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.1

29. According to the text, an EEG reads neural impulses in activity every .

A) milliseconds; two seconds B) two seconds; millisecond C) milliseconds; three seconds D) three seconds; milliseconds

, whereas the fMRI reads brain

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 83 Section: The electroencephalogram (EEG) Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.2

30. Which statement about criteria-based content analysis (CBCA) is FALSE? A) The approach was developed in Western Europe for use with child witnesses.

B) Trained coders look at written statements and evaluate them on 19 points.

C) Statements are rated on logical structure, amount of detail, and time and space context.

D) To date, CBCA has not been admitted officially into criminal cases in any country.

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Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 82 Section: Hot Topic: Lower Tech Lie Detection Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.2

31. Credibility assessment in the future will probably involve all EXCEPT which technique: A) sonoplasmic tracing technology.

B) high-definition infrared thermal imaging.

C) laser Doppler vibrometry.

D) eye-movement memory assessment.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 83-84 Section: Telling Lies from the Eyes Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 1.1

32. Which is NOT one of the most commonly used polygraph questioning procedures explained in the text?

A) relevant-irrelevant test B) reflexive-inductive test C) control question test D) positive control test Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 7071 Section: The Process of Polygraphing Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 2.4

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Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

33. When administering a polygraph using the RIT, researchers have noted a false positive rate of percent.

A) 26 B) 41 C) 59 D) 71 Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 70 Section: The Process of Polygraphing Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 2.4

34. The case where Canada’s Supreme Court first looked at the admissibility of the polygraph was , while the definitive word on its use is now .

A) R. v. McIntyre; R. v. Larson B) R. v. Ro;/ R. v. Marston C) R. v. Phillion; R. v. Béland D) R. v. Lykken; R. v. Oickle Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 75 Section: Legal Status of the Polygraph Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

35. When the GKT was tested in actual criminal investigations, as opposed to laboratory assessments, what were the results?

A) The results were better than in the lab.

B) The results were not as good as in the lab.

C) The results were about the same as in the lab.

D) Such tests have not yet been conducted.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 77 Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Section: An Alternative Polygraph-Based Technique Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

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Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Import Settings: Base Settings: Brownstone Default Information Field: Page Information Field: Section Highest Answer Letter: D Multiple Keywords in Same Paragraph: No

Chapter: Chapter 4: Essay

Essay

1. What are some of the criticisms of geographic profiling and what has research contributed to these criticisms?

Ans: Answers will vary but should refer to some of the following issues from the text: Geographic profiling currently needs many ―data points‖ or crimes to be effective – difficult if you are tracking less common, more specific crimes; untrained people such as college students, or trained people like police officers seem to be able to make predictions with the same accuracy as the computer program, once they have the same information – many argue it would be more efficient to just give more people general training; often used along with psychological profiles and those are not always accurate; accuracy seems to depend on what geographic profiling is being used for; it does better with finding hot spots to deploy officers or extra patrols but not necessarily with finding a specific serial offender, although there is anecdotal evidence to support that it has been done.

Difficulty: C Page: 108-109 Section: Geographic Profiling Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.2

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Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

2. What have courts in Canada said about criminal profiling? Do you agree?

Ans: Answers should reference the following from the text: The courts recognize the potential prejudicial impact of profiling so its use has been limited; its use has been restricted to where there is significant probative value. In R. v. Mohan defence tried to argue that the defendant didn’t fit the profile; Supreme Court held that the evidence was inadmissible as it was unscientific and would confuse jurors. In a similar case, R. v. J-L.J., the defence again tried to argue that the defendant did not fit the profile and the Supreme Court ruled that the appellate court erred in saying it should be allowed. The Supreme Court felt that the profile lacked scientific validity. The text says two additional cases since then have had the same findings and profile testimony was rejected.

Difficulty: C Page: 109-110 Section: Legal Status of Profiling Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.1

3. Explain how some of the typologies have been developed regarding serial offenders and discuss whether you think they have been effective.

Ans: Answers will vary but should refer to the basic typologies given in the text: The broadest and most widely used typologies involve the identification of both the offender and the crime scene as either organized or disorganized. The traits of the crime scene are usually assessed to make the characterization of the offender, inferring personality traits from the evidence or lack of at the scene. Holmes also created a typology of offenders that includes four types: visionary, mission-oriented, hedonistic and power-oriented. Typologies also have been created for serial offenders with violent or sexually violent crimes that are based on functions, such as powerassertive, power-assurance, anger retaliatory and anger-excitation. Rossmo-based typology was created using hunting patterns with geographic elements, such as hunter, poacher, troller and trapper; also identified methods of attack: raptor, stalker and ambusher.

Difficulty: C Page: 93-96 Section: Typologies of Serial Offenders Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.1

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Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

4. Discuss racial profiling, tunnel vision and stereotyping in general and the way they might interfere in police investigations. What can be done to reduce the influence of these tendencies?

Ans: Answers will vary on what solutions will be but should include basic definitions of racial profiling, tunnel vision and stereotyping as included in the text: for example, when police say they are using intuition based on experience to predict behaviour, others see that as profiling unfairly or stereotyping, which have negative connotations. Tunnel vision involves a narrowing of perspective and focus that blocks objectivity and increases subjectivity. Tunnel vision may block out investigators’ ability to seek out other evidence that conflicts with their biases or first impressions. Even though the government is attempting to maximize security, such as passing legislation like the Anti-Terrorism Act, it may actually promote and increase the problems of stereotyping, racial profiling and tunnel vision, as when they pinpoint Arabs as potential suspects. This leads to fear and humiliation in racial groups and alienation from society and its goals. Stereotypes and racism are systemic and promoted in the media.

Difficulty: C Page: 102-104 Section: The Dangers of Stereotyping and Discrimination & Hot Topic: Profiling Terrorism Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.1

5. Discuss some of the historical aspects of the development of interest in profiling, including the famous cases that popularized the topic.

Ans: Answers will vary but should include details of the following cases from the text: Jack the Ripper – where the examiner who performed the autopsies speculated about the killer based on wounds, body condition and scene around the body; considered the first account of a criminal profile. The Mad Bomber – this case in New York City in the 1940s also attracted attention because a profile was generated that turned out to be very accurate; it could be said, however, that normal investigation should also have led police to look for the right suspect – a disgruntled employee. The Olympic Bomber – where FBI profile led to the arrest of the wrong man; a young man had his life severely and painfully disrupted by a drawn-out arrest and investigation before police realized he was innocent; much additional investigation finally led FBI to the right man.

The use of profiling in infamous cases tends to excite the public and the media but police often find it distracting from routine investigative processes that may find evidence links without it.

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Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Difficulty: C Page: 90-92; 99 Section: Three Famous Profiles Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.1

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Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Import Settings: Base Settings: Brownstone Default Information Field: Page Information Field: Section Highest Answer Letter: D Multiple Keywords in Same Paragraph: No

Chapter: Chapter 4 Multiple Choice

Multiple Choice

1. Profiling, the text explains, has not yet been validated, mostly because it relies so heavily on: A) stereotyping.

B) inferential leaps.

C) existing police data.

D) actuarial data.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 89 Section: The Process of Profiling Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

2. The distinctive, personal features of an offence pattern that are critical for profiling are often referred to as the of the crime.

A) thematic content B) hallmark indicators C) psychic fingerprints D) signature aspects

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Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 88 Section: The Process of Profiling Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 2.1

3. Which is NOT one of the Canadian agencies with a unit specifically dedicated to criminal profiling?

A) Service de Police de la Ville de Montreal B) Sureté du Quebec C) Ontario Provincial Police D) Royal Canadian Mounted Police Ans: A Difficulty: E Page: 88 Section: The Process of Profiling Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

4. When Canadian officers were asked about the value of criminal profiling, the consensus was that it was: A) valid but not particularly useful.

B) both useful and valid.

C) neither useful nor valid.

D) useful but not likely valid.

Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 89 Section: The Process of Profiling Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

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Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

5. The earliest criminal profiler discussed in the text investigated the infamous Jack the Ripper case. His work was different from that of profilers today in that he: A) disguised himself as a homeless person to get information from the streets.

B) never saw any of the evidence himself; he only read reports.

C) conducted the autopsies himself.

D) never took any notes and worked entirely from memory.

Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 90 Section: Three Famous Profiles Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 2.2

6. Concerning the case of the ―Mad Bomber‖ in 1940s and 1950s, which statement is FALSE? A) The profiler was a retired fraud investigator who had worked for the FBI. B) The profiler made as many accurate as inaccurate assumptions.

C) The offender basically gave himself up by revealing too much personal information.

D) The most accurate parts of the profiler’s work would today be part of a routine investigation.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 91-92 Section: Three Famous Profiles Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

7. According to the text, is considered to be the first individual to develop a criminal profile when working on the Jack the Ripper case.

A) Dr. Theodore Brussel B) Dr. Thomas Bond C) Dr. James Morstal D) Dr. Joseph Heeley Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 90 Section: Three Famous Profiles Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

8. The type of serial killer most likely to use torture is referred to as: A) disorganized.

B) organized.

C) sexually incompetent.

D) interpersonally incompetent.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 93 Section: Typologies of Serial Offenders Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.1

9. The two-part taxonomy of disorganized/organized crime is often criticized because it attempts to join together: A) unsolved crimes with new case information .

B) the offender’s past and his or her present.

C) the crime scene and the offender’s personality.

D) the victim’s traits and the perpetrator’s needs.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 94 Section: Typologies of Serial Offenders Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.2

10. Which is NOT one of the categories of serial killers in Ronald Holmes’s classification scheme?

A) mission-oriented B) apocalyptic Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

C) visionary D) hedonistic Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 95 Section: Typologies of Serial Offenders Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.1

11. Which of the statements about characterizing serial killers is FALSE? A) According to Holmes, not all serial killers fall neatly into one type or category.

B) Serial killers usually kill three or more people in separate incidents with a cooling off period each time.

C) The mission-oriented serial killer is most likely to be psychotic.

D) Sex after death is usually found in the disorganized crime scene.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 93-95 Section: Typologies of Serial Offenders Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 1.2

12. When looking specifically at serial sexual homicide offenders, an early typology was developed. Which was NOT one of the categories for this offence?

A) retaliatory-aggressive B) power-assertive C) anger-excitation D) power-assurance Ans: A Difficulty: E Page: 95 Section: Typologies of Serial Offenders Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2 Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

13. Which is NOT one of the criticisms of profiling argued by the authors?

A) Instinct and intuition are not the same as drawing logical inferences.

B) Research widely supports the notion that a personality is situationally stable over time.

C) Crime scene characteristics do not appear to be related to any personality type.

D) Crime scenes seem to be both disorganized and organized on some features.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 99100 Section: Issues with Profiling Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.2

14. According to the text, it is hypothesized that the disorganized murderer possesses whereas the organized murderer possesses .

A) below average intelligence; at least average intelligence B) at least average intelligence; below average intelligence C) at least average intelligence; well above average intelligence D) well above average intelligence; below average intelligence

,

Ans: A Difficulty: E Page: 94, Table 4.1 Section: Typologies of Serial Offenders Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.1

15. When assessing for common traits among stranger rapists, Mokros and Alison (2004) found that there was among criminals who committed similar crimes.

A) no demographic resemblance B) similarity in demographics but not in psychological profiles C) similarity in psychological and demographic profiles D) similarity in childhood histories Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 100 Section: Cross-Situational Consistency Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.1

16. When two or more crimes are determined to have been committed by the same person, it is referred to as: A) case linkage.

B) dual taxonomy.

C) cross-compiling.

D) portfolioing.

Ans: A Difficulty: E Page: 100 Section: Cross-Situational Consistency Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

17. Which statement about the characteristics of serial killers is FALSE? A) They tend not to use guns to kill their victim.

B) They tend to select victims of a certain type.

C) Most are of very high intelligence.

D) Often they show an obsessive interest in violent pornography.

Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 93 Section: Typologies of Serial Offenders Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.2

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Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

18. Which was NOT one of the serial sex offender hunting patterns identified by Canadian researchers Beauregard et al.?

A) poacher B) troller C) trapper D) ambusher Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 96 Section: Typologies of Serial Offenders Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

19. Which was NOT one of the serial sex offenders methods of attack identified by Canadian researchers Beauregard et al.?

A) ambusher B) trapper C) stalker D) raptor Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 96 Section: Typologies of Serial Offenders Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

20. Which is NOT one of the criticisms of the various classification models for serial murderers and sexual predators?

A) There is minimal systematic research validating the models.

B) The models do not adequately allow for overlap between types.

C) There is a tendency to rely on empirically driven arguments in model construction.

D) Anecdotal and testimonial accounts are the basis for most models used.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 96 Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Section: Typologies of Serial Offenders Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.1

21. From the research on profiling, the safest conclusion to reach about the accuracy of profiling would be that: A) there is no difference between the predictive accuracy of profilers compared to seasoned investigators.

B) profilers do appear to be at least somewhat more accurate than nonprofilers at predicting physical traits of offenders.

C) college students were as successful as profilers at identifying the physical characteristics of sex offenders.

D) there have not been any studies that compared the predictive accuracy of profilers relative to other types of criminal investigators.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 98-99 Section: Research on Profiling Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.4

22. When Alison, Smith, Eastman and Rainbow analyzed 21 American and European criminal profiles, they found that of the statements made, _ percent were unsupported.

A) 26 B) 43 C) 61 D) 80 Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 101 Section: The Utility of Inferences Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

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Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

23. Which statement is NOT true about the FBI profiles on the BTK killer in Kansas in 2005?

A) The killer was only caught because he slipped up and police traced him by computer use.

B) The profile correctly identified the killer as a married, family man with ties to the church.

C) The profile contained a number of traits that contradicted each other.

D) The profile was ambiguous, and traits were not those that could easily be verified.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 101-102 Section: The Utility of Inferences Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.2

24. Which is NOT one of the findings of the 2004 survey of the Canadian Council of AmericanIslamic Relations?

A) Eight percent of Arabs and Muslims reported being contacted by security officials.

B) Male Muslims were four times more likely to be contacted by security than females.

C) Almost 25 percent of respondents said they felt discriminated against by harsh security tactics.

D) Forty-three percent of those not contacted by security knew a Canadian Muslim who had been.

Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 104 Section: Hot Topic: Profiling Terrorism Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.5

25. Which is NOT one of the criticisms of the Anti-Terrorism Act (ATA) cited by the authors?

A) It has not resulted in any arrests where a terrorist act was intercepted.

B) It violates the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

C) It increases the risk of racial profiling, stereotyping and false arrests.

D) There is a risk of law enforcement tunnel vision and actual criminals may be overlooked.

Ans: A Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Difficulty: M Page: 104 Section: Hot Topic: Profiling Terrorism Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.5

26. According to the Anti-Terrorism Act (ATA) law enforcement agents can arrest and hold suspected terrorists: A) for up to six months before charges are filed.

B) for up to 12 months before charges are filed.

C) for up to 24 months as long as charges have been filed.

D) indefinitely.

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 104 Section: Hot Topic: Profiling Terrorism Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.5

27. The fact that the existence of serial killers might go undetected even though a number of crimes have been committed can best be explained by: A) dangerous decisions theory.

B) distance decay.

C) linkage blindness.

D) false positives.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 105 Section: Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System (ViCLAS) Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

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Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

28. Which statement about the ViCLAS system is FALSE? A) It includes data from both unsolved and solved cases.

B) When case data was re-coded in an experiment there was 77 percent agreement in the two versions of the variables.

C) The questionnaire contains roughly 156 variables on each case which are then entered into the system.

D) The data set has attracted international attention and is currently being used various countries.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 105-106 Section: Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System (ViCLAS) Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.4 29. Geographic profiling was first developed in Canada and formalized by: A. Kim Rossmo.

B. Rene Russo.

C. Randolph Young.

D. Robert Koslo.

Ans: A Difficulty: E Page: 106 Section: Geographic Profiling Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

30. Although geographic profilers assume serial killers use a familiar _ to launch attacks, they still believe there is a relative to the home that is less likely to be used for the crime.

A) buffer zone/decay distance B) Rigel area/anchor point C) anchor point/buffer zone D) dragnet area/Rigel zone Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 106 Section: Geographic Profiling Question Type: Multiple Choice Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

31. In geographic profiling it is assumed that as the number of crimes increases in an area, the usefulness of any spatial map: A) decreases.

B) stays the same.

C) increases.

D) varies by type of crime.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 107 Section: Geographic Profiling Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.1

32. Which statement about geographic profiling is FALSE? A) Because geographic profiling is based on statistical applications, it is more promising than personality profiling based on intuition.

B) Research found officers trained in geographic analysis predicted offenders’ homes as well as sophisticated software C) Profiling today is evolving more toward a model called behavioural investigative advice.

D) Geographic profiling in the U.S. case of the Beltway sniper accurately pinpointed a home base.

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 108-109 Section: Geographic Profiling Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 1.3 33. To date, three major cases have argued the issue of profiling evidence in Canada and the results can be summarized as: A) Profiling evidence was allowed in the most recent case only, R. v. Ranger.

B) In R. v. Mohan and R. v. Ranger it was not allowed, but it was accepted in R. v. J-L.J. C) It was allowed in all three cases because sexual offender profiles are more accepted.

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Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

D) It was not allowed in any of the three cases discussed.

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 110 Section: Legal Status of Profiling Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

34. The development of the Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System was a joint effort between: A) The Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation.

B) The Ontario Provincial Police and the International Criminal Investigative Analysis Fellowship.

C) The Sureté du Quebec and the Service de Police de la Ville de Montreal.

D) The Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the Ontario Provincial Police.

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 105 Section: Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System (ViCLAS) Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

35. Which is NOT one of the problems with profilers cited by the president of the International Association of Forensic Criminologists?

A) There are no accepted educational requirements for the job.

B) The field does not engage in meaningful peer review.

C) The Criminal Profilers Association does not publish a research journal.

D) There are no ethical guidelines for those working in this field.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 104-105 Section: Current Status on Profiling Techniques Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.2

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Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Import Settings: Base Settings: Brownstone Default Information Field: Page Information Field: Section Highest Answer Letter: D Multiple Keywords in Same Paragraph: No

Chapter: Chapter 5: Essay

Essay

1. Discuss the guidelines for evaluating eyewitness testimony and ways they might be improved or updated.

Ans: Answers will vary by improvements and updates the student suggests, but should also mention from the text: Guidelines used for admissibility of eyewitness testimony and how to evaluate it come from British case law – incorporated into Canadian Judicial Council’s Model Jury Instructions in Criminal Matters. Judges use them to help jurors evaluate what they hear from witnesses so they can gauge: 1) each witness’s reliability, 2) circumstances under which the observation was made, 3) the description of the observation, and 4) the circumstances of the procedure used to obtain an ID. Although instructions are logical, often very hard for a juror to judge witness’s accuracy, as some who are wrong can seem very assured; time and attention are often distorted. The more sophisticated the line-up procedure and the less suggestive or leading the conduct of the ID process is, the more accurate and less problematic it would be.

Difficulty: M Page: 117-118 Section: Guidelines for Evaluating Eyewitness Testimony Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.3

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Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

2. What has research told us about how cross-racial identifications, stress and the presence of weapons influence eyewitness recall?

Ans: Answers will vary but should refer to some of the following from the text: Cross-race effects suggest that witnesses are less accurate across different races than their own (race bias); research indicates that this occurs as young as nine months and across one’s lifespan, and across all races; some effect is attributed to viewing same-race faces as a whole or in a configural manner, while viewing other-race faces in a feature-based manner. The amount of contact one has with various races may mediate the effects as we develop more perceptual expertise.

Research is less clear on the effect of stress because most studies are simulations and not real stress. While watching a crime may involve stress, it impairs memory and reduces rate of correct identification. While some memories may be vivid, they are not necessarily accurate. Seeing a weapon may reduce ability to identify an assailant – ―weapon focus effect.‖ Researchers refer to an arousal/threat hypothesis or even just an unusual item hypothesis.

Difficulty: M Page: 119-122 Section: Constructing and Reconstructing Eyewitness Memories Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.4

3. Explain the 2001 Guidelines suggested by the Sophonow Inquiry and whether they can realistically result in best practices for eyewitness accuracy.

Ans: Answers will vary on how effective these might be but should mention some of the following from the text: the guidelines represent recommendations from 2001 that should be implemented in Canadian police agencies. They include the following seven guidelines: 1) blind lineup administrators - person administering the lineup should not know who the suspect is; 2) bias-reducing instructions to eyewitnesses; 3) unbiased lineups – so that the suspect does not stand out drastically from the fillers – i.e., the fillers are appropriate, similar to suspect and even description-matched; 4) confidence rating - a clear statement about how confident the witness is in their ID; 5) video recording of the identification procedure if possible; 6) sequential lineup or identification procedure rather than a simultaneous one – more accuracy possible from absolute identification than comparative or relative judgments; 7) expert testimony on eyewitness identification – can summarize conditions that increase or decrease eyewitness accuracy.

Difficulty: C Page: 127-136 Section: Using Research Findings to Improve Eyewitness Accuracy Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Analyzing Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

APA Outcome: 2.3

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

4. To date, what have the courts said about the use of expert testimony as they relate to the use of eyewitnesses in trial? Do you think these positions will change? Why or why not?

Ans: Answers will vary by student opinion but could mention the following from the text: Canadian courts have been less enthusiastic than U.S. courts about allowing expert testimony about eyewitnesses and the issues that affect their accuracy. Some courts have allowed it depending on the circumstances but in other cases, it is still being ruled inadmissible (R. v.

Woodward). Judges believe that jurors already have enough common sense to understand the issues related to eyewitness reliability and that an expert would be redundant and possibly only confuse them. Research does not support this view or, that simple judicial instructions relative to the matter are enough. Simulated studies showed that jurors normally do not understand about eyewitness fallibility and that exposure to experts helped them. Difficulty: C Page: 134-136; 138-140 Section: Guideline 7: Expert Testimony & Techniques for Refreshing the Memories of Witnesses Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.1

5. How are witness confidence and accuracy of recall related? What does the research say about these concepts?

Ans: Answers will vary but should mention the following from the text: Witness confidence is not related to accuracy; confidence tends to increase over time and more details get filled in over time; highly confident witnesses are very persuasive to jurors even though confidence is not correlated with accuracy; confidence and accuracy do better under optimal conditions; positive feedback from authorities can cause them to become more locked in on their original judgment (post-identification feedback effects); confidence can be manipulated and is related to cognitive dissonance – witnesses do not want to change their minds even if something appears to contradict.

Difficulty: M Page: 125-126 Section: Witness Confidence Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.2

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Import Settings: Base Settings: Brownstone Default Information Field: Page Information Field: Section Highest Answer Letter: D Multiple Keywords in Same Paragraph: No

Chapter: Chapter 5 Multiple Choice

Multiple Choice

1. The outcome of the murder case against Thomas Sophonow was that: A) Sophonow served the longest sentence of anyone ever wrongfully convicted in Canada.

B) Sophonow’s case is still on appeal over the issues of the misidentification of eyewitnesses.

C) Sophonow spent four years in prison before his conviction was overturned.

D) The Supreme Court ruled that the lineup errors were not enough to overturn the conviction.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 113-114 Section: Eyewitness Identification and Testimony Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

2. Which statement is NOT an error by police noted in the investigation into the murder of Barbara Stoppel?

A) The inability to find a murder weapon led to a significant delay before eyewitnesses could identify suspects.

B) The picture of the defendant shown to eyewitnesses was significantly different from others.

C) The lineup did not include others of similar height to the defendant.

D) Media images of the defendant may have unduly influenced eyewitnesses.

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 113-114 Section: Eyewitness Identification and Testimony Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 1.3

3. The memory is often described as having the following components: A) encoding, storage, retrieval.

B) selection, identification, access.

C) processing, viewing, retrieval D) processing, encoding, access.

Ans: A Difficulty: E Page: 115 Section: How Memory Works Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 2.2

4. When describing memory, retention.

A) storage B) retrieval C) top-down processing D) encoding

is the first component required in the process necessary for

Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 115 Section: How Memory Works Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 2.2

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

5. Asking someone to ―Tell me everything you can remember‖ is an example of A) cued B) reconstructive C) recognition D) free

recall.

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 115 Section: How Memory Works Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 2.2

6. The biochemical representation of our experiences in the brain is referred to as: A) peptide images.

B) memory trace.

C) cerebral coding.

D) neuro-projections Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 115 Section: How Memory Works Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 2.2

7. What is NOT one of the criteria set up in R. v. Clark for evaluating the admissibility of posthypnotic evidence?

A) The hypnotist should not use leading questions or suggestive body language.

B) The interview should be recorded C) The hypnotist should be fully versed in the case but carry no notes into the session.

D) The interview should only be conducted by an independent, qualified professional.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 139 Section: Hypnosis Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

8. Which statement about eyewitness testimony is FALSE? A) In 2012 the Canadian Judicial Council explained that wrongful convictions happen when eyewitnesses are biased or pressured to convict.

B) In the United States, mistaken identification played a role in 72 percent of the 307 cases of DNA exoneration.

C) Evidence in the form of mistaken eyewitness identification is the number one source of wrongful convictions.

D) In a study that looked at 347 cases where eyewitness testimony was the only evidence, about half of the convictions had only one eyewitness.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 116 Section: Eyewitness Testimony and the Legal System Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: APA Outcome:

9. Which cause of wrongful convictions is the LEAST likely of the four discussed by the authors?

A) forensic science problems B) eyewitness misidentification C) false confessions D) faulty informant testimony Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 116 Section: Eyewitness Testimony and the Legal System Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

10. Which is NOT one of the criteria for evaluating eyewitness evidence used in Canada’s guidelines?

A) the seriousness of the crime being observed B) the circumstances of the procedure used to obtain an identification C) the reliability of the witness D) the description of the observation given Ans: A Difficulty: E Page: 117 Section: Guidelines for Evaluating Eyewitness Testimony Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.2

11. According to the text, which statement concerning guidelines for evaluating eyewitness testimony is FALSE? A) Judges are cautioned against deviating from model instructions and referring specifically to the case at hand.

B) Jury instructions for weighing eyewitness testimony are difficult to apply to actual crimes.

C) Under stress, witnesses consistently overestimate the duration of a brief event.

D) Eyewitness certainty is not a reliable indicator of accuracy.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 117-118 Section: Guidelines for Evaluating Eyewitness Testimony Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.1

12. As the authors point out, witnesses’ certainty may be inflated by two factors: A) concerns about safety and a previous history of case testimony.

B) biased questioning and poor lineup procedures.

C) previous victimizations and media attention.

D) witnesses’ age and confidence in the criminal justice system.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 118 Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Section: Guidelines for Evaluating Eyewitness Testimony Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.1

13. Which statement about juror evaluation of eyewitness testimony is TRUE? A) Jury deliberation is an effective process for uncovering mistakes in eyewitness testimony.

B) Jurors seem to be very accurate in identifying weaknesses in eyewitness testimony.

C) Jurors do not appear to be swayed by the level of confidence an eyewitness conveys.

D) Jurors seem to place undue faith in the reliability of eyewitnesses.

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 118-119 Section: How the Legal System Attempts to Expose Eyewitness Bias Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 1.2

14. According to the text, cross-examination does not seem to be effective at rooting out eyewitness mistakes primarily because: A) The prosecution can always come back after cross-examination and rehabilitate the witness.

B) Most jurors have already made up their minds about the testimony before cross-examination.

C) The eyewitness is hard to undermine if they honestly believe they are telling the truth.

D) The judge is not likely to allow eyewitnesses to be badgered in a cross-examination.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 118 Section: How the Legal System Attempts to Expose Eyewitness Bias Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.2

15. Which statement about cross-race effects in identification is FALSE? A) In lineups, within-race accuracy has proven to be worse than cross-race effects.

B) Cross-race effects do not seem to vary by any particular ethnic group.

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Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

C) Cross-race effects are found in babies as young as nine months and are stable throughout life.

D) Contact over time does seem to reverse cross-race effects.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 119-120 Section: Cross-Racial Identifications Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.5

16. The model for the idea that we classify the features of those within our own race in more detail is called: A) cultural singularity.

B) ethnic identification.

C) perceptual-expertise.

D) anthropologicalism.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 119 Section: Cross-Racial Identifications Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 2.5

17. According to Young et al.’s social-cognitive model, same-race faces are processed in a manner, indicating that the face is viewed as a unified whole.

A) synchronistic B) coordinated C) configural D) holistic Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 120 Section: Cross-Racial Identifications Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 2.5 Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

18. According to Young et al.’s social-cognitive model, other-race faces are processed in a manner, indicating that the facial components are viewed independently.

A) mono-directed B) consecutive-array C) feature-based D) hybrid-menu Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 120 Section: Cross-Racial Identifications Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.5

19. Which statement about stress and identification is FALSE? A) Important or arousing events may be vivid in memory but not necessarily accurate.

B) In a mock interrogation study, high stress was correlated with more accurate identifications.

C) Under stress, fear impedes the accurate coding of perception details.

D) Identifications may be compromised if a weapon is present because it detracts focus.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 120-122 Section: Stress and Weapon Focus Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.2

20. Canadian researchers studying the weapon focus effect argue that it would also be important to consider the counter-hypothesis of the: A) meta-analysis effect.

B) conscious transference effect.

C) unusual item effect.

D) delayed panic effect.

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 122 Section: Stress and Weapon Focus Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

21. The reassignment of a face that is familiar from another context to the scene of a crime is referred to as: A) retrieval inhibition.

B) script replacement. .

C) inter-race bias.

D) unconscious transference.

Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 122 Section: Unconscious Transference Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.1

22. Researchers report that when mock witnesses were asked the estimated speed of two cars involved in an accident, responses decreased almost 16 km/h when the wording changed from to .

A) connected; collided B) met; crashed C) hit; bumped D) smashed; contacted Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 123 Section: Leading or Suggestive Comments Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 2.2

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

23. Experts refer to the phenomenon of recalling only some aspects of a scene, which causes one to omit other aspects of that same scene, as: A) selective amnesia.

B) retrieval inhibition.

C) recollection distribution.

D) fractured recall.

Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 123 Section: Leading or Suggestive Comments Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

24. According to the text, what people generally see and remember is affected by what they expect to see. This tendency to maintain widely held beliefs about a sequence of expected behaviors is referred to as: A) retrieval inhibition.

B) scripts.

C) meta-analysis.

D) unconscious transference.

Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 124 Section: Pre-Existing Expectations Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.2

25. The tendency for biased responses to distort the memory of eyewitnesses is known as: A) tainted scripts.

B) unconscious transference.

C) post-identification feedback effect.

D) heuristics.

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Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 126 Section: Witness Confidence Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.1

26. Theorists argue that eyewitnesses may try to resolve the discomfort that comes with the risk of being wrong by convincing themselves that they are positively certain about the identification.

Thus they relieve their: A) cognitive dissonance.

B) decisive ambiguity.

C) vicarious recall.

D) oscillating surety .

Ans: A Difficulty: E Page: 126 Section: Witness Confidence Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.2

27. When the eyewitness is a child, the accuracy of information he or she can provide from a lineup or photograph spread is: A) more accurate than an adult.

B) less accurate than an adult.

C) as accurate as an adult only if the suspect is actually presented.

D) more accurate under high stress, unlike adults.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 126 Section: When the Eyewitness Is a Child Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

28. Factors relative to a case that are out of the control of the justice system are referred to as: A) proxy variables.

B) independent variables.

C) extraneous variable.

D) estimator variables.

Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 127 Section: Using Research Findings to Improve Eyewitness Accuracy Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 2.2

29. Which is NOT one of the eyewitness guidelines recommended in 2001 in the Sophonow Inquiry?

A) The person conducting the lineup should not be aware of who the suspect is.

B) Witnesses should submit a confidence rating immediately after identification.

C) Simultaneous lineups should be used whenever possible as they are more effective.

D) Experts on eyewitness identification should be allowed to testify in court.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 128-134 Section: Guideline 1: Blind Lineup Administrators Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 1.3

30. Recommendations for improvements in eyewitness identification procedures to be used by all Canadian police agencies were developed in 2001 by: A) The Psychology-Law Commission.

B) The Sophonow Inquiry.

C) The Mohn Justice Council.

D) The Canadian Eyewitness Evidence Panel.

Ans: B Difficulty: E Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Page: 127 Section: Using Research Findings to Improve Eyewitness Accuracy Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.1

31. Which is NOT one of the benefits of a cognitive interview?

A) It attempts to get accounts of the crime both from beginning to end and then from end to beginning.

B) It develops a degree of suggestibility that aids in the inclusion of details.

C) It seeks to relax the witness, build rapport with them and help them concentrate.

D) The subject is asked to view the crime from several different perspectives.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 140 Section: The Cognitive Interview Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.1

32. Which statement about the proper conduct of a lineup is FALSE? A) There is uniformity between the U.S., Canada and England on the use of 11to12 fillers.

B) Fillers must strike a balance between not noticeably standing out and not looking too similar.

C) Blind lineup administrators protect against negative effects of post-identification feedback.

D) Absolute judgments produce better accuracy than relative judgments in identifications.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 128-133 Section: Guideline 1: Blind Lineup Administrators & Guideline 3: Unbiased Lineups & Guideline 6: Sequential Lineups Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.1

33. The two most common methods of selecting lineup members are Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

_ and

.

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

A) similarity-to-suspect; description-matched B) blind review; relative review C) random selection; feature-controlled D) uniform-trait; fragmented views Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 130 Section: Guideline 3: Unbiased Lineups Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

34. The primary reason that judges in Canada have continued to deny expert testimony on eyewitness identification is that: A) they feel that the time and cost of allowing access to experts for defendants would be prohibitive.

B) there is no widespread consensus that ―experts‖ have the proper education and credentials.

C) they believe jurors know enough to gauge the strengths and weaknesses of eyewitness identifications.

D) prosecutors have lobbied successfully to keep such testimony out of trials.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 135 Section: Guideline 7: Expert Testimony Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.2

35. In a study of how eyewitness confidence can be manipulated, subjects were asked to identify a suspect in a murder at a Target store. Which is NOT one of the outcomes for those who were told they had chosen the right man?

A) They felt that they were easily able to make the identification.

B) They were aware that they had been swayed by the positive feedback.

C) They believed that they had a better view of the criminal.

D) They were certain they paid more attention to the crime.

Ans: B Difficulty: E Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Page: 126 Section: Witness Confidence Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Import Settings: Base Settings: Brownstone Default Information Field: Page Information Field: Section Highest Answer Letter: D Multiple Keywords in Same Paragraph: No

Chapter: Chapter 6: Essay

Essay

1. Discuss the early and more recent versions of the competency inquiry for children testifying at trial in terms of improvements in the process.

Ans: Answers may vary but should include some of the following from the text: Reforms in 1988 to Criminal Code and Canada Evidence Act abolished corroboration requirement and eased oath-taking requirement; changes meant that children under 14 could testify if they could communicate well enough and demonstrated understanding of the difference between truth and lies, and consequences of lying; first, child needed to be assessed by judge in a competency inquiry - judge checked if child could perceive events, remember events and communicate events; child was then asked about understanding of promise to tell the truth and of consequences of lying. Doubts about competency inquiry led to further reforms; by 1999 Canadian Department of Justice wanted to make the process less traumatic; research was conducted on how to streamline process without compromising effectiveness; outcome was more streamlining so that judges only ask about or assess child’s ability to remember events and answer questions about them; no more inquiry into truth telling or consequences of lying; today a typical inquiry lasts about 12 minutes.

Difficulty: M Page: 153-157 Section: Testimony by Children at Trial Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.1

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

2. Should anatomically correct dolls be admissible in court? Why or why not?

Ans: Answers will vary depending on student’s views but should refer to the following from the text: Research indicates that use of anatomically correct dolls increases rate of false allegations of sexual abuse from children under age five; experts suggest that dolls be used only after (spontaneous) disclosure to clarify children’s accounts of being touched and should not be used to elicit or draw out a disclosure; research indicates that even under optimal conditions these dolls do not improve quality of children’s reports. Cases in the United States include the Michaels case in New Jersey.

Difficulty: C Page: 146-147 Section: Problematic Interviewing Techniques Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.3

3. Describe the elements of the NICDH Interview Protocol and how they avoid problematic interviewing techniques.

Ans: Answers will vary but may include the following from the text: Protocol developed by researchers, interviewers, police officers and legal professionals along with the National Institute of Child Health & Development; interview protocol helps avoid bias and provides responses more likely to be true; includes practices like avoiding closed-ended (yes or no) questions; recommends open-ended questions, not using suggestive language and not including information not volunteered by the child. Interview uses standard phase methods beginning with comforting introductory period with some basic rules like reinforcing that it is okay to say ―I don’t know‖; substantive phases focusing on incident under investigation and more directive questioning are allowed only after general open-ended prompts (―invitations‖) lead to disclosure. Process designed not to pressure false disclosure or make child uncomfortable and to avoid false claims.

Difficulty: C Page: 149-153 Section: Effective Interviewing Techniques Question: Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.1

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

4. Outline the various accommodations that have been made for children and how the courts

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

have justified them.

Ans: Answers will vary but should refer to some of the following from the text: Courts must balance the right of the accused to face their accuser and to cross-examine those testifying with the right of the child to be free from anguish and discomfort in the presence of an alleged abuser.

Courts have allowed a variety of accommodations, including: allowing child to testify behind screen placed in the courtroom; allowing child to testify live via closed-circuit television (CCTV); allowing a child’s testimony to be videotaped and presented in court as the child’s testimony. Other accommodations include: allowing a parent or trusted guardian to be with the child at all times during the process to make them feel more assured and secure; banning media and public from the trial – as well as publication of the proceedings – to protect the identity of the child. All of these measures have been upheld by the courts as feasible when the rights of both sides have been weighed. In some instances it has even been acceptable to allow hearsay evidence to be admitted if the child cannot be interviewed or appear in court.

Difficulty: M Page: 158-160 Section: Courtroom Accommodations Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 1.3

5. What do we know about recovered memories of child sexual abuse, including false memories?

Ans: Answers will vary but should include some of the following from the text: Practitioners and academicians often disagree about the true level of recovered memories and their veracity.

As researchers indicate, there is no clear assessment in the literature of the accuracy of recovered memories. Repression itself has been difficult to test and validate; in fact, opposite is often true – trauma usually involves vivid memories. Suggestive interviewing techniques suspected in counseling women with long histories of depression. Researchers are never able to really know when people are not remembering because of repression or if they just don’t want to tell the interviewer. Some instances of abuse may not have been serious so not remembered or even understood by a young child at the time. Recovered memories are controversial because of the high rate of false claims. Implantation of false memories rather than recovery of repressed memories suspected in many cases. Lawsuits against psychological professionals whose techniques have been suspected of encouraging false memories may account for recent decline in accusations based on recovered memories.

Difficulty: M Page: 160-166 Section: Recovered Memories of Sexual Abuse Question Type: Essay Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.2

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Import Settings: Base Settings: Brownstone Default Information Field: Page Information Field: Section Highest Answer Letter: D Multiple Keywords in Same Paragraph: No

Chapter: Chapter 6: Multiple Choice

Multiple Choice

1. In 2008 in Canada, the type of child maltreatment allegation most likely to be substantiated was: A) physical abuse.

B) exposure to intimate partner violence.

C) emotional maltreatment.

D) sexual abuse.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 145 Section: Contextualizing Allegations of Sexual Abuse Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

2. In 2008 in Canada, the type of child maltreatment allegation most likely to be unfounded was: A) emotional maltreatment.

B) exposure to intimate partner violence.

C) sexual abuse.

D) physical abuse.

Ans: C Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Difficulty: M Page: 145 Section: Contextualizing Allegations of Sexual Abuse Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

3. Which statement most accurately reflects the results of Salmon’s research on the use of anatomically correct dolls in sex abuse interviews?

A) When following best practices interviewing, the dolls elicited more accurate details of events from children under five years of age.

B) When following best practices interviewing, the dolls did not improve the quality of the children’s reports.

C) The dolls are correctly used to elicit accounts of inappropriate touching when children are reluctant to admit to being abused.

D) Interviewers were more likely to employ leading questions if they did not have the use of anatomically correct dolls.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 147 Section: Problematic Interviewing Techniques Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

4. Which is NOT a technique included in the NICHD Investigative Interview Protocol?

A) Use closed-ended questions that only require a yes or no answer.

B) Avoid suggestive questions that include information not offered by the child.

C) Explain ground rules such as child’s ability to say ―I don’t know‖ when appropriate D) Ask children to describe a non-threatening activity as a way to practice narrating events.

Ans: A Difficulty: C Page: 150 Section: Effective Interviewing Techniques Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 1.3 Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

5. Which is NOT one of the types of prompts found in the NICHD protocol for interviewing children?

A) directive B) placating C) cued invitation D) invitation Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 151 Section: Effective Interviewing Techniques Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.2

6. When the interviewer using the NICHD protocol for children says things like ―OK,‖ ―Yes‖ and ―Uh-huh,‖ he or she is demonstrating which type of prompt?

A) cued invitation B) facilitator C) directive D) placating Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 151 Section: Effective Interviewing Techniques Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.2

7. Which is NOT one of the suggested practices for working with children in interviews?

A) Arrive with an agenda for what you want to accomplish in the interview.

B) Provide the groundwork for the interview (e.g., what the child can say).

C) Make sure the child knows the meaning and importance of telling the truth.

D) Before the interview, develop rapport and practise sharing information.

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 150 Section: Effective Interviewing Techniques Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.2

8. According to the text, although cases where children recant previous allegations of sexual abuse are unusual, those who do recant most often have been abused by a: A) stranger.

B) parental figure.

C) sibling.

D) neighbor or friend of the family.

Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 161 Section: Hot Topic: Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.2

9. Which is NOT one of the three major behavior symptoms associated with children suffering from Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome explained in the text?

A) recanting of allegations of abuse after initial claims have been made B) denying that any sexual abuse ever occurred C) delaying disclosure of the abuse D) blaming an absent parent or sibling for allowing the abuse Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 161 Section: Hot Topic: Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

10. Researchers evaluating the French-language NICHD Protocol found that after training, interviewers increased their utterances and decreased their utterances.

A) suggestive; directive B) option-posing; inclusive C) invitation; suggestive D) directive; confirming Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 152 Figure 6.2 Section: NICHD Investigative Interview Protocol Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.4

11. Researchers evaluating the French-language NICHD Protocol found that after training, interviewers obtained the greatest percentage of details using utterances rather than before training, when the greatest percentage of details were garnered using utterances.

A) option-posing elicited; confirming-elicited B) invitation-elicited; directive-elicited C) option-posing-elicited; suggestive-elicited D) inclusive-elicited; invitation-elicited Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 152, Figure 6.3 Section: NICHD Investigative Interview Protocol Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.4

12. "Tell me everything that happened" is an example of an open-ended request, which is considered a(n) type of prompt.

A) directive B) cued invitation C) invitation D) facilitato r Ans: C Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Difficulty: M Page: 151, Table 6.2 Section: Interviewer Prompts Used in the NICHD Protocol Question Type: Multiple ChoiceBloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 1.3

13. An interview protocol similar to the NICHD that is commonly used in Canada as developed

by John Yuille et al. is called: A) Multi-layering.

B) Open Disclosure.

C) the British Columbia Model.

D) the Step-Wise Interview.

Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 153 Section: Step-Wise Interview Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

14. Which general conclusion about the best interview techniques for children is FALSE? A) Training investigators seems to increase their use of open-ended, less directive utterances.

B) Regardless of methods, most approaches say use props and dolls only as a last resort.

C) Some methods question from specific to general while others go from general to specific.

D) Research studies seem to confirm that open-ended questions elicit more useful information.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 149-153 Section: Effective Interviewing Techniques Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

15. Dr. Maggie Bruck testified in the R. v. Sterling case that interviewers developed misleading information by attempting to instill an image of a person as bad. She called this: Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

A) creating monsters.

B) impugning characters.

C) stereotype induction.

D) dramatization of evil.

Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 154 Section: Legal Update: Stereotype Induction Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

16. Which was NOT one of the reforms to Canada’s Evidence Act amended in 1988 to facilitate children’s testimony in court?

A) Children’s testimony did not need to be independently corroborated.

B) Children no longer needed to swear an oath in order to testify.

C) Children under 14 could testify if they could show they knew truth from lies.

D) Children under 14 must have communication skills at their age level to testify.

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 153-154 Section: Testimony by Children at Trial Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.1

17. When Dr. Maggie Bruck testified in the R. v. Sterling case that interviewers developed misleading information, she referred to a study where misleading suggestions and leading questions prompted inaccurate information from children about a character called: A) Allen Lowe.

B) John Crane.

C) Sam Stone.

D) Peter Powers.

Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 155 Section: Legal Update: Stereotype Induction Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 2.2

18. Which was NOT a part of the competency inquiry conducted before 2006 where a judge would determine if a child could testify?

A) Neutral party had to testify that child was oriented to time, place and duty.

B) A child needed to be able to perceive, remember and communicate events.

C) There was no underlying presumption of the capacity to testify.

D) Child had to understand the meaning of an oath and the moral consequences of telling a lie.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 154-155 Section: Testimony by Children at Trial Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.2

19. Which was NOT one of the questions asked in the Child Witness Project when it examined competency inquiries with 3- to 7-year-olds?

A) Would discussing the concepts of truth-telling promote greater truth-telling?

B) Would discussing negative consequences of lying promote more truth-telling?

C) Would getting a child to promise to tell the truth promote greater truth-telling?

D) Would children who show they understand lying and truth-telling be more likely to tell the truth?

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 155-156 Section: Testimony by Children at Trial Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.4

20. Which is NOT one of the findings of the Child Witness Project’s study of 3- to 7-year-olds with regard to competency inquiries?

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

A) Children’s conceptual knowledge about truth- and lie-telling is not related to their actual truthfulness.

B) Having children promise to tell the truth increased the likelihood that they would tell the truth.

C) Discussion about telling the truth did not appear to be influential in truth-telling outcomes.

D) When posed a hypothetical dilemma, younger children are more likely to rate telling a lie as very bad.

Ans: D Difficulty: C Page: 155-156 Section: Testimony by Children at Trial Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.1

21. One reason why adult hearsay witness testimony may be perceived differently from that of a child is that: A) adults are more confident in their testimony.

B) children are less nervous than adults.

C) jurors are more likely to carefully scrutinize adults .

D) children are more likely to make eye contact.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 160 Section: Courtroom Accommodations Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

22. Which is NOT one of the acceptable alternatives to children testifying that have been used in court to date?

A) one-way screens B) a parent testifying in loco parentis C) closed-circuit television D) videotaped testimony Ans: B Difficulty: E Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Page: 158 Section: Courtroom Accommodations Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.2

23. Which statement about the accommodations made for children testifying in court is FALSE? A) A child has the right to not accept their taped pretrial interview being used in court.

B) The court could impose a ban on publishing information about the court proceeding.

C) The judge could close the courtroom proceeding to the media but not the public.

D) A supporting adult could be allowed in the child’s presence only if they are not a witness.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 158 Section: Courtroom Accommodations Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.2

24. In R. v. Levogiannis the Canadian Supreme Court upheld the conviction and denied the appeal challenging the accommodation of: A) video-taped testimony.

B) the one-way screen.

C) the use of closed-circuit TV. D) a ban on media access to the trial.

Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 158 Section: Courtroom Accommodations Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 2.2

25. In R. v. Milot, the court held that: A) the need to protect the child victim from harm outweighed the defendant’s right to confront Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

his accuser.

B) the right to confront one’s accuser is not seriously reduced by the use of a one-way screen.

C) the truth-finding function of the trial is best served by allowing the use of video-taped pretrial interviews.

D) a 7-year-old is not so young that testifying outside the courtroom is a required accommodation.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 159 Section: Courtroom Accommodation Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

26. The concept of repression was popularized by the work of: A) John Watson.

B) Albert Ellis.

C) Sigmund Freud.

D) Karen Horney.

Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 162 Section: Were the Memories Created or Recovered?

Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.1

27. Elizabeth Loftus, well known for her research on false memories, created a memory in participants of being lost within a mall. Of the participants in the experiment, percent remembered most or all of the implanted event.

A) 15 B) 20 C) 25 D) 30 Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 164 Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Section: Research on Implanting False Memories Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.4

28. According to the authors, which statement about the concept of repression is FALSE? A) Painful, threatening or traumatic memories are pushed unconsciously into the unconscious.

B) Controlled laboratory studies have documented and validated the process of repression.

C) The most common response to trauma is uncontrolled remembering not forgetting.

D) Hypnosis, guided imagery and dream interpretation are used to help recover memories.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 162-163 Section: Were the Memories Created or Recovered?

Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.2

29. Which statement about the infamous U.S. Ingram case is FALSE? A) No evidence was ever found substantiating the crimes or linking Ingram to the crimes.

B) Ingram used concentration and prayer to construct false memories of false accusations.

C) Interrogation techniques over 5 months created details Ingram was too suggestible to deny.

D) Ingram had a previous record for indecent exposure and DUI. Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 163-164 Section: The Ingram Case Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 2.1

30. Which is NOT one of the explanations commonly given for forgetting sexual abuse?

A) Memory is transient and erodes over time.

B) There was a lack of reminders about where and how the abuse occurred.

C) The victim experienced threats of physical harm or legal repercussions.

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

D) The abuser was a close family member the victim depended on.

Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 166 Section: Research on Implanting False Memories Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.1

31. Overall, research suggests that false memories of mildly traumatic events like an outdoor accident or attack by an animal could be implanted in about percent of people tested.

A) 14 B) 21 C) 27 D) 33 Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 165 Section: Research on Implanting False Memories Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.1

32. Results of research by Ross and Lindsay on how potential jurors might be impacted by children testifying through alterative means found that: A) jurors were more likely to find the defendant guilty if the child testified by closed-circuit TV. B) there were no differences in assessments of guilt between control testimony and alternative forms.

C) children whose testimony was by videotape were deemed less credible than those who appeared in court.

D) simulated jurors viewed the defendant more negatively if the child testified behind a screen.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 159-160 Section: Courtroom Accommodations Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

APA Outcome: 1.3

33. Lindsay and Read argue that some factors in a case would lead investigators to be skeptical. Which criteria is NOT listed as one to consider when evaluating claims of recovered memories of abuse?

A) Did the abuse involve multiple victims, particularly siblings?

B) Did the memory begin as a vague feeling or image rather than clear, detailed recollections?

C) Did the abuse continue over a period into adolescence?

D) Did the abuse involve extremely rare forms of sexual activity (bestiality, satanism)?

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 167 Section: Research on Implanting False Memories Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

34. Which statement about the current state of recovered memory of child sexual abuse is TRUE according to the text?

A) Lawsuits have forced psychotherapists to be more conservative in their probing of the past.

B) The number of claims of recovered memories has increased dramatically.

C) Better investigative techniques mean that fewer cases of child sexual abuse are undetected.

D) Canadian researchers have found that half of cases of child sexual abuse involve repressed memories.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 167 Section: Research on Implanting False Memories Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

35. In an analysis of over 2000 criminal cases of delayed allegations of child sexual abuse, percent involved continuous memory of the abuse; in other words, no repression.

A) 77 Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

B) 81 C) 87 D) 94 Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 167 Section: Research on Implanting False Memories Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 2.2

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Import Settings: Base Settings: Brownstone Default Information Field: Page Information Field: Section Highest Answer Letter: D Multiple Keywords in Same Paragraph: No

Chapter: Chapter 7: Essay

Essay

1. Describe the role of the jury and how it functions in contemporary Canadian courts.

Ans: Answers will vary but should include some of the following from the text: Juries are used in criminal and civil cases. Some aspects of criminal law come from English law but are now in Canada’s Charter of Rights and Freedoms; civil juries are rare and have limited uses; juries are not used in less serious criminal cases (summary offences) but are used in the indictable and most serious offences; in hybrid cases that fall in between, juries or judges sitting alone can be used. Juries are fact finders; they review evidence and all 12 jurors must come to a unanimous decision as the conscience of the community; courts cannot replace a jury acquittal with a conviction but can overturn a jury decision and require a new trial. Jurors can nullify the law by refusing to convict someone of an unjust charge as in the case of the abortion doctor or the ill man who took marijuana medicinally. Juries do not determine punishments; judges set sentences; only in a very limited number of case scenarios might a jury be asked to make a recommendation about a punishment.

Difficulty: M Page: 169-173 Section: The Jury in Canada & The Role and Function of the Jury Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 1.3

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

2. Explain the process of jury selection and whether you think it offers any particular advantages to the defence or prosecution.

Ans: Answers will vary on the idea that there are advantages to any one side but the explanation of the process should include four basic elements: 1) the jury list of persons from whom the jury will be chosen must represent a fair cross-section of the community; some individuals may be excluded for certain reasons (such as age, occupation, criminal history or legal residence); 2 2) and they are believed to represent a cross section of the community as well as the peers of the defendant, the jury panel, which is the result of those who appear on any given day following a summons and do not have a legitimate excuse for not serving (such as family or work hardship); 3) the challenge for cause process, which removes anyone who is unable to be unbiased or anyone that has already decided on a verdict; 4) the peremptory challenge, which does not require a justification – there are only a limited number of this type of exclusion that can be used by either side in a trial.

Difficulty: C Page: 173-177, 180 Section: Assembling a Jury Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.1

3. What are the challenges to forming a representative, impartial or unbiased jury?

Provide examples from the text about how court cases reacted to some of these issues.

Ans: Answers will vary but may include references to the following from the text: Jury sizes are small and will never accurately reflect the demographics of the entire area. Composing a list that is comprehensive and accurate so that all types of people are represented, including minorities who are eligible to be summoned, is challenging. Aboriginal citizens will be serving at proportional levels which may be difficult if those called do not trust or understand the system.

Jury panels have been challenged for having too few women, for publicity on the case, media coverage that might distort issues or produce a biased view. In small communities or in cases of very controversial cases the point is that people may have heard of the case, you cannot find enough people that haven’t but the people questioned must be able to keep an open mind, and not have formed a conclusion about the case.

Student may cite following cases: R. v. Catizone and R. v. Nepoose, in which the jury panel was successfully challenged because it had too few women; R. v. Nahdee, in which the jury panel was successfully challenged for improper exclusion of residents of Aboriginal reserves; R. v. Born with a Tooth, in which the Alberta Crown successfully challenged a panel in which a list

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

of 200 randomly selected persons was supplemented by the addition of 50 Aboriginal persons who were not randomly selected.

Difficulty: C Page: 180-188 Section: Characteristics of the Jury & Jury Bias and Remedies Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 1.3 4. Discuss what research and case law have said about pretrial publicity and its effects.

Ans: Answers will vary but may refer to some of the following items from the text: Jury research has indicated 4 sources of juror bias and one is specific prejudice that might result from publicity through mass media and other community networks. Canada is very conservative about letting out any pretrial information that might taint jury pool and not allowing coverage of pretrial hearings. Law assumes jurors will follow oath and not decide cases prematurely.

Even with more restrictive policies than U.S., some information gets out from investigative sources, which tend to have pro-prosecution slant. Research indicates that excess pretrial coverage is more likely to result in assumptions of guilt and that pretrial television coverage is more negative than print news, but exposure to both has most serious effects of bias. Exposure to prejudicial material impacts evaluations and perceptions, but jurors still believe they can remain bias free. Overall, research is consistent in finding pretrial information has negative effect on post-trial outcome but mostly this was noted in subjects who were asked about the guilt and innocence soon after reading the media information. Judges’ instructions to ignore pretrial publicity do not seem to have any effect.

Difficulty: M Page: 182-188 Section: Jury Bias and Remedies Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.1 5. What are CSI effects and are they all that negative?

Ans: Answers will vary depending on each student’s interpretation but may include some of the following: Term comes from TV show CSI:Crime Scene Investigation; images are of high technology, clean, spacious, expensive laboratories where very piece of evidence is gleaned and examined effectively; some claim that these unrealistic interpretations taint public views so that expectations for solving each case are high and unreasonable; research has not supported the idea that these CSI effects influence jurors although some seem to think that there are indirect effects; for example, the weight assigned to any actual DNA or forensic evidence and the way jurors might balance forensic evidence over circumstantial evidence. In reality, criminal justice professionals might believe in CSI effects more than they actually exist. There is no evidence Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

that it really impacts trial outcomes.

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Difficulty: C Page: 190 Section: Hot Topic: Is There Really a CSI Effect?

Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.1

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Import Settings: Base Settings: Brownstone Default Information Field: Page Information Field: Section Highest Answer Letter: D Multiple Keywords in Same Paragraph: No

Chapter: Chapter 7: Multiple Choice

Multiple Choice

1. Which is NOT one of the categories of offences in the Canadian Criminal Code?

A) hybrid B) summary C) felonious D) indictable Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 169 Section: The Jury in Canada Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

2. Assault, solicitation of prostitution and disturbing the peace are all examples of A) summary B) misdemeanor C) indictable D) hybrid Ans: A Difficulty: E Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

offences:

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Page: 169 Section: The Jury in Canada Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

3. When a jury acquits someone of breaking a law because they do not believe in or support that law it is called the law.

A) retracting B) nullifying C) deactivating D) sensitizing Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 171 Section: Conflicts Between the Jurors’ Sense of Justice and the Law Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

4. Which statement about the jury system in Canada is FALSE? A) The use of juries in civil trials has steadily increased over the last two centuries.

B) Civil juries are not used at all in Quebec’s civil law system.

C) Civil trials could involve either private parties or corporations.

D) There is no right to a jury trial for offences that are tried in the lower courts.

Ans: A Difficulty: E Page: 169 Section: The Jury in Canada Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

5. In 1975 the Criminal Code was amended to say that a jury’s acquittal cannot be replaced with a court conviction; the acquittal can be set aside, however, and a new trial ordered. This change Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

was called the A) Bernardo B) Pickton C) Morgentaler D) Latimer

Amendment.

Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 171 Section: Conflicts Between the Jurors’ Sense of Justice and the Law Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

6. Which statement about the role of the jury is FALSE? A) Juries are used for the most serious indictable offences.

B) Jurors are often called the fact finders.

C) Jurors must unanimously agree on a verdict.

D) A jury is 12 persons unless it is a summary offence, which only uses 6.

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 170 Section: The Role and Function of the Jury Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

7. The Supreme Court overturned the conviction of Grant Krieger because: A) they deemed the marijuana law to be unconstitutional as written in the Criminal Code.

B) exigent medical circumstances existed that were not shared by the prosecution.

C) the trial judge had usurped the jury’s function by telling them to render a guilty verdict.

D) jurors were tampered with by the prosecution and had to be excused.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 171-172 Section: Conflicts Between the Jurors’ Sense of Justice and the Law Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

APA Outcome: 1.3

8. Which was NOT a consequence of Henry Morgentaler being convicted in the Quebec and Ontario court systems?

A) The Canadian government declared Morgentaler persona non grata and he left the country.

B) The Criminal Code was amended so that courts could not replace jury acquittals with convictions.

C) Quebec later decided to abandon further additional prosecutions as no jury would convict.

D) Canada’s abortion law was struck down as unconstitutional.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 171 Section: Conflicts Between the Jurors’ Sense of Justice and the Law Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

9. Which statement about the trial of Robert Latimer for killing his disabled daughter is FALSE? A) The Appeals Court upheld the lower court, saying an exemption fit the mercy killing scenario.

B) The jury recommended 1 year to parole, asking for an exemption from the mandatory minimum 10 years.

C) The trial judge granted a mandatory minimum exemption with a sentence of 1 year in prison and 1 year probation.

D) The Supreme Court rejected the defence’s arguments of cruel and unusual punishment, and Latimer served all 10 years.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 173 Section: Hot Topic: The Case of Robert Latimer: The Jury Weighs in on Punishment Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.3

10. Which statement about the jury selection process is FALSE? Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

A) Provinces and territories use the same set of rules and statutes, controlled by the Jury Act. B) Basic requirements are that jurors must be 18 years of age and Canadian citizens.

C) Some specific occupations may be exempt and some persons excluded from jury service.

D) Jury assembly includes both pretrial out-of-court and in-court selection processes.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 173-174 Section: Assembling a Jury Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

11. The pool of jurors summoned from the list who appear for service is called a jury panel or: A) voir dire.

B) juris populis.

C) venire.

D) acta posse.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 174 Section: In-Court Process Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

12. Which is NOT a finding from some data collected on failure to show for jury service: A) Enforcing fines for non-attendance may be an effective deterrent to no shows.

B) The average rate of failures to appear in the U.S. is about 20%.

C) In Ontario, one study indicated failure-to-appear rates varied from 11-21%.

D) Newfoundland and Nova Scotia had the lowest absentee rates of jurisdictions that keep track.

Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 174 Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Section: In-Court Process Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

13. According to the text, which statement about jury selection and service is FALSE? A) It is rare for more than two jurors to leave a jury once it has been selected.

B) Persons who have ever been convicted of certain crimes are excluded from jury service.

C) There are two types of challenges to a potential juror that lawyers may use.

D) Potential jurors must be residents of the jurisdiction in which the crime was committed.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 173-176 Section: Assembling a Jury Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

14. Which is NOT one of the three court personnel sitting closest to the judge?

A) Court Services Officer B) Court Reporter C) Court Clerk D) Court Registrar Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 175 Section: In-Court Process Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

15. Which of the following statements about a challenge for cause is TRUE? A) Such a challenge is raised after jurors have survived the process of peremptory challenges.

B) There is a limit on the number of challenges for cause that each attorney can raise.

C) The challenge argues that there is the likelihood that a juror will not be able to be impartial.

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

D) After the lawyer questions a juror, the judge decides whether to grant the challenge for cause.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 175 Section: In-Court Process Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 1.3

16. The level of proof that an attorney must meet in order to be granted a challenge for cause is: A) reasonable doubt.

B) realistic potential.

C) marked certainty.

D) beyond doubt.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 175 Section: In-Court Process Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

17. Which statement about the use of peremptory challenges is FALSE? A) In Canada, trial judges usually grant 75% of peremptory challenges requested.

B) In a murder or high treason case, each side has 20 peremptory challenges.

C) For crimes where the sentence is 5 years or more, each side has 12 peremptory challenges.

D) The Crown examines the jury list before trial and should only be looking for criminal records.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 176 Section: In-Court Process Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

18. The peremptory challenge is said to be more powerful than the challenge for cause because: A) so few are ever granted by the judge.

B) there are only a limited amount available to each side of a case.

C) no reason has to be given for the move to dismiss the juror.

D) they have been found to be directly related to the outcome of a case.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 176 Section: In-Court Process Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

19. According to the text, which statement about the jury selection process in Canada is FALSE? A) In most cases, jury selection proceeds without prospective jurors ever being questioned.

B) Lawyers usually know only a prospective juror’s name, address, occupation and how they appear.

C) The best predictor of trial outcome is the pervasiveness of the evidence.

D) Much of the trial lawyer advisement available is in the form of stereotypes.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 176-178, 183 Section: Selecting a Jury & Jury Bias and Remedies APA Outcome: 1.3

20. The question of whether jurors who identify strongly with a certain defendant and empathize with his or her situation will be less likely to fault or convict them is called the: A) compassionate-acquittal hypothesis.

B) similarity-leniency hypothesis.

C) empathy-nullification hypothesis.

D) identification-liberation hypothesis.

Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 178 Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Section: Defendant-Juror Similarity Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 2.1

21. Which is NOT one of the research findings about juror attitudes described in the text?

A) When evidence is inconclusive, we tend to give defendants who are more like ourselves the benefit of the doubt.

B) If jurors are outnumbered by another racial group, they seem to treat a racially similar (but probably guilty) defendant more harshly.

C) Diverse juries deliberate longer, discuss more evidence and make fewer inaccurate statements about the facts of the case.

D) Research indicates that only members of minority groups seem to display both leniency and harshness toward members of their own race.

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 179 Section: Defendant-Juror Similarity Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.2

22. To date, in studies on the effects of juror similarity to defendants, the variables analyzed have been: A) gender and race.

B) gender, race, income and marital status.

C) gender, race, education and occupation.

D) the full range of demographic variables.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 179 Section: Defendant-Juror Similarity Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.4

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

23. All of the following have been concluded from research studies on gender and jury processes and outcomes EXCEPT: A) In cases of sexual assault and child abuse, women are more likely to convict than men.

B) Women are more likely to accept rape myths from the defence than men are.

C) Women talk less during deliberations than men.

D) Men are more likely than women to be elected as jury foreperson.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 178 Section: Juror Characteristics and Attitudes as Predictors of Verdict Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.4

24. Which case did NOT involve the defence successfully challenging the fact that the jury was not representative?

A) R. v. Catizone on the issue of including women B) R. v. Nepoose on the issue of including women C) R. v. Born with a Tooth on the issue of including Aborigines D) R. v. Nahdee on the issue of including Aborigines Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 181 Section: Representativeness Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

25. The text lists a number of reasons that members of First Nations might be underrepresented on juries. Which is NOT one of those reasons?

A) cost of transportation B) individual levels of distrust for the courts C) issues with documentation of citizenship D) residences outside of the jury rolls’ boundaries Ans: C Difficulty: M Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Page: 180-181 Section: Representativeness Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

26. In defining partiality, the court has distinguished between two components, the would be prejudice and the , which would be discrimination.

A) attitude / behavior B) unconscious /conscious C) disposition /consequence D) response /stimulus

, which

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 182 Section: Impartiality Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

27. Schuller and Vo’s research on juror partiality found that in simulated scenarios involving challenges for cause, potential jurors: A) judged whites more harshly if they received a reflective challenge.

B) judged whites and blacks equally under closed-ended or no-challenge formats.

C) did not treat blacks and whites differently under any challenge format.

D) judged blacks more harshly under closed-ended or no challenge formats.

Ans: D Difficulty: C Page: 189 Section: Legal Update: Canadian Research on the Challenge for Cause Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.4

28. When Schuller and Vo looked at jurors’ admissions of possible partiality, they found that Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

while up to admitted they might be biased, the triers of fact dismissed up to prospective jurors.

A) 10%/5% B) 20%/41% C) 14%/34% D) 5%/10%

of

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 189 Section: Legal Update: Canadian Research on the Challenge for Cause Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.4

29. Which is NOT a true statement about challenges for cause today?

A) A 2011 study found that when a reflective challenge is used, blacks and whites were judged equally by jurors.

B) Banning other prospective jurors from being present during challenges is required in all Canadian courts.

C) Potential jurors are less likely to admit potential bias if others from the panel are present.

D) Currently, Canadian courts use a single, closed-ended question for the cause challenge.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 189 Section: Legal Update: Canadian Research on the Challenge for Cause Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.4

30. The order followed in the trial once witnesses take the stand is: A) cross-examination, recross examination, direct examination, redirect examination.

B) direct examination, redirect examination, cross-examination, recross examination.

C) direct examination, cross-examination, redirect examination, recross examination.

D) cross-examination, direct examination, recross examination, redirect examination.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 189 Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Section: An Overview of Trial Procedure Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

31. Bias that occurs when there is such strong community concern about a trial outcome that a juror feels pressure to reflect area sentiments in the verdict is called bias.

A) generic B) normative C) specific D) interest Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 182-183 Section: Remedies Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.1

32. Which is NOT discussed in the textbook as a remedy for prejudicial pretrial publicity?

A) adjournment B) change of venue C) directed verdict D) challenge for cause Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 186-187 Section: Remedies Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

33. Which is NOT one of the results of research on pretrial publicity mentioned in the text?

A) In Ogloff & Vidmar’s study printed news material had the greatest impact on participants’ perceptions in the Christian Brothers case.

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

B) In Wilson & Bornstein’s study those who received pretrial information were more likely to render a verdict of guilty.

C) Freedman found that pretrial information only negatively affected those asked to rate the accused’s guilt just after reading related material.

D) Liberman et al. have argued that judge’s orders to disregard pretrial publicity had no remedial effect.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 185-186 Section: Pretrial Publicity Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.4

34. General beliefs about a certain group of people or a certain type of crime that may interfere with a juror’s ability to decide a case fairly is referred to as prejudice.

A) specific B) normative C) schematic D generic Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 182 Section: Partiality Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.1

35. In R. v. Lifchus the Supreme Court clarified that beyond a reasonable doubt, based on reason and common sense must be logically connected to .

A) evidence B) motive C) impartiality D) probability Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 190-191 Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Section: An Overview of Trial Procedure Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Import Settings: Base Settings: Brownstone Default Information Field: Page Information Field: Section Highest Answer Letter: D Multiple Keywords in Same Paragraph: No

Chapter: Chapter 8: Essay

Essay

1. How do the rulings of the various courts on inadmissible evidence protect the rights of individuals in the justice system?

Ans: Answers will vary but may refer to the following from the text: Rulings are meant to keep potentially damaging statements or materials that are not directly related to the issue of guilt or innocence from entering trial and possibly prejudicing jurors. Either side may object to something; judge rules on whether to admit evidence or whether to sustain or overrule objections. One problem is that it is hard to ―unhear‖ something or disregard a powerful statement after it has been made (theory of ironic processes); another problem is reactance—jurors do not like to be told what to disregard if they believe it has value. While some research seems to indicate that jurors are more likely to consider inadmissibility in instances of hearsay, it is unclear if it is more effective to explain admissibility under other circumstances. Overall, research seems indicate that jury outcomes tend to slant in the direction of an inadmissible element that is supposed to be set aside. More research is needed as these issues still raise concerns that defendants’ cases will be damaged by it.

Difficulty: C Page: 200-202 Section: Inadmissible Evidence Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 1.3

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

2. Describe the various in-court aids to comprehension and how they have been studied and ruled on by the courts.

Ans: Answers will vary but should include some of the following from the text: One category of aid to the jurors has been the use of pre-instructions; judge reads instructions to jurors before trial starts to help them organize as they work and to have a schema for processing evidence and testimony that will follow; research suggests these are effective, particularly in interrupting tendencies to treat the suspect as guilty; in experiments conviction rates were lower, and defendant was attributed with a stronger presumption of innocence. Note-taking is another possible aid: could enhance jury’s comprehension and memory of the evidence; Canadian courts may be in favor of allowing it although some have expressed several disadvantages: note-takers may have undue leverage in deliberation process, note-takers may appear more authoritative; note-taking might be distracting during trial. Law Reform Commission of Canada also seems somewhat in favor; deemed that judge should decide whether to allow. The third approach is the most controversial: to allow jurors to question witnesses. Many fear it would shift roles inappropriately and that lawyers might be reluctant to offend jurors by objecting to inappropriate questions. While no Canadian law prohibits it, the Commission suggests jurors send notes to the judge with questions for consideration after lawyers have concluded questions. Research using simulations or mock jurors indicates that jurors felt more satisfied and competent with being able to take notes and ask questions, also saying that it did not interfere. Other research, doing follow-up on actual cases, did not find much impact from note-taking on either interference, perceptions of the case or satisfaction. While no research seems to substantiate the negative claims about note taking, there are mixed results on the benefits – some studies finding positive effects, others finding no effects.

Difficulty: M Page: 203-205 Section: In-Court Comprehension Aids Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.1

3. Explain the stages in the jury deliberation process and the various complications that can arise in each one.

Answers will vary but should include the three phases: the orientation phase, the open conflict stage and the reconciliation phase. 1) Orientation stage includes: electing a foreperson, discussing procedures and raising general issues; some juries take a preliminary vote. Style may emerge, either verdict-driven – evidence is sorted according to whether it supports a conviction or acquittal, or evidence-driven – voting is postponed until all evidence is reviewed carefully. The problem of confusion may be encountered here and if the vote is too soon, the focus may be sidetracked, cutting off discussion of evidence. 2) Open-conflict stage: jurors are more confrontational and argumentative, and try to persuade and move group to unanimous position.

An informational or a normative influence may be used. Complications include some jurors Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

dominating and focusing on

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

irrelevant information. 3) Reconciliation stage attempts to resolve hurt feelings and bring group together for cohesive finish.

Difficulty: M Page: 207-209 Section: Stages in the Deliberation Process Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.2

4. Discuss your views on whether the process of jury deliberation is coercive to the point that it negatively impacts justice? What measures could you use to reduce coerciveness and facilitate the process?

Ans: Answers will vary by student views and their interpretations of the negative aspects of pressure but should include some of the following from the text: Dynamics of juries vary depending on composition and number of ―strong‖ jurors (usually well educated, articulate with high status) who tend to dominate. A foreperson that pressures or members who bully could jeopardize fairness. Jury research has had mixed results on the effects of juror interactions and deliberation. Size of jury seems to exert some influence as does style (verdict- or evidencedriven). Informational influence could be good if someone who is biased is convinced to follow evidence, but this differs from normative pressures that could influence someone to just vote in order to have a unanimous outcome. Some of the aids suggested seem to positively impact the deliberation process and draw attention back to facts and evidence. Having the standard of unanimity for the outcome is thought to be part of influence. Hung juries are also a problem that impacts justice, particularly if judge tries to exhort or recharges in such a way that places undue pressure on jurors to conform or reach consensus.

Difficulty: C Page: 206-212 Section: Jury Deliberation Dynamics Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.3

5. Discuss what you think the optimal size of a jury might be and how the numbers might vary by type of crimes or uses in civil matters.

Ans: Answers may vary based on personal opinions about optimal size, and uses but should include some of the following from the text: English law traditions favor 12-person jury, which Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

may be Biblically influenced or just English preference for a dozen. United States allows smaller juries except in a capital case, but in Canada the 12-person jury is standard. Some research indicates no substantive difference between decisions of 6- and 12-person juries but most see differences in dynamics and focus and some say research has not been clearly understood. Some findings suggest larger juries deliberate longer, recall evidence more accurately, are more representative and agree more on ratings of their performance.

Difficulty: C Page: 209 Section: Size of the Jury Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.3

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Import Settings: Base Settings: Brownstone Default Information Field: Page Information Field: Section Highest Answer Letter: D Multiple Keywords in Same Paragraph: No

Chapter: Chapter 8: Multiple Choice

Multiple Choice

1. According to the text, jurors may make decisions using one of two models: the the model.

A) imagery; calculated B) statistical; substantive C) story; mathematical D) intuitive; restorative

model or

Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 196 Section: The Jury Decision-Making Process Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

2. The degree to which a variable measures what it is supposed to measure in isolating a cause and effect relationship is known as: A) outcome stability.

B) external validity.

C) context reliability.

D) internal validity.

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 195 Section: Studying Juries Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

3. Which is NOT one of the factors considered by presiding judges when determining the use of electronic devices in their courts?

A) Whether there will be infringement on someone’s privacy.

B) The degree to which it might interfere with court electronics.

C) If and how it might interfere with a witness’s testimony.

D) Whether the person has filed a valid media request.

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 199 Section: Hot Topic: Connectivity and the Courts Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

4. Which statement about the use of electronics in Canadian courts is FALSE? A) Guidelines for the use of electronics were prepared by the Canadian Centre for Court Technology.

B) Even if allowed in the courtroom, devices must be set to vibrate or pulse.

C) Personal computers are not covered in the Guidelines at this time.

D) Permission to use electronics will vary from trial to trial depending on the judge.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 199 Section: Hot Topic: Connectivity and the Courts Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

5. Mazella and Feingold conducted a meta-analysis on studies of defendant traits. Which statement about their findings on gender and attractiveness is FALSE? A) A more attractive defendant receives less punishment for rape.

B) More attractive defendants are treated more harshly for robbery.

C) Defendants are judged more harshly if the victim was a female.

D) Females are judged less harshly than men for the crime of theft.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 198 Section: Defendant Characteristics Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.4

6. Mazella and Feinberg conducted a meta-analysis on studies of defendant traits.

Which statement about their findings on the effect of race is FALSE? A) Race was consistently a factor influencing juror perceptions of guilt.

B) People tend to treat members of their own race more leniently.

C) Whites were judged less harshly than blacks in negligent homicide cases.

D) Blacks were judged less harshly than whites in embezzlement and fraud cases.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 198 Section: Defendant Characteristics Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.4

7. Which is NOT one of the findings included in the text’s discussion of other research on defendant traits?

A) Jurors seem to take into effect how much the defendant has already suffered for a crime.

B) In civil trials, corporations that appear remorseful are assessed less damages by jurors.

C) In civil trials, jurors tend to award more damages against a corporation than an individual.

D) Jurors seem to weigh the moral character of the defendant relative to that of the victim.

Ans: B Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Difficulty: M

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Page: 198-200 Section: Defendant Characteristics Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.4

8. Which phrase BEST describes the dynamite charge used to move deadlocked jurors toward a resolution?

A) The charge is unlikely to be deemed useful in Canada or adopted by the courts soon.

B) It is likely to be struck down and eliminated in the United States as unconstitutional.

C) It has not been effective in reducing deadlocks because votes seem to change on both sides.

D) Jurors react negatively to judge’s pressure and seem less likely to change their minds.

Ans: A Difficulty: C Page: 211-212 Section: Exhortations to the Jury Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.4

9. The dynamite charge that has been used to resolve deadlocks in jury deliberations has been controversial because it focuses on: A) pressuring the majority jurors to take more control of the deliberations.

B) extolling both sides of jurors to consider the importance of a unanimous verdict.

C) emphasizing that the dissenting minority has the responsibility to alter their views.

D) providing incentives for the jury foreperson to bring about a unanimous resolution.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 212 Section: Exhortations to the Jury Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 1.3

10. Which is most strongly correlated with jury verdicts?

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

A) the severity of the charges B) pretrial publicity C) evidence strength D) trial complexity Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 197 Section: The Impact of Evidence Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 2.4

11. When one side or another in a trial raises an objection the judge has the choice to either or the objection.

A) uphold; disregard B) impeach; admit C) curtail; support D) sustain; overrule Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 200 Section: Inadmissible Evidence Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

12. Which statement about jurors questioning witnesses is TRUE? A) If allowed, lawyers would be able to determine whether questions are acceptable.

B) The Law Reform Commission recommended jurors not be allowed to question witnesses.

C) No specific law in Canada prohibits jurors from questioning witnesses.

D) Canadian courts have studied this issue extensively but no formal model for use is available.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 205 Section: In-Court Comprehension Aids Question Type: Multiple Choices Bloom’s Level: Applying Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

APA Outcome: 1.3

13. According to the text, which statement about the role of strong jurors is FALSE? A) In a 12-person jury, a preliminary 8 or 9 votes for conviction is a toss-up as to the outcome.

B) In Kalven & Zeisel’s study 67 percent of the outcomes were those voted by the initial majority.

C) The foreperson’s vote is more strongly predictive of outcome than that of the other jurors.

D) Forepersons are selected within the first five minutes of deliberations in 80 percent of trials.

Ans: B Difficulty: C Page: 206-207 Section: Strong Jurors and the Power of the Majority Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.4

14. If a defendant is badly injured in the course of committing a crime, it is or she will receive a sentence that is more .

A) less; harsh B) more; lenient C) more; harsh D) less; lenient

_ likely that he

Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 199 Section: Defendant Characteristics Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

15. Which statement about jurors taking notes in trial is FALSE? A) The Canadian courts have long favored jurors taking notes if judges decide case by case.

B) It has been argued that jurors may be distracted by others taking notes during a trial.

C) Jurors taking notes may exert control over deliberations, making errors seem accurate.

D) The Law Reform Commission of Canada is in favor of jurors being allowed to take notes.

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 204 Section: In-Court Comprehension Aids Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

16. Which statement about one of the earliest studies of group dynamics in juries in the United States is FALSE? A) It was called the University of Chicago Jury Project.

B) Five civil jury deliberations were secretly recorded without anyone knowing.

C) The tape recordings were so controversial, they were never analyzed.

D) A law was passed banning the observation or recording of jury deliberations.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 205-206 Section: Jury Deliberation Dynamics Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

17. The fact that when a judge tells the jury to disregard something, it may cause them to dwell on it more than if it had not been noted is often referred to as a(n): A) judicial backlash.

B) boomerang effect.

C) ironic process.

D) consequential emphasis.

Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 200 Section: Inadmissible Evidence Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.1

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

18. Which statement about research evidence on complex testimony is FALSE? A) To be persuasive, expert testimony cannot be repetitive.

B) The more complex the testimony, the more important are the expert’s credentials.

C) In low-complexity testimony, female experts were more persuasive than males.

D) Male experts receive more credibility than females in complex testimony.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 203 Section: Complex Evidence Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.4

19. The author notes that approximately percent of deliberation is devoted to evidence, whereas about percent is dedicated to the law and judges’ instructions.

A) 80-85; 10 B) 70-75; 20 C) 60-65; 30 D) 40-50; 40 Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 208 Section: Stages in the Deliberation Process Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

20. In some cases jurors may resent a judge telling them not to consider something and they may feel that they should be able to decide for themselves what to consider. The explanation for those feelings is referred to as theory.

A) rebellion B) reactance C) reprisal D) rejection Ans: B Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Difficulty: M Page: 200 Section: Inadmissible Evidence Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.2

21. Information that is specifically introduced at trial to damage the credibility of a witness is called evidence.

A) exculpatory B) complex C) impeachment D) reoriented Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 202 Section: Inadmissible Evidence Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

22. Which statement about research on jury deliberations is TRUE? A) Group deliberations seem to improve jurors’ understanding of the law.

B) One Arizona study found socioeconomic bias upset the equality balance of the jury.

C) The three most vocal jury members consume 50 percent of the deliberation time.

D) Juries seem to focus on time-consuming trivial details.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 208-209 Section: Stages in the Deliberation Process Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.2

23. The three stages of a typical jury deliberation are referred to by the authors as: Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

A) preliminary vote, contentious debate, decisive stand.

B) definition, power positioning, resolution.

C) instruction, argumentative, decision making.

D) orientation, open conflict, and reconciliation.

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 207-208 Section: Stages in the Deliberation Process Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

24. Which statement about the instructions juries receive from judges is FALSE? A) Instructions cover possible verdicts and the level of proof the jury should apply.

B) Judges most often clarify instructions to avoid confusion that may lead to appeals.

C) Research has consistently found that jurors do not understand their instructions.

D) Jurors are not provided with instructions until the trial is over.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 203 Section: In-Court Comprehension Aids Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.4

25. In the case of a split jury where half favor ―guilty‖ and the other half favor ―not guilty‖ on the initial vote, it is more likely that the final verdict will be . This tendency is referred to as bias.

A) guilty; compromise B) not guilty; leniency C) guilty; leniency D) not guilty; compromise Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 207 Section: Strong Jurors and the Power of the Majority Question Type: Multiple Choice Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 1.3

26. Which statement about the research on juror and judge agreement is FALSE? A) When there was disagreement between judges and juries, judges were more likely to convict.

B) Rates of disagreement were higher in cases rated as close, rather than complex or difficult.

C) While judges understand law better, there is no indication that they comprehend expert or technical testimony better.

D) Jurors who had previous jury experience were no more likely to convict than first-time jurors.

Ans: D Difficulty: C Page: 216-217 Section: Agreement Between Judges and Juries Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.4

27. Kalven & Zeisels classic study suggests that judges and juries agree on verdicts in about percent of civil and criminal cases.

A) 84 B) 75 C) 68 D) 55 Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 215 Section: Agreement Between Juries and Judges Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 2.2

28. The authors note that a deliberation style that postpones the vote until all the evidence is gone over in detail seems to produce richer, more probing discussions. This style is often called: A) a mathematical model.

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

B) debate-oriented.

C) evidence-driven.

D) science-based.

Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 207 Section: Stages in the Deliberation Process Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

29. The outcome of an experiment in the United States allowing juries to discuss issues in the case while the trial was ongoing can BEST be expressed as: A) Better recall was achieved by the group that did not discuss issues during the trial.

B) Jurors violated the rules but the effects did not appear to impact the verdicts.

C) Recess discussions seemed to impact the outcome but not the process of later deliberations.

D) The control group who did not discuss during the trial rated their process as more thorough.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 210 Section: Hot Topic: Allowing Jury Discussion during Trial Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.2

30. The research evidence used by the U. S. Supreme Court in to support the departure from 12-person juries appears to be weak as well as misconstrued.

A) Sechrest v. Williams B) U.S. v. Sechrest C) Williams v. Florida D) Sechrest v. Florida Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 209 Section: Size of the Jury Question Type: Multiple Choice Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

31. Which factor is NOT one of the findings of Saks’s research on smaller versus larger juries?

A) Larger juries take less time to deliberate.

B) Larger juries recall evidence more accurately.

C) Smaller juries disagree more on their ratings of jury performance.

D) Smaller juries generate fewer arguments.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 209 Section: Size of the Jury Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.4

32. According to the text, researchers found that judges accepted the recommendation of a parole officer percent of the time.

A) 84 B) 76 C) 67 D) 58 Ans: A Difficulty: E Page: 213 Section: Judges Compared to Juries Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

33. The legal background of most judicial appointments to the Ontario Court of Justice is: A) Federal Prosecutor.

B) Government.

C) Provincial Crown.

D) Private Practice.

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 215 Section: Judges Compared to Juries Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

34. Today, women represent about Canada and minorities represent about A) 50; 21 B) 41; 16 C) 28; 12 D) 33; 2

percent of all federally appointed judges in percent.

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 214 Section: Judges Compared to Juries Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

35. Which is NOT a stage in the traditional deliberation process?

A) open conflict B) remediation C) reconciliation D) orientation Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 207-208 Section: Stages in the Deliberation Process Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Import Settings: Base Settings: Brownstone Default Information Field: Page Information Field: Section Highest Answer Letter: D Multiple Keywords in Same Paragraph: No

Chapter: Chapter 9: Essay

Essay

1. Explain the evolution of insanity laws in Canada.

Ans: Answers will vary but should refer to some of the following information from the text: Canada first used M’Naghten Rule from British law (1892). The law was also called cognitive test of insanity because it involved not knowing right from wrong. Canada’s criminal code said not to convict if someone was an ―imbecile‖ or ―diseased in the mind‖ so that they didn’t know what they were doing or that what they were doing was wrong. The person could still be held in provincial custody even if acquitted by insanity, which could be a very long time. The law not reformed or updated until 1992 to specifically designate NCRMD – which identifies a mental disorder. Many prefer for a judge to hear the case rather than jury. Further legal refinements refer to how long a person can be held if found NCRMD, how the Review Board that controls these cases functions and terms by which they can discharge someone or allow them temporary releases. These are mostly governed by case law.

Difficulty: M Page: 233-236 Section: The Evolution of Insanity Law Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 1.3

2. Discuss some of the myths associated with the use of the NCRMD.

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Ans: Answers will vary but should refer to the following from the text: People think the insanity defence is used far more than it is. It is used in less than 1 percent of felony cases; when used, it is only successful in about 25 percent of those few cases. And, in cases where it is successful, it is most often (70 percent of the time) a result of an agreement between the prosecution and the defence. Some think it lets the person off easy for the crime when in fact, they may spend more time locked up and under worse conditions than if they were in prison. Also, most think NCRMDs are all very violent, when they are not. In Canada, it is usually less than 10 percent who have serious, violent charges and most of these do not get absolute discharges. They spend significant amounts of time under supervision when released. Finally, recidivism with this group is very low (only 10 percent, according to one study).

Difficulty: M Page: 241-243 Section: Public Perceptions of FST and NCRMD Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.1

3. Describe how malingering has been documented in mental health disorders and some of the methods for detecting and evaluating it.

Ans: Answers will vary but should include some of the following from the text: Some psychiatric tests attempt to detect faking of physical or psychiatric symptoms, even though that is very difficult. The R-CRAS and the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS) are two examples. The person is asked about symptoms that are likely with their complaint and also those which are very improbable to see if the patient is distinguishing. The SIRS looks for feigning style by comparing the responses to base responses of actual diagnosed sufferers. The Test of Malingered Incompetence (TOMI), the newest assessment mentioned in the text, looks for cognitive impairments related to malingering in those specifically trying to be found incompetent to stand trial.

Difficulty: M Page: 240-241 Section: Malingering Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

4. Discuss the different instruments used to evaluate fitness to stand trial and their advantages and disadvantages.

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Ans: Answers will vary but should include some of the following from the text: Forensic assessment instruments (FAIs) are the broad category of tools used and are different from traditional psychological tests. Forensic psychologists prefer a tool that provides guidance in its application, a contextual or functional approach. The Competency Screening Test and Competency Assessment Instrument were the early FAIs developed by Harvard University. The Fitness Interview Test-Revised (FIT-R) is only Canadian-developed test and uses structured clinical judgments, which include knowledge of criminal procedure, appreciation of the nature of proceedings and the ability to participate in one’s defence and communicate with counsel.

MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool-Criminal Adjudication (MacCAT-CA) also tests understanding, reasoning and appreciation but uses vignette approach. MacCAT-CA is criticized for not really facilitating the individual defendant’s assessment. It is more valued for its teaching component, which instructs defendant on legal issues to make sure that they understand the legal concepts, using the stories of others to convey ideas and get feedback as to comprehension.

Difficulty: C Page: 227-229 Section: Techniques for Evaluating Fitness to Stand Trial Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.3

5. Explain the different ways the courts resolved the issues of insanity in the trials of Vincent Li and Allen Schoenborn.

Ans: Answers will vary but should explain some of the following: Li, who attacked a stranger on a bus, had a long history of mental problems, including schizophrenia. Voices and fears compelled him to commit the attack. He was ruled fit to stand trial. The defence used NCRMD, saying he did not have the capacity to form the intent of first-degree murder, and the judge agreed. Li went to a mental health centre for assessment; the Manitoba Review Board recommended appropriate sentence. He did well in treatment and gradually received privileges. Schoenborn, on the other hand, brutally murdered his own children and was alleged to have attempted suicide. He also had a mental health history of being treated with antipsychotics. The defence used NCRMD, saying Schoenburn was paranoid about his children being sexually abused. There was disagreement by experts in this case and uncertainty about his state of mind at the time of the crimes. Still, he was found NCRMD and put in a forensic psychiatric hospital. In just 3 years the Review Board was giving him supervised leave but family of victims and public were opposed. It was controversial and he ended up transferred to a facility much farther away, nearer his own family.

Difficulty: C Page: 219-220; 231-232 Section: The Case of Vincent Li & The Case of Allen Schoenborn Question Type: Essay Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.3

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Import Settings: Base Settings: Brownstone Default Information Field: Page Information Field: Section Highest Answer Letter: D Multiple Keywords in Same Paragraph: No

Chapter: Chapter 9: Multiple Choice

Multiple Choice

1. Which statement about provincial Review Boards is FALSE? A) They are quasi-judicial and make recommendations about treatment admission or release.

B) The case of Vincent Li was eventually left to the supervision of the Manitoba Review Board.

C) They are made up of a judge, a physician and a police officer with training in mental health.

D) They make decisions about the rights and care of those unfit to stand trial or NCRMD. Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 220 Section: The Case of Vincent Li Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

2. Which is NOT one of the criminal legal competencies outlined in the text?

A) competency to waive a jury trial B) competency to proceed pro se C) competency to be sentenced D) competency to plead guilty Ans: A Difficulty: E Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Page: 221 Section: The Case of Vincent Li Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.2

3. Which explanation of fitness and competency is FALSE? A) A person found fit to stand trial may later be found NCRMD if competency is restored.

B) Not every person found NCRMD has earlier been found unfit to stand trial.

C) Fitness to stand trial in the United States is called ―sanity qualified.‖ D) Both fitness to stand trial and NCRMD require that a person suffer from serious mental illness.

Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 220-221 Section: The Case of Vincent Li Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.2

4. According to the text, of the offenders diagnosed in Canada between 1992 and 2004, percent had dual diagnoses.

A) 9 B) 17 C) 24 D) 29 Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 225 Section: Hot Topic: Diagnosing Mental Disorders Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.2

5. According to the authors, the most common diagnosis for suspects NCRMD or unfit to stand Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

trial is: A) affective disorder.

B) delusional disorder.

C) personality disorder.

D) schizophrenia.

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 225 Section: Hot Topic: Diagnosing Mental Disorders Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.1

6. Mental health clinicians, the text explains, use the most recent version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders to work from, which is the edition.

A) 5th B) 6th C) 7th D) 8th Ans: A Difficulty: E Page: 225 Section: Hot Topic: Diagnosing Mental Disorders Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 2.2

7. Which statement is FALSE concerning suspects referred for competency evaluation in Canada?

A) From 3 percent to 33 percent are found to be incompetent.

B) Women are twice as likely as men to be found unfit to stand trial.

C) The vast majority of those found unfit to stand trial are eventually cleared to be tried.

D) Researchers project a slight decrease in the annual admissions to Review Boards.

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 226 Section: Who Is Declared Incompetent?

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

8. Which is NOT one of the characteristics of those unfit to stand trial?

A) middle-aged male B) above-average intelligence C) never married D) a criminal history Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 226-227 Section: Who Is Declared Incompetent?

Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.2

9. It is estimated that A) 0.2 B) 2 C) 10 D) 15

percent of women experience postpartum depression.

Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 234 Section: Hot Topic: Postpartum Mental Illness Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.2

10. Which statement about adolescent competency to stand trial is FALSE? A) Beginning in 2002, young offenders can be tried in adult court.

B) Juveniles tried in youth court may receive adult sentences for serious crimes.

C) To date, adult legislation has been used to determine youth fitness to stand trial.

D) A fitness requirement for those 12 to17 years old is addressed in the Youth Criminal Justice Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Act. Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 227 Section: Legal Update: Adolescent Competency to Stand Trial Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.2

11. Rex v. Arnold was famous in insanity law as it provided courts the use of: A) the not guilty by reason of insanity rule.

B) the wild beast test.

C) the diseased mind standard.

D) the cognitive test of insanity.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 234 Section: The Evolution of the Insanity Law Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.2

12. The BEST description of the standard of a ―diseased mind‖ is that the defendant: A) is totally deprived of his understanding & memory and is taken to fits and fugues.

B) is quite unaware of the nature, character and consequence of an act committed.

C) suffers a mental disorder recognized by the DSM that reduces his or her culpability.

D) didn’t know what they were doing or that what they were doing was wrong.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 234235 Section: The Evolution of the Insanity Law Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.2

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

13. In the Supreme Court established law governing the defence of automatism.

A) R. v. Stone B) Winko v. British Columbia C) Regina v. Oxford D) R. v. D. B. Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 237 Section: Automatism Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

14. Which was NOT one of the outcomes of Winko v. British Columbia (Forensic Psychiatric Institute)?

A) The court officially acknowledged a different level of criminal responsibility for NCRMD. B) The case provided an interpretation for ―significant threat to the community.‖ C) The justices changed policy so that NCRMD is a type of conviction entered into record.

D) Findings were that if the review board can’t agree on crime risk, discharge must be ordered.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 235-236 Section: The Evolution of the Insanity Law Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 1.3

15. A study of maternal filicide cases in Quebec found that percent of the women had a psychiatric motive and _ had had previous psychiatric treatment for depression or psychosis.

A) 42; few B) 55; few C) 65; most D) 85; most Ans: D Difficulty: M Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Page: 234 Section: Hot Topic: Postpartum Mental Illness Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

16. A drug that can interfere with the development of a fetus is called a(n): A) inotropic.

B) hydrazide.

C) teratogen.

D) progestin.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 238 Section: Hot Topic: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.2

17. Which statement about Canada’s insanity law is FALSE? A) Canada basically followed the M’Naghten rule for 100 years.

B) Prior to 1992, those using the insanity defence were automatically released after 10 years.

C) The M’Naghten rule is also referred to as a cognitive test of insanity.

D) Bill C-30 revised Section 16 of the Criminal Code and reformed insanity law in 1992.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 235 Section: The Evolution of the Insanity Law Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.2

18. Deficits related to fetal alcohol spectrum disorder such as problems of planning, problem solving and inhibition are referred to as impairments in functioning.

A) cognitive Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

B) adaptive C) executive D) structured Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 238 Section: Hot Topic: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.2

19. Which statement regarding automatism is FALSE? A) In R. v. Stone, the insane automatism defense was successful and the defendant was acquitted in the manslaughter of his wife.

B) A successful defense requires psychiatric evidence that the accused acted involuntarily, on a balance of probabilities.

C) Non-insane automatism usually results from a blow to the head, poisoning, stroke or hypoglycemia.

D) Automatism defences require unconscious, involuntary behavior lacking the capacity for mens rea.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 237 Section: Automatism Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.2

20. Which is NOT one of the characteristics of individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder as explained in the text?

A) They are eager to please and likely to give in to social pressure.

B) They equal non-FASD but high-risk youth in terms of fitness to stand trial impairments.

C) They tend to make up information when unsure of a question or an answer.

D) The are substantially overrepresented in the criminal justice system.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 238 Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Section: Hot Topic: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.2

21. According to the authors, testimony on whether a defendant is unfit to stand trial or NCRMD is often called testimony.

A) expert diagnosis B) ultimate issue C) key proceeding D) sanity gauge Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 243 Section: Ultimate Issue Testimony Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

22. Which statement concerning characteristics shared by defendants judged to be NCRMD is FALSE? A) They are usually men facing drug charges and intoxicated at the time of the offence.

B) They are usually men who have not previously committed a violent crime.

C) They are usually men with a history of hospitalization for severe mental illness.

D) They are usually men with no prior history of criminal offences.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 238 Section: Who is Declared NCRMD? Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.2

23. Which scale is NOT one of those used within the Rogers Criminal Responsibility Assessment Scales (R-CRAS) when determining NCRMD? Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

A) loss of cognitive control B) psycholegal abilities C) loss of behavioral control D) malingering Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 240 Section: Assessing Mental Disorder and NCRMD Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

24. Traditionally, an expert would not testify directly on whether a defendant was unfit to stand trial or NCRMD; instead they were only to address three questions. Which is NOT one of those questions?

A) How did the defendant’s symptoms of mental disorder influence the offence behaviour?

B) Does the accused have a specific mental disorder?

C) What is the likelihood that the person will be effectively treated and no longer pose a threat to society?

D) How do the symptoms of mental disorder impair the ability of the accused to understand the proceedings?

Ans: C Difficulty: C Page: 243 Section: Ultimate Issue Testimony Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.1

25. It is estimated that the insanity defense is used in about A) 1 B) 3 C) 5 D) 7 Ans: A Difficulty: E Page: 242 Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

_ percent of all felony cases.

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Section: Public Perceptions of FST and NCRMD Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

26. According to the text, which is NOT a finding of the 2009 Department of Justice poll on the treatment of defendants found unfit to stand trial and NCRMD? A) Ninety percent felt those found UST or NCRMD should stay under supervision of justice or mental health systems indefinitely.

B) Two-thirds felt non-violent offenders could be reintegrated into society when no longer a threat.

C) Forty percent thought those with violent crime history could eventually be reintegrated into society.

D) More than half felt that NCRMD was a more serious mental health problem with less hope for release than UST. Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 242 Section: Public Perceptions of FST and NCRMD Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 1.3

27. Of all cases where the insanity defence is used, it is successful in about A) 5 B) 12 C) 18 D) 25 Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 242 Section: Public Perceptions of FST and NCRMD Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

percent.

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

28. Which is NOT a myth related to NCRMD cases?

A) Defendants found NCRMD have committed a serious violent crime.

B) Sentences under NCRMD are shorter and lighter.

C) Most psychological experts agree on diagnoses of schizophrenia in defendants.

D) Once released, most NCRMD defendants reoffend in a short period of time.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 242-243 Section: Public Perceptions of FST and NCRMD Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.2

29. According to the authors, in cases where the insanity defense has been used successfully, it is most often because: A) the treatment options seemed necessary for the safety of all.

B) the defence and the prosecution agreed beforehand that it was appropriate.

C) the experts for the defence were more convincing than those for the government.

D) the offence was one that involved irrational violent criminal behavior.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 242 Section: Public Perceptions of FST and NCRMD Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2 30. Which was NOT a finding from follow-up studies of NCRMD outcomes in Canada?

A) During a three-year follow-up only 10 percent of NCRMD defendants committed a new offence for which they were convicted or found NCRMD. B) The average period that an NCRMD defendant stayed under the supervision of the Review Board was six years.

C) About half of all NCRMD defendants studied finally achieved an absolute discharge from the Review Board’s jurisdiction.

D) It is very rare for an NCRMD defendant to obtain an absolute discharge just after their initial disposition.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Page: 242 Section: Public Perceptions of FST and NCRMD Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 1.3

31. Fitness to stand trial tests have specific legal goals different from standard psychological instruments and for that reason they belong to a group called instruments.

A) courtroom diagnostic B) psycholegal evidence C) forensic assessment D) clinical defence Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 227-228 Section: Techniques for Evaluating Fitness to Stand Trial Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 2.2

32. The only fitness to stand trial test that was developed and published in Canada was the: A) Competency Screening Test.

B) MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool-Criminal Adjudication.

C) Fitness Interview Test-Revised.

D) Competency Assessment Instrument.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 228 Section: Techniques for Evaluating Fitness to Stand Trial Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 2.2

33. In the process of ordering treatment for a UST defendant, evaluators must believe that the patient can be made fit within a period of time that is usually days.

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

A) 60 B) 90 C) 120 D) 150 Ans: A Difficulty: E Page: 229 Section: Competency Restoration and Treatment Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 2.1

34. Competency remediation usually takes two forms: medication and: A) group therapy.

B) education.

C) relaxation.

D) exercise.

Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 230 Section: Competency Remediation Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

35. According to the text, which element is NOT included in the Not Criminally Responsible Reform Act? A) Courts could apply a high-risk designation to offenders deemed to be a risk to the public.

B) Release and opportunities to leave custody on temporary passes would be more limited.

C) Status reviews would be postponed from once per year to every three years.

D) Victims would automatically receive status updates on classification changes of offenders.

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 232 Section: The Case of Allen Schoenborn Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

APA Outcome:

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Import Settings: Base Settings: Brownstone Default Information Field: Page Information Field: Section Highest Answer Letter: D Multiple Keywords in Same Paragraph: No

Chapter: Chapter 10: Essay

Essay

1. Should psychopathy be assessed or diagnosed in children? Why and why not?

Ans: Answers will vary depending on views but should mention some of the following from the text: On the pro side: some experts feel psychopathy is no harder to diagnose than anything else; it is important to diagnose early as some early interventions have proven effective; chances for significant improvements seem to diminish over time as one ages. On the con side: those opposed to diagnosing children refer to the serious stigma of being labeled a ―psychopath‖ early—label can make treatment providers more pessimistic about possibility of improvement; there are indications that diagnoses may be inappropriate with a young brain that is still developing; some behaviours associated with psychopathy may be normal developmental problems that peak in adolescence.

Difficulty: C Page: 261 Section: Hot Topic: Psychopathy and Violence Risk Assessment Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 3.1

2. Discuss changes in laws in Canada that have occurred over time pertaining to the National Sex Offender Registry and how it currently operates.

Ans: Answers will vary but should include some of the following from the text: National Sex Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Offender Registry was established in 2004 following the Sex Offender Information Registration Act and is maintained by the RCMP; designed to give police rapid access to information and not to be used by the public as in the United States. Law was revised in 2010 in accordance with the Protecting Victims from Sex Offenders Act, which broadened the terms under which offenders are placed in the registry. Previously, a judge had to grant a request from the Crown prosecutor, which led to variation between jurisdictions; now, every sex offender is entered into the registry.

Sex offenders also now included in the National DNA Data Bank. Legal changes now allow police to use registry information proactively to identify potential offenders and to prevent crime.

Changes were also made to the procedures and restrictions on sex offender travel and leaving the jurisdiction of supervision. The Corrections and Conditional Release Act requires Correctional Services of Canada to notify law enforcement if they are releasing a federal inmate on a temporary absence, parole, or statutory release, if they believe the person might pose a risk.

Difficulty: M Page: 267 Section: Legal Update: Canada’s National Sex Offender Registry Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

3. Describe the process of categorizing offenders as dangerous (DO) and Long Term (LTO), and the criteria for each.

Ans: Answers will vary but should include the following from the text: Dangerous offender designation comes from 1997 legislation for those courts feel are dangerous. The following applies to DOs: they face indeterminate detention; must wait seven years for parole eligibility (not three as regular offenders); requires only one psychiatrist to testify at hearing (down from two). Those facing DO label include those convicted of a serious personal injury/violent offence with at least a 10-year sentence and sex offenders. Tackling Violent Crime Act (2008) streamlined process for determining DO for serial offenders, placing burden on defendant to show he or she was not DO. However, court struck down this reverse onus in Hill v. R. as violating Charter rights. Process for LTO is similar to that for DO but applies to sex offenders and other violent offenders who may not meet DO criteria levels. It targets serious personal injury offender with prison sentence of two years or more who has a substantial risk of reoffending but for whom there is a reasonable possibility that the person can be controlled in the community. If prosecutor applies for this designation, psychological experts called on to assess and make recommendations. Hearing is held and judge decides. Violations of release can trigger rearrest and findings that conditions are violated can lead to long-term incarceration.

Difficulty: M Page: 263-266 Section: High Risk Offenders and Canadian Law Question Type: Essay Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

4. Compare and contrast static and dynamic factors for their contributions to risk prediction.

Ans: Answers will vary based on how students feel factors contribute to prediction but should mention some of the following from the text: Static factors: are also called historical factors; do not change, they are part of offender’s history; are used because past behaviour is one of strongest predictors of future behaviours; include past violent behaviour, age at first arrest, abuse of alcohol and drugs, escapes, mental health diagnoses including psychopathy or antisocial traits—factors that are objective and relatively easy to measure. Dynamic factors: change over time; often reflect current moods, attitudes, or life situations such as suicidal thoughts, impulsivity, anger, and being unresponsive to treatment; allow clinicians to revise risk predictions based on new information about potential triggers to dangerous behaviour.

Difficulty: C Page: 253-255 Section: Types of Risk Factors Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.3

5. Explain the differences between unstructured clinical judgments, actuarial techniques and structured professional judgments for conducting risk assessments, and the strengths and weaknesses of each.

Ans: Answers will vary but should include some of the following from the text: Unstructured clinical judgments are relatively weak predictors of future violence; one reason for this is that they are based on clinical prediction for which feedback is not always available; it is hard to gauge the longer term outcomes with this approach. Traditional assessment tools and techniques are used in sessions to render a decision. The more distinctions in behaviours, rather than just generic categories of violence, the better prediction might become. Actuarial techniques outperform unstructured clinical judgments; they calculate estimates of risk factors based on large samples of data on individuals whose background and behaviour can be statistically compared. This method is nomothetic in that it is based on groups and quantitative.

For this reason, it may not do well with less common cases for which there is less archived data.

The Violence Risk Appraisal Guide is an example of an actuarial instrument. Both structured and unstructured clinical judgments, on the other hand, are more qualitative and idiographic— that is, they are based on individual’s behaviour and subjective judgments of inherent risks.

Structured professional judgments (SPJ) were developed to address the limitations of both the earlier Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

approaches; they are designed to combine the accuracy of actuarial methods with the flexibility of a clinical approach; SPJ use instruments like the Historical Clinical Risk Management Scheme and the Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability. Research comparing actuarial and structured professional methods have had mixed results, both have methodological strengths and weaknesses.

Difficulty: C Page: 256-263 Section: Types of Risk Assessment Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.4

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Import Settings: Base Settings: Brownstone Default Information Field: Page Information Field: Section Highest Answer Letter: D Multiple Keywords in Same Paragraph: No

Chapter: Chapter10: Multiple Choice

Multiple Choice

1. The type of risk assessment noted for being most focused on the specific individual being evaluated is: A) unstructured clinical judgment.

B) actuarial prediction.

C) quasi-structured linkage assessment.

D) structured professional judgment.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 264 Section: High Risk Offenders and Canadian LawTable 10.5 Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 2.2

2. The weaknesses noted in which type of risk assessment are that it may over-predict violence and does not consider base-rates of reoffending?

A) unstructured clinical judgment B) actuarial prediction C) structured professional judgement D) quasi-structured linkage assessment

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Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 264 Section: High Risk Offenders and Canadian Law -Table 10.5 Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 2.2

3. Which is NOT a characteristic of the Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START)?

A) It focuses on client strengths and weaknesses in the risk assessment process.

B) It is a Structured Professional Judgment Instrument developed by Canadian researchers.

C) It uses seventeen short-term risk or strength factors called preventive factors.

D) It relies on clinical interviews, records reviews and input from collateral contacts.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 262 Section: Structured Professional Judgment (SPJ) Instruments Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

4. Which is NOT one of the instruments for assessing risk discussed in this section?

A) Historical Clinical Risk Management Scheme B) Structured Interview of Habitual Symptoms of Risk C) Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability D) Spousal Assault Risk Assessment Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 260-262 Section: Structured Professional Judgment (SPJ) Instruments Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.1

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

5. Which statement involving the characteristics of psychopathy is TRUE? A) It is not difficult to recognize a psychopath because they rarely fit in.

B) The most common clinical test to identify psychopathy is Hare’s Psychopathy Checklist Revised.

C) Recent research seems to support earlier ideas about the untreatability of psychopathy in youth.

D) Unlike sociopaths, criminal psychopaths are most commonly involved in extreme violence or serial killings.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 261 Section: Hot Topic: Psychopathy and Violence Risk Assessment Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.1

6. Which statement is NOT one of the reasons actuarial assessments do not use dynamic and risk management markers?

A) They are less well-studied than historical risk factors.

B) They require repeated measures to be useful.

C) They are more difficult to measure than historical risk factors.

D) They do not remain stable over the period of the prediction.

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 259 Section: Actuarial Techniques Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.2

7. The concept of psychopathy was first introduced by A) the Canadian Psychological Association; 1964 B) the American Psychiatric Association; 1956 C) Cleckley; 1941 D) Gendreau; 1929 Ans: C Difficulty: E Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

in

.

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Page: 261 Section: Hot Topic: Psychopathy and Violence Risk Assessment Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.1

8. The duty of care that applies to mental health professionals in Canada came from: A) Barefoot v. Estelle.

B) Smith v. Jones.

C) R. v. Whitmore.

D) R. v. Bernardo.

Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 251 Section: Legal Update: Confidentiality and Obligations of Mental Health Professionals Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

9. Which is NOT one of three factors that govern the determination of whether public safety outweighs solicitor-client privilege?

A) The risk is to a specific individual or clearly identified group.

B) The risk is imminent.

C) The risk has been confided to the solicitor of court record.

D) The risk is severe.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 251 Section: Legal Update: Confidentiality and Obligations of Mental Health Professionals Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

10. Ontario was the first province in Canada to have a sex offender registry. It was created through Law. Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

A) Christopher’s B) Ashley’s C) Megan’s D) Matthew’s Ans: A Difficulty: E Page: 267 Section: Legal Update: Canada’s National Sex Offender Registry Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

11. Which factor is NOT considered a major risk indicator in the Risk-Need-Responsivity model?

A) relationships B) self-esteem C) school/vocation performance D) positive social recreation Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 268 Section: Management Approaches to Reduce the Risk of Violence – Table 10.6 Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

12. Which statement about Canada’s National Sex Offender Registry is FALSE? A) The Registry is maintained by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.

B) The laws apply to those convicted in Canada but not to Canadians convicted abroad.

C) A DNA sample of all convicted sex offenders is included in the National DNA Data Bank.

D) Unlike U.S. community notification laws, Canadian notifications are more restrictive and vary across provinces.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 267 Section: Legal Update: Canada’s National Sex Offender Registry Question Type: Multiple Choice Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.2

13. Under one of the oldest models for conceptualizing forensic treatment, the responsivity principle explains that: A) treatment programs should be tailored to fit individual traits and needs of each offender.

B) interventions should address dynamic risks or criminogenic traits directly linked to behavior.

C) highest level of treatment resources should be used to target the highest risk offenders.

D) treatments should target offender’s preferences and goals thus motivating improvements.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 267 Section: Management Approaches to Reduce the Risk of Violence Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

14. According to the text, meaningful risk assessment must provide more information than just whether the subject will reoffend. Which is NOT one of the additional factors decision makers must know?

A) What is the specific nature of the violence that might occur?

B) What is the likely severity of the violence that might occur?

C) What are the most likely triggers or catalysts for potential violence?

D) Is it likely to be ongoing or a one-time act?

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 249 Section: Violence Risk Assessment Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

15. Research summarized in the American court decision Barefoot v. Estelle reported a false positive rate in predicting future dangerousness of former inmates at: A) 93%.

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

B) 76%.

C) 54%.

D) 41%.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 250 Section: Methods and Outcomes of Risk Assessment Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

16. Regarding risk assessment, which of the following is an example of a false negative?

A) a person who was predicted not to become violent who turns out not to be violent B) a person who was predicted to become violent who turns out not to be violent C) a person who was predicted not to become violent who turns out to be violent D) a person who was predicted to become violent who turns out to be violent Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 250 Section: Methods and Outcomes of Risk Assessment Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.1

17. Which is NOT one of the broader categories of risk factors discussed by the authors?

A) static factors B) dynamic factors C) risk management factors D) proactive factors Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 253 Section: Types of Risk Factors Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

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Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

18. According to Monahan, the most significant form of predictive error made when conducting violence risk assessments is: A) over-estimating the confidence interval.

B) violating the assumptions of statistical tests.

C) setting significance levels too low.

D) ignoring or overlooking base rates.

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 252 Section: Base Rates of Violence Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.4

19. Static risk factors are also known as: A) responsive.

B) historical.

C) maintenance.

D) protective.

Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 253 Section: Historical Factors Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.2

20. Which factor is NOT one that causes base rates of violence to vary?

A) type of behaviour measured B) who is collecting and coding the data C) the setting events take place in D) the population in question Ans: B Difficulty: M Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Page: 253 Section: Base Rates of Violence Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.4

21. The strongest predictor of violent recidivism among the static factors is: A) early onset of delinquency.

B) impulsivity.

C) multiple prior offences.

D) conduct disorders.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 254 Section: Historical Factors – Table 10.4 Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.4

22. Which statement about high-risk offenders and Canadian law is FALSE? A) The Dangerous Offender Law replaced the Habitual Offender Act. B) Offenders deemed dangerous face indeterminate detention.

C) Only one psychiatrist has to testify at dangerousness hearings.

D) Offenders deemed dangerous have to wait at least 12 years for parole.

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 263-264 Section: High-Risk Offenders and Canadian Law Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 1.3

23. Which factor is not a dynamic risk factor associated with violent recidivism?

A) persistent feelings of anger and hostility B) lack of responsiveness to treatment Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

C) self-injury and suicide attempts D) attempted or actual escapes from psychiatric facilities Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 255 Section: Dynamic Factors Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

24. Which statement about changes in Canadian law concerning dangerous offenders is FALSE? A) The Faint Hope Clause reducing the time to parole eligibility was included in the Tackling Violent Crime Act of 2008.

B) The reverse onus clause requiring defendants to prove they are not dangerous has been struck down.

C) The Parole Board of Canada now determines if the offender is a risk or is eligible for parole.

D) Peter Whitmore, a notorious repeat sex offender, avoided the DO designation under a plea agreement.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 264-265 Section: High-Risk Offenders and Canadian Law Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 1.3

25. Actuarial techniques for predicting violence are classified as approaches.

A) idographic; qualitative B) idographic; quantitative C) nomothetic; qualitative D) nomothetic; quantitative Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 258 Section: Actuarial Techniques Question Type: Multiple Choice Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

and

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Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.4

26. Which statement about the official status of a long-term offender is FALSE? A) LTOs can be given an extended term of supervision for up to 10 years after release from custody.

B) The LTO application requires the prosecutor to include recommendations of courtappointed experts.

C) LTOs must be serving 2 years or more for a serious personal injury offence.

D) LTOs status is determined by the parole board at a hearing.

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 265 Section: Long-Term Offenders Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.2

27. Which statement about research on predicting violence is FALSE? A) Early studies were undermined by not adjusting for the fact that only lower-risk violent offenders were released and followed as subjects.

B) Plea bargaining meant that many violent crimes were reduced to nonviolent crimes in the databases.

C) Many previous studies did not distinguish between types of violence, targets of violence and the context of violence.

D) The poor predictive abilities of early studies suffered from the fact that only inmates who remained in prison were included.

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 257 Section: Unstructured Clinical Judgment Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.4

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Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

28. The treatment model developed to reduce risk in offenders by focusing on their strengths and attempting to equip them with new capabilities and resources is called the Model.

A) Positive Scenarios B) Good Lives C) Faith Hope D) Rehabilitation Habits Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 268 Section: Management Approaches to Reduce Risk of Violence Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.2

29. Hodgins’ research found that the BEST programming options for offenders with mental illness would be , , , programs.

A) short-term, residential, group-focused, independence-building B) low structure, generalized, inpatient, relapse prevention C) multimodal, highly structured, specialized, community D) unstructured, low stress, group home, education Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 269 Section: Management Approaches to Reduce Risk of Violence Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

30. In an Ontario Superior Court judge ruled that the automatic designation of Dangerous Offender violated Section 7 Charter rights.

A) Smith v. Jones B) R. v. Whitmore C) R. v. Stephenson D) Hillv. R. Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 265 Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Section: Dangerous Offenders Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

31. The Spousal Assault Risk Assessment and the Sexual Violence Risk-20 are both examples of tools.

A) Structured Professional Judgment B) Actuarial C) Risk-Need-Responsivity D) Unstructured Clinical Judgment Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 263 Section: Structured Professional Judgment (SPJ) Instruments Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

32. Which statement about factors associated with violence recidivism is FALSE? A) Higher IQ is a greater risk factor for males with the potential for antisocial behaviour.

B) Having had a secure attachment to a primary caregiver during childhood lowers risk.

C) Youth are more at risk than older offenders.

D) Males are more likely than females to engage in serious violent crime.

Ans: A Difficulty: E Page: 254-256 Section: Types of Risk Factors Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.2

33. Two Canadian instruments for predicting sexual recidivism among sex offenders are the and the .

A) STATIC 79-R; Sex Offender Treatment Outcome Instrument Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

B) Sex Offender Risk Appraisal Guide; STATIC 99 C) Sexual Clinical Risk Management Scheme; Sexual Predator Checklist-20 D) Sexual Violence Prediction Scale; Sex Offender Appraisal Guide Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 259 Section: Actuarial Techniques Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 2.2

34. Results from one instrument or test that will be similar across other populations and under other conditions are said to have: A) dichotomy.

B) spuriousness.

C) structural integrity.

D) generalizability.

Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 259 Section: Actuarial Techniques Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.1

35. Which statement about Peter Whitmore’s infamous case is FALSE? A) Until his last conviction, Whitmore was not registered with Canada’s National Sex Offender Registry.

B) On his first offences of abduction and 5 child sexual crimes, he served less than two years.

C) Whitmore made a plea agreement to avoid the dangerous offender designation.

D) Whitmore’s career of sex-related crimes spanned from 1993 until his 2006 capture.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 247-248 Section: Predicting Violent Behaviour Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

APA Outcome: 1.3

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Import Settings: Base Settings: Brownstone Default Information Field: Page Information Field: Section Highest Answer Letter: D Multiple Keywords in Same Paragraph: No

Chapter: Chapter 11: Essay

1. Explain the various purposes and goals of punishment used today.

Ans: Answers will vary but should include some of the following from the text: Sentences are tied to punishment goals such as incarceration, which is meant to ensure public safety and contain those who are deemed dangerous. Forms of denunciation and shaming are designed to alter future behavior by sensitizing offenders to the feelings of victims. Punishment seeks to deter both the offender (specific) and the public (general) from committing any crime. Some can be further punished inside prison by being placed in solitary confinement.

With good behavior, one can earn parole, which allows them to contribute back to society by paying restitution or reparations to repair harm that was done by crime. Goals like rehabilitation seek to make a person whole, able to work and function in the community. Treatment, job training, education are all part of rehabilitation.

Difficulty: M Page: 275-279 Section: Sentencing Guidelines and Decisions Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 1.3

2. Discuss the various sentencing options available in the justice system and which you think might be most effective.

Ans: Thoughts on effectiveness will vary by student but should refer to effectiveness by either cost or rates of success such as lower recidivism rates. The options discussed should include sentences ranging from the most lenient such as absolute discharge (where there is a finding of guilt but no actual conviction) to a conditional discharge followed by a suspended sentence, probation, restitution, and fines. Probation can be required for up to three years and may include regular appointments with a probation officer. Restitutions and fines can be part of probation conditions or conditional discharge. Incarceration is the most serious—someone is imprisoned in a jail or prison for anywhere from two years to life Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Difficulty: C

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Page: 280 Section: Sentencing Guidelines and Decisions Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.2

3. What are some of the problems facing women in prison and what can be done to improve conditions?

Ans: Answers will vary on how to improve conditions but should refer to some of the following from the text: women as fastest-growing prison population; crowding in institutions and not enough money for the specialized services that women need (education, training, job readiness, assistance with children, counseling for abuse, etc.). Women require higher levels of mental health treatment and have high rates of suicide-related incidents.

Since there are few female institutions compared to those for men, women are spread out across Canada far from their families, making them more isolated and depressed. Lack of women-centered programs that address the issues already mentioned is a problem. There should also be enough programs to avoid long waiting lists and programs should run continually not intermittently. Measures should also be taken to study and address the disproportionate confinement of Aboriginal women.

Difficulty: C Page: 287 Section: Hot Topic: Women in Prison Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

4. Describe what is known about public views on sentencing.

Ans: Answers will vary but should refer to the following information from the text: people do not believe courts are sentencing harshly enough but lack meaningful information about sentencing and punishment. Polls indicate that people are uninformed about options and believe criminals receive less time in prison than they actually do. Opinions about leniency seem stable over time. People tend to judge the system based on a few high-profile cases that receive a lot of media attention. Views on mandatory sentencing are mixed—many people seem to favor the type of judicial discretion available in guidelines. Research shows that those who read media reports thought sentence outcomes were lenient while those who actually read the court records found the same sentences harsh.

Difficulty: M Page: 288-290 Section: Public Attitudes toward Sentencing Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.3 Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

5. Discuss the factors that contribute to the harshness of prison life.

Ans: Answers will vary but should include some of the following from the text: Prisoners are banished from outside world, have little meaningful contact with outside—mail may be censored, lost, or destroyed. All aspects of life are controlled with inmates having control over few if any decisions. Physical environment is stark and oppressive: facilities are old and in poor repair—no privacy, tiny spaces, overcrowding. Threats and actual violence are prevalent; abuse and sexual violence are common, as are extortion and revenge. Gangs are increasing and gang violence is common, creating a climate of fear and vigilance. Convict codes and inmate subcultures make it hard to avoid getting into trouble.

Difficulty: M Page: 292-294 Section: The Harshness of Prison Life & Gangs and Drugs Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.4

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Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Import Settings: Base Settings: Brownstone Default Information Field: Page Information Field: Section Highest Answer Letter: D Multiple Keywords in Same Paragraph: No

Chapter: Chapter11: Multiple Choice

Multiple Choice

1. When a judge considers an offender’s previous history of crimes when it comes to sentencing, that is considered a(n) factor.

A) mitigating B) aggravating C) substantiating D) accelerating Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 278 Section: Sentencing Guidelines and Decisions Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.1

2. Which statement about early incarceration efforts in Canada is FALSE? A) Prisons were not operated in Canada until about 1835.

B) The first prisons were minimum-security institutions focusing on productive labour.

C) The first Penitentiary Act in 1868 created a federal prison system.

D) Kingston Penitentiary, housing many infamous criminals, has been called Canada’s Alcatraz.

Ans: B Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Difficulty: E Page: 275; 291 Section: Penal Philosophy in Canada & Types of Prisons Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

3. The in 1938 recommended revisions of penitentiary regulations to address overcrowding and to emphasize rehabilitation.

A) Canadian Sentencing Commission B) Gladue Report C) Fauteux Report D) Archambault Inquiry Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 276 Section: Penal Philosophy in Canada Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

4. For the most common early Canadian punishments, strangers or vagabonds would be while local residents faced .

A) jailed; banishment B) banished; shaming C) shamed; jail D) fined; transportation Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 275 Section: Penal Philosophy in Canada Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

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Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

5. When a judge considers an offender’s youthfulness when it comes to sentencing, that is considered a(n) factor A) substantiating B) mitigating C) aggravating D) accelerating Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 278 Section: Sentencing Guidelines and Decisions Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.1

6. In 1956, in response to overcrowding and riots, the parole system to enhance re-entry success.

A) Canadian Sentencing Commission B) Fauteux Report C) Archambault Inquiry D) Gladue Report

recommended the creation of a

Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 276 Section: Penal Philosophy in Canada Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

7. The reason that the judge in the original trial of Jamie Gladue did not apply section 718.2 of the Criminal Code, which calls for alternative considerations for Aboriginal offenders, was that: A) the charge of manslaughter was too serious to be considered for community sanctions.

B) at the time of this case, Aboriginal offenders were no longer overrepresented in the penal system.

C) Jamie did not live in a First Nations reserve community, she lived in the city.

D) The issue of Aboriginal status was not brought to light until the appeal was filed.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Page: 284 Section: Legal Update: Gladue and Aboriginal Sentencing Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.5

8. Which statement about Gladue requirements is FALSE? A) Prior to sentencing, the judge must receive a full background on the offender and information about alternatives to incarceration.

B) Many cases are heard in special Gladue courts that set bail, arrange pleas and do sentencing hearings.

C) Specially trained staff called Gladue caseworkers prepare the reports for the court.

D) Failure to produce reports in a timely manner results in more punitive sentences and fewer diversion options.

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 285 Section: Legal Update: Accommodations for Aboriginal Offenders Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.5

9. Which case is NOT a Supreme Court decision used by the authors to explain the status of Aboriginal justice?

A) R. v. Black Hawk B) R. v. Ipeelee C) R. v. Gladue D) R. v. Wells Ans: A Difficulty: E Page: 284 Section: Legal Update: Gladue and Aboriginal Sentencing Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 2.5

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Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

10. Which is NOT one of the ways that prison terms could be ordered to be served?

A) continuously B) intermittently C) irrevocably D) indeterminately Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 279 Section: Sentencing Guidelines and Decisions Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

11. The Province or Territory with the highest percentage of guilty cases leading to incarceration is: A) Quebec.

B) Prince Edward Island.

C) Northwest Territories.

D) Yukon.

Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 282 Section: Sentencing Disparity Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

12. According to the text, research on sentencing disparity using two different methods found: A) experimental simulations have lower rates of sentencing disparity than actual case outcomes.

B) studies using experimental simulations as well as studies using case archival data both have mixed results.

C) data mined from archived cases revealed lower rates of sentencing disparity than simulated studies.

D) results from both experimental simulations and archived cases consistently reflected sentencing disparity.

Ans: D Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Difficulty: M Page: 281 Section: Sentencing Disparity Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.4

13. According to the authors, which statement about overrepresentation of Aboriginal offenders in the prison system is FALSE? A) Research on whether Aboriginal offenders receive more or longer custodial sentences is unclear.

B) Research appears to indicate that judges do not follow directives to consider the Aboriginal status of offenders.

C) High rates of social and mental health problems in Aboriginal populations are tied to the intergenerational effects of colonialism.

D) Aboriginal incarceration rates are three times higher than the proportion of Aboriginal adults in Canada.

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 282-286 Section: Sentencing Disparity Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.5

14. In Canada, imprisonment can be be ordered to be served in a number of ways. When the person serves time at various intervals such as on weekends, it is called a(n) term.

A) intermittent B) indeterminate C) interrupted D) conditional Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 279 Section: Sentencing Guidelines and Decisions Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3 Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

15. The sentencing outcome where there is a finding of guilt but no conviction and the offender has no terms or conditions to complete is called a(n): A) suspended sentence.

B) unconditional disposition.

C) absolute discharge.

D) set-aside.

Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 280 Section: Sentencing Guidelines and Decisions Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

16. Which statement about the 1987 Canadian Sentencing Commission Report is FALSE? A) It called for the creation of guidelines for judges to determine proper length of prison terms.

B) It included feedback from the Canadian Psychological Association.

C) It recommended use of mandatory minimum sentences for all but murder and high treason.

D) The report’s recommendations were not implemented.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 277 Section: Sentencing Guidelines and Decisions Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.2

17. The belief that people will not commit crimes because they fear punishment and incarceration is called deterrence.

A) specific B) subjective C) general D) reactionary

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 277 Section: Sentencing Guidelines and Decisions Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.2

18. According to the text, which is NOT one of the reasons a person may be excluded from participation in a sentencing circle for Aboriginal offenders?

A) The offender’s community is not prepared to participate.

B) The applicant is an older first-time offender.

C) The prison sentence would have been greater than two years.

D) The offender’s attitude is not conducive to effective engagement.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 285 Section: Legal Update: Accommodations for Aboriginal Offenders Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.5

19. In Canada, life prisoners can apply for parole after serving custody.

A) one-quarter B) one-third C) one -half D) two-thirds Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 279 Section: Sentencing Guidelines and Decisions Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

of their sentence in

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

20. Which is NOT one of the research findings covered in the text that addresses the question, ―Does prison work?‖ A) Gendreau et al. determined that intermediate sanctions with treatment reduced recidivism by almost 10 percent.

B) Bonta et al. indicated recidivism rates for federal releases of 40–44 percent within the first two years.

C) Gendreau et al. found longer or more severe punishment was either related to slight increases in recidivism or no effect.

D) Smith et al.’s meta-analysis found significant reductions in recidivism with shorter prison terms with treatment.

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 300 Section: Does Prison Work?

Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.4

21. In the United States, justice policymakers are increasingly abandoning mandatory minimums in favour of : A) mandatory maximums.

B) complete judicial discretion.

C) sentencing guidelines.

D) indeterminate sentences.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 281 Section: Hot Topic: Mandatory Minimum Sentences Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

22. According to the text, prisons.

A) prisonization; importation B) victimization; exploitation C) domination; subjugation

and

combine to form the self-contained subculture of

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

D) assimilation; identification Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 292 Section: Prison Culture Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.5

23. When someone is granted a parole after serving a majority of their life sentence, it is called a(n): A) commutation.

B) accelerated release.

C) statutory release.

D) conditional discharge.

Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 279 Section: Sentencing Guidelines and Decisions Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 1.3

24. Which statement about alternative sentencing options for Aboriginal offenders is FALSE? A) A government study found no differential recidivism effects when healing lodges were used compared to traditional incarceration.

B) Sentencing circles include members of the court and community as well as Aboriginal elders.

C) Sentencing options from the circle process include school, work, spiritual activities and community service.

D) Healing lodges are custodial placements that promote positive cultural interactions.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 285 Section: Legal Update: Accommodations for Aboriginal Offenders.

Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.5 Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

25. Which is NOT one of the trends in community supervision noted in the text?

A) Three-quarters of Canadian offenders are serving a sentence in the community.

B) The number of adult offenders on probation has increased steadily over the last decade.

C) One in ten adults under community supervision is serving a conditional sentence.

D) Data on conditional sentences in Canada indicate mixed results in terms of success.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 296-297 Section: Community-Based Sanctions Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.4

26. People forming opinions about crime and punishments based on media coverage of a sensational case is referred to as: A) carpe notorious.

B) a Trojan Horse event.

C) an associative impression.

D) an availability heuristic.

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 289 Section: Public Attitudes toward Sentencing Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.2

27. Which is NOT one of the findings from polling research on public attitudes about sentencing in Canada?

A) Most people underestimate the percent of robbery convictions that result in incarceration.

B) The public is poorly informed about judicial sentencing options.

C) There is a negative relationship between people’s fear of crime and perceptions of judicial leniency.

D) Roberts et al.’s data show that since the 1970s, a majority of citizens polled think sentences Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

are too lenient.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 288-289 Section: Public Attitudes toward Sentencing Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.4

28. Which of the following is NOT one of the recommendations from the jurors in the Ashley Smith inquest?

A) End the use of indefinite solitary confinement.

B) Increase the size of observation windows into cells and improve lighting.

C) Give prison staff the right to refuse a superior’s order without reprisal.

D) Make all levels of prison staff accountable for inmates’ right to life.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 297 Section: Hot Topic: Solitary Confinement and Offenders with Mental Illness Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

29. Which statement about the correctional system in Canada is FALSE? A) Inmates over the age of 50 constitute 20 percent of the prisoner population.

B) It costs about $350 per day to house a prisoner in the federal system.

C) Officials estimate that a single murder costs society over one million dollars.

D) Territorial and provincial rates of paroles granted are higher than from the federal system.

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 298-299 Section: Do Prisons Work?

Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.4

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Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

30. When first-time nonviolent offenders are released back into the community after serving only one-sixth of their sentences, it is called a(n): A) statutory release.

B) accelerated parole.

C) commutation.

D) conditional work-release.

Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 279 Section: Sentencing Guidelines and Decisions Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

31. According to the text, data seem to indicate that the highest rates of offenders successfully completing parole are those on: A) day parole.

B) full parole.

C) statutory release.

D) long-term supervision.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 298 Section: Community-Based Sanctions Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

32. Based on information in the text, which statement about gangs and drugs in prison is FALSE? A) Research seems to indicate that about half of all prison violence is gang related.

B) Over the last five years there has been a decline in gang membership in federal prisons.

C) Estimates are that about 80 percent of all federal prisoners have a substance abuse problem.

D) Attempts to measure drug abuse inside prisons have had positive test rates of about 10 to 12 percent.

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Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 294 Section: Gangs and Drugs Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 1.3

33. The type of facility used by the provinces and territories to house offenders before and during trial as well as between conviction, sentencing, and transportation to a more permanent assignment is a: A) jail.

B) correctional centre.

C) remand centre.

D) detention centre.

Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 290 Section: Types of Prisons Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

34. Which fact about prisoners in Canada is FALSE? A) Women represent about 6 percent of all provincial and territorial offenders in custody.

B) As of 2012, there were about 40,500 prisoners in a custodial institution.

C) Canada’s incarceration rate is mid-range among countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

D) The average prisoner is a married, young male.

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 287; 291-292 Section: Hot Topic: Women in Prison & Incarceration Rates in Canada Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.4

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

35. Which statement about the mental health needs of female prisoners is FALSE? A) About half of female inmates have been victims of previous physical or sexual abuse.

B) Females attempt self-harm and suicide at exceptionally high rates.

C) The proportion of females with mental health needs doubled between 1997 and 2008.

D) Relocating women to the few female facilities creates stress and strain from family separation.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 287 Section: Hot Topic: Women in Prison Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.4

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Import Settings: Base Settings: Brownstone Default Information Field: Page Information Field: Section Highest Answer Letter: D Multiple Keywords in Same Paragraph: No

Chapter: Chapter 12: Essay

Essay

1. Explain how BWS testimony has been viewed by the courts in Canada.

Ans: Answers will vary but should include references to the following from the text: Criminal Code’s use of self-defence; how BWS is used to support elements of self-defence as well as the defence of duress; difficulty of attempts to use BWS where abuser was killed while asleep.

Public support of special consideration for history of abuse dates as far back as 1911 in the case of Angelina Napolitano. At that time public wanted leniency because there was a pattern of abuse. The Supreme Court does not seem in full support of BWS—cases have been overturned for not properly using duress or meeting the imminent threat of harm threshold for self-defence.

The courts do seem more indirectly supportive of less official versions of BWS (R. v. Ryan, for example). This may be because BWS is not yet in the DSM. Difficulty: M Page: 312–313; 314 Section: BWS and the Legal System & Legal Update: Battered Woman Syndrome and Canadian Law Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.2

2. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of combining BWS and RTS under PTSD. Ans: Answers will vary particularly as to the effectiveness of using PTSD as an umbrella Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

classification, but students may include the following from the text: Lack of empirical evidence makes full acceptance of BWS and RTS inconsistent. Combining these under PTSD has been advocated by many practitioners and experts. Some research says that up to 50 percent of female victims of sexual assault will exhibit clinical signs of PTSD, especially if there is physical injury. PTSD is listed in the DSM-5, and is more expansive and better established (since the Vietnam War). Therefore, BWS and RTS could more easily be considered as sub-sets of PTSD. The structured tests and interviews are in place and more research is available to support PTSD. The disadvantage is that it might open door for prosecutor to bring up more of victim’s past to try to tie trauma to other events. Also, some research seems to find that aspects of BWS are not like PTSD—in PTSD there is not the same learned helplessness or ability to kill an abuser over prolonged exposure to abuse. This could cause difficulties in using BWS in courts.

On the five- level model of expert testimony, the courts seem to allow the use of BWS and RTS for levels 1 to 3 when direct diagnosis of a victim is not at issue.

Difficulty: C Page: 320-322 Section: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Moving beyond Syndromes Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.2

3. What do we know about the risks for IPV? Ans: Answers will vary but might include the following from the text: Risk of IPV is greater for women though some studies say men are also abused at similar rates; men less likely to be injured and much less likely to report. Predictors of IPV include alcohol abuse, antisocial behavior, and personality disorders, which are all found in men and women alike; low income and history of family violence are also predictors. Men are more likely to kill female partners, especially younger women in 15-24 age group; women also more likely to be killed when they are separated from partner. Aboriginal women four times more likely to be abused; immigrant women more likely to experience IPV the longer they have been in Canada and if they depend on abuser for visas and financial support. Gay men and lesbians report twice as much IPV as heterosexuals. Batterers are sometimes superficially normal but have problems with suspiciousness, jealousy, antisocial behavior, impulsivity, and dependence on alcohol or drugs.

Typologies of batterers include: men who are only violent within the family; men who are generally violent and antisocial; men who have a borderline dysphoric personality.

Difficulty: M Page: 304-307; 310; 311 Section: What Is Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)? & Battered Woman Syndrome (BWS) & Hot Topic: Characteristics of Batterers Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Understanding Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

APA Outcome: 1.2

4. What does the research say about the scientific validity of RTS? How can the validity and reliability of studies be improved?

Ans: Answers will vary but should include reference to some of the following from the text: RTS is hard to research because so many cases of sexual assault are not reported; difficult to know if cases that are reported are representative. Some studies used only hospital samples with no control group—e.g., women who had not experienced a trauma or had not experienced other type of trauma; no way to compare symptoms to see which are particular to sexual assault. There is usually not enough follow-up time on the studies done to tell if effects are really lasting. Rape victims do not seem to display enough similarity or uniformity in responses for RTS to be considered a genuine syndrome.

Difficulty: C Page: 317 Section: The Scientific Validity of RTS Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.4

5. Describe the symptoms of BWS. Ans: Answers will vary but should include some of the following from the text: intrusive recollections and flashbacks of abuse; hyperarousal and anxiety; hypervigilance, avoidance behaviours, and emotional numbness (expressed as depression, denial, repression, minimization, disassociation). Women experience disruption in interpersonal relationships such as isolation from family and friends as the batterers control them and use their power to cut women off from sources of support. There is also evidence of body image distortion, physical complaints, and sexual intimacy issues. Walker uses the term ―learned helplessness‖ to identify range of symptoms related to feeling trapped, resigned to fate, fear that police won’t or can’t help, and the process of becoming submissive.

Difficulty: M Page: 308-310 Section: Battered Woman Syndrome (BWS) Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

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Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Import Settings: Base Settings: Brownstone Default Information Field: Page Information Field: Section Highest Answer Letter: D Multiple Keywords in Same Paragraph: No

Chapter: Chapter 12: Multiple Choice

Multiple Choice

1. Betty endured abuse throughout most of her 30 years of marriage. During that time, she became less resistant to the attacks and more submissive and resigned to her fate. A term often used for this state is: A) adaptive symptomology.

B) complex dissociation.

C) learned helplessness.

D) regressed responsiveness.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 309 Section: Battered Woman Syndrome Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 1.1

2. Which was NOT a factor in the trial of Nicole Doucet Ryan?

A) The defence attempted to argue duress as she was not planning to kill her husband herself.

B) Doucet argued she did not believe police would protect her as her husband was a RCMP. C) The Supreme Court overturned her acquittal saying duress was improperly used at trial.

D) Ducet ended up serving 11 years before being paroled from Kingston Penitentiary.

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Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 314 Section: Legal Update: Battered Woman Syndrome and Canadian Law Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

3. Which statement about the trial of Angelique Lavallee is FALSE? A) Expert testimony about battered woman syndrome was used to support self-defence.

B) At trial the expert testimony was ruled inadmissible and Lavallee was convicted.

C) The Manitoba Court of Appeal disagreed on the use of the expert testimony and overturned the trial court decision.

D) The Supreme Court disagreed with the Court of Appeal and overturned its decision.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 303-304 Section: Intimate Partner Violence Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 1.3

4. Female victims have the highest rates of spousal homicide in what age category?

A) 15 – 24 B) 25 – 34 C) 35 – 44 D) 45 – 54 Ans: A Difficulty: E Page: 306 Section: What is Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)?

Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.2

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Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

5. Aboriginal women are women.

A) 4 B) 6 C) 8 D) 10

times more likely to experience violence than non-Aboriginal

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 305 Section: What Is Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)?

Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 2.5

6. Which statement about Cormier and Woodworth’s study comparing students and RCMP officers on gender and the seriousness of IPV is FALSE? A) Students saw abuse as more severe when the victim was female and the abuser was male.

B) RCMP officers rated same sex couples IPV as more serious than the students did.

C) Students rated females abusing males as more serious than the RCMP officers did.

D) RCMPs saw abuse as more severe when the victim was female and the abuser was male.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 307 Section: IPV and Same-Sex Relationships Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.4

7. Which is NOT one of Lenore Walker’s recurring phases in the cycle of abuse in a typical violent relationship?

A) tension-building B) acute battering C) honeymoon D) contrition Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 309 Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Section: Battered Woman Syndrome Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.1

8. Which statement about the World Health Organization’s 10th version of The International Classification of Diseases is FALSE? A) It uses gender-neutral terminology but does not recognize abuse in same-sex couples.

B) It includes PTSD as a maltreatment syndrome.

C) It includes ―battered spouse syndrome.‖ D) It includes ―effects of abuse of an adult.‖ Ans: A Difficulty: E Page: 308 Section: Syndromes in Legal Proceedings Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 2.2

9. Boeschen et al.’s five-level model of expert testimony is designed for victims of: A) child abuse.

B) domestic violence.

C) sexual assault.

D) any type of violent trauma.

Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 321 Section: The Use of Expert Testimony Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

10. Researchers Burgess and Holmstrom describe recovery from rape as a two-stage process: the phase and the phase.

A) acute crisis; reorganization Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

B) critical reactive; adaptive C) hyper-symptomatic; resolution D) denial-shock; introspective Ans: A Difficulty: E Page: 316 Section: Rape Trauma Syndrome Defined Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

11. Which was NOT described in the text as one of the criticisms of Lenore Walker’s research that led to her descriptions of the battered woman?

A) The data was collected in door-to-door canvassing of a limited number of San Francisco neighborhoods.

B) Only a minority of the women surveyed had experienced all three stages of the hypothesized cycle of abuse.

C) Those who collected the data were aware of the hypotheses, which may have caused experimenter bias.

D) There was no systematic comparison of women suffering other forms of trauma or no trauma at all (control).

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 313 Section: Problems with BWS Testimony Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.4

12. Researchers proposing a(n) framework for expert testimony argue that syndrome language should be dropped and that there should be less focus on psychological reactions and more focus on the realities facing an abused woman.

A) human capital B) existential C) defence centered D) social agency Ans: D Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Difficulty: E Page: 315 Section: Problems with BWS Testimony Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

13. According to the text, which statement about research on violence against men is FALSE? A) Women perpetrate intimate partner violence (IPV) at rates equal or similar to men.

B) Law enforcement responses against female perpetrators of IPV tend to be lax.

C) Factors predicting IPV like antisocial behavior and alcohol abuse were not found in female perpetrators.

D) About 15 percent of women serving federal sentences had a history of perpetrating IPV. Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 307 Section: Hot Topic: The Hidden Violence against Men Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.4

14. In deciding whether to allow expert testimony, judges often consider whether information about PTSD, BWS or RTS is common knowledge or in other words, of jurors.

A) off the understanding B) beyond the ken C) out of the realm D) over the days Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 319 Section: Problems with RTS Testimony Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.2

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Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

15. In Boeschen et al.’s five-level model of expert testimony, explaining that a victim’s behaviour or symptoms are consistent with PTSD or rape trauma would be level: A) 2.

B) 3.

C) 4.

D) 5.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 322 Section: The Use of Expert Testimony Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.2

16. Case law and the Criminal Code dictate criteria for the use of a self-defence argument at trial. Which is NOT one of the conditions or standards currently contained or interpreted in the law?

A) The defendant reasonably believed on probable grounds that the force used to repel the danger was necessary.

B) The average juror does not need help understanding the actions of battered women.

C) Women need not wait until an act of harm is underway before responding with self-defence.

D) The defendant had reasonable apprehension of death or grievous bodily harm.

Ans: B Difficulty: C Page: 311 Section: BWS and the Legal System Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.2

17. Which is NOT one of the typologies of male batterers developed by Holtzworth-Munroe et al.?

A) Men who exhibit borderline-dysphoric personality problems.

B) Men who are generally violent and antisocial.

C) Men who are regressively immature and delinquent.

D) Men who are violent only within the family.

Ans: C Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Difficulty: M Page: 311 Section: Hot Topic: Characteristics of Batterers Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

18. Data indicate that about A) 15 B) 20 C) 25 D) 30

percent of rapes are committed by strangers.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 319 Section: Problems with RTS Testimony Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 2.2

19. Which is NOT one of the findings in Schuller’s simulated trials using BWS and control testimony?

A) Jurors who did not hear BWS testimony were more likely to say that the defendant should have pleaded insanity.

B) Those who heard BWS testimony were more likely to see the act as manslaughter not murder.

C) Jurors who heard a BWS expert testify made more sympathetic statements about the defendant in deliberations.

D) Jurors were more lenient in verdicts only when BWS testimony indicated that the defendant fit the syndrome.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 313 Section: Assessing Expert Testimony of BWS Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.4

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

20. In Boeschen et al.’s five-level model of expert testimony, explaining common victim reactions and general criteria for PTSD or rape trauma would be level: A) 1.

B) 2.

C) 3.

D) 4.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 322 Section: The Use of Expert Testimony Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.2

21. Which is NOT one of the rape myths discussed by the authors?

A) Rape charges are often filed when women simply regret having had consensual sex.

B) The typical rape is committed by someone unknown to the victim.

C) It is impossible to rape a woman who is unwilling or physically resists.

D) When a woman says she does not want sex, she does not really mean it.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 319 Section: Problems with RTS Testimony Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

22. Which is NOT one of the three types of assessments that can be used to classify types of batterers according to Holtzworth-Munroe and Stuart?

A) frequency of calls to police and support hotlines B) the severity of marital violence C) the generality of violence D) presence of psychopathology and personality disorders Ans: A Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Difficulty: M Page: 311 Section: Hot Topic: Characteristics of Batterers Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

23. Post-traumatic stress disorder was originally formulated to describe the psychological symptoms experienced by: A) Holocaust survivors.

B) children from Russian orphanages.

C) Vietnam war veterans.

D) miners who survived burial accidents.

Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 320 Section: Post-Traumatic Sterss Disorder (PSTD): Moving beyond Syndromes Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.1

24. Which statement about RTS and recovery from sexual assault is FALSE? A) Women sexual assault victims are at greater risk for divorce and unemployment.

B) Some women who falsely claim sexual assault exhibit symptoms of RTS. C) The average time a victim is in the original crisis phase following a sexual assault is a few weeks.

D) Canadian courts have generally been receptive to RTS testimony and rule it admissible in most cases.

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 317 Section: Rape Trauma Syndrome (RTS) Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.4

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

25. Which statement about sexual assault in Canada is FALSE? A) The term rape was taken out of the Criminal Code in 1983 and replaced with categories of sexual assault.

B) Reports of sexual assault dropped from 1983 to 1993 but then started rising again.

C) One-third of sexual assaults reported to police result in sexual assault charges.

D) Sexual assault has the lowest rate of charges resulting from reports of any violent crime.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 315-316 Section: The Legal Definition of Sexual Assault in Canada Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.4

26. According to the authors, sexual assault trials usually turn on the issue of: A) DNA evidence.

B) believability.

C) testimonial expertise.

D) consent.

Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 318 Section: Problems with RTS Testimony Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

27. According to Lenore Walker, battered women share all of these traits EXCEPT: A) a tendency to accept responsibility for the abuse.

B) nontraditional sex role attitudes.

C) being socially isolated.

D) being increasingly dependent on the abuser.

Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 310 Section: Battered Woman Syndrome (BSW) Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 1.2

28. Which statement from the text is NOT one of the research findings about the effects of trauma and abuse?

A) Low income levels and a history of family violence predicted IPV in both heterosexual and same-sex relationships.

B) Attentiveness to an abuser’s subtle cues and potential for violence is called hyperintuitiveness.

C) Nearly half of women who are sexually assaulted will exhibit all the clinical signs of PDST. D) Women are more likely than men to be killed by a partner from whom they were separated.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 306; 310; 321 Section: IPV and Same-Sex Relationships & Battered Woman Syndrome & PTSD in the Courtroom Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.4

29. A sexual assault that involves a weapon or threats, or causes bodily harm is legally referred to as: A) sexual assault level 1.

B) sexual assault level 2.

C) aggravated sexual assault.

D) sexual assault level 3.

Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 316 Section: Rape Trauma Syndrome (RTS) Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

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Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

30. According to Koss et al., which is NOT one of the factors that modulate the responses of different rape survivors?

A) the violence and duration of the rape B) the speed and effectiveness of a law enforcement response C) the victim’s environment and surrounding community D) timing of the intervention and how it empowers the survivor Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 318 Section: Recovery from Rape and Sexual Assault Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

31. According to the text, which statement concerning IPV is FALSE? A) Data from the General Social Survey indicate that 8.6 percent of women were physically abused.

B) Pop star Rihanna claimed that it took eight to nine incidents of domestic violence before one left the relationship.

C) The longer immigrant women stay in Canada the less likely they are to be involved in IPV. D) Gays and lesbians report spousal violence at twice the rate of those in heterosexual couples.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 305-306 Section: What Is Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)? & IPV and Same-Sex Couples Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.4

32. To be consistent with a diagnosis of PTSD, symptoms must last at least trauma.

A) one month B) six months C) one year D) two years Ans: A Difficulty: M Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

following a

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Page: 320 Section: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Moving beyond Syndromes Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.1

33. Which is NOT one of the research critiques on the scientific validity of RTS? A) Studies like Burgess and Holmstrom’s initial research only included rape victims in hospitals.

B) Follow-up interviews extended so long that subsequent life events may have confounded results.

C) Responses of sexual assault victims are not universal or uniform enough to constitute a valid syndrome.

D) There is a lack of control groups (no trauma) or other forms of trauma for comparisons.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 317 Section: The Scientific Validity of RTS Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.4

34. In Canada, about A) 10 B) 18 C) 25 D) 36

percent of sexual assaults are reported to police.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 316 Section: The Legal Definition of Sexual Assault in Canada Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

35. Which statement about the legal classification of abuse-related disorders is FALSE? A) One of the symptoms of battered woman syndrome is body image distortion or physical complaints.

B) A significant impairment in cognition, emotion regulation or behaviour that reflects dysfunction in psychological, biological or developmental processes is called a mental disorder.

C) Both battered woman syndrome and rape trauma syndrome were included in the most recent edition of the DSM. D) A cluster of related symptoms leading to dysfunction in the performance of everyday activities is called a syndrome.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 308; 310 Section: Syndromes in Legal Proceedings & Battered Woman Syndrome (BWS) Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.2

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Import Settings: Base Settings: Brownstone Default Information Field: Page Information Field: Section Highest Answer Letter: D Multiple Keywords in Same Paragraph: No

Chapter: Chapter 13: Essay

Essay

1. Explain some of the different forensic assessments used in custody reports and their respective purposes.

Ans: Answers will vary but should include some of the following from the text: Parenting Stress Index (PS)—given to parent: evaluates problems and magnitude of stress in the parent–child relationship; focuses on the three domains of stress: child characteristics, parent characteristics, and situational or demographic characteristics. Child Abuse Potential Inventory (CAPI)—given to parent: designed to detect physical child abuse; developed for use by protective service workers in their investigations of reported child abuse cases; used to aid in differentiating abusers from nonabusers. Bricklin Perceptual Scales (BPS)—given to child: assesses their unconscious perceptions of parents’ behavior, including competence, follow-up consistency, supportiveness, and possession of admirable personality traits. Ackerman-Schoendorf Scales for Parent Evaluation of Custody (ASPECT)—given to parent and child: a multiple-component measure that incorporates data from several established tests of both adults and children, including (1) the MMPI-2, (2) the Rorschach inkblot test, (3) an intelligence test, (4) a projective story and a series of parent questionnaires; purpose is to aid evaluators in detecting negative indicators such as parental drug abuse and physical or sexual abuse, and positive indicators, such as involvement with the child and good social judgment.

It could also be noted that these measures are primarily designed to assist psychological professionals in structuring assessments, not making recommendations per se. To date, scientific evaluation of the reliability and validity of these tools is limited although there is some evidence to support the use of the BPS and ASPECT in forensic evaluations.

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Difficulty: M Page: 337 Section: Judges’ Views of Experts Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

2. Discuss the different custody arrangements and the potential problems with each.

Ans: Answers will vary on the seriousness and the range of potential problems but should include some of the following from the text: Shared custod—where each parent spends at least 40 percent of the time with the child—may seem ideal because child can maintain relationship with both parents by spending equal amount of time with each. But this is often impractical—for example, if one parent lives far from the child’s school and friends. Problems may also arise if parents don’t keep to the strict 40 percent split, especially with holidays and vacations. Joint custody is where both parents share legal and or physical custody and make decisions together.

However, this is not always realistic; divorced couples often find it hard to coordinate well together and this could put more stress on the child. Sole custody makes sense if one of the parents is engaged in unhealthy or dangerous conduct, but it may be hard for a child who is attached to both parents. Split custody is where children are split up—some are with one parent and others are with the other parent (both physically and for legal decision making). It may be a problem if children are close and suffer anxiety not seeing each other. Children risk becoming alienated from the parent they are not with.

Difficulty: C Page: 326-327 Section: Custody Arrangements Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

3. Describe Parental Alienation Syndrome and whether it should be accepted by the court.

Ans: Answers will vary about the use of PAS in court but should include some of the following from the text: PAS defined as one parent’s attempt to make the children unfairly fear the other parent involved in a custodial dispute; offending parent uses a campaign of disparaging remarks and behaviours. Gardner, who is credited with generating the concept, identified three levels of PAS—mild, moderate, and severe—and asserted that PAS only occurs in response to a child custody dispute. At the severe level of PAS, the child becomes brainwashed by the offending parent and is too anxious and afraid of the targeted parent to visit him or her. The child may even Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

act out violently against the targeted parent. Child will deny being fed false information by the offending parent and may not feel guilty about role in campaign against targeted parent.

Courts have accepted PAS in some cases (e.g., B.S.P. v. D.G.P.) but it is only used infrequently.

There is no empirical evidence to support PAS, and most accounts are anecdotal or derived from the work of its originator, Gardner. The American Psychological Association has not taken a position on PAS. Canadian legal views appear to be guarded and mixed.

Difficulty: M Page: 326; 329 Section: Child Custody Disputes & Hot Topic: Parental Alienation Syndrome Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.2

4. Discuss employers’ responsibilities in addressing sexual harassment and how the law interprets them.

Ans: Answers will vary but should include the following from the text: Employers must: 1) Make clear that they have a zero tolerance of harassment and should have an active antiharassment policy; 2) Take measures to ensure that everyone understands policy and knows procedures for dealing with harassment; 3) Work with supervisors to ensure compliance and a harassment-free work environment; 4) Address problems as soon as they know of them, even if formal complaints haven’t been filed; 5) Take appropriate disciplinary measures whenever policies are violated. Courts hold employers responsible for the conduct of their employees and could assess damages if the business is not following the expectations listed above. Courts may use the reasonable woman standard to evaluate circumstances to see how a woman might be scared or upset about the behaviour experienced.

Difficulty: C Page: 343; 345-346 Section: The Evolution of Sexual Discrimination Law in Canada & The Legal Boundaries of Sexual Harassment Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.5

5. What are some of the psychological problems associated with sexual harassment and the psychologist’s role in identifying them?

Ans: Answers will vary but should include some of the following from the text: Emotional Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

problems include demoralization, anxiety, depression, insomnia, mental anguish, fear, and selfblame. They can also have physical symptoms related to distress which approximate PTSD. Victims may withdraw socially, avoid work, and experience negative effects with peers and status. If the victim decides to file a lawsuit, psychologists will be asked by the courts to determine if an actual harm has been caused and if that harm is serious or severe. They will also be asked to assess whether the harm could have been caused by other pre-existing conditions and not this specific workplace situation.

Difficulty: M Page: 347-348 Section: The Psychology of Sexual Harassment Question Type: Essay Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.2

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Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Import Settings: Base Settings: Brownstone Default Information Field: Page Information Field: Section Highest Answer Letter: D Multiple Keywords in Same Paragraph: No

Chapter: Chapter 13: Multiple Choice

Multiple Choice

1. The topic of actor Alec Baldwin’s book titled A Promise to Ourselves was: A) fighting for custody of his brother’s children.

B) determining the ―best interest of the child.‖ C) parental alienation syndrome.

D) joint custody arrangements.

Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 326 Section: Child Custody Disputes Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

2. Which statement about PAS is FALSE? A) The Canadian court relied on PAS evidence in the decision in BSP v. DGP. B) The American Psychological Association has endorsed PAS as a diagnosis.

C) Existing literature on PAS is either by its originator or is anecdotal.

D) According to Gardner, there are four levels of PAS: casual, intermittent, serious, and extreme.

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Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 329 Section: Hot Topic: Parental Alienation Syndrome Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.4

3. One explanation of why children might actually do better after parents divorce is known as the: A) only-child syndrome.

B) relief hypothesis.

C) parental alienation theory.

D) household stress factor.

Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 332 Section: Positive Outcomes Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.1

4. Under English common law, the doctrine of divorce.

A) parens patriae B) juris matriae C) reus curiae D) pater familias

controlled the disposition of children after

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 328 Section: Custody and Access Law in Canada Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

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Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

5. The authors explain that data from 1998 and 1999 show that custody decisions in Canada resulted in percent mother-exclusive and percent father-exclusive.

A) 41; 20 B) 51; 15 C) 62; 10 D) 78; 5 Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 327 Section: Custody Arrangements Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

6. Which statement about current custody law in Canada is FALSE? A) The standard for custody arrangements today is to serve the ―best interest of the child.‖ B) The presumption underlying the law is that the mother would be the best primary custodian.

C) Custody and access law is governed by the federal Divorce Act. D) Where divorce is not at issue, provincial and territorial family law governs custody decisions.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 328 Section: Custody and Access Law in Canada Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 1.3 7. The forensic assessment instrument that specifically targets the child’s perspective is the: A) Bricklin Perceptual Scales.

B) Ackerman-Schoendorf Scales.

C) Child Abuse Potential Inventory.

D) Parenting Stress Index.

Ans: A Difficulty: E Page: 337 Section: Judges’ Views of Experts Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

APA Outcome: 1.3

8. The text explains that about litigation.

A) 68 B) 75 C) 84 D) 90

percent of custody decisions are made without resorting to

Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 330 Section: Weaknesses of the BICS Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

9. When parents in custody disputes attempt to improve perceptions of their mental health, the text calls that: A) sanity show.

B) padding the test.

C) stacking the psych.

D) faking good.

Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 335 Section: Psychological Tests Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.2

10. Which is NOT mentioned in the text as a current problem with the BICS? A) It encourages settlements that may cut short fact finding and problem solving.

B) It tends to incite parents to litigate and to exaggerate negative accusations.

C) It contains vague concepts that are too difficult to measure, which may promote bias.

D) It relies on court decisions based on predicting the future.

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Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 328-330 Section: Weaknesses of the BICS Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.2

11. To truly understand the divorce process and its impacts on adjustment, it is best for psychologists to engage in research.

A) qualitative B) quantitative C) longitudinal D) survey Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 330 Section: Research on Children’s Reponses to Divorce Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.4

12. Which is NOT one of the forensic assessment instruments used in custody disputes?

A) Parenting Stress Index B) Minnesota Multiphasic Parenting Instrument C) Child Abuse Potential Inventory D) Ackerman-Schoendorf Scales Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 337 Section: Judges’ Views of Experts Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.2

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

13. Otto and Martindale’s analysis of research on the effects of divorce found that children of divorced parents are times more likely to develop psychological problems.

A) 2 B) 4 C) 6 D) 8 Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 331 Section: Negative Outcomes Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.2

14. Which finding was NOT mentioned in the review of research on the mental health of children of divorce?

A) After divorce rates of depression and anxiety increased among children who experienced predivorce anxiety.

B) Children of divorced parents characterized as ―high-conflict‖ had the best postdivorce outcomes.

C) Divorce appeared to increase the amount of time children spent in daycare.

D) Early sexual activity, marriage and divorce also characterize children of divorced parents.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 331-332 Section: Negative Outcomes Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.4

15. Which is NOT one of the types of child custody arrangements?

A) joint B) split C) sole D) temporary Ans: D Difficulty: E Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Page: 327 Section: Custody Arrangements Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

16. Which statement about custody disputes in Canada is FALSE? A) Custody and access are the most common parent-child issues in civil courts.

B) Between 2011 and 2012, there were 80,000 custody and access cases in courts.

C) Custody and access equal one-quarter of family law cases before the courts.

D) By law, all custody and access judgments must be finalized in 180 days or less.

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 325 Section: Psychology in the Family Courts Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.2

17. When both parents have joint custody of the child and each parent spends at least 40% of the time with the child it is called custody.

A) split B) shared C) timed D) alternating Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 327 Section: Custody Arrangements Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3 18. The courts distinguish between two areas of issues in custody arrangements: .

A) personal; financial B) material; relative Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

and

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

C) primary; secondary D) legal; physical Ans: D Difficulty: E Page: 326 Section: Custody Arrangements Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.2

19. According to the text, which was NOT an outcome of the Bhinder v. CN Railway case?

A) The court considered having to wear a hard hat a bona fide occupational qualification.

B) The rule, while singling out Bhinder, was not considered a discriminatory practice.

C) The court advised that Bhinder be rehired in a different non-hard hat capacity.

D) The company did not have a duty to accommodate Bhinder at that specific position.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 340 Section: Bona Fide Occupational Requirements and the Duty to Accommodate Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 1.3

20. In 1977 the Act was passed, outlining discriminatory practices in the workplace, among other settings.

A) Canadian Human Rights B) Canadian Equal Opportunity C) Worker Support and Accommodation D) Employee Protection Ans: A Difficulty: E Page: 339 Section: History of Laws Governing the Workplace Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Remembering APA Outcome: 1.3

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

21. Regulations requiring that a police officer not be colorblind would be considered: A) an unconstitutional barrier to equal opportunity employment.

B) a condition requiring special accommodation on the job.

C) indirect discrimination as the affliction primarily impacts men.

D) a bona fide occupational requirement.

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 339 Section: Bona Fide Occupational Requirements and the Duty to Accommodate Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.2

22. Which was NOT one of the findings of the Supreme Court in Janzen v. Platy Enterprises concerning two women who were fired after being sexually harassed by a co-worker?

A) The employer was liable for the actions of the offending employee.

B) The court upheld the award for damages for lost wages to both women.

C) Persistent and abusive sexual harassment was held to constitute sexual discrimination.

D) The quid-pro-quo harassment was found to be in violation of the Human Rights Act. Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 342-343 Section: The Evolution of Sexual Discrimination Law in Canada Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 1.3

23. Researchers argue that improving the gender balance of a workplace to at least percent of the underrepresented gender would reduce harassment and improve the overall climate.

A) 20 B) 25 C) 30 D) 35

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 349 Section: Prevention Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

24. Which statement about sexual harassment in the workplace as discussed in the text is FALSE? A) Almost 300 current and former members of the RCMP have filed a class action suit that has yet to be resolved.

B) The current legal definition of sexual harassment comes from the Canadian Labour Code (1985).

C) Disagreements that cannot be worked out informally are taken to human rights tribunals which are quasi-judicial administrative panels.

D) Only in the United States are complaints of sexual harassment filed equally by male and female workers.

Ans: D Difficulty: M Page: 341; 342 Section: Sexual Harassment & The Evolution of Sexual Discrimination Law in Canada Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

25. Data from 2008 indicate that women in Canada earn A) 60 B) 65 C) 71 D) 78 Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 349 Section: Hot Topic: The Gender Gap in Salaries Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2 Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

percent of what men do.

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

26. Examining research by Gutek, it is observed that the highest rates of sexual harassment in professional careers were reported by: A) female lawyers.

B) female medical students.

C) female members of the American military.

D) females in engineering.

Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 344 Section: Prevalence and Perceptions Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.4

27. Which statement about sexual harassment in the workplace today is FALSE. A) When men are the victims of harassment it is more likely to come from another man.

B) Women are more likely to classify staring or flirting as sexual harassment than men are.

C) Pink-collar jobs and blue-collar jobs seem to experience different forms of sexual harassment.

D) Employers must investigate and correct harassment problems even if a formal complaint has not been received.

Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 344-345 Section: Prevalence and Perceptions Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Analyzing APA Outcome: 2.1

28. Which is NOT one of the four distinct emotional consequences of sexual harassment identified in lawsuits?

A) anxious arousal B) self-blame C) indignation Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

D) fear Ans: C Difficulty: M Page: 347 Section: Some Effects Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

29. Which statement about the wage gap in Canada is FALSE? A) In 2009, women were twice as likely to be working part-time as men.

B) Between 1980 and 2008 the wage gap narrowed only for ages 25 to 44.

C) Women are less likely to engage in salary negotiations during hiring than men.

D) The more children a woman has, the lower her hourly wage.

Ans: B Difficulty: C Page: 349 Section: Hot Topic: The Gender Gap in Salaries Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.2

30. According to the text, which is NOT one of the tasks that typically fall under the role of the forensic psychologist in workplace discrimination cases?

A) determine if a measurable injury occurred B) identify who or what is responsible for that injury C) decide if an injury could have been caused by a pre-existing condition D) assess the severity of the injury that occurred Ans: B Difficulty: M Page: 351 Section: The Role of the Forensic Psychologist in Workplace Discrimination Cases Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.1

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

31. In some research it has been found that people define a broader range of behaviours as harassing if they are told to consider: A) aggravating and mitigating circumstances.

B) the best interest of the individual.

C) a reasonable woman standard.

D) the totality of the circumstances.

Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 346 Section: The Legal Boundaries of Sexual Harassment Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 2.2

32. The most common way for a plaintiff in a harassment lawsuit to establish the harm that has resulted is: A) videotaped surveillance footage or recorded conversations.

B) by the plaintiff’s own testimony.

C) through the results of a psychological evaluation.

D) using witness testimony and workplace records.

Ans: C Difficulty: E Page: 348 Section: Some Effects Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

33. Which statement about the gender gap in salaries in Canada is FALSE? A) While women suing Bell Canada obtained a favorable settlement, they did not win against Canada Post.

B) Men with children have higher hourly wages than men without children.

C) Women who negotiate salaries face a penalty 5.5 times greater than that faced by men.

D) College-educated men earn an average of $13,700 more per year than collegeeducated women.

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 349 Section: Hot Topic: The Gender Gap in Salaries Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.2

34. Which is NOT one of the conditions that the text argues is required to reduce stereotypes and prejudices that negatively impact the workplace?

A) There must be equal-status contact between groups.

B) Have new groups form a recreational team to build camaraderie and self-support.

C) The organization should promote one-on-one interactions between members of both groups.

D) The organization should create opportunities for achieving superordinate goals.

Ans: B Difficulty: E Page: 351 Section: Racial Discrimination in the Workplace Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Understanding APA Outcome: 1.3

35. Which statement about the nature of workplace discrimination is FALSE? A) One study found that non-racialized Canadians earned 81 cents for every dollar earned by racialized Canadians.

B) There is no constitutional right to merit-based decisions in the workplace.

C) Being disadvantaged by nepotism, favoritism or administrative errors does not amount to unlawful discrimination.

D) Research using mock resumes indicated that employers in three large Canadian cities significantly discriminated against applicants with East Indian and Chinese names.

Ans: A Difficulty: M Page: 350-352 Section: Racial Discrimination in the Workplace Question Type: Multiple Choice Bloom’s Level: Applying APA Outcome: 2.5 Test Bank for Forensic and Legal Psychology, 1st Canadian Edition, Mark