Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Ev

Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn Chapter_01_Culture_Fieldwork_and_American_Anthropology

1. Bea Medicine was an early anthropologist who worked with Native Americans. All of the following are

associated with her work except: a. her goals as an anthropologist were to alleviate problems and provide self-help for native peoples. b. she served as the head of the Women’s Branch of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples in Canada. c. although she was born Lakota, she recognized that native peoples had to learn to operate effectively and accommodate to dominant society. d. she worked as an advocate for national museums in order to expand their collections of native artifacts.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 21 TOPICS: Introduction 2. As an academic discipline, anthropology is most distinguished by its: a. research methodology. b. focus on urban societies. c. interest in social change and adaptation. d. use of research teams and in-depth surveying techniques.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 22 TOPICS: Introduction 3. Which of the following is most relevant to doing any kind of good anthropological research? a. The number of interviews that the researcher can acquire while in the field b. The quality of relationships with the people being studied c. The amount of prior experience the researcher has had before any fieldwork occurs d. The number of fieldworkers working within a site at any given time ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 23 TOPICS: Fieldwork: Living Among the People You Study 4. Participant observation is associated with all of the following except: a. a prolonged field stay, typically one year. b. a relationship of trust and rapport with those studied. c. a development of positive ethnocentrism for the native society. d. permissions and acceptance from the people being studied.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 25 TOPICS: Fieldwork: Living Among the People You Study Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn 5. The anthropological view that all cultures should be understood on their own terms is called: a. ethnocentrism. b. cultural relativism. c. cultural adaptation.

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d. salvage anthropology.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 24 TOPICS: Fieldwork: Living Among the People You Study 6. What is the primary advantage of utilizing participant observation in anthropological research? a. It allows the researcher to more fully understand a unique cultural perspective. b. It allows the researcher to get to know the names of every individual within the society. c. It provides the researcher with housing and assistance while the study is occurring. d. It helps researchers learn the native language and understand all of its nuances.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 26 TOPICS: Fieldwork: Living Among the People You Study 7. What is the primary reason that early (proto) anthropologists worked in salvage anthropology? a. They believed that Native cultures were going to disappear shortly and everything about earlier

human stages would be lost. b. They believed that science needed research material and they had to build large museum collections. c. They believed that Western society needed to learn more from Natives so that Westerners would better adapt to the New World. d. They saw ethnography as employment and wanted to exhibit Native peoples and artifacts to entertain and impress large audiences.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 27 TOPICS: Fieldwork Origins in the U.S. Southwest 8. During which World’s Fair did amateur anthropologist William McGee sponsor the “Department of

Anthropology” exhibit of indigenous peoples and their artifacts? a. 1918 Chicago World’s Fair b. 1910 San Francisco World’s Fair c. 1904 St. Louis World’s Fair d. 1908 New York City World’s Fair ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 28 TOPICS: Fieldwork Origins in the U.S. Southwest 9. Which of the following is not associated with social evolutionary theory? a. Idea of evolutionary types b. Doctrine of superiority c. Ethnocentrism d. Cultural relativism ANSWER: d REFERENCES: P. 29 Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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TOPICS:

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10. The comparative study of cultures is called: a. ethnography. b. ethnohistory. c. ethnology. d. ethnolinguistics.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 30 TOPICS: Fieldwork Origins in the U.S. Southwest 11. Social evolutionary theory that argues that all cultures go through the same stages over time to reach

predetermined levels of progress (like rungs on a ladder) is also referred to as: a. multilinear evolution. b. unilineal evolution. c. accelerated evolution. d. punctuated equilibrium.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 28 TOPICS: Fieldwork Origins in the U.S. Southwest 12. Among the Zuni of the U.S. Southwest, the kiva is a(n): a. women’s dancing circle. b. ceremonial cooking chamber. c. fortress built above the living quarters. d. underground men’s lodge.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 32 TOPICS: Fieldwork Origins in the U.S. Southwest 13. Matilda Coxe Stevenson was associated with all of the following except: a. the first Western discovery and entrance into a Zuni kiva. b. research into the matrilineal kinship of the Zuni. c. detailed description of Zuni women’s activities. d. primary author of many works on the Zuni.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 34 TOPICS: Fieldwork Origins in the U.S. Southwest 14. The approach to classify all human races within a single framework is known as: a. polygenesis. b. monogenesis. c. historical particularism. d. functionalism.

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ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 35

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15. Boas’s approach to the study of indigenous peoples is known as the theory of: a. historical particularism. b. functionalism. c. social evolution. d. unilineal evolution.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 37 TOPICS: Critique of Social Evolutionary Theory 16. Which of the following is not associated with Franz Boas? a. The study of cultural histories b. Training in the physical and geographic sciences c. Research among the Arctic peoples d. Use of a social evolutionary approach ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 37 TOPICS: Critique of Social Evolutionary Theory 17. In what way did Boas argue that artifacts should be displayed in museums? a. Artifacts should be displayed as grouped similarities across cultures, showing that different cultures

used similar forms and that all forms were related. b. Artifacts should be displayed as unique parts of a cultural history of a single group, showing the use and significance of the artifact in a single cultural context. c. Artifacts should be displayed from simple to complex across cultures to show how humans have developed and progressed over time. d. Cultural artifacts should not be displayed for public exhibition.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 38 TOPICS: Critique of Social Evolutionary Theory 18. What did Boas mean by saying “classification is not explanation”? a. He argued that grouping similar artifacts (across cultures) as like collections does not explain the

meaning they had in their own cultural contexts. b. He meant that museum curators needed to become anthropologists and go out and collect Native explanations for artifacts they were displaying. c. He meant that explanations do not change from one culture to another and that there is no reason to individually describe each cultural artifact. d. He argued that history is important and the ways that artifacts have changed over time is more meaningful—that change over time is more valuable than small differences in similar artifacts.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 38 Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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TOPICS:

Critique of Social Evolutionary Theory

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19. The concept (term) that refers to changes brought about through contact with other cultural groups is known

as: a. cultural holism. b. cultural evolution. c. cultural particularism. d. cultural adaptation.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 39 TOPICS: Critique of Social Evolutionary Theory 20. Following the era of social evolutionary theory, which type of theoretical current emerged as primary in

anthropology? a. Structuralism b. Functionalism c. Interpretive anthropology d. Unilineal evolution ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 40 TOPICS: Critique of Social Evolutionary Theory 21. The theory of structural-functionalism approached the study of society as a study on how: a. institutions and structures function to support and maintain society. b. behaviors of individuals function to meet their basic needs. c. the function of society works as a cultural whole in order to structure cultures. d. cultural holism allows for cultural adaptation.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 40 TOPICS: Critique of Social Evolutionary Theory 22. What is the primary critique against functionalism today as a theoretical approach? a. The idea of a perfectly integrated and functional culture in a context of globalization is no longer as

relevant. b. The approach that culture has function is no longer relevant as culture is something that is optional in our global world. c. The functional approach was based solely on indigenous societies and has no relevance at all to any urban societies. d. Functionalism is criticized today for its evolutionary approach classifying societies as more or less advanced.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: pp. 40-41 TOPICS: Critique of Functionalism 23. As anthropology has become increasingly dissatisfied with functionalism, it has sought to rethink the: Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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a. importance of history in culture.

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b. definition of culture. c. idea of progress over time. d. importance of the individual in society.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 41 TOPICS: Critique of Functionalism 24. A mixture of fixed and open-ended questions in an interview is referred to as a(n): a. retrospective interview. b. informal interview. c. mixed media interview. d. semi-structured interview.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 43 TOPICS: Contemporary Field Practice 25. Which of the following is required by today’s professional ethical standards? a. Collaborative writing (anthropologist and those studied) b. Informed consent provided by those being studied c. Waiver signed by community leaders to conduct research d. Written permits from all levels of political authority in the area studied ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 45 TOPICS: Contemporary Field Practice 26. Which anthropologists began fieldwork among the San in the 1950s? a. Marshall family b. Irven DeVore c. Lee family d. David Maybury-Lewis ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 46 TOPICS: Contemporary Field Practice 27. Anthropologists’ primary ethical obligation is to: a. host governments. b. science and the researcher. c. those studied. d. the public at-large.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 47 TOPICS: Contemporary Field Practice Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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28. Consulting work in anthropology is often associated with:

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a. applied anthropology. b. archaeology. c. ethnology. d. cultural anthropology.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 48 TOPICS: Contemporary Field Practice 29. Human Terrain System (HTS) is a program on infrastructural knowledge associated with: a. the National Geographic Society. b. the U.S. military. c. nongovernmental organizations such as Doctors without Borders. d. medical anthropology programs.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 48 TOPICS: Contemporary Field Practice 30. When William C. Young worked with the Rashaayda in the Sudan, he was: a. provided with a ready-made identity that he had to overcome in order to carry out his research. b. measuring culture change since long-term studies began with this group in the 1950s. c. using state-of-the-art fieldwork methods such as geographic information systems (GIS) and Human

Terrain System (HTS). d. involved in numerous ethical challenges because his father was a member of this nomadic pastoral group.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 50 TOPICS: Contemporary Field Practice 31. Anthropologists carry out primary field research, but they do not study one group over time. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 23 TOPICS: Fieldwork: Living Among the People You Study 32. Our goal as anthropologists is to use our field methods to overcome ethnocentrism. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 24 TOPICS: Fieldwork: Living Among the People You Study 33. Social evolutionary theory was derived completely from Charles Darwin’s theory of biological evolution.

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a. True b. False

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ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 27 TOPICS: Fieldwork Origins in the U.S. Southwest 34. Amateur anthropologist William McGee exhibited indigenous peoples at the World’s Fair in order to prove

that earlier stages of social life were less humane and had no value. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: pp. 28-29 TOPICS: Fieldwork Origins in the U.S. Southwest 35. Much of the early work in anthropology was supported and funded by the U.S. government. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 31 TOPICS: Fieldwork Origins in the U.S. Southwest 36. Both Frank Cushing and Matilda Coxe Stevenson worked exclusively with the Hopi Indians in the U.S.

Southwest. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: pp. 31-34 TOPICS: Fieldwork Origins in the U.S. Southwest 37. Polygenesis is an early form of social evolutionary theory. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 35 TOPICS: Fieldwork Origins in the U.S. Southwest 38. Boas argued that “classification is explanation.” a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 36 TOPICS: Critique of Social Evolutionary Theory 39. Boas worked with museums to help them theoretically frame and contextualize the exhibition of artifacts. a. True b. False Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 38

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40. Cultural holism is the belief that cultures make sense when understood as part of an integrated cultural

context. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 39 TOPICS: Critique of Social Evolutionary Theory 41. When a semi-structured interview is focused on the historical past, it is called a reflective interview. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 44 TOPICS: Contemporary Field Practice 42. New mapping techniques have expanded the historical reach of cultural anthropologists. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 45 TOPICS: Contemporary Field Practice 43. The San people have been studied by anthropologists since the beginning of the discipline in the U.S.

Southwest. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 46 TOPICS: Contemporary Field Practice 44. Informed consent is required before anthropologists undertake research in communities. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 47 TOPICS: Contemporary Field Practice 45. Medical anthropology is a type of applied anthropology. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 49 Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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TOPICS:

Contemporary Field Practice

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46. Define cultural relativism.

ANSWER: It is the anthropologists’ view that all cultures should be understood in their own terms.

REFERENCES: p. 24 TOPICS: Fieldwork: Living Among the People You Study 47. Name at least three primary incentives for Westward Expansion that affected U.S. citizens during the

nineteenth century.

ANSWER: They include availability of farmland, expansion out of overcrowded East Coast cities, movement away from areas affected by the Civil War, and lure of mineral resources being explored.

REFERENCES: p. 30 48. Compare and contrast monogenesis and polygenesis.

ANSWER: Polygenesis was an earlier theory that argued that different human races were created

separately, while monogenesis argued that all humans were created as a single group what became diverse as some groups progressed more quickly than others. Both are theories (and approaches) to explain human diversity.

REFERENCES: p. 35 TOPICS: Fieldwork Origins in the U.S. Southwest 49. Describe the approach of historical particularism and how it differs from social evolutionary theory.

ANSWER: Boas’s approach focused close attention to the people being studied and also their neighbors.

This approach works toward understanding similarities and differences to clarify historical relationships between groups and the cultural context of the group being studied. Unlike social evolutionary theory, it argues that every culture is unique and particular.

REFERENCES: p. 37 TOPICS: Critique of Social Evolutionary Theory 50. What are the characteristics and advantages of a semi-structured interview?

ANSWER: It utilizes open-ended and flexible questions and allows space for the interviewee to direct the

conversation into a new direction. This approach allows the ethnographer to potentially discover cultural aspects that are new and to re-frame theoretical questions while in the field.

REFERENCES: pp. 43-44 TOPICS: Contemporary Field Practice 51. What is cultural relativism, and what role does it play in fieldwork?

ANSWER: Answers will vary.

REFERENCES: pp. 24-26 TOPICS: Fieldwork: Living Among the People You Study 52. Explain the impact of social evolutionary theory on our early understandings of Native Americans in the

U.S. Southwest.

ANSWER: Answers will vary.

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53. Describe the practices involved in contemporary fieldwork and how these have changed over the last century

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in anthropology.

ANSWER: Answers will vary.

REFERENCES: pp. 22-51 TOPICS: Contemporary Field Practice

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1. Which of the following is not associated with the Dalit in India? a. They are often given legal favors in criminal court. b. They have occupational duties in society. c. They are also called Untouchables. d. They are commonly refused access to social resources.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 54 TOPICS: Introduction 2. Which social scientist argued that there were “patterns of culture” that helped shape the individual? a. Ruth Benedict b. Franz Boas c. Pierre Bourdieu d. Émile Durkheim ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 56 TOPICS: People in Society and Culture 3. According to Durkheim, an individualist society is associated with all of the following except: a. functional dependence. b. specialized occupations and positions. c. high levels of collective consciousness. d. industrial economic systems.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: pp. 55-56 TOPICS: People in Society and Culture 4. Which of the following terms refers to the system of social, political, and economic institutions that make

possible a way of life? a. Collectivist society b. Anomie c. Society d. Culture ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 55 TOPICS: People in Society and Culture 5. Pierre Bourdieu argues that: a. each culture is patterned differently and has a different personality. b. each individual shares the generative principles of their culture and also has unique experiences. c. there are two types of social structures and individuals conform to the type in which they are

socialized.

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d. social markers of difference occur equally across cultures and to all individuals.

ANSWER:

b

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REFERENCES: pp. 55-56 TOPICS: People in Society and Culture 6. Among the young women on Lombok, Indonesia, the period of time in which significant social, emotional,

and physical developments occur is called: a. menarche. b. menopause. c. anomie. d. potlatch.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 59 TOPICS: People in Society and Culture 7. Because a social category designates a relationship with other categories, it is also called a: a. social position. b. social stratum. c. social relationship. d. culture.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 61 TOPICS: The Making of Social Differences 8. Which of the following is not commonly found cross-culturally as a category of social difference? a. Age b. Gender c. Knowledge d. Locality ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 61 TOPICS: The Making of Social Differences 9. Which of the following terms is not usually associated with the concept of locality? a. Place of origin b. Race c. Ethnicity d. Gender ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 63 TOPICS: The Making of Social Differences 10. The Maasai in Tanzania and Kenya have a social system that includes a(n): a. class system.

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b. age-set system. c. caste system.

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d. coercive power.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 64 TOPICS: The Making of Social Differences 11. In which type of society do we commonly find the importance of sharing and cooperation, flexibility in

membership, and great respect for individuality? a. States b. Bands c. Class systems d. Age-set systems ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 67 TOPICS: The Making of Social Differences 12. Worldwide, individuals such as Saint (Mother) Teresa and the writer Mario Vargas Llosa are marked

socially by: a. class mobility. b. authoritative power. c. ascribed status. d. prestige.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 66 TOPICS: The Making of Social Differences 13. Groups such as the San frequently practice each of the following except: a. combative techniques for reinforcing group cohesion. b. extremely permissive child-rearing practices. c. a regular pattern of visiting to avoid conflict within the group. d. the use of joking to diffuse tense social situations.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: pp. 67-68 TOPICS: The Making of Social Differences 14. Gift exchange, visiting, and joking are all mechanisms used by the San to: a. strengthen kinship relationships between different clans. b. reduce conflict in the social group. c. create strong social ties with other class groups in society. d. reduce types of social differences in society.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 69 TOPICS: The Making of Social Differences Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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15. Power based on threat or physical force is called:

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a. coercive power. b. authoritative power. c. persuasive power. d. collective power.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 71 TOPICS: The Making of Social Differences 16. If your boss compels you to work on a Saturday, it is which type of power? a. Social stratification b. Coercive power c. Persuasive power d. Authoritative power ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 71 TOPICS: The Making of Social Differences 17. How are rank and class systems different from the divisions into bands, tribes, and chiefdoms? a. Rank and class systems are based on social differences and variation, while bands, tribes, and chiefdoms are based on locality. b. Rank and class systems are based on inequalities in resources and power, while bands, tribes, and chiefdoms are based entirely on differences in modes of subsistence and lifestyle. c. Rank and class systems are based on different political systems, while bands, tribes, and chiefdoms are based on social differences. d. Rank and class systems are based on inequalities in resources and power, while bands, tribes, and chiefdoms are based on political differences.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 72 TOPICS: Systems of Social Stratification 18. Groups that are distinguished from each other by their cultural traits are known as: a. ethnic groups. b. social strata. c. social positions. d. classes.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 73 TOPICS: The Making of Social Differences 19. The Minangkabau are classified as what type of society? a. Agrarian class society b. Industrial class society Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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c. Rank system d. Caste system

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ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 73 TOPICS: Systems of Social Stratification 20. A society that has great differences in wealth, a hierarchy of statuses within society, very limited class

mobility, and is associated with industrial economies is known as a: a. rank society. b. class society. c. caste society. d. egalitarian society.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 77 TOPICS: Systems of Social Stratification 21. Which of the following is not true of an agrarian class system? a. There is never class mobility from one to another group. b. It develops in societies dominated by farming. c. The division of classes may lead one class to believe it has divine rights. d. Commoners do not usually have kinship with elite.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 82 TOPICS: Systems of Social Stratification 22. Peasants, serfs, and tenants are usually found to be associated with: a. agrarian class systems. b. industrial class systems. c. rank systems. d. egalitarian systems.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 78 TOPICS: Systems of Social Stratification 23. Which of the following is not a group associated with late imperial agrarian class society in China? a. Peddlers b. Proletarians c. Merchants d. Scholars ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 80 TOPICS: Systems of Social Stratification 24. Which of the following is not necessarily true of class society in the United States today? a. Class boundaries are somewhat blurred and run from one to another.

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b. Classes tend to be tied to income, wealth, and education.

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c. Upward movement is possible, although it is difficult. d. Middle classes are freed from manual labor in the United States.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 83 TOPICS: Systems of Social Stratification 25. According to the 2012 U.S. Census, the poverty line boundary in 2011 was around what income level for a

family of four? a. $14,000 b. $23,000 c. $32,000 d. $41,000 ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 83 TOPICS: Systems of Social Stratification 26. Which of the following statements about the racial wealth gap is correct? a. The recent racial wealth gap in the U.S. has benefitted whites over African Americans. b. White ethnic groups tend to have lower overall wages than non-white ethnic groups. c. Race is not a significant factor in shaping a person’s upward mobility. d. Most high-income African Americans make more than high-income whites.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 85 TOPICS: Systems of Social Stratification 27. The cultural markings of class include all of the following except: a. language. b. dress. c. right-handedness. d. manners.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 85 TOPICS: Systems of Social Stratification 28. “Jim Crow” laws were laws passed to: a. keep whites and blacks separated and segregated. b. prevent the sale and distribution of alcohol. c. ensure equal opportunities for everyone in the U.S. d. force companies to hire proportionate numbers of blacks into companies supported by tax reduction.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 88 TOPICS: Systems of Social Stratification Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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29. Each of the following is a theory about the origin and purpose of the caste system in India except:

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a. castes are based on a concept of pure and impure substances devised to regulate boundaries between

different groups. b. castes are an ancient form of political factions that emerged from the imperial time period and are continued today. c. castes emerged from the Hindu practice of purity and impurity as far as contact with impure substances; it reflects occupational groups. d. it is a system that emerged from the Indian history of four classes and the hierarchy among these groups; each represents different statuses and power.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: pp. 87-88 TOPICS: Systems of Social Stratification 30. What is one of the most important uses of the Indian caste system today? a. Marriage arrangements b. Designation of tribal chiefs c. Access to basic health care d. Development of trade networks ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 89 TOPICS: Systems of Social Stratification 31. Culture and society are separate entities that never overlap. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 55 TOPICS: People in Society and Culture 32. Benedict argued that anomie often affects those within an individualist society. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 56 TOPICS: People in Society and Culture 33. The potlatch is common among the Hopi Indians in the U.S. Southwest. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 57 TOPICS: People in Society and Culture 34. Young women on Lombok, Indonesia remove their head coverings once they become married. a. True Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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b. False

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ANSWER: False REFERENCES: pp. 59-60 TOPICS: People in Society and Culture 35. According to Ruth Benedict, standards of normal or abnormal behavior vary widely from one society to

another. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 57 TOPICS: People in Society and Culture 36. Age is a universal marker of social difference. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 62 TOPICS: The Making of Social Differences 37. Primogeniture is a way that age and gender intersect to create social differences. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 63 TOPICS: The Making of Social Differences 38. There are no social differences within an egalitarian society. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 66 TOPICS: The Making of Social Differences 39. Rank, class, and caste societies are all stratified. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 72 TOPICS: Systems of Social Stratification 40. When two parties have somewhat equal negotiating status, you would expect to find use of authoritative

power. a. True b. False Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 71

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TOPICS:

People in Society and Culture

41. Inequalities in class societies are extremely limited. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 76 TOPICS: Systems of Social Stratification 42. Class mobility is common in class societies. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 77 TOPICS: Systems of Social Stratification 43. Academic education was highly valued in imperial China. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 81 TOPICS: Systems of Social Stratification 44. Segregation as practiced in the U.S. in the 1930s resembled a caste-like system. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 90 TOPICS: The Making of Social Differences 45. Castes in India today are changing. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 89 TOPICS: Systems of Social Stratification 46. Compare and contrast a collective and an individualist society according to Durkheim.

ANSWER: Collective society occurs when individuals all share the same views and beliefs and operate

from the same perspective. The only major differentiations are by age and gender, and there is a strong level of collective consciousness. Individualist society is made up of individuals who all have different spheres of work and can be quite different from each other. They are dependent on each other and sometimes suffer anomie. Both are types of relations between society and culture.

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REFERENCES: p. 55 TOPICS: People in Society and Culture

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47. Distinguish between status and prestige.

ANSWER: Status is one’s position or standing in relation to others in a group, whereas prestige is a

system of valuation that favors certain values and beliefs over others.

REFERENCES: pp. 65-66 TOPICS: The Making of Social Differences 48. What are the common features of a band society?

ANSWER: They involve importance of cooperation and sharing, great respect for individuality,

considerable flexibility in group membership and living arrangements, extremely permissive child-rearing practices, and non-combative techniques for handling group conflict and reinforcing social cohesion.

REFERENCES: p. 67 TOPICS: The Making of Social Differences 49. Explain each of the three types of power found in societies.

ANSWER: Persuasive power is between relative equals and involves informal discussion and negotiation;

authoritative power is based on the holding of formal or legitimate office or position and involves rules and laws; and coercive power is when threat or physical force is used, such as the military.

REFERENCES: p. 71 TOPICS: The Making of Social Differences 50. Identify and describe the social structure and classes in imperial China (Han Dynasty).

ANSWER: At the apex stood the elite class, who held most power and authority; below them were the

scholars, highly valued for their academic degrees and learning (scholar-gentry and ruralbased scholar-gentry) who served in the bureaucracy; below them were the peasants whose lives were difficult, even though they were socially honored for farming; at the lowest rungs were the merchants and then the artisans. Those working locally were of a lower order than those who had wider social networks.

REFERENCES: pp. 80-81 TOPICS: Systems of Social Stratification 51. Name and discuss the importance of each of the primary ways that we create social differences between

individuals.

ANSWER:

Will vary

REFERENCES: pp. 61-66 52. Compare and contrast the similarities and differences between rank, class, and caste societies.

ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: pp. 71-90 TOPICS: Systems of Social Stratification 53. How does an agrarian class society differ from an industrial class society? Consider class society in the

contemporary U.S. with what you have learned in the EthnoCase about imperial China during the Han Dynasty.

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ANSWER:

Will vary

REFERENCES: pp. 78-83

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TOPICS:

Systems of Social Stratification

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Chapter_03_Households_and_Economies

1. Which of the following is not a reason for the production of genetically modified foods? a. It increases productivity. b. It yields an organically produced and local plant. c. It prevents loss due to pests and disease. d. It makes the plant more climate resistant.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 93 TOPICS: Introduction 2. Anthropologists have found that economic processes are inseparable from: a. culture. b. biology. c. language. d. geography.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 94 TOPICS: Anthropology and Economics 3. The study of how people produce, distribute, and consume goods is called: a. business management. b. marketing. c. economics. d. consumer research.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 94 TOPICS: People in Society and Culture 4. The household involves all of the following except: a. a division of labor. b. a group of people who pool their resources in some way. c. the smallest social unit of economic activity. d. a unit whose membership is fixed and unchanging.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 95 TOPICS: Households 5. All modes of production include each of the following except: a. division of labor. b. market exchange. c. tools and skills utilized in production. d. social relationships of people producing the goods.

ANSWER:

b

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REFERENCES: p. 96 TOPICS: Modes of Production

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6. Which mode of production is the least labor intensive? a. Foraging b. Horticulture c. Agriculture d. Pastoralism ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 96 TOPICS: Modes of Production 7. Which mode of production has been the longest-lasting and the most durable over time? a. Foraging b. Horticulture c. Agriculture d. Pastoralism ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 96 TOPICS: Modes of Production 8. Which of the following would not be found in a foraging toolkit? a. Digging stick b. Gun c. Plow d. Spear ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 97 TOPICS: Modes of Production 9. What type of land resource property rights are found most commonly in foraging societies? a. Industrial property b. Corporate kinship property c. Private property d. Communal property ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 98 TOPICS: Modes of Production 10. Food producers involve all of the following except: a. horticulturalists. b. foragers. c. agriculturalists. d. pastoralists.

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ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 100

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TOPICS:

Modes of Production

11. What type of food do pastoralists produce? a. Grain crops b. Animal meat c. Diverse plants and animals d. They are food collectors and not food producers ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 104 TOPICS: Modes of Production 12. In what types of geographical regions do we primarily find horticulturalists? a. Temperate zones b. Desert regions c. Semi-arid regions d. Tropical and sub-tropical regions ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 101 TOPICS: Modes of Production 13. Political power in horticultural society is mostly associated with: a. kinship. b. status. c. prestige. d. gender.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 102 TOPICS: Modes of Production 14. Pastoral societies tend to have trade relationships with: a. foragers. b. agriculturalists. c. nomadic pastoralists. d. industrial market economies.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 105 TOPICS: Modes of Production 15. In which of the following would you expect to find a more strict sexual (gender) division of labor? a. Pastoral societies b. Horticultural societies c. Swidden agricultural societies Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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d. Foraging societies ANSWER:

a

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REFERENCES: p. 106 TOPICS: Modes of Production 16. The Bedouin of Oman traditionally practiced what mode of subsistence? a. Foraging b. Horticulture c. Agriculture d. Pastoralism ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 106 TOPICS: Modes of Production 17. Which of the following is not associated with intensive agriculture? a. Permanent annual cropping b. Intensive labor techniques c. Intensive irrigation and fertilization d. Increasing levels of social egalitarianism ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 108 TOPICS: Modes of Production 18. In industrial economies such as the U.S., farming has moved increasingly towards: a. industrial agriculture. b. family farms. c. haciendas. d. informal economies.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 109 TOPICS: Modes of Production 19. Large farm enterprises in the U.S are commonly associated with: a. a decrease in social stratification between rural and urban areas. b. decreasing ability to deliver fertilizer and seeds. c. a hierarchy of corporate owners. d. an end to absentee ownership.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 110 TOPICS: Modes of Production 20. In the 1950s, the international push of industrial agribusinesses to create high-yield varieties of crops and

dramatically increase productivity was known as the: a. Com Laws.

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b. Green Revolution. c. Farming Revolution.

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d. Global Divestment.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 110 TOPICS: Modes of Production 21. Today agribusiness is associated with each of the following except: a. decreasing food nutritional value. b. increase in crop varieties. c. rising soil contamination and depletion. d. increasing loss of crops due to weather and pests.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 110 TOPICS: Modes of Production 22. A relationship of mutual support or helping in turn as needed is also called: a. reciprocity. b. redistribution. c. barter. d. market exchange.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 116 TOPICS: Reciprocity, Redistribution, and Exchange 23. In a society such as that of the !Kung, which type of exchange system would you most expect to find? a. Market exchange b. Reciprocity c. Redistribution d. Trade ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 117 TOPICS: Reciprocity, Redistribution, and Exchange 24. Commodities are associated with which type of exchange? a. Barter b. Reciprocity c. Redistribution d. Market system ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 118 TOPICS: Reciprocity, Redistribution, and Exchange 25. If one woman has five tomatoes and the other woman has twenty nuts and they exchange these in a Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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transaction that occurs “immediately” and with no delayed return, it is classified as: a. market exchange.

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b. trade. c. redistribution. d. reciprocity.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: pp. 117-118 TOPICS: Reciprocity, Redistribution, and Exchange 26. Which of the following is associated only with a market economy under a capitalist system? a. Use of principles of supply and demand b. Delayed exchange over several weeks c. Exchange as part of an ongoing social relationship between the two parties d. Central storage of taxes for later dispersal as needed ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 119 TOPICS: Reciprocity, Redistribution, and Exchange 27. Which of the following is a production system that exclusively operates in the gaps of other economic

systems? a. Redistribution b. Reciprocity c. Informal economy d. Trade ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 119 TOPICS: Reciprocity, Redistribution, and Exchange 28. Which of the following would not customarily be considered part of the formal economy? a. Babysitting for neighbors b. Managing a fast-food restaurant c. Waiting tables for a chain restaurant d. Teaching kindergarten ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 120 TOPICS: Informal Economies 29. Which of the following would not customarily be considered part of the informal economy? a. Cutting grass for neighbors in the summer b. Working as a janitor for a company c. Babysitting d. Doing housework for a few people on the weekends ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 120 Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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TOPICS:

Informal Economies

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30. All of the following are ways to explain the presence of the informal economy except: a. as an alternative economy that works to destroy and bring down the formal economy. b. as a dual economy in which the informal and formal economies complement each other. c. a situation in which labor in the informal economy supports and strengthens the formal economy. d. as a way of subsidizing the formal economy with unpaid labor, such as that of housewives in their

homes.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 120 TOPICS: Informal Economies 31. How people consume goods is part of economics. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 94 TOPICS: Anthropology and Economics 32. Subsistence is production of a basic level of resources only. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 94 TOPICS: Households 33. Households are the smallest stand-alone social unit as far as economic production. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 96 TOPICS: Households 34. In general, foragers have less leisure time than agriculturalists. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 96 TOPICS: Modes of Production 35. Horticulturalists are classified as food producers. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 100 TOPICS: Modes of Production Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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36. Horticulturalists are highly mobile and live in seasonal dwellings. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 101 TOPICS: Modes of Production 37. Pastoralists are dependent on sedentary communities for trade. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 105 TOPICS: Modes of Production 38. Some pastoralists supplement food production through hunting. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 107 TOPICS: Modes of Production 39. Today, the term “peasants” is considered far more accurate to define an agricultural way of life than the

word “farmer.” a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 109 TOPICS: Modes of Production 40. The Green Revolution has led to both positive and negative results. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 111 TOPICS: Modes of Production 41. Under Marxist theory, the bourgeoisie are those whose labor provides the raw material for the development

of capital and surplus value. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 115 TOPICS: Modes of Production Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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42. Only under capitalist economies is labor seen as a commodity that people sell for wages. a. True

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b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 114 TOPICS: Modes of Production 43. The most common form of exchange within an egalitarian society is redistribution. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 116 TOPICS: Reciprocity, Redistribution, and Exchange 44. Markets originated as part of capitalist systems. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 118 TOPICS: Reciprocity, Redistribution, and Exchange 45. Many illegal activities are part of the informal economy. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 120 TOPICS: Informal Economies 46. Describe an anthropological approach to economics.

ANSWER: It is the study of how people produce, distribute, and consume material goods. It seeks to

understand how economic processes are shaped by culture and how they change over time.

REFERENCES: p. 94 TOPICS: Anthropology and Economics 47. Name and briefly describe each of the four primary modes of production.

ANSWER: Foraging is food collection; horticulture is use of hand-crafted tools to plant and grow

domesticated crops; pastoralism is the herding and maintenance of animals; and agriculture is intensive use of land for permanent cropping.

REFERENCES: pp. 96-108 TOPICS: Modes of Production 48. What are the common features of a foraging society?

ANSWER: They involve importance of cooperation and sharing, gendered division of labor with a focus

on women collecting and men hunting, low population densities of 20-50 kin and friends, communal land rights, high amount of leisure, nutritional diets, and mobility marked with low levels of private property.

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REFERENCES: pp. 96-97 TOPICS: Modes of Production

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49. What was the Green Revolution, and what were its environmental and social consequences?

ANSWER: This occurred in the 1950s when industrial agribusinesses sought to create more high-yield

varieties (HYV) to increase productivity worldwide. It resulted in soil depletion and contamination, loss of nutritional value in plants and loss of diversity in cultigens, and decreasing resistance to pests and diseases over time. It also disrupted social organization on the level of the family.

REFERENCES: pp. 110-111 TOPICS: Modes of Production 50. What is an informal economy? Give some examples.

ANSWER: It is work that is outside of the wage labor section, normally unprotected, and frequently

supporting the success of the formal economy or running alongside it. Examples are things like yard work, babysitting, and even illegal activities.

REFERENCES: p. 120 TOPICS: Informal Economies 51. Compare a foraging society with a society based on industrial agribusiness. What common problems are

they trying to address and what environmental, social, and political differences result from the two different modes of production?

ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: pp. 96-116 TOPICS: Modes of Production 52. Create a chart listing and describing each of the different modes of production and how characteristics vary

among them. Consider things such as technology, the role of the family, and social complexity. What differences do you see “across the board,” so to speak?

ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: pp. 96-116 TOPICS: Modes of Production 53. Compare and contrast the various types of exchange that can occur under different modes of production.

Include the informal economy as part of your response.

ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: pp. 116-118 TOPICS: Reciprocity, Redistribution, and Exchange

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Chapter_04_Kin_and_Families_Forms_of_Relatedness

1. The “Baby M” case was based on: a. legal custody dispute between the surrogate mother, who was also the donor of the egg, and the

baby’s biological father. b. legal dispute over the identity of the egg donor and the biological father. c. a dispute between the doctor who performed the in vitro fertilization and the biological mother’s remaining fertile eggs. d. who is responsible for medical bills and procedures when a pregnancy is not achieved through surrogacy.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 128 TOPICS: Introduction 2. What term is used to refer to the individual’s line or linked chain of ancestors? a. Descent b. Kindred c. Genealogical grid d. Clan ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 130 TOPICS: Kinship Defined 3. A consanguineal relationship is one based on: a. functional dependence. b. marriage connections. c. biological connections. d. industrial economic systems.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 130 TOPICS: Introduction 4. Descent lines drawn from a common ancestor result most directly in: a. patri-clans. b. nuclear families. c. lineages. d. polygamous families.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 131 TOPICS: Descent-based Groups: Lines, Lineages, Clans 5. Which one of the following is the largest social organization? a. Lineage b. Clan Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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c. Extended family d. Nuclear family

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ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 131 TOPICS: Descent-based Groups: Lines, Lineages, Clans 6. Children who take their primary kinship from their mothers and grandmothers are members of which type of

society? a. Matrilineal b. Patrilineal c. Ambilineal d. Bilateral ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 131 TOPICS: Descent-based Groups: Lines, Lineages, Clans 7. When matrilineal societies were first “discovered” as a different type of kinship, they were misrepresented as

a type of: a. matriarchy. b. patriarchy. c. clan. d. lineage.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 132 TOPICS: Descent-based Groups: Lines, Lineages, Clans 8. Another name for kinship naming practices is called: a. classificatory kinship. b. charting kinship. c. kinship terminology. d. Iroquois kinship naming system.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 134 TOPICS: Descent-based Groups: Lines, Lineages, Clans 9. The most common kinship system found in commercial societies, such as the U.S., and also in foraging

societies is: a. Hawaiian. b. Crow. c. Iroquois. d. Inuit.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 136 TOPICS: Descent-based Groups: Lines, Lineages, Clans Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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10. Under the Inuit (or Eskimo) kinship system:

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a. cousins and siblings are lumped together. b. the immediate family is set apart. c. there is no nuclear family. d. all aunts and uncles are referred to as father or mother.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 136 TOPICS: Descent-based Groups: Lines, Lineages, Clans 11. Among the Minangkabau in West Sumatra, the kinship system requires residence at the wife’s mother’s

house following marriage. This is called: a. patrilocal residence. b. matrilocal residence. c. parental residence. d. neolocal residence.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 138 TOPICS: Introduction 12. Under matrilocal residence systems: a. neither sons nor daughters leave their natal (birth) homes at marriage. b. both sons and daughters leave their natal (birth) homes at marriage. c. daughters leave their natal (birth) homes at marriage. d. sons leave their natal (birth) homes at marriage.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 139 TOPICS: Matrilineal Kinship 13. Which of the following caused the most dramatic changes to matrilineal societies? a. Colonialism b. Migration c. Rise in population d. Trade and barter ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 140 TOPICS: Matrilineal Kinship 14. Which large Southeastern U.S. group was traditionally a matrilineal society? a. Zuni b. Cherokee c. Navajo d. Assiniboin ANSWER:

b

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REFERENCES: p. 141 TOPICS: Matrilineal Kinship

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15. A joint family in Han China contained all of the following except: a. matrilineal descent group. b. elaborate extended family. c. three generations of family members. d. two marriages at the middle generation.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 142 TOPICS: The Dynamics of Patrilineal Kinship 16. Which of the following statements is correct about the Imperial Han China period? a. Sons left the house where they were born to establish their own patriarchal households at marriage. b. They used the Iroquois kinship system but also had a joint and extended family system. c. Kinship was patriarchal, but within the joint family women arranged marriages for sons. d. Marriages were arranged for daughters because it was a strictly patriarchal system.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 143 TOPICS: The Dynamics of Patrilineal Kinship 17. What characteristic most marked patrilineages in South China during the Imperial Han era? a. They functioned as political kingdoms while matrilineages created centers of domestic authority. b. Because they were patrilineages they only involved men and their sons. c. They were highly localized and incorporated only agrarian families. d. They formed into lineage organizations that functioned like corporations.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 144 TOPICS: The Dynamics of Patrilineal Kinship 18. In a Chinese lineage ancestor hall altar, what do the separate wooden tablets represent? a. Deceased male ancestors b. Deceased female ancestors c. Living male relatives d. Various local household and family deities ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 145 TOPICS: The Dynamics of Patrilineal Kinship 19. All of the following are true of Chinese clans except they: a. did not own lands. b. are a large descent-based group. c. were built upon notions of land ownership and proximity. d. did not include daughters or wives.

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ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 146

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TOPICS:

The Dynamics of Patrilineal Kinship

20. Which of the following is not considered part of the nuclear family? a. Sons b. Grandparents c. Parents d. Daughters ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 151 TOPICS: The Post-Schneider Era in Kinship Studies 21. Bilateral kinship is associated with each of the following except it: a. counts kin collaterally but not lineally. b. does not produce descent-based groups. c. involves tracing descent through both mother and father. d. produces a kinship system called the kindred.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 147 TOPICS: Bilateral Kinship 22. The idea that kinship is constituted through biological and marital ties only resulted in what David Schneider

called the: a. genealogical grid. b. kinship naming system. c. kinship node. d. largest descent-based group.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 148 TOPICS: Bilateral Kinship 23. What interesting fact did David Schneider uncover in his 1960's study of kinship in Chicago, Illinois? a. Americans had kinship systems that were deeper than other cultural groups. b. Most people could not name kin upward for more than three generations. c. Americans could not name kinship connections beyond their own nuclear families. d. Americans did not use kinship beyond two generations.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 147 TOPICS: Bilateral Kinship 24. Which of the following is an example of a sibling bond? a. Grandparent–grandchild relationship b. Father–son relationship Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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c. Mother–son relationship d. Sister–brother relationship

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ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 150 TOPICS: The Post-Schneider Era in Kinship Studies 25. David Schneider found all of the following attributes of American kinship except it: a. could not extend upward beyond three generations in identifying ancestors. b. was practiced very weakly and sometimes did not count sibling bonds. c. would cut off and not count biological kin for emotional reasons. d. would cut off and not count some biological kin because of geographical distance.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 149 TOPICS: Bilateral Kinship 26. Rayna Rapp found that the lower class in the U.S. tended to: a. create stronger lateral kinship bonds with kin and friends. b. extend kinship networks upward to five or more generations. c. deny and cut off kin in higher numbers than the middle class. d. include only female kin in its social networks.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 152 TOPICS: The Post-Schneider Era in Kinship Studies 27. Micaela di Leonardo found in her study of Italian Americans that: a. extending kin back to Italy and maintaining strong family ties was always important. b. kinship is not important to Italian American families after two generations. c. economic success and rising class status led to fewer kinship ties back to Italy. d. most Italian Americans do not form kinship ties within the United States.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 152 TOPICS: The Post-Schneider Era in Kinship Studies 28. Each of the following is a common factor that affects individuals’ decisions to avail themselves of

reproductive technologies except: a. kinship terminology. b. geographical access. c. economic wealth. d. religious views.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: pp. 154-155 TOPICS: Changing Parenting, Changing Families 29. When formerly married partners with children marry each other and bring their children into a single family,

it is specifically called a(n): Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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a. multi-generational family.

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b. blended family. c. blended lineage family. d. patri-clan.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 155 TOPICS: Changing Parenting, Changing Families 30. Child circulation is traditionally associated with: a. godparent–godchild relationships. b. orphans and widows in war-torn countries. c. wealthy classes across nations. d. transnational networks.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 158 TOPICS: Changing Parenting, Changing Families 31. Kinship ties are exclusively biological ties. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 130 TOPICS: Kinship Defined 32. Descent ties are most frequently created by birth. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 130 TOPICS: Kinship Defined 33. The Pueblo are a matrilineal society. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 131 TOPICS: Descent-based Groups: Lines, Lineages, Clans 34. Matriarchies were common at an earlier time in our history. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 133 TOPICS: Descent-based Groups: Lines, Lineages, Clans Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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35. The Iroquois naming system uses the same terminology for mother and mother’s sister.

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a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 134 TOPICS: Descent-based Groups: Lines, Lineages, Clans 36. Under the Iroquois kinship system, the mother and mother’s sister are confused. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 135 TOPICS: Descent-based Groups: Lines, Lineages, Clans 37. Under matrilineal systems, the father is the patriarch of the household even though his offspring do not

inherit from their father's lines. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 137 TOPICS: Matrilineal Kinship 38. Urbanization and capitalism weakened matrilineal societies. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 140 TOPICS: Matrilineal Kinship 39. The Han Chinese were a patrilineal society. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 141 TOPICS: The Dynamics of Patrilineal Kinship 40. In Imperial Han China, daughters were their fathers’ spiritual heirs even though they did not inherit land. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 143 TOPICS: The Dynamics of Patrilineal Kinship 41. Chinese patri-clans owned all lands during the Imperial Han China era. a. True Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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b. False ANSWER:

False

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REFERENCES: p. 146 TOPICS: The Dynamics of Patrilineal Kinship 42. Post-Schneider kinship research uncovered the importance of the sibling bond in matrilineal societies. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 150 TOPICS: The Post-Schneider Era in Kinship Studies 43. Kindred organization is central to unilineal kinship societies. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 147 TOPICS: Bilateral Kinship 44. Blended families are more common in the United States today than they were in the past. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 155 TOPICS: Changing Parenting, Changing Families 45. There is a rising rate of twin births in the U.S. over the last 30 years. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 155 TOPICS: Changing Parenting, Changing Families 46. Describe the two types of unilineal kinship.

ANSWER: Unilineal kinship involves two types: matrilineal, in which offspring inherit and trace their

descent through their mother’s line, and patrilineal, in which they inherit and trace their descent through their father’s line.

REFERENCES: pp. 131-132 TOPICS: Descent-based Groups: Lines, Lineages, Clans 47. What is meant by the “authority puzzle” of matrilineal kinship?

ANSWER: In the early 1900s, when matrilineal societies were first discovered, most researchers argued

that the mother’s brother was the authority figure in matrilineal societies. While this is true in some cases, there is a wide variety of authority in matrilineal systems. They remain a paradox today, as they do not seem to follow rules as strictly as in patrilineal systems.

REFERENCES: p. 137 Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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TOPICS:

Matrilineal Kinship

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48. Compare and contrast matrilocal and patrilocal residence.

ANSWER: Both are forms of residence that a couple establishes following marriage. Matrilocal residence

is when sons leave and live with their wife’s mother’s family after marriage, and patrilocal residence is when daughters leave following marriage to live with their husband’s father’s family.

REFERENCES: pp. 138, 142 TOPICS: Matrilineal Kinship 49. What is a kindred?

ANSWER: It is an ego-focused group in which no two people share the same kin network except siblings.

It is associated with bilateral kinship.

REFERENCES: p. 147 TOPICS: Bilateral Kinship 50. Explain child circulation as it is practiced in the Andes.

ANSWER: Primarily associated with girls, this is the practice of transferring physical custody (extra-legal

and non-binding) of a child from the family in which she was born to another family to provide help to the custodial family and/or to provide opportunities for the girl.

REFERENCES: p. 154 TOPICS: Changing Parenting, Changing Families 51. Does matriarchy exist? Describe anthropologists’ earlier findings and what we know about matriarchies

today.

ANSWER:

Will vary

REFERENCES: pp. 133-134 TOPICS: Descent-based Groups: Lines, Lineages, Clans 52. Compare Imperial Han Chinese kinship practices to those in contemporary U.S. society.

ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: pp. 145-147 TOPICS: The Dynamics of Patrilineal Kinship 53. Who was David Schneider, and what was the importance and impact of his research?

ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: p. 150 TOPICS: The Post-Schneider Era in Kinship Studies

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1. Which of the following is unique to marriage as a social institution? a. It provides sexual access between spouses. b. It produces children. c. It accords social status and public recognition. d. It allows women and men to interact socially.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 165 TOPICS: Marriage in Cross-Cultural Context: Overview 2. When one wife is allowed to have multiple husbands it is called: a. polyandry. b. polygamy. c. polygyny. d. monogamy.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 165 TOPICS: Marriage in Cross-Cultural Context: Overview 3. A spirit marriage, as practiced by the Han Chinese, involved a: a. celibate marriage between one individual and a deity. b. public church ceremony for marriage. c. union with at least one deceased partner. d. marriage that is consummated only within a religious space.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 169 TOPICS: Marriage in Cross-Cultural Context: Overview 4. Why is it difficult for anthropologists to define marriage? a. Because of same-sex marriage the definitions are no longer true. b. Marriage is not practiced in the majority of cultures. c. What constitutes marriage varies greatly across cultures. d. Marriage is not socially sanctioned and not socially defined.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: pp. 166-167 TOPICS: Marriage in Cross-Cultural Context: Overview 5. Post-marital residence refers to where the couple: a. lives before marriage. b. lives following marriage. c. lives following divorce. d. chooses to be married.

ANSWER:

b

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REFERENCES: p. 167 TOPICS: Marriage in Cross-Cultural Context: Overview

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6. Fraternal polyandry is when: a. brothers marry one wife. b. sisters marry one husband. c. multiple husbands become friends. d. the society creates marriage networks to arrange marriages.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 173 TOPICS: Major Factors Shaping Forms of Marriage 7. Marriage does all of the following across cultures except: a. establishes strict rank and hierarchy between spouses. b. publicly validates a relationship. c. sanctions a sexual relationship with another person. d. provides a supportive setting for raising children.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 170 TOPICS: Marriage in Cross-Cultural Context: Overview 8. Whose consent is most important in a polyandrous marriage? a. Grandmother b. Groom c. Groom's parents d. Wife's parents ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 173 TOPICS: Major Factors Shaping Forms of Marriage 9. The Nyinba in Tibet, Nepal, and India practice polyandry. Which of the following statements about them is

correct? a. They practice hunting and gathering and herd yaks. b. They practice occasional polyandrous polygyny. c. They practice polyandry because there are too few men available to farm. d. By rights, the eldest brother selects the wife he will marry.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 175 TOPICS: Major Factors Shaping Forms of Marriage 10. When gifts or cash is transferred from the groom’s to the bride’s family as a marriage transaction it is called: a. dowry. b. bride wealth. c. bride advance.

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d. bride service.

ANSWER:

b

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REFERENCES: p. 177 TOPICS: Major Factors Shaping Forms of Marriage 11. In what year did the U.S. Supreme Court mandate that same-sex marriage is legal in all fifty states? a. 2009 b. 2015 c. 2012 d. 1995 ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 178 TOPICS: Major Factors Shaping Forms of Marriage 12. Woman–woman marriages are associated with all of the following except they: a. are commonly found in sub-Saharan Africa. b. involve one woman who identifies as the husband. c. are associated with the production of children for lineages. d. are commonly headed by impoverished women.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 179 TOPICS: Major Factors Shaping Forms of Marriage 13. Exogamy is a(n): a. requirement that persons marry outside of their group. b. rule that establishes where a couple must live following marriage. c. form of marriage in which a woman marries two or more brothers. d. incest taboo that is common in matrilineal societies.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 180 TOPICS: Major Factors Shaping Forms of Marriage 14. All of the following statements about incest are correct except: a. all societies define certain relationships as incestuous. b. sexual relations within the immediate family is only allowed in matrilineal societies. c. it is not always based on co-residence; sometimes individuals raised as siblings do marry. d. incest varies cross-culturally.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: pp. 181-182 TOPICS: Major Factors Shaping Forms of Marriage 15. What is the lowest minimum legal age of marriage in a U.S. state today with parental consent? a. 14 (Texas) b. 15 (Tennessee) Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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c. 12 (Michigan) d. 16 (Maine)

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ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 185 TOPICS: Major Factors Shaping Forms of Marriage 16. Among the San at marriage, what changes occurred in a man’s behavior following marriage? a. He became chief of his own joint household and assumed patriarchal authority. b. He built his own house and joined into ceremonial activities with the kiva community. c. He brought his wife to live with his family and he began to hunt for his patriline. d. He began to hunt more intensively for his wife and father-in-law.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 185 TOPICS: Major Factors Shaping Forms of Marriage 17. Post-marital residence in which the newly married couple goes to live with the wife’s mother’s family is

called: a. neolocal residence. b. patrilocal residence. c. avunculocal residence. d. matrilocal residence.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 187 TOPICS: Marital Residence Practices and the Relative Power of Spouses 18. Post-marital residence in which the newly married couple creates their own separate household away from

both sets of parents is called: a. neolocal residence. b. patrilocal residence. c. avunculocal residence. d. matrilocal residence.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 187 TOPICS: Marital Residence Practices and the Relative Power of Spouses 19. All of the following were cultural practices found among the pre-Spanish contact Hopi except: a. gift-giving was used to arrange marriages. b. the kinsmen of the bridegroom were responsible for weaving the bridal outfit. c. the couple made marriage decisions on their own without kinship consent. d. marriages were not arranged between individuals of the same descent line or clan.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 189 TOPICS: Marital Residence Practices and the Relative Power of Spouses 20. Which of the following terms best describes pre-Spanish contact Pueblo marriages?

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a. Polygyny

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b. Serial monogamy c. Fraternal polyandry d. Polygynous polyandry ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 190 TOPICS: Marital Residence Practices and the Relative Power of Spouses 21. A domestic hierarchy is associated with each of the following except: a. higher value associated with in-marrying spouse. b. ranking established within the household. c. the allocation of different statuses. d. higher–ranking husband under patrilocal residence .

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 191 TOPICS: Residence and Domestic Hierarchies 22. In pre-PRC Han China, which of the following individuals had the most authority? a. Family patriarch b. Domestic matriarch c. In-marrying spouses d. Eldest son ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 193 TOPICS: Residence and Domestic Hierarchies 23. Which of the following was first proposed by Claude Levi-Strauss? a. Practice theory b. Alliance theory c. Social evolutionism d. Functionalism ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 196 TOPICS: Theoretical Approaches to Marriage 24. The idea that forms of marriage across cultures could be ranked from primitive to modern is an example of: a. delayed transfer marriage. b. domestic hierarchy. c. alliance and structure. d. marriage evolutionism.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 195 TOPICS: Theoretical Approaches to Marriage Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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25. Within egalitarian societies, which of the following commonly practiced norms introduces the greatest

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amount of difference? a. Gender b. Marriage c. Race d. Ethnicity ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 197 TOPICS: Theoretical Approaches to Marriage 26. When a married couple by custom leaves the wife’s band to live in a small house near the husband’s parents

in their band, it is called: a. virilocal residence. b. uxorilocal residence. c. neolocal residence. d. matrilocal residence.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 200 TOPICS: Theoretical Approaches to Marriage 27. Practice theory is associated with all of the following except it argues that: a. people at different positions in society learn different cultural strategies. b. individuals are not free agents. c. social networks are established across cultures through exchange of women. d. the everyday actions of individuals are shaped by cultural norms.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 201 TOPICS: Theoretical Approaches to Marriage 28. Patrilateral parallel cousin marriage involves the marriage of: a. two cousins belonging to the same male descent line and lineage. b. two cousins belonging to different male descent lines and lineages. c. a cousin belonging to a male descent line and a cousin of a female descent line. d. siblings from the same mother and father.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 203 TOPICS: Theoretical Approaches to Marriage 29. Delayed transfer marriage occurs when: a. the bride is not fully given to the husband until he has completed at least seven years of brideservice. b. the bride goes to live with the husband’s family for three days following marriage and then returns

back to her home for three more years. c. both the bride and groom establish a post-marital residence that is independent of their families and Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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kin groups. d. bridewealth is paid over a series of years and extending beyond the time of the wedding; this

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normally creates social tension.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 208 TOPICS: Marriage Transformations 30. Which of the following statements about marriage is correct? a. Marriage practices are remarkably plastic and adaptive to change. b. Marriage practices are very fixed and do not change over time. c. Marriages across cultures are diverse and do not share commonalities. d. Marriage is a universal institution and is practiced similarly everywhere.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 211 TOPICS: Marriage Transformations 31. Marriage is universal and varies little from culture to culture. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 165 TOPICS: Marriage in Cross-Cultural Context: Overview 32. Among polygynous marriages, it is not uncommon to find rank and hierarchy between spouses. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 166 TOPICS: Marriage in Cross-Cultural Context: Overview 33. Anthropologists call marriage a rite of passage for men in all societies and women in monogamous ones. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 167 TOPICS: Marriage in Cross-Cultural Context: Overview 34. Fraternal polyandry is common in areas where there are too many women. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 173 TOPICS: Major Factors Shaping Forms of Marriage 35. Marriage transactions signify new obligations and relationships between the families of the bride and groom. a. True Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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b. False

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ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 177 TOPICS: Major Factors Shaping Forms of Marriage 36. Some societies have both bridewealth and dowry requirements at marriage. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 177 TOPICS: Major Factors Shaping Forms of Marriage 37. In the 1967 Supreme Court decision Loving v. Virginia, miscegenation was ruled unconstitutional in all fifty

states. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 180 TOPICS: Major Factors Shaping Forms of Marriage 38. Woman–woman marriage is quite common in northern Africa. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 179 TOPICS: Major Factors Shaping Forms of Marriage 39. Age disparity within a marriage may affect relative power within the marriage. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 183 TOPICS: Major Factors Shaping Forms of Marriage 40. In all U.S. states today, legal marriage requires that both spouses be at least 16 years of age. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: pp. 184-185 TOPICS: Major Factors Shaping Forms of Marriage 41. All ideologies affecting marriage forms are directly related to economics. a. True b. False ANSWER: False Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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REFERENCES: p. 186 TOPICS: Major Factors Shaping Forms of Marriage

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42. Marriage evolutionism was significant in the mid-1950s in the U.S. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 195 TOPICS: Residence and Domestic Hierarchies 43. Alliance theory is an example of a structuralist approach to marriage. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 197 TOPICS: Theoretical Approaches to Marriage 44. Practice theory argues that the individual is shaped by his or her culture and makes marriage decisions

within established and traditional norms. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 201 TOPICS: Theoretical Approaches to Marriage 45. All families under Han China practiced a form of delayed transfer marriage. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 209 TOPICS: Marriage Transformations 46. Distinguish between monogamy and the two primary types of polygamy.

ANSWER: Monogamy is when each spouse has only one other spouse, while polygamy is when one

spouse has more than one wife (polygyny) or one husband (polyandry).

REFERENCES: p. 165 TOPICS: Marriage in Cross-Cultural Context: Overview 47. Name each of the major factors shaping forms of marriage cross-culturally.

ANSWER: This involves number of spouses in marriage, whether and how they are arranged, type of

marriage transactions, gender and racial identities of the spouses, kinship requirements and incest prohibitions, ages of the spouses at marriage, dominant cultural ideologies and contexts, and post-marital residence patterns.

REFERENCES: p. 170 TOPICS: Major Factors Shaping Forms of Marriage 48. What is incest?

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ANSWER:

It is a sexual relationship between persons whose kinship relationship is culturally deemed too

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close and with whom sexual relations are prohibited.

REFERENCES: p. 181 TOPICS: Major Factors Shaping Forms of Marriage 49. Name and describe three types of post-marital residence.

ANSWER: Neolocal residence is when the newly married couple establishes a separate and new residence

following marriage, patrilocal residence is when they live with the groom’s father’s family and matrilocal is when they live with the bride’s mother’s family.

REFERENCES: p. 187 TOPICS: Major Factors Shaping Forms of Marriage 50. Describe alliance theory, and give an example from your reading.

ANSWER: Alliance theory was proposed by Claude Levi-Strauss as a means by which men of one kin

group exchanged unmarriageable women of their own kin group to another for marriage women. Through this process, Levi-Strauss argued, social structure emerged and society was woven together into social networks.

REFERENCES: p. 196 TOPICS: Theoretical Approaches to Marriage 51. Why is marriage difficult to define? After responding, offer a working definition of marriage that includes

the commonalities that are found across cultures.

ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: pp. 166-169 TOPICS: Marriage in Cross-Cultural Context: Overview 52. Describe six major factors that shape the form of marriage that spouses will have. Illustrate your points with

examples and fully explain each.

ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: pp. 170-186 TOPICS: Major Factors Shaping Forms of Marriage 53. Discuss and explain each of the different theoretical approaches to marriage.

ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: pp. 195-205 TOPICS: Theoretical Approaches to Marriage

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Chapter_06_Gender_Identities

1. Which of the following statements is correct? a. Gender is attributes that are culturally assigned based on sexual characteristics. b. Gender is the same as a person’s biological sex. c. Gender is not found in every human society. d. Gender is based on culture and is not related to biological or sexual characteristics.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 216 TOPICS: Gender and Culture 2. When one gender is valued more highly than another it is known as: a. gender asymmetry. b. gender sexuality. c. sexual exploitation. d. sexual subordination.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 216 TOPICS: Gender and the Origins of Inequality 3. During what time period did the anthropology of women (feminist anthropology) first emerge formally as a

specific focus for researchers? a. 1980s b. 1950s c. 1970s d. 1920s ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 216 TOPICS: Gender and the Origins of Inequality 4. What do anthropologists mean when they say that gender is a cultural construction? a. It is created entirely by culture and is not affected by biology in any way. b. It is a social fiction and does not exist. c. It shapes men and women into socially acceptable roles. d. It is something that is culturally universal, meaning that every culture uses the same categories.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 217 TOPICS: Gender and the Origins of Inequality 5. Which anthropologist worked as a pioneer in gender studies comparing three different cultural groups in New

Guinea? a. Ruth Benedict b. Margaret Mead c. Franz Boas Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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d. Bronislaw Malinowski ANSWER:

b

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REFERENCES: p. 218 TOPICS: Gender and the Origins of Inequality 6. Anthropologist Anna Meigs found that among the Hua of Papua New Guinea gender: a. shifts and changes throughout life based not only on genitalia but also a person’s activities and

involvements. b. is marked but does not play an important role in how they define individuals. c. changes and switches from birth to death with every individual being able to fulfill the characteristics of both male and female equally. d. is based entirely on a person’s genitalia and is strictly interpreted.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 220 TOPICS: Gender and the Origins of Inequality 7. Which of the following is the least important variable affecting the sexual division of labor? a. Biology b. Kinship c. Mode of production d. Cultural tradition ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 219 TOPICS: Gender and the Origins of Inequality 8. Which of the following statements about Chinese footbinding is not true? a. Footbinding ended as a cultural practice after the founding of the PRC (People’s Republic of China). b. Among the elite Chinese during the Imperial Era footbinding signified a cultivated, refined lifestyle. c. Footbinding was practiced during certain historical periods on both women and men, depending on

the class. d. The middle peasant groups copied the elite practice of footbinding in order to emulate this group.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 221 TOPICS: Gender and the Origins of Inequality 9. For elite women in the era right before modernization, what was the prerequisite for a proper marriage? a. Tattooing b. Elaborate bridewealth c. Elongated necks d. Bound feet ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 223 TOPICS: Gender and the Origins of Inequality 10. The area of life focused on reproduction, family, and household is called the: Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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a. class system.

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b. domestic domain. c. nuclear family. d. reproductive arena.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 224 TOPICS: Gender and the Origins of Inequality 11. Each of the following are arguments made by Sherry Ortner to explain what she perceived as the universal

subordination of women except: a. women are more closely associated with nature than men because of their bodies and reproductive roles. b. women became subordinated following colonization, and this is the result of a woman’s place in a state society. c. women are more closely related with the domestic sphere and not with relations outside the family. d. women have a natural bond with their children, and this places them more closely in the domain of nature.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 224 TOPICS: Gender and the Origins of Inequality 12. Among the San prior to the 1960s, women contributed as much as 80% of the daily food intake. This type of

society has been labeled: a. informal power balance. b. matriarchal. c. gender stratified. d. gender egalitarian.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 225 TOPICS: Gender and the Origins of Inequality 13. What is the weakness of measuring gender inequality by means of status indicators? a. It does not take into account class differences that may occur within stratified societies. b. It does not allow the researcher to measure things that are not included as a norm. c. Because it involves numbers, there is a very high margin of error. d. People do not participate as freely in the collection of survey information as they do for interviews.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 226 TOPICS: Gender and the Origins of Inequality 14. Having male offspring within a patriarchal society or working to influence men on women’s behalf is

referred to as: a. influential power. b. informal power.

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c. nonstratified power.

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d. formal power.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 228 TOPICS: Gender and Power 15. Which of the following is an historically nomadic patriarchal group? a. Bedouin b. !Kung San c. Imperial China d. Hua ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 228 TOPICS: Gender and Power 16. A gender ideology is: a. social stratification in which the differentiation of gender is minimized so that there is a possibility of

gender egalitarianism. b. a form of coercive power that creates gender asymmetry in every society similarly. c. a belief system in which gender plays the central and most important role in every social norm and practice. d. a system of shared ideas and symbols that justify and authenticate a particular gender system.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 230 TOPICS: Gender and Power 17. Priyayi values among the Javanese maintain that a. childcare

can taint and lower the status of men.

b. handling dead bodies c. menstrual blood d. money ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 232 TOPICS: Gender and Power 18. What practice do we find among the pre-modern Bedouin as a way of publicly marking women’s gender? a. Veiling b. Footbinding c. Public use of money d. Tattooing ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 229 TOPICS: Gender and Power Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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19. In what contexts might we expect more than one gender ideology to be present in a society?

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a. Only in agrarian class societies b. In stratified societies only c. In any cultural context d. Only in nomadic groups that have recently undergone colonization ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 230 TOPICS: Gender and Power 20. Masculinity and femininity are forms of: a. sexual egalitarianism. b. gender identity c. gender asymmetry. d. informal power.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 234 TOPICS: Gender Identities 21. What form of gender oppression has emerged recently due to new technologies? a. Cyber-bullying b. Bride burning c. Veiling d. Footbinding ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 235 TOPICS: Gender Identities 22. Which of the following terms most accurately means an individual who has ambiguous genitalia or both

male and female genitalia? a. Intersex b. Transsexual c. Transgender d. Cross-dresser ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 236 TOPICS: Gender Identities 23. Cross-culturally and historically most gender variant individuals are: a. transgender. b. heterosexual. c. homosexual. d. transsexual.

ANSWER:

b

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REFERENCES: p. 236 TOPICS: Gender Identities

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24. The hijras of India are most commonly examples of which gender variant? a. Intersexuals b. Females c. Males d. Third gender ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 237 TOPICS: Gender Identities 25. Which of the following regarding hijras is not correct? a. Most have their external male genitalia removed as an act of devotion to a deity. b. They most commonly identify as highly sexed males. c. They are frequently seen as marginalized individuals today in India. d. They have different and varied gender expressions and live as neither males nor females.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 237 TOPICS: Gender Identities 26. We'wha: a. was born as a Zuni male in 1849, but she lived as a woman and excelled at women’s arts. b. was the last surviving Chinese woman with crippled and bound feet; she died in 1943. c. is a two-spirit goddess figure among the Cherokee whose cult has recently become popular. d. is a form of prolonged gender oppression and subordination practiced among the Bedouin.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: pp. 239-240 TOPICS: Gender Identities 27. Cross-dressers are typically: a. both male and female homosexuals. b. intersexed individuals. c. heterosexual men. d. homosexual men.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 241 TOPICS: Gender Identities 28. All of the following statements about transgender are true except it: a. refers to individuals who have both male and female genitalia and no clear sense of gender. b. came into widespread use in the 1990s. c. refers to individuals who go beyond their previously assigned gender norms. d. may involve individuals who have had surgical or hormonal procedures.

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ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 241

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TOPICS:

Gender Identities

29. Over the last 20 years, the emerging preference among transgender individuals in the U.S. is to: a. undergo surgical procedures that allow the individual to fully identify as man or woman. b. use hormonal therapy as a way of maintaining a coherent gender identity. c. become homosexual and participate fully in the life of the male or female community. d. deny and repress the desire to change genders.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 242 TOPICS: Gender Identities 30. Which of the following countries has the most legal open policy at determining (or declaring) gender? a. Australia b. Canada c. Thailand d. United States ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 241 TOPICS: Gender Identities 31. Gender creates a significant barrier in some societies. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 216 TOPICS: Gender and Culture 32. Gender was not a significant category of analysis in anthropology before the 1970s. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 216 TOPICS: Gender and the Origins of Inequality 33. The sexual division of labor is based solely on an individual’s biological potential. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 219 TOPICS: Gender and the Origins of Inequality 34. Margaret Mead documented differing gender patterns in her study of three tribes in New Guinea. a. True Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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b. False ANSWER:

True

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REFERENCES: p. 218 TOPICS: Gender and the Origins of Inequality 35. Scholars agree that women are universally subordinated. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 224 TOPICS: Gender and the Origins of Inequality 36. Sherry Ortner stressed that women’s subordinated position was a cultural product. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 224 TOPICS: Gender and the Origins of Inequality 37. Women can serve as clan leaders within a patriarchy. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 225 TOPICS: Gender and the Origins of Inequality 38. U.S. middle class women have felt the effects of gender ideology. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 231 TOPICS: Gender and Power 39. Bedouin women can resist arranged marriages. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 229 TOPICS: Gender and Power 40. All societies have a gender binary. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 236 TOPICS: Gender Identities Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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41. Gender expression can shift rapidly in response to changing social trends.

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a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 235 TOPICS: Gender and Power 42. Two-spirit is a term used for all indigenous societies. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 237 TOPICS: Gender and Power 43. Transgenders are individuals who are in the process of both surgical and hormonal gender reassignment. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 241 TOPICS: Gender Identities 44. Most nations today only recognize two genders. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 241 TOPICS: Gender Identities 45. Tombois in Indonesia are transsexual women. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 241 TOPICS: Gender Identities 46. Define gender.

ANSWER: It refers to the attributes that are culturally assigned to bodies based on their sexual

characteristics.

REFERENCES: p. 216 TOPICS: Gender and Culture 47. What is the sexual division of labor, and how might it originate in society?

ANSWER: Sexual division of labor is the division of tasks and activities based on gender. It originates

because of the mode of production in the society and the form of kinship practiced.

REFERENCES: p. 217 Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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TOPICS:

Gender and the Origins of Inequality

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48. What is a patriarchy?

ANSWER: It is a social system dominated by men.

REFERENCES: p. 225 TOPICS: Gender and the Origins of Inequality 49. Distinguish between a gender binary and a system of multiple genders.

ANSWER: Gender binary is when there are two distinct genders and differences between them are

specifically marked. Under multiple gender systems, there may be three or four categories of gender recognized and differences between them are less marked.

REFERENCES: p. 236 TOPICS: Gender Identities 50. What is a two-spirit? Give an example.

ANSWER: It is the term used to refer to all forms of gender diversity in Native American cultures.

Examples will vary.

REFERENCES: p. 237 TOPICS: Gender Identities 51. What roles does gender play in social inequality?

ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: pp. 216-227 TOPICS: Gender and the Origins of Inequality 52. Compare the gendered cultural practices of pre-modern China and the Bedouins. What were women’s roles

in each society, and how were women’s bodies marked to reflect this? Do you believe we have any similar ways of marking gender today in our society? Explain and use examples.

ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: pp. 221-231 TOPICS: Gender and Power 53. How does a society of multiple gender systems differ from one with a strict gender binary? Give examples

and discuss the potential impacts of these two different cultural constructions.

ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: p. 236 TOPICS: Gender Identities

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Chapter_07_Sexuality_and_Sexual_Identities

1. Which sexual theory argues that sexuality at its base is a biological expression governed by physiology,

genetics, and hormones? a. Essentialism b. Social construction theory c. Functionalism d. Biological evolution theory ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 249 TOPICS: Sexuality and Culture 2. The incest taboo is a: a. cultural prohibition of sexual and marital relations between certain kin. b. biological imperative that prevents sexual relations among anyone who identifies as family. c. social category of individuals with whom one is permitted to have sexual relations. d. set of sexual preventions that allows the nuclear family to function as a socio-economic unit.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 250 TOPICS: Sexuality and Culture 3. In the Trobriands, Bronislaw Malinowski: a. found direct evidence of the Oedipal complex and used these islands as support for the theory. b. found indirect evidence of the Oedipal complex and noted that it rarely occurs. c. did not find evidence of the Oedipal complex and argued that this was a Western cultural product. d. found that the Oedipal complex functioned in older generations but was no longer relevant.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 250 TOPICS: Sexuality and Culture 4. Which sexual theory asserts that cultures shape and constrain the forms sexuality takes? a. Collectivist theory b. Cultural function theory c. Social construction theory d. Essentialism ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 251 TOPICS: Sexuality and Culture 5. Which of the following does not describe the biological theory of sexuality? a. Response to physical stimulus b. Learned c. Product of biology d. Instinctual Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 252

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TOPICS:

Sexuality and Culture

6. The Sambia in Papua New Guinea practice what one researcher calls “ritualized homosexuality” in order to: a. provide young boys with enough manly fluids to be heterosexual. b. create strong bonds of manhood that will benefit them in times of war. c. stabilize the political hierarchy in the tribe by selecting the most manly men as chief. d. initiate men into a culture of homosexuality as adults.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 253 TOPICS: Sexuality and Culture 7. All of the following are aspects associated with sexual norms except they are: a. created solely to procreate. b. common or acceptable codes of sexuality. c. occurring within a specific cultural group. d. acceptable at a specific historical period.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 254 TOPICS: Sexual Norms 8. Sexual norms are primarily created and reproduced at all of the following levels except: a. family. b. nation. c. individual. d. community.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 254 TOPICS: Sexual Norms 9. The Roman Catholic Church from the 15th to the 17th centuries sought to consolidate its definition of

marriage by all of the following except: a. declaring marriage as heterosexual sex only. b. forbidding all kinds of non-procreative forms of sexuality. c. outlawing concubinage. d. prohibiting women from serving as priests.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 255 TOPICS: Sexual Norms 10. Anthropologist Pardis Mahdavi conducted a study of Iranian youth and found that: a. there is growing equality among Iranian youth who practice Islam. b. educated Muslim youth are rebelling against the state restrictions on sexuality.

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c. uneducated Muslim youth are more sexually liberal than educated youth. d. regardless of class and education the Muslim youth are always more conservative than Christians.

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ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 256 TOPICS: Sexual Norms 11. Virginity is most highly associated with what type of societies? a. Matrilineal b. Patrilineal c. Bilateral d. Neolocal ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 258 TOPICS: Sexual Norms 12. Among Bedouin women, what ritual constitutes as full transition to adulthood? a. First haircutting b. Menstruation c. Having the first child d. Marriage ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 259 TOPICS: Sexual Norms 13. How are Bedouin wedding rituals changing today? a. The Bedouin are having more private family wedding ceremonies than they once had. b. The Bedouin are not practicing formal marriage any longer; they tend to cohabitate. c. The Bedouin have a period of trial marriage until the birth of the first child. d. The Bedouin today involve other ethnic groups in their ceremonies and even as spouses.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 260 TOPICS: Sexual Norms 14. Being faithful to one’s partner in marriage is called: a. marriage quality. b. marriage fidelity. c. marriage remuneration. d. virginity.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 261 TOPICS: Sexual Norms 15. Unlike a friendship, an intimate friendship is customarily associated with: a. sexual or erotic components.

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b. financial support. c. childcare and woman-to-woman domestic support.

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d. informal conversation.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 261 TOPICS: Sexual Norms 16. In the late 1800s, the Azande had the practice of keeping “boy wives” for all of the following reasons except

as: a. domestic helpmates. b. sexual partners. c. warrior apprenticeships. d. co-parents.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 263 TOPICS: Sexual Norms 17. Sexual agency is: a. a form of sexual referral in which one partner seeks an additional spouse after getting approval from

the first spouse. b. fidelity to one’s partner after marriage. c. a form of sexual interaction in which both partners have sexual equity. d. the ability that an individual has to choose with whom they will have sex.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 265 TOPICS: Sexual Norms 18. Which of the following terms was used to refer to a masculine man in Bolivia? a. Hombre b. Maricom c. Motselle d. Mujer ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 266 TOPICS: Sexual Norms 19. Sexual norms are cultural practices that have been shaped or validated by: a. individual personalities. b. social laws. c. cultural ideologies. d. political ideals.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 264 TOPICS: Sexual Ideologies: Gender and Race Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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20. Timothy Wright, in his study of Bolivian men found that:

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a. homosexuality was socially acceptable and practiced by a wide number of men. b. even if men had sex with men they did not necessarily consider themselves to be homosexuals. c. HIV/AIDS was transmitted at a lower rate in Bolivia because of the traditions of the Roman Catholic

Church. d. women and men practiced sexual fidelity and tended to have longer and more satisfying marriages than in Western societies.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 266 TOPICS: Sexual Ideologies: Gender and Race 21. Gender and race can and do intersect. During administration of the Dutch East Indies in Indonesia, the

colonial government practiced a racial hierarchy in which: a. those at the lowest rungs of society, such as native peoples, were believed to have the loosest sexual morals. b. those at the highest rungs of society, such as elite Europeans, were believed to have the loosest sexual morals. c. those with the highest sexual morals were believed to be descended from only the native aristocracy. d. commoners had no sexual or moral standing.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 269 TOPICS: Sexual Ideologies: Gender and Race 22. Which of the following areas has been hardest hit by the HIV/AIDS epidemic? a. Southern Africa b. Western Asia c. Northern Europe d. East Indies ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 270 TOPICS: Sexual Ideologies: Gender and Race 23. How many people today are estimated to be living with HIV/AIDS globally? a. 13 million b. 34 million c. 121 million d. 3 million ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 269 TOPICS: Sexual Ideologies: Gender and Race 24. The type of sexual desire or attraction that a person claims is called: a. sexual orientation. b. sexual fidelity.

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c. sexual agency.

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d. sexual identity.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 272 TOPICS: Sexual Identities 25. An enduring sexual desire or attraction for someone of the opposite sex, the same sex, or both is called: a. sexual identity. b. sexual orientation. c. sexual object choice. d. sexual norm.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 273 TOPICS: Sexual Identities 26. Studies by Alfred Kinsey in the 1940s and 1950s found that: a. a large percentage of adults in the U.S. had had sexual experiences outside of their claimed identity. b. a majority of adults in the U.S. had practiced homosexuality on at least one occasion. c. sexual identity was very fluid in the U.S. and most adults had difficulties identifying themselves

according to a sexual binary. d. more women than men had had extramarital affairs both before and after marriage.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 273 TOPICS: Sexual Identities 27. Before the 1800's, Western church doctrine believed the sole purpose of sexual intercourse was for: a. language. b. dress. c. right-handedness. d. manners.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 273 TOPICS: Sexual Identities th

28. The most influential sex researcher of the 20 century was: a. Alfred Kinsey. b. Marie Curie. c. Steven Klein. d. Phillip Lerouin.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 273 TOPICS: Sexual Identities Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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29. “Coming out” is a term that refers to: a. the practice of homosexuality as a sexual object orientation.

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b. the period in which a person declares that they are gay or lesbian. c. identification as a bisexual individual. d. an inability to create and sustain a fixed and stable sexual identity.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 277 TOPICS: Sexual Identities 30. Bisexuality is an erotic desire and attraction to: a. both men and women. b. homosexual individuals only. c. heterosexual individuals only. d. all emerging sexual identities.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 279 TOPICS: Sexual Identities 31. Almost all members of the LGBT community are also bisexual. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 248 TOPICS: Introduction 32. Early (proto-) anthropologists were very interested in sexuality across cultures. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 249 TOPICS: Sexuality and Culture 33. Non-consensual sexual intercourse by a husband within marriage was the right of the husband in the United

States up until the 1990s. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 252 TOPICS: Sexuality and Culture 34. The Sambia case of ritualized heterosexuality practiced between brothers and sisters is a cultural product. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 253 Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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TOPICS:

Sexuality and Culture

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35. The period of adolescence is homogeneous across cultures. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 257 TOPICS: Sexual Norms 36. In patrilineal societies, virginity is a political resource used by families. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 258 TOPICS: Sexual Norms 37. Today the Bedouin see marriage more as a ritual that belongs to the whole community and not just to the

couple. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 260 TOPICS: Sexual Norms 38. The Moso of China practice a form of “visitation” as marriage and do not have formal marriage rituals. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 265 TOPICS: Sexual Ideologies: Gender and Race 39. Sexual ideologies vary across space and time. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 264 TOPICS: Sexual Ideologies: Gender and Race 40. Sexuality and gender identity are always separate areas of behavior. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 268 TOPICS: Sexual Ideologies: Gender and Race 41. Sexual identity is the type of sexual desire or attraction that a person claims.

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a. True b. False

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ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 272 TOPICS: Sexual Identities 42. An enduring sexual desire or attraction for someone of the opposite sex, same sex, or both is called sexual

orientation. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 273 TOPICS: Sexual Identities 43. When it comes to sexual attraction, gender is more important than sex for many people. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 276 TOPICS: Sexual Identities 44. There are emerging new sexual identities due to the effects of globalization. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 280 TOPICS: Sexual Identities 45. What is essentialism in sexuality studies?

ANSWER: It is the theory that holds that sexuality is at its base a biological expression governed by

physiology, genetics, and hormones.

REFERENCES: p. 249 TOPICS: Sexuality and Culture 46. Compare and contrast essentialism and social construction theory as they relate to human sexuality.

ANSWER: Essentialism argues that sexuality is associated with instinct, a response to physical

stimulation, and a product of biology; social construction theory argues that sexuality is learned, a product of history and culture, and based on experience and negotiation.

REFERENCES: p. 252 TOPICS: Sexuality and Culture 47. What are sexual norms?

ANSWER: They are the practices of the common and acceptable forms of sexuality in a cultural group at

a particular historical moment.

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48. What is the role of virginity in patrilineal societies?

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ANSWER:

Virginity is used in patrilineal societies as a way to confirm inheritance and biological ties between father and son. It is a symbol of the kin group, prestige, and value.

REFERENCES: pp. 257-258 TOPICS: Sexual Norms 49. What is meant by the term “bisexuality”?

ANSWER: It refers to an attraction to and erotic desire for both men and women.

REFERENCES: p. 279 TOPICS: Sexual Identities 50. Define and discuss the role of the incest taboo in our understanding of sexuality across cultures.

ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: p. 250 TOPICS: Sexuality and Culture 51. How have sexual identities in the West changed over the last 200 years?

ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: pp. 272-281 TOPICS: Sexual Identities 52. How does cultural ideology shape sexual norms?

ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: p. 264 TOPICS: Sexual Ideologies: Gender and Race

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Chapter_08_Race_and_Ethnicity

1. The Minuteman Project was originally designed to: a. defend the national border against illegal immigration between Mexico and the U.S. b. defend the constitution and Congress from British soldiers and the monarchy. c. defend the U.S. –Canada border during times of war. d. develop community resources to help immigrants adapt to life in the U.S. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 284 TOPICS: Introduction 2. U.S. House bill HR4437 was intended to create: a. new restrictions on immigration to the U.S. b. the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. c. more racially egalitarian access to community resources. d. more stringent voting legislation.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 285 TOPICS: Introduction 3. WASP as a racial category used in the 1970s stood for: a. white Aryan-Saxony people. b. Western-advanced Semitic people. c. white Anglo-Saxon people. d. Western and Asian special people.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 286 TOPICS: Introduction: Shifting Racial Categories 4. Which of the following racial categories is no longer commonly used? a. Whites b. African Americans c. Orientals d. Native Americans ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 286 TOPICS: Introduction: Shifting Racial Categories 5. Racial categories are best described as: a. biological constructions that reflect recent immigration into and out of a country. b. adaptive to historical and cultural contexts and conditions. c. naturally occurring and marked specifically across cultures. d. stable and fixed categories that serve to distinguish people within a society.

ANSWER:

b

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REFERENCES: p. 286 TOPICS: Introduction: Shifting Racial Categories

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6. All of the following had strong impacts on racial and ethnic categories in the U.S. after the 1970s except: a. rise of the Black and Red Power movements. b. the end of the Vietnam War. c. new information technologies. d. changing economic priorities.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 287 TOPICS: Introduction: Shifting Racial Categories 7. The Shining Path was a Maoist movement that capitalized on racial and ethnic divisions between highland

and lowland peoples in: a. Peru. b. Brazil. c. Austria. d. China.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 288 TOPICS: Perspectives on "Race" Then and Now 8. In her study of highland people in Peru, Maria Elena Garcia found that: a. the national government prohibited the use of racial terminology. b. people used racial terminology to create social unity throughout the country. c. people frequently had multiple racial labels and terms depending on context. d. highland communities did not use racial terms to refer to each other.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 288 TOPICS: Perspectives on “Race” Then and Now 9. The social evolutionary framework for understanding race includes all of the following except: a. a focus on understanding diverse peoples in the world. b. stages based on perceived cultural and physical differences. c. rigid hierarchy of evolutionary stages. d. a perspective that assumed all people were basically the same.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 291 TOPICS: The Origins of "Race" 10. Johann Blumenbach devised an early racial typology based primarily on: a. kinship. b. geography. c. skin color.

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d. skeletal measurements.

ANSWER:

b

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REFERENCES: p. 291 TOPICS: The Origins of "Race" 11. Which of the following is not a racial typology proposed by Blumenbach? a. Mongolian b. Hispanic c. Caucasian d. Malayan ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 292 TOPICS: The Origins of "Race" 12. Carolus Linnaeus developed a racial classification scheme utilizing all of the following except: a. skin color. b. personality characteristics. c. cultural practices. d. languages.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 292 TOPICS: The Origins of "Race" 13. Which cultural anthropologist most profoundly changed the conversation about race in the United States? a. Franz Boas b. Bronislaw Malinowski c. Leslie White d. Ruth Benedict ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 293 TOPICS: Boas and the Issue of “Race” in the United States 14. A paradigm shift is best described as a(n): a. inversion of a social hierarchy that allows egalitarianism to emerge. b. change in the perspective that a group of people takes on a social issue. c. natural hierarchy that appears to be socially just and sensible. d. means to re-educate all people on what it is that makes us human.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 293 TOPICS: Boas and the Issue of “Race” in the United States 15. Boas worked with a leading African American intellectual and sociologist of the 20th century to turn the

discussion from race to cultural difference. Who was this scholar with whom Boas collaborated on the study of race?

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a. W.E.B. Du Bois b. Martin Luther King, Jr.

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c. Talcott Parsons d. Malcolm X ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 293 TOPICS: Boas and the Issue of “Race” in the United States 16. What is meant by the term “sound blindness”? a. It is a perspective that anthropologists take in order to better understand and accept cultural

differences in the field. b. It refers to a condition that causes certain people to lose both hearing and sight simultaneously. c. It referred to the inability to read and write Western languages and was assigned as a disability among immigrants. d. It referred to the inability to distinguish linguistic sounds believed to be associated with primitive people by scientists in the early 1900s.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 294 TOPICS: Boas and the Issue of “Race” in the United States 17. Which of the following best describes U.S. immigration policy in the early 1900s? a. The U.S. government was not involved in immigrants or immigration policy in the early 1900s and

allowed scientists full access to do research on these populations. b. The government set very specific quotas on immigrants in an attempt to encourage non-European immigration into the United States. c. The government was sensitive to political struggles in eastern Europe and regularly invited highly diverse immigrants to settle in the U.S. d. The government was interested in understanding the meaning of race in immigrants so that quotas could be set to limit what they perceived as inferior races.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: pp. 294-295 TOPICS: Boas and the Issue of “Race” in the United States 18. All of the following did early research on race and racism in the U.S. except: a. Johann Blumenbach. b. Zora Neale Hurston. c. Hortense Powdermaker. d. Horace Cayton.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: pp. 296-298 TOPICS: Boas and the Issue of “Race” in the United States 19. During the period known as the “Great Migration” (1919-1970): a. Americans of all races explored and settled the American West. b. businesses moved from U.S. and Western European countries into the displaced southern countries Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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where labor was cheaper. c. six million African Americans migrated out of the South to the North and West of the U.S.

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d. thirty-three million immigrants were absorbed into mainstream U.S. culture coming from diverse

cultures.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 296 TOPICS: Boas and the Issue of “Race” in the United States 20. Which anthropologist worked in Florida in the early 1900s collecting African American folklore? a. Hortense Powdermaker b. Zora Neale Hurston c. Horace Cayton d. St. Claire Drake ANSWER: b REFERENCES: pp. 297-298 TOPICS: Boas and the Issue of “Race” in the United States 21. According to the American Anthropological Association, which ancient theory most contributed to a racial

(and hierarchical) worldview? a. Great Chain of Being b. Big Bang Theory c. Darwinian Evolution d. Heliocentric Theory ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 303 TOPICS: Race as a Social Category 22. Which of the following was a major difference between the 2000 Census and those which occurred at earlier

historical periods? a. For the first time respondents were allowed to self-identify. b. Respondents were no longer allowed to choose their own race. c. For the first time only one respondent answered the forms for the entire family. d. Respondents were encouraged to choose multiple categories of affiliation.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 304 TOPICS: Race as a Social Category 23. All of the following are considered aspects of ethnic identity by anthropologists except: a. language. b. intellectual ability. c. religion. d. food preferences.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 306 Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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TOPICS:

From "Race" to Culture and Ethnicity

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24. Ethnicity lies at the intersection of: a. culture and history. b. psychology and history. c. biology and culture. d. identity and culture.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 306 TOPICS: From "Race" to Culture and Ethnicity 25. An ethnic identity is most based on: a. psychological personality. b. collective history. c. economic well being. d. educational accomplishments.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 306 TOPICS: From "Race" to Culture and Ethnicity 26. When an individual is assigned ethnicity by outsiders, it is called: a. ethnic ascription. b. political ethnicity. c. ethnic self-ascription. d. blood quantum.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 308 TOPICS: From "Race" to Culture and Ethnicity 27. In tense and very troubled political and economic times, ethnic boundaries tend to: a. become blurred. b. evaporate and disappear. c. become more delineated and strict. d. change.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 308 TOPICS: From "Race" to Culture and Ethnicity 28. Political ethnicity is associated with all of the following except: a. egalitarianism and social unity. b. ethnic hierarchies. c. relative economic power. d. relative political power.

ANSWER:

a

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REFERENCES: p. 310 TOPICS: From "Race" to Culture and Ethnicity

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29. Which ethnic group most commonly uses blood quantum as a measure of ethnicity? a. All indigenous people b. Native Americans c. African Americans d. Immigrants ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 313 TOPICS: From "Race" to Culture and Ethnicity st

30. In the 21 century, ethnicity has increasingly become: a. a business enterprise. b. a way to develop races. c. synonymous with the nation-state. d. a way of obtaining social relevance.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 316 TOPICS: From "Race" to Culture and Ethnicity 31. The term “Third World peoples” was commonly used in the 1970s. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 286 TOPICS: Introduction: Shifting Racial Categories 32. In the early part of the 20th century, Americans began using race as an adaptive and shifting category no

longer considered ranked and hierarchical. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: pp. 287-288 TOPICS: Perspectives on “Race” Then and Now 33. Race does not play a significant role in the social life of Peru. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 289 TOPICS: Perspectives on “Race” Then and Now 34. The social evolutionary framework used to understand human diversity gave rise to several different racial

typologies.

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a. True b. False

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ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 291 TOPICS: The Origins of "Race" 35. Boas worked to turn the national conversation from cultural diversity to racial diversity. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 294 TOPICS: Boas and the Issue of “Race” in the United States 36. The cephalic index was a way to measure a human head. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 295 TOPICS: Boas and the Issue of “Race” in the United States 37. Boas encouraged early anthropologists to study African Americans as a way of understanding race. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 296 TOPICS: Boas and the Issue of “Race” in the United States 38. Hortense Powdermaker studied African American folklore in Mississippi and Louisiana. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 299 TOPICS: Boas and the Issue of “Race” in the United States 39. Today most anthropologists see race as biology-based and not trait-based. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 302 TOPICS: Boas and the Issue of “Race” in the United States 40. The social evolutionary framework continues to affect the U.S. census. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 304 Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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TOPICS:

Race as a Social Category

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41. The concept of ethnicity is no longer as significant as it was before WWI. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 306 TOPICS: From “Race” to Culture and Ethnicity 42. Political ethnicity is extremely uncommon today. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 310 TOPICS: From “Race” to Culture and Ethnicity 43. The Madurese in Indonesia are Muslim. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 310 TOPICS: From “Race” to Culture and Ethnicity 44. Blood quantum is real and verifiable by all scientists. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 312 TOPICS: From “Race” to Culture and Ethnicity 45. Today ethnicity is increasingly being used as a business enterprise. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 316 TOPICS: From “Race” to Culture and Ethnicity 46. What are the primary historical and social forces that have shaped categories of race and ethnicity in the

U.S. since the 1970s?

ANSWER: These forces include the post-Vietnam War era, changing immigration and economic policies, changing demands for labor, new information technologies, and growing border security concerns.

REFERENCES: p. 287 TOPICS: Introduction: Shifting Racial Categories 47. Compare and contrast the racial typologies of Carolus Linnaeus and Johann Blumenbach.

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ANSWER:

Blumenbach’s was based on geographic diversity and included five races—Mongolian, Malayan, Caucasian, American, and Negroid —while Linnaeus’s was based on geography and

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cultural and physical differences and included four races—African, American, Asian, and European.

REFERENCES: p. 292 TOPICS: The Origins of "Race" 48. How did Boas’s research undermine the validity of the primary measurements used in identifying race

during the early 1900s?

ANSWER: Boas’s research on sound blindness showed that the listener’s unfamiliarity with foreign sounds, not an inability to hear the distinctions, causes the challenges. His use of the cephalic index with recent immigrants and those who lived in the U.S. for several years showed that it was a measurement that changed and was not fixed.

REFERENCES: p. 294 TOPICS: Boas and the Issue of “Race” in the United States 49. What is meant by the term “ethnic group”?

ANSWER: It is a population whose members self-identify (and/or are identified) as living a distinctive

cultural life. They share an ethnic identity.

REFERENCES: p. 306 TOPICS: Boas and the Issue of “Race” in the United States 50. What is the blood quantum measure and how does it relate to ethnic identity?

ANSWER: It is used to establish who counts as a Native American and should be included on tribal rolls

and who does not.

REFERENCES: p. 313 TOPICS: Boas and the Issue of “Race” in the United States 51. Racial categories are cultural constructions. Explain this and gives examples as evidence.

ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: p. 286 TOPICS: Introduction: Shifting Racial Categories 52. Discuss some of the earliest fieldwork on race in the United States. What were the primary contributions of

this work?

ANSWER:

Will vary

REFERENCES: pp. 296-298 TOPICS: Boas and the Issue of “Race” in the United States 53. How are concepts of race and ethnicity different? Consider the historical trajectory of each. What are the

advantages and disadvantages of using each concept?

ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: pp. 286-317 TOPICS: From “Race” to Culture and Ethnicity

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1. In anthropology performance, dance, and music are called: a. expressive cultural forms. b. culturally relative artifacts. c. intangible symbols. d. intensive cultural expressions.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 322 TOPICS: Introduction 2. Which of the following statements best describes an anthropological understanding of language? a. Language is subject to shifting cultural contexts and exhibits different aspects of cultural identity. b. Language is universal, and all languages share the same features and a consistent and unchanging

group of sounds. c. When cultures are undergoing growth and change, language tends to become more conservative. d. Languages change constantly, and no language can be studied intact.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 322 TOPICS: Language Change 3. Which of the following was used most successfully by European colonizers as a weapon, a way to gain

control over the cultural identities of subject peoples? a. Sexuality b. Dance c. Language d. Kinship ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 322 TOPICS: Language Change 4. Cultural borrowing, blending, and diffusion are all aspects of: a. enculturation. b. juxtaposition. c. syncretism. d. assimilation.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 323 TOPICS: Language Change 5. Which of the following is not commonly associated with historical linguistics? a. Grouping languages into families b. Analysis of how a language is currently used c. Comparative study of languages Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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d. Identification of similarities and differences between languages ANSWER:

b

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REFERENCES: p. 325 TOPICS: Origins of Comparative Language Study 6. Ethnolinguists are anthropologists who specialize in the study of: a. language. b. music. c. symbolism. d. ethnicity.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 326 TOPICS: The Anthropological Study of Language 7. Approximately how many languages exist today? a. 6,000 b. 1,700 c. 3,400 d. 9,500 ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 326 TOPICS: The Anthropological Study of Language 8. The study of language sounds is called: a. morphemes. b. ethnolinguistics. c. phonology. d. phonetics.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 326 TOPICS: The Anthropological Study of Language 9. The smallest unit of sound that conveys meaning is called a(n): a. idiophone. b. phoneme. c. syntax. d. morpheme.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 326 TOPICS: The Anthropological Study of Language 10. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a(n): a. alphabetical record of all of the words that carry meanings in human languages. b. collection of symbols that identify all the sounds of all languages.

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c. collection of symbols that identify the sounds of all non-Western languages. d. alphabet of all letters (symbols) used to identify written sounds.

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ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 327 TOPICS: The Anthropological Study of Language 11. Dental, bilabial, alveolar lateral sounds are commonly found in what types of languages? a. Colonial languages b. Click languages c. Latin-based languages d. Ancestral languages ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 328 TOPICS: The Anthropological Study of Language 12. Ethnosemantics is most accurately described as a linguistic: a. language. b. performance. c. theory. d. method.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 329 TOPICS: The Anthropological Study of Language 13. Which of the following would most commonly be associated with ethnosemantics? a. Semantic domains b. Idiophones c. Linguistic relativity d. Pidgins ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 329 TOPICS: The Anthropological Study of Language 14. Which of the following best illustrates a semantic domain? a. House, tree, sky, porch b. Pants, shirts, blouses, shorts c. Blue, red, tall, short d. Up, down, school, football ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 329 TOPICS: The Anthropological Study of Language 15. The belief that all languages are equally useful means of communication is called: a. linguistic relativity.

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b. cultural relativism. c. ethnosemantics.

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d. linguistic assimilation.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 330 TOPICS: Language and Thought 16. Which of the following statements about color is correct? a. Colors are universal, and all cultures perceive and name them similarly. b. Color is a human universal, but only state societies name colors. c. Across cultures, individuals are not able to perceive the same colors in the environment. d. The recognition and naming of colors is culturally learned.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 332 TOPICS: Language and Thought 17. New and partial language blends are called: a. accents. b. dialects. c. creoles. d. pidgins.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 334 TOPICS: Language and Thought 18. A way of speaking that is characteristic of a group of people is called: a. dialect. b. accent. c. clicks. d. creoles.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 334 TOPICS: Language and Thought 19. Which anthropological fieldworker gathered African American folklore in Florida during the 1930s? a. Allison Davis b. Franz Boas c. Zora Neale Hurston d. Hortense Powdermaker ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 335 TOPICS: Language and Thought 20. What was the most important factor shaping AAE? Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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a. Colonialism b. Slavery

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c. Imperialism d. WWII ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 336 TOPICS: Language and Thought 21. If I say, “Good evening, Mr. Moore” in one place and turn around to my friend and say, “Hey there!” I am: a. code switching. b. using a unified semantic domain. c. language coding. d. applying linguistic symbolism.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 337 TOPICS: Language and Thought 22. Ethnomusicologists are: a. musicians. b. therapists. c. linguists. d. physical trainers.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 338 TOPICS: Music and Cultural Meanings 23. Which of the following is not a common activity for an ethnomusicologist? a. Study musical transcription b. Work to change a culture’s music c. Study how instruments are used to make music d. Identify diverse types of music ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 338 TOPICS: Music and Cultural Meanings 24. Among the Siriono: a. there is no local music. b. there are only idiophones. c. all individuals sing choral music and dance. d. each individual has his or her own personal song.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 338 TOPICS: Music and Cultural Meanings Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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25. Tones are associated with which type of music? a. Indigenous

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b. Western c. Percussive d. Asian ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 339 TOPICS: Music and Cultural Meanings 26. Which of the following is not an idiophone? a. Violin b. Gong c. Rattle d. Xylophone ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 339 TOPICS: Music and Cultural Meanings 27. In Peru during the early part of the 20th century, there was a concerted effort to create a more meaningful

national identity. What type of music and performance did they research and revive? a. Maya b. Aztec c. Incan d. European ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 341 TOPICS: Music and Cultural Meanings 28. In 2003, UNESCO designated music as part of the world's: a. cultural heritage. b. physical landscapes. c. most endangered languages. d. cultures.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 342 TOPICS: Music and Cultural Meanings 29. The first systematic sound recordings were made on: a. vinyl records. b. phonographic cylinders. c. paraffin hieroglyphs. d. compact cassettes.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 343 Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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TOPICS:

Music and Cultural Meanings

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30. Bassnectar is a musician known for what type of music? a. Electronic dance music b. European classical music c. Ballads and traditional rounds d. Boogie woogie and rap ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 344 TOPICS: Music and Cultural Meanings 31. Kurdish language and music were suppressed by Turkey in the early to mid-1900s. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 320 TOPICS: Introduction 32. State authorities often use language as a means of political control. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 322 TOPICS: Language Change 33. In Indonesia there are two official state languages, and all citizens are required to speak both of them. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 324 TOPICS: Language Change 34. Boas did not believe that languages were unique. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 325 TOPICS: Origins of Comparative Language Study 35. Click languages in Africa are rapidly disappearing. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 328 TOPICS: The Anthropological Study of Language Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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36. The ethnosemantic approach is no longer used in linguistic study.

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a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 329 TOPICS: The Anthropological Study of Language 37. Benjamin Whorf argued that all higher levels of human thought were dependent on language. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 330 TOPICS: Language and Thought 38. Those who learn second languages are affected by the first language they learned. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 333 TOPICS: Language and Thought 39. A pidgin is a completely developed language that started as creole. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 334 TOPICS: Language and Thought 40. Ebonics has roots in U.S. slavery. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 335 TOPICS: Language and Thought 41. New music can reflect emerging cultural identities. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 337 TOPICS: Language and Thought 42. Ethnomusicologists are not formally trained in music. a. True b. False Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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ANSWER:

False

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REFERENCES: p. 338 TOPICS: Music and Cultural Meanings 43. Tonal music is found in all cultures. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 339 TOPICS: Music and Cultural Meanings 44. Threats to musical heritage may have repercussions for cultural identity. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 342 TOPICS: Music and Cultural Meanings 45. Franz Boas was the first anthropologist to use sound recordings. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 343 TOPICS: Music and Cultural Meanings 46. Distinguish between the terms phonology, phonemes, and phonetics.

ANSWER: Phonology is the study of language sounds, phonemes are the basic sounds themselves, and

phonetics is a sound inventory of all the sounds of a language.

REFERENCES: p. 326 TOPICS: The Anthropological Study of Language 47. Describe Benjamin Whorf’s contributions to our understanding of language.

ANSWER: He argued that language is required for all higher levels of human thought and that the

structure of the language that a person habitually uses influences the way the person understands his or her environment.

REFERENCES: p. 330 TOPICS: Language and Thought 48. How do languages customarily emerge? Discuss and provides examples.

ANSWER: Pidgins are new and partial language blends that emerge in situations marked by cross-cultural

contact. These can develop into creoles.

REFERENCES: p. 334 TOPICS: Language and Thought 49. What is code switching? Give an example.

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REFERENCES: p. 338 ANSWER: It is when a speaker consciously and strategically moves back and forth from one language

version to another.

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REFERENCES: p. 337 TOPICS: Language and Thought 50. Identify five different common idiophones.

ANSWER: These are percussive instruments—things such as drums, gongs, bells, rattles, jaw harps,

xylophones, castanets, etc.

REFERENCES: p. 339 TOPICS: Music and Cultural Meanings 51. How can language be used as a political weapon? Give examples and discuss the potential widespread

effects of language suppression.

ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: pp. 322-324 TOPICS: Language Change 52. Explain the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis and give examples. Do you believe that there are language universals?

Why or why not?

ANSWER:

Will vary

REFERENCES: pp. 330-334 TOPICS: Language and Thought 53. How are music and language similar types of expressive culture?

ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: pp. 337-346 TOPICS: Music and Cultural Meanings

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1. The term “evangelical” is associated with all of the following except: a. association with liberal social views. b. literal or near-literal interpretation of the Bible. c. belief in a personal relationship with Jesus. d. use of daily prayer.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 349 TOPICS: Introduction 2. The study of cross-cultural diversity in religious beliefs, practices, and meanings is called: a. comparative religion. b. religious relativity. c. cultural relativism. d. historical religion.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 350 TOPICS: Religion and Belief in Anthropology 3. The early inclusive view of religion as a belief in spiritual beings was proposed by: a. Franz Boas. b. Max Weber. c. Edward Tylor. d. Clifford Geertz.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 351 TOPICS: Religion and Belief in Anthropology 4. Animism is the belief: a. that ancestors control our daily lives and predict the future. b. that religion can only be found in nature. c. that everything is imbued with a spirit/spirits. d. in many gods.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 351 TOPICS: Religion and Belief in Anthropology 5. Which anthropologist argues that religion is a “system of symbols which acts to establish powerful,

pervasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations….”? a. Max Weber b. Clifford Geertz c. Edward Tylor d. Emile Durkheim Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 351

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6. All of the following are part of Clifford Geertz’s well-known definition of religion except: a. spiritual beings. b. symbols. c. moods and motivation. d. an aura of factuality.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 351 TOPICS: Religion and Belief in Anthropology 7. Ritual is best defined as: a. repetitious symbolic behaviors. b. practices that invoke supernatural beings. c. universal stereotyped behaviors. d. the belief in spiritual beings.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: pp. 351-352 TOPICS: Religion and Belief in Anthropology 8. What is the primary difference between a synchronic and a diachronic approach? a. One focuses on Western religions, and the other is more global and cross-cultural. b. One focuses on practices in a less stratified society, and the other focuses on state religions. c. One focuses on the here-and-now, and the other takes a longer view of change over time. d. One looks at religion as a system, and the other looks at religion as a practice.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: pp. 352-353 TOPICS: Religion and Belief in Anthropology 9. If an ethnographer were to do a study of changes that have occurred in the practices of Buddhism over the last

100 years, it would be what type of study? a. Relativistic b. Assimilative c. Synchronic d. Diachronic ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 353 TOPICS: Religion and Belief in Anthropology 10. According to the text, a religious specialist who speaks through the supernatural being is best defined as a: a. sorcerer. b. spirit medium.

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c. witch. d. healer and trancer.

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ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 354 TOPICS: Religious Experience in Less Stratified Societies 11. What is num? a. A specialized shaman who contacts the supernatural directly b. A healing life-force associated with the San c. A ritual practice associated with Taoism d. An ancestral spirit-force that appears in the Ghost Dance ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 355 TOPICS: Religious Experience in Less Stratified Societies 12. Nomadic San believed that the root cause of all illness and disease was: a. contagion by outside forces. b. poor moral actions. c. rituals that were performed incorrectly. d. the actions of their two gods.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 355 TOPICS: Religious Experience in Less Stratified Societies 13. Which is not a common step in traditional San healing and curing rituals? a. Generalized use of hallucinogenic plants b. Laying on of hands c. Drumming and dancing d. Collective focus on the victim ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 359 TOPICS: Religious Experience in Less Stratified Societies 14. Today the sedentary San primarily practice traditional healing techniques for: a. ancestor spirits. b. tourists. c. elderly relatives. d. heads of state.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 357 TOPICS: Religious Experience in Less Stratified Societies 15. An ongoing process of fusion and change is called: a. syncretism.

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b. evolution. c. cultural relativism.

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d. assimilation.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 358 TOPICS: Religious Belief and Practice in Class Societies 16. Which of the following factors has most changed San lives today? a. Education b. Religion c. Kinship d. Sedentism ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 357 TOPICS: Religious Experience in Less Stratified Societies 17. Which of the following is not a traditional religious system associated with Imperial China? a. Buddhism b. Confucianism c. Taoism d. Christianity ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 360 TOPICS: Religious Belief and Practice in Class Societies 18. During the Imperial Era of China, what was the primary role of ghosts? a. They continued to advocate for their own living descendants. b. They worked to encourage people to practice Confucianism. c. They were used in healing ceremonies and for prophecy. d. They were not recognized during the Imperial Era except as children’s ideas.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 361 TOPICS: Religious Belief and Practice in Class Societies 19. During the Hungry Ghost festival, Chinese families of the Imperial Era: a. fed ancestors regardless of their kinship. b. invited ancestors of different families to dine together. c. drove ghosts away to the sounds of firecrackers. d. hid from ghosts inside their houses and chanted prayers to keep them away.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 361 TOPICS: Religious Belief and Practice in Class Societies 20. During what historical period was China most anti-religion?

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a. Post-Mao Zedong Era b. Cultural Revolution

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c. Imperial Era d. Reservation Era ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 359 TOPICS: Religious Belief and Practice in Class Societies 21. During the Imperial Era: a. people tended to use diverse religious practices to meet their needs. b. all religions were outlawed and only practiced in secret within families. c. people only practiced ancestor worship and there were no religious philosophies. d. most Chinese had no religion and did not practice any types of religious rituals.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 360 TOPICS: Religious Belief and Practice in Class Societies 22. All of the following religions were legally allowed to operate in the People’s Republic of China with

restrictions except: a. Falun Gong. b. Christianity. c. Islam. d. Buddhism.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 363 TOPICS: Religious Belief and Practice in Class Societies 23. “A deliberate, organized, conscious effort by members of society to construct a more satisfying culture” is

called: a. syncretism. b. a revitalization movement. c. a prophet movement. d. prophecy.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 364 TOPICS: Religious Belief and Practice in Class Societies 24. Which of the following is not characteristic of most messianic movements? a. Prophetic leadership b. Promises of a better future c. Normally short-lived experience d. Appearance during a time of cultural stability ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 365 Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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25. The Ghost Dance originated among the: a. Iroquois. b. Lakota. c. Kwakiutl. d. Navajo.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 367 TOPICS: Religious Belief and Practice in Class Societies 26. Which of the following did Handsome Lake advocate? a. Adoption of new technology b. Eradication of the old beliefs and traditions c. End of religion d. Complete assimilation into White culture ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 366 TOPICS: Religious Belief and Practice in Class Societies 27. Tlakaelel was associated with all of the following except: a. worship of Mother Earth. b. indigenous cultural practices. c. focus on ancestral ghosts. d. prophecy.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: pp. 368-369 TOPICS: Religious Belief and Practice in Class Societies 28. During the 1890s, a revitalization movement developed within Native American society that claimed to

empower individuals to withstand bullets. This was called the: a. Ghost Dance. b. Sun Dance. c. Ritual Lodge Movement. d. Wounded Knee Movement.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 367 TOPICS: Religious Belief and Practice in Class Societies 29. The dominant religion in Indonesia is: a. Daoism. b. Islam. c. Hinduism. d. Christianity.

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ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 372

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30. The Gayo are considered: a. Muslim. b. Buddhist. c. Christian. d. Atheist.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 372 TOPICS: Variation Within a Religion 31. All Christians are evangelicals. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 349 TOPICS: Introduction 32. Religion is best defined with an inclusive definition. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 351 TOPICS: Religion and Belief in Anthropology 33. Animism is found only in the religions of state societies. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 351 TOPICS: Religion and Belief in Anthropology 34. All rites of passage are cross cultural. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 353 TOPICS: Religion and Belief in Anthropology 35. Shamans are originally from South America. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 354 Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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TOPICS:

Religious Experience in Less Stratified Societies

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36. The San are undergoing a revival in their religious practices because of growing tourism. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 357 TOPICS: Religious Experience in Less Stratified Societies 37. The San practice a laying-on of hands in order to transmit the belief in a monotheistic god. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 356 TOPICS: Religious Experience in Less Stratified Societies 38. Syncretism is always a conscious attempt to create a more satisfying culture. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 358 TOPICS: Religious Belief and Practice in Class Societies 39. Confucianism is no longer practiced in China. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 363 TOPICS: Religious Belief and Practice in Class Societies 40. Ghosts were seen as troubling figures by most Chinese during the Imperial Era. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: pp. 360-361 TOPICS: Religious Belief and Practice in Class Societies 41. A messianic movement is a type of revitalization movement. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 365 TOPICS: Religious Belief and Practice in Class Societies 42. Christianity began as a state religion and not a revitalization movement. a. True Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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b. False ANSWER:

False

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REFERENCES: p. 365 TOPICS: Religious Belief and Practice in Class Societies 43. The Ghost Dance is a revitalization movement found among the Iroquois. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 367 TOPICS: Religious Belief and Practice in Class Societies 44. Islam varies as it is practiced across different cultures. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 371 TOPICS: Variation Within a Religion 45. Gayo is a type of Christianity. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 372 TOPICS: Variation Within a Religion 46. Contrast a synchronic approach to religion with a diachronic one. How do these approaches differ?

ANSWER: A synchronic approach involves a point-in-time study, and a diachronic one looks at change

over time.

REFERENCES: pp. 352-353 TOPICS: Religion and Belief in Anthropology 47. How is a shaman different from a priest?

ANSWER: Shamans are part-time practitioners who can make direct contact with supernatural forces.

They are also associated commonly with less stratified societies.

REFERENCES: p. 354 TOPICS: Religious Experience in Less Stratified Societies 48. What is a revitalization movement?

ANSWER: It is a “deliberate, organized, conscious effort by members of society to construct a more

satisfying culture.”

REFERENCES: p. 364 TOPICS: Religious Belief and Practice in Class Societies 49. How does the Iroquois religion of Handsome Lake meet the criteria of a revitalization movement?

ANSWER: This religion developed around a prophet figure (Handsome Lake) who experienced spiritual Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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visitations meant to help direct his people towards a more syncretic culture—one better adapted to the surrounding White/Western culture.

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REFERENCES: pp. 365-366 TOPICS: Religious Belief and Practice in Class Societies 50. What is animism?

ANSWER: It is the belief that plants, animals, and inanimate objects are imbued with spirit. It is

associated with less stratified societies.

REFERENCES: p. 351 TOPICS: Religion and Belief in Anthropology 51. Using what you have learned in this chapter, define religion and give examples.

ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: pp. 350-373 TOPICS: Religion and Belief in Anthropology 52. Describe a traditional San healing ceremony. How has this changed recently?

ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: pp. 355-358 TOPICS: Religious Experience in Less Stratified Societies 53. Compare and contrast two different types of revitalization movements. How do these examples illustrate an

attempt “to construct a more satisfying culture”?

ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: pp. 364-370 TOPICS: Religious Belief and Practice in Class Societies

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1. The “Arab Spring” was directly associated with each of the following countries except: a. Jordan. b. Egypt. c. Tunisia. d. Libya.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 376 TOPICS: Introduction 2. Which of the following statements about technology is not true? a. Technology often responds to culture but it exists separate from cultures themselves. b. Technology can drive both social change and also reinforcement of social hierarchies. c. Technology allows national politics to play out on an international stage. d. Technology has become increasingly specialized at an accelerating rate.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 377 TOPICS: Technologies Across Space and Time 3. The origin of the word “technology” is from the Greek word techne, which means: a. artifact or product. b. performance. c. art or craft. d. gadget.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 378 TOPICS: Technologies Across Space and Time 4. Technology can best be generally defined as: a. the ability to alter the world around us culturally. b. tools we use for everyday life subsistence tasks. c. tools, techniques, skills and devices, and the technical information to use them. d. digital and electronic devices associated with communication.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 378 TOPICS: Technologies Across Space and Time 5. What is the first step commonly taken in an anthropological study of technology? a. Focus on the primary form of subsistence b. Inventory of a group’s material culture c. Comparison of technologies between two groups d. Assignment of an innovation quality to the group’s technology ANSWER:

b

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REFERENCES: p. 379 TOPICS: Technologies Across Space and Time

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6. When one cultural group introduces technology to another, it is called: a. technology transfer. b. information technology. c. technology exchange. d. distributional technology.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 380 TOPICS: Technologies Across Space and Time 7. Which category of technology is most fundamental to human life everywhere? a. Subsistence b. Information c. Educational d. Political ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 380 TOPICS: Subsistence Technologies: Less Stratified Societies 8. What new technology was introduced to the Yir Yoront in the 1930s causing social disruption? a. Motor vehicles b. Long-range rifles c. Steel axes d. Electric chainsaws ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 381 TOPICS: Subsistence Technologies: Less Stratified Societies 9. The kaross is a: a. form of hafting used on steel axes. b. breed of dog used by the Bedouin. c. type of basket used by San women. d. piece of skin San women use for gathering.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 384 TOPICS: Subsistence Technologies: Less Stratified Societies 10. Traditional San hunters: a. usually traveled alone for hunts and shared meat with everyone in the band. b. put personal markings on their arrows to determine the owner of the kill. c. did not share meat with those who did not hunt. d. obtained a great deal of political power from successful hunts.

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ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 384

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11. Which of the following is not usually associated with domestication? a. Control and intervention with an animal species b. Free-range breeding c. Change over generations d. Preferred physical or behavioral traits ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 386 TOPICS: Subsistence Technologies: Less Stratified Societies 12. The production and use of traditional San subsistence technology: a. severely damaged the desert environment. b. resulted in a very stable market economy. c. continued without disruption during colonial times. d. supported egalitarian relationships.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 386 TOPICS: Subsistence Technologies: Less Stratified Societies 13. A stone blade affixed at a right angle to a wooden haft is called a(n): a. adze. b. axe. c. hoe. d. machete.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 389 TOPICS: Subsistence Technologies: Less Stratified Societies 14. Among the Baruya, the introduction of steel axes: a. resulted in a decrease of wood production. b. resulted in an increase in women’s workloads. c. was abandoned after a short period of time for inefficiency. d. created a major shift in formerly egalitarian relationships.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 390 TOPICS: Subsistence Technologies: Less Stratified Societies 15. Which dog breed did the Bedouin create to serve as an extension of their subsistence system? a. Saluki b. Borzoi c. Adze Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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d. Collie ANSWER:

a

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REFERENCES: p. 388 TOPICS: Subsistence Technologies: Less Stratified Societies 16. Baruya women: a. created new tools themselves and gave up horticulture. b. embraced new technology and became more productive. c. did not allow men to use steel axes for horticulture. d. rejected some steel tools in practice of horticulture.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 389 TOPICS: Subsistence Technologies: Less Stratified Societies 17. Overall, how did Baruya men use the additional wood produced by steel axes as opposed to stone ones? a. Built more houses b. Sold it for commercial purposes c. Built more pigpens d. Developed a furniture industry ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 390 TOPICS: Subsistence Technologies: Less Stratified Societies 18. In Bali, the primary form of cultivation was: a. wet rice agriculture. b. dry rice agriculture. c. horticultural agriculture. d. hunting and gathering.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 391 TOPICS: Agrarian Technologies 19. Which of the following is the most striking engineering feat found in Bali? a. Monumental architecture b. Modern-day airports c. Irrigation canals d. Telephone satellite system ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 392 TOPICS: Agrarian Technologies 20. In Bali, farmers used which of the following to divert water from one to another location? a. Spears b. Weirs Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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c. Dikes d. Large-scale dams

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ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 393 TOPICS: Agrarian Technologies 21. What institution traditionally controlled (and controls) the irrigation system in Bali? a. Religion b. Economics c. Kinship d. Politics ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 393 TOPICS: Agrarian Technologies 22. What type of technology has dominated in the post-industrial era? a. Information technology b. Agricultural technology c. Hydroporic farming d. Hunting and wildlife management technologies ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 394 TOPICS: Technologies, Cultures, and the Post-Industrial Work Place 23. The digital divide is the difference between: a. men who work primarily in the electronics industry and the exclusion of women. b. those who have access to digital-era technologies and those who do not. c. those whose countries primarily use digital technology and the underdeveloped world. d. companies who sell digital technology and those who consume it.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 395 TOPICS: Technologies, Cultures, and the Post-Industrial Work Place 24. In the U.S. in 2015, the ethnic group that least used and had access to digital technology was: a. Hispanics. b. Asians. c. Whites. d. Native Americans.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 396 TOPICS: Technologies, Cultures, and the Post-Industrial Work Place 25. Which of the following statements about work in Information Technology businesses is correct? a. It is a gendered technology field that begins in the workplace and favors men.

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b. It is a gendered technology field that begins before the workplace and skews toward men. c. It is a gendered technology field that begins in high school and favors women.

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d. It is not a gendered technology field and offers equal opportunity to men and women.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 397 TOPICS: Technologies, Cultures, and the Post-Industrial Work Place 26. Population scientists are also called: a. demographers. b. seismologists. c. sociologists. d. population technicians.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 402 TOPICS: Technologies, Cultures, and the Post-Industrial Work Place 27. Reproductive technology includes all of the following except: a. in vitro fertilization. b. embryo transfer. c. cryo-preservation. d. crypto-transfer injection.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 401 TOPICS: Reproductive Technologies 28. The “disappeared daughters” are: a. females unaccounted for by the imbalance of the sex ratio at birth. b. females who are aborted before birth. c. females who are given less opportunity and visibility in the work place. d. daughters who marry into patrilineal families and lose contact with their own families.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 402 TOPICS: Reproductive Technologies 29. The one-child family policy occurred in: a. Vietnam. b. China. c. India. d. Belgium.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 403 TOPICS: Reproductive Technologies 30. The pace of change in technology has recently been slowing down due to socio-political disruptions.

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a. True b. False

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ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 378 TOPICS: Technologies Across Space and Time 31. Technology is a cultural product. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 378 TOPICS: Technologies Across Space and Time 32. Socially stratified societies always allow a greater understanding of subsistence technology because they are

more diverse. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 380 TOPICS: Subsistence Technologies: Less Stratified Societies 33. Among the Yir Yoront, the introduction of stone axes in the 1930s disrupted the relationship between men

and women. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 382 TOPICS: Subsistence Technologies: Less Stratified Societies 34. San men use the kaross as an exchange item with their fathers-in-law. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 384 TOPICS: Subsistence Technologies: Less Stratified Societies 35. Because of systematic breeding, domestication involves genetic alteration. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 386 TOPICS: Subsistence Technologies: Less Stratified Societies 36. Humans became co-dependent on some animals. a. True b. False Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 387

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TOPICS:

Subsistence Technologies: Less Stratified Societies

37. The Baruya began to use steel axes in the 1940s. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 389 TOPICS: Subsistence Technologies: Less Stratified Societies 38. The Inca used a complex system of aqueducts for farming. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 391 TOPICS: Agrarian Technologies 39. In Bali, state officials were in charge of water distribution schedules. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 393 TOPICS: Agrarian Technologies 40. There is not a digital divide in the U.S. today. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 395 TOPICS: Technologies, Cultures, and the Post-Industrial Work Place 41. The IT industry is declining rapidly today as a growth industry. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 398 TOPICS: Technologies, Cultures, and the Post-Industrial Work Place 42. Use of ultrasound has led to an increase in sex-selective abortion. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 401 TOPICS: Reproductive Technologies Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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43. Under Maoist doctrines, the majority of Chinese citizens experienced relatively greater prosperity. a. True

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b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 402 TOPICS: Reproductive Technologies 44. The sex ratio imbalance greatly concerns world leaders. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 403 TOPICS: Reproductive Technologies 45. Define technology.

ANSWER: Technology is an entire bundle of tools, techniques, skills, and devices plus the technical

information necessary to use or employ them.

REFERENCES: p. 378 TOPICS: Technologies Across Space and Time 46. How did the introduction of steel axes affect the workloads of Baruya men and women? Consider how they

were used and the effects on both genders.

ANSWER: Men were able to cut wood more quickly and build more pigpens. Women thus had to raise more pigs. It resulted in a net increase of women’s workload.

REFERENCES: pp. 389-390 TOPICS: Subsistence Technologies: Less Stratified Societies 47. What is domestication?

ANSWER: Domestication is the control of and systematic breeding of an animal species generation by

generation to produce certain traits.

REFERENCES: p. 386 TOPICS: Subsistence Technologies: Less Stratified Societies 48. How has information technology contributed to changes in the division of labor in society?

ANSWER: It is less gendered (both men and women use it and perform knowledge work); it can be used

and worked from home and reduces/eliminates the divide between the domestic and public spheres.

REFERENCES: p. 394 TOPICS: Technologies, Cultures, and the Post-Industrial Work Place 49. What is the “one child policy,” and what effect has it had on society?

ANSWER: This is policy by China to restrict families—rural and urban—to a single child. Because there

is a strong preference for males, this has resulted in increased sex-selective abortion, increased use of sex-selective techniques, a drastic decline in fertility overall, and a sex ratio skewed towards boys and men who will never find partners themselves. These are the “disappeared daughters.”

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TOPICS:

Reproductive Technologies

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50. What is the global role of technology today? In other words, how do globalization and technology intersect?

ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: pp. 377-380 TOPICS: Technologies Across Space and Time 51. Compare and contrast the cases of culture change through introduction of new European technology to the

Yir Yoront and the Baruya.

ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: pp. 380-390 TOPICS: Subsistence Technologies: Less Stratified Societies 52. How has the evolution of human societies been reflected in its technology?

ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: pp. 377-406 TOPICS: Technologies Across Space and Time

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Chapter_12_Colonialism_Modernity_and_Development

1. The primary shared quest for colonialism was to acquire new territories abroad for all of the following except: a. discovery. b. labor. c. wealth. d. markets.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 410 TOPICS: Introduction 2. The Zapatista Rebellion broke out in 1994 in response to conditions of dire poverty (and what one researcher

calls “internal colonization”) in which country? a. Nicaragua b. Brazil c. Mexico d. Guatemala ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 408 TOPICS: Introduction 3. Which of the following statements is not correct? a. Colonization affected lives all over the world. b. Decolonization continues today. c. Anthropologists continue to be interested in colonization. d. Colonization put an end to culture change in many countries.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 410 TOPICS: Introduction 4. The argument of European advantage based solely on superior weapons and tactics was commonly used in

which theoretical approach? a. Structuralist theories b. Functionalist theories c. Social evolutionary theories d. Military theories ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 411 TOPICS: Colonial Encounters 5. Which metal was most commonly used in making European weapons during the colonial era? a. Stone b. Steel c. Bronze Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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d. Silver ANSWER:

b

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REFERENCES: p. 411 TOPICS: Colonial Encounters 6. Europe had many available domesticated animals during the 16th century, but South America only had a few.

Which of the following is a South American domesticate? a. Llama b. Horse c. Cow d. Ox ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 412 TOPICS: Colonial Encounters 7. Which of the following diseases brought by Europeans to the New World was associated with the highest

mortality rates in the 17th and 18th centuries? a. Tuberculosis b. Dengue fever c. Syphilis d. Encephalitis ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 414 TOPICS: Colonial Encounters 8. The term “people without history” refers to: a. monarchies. b. non-indigenous people. c. colonized people. d. people who migrate.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 415 TOPICS: Colonial Encounters 9. Which of the following was most characteristic following colonialism? a. Re-establishment of local political leaders b. More widespread development of kinship networks c. Enhancement of indigenous religious systems d. Development of new identities ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 416 TOPICS: Colonial Encounters 10. The process of cultural and identity change in which one group adopts some of the behavior and tradition of Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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the other (usually dominant) group is called: a. enculturation.

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b. acculturation. c. decolonization. d. assimilation.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 416 TOPICS: Colonial Encounters 11. When the culture of one group is completely absorbed into the other, it is referred to as: a. acculturation. b. assimilation. c. enculturation. d. colonization.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 417 TOPICS: Colonial Encounters 12. Prior to the Spanish colonization of the Pueblos: a. there were three primary cultural groups—the Hopi, Zuni, and Navajo. b. cultural groups all lived as nomadic hunters and gatherers. c. there as widespread warfare and cultural imperialism. d. there was widespread cultural and linguistic diversity.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 418 TOPICS: Colonial Encounters 13. What was the primary reason that a pan-Indian identity emerged among the Puebloan peoples? a. They were ascribed to Spanish racial hierarchy as “subjugated peoples.” b. They were highly organized politically to obtain independence. c. They worked cooperatively to maximize economic profits. d. They were all from cultural groups that were extremely similar.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: pp. 419, 421 TOPICS: Colonial Encounters 14. The major Pueblo Revolt occurred in: a. 1660. b. 1680. c. 1750. d. 1780.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 420 TOPICS: Colonial Encounters Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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15. All of the following were major causes of the Pueblo Revolt except:

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a. focus on developing an independent indigenous economic system. b. violent efforts at colonial missionization. c. harsh colonial punishments for indigenous people. d. social and political processes aimed at separating and demeaning indigenous people.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 421 TOPICS: Colonial Encounters 16. The Toraja peoples: a. were victims of genocide and have left little record of their pre-colonial lives. b. worked on behalf of Dutch colonizers against other indigenous peoples. c. lost all of their traditions and cultural practices. d. were able to maintain some of their cultural traditions.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 423 TOPICS: Colonial Encounters 17. The earliest development of a world-system framework began with the publication of The Modern World-

System by: a. Richard Lee. b. Arnold Bretton. c. John Marshall. d. Immanuel Wallerstein.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 424 TOPICS: The World-System Framework 18. Apartheid was a policy aimed at: a. racial segregation. b. assimilation. c. racial unity. d. racial enculturation.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 425 TOPICS: The World-System Framework 19. San peoples today can be found in all of the following countries except: a. Botswana. b. Namibia. c. Kenya. d. South Africa.

ANSWER:

c

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REFERENCES: p. 425 TOPICS: The World-System Framework

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20. During the colonial era, the San were often contracted by colonizers as: a. hunters. b. trackers. c. teachers. d. chauffeurs.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 426 TOPICS: The World-System Framework 21. From 1860–1930, there was phenomenal destruction of free-range elephant populations in Africa primarily

due to the desire for: a. ivory to be used as piano keys. b. ivory to be used as house flooring. c. challenging large-game hunts for European elites. d. meat for colonized peoples who were struggling to survive on reservations.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 426 TOPICS: The World-System Framework 22. Under Apartheid, the San were forced to: a. live on reservations. b. be completely assimilated. c. go abroad into other countries. d. cohabitate with other indigenous groups.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 426 TOPICS: The World-System Framework 23. Which U.S. president developed a doctrine to distribute aid worldwide to help in the development of poorer

nations following WWII? a. Lyndon Johnson b. Jimmy Carter c. Woodrow Wilson d. Harry Truman ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 431 TOPICS: The Rise of Development Theory 24. Which of the following was not a primary agency for aid distribution during the Cold War era? a. International Monetary Fund b. United Nations Relief Agency Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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c. World Bank d. U.S. Agency for International Development

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ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 430 TOPICS: The Rise of Development Theory 25. Which of the following changes did not occur to the Bedouin in Oman from 1950–1980? a. They acquired trucks and began hauling goods across the Arabian peninsula. b. They began to live in very tight extended families. c. They began to settle down into longer-term settlements. d. They acquired more market goods and private property.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: pp. 432-434 TOPICS: The Rise of Development Theory 26. Walt Whitman Rostow put forth one of the most influential policies associated with development programs.

It focused primarily on the development of: a. economic systems. b. family and extended kin networks. c. political organizations. d. religion.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 435 TOPICS: The Rise of Development Theory 27. Which of the following is not one of Rostow’s stages? a. Traditional society b. Take-off stage c. Accelerated family development d. Drive to maturity ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 435 TOPICS: The Rise of Development Theory 28. The Vicos Project was focused on: a. creating agrarian reforms at the level of a hacienda landholding unit in Peru. b. changing political structure among the Toraja in Indonesia. c. changing agricultural technology in Bali on wet-rice paddies. d. helping re-settle those San hunters who had fought in the war of independence.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 437 TOPICS: The Rise of Development Theory 29. The Green Revolution touted the importance of all of the following except: a. commercial fertilizers.

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b. traditional planting methods.

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c. modern pesticides. d. engineered seed.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 439 TOPICS: The Rise of Development Theory 30. Which of the following is a major school of criticism against development theory? a. Dependency theory b. Independence theory c. Acculturation theory d. Economic theory ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 441 TOPICS: The Rise of Development Theory 31. At the end of WWII, decolonizing peoples made up more than a quarter of the world’s population. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 410 TOPICS: Introduction 32. Colonial authorities worked to preserve indigenous religions. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 411 TOPICS: Colonial Encounters 33. European colonizers had advantages over the colonized peoples because of their superior weaponry and

widespread diseases. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 414 TOPICS: Colonial Encounters 34. Many indigenous peoples believed that the Europeans were a “people without history” because they did not

value traditions. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 415 Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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TOPICS:

Colonial Encounters

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35. The degree to which colonized peoples adopt cultural practices of the colonizers does not correspond to the

level of disruption they experience in their societies. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 416 TOPICS: Colonial Encounters 36. Prior to Spanish contact, the Pueblo groups did have occasional raiding actions towards each other. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 418 TOPICS: Colonial Encounters 37. Colonizers used religion to subjugate colonized peoples. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 421 TOPICS: Colonial Encounters 38. The Toraja were colonized by Great Britain. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 422 TOPICS: Colonial Encounters 39. Wallerstein’s theory of the “people without history” helped explain the demise of early colonial trade

networks. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 424 TOPICS: The World-System Framework 40. Apartheid enabled colonial forces to more easily control indigenous peoples. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 427 TOPICS: The World-System Framework Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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41. Development aid allowed poorer nations to rapidly and successfully become modern nations.

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a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 430 TOPICS: The Rise of Development Theory 42. A strong humanitarian appeal was built into many development programs. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 431 TOPICS: The Rise of Development Theory 43. The Bedouin were notorious for refusing to engage in the cash economy in the 1980s. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 434 TOPICS: The Rise of Development Theory 44. Walt Rostow based his theory of economic development on William Goode’s theory of family

development. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 435 TOPICS: The Rise of Development Theory 45. The Green Revolution involved a change in agricultural methodology. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 439 TOPICS: The Rise of Development Theories 46. What did anthropologist Eric Wolf mean by the concept “people without history”?

ANSWER: This was coined to explain the colonization process in which indigenous peoples’ own cultural

distinctions were erased, suppressed, or simply un-acknowledged by their European colonizers.

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47. Compare and contrast acculturation and assimilation.

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ANSWER:

Acculturation is when a group adopts some of the cultural behaviors of another group (usually a dominant group), while assimilation is when one culture is entirely absorbed (and erased) into another.

REFERENCES: pp. 416-417 TOPICS: Colonial Encounters 48. Define and distinguish the supposed differences between the “three worlds” of the development era.

ANSWER: First World nations were capital countries who were modern and democratic; Second World

nations were those of socialism and communism; and Third World were those that were backward and in need of assistance.

REFERENCES: p. 431 TOPICS: The Rise of Development Theory 49. What was Apartheid?

ANSWER: This was a system of racial segregation imposed as governmental policy in South Africa.

REFERENCES: p. 425 TOPICS: The World-System Framework 50. What did William Goode mean by the term “cultural convergence”?

ANSWER:

His theory was that once family networks were disturbed and young people began to have a greater role in the destruction of the extended family (deemed too traditional and backward), then a perfect fit would occur between the Western nuclear or conjugal family and the demands of industrialized modern society.

REFERENCES: p. 436 TOPICS: The Rise of Development Theory 51. The colonial encounter created many different types of challenges for indigenous people. Choose three

different challenge areas for the colonized and describe by using examples.

ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: pp. 410-423 TOPICS: Colonial Encounters 52. What were the primary goals of development theory? What challenges did development face? How was

development an ethnocentric policy?

ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: pp. 429-441 TOPICS: The Rise of Development Theory 53. Explain the theories of Walt Whitman Rostow and William Goode as “ideal models” of development during

the mid-20th century.

ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: pp. 434-436 TOPICS: The Rise of Development Theory Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

Chapter_13_Polities_States_and_Nation_States

1. A state is associated with all of the following except: a. focus solely on consensus building. b. standing army able to enforce laws. c. centralized bureaucracy to carry out orders. d. defined territory in which it resides.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 446 TOPICS: States and Nation-States 2. Modern nation-states first emerged in the: a. 18th century. b. 14th century. c. 20th century. d. 16th century.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 447 TOPICS: States and Nation-States 3. Which of the following states is the most recent member of the United Nations? a. Southeast Thailand b. Western Africa c. South Sudan d. Northern Ireland ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 446 TOPICS: States and Nation-States 4. Max Weber proposed that the state was a: a. structure without power and unable to act except through citizens. b. political entity to protect economic interests of the elite. c. legally established bureaucratic entity. d. neo-liberal institution.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 448 TOPICS: States and Nation-States 5. Claiming the authority to establish laws and control activities without external interference is called: a. relativism. b. sovereignty. c. autonomy. d. hegemony.

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ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 448

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TOPICS:

States and Nation-States

6. Neo-liberalism includes all of the following except: a. eradication of all self-interest. b. de-regulation of trade. c. upholding the value of individual rights. d. open market and economic competition.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: pp. 449-450 TOPICS: States and Nation-States 7. Eric Hobsbawn argued that a national culture is associated with each of the following except: a. focuses on a completely imagined history unconnected to ethnicity. b. tends to downplay the importance of minorities. c. tends to encourage feelings of national nostalgia. d. evokes sentiments of pride in the citizenry.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 451 TOPICS: States and Nation-States 8. The interlocking set of political, economic, social, and cultural practices that forms a coherent and dominant

worldview is called: a. neo-liberalism. b. autonomy. c. hegemony. d. sovereignty.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 449 TOPICS: States and Nation-States 9. Marx believed that the state was: a. ethnic. b. cooperative. c. managerial. d. coercive.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 449 TOPICS: States and Nation-States 10. The Indonesia guiding principles of state include all of the following except: a. belief in one god. b. cultural diversity.

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c. social justice. d. democracy.

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ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 453 TOPICS: States and Nation-States 11. The Indonesian state motto is: a. one god for all. b. unity in diversity. c. in adversity there is unity. d. justice without end.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 453 TOPICS: States and Nation-States 12. In Indonesia, which language was chosen as the national language of instruction in schools? a. French b. English c. Japanese d. A former trade language of Indonesia ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 454 TOPICS: States and Nation-States 13. The unique quality of a socialist state is: a. abolition of private property. b. militarization of the citizenry. c. creation of a centralized bureaucracy. d. retraction of employment opportunities.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 459 TOPICS: Socialist and Post-Socialist States 14. Which of the following was dismantled little by little in the People’s Republic of China after the 1980s? a. Kinship lineages b. Collective property c. Centralized government d. Public education ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 459 TOPICS: Socialist and Post-Socialist States 15. In 1991, the USSR: a. was formally disbanded.

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b. created large cooperative farming enclaves. c. became a socialist state.

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d. unified with the PRC. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 459 TOPICS: Socialist and Post-Socialist States 16. Which of the following is not a common form of property within capitalist states? a. Private b. State-owned c. Common d. Cooperative ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 456 TOPICS: Socialist and Post-Socialist States 17. Each of the following is a common way that the state controls its population except: a. creation of national identity. b. land redistribution. c. abolition of private property. d. dismantling the nuclear family.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 460 TOPICS: Socialist and Post-Socialist States 18. If a person receives citizenship because of the status of another individual (such as a wife receiving

citizenship because of her husband’s status), it is called: a. derivative citizenship. b. secondary citizenship. c. default citizenship. d. birthright citizenship.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 461 TOPICS: State Transformations 19. Which of the following most represents a counter-hegemonic idea in a capitalist state? a. Health care advocacy for the poor b. Demand for schooling in rural areas c. Demand for private property in a socialist state d. Urban life for migrants from rural areas ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 460 TOPICS: State Transformations

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20. Which of the following statements about minority groups is correct? a. States never use violence as a way to create national identity, although violence sometimes erupts

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between minority groups. b. Weaker states have greater tendency to resort to violent tactics to prevent minority groups from obtaining power. c. Stronger states tend to use more violent techniques and strategies to maintain supremacy over minority groups. d. States foster violence in their populations as a way of maintaining firm military control internally and externally.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 460 TOPICS: State Transformations 21. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 led directly to the “Trail of Tears” associated with the: a. Cherokee. b. Seminole. c. Crow. d. Lakota.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 464 TOPICS: State Transformations 22. The Indian Civil Rights Act was passed in: a. 1968. b. 1964. c. 1850. d. 1976.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 466 TOPICS: State Transformations 23. “Ethnic cleansing” was a policy associated with: a. developing a national identity that has no ties to ethnicity in multicultural states. b. genocide and total destruction of certain ethnic groups in the Balkans. c. eradication of minority groups in China following the rise of the Han ethnic group. d. the removal of Native Americans from the eastern United States in the 1830s.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 467 TOPICS: State Transformations 24. The idea of cultural pluralism within state boundaries is called: a. cultural multiplicity. b. ethnic pluralism. c. ethno-political pluralism.

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d. multiculturalism.

ANSWER:

d

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REFERENCES: p. 467 TOPICS: State Transformations 25. Which ethnic group is dominant in China today? a. Mandarins b. Han c. Uighurs d. Tibetans ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 469 TOPICS: State Transformations 26. Which of the following statements is incorrect? a. State efforts to control the media are uniform and complete. b. A state can manage its citizens’ impressions of the state by controlling the media. c. Even in “freedom of the press” states, there is routinely some control of the media. d. Most media in industrial states are owned by the wealthy class.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 471 TOPICS: State Transformations 27. In which country did a Cyber War erupt in 2009 between a conservative government and a highly educated

young population? a. Iraq b. Jordan c. Iran d. North Korea ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 473 TOPICS: State Transformations 28. The perpetuation of non-stop global tension and heightened threat of global warfare has been in effect since: a. the Cold War. b. WWI. c. the Civil War. d. the Korean Conflict.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 474 TOPICS: States of War 29. Carolyn Nordstrom’s study of “shadow networks” creating informal wartime economics based on the trade

of weapons, drugs, and illicit gems was in: a. Botswana.

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b. Angola.

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c. India. d. Syria.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 476 TOPICS: States of War 30. Which of the following statements about refugees is incorrect? a. They often choose to leave their homes and countries willingly. b. They have little say in the countries to which they will go. c. They are often seen as a threat to the countries that receive them. d. Their status raises troubling questions about the role of states.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 479 TOPICS: States of War 31. Modern states have the actual real power to enforce taxation. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 446 TOPICS: States and Nation-States 32. Weber regarded the modern nation-state as coercive. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 449 TOPICS: States and Nation-States 33. States use public schools to create a sense of national culture. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 450 TOPICS: States and Nation-States 34. Indonesia was a homogenous ethnic society when the state was first created. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 452 TOPICS: States and Nation-States

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35. The socialist state first developed in the 1950s. a. True

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b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 455 TOPICS: Socialist and Post-Socialist States 36. Counter-hegemonic ideas are rare in state societies. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 460 TOPICS: State Transformations 37. Today citizenship is increasingly seen as a commodity worldwide. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 461 TOPICS: State Transformations 38. In Indonesia, citizenship is all based on land ownership. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 461 TOPICS: State Transformations 39. The U.S. government targeted Japanese-Americans following the attack on Pearl Harbor and called for their

internment in many areas, even though more than 60% of them were born in the U.S. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 462 TOPICS: State Transformations 40. During the post-Civil War era, the U.S. government intensified efforts to remove Native Americans from the

eastern United States. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 464 TOPICS: State Transformations 41. Multiculturalism was endorsed by the U.S. and European states in the 1980s. a. True Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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b. False ANSWER:

True

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REFERENCES: p. 467 TOPICS: State Transformations 42. In Guatemala, indigenous customary law has been included in the state legal system. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 468 TOPICS: State Transformations 43. Freedom of the press is a complicated matter in the United States. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 471 TOPICS: State Transformations 44. Much of the modern warfare technology actually dehumanizes its subjects and targets. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 475 TOPICS: States of War 45. The United Nations has the power to solve civil wars in countries where there is active movement of

refugees. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 479 TOPICS: States of War 46. What is a state? Define this and give an example.

ANSWER: A state is a territorially defined political entity with a centralized bureaucracy, a standing

army, and the capacity to make and enforce laws through military force.

REFERENCES: p. 446 TOPICS: States and Nation-States 47. Define neo-liberalism. With which type of state is it most associated?

ANSWER: It is associated with capitalist states and is a policy to uphold the values of free markets, de-

regulation, competition, and individual rights.

REFERENCES: p. 450 TOPICS: States and Nation-States

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48. Compare and contrast property ownership between capitalist and socialist states.

ANSWER: Socialist states are associated with state-owned, cooperative, personal, and private types of

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property, while capitalist states do not include personal property types (see Table 13.1)—they do include state-owned, common, and private types.

REFERENCES: p. 456 TOPICS: States and Nation-States 49. Distinguish between birthright citizenship and derivative citizenship.

ANSWER: In birthright citizenship the indigenous is born within the borders of the state, while in

derivative a person (usually a wife) receives the citizenship of her husband.

REFERENCES: p. 461 TOPICS: States and Nation-States 50. Define multiculturalism and give an example.

ANSWER: It is an endorsement or celebration of ethnic pluralism within state boundaries. The U.S. and

European states, as well as Indonesia, are good examples.

REFERENCES: pp. 467-470 TOPICS: States and Nation-States 51. What were the various factors that led to the emergence of the modern nation-state? Consider various

theories in your discussion.

ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: pp. 448-449 TOPICS: States and Nation-States 52. Compare and contrast a capitalist and a socialist state.

ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: pp. 446-460 TOPICS: States and Nation-States 53. What is multiculturalism, and what challenges and benefits might it create and provide under ideal state

conditions?

ANSWER:

Will vary

REFERENCES: pp. 467-470 TOPICS: State Transformations

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1. Which of the following statements about globalization is not true? a. It is a new phenomenon. b. It involves the movement of ideas and goods. c. It is more accelerated in pace today. d. It involves states and international organizations.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 485 TOPICS: The New Global Era 2. The United Nations estimates that today there are approximately how many international migrants and

refugees? a. 230 million b. 67 million c. 323 million d. 17 million ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 484 TOPICS: Introduction 3. All of the following are supra-state entities except: a. IMF. b. WTO. c. U.S. Congress. d. World Bank.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 485 TOPICS: The New Global Era 4. When individuals make their own decisions to migrate for economic opportunity, and then remain in those

countries of arrival permanently, this is known as: a. forced migration. b. voluntary migration. c. bifocal migration. d. transnational migration.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 487 TOPICS: The New Global Era 5. A unidirectional movement from the place of origin to the place of arrival is referred to as: a. push-pull migration. b. bipolar migration. c. forced migration.

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d. transnational migration.

ANSWER:

b

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REFERENCES: p. 487 TOPICS: The New Global Era 6. Transnational migrants: a. move back and forth between countries for employment opportunities and maintain a social network

in their countries of origin. b. are migrants who moved within a single country from one region to another seeking employment opportunities. c. move across state boundaries and occasional national boundaries to seek permanent re-location in another country. d. are families that are composed of generations of migrants between two or more countries for employment reasons.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 489 TOPICS: The New Global Era 7. In 2014, it was estimated that there are approximately how many undocumented people in the United States? a. 11.3 million b. 17.1 million c. 3.8 million d. 1.7 million ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 488 TOPICS: The New Global Era 8. The ability to see the world through two cultural lenses, one based on perspectives and cultural practices

learned in the homeland and one learned in the new locale, is called: a. bicultural perspectives. b. multiculturalism. c. cultural bifocality. d. dual cultural relativism.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 490 TOPICS: The New Global Era 9. All of the following are associated with most Andean men who migrate from the Azuayo-Cañari region of

Ecuador to the U.S. except: a. they send remittances back to Ecuador. b. it serves as rite of passage into manhood. c. they find it easier to get marriage partners in Ecuador. d. they never return to Ecuador after arriving in the U.S. ANSWER: d REFERENCES: pp. 490-493 Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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TOPICS:

The New Global Era

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10. Women who work in Free Trade Zones (FTZs) are employed primarily in: a. domestic work. b. industrial factories. c. healthcare work. d. educational work.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 493 TOPICS: The New Global Era 11. Free Trade Zone businesses preferred young unmarried women workers for all of the following reasons

except: a. they were temporary workers. b. they were ambitious and wanted to become more skilled at their jobs. c. they were believed to be more compliant than male workers. d. they believed they were better suited to tedious work.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 494 TOPICS: The New Global Era 12. Which of the following is not considered domestic service work? a. In-home healthcare workers b. Nannies c. Maids d. Assembly line work at factories ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 496 TOPICS: The New Global Era 13. Filipina domestic service workers in Hong Kong have: a. a six-day work week. b. childcare available as an incentive. c. a savings plan and high wages. d. permanent visas to live as migrants.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 497 TOPICS: The New Global Era 14. Women’s work on the global network tends to be all of the following except: a. health services. b. transportation. c. domestic service. d. factory production.

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ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 498

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The New Global Era

15. A borderland is: a. the space between places. b. an unclaimed frontier. c. an area where only migrants live. d. a transnational community.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: pp. 501-502 TOPICS: Space and Place 16. The spatial dimensions of culture are referred to by anthropologists as: a. cultural bifocality. b. place. c. borderlands. d. space.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 499 TOPICS: Space and Place 17. Places: a. only exist on borderlands. b. become meaningful as spaces. c. are not associated with territories and are only imagined. d. do not have fixed meanings.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 499 TOPICS: Space and Place 18. Which of the following is not true of Postville, Iowa? a. It resisted the global industrial workforce. b. It had a kosher meat-packing plant. c. It was historically based on a farm base. d. It had a wide-ranging international community of workers.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: pp. 499-501 TOPICS: Space and Place 19. In a study of the San, researchers found that: a. the San today all live on reservations and are being integrated successfully into the urban life that

surrounds them. b. they practice hunting and gathering, the same way they have always practiced, unaffected by social change.

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c. they practice a mixed subsistence economy including herding, foraging, and wage work.

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d. they work as trackers for game preserves and no longer have interest in a foraging way of life.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 505 TOPICS: Space and Place 20. Space where rural and urban zones meet and mingle are called: a. ex-urban places. b. ex-urban spaces. c. cosmopolitan zones. d. blended communities.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 507 TOPICS: Space and Place 21. Which of the following is an older model for cultural groups? a. Center-periphery cultures b. Global cultural flows c. Ex-urban spaces d. Ethnoscapes ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 509 TOPICS: Space and Place 22. In 2015 in the People’s Republic of China, approximately how many individuals migrated from rural to

urban environments? a. 300 million b. 117 million c. 82 million d. 7 million ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 506 TOPICS: Space and Place 23. When Western businesses and Western culture flow into smaller, more local areas: a. they remove all aspects of local indigenous culture. b. they are themselves changed by local conditions. c. they are usually rejected out right by rural inhabitants. d. they create a dynamic environment of upward growth and creativity.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 508 TOPICS: Space and Place

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24. What does Ulf Hannerz mean by a “habitat of meaning”? a. It is a term that is synonymous for culture.

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b. It is meaning that is transnational during certain periods. c. It is a meaning that is bound by strict tradition. d. It is a set of meanings shared by a collectivity of people.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: p. 510 TOPICS: Space and Place 25. What specific change caused the most significant shifts in the lives of the Upriver People of Sarawak? a. Silver mining industry b. Lumbering industry c. The Green Revolution in agriculture d. Destruction of the rivers through silt collection ANSWER: b REFERENCES: p. 511 TOPICS: Space and Place 26. Media are associated with all of the following except: a. they are always global in scope. b. they are omnipresent. c. they shape and change people’s perceptions of the world. d. they enable people to imagine different worlds.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: p. 513 TOPICS: Space and Place 27. A point of view that is possessed by those who cross borders with legal papers in pursuit of various interests

is called: a. relativism. b. habitual meaningfulness. c. cosmopolitarism. d. elitism.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: p. 513 TOPICS: Space and Place 28. Which television character most resonated with a culture hero of the Upriver People, becoming wildly

popular among these long-distance traders and wage laborers in Borneo? a. Hulk Hogan b. Daffy Duck c. Scooby Doo d. Incredible Hulk ANSWER:

a

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REFERENCES: p. 512 TOPICS: Space and Place

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29. Which of the following statements about global cities is incorrect? a. They are made up of diverse peoples. b. They concentrate corporate power within their boundaries. c. They are associated with flexible citizenry. d. They include elite and low-wage workers.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: pp. 514-515 TOPICS: Space and Place 30. What is meant by the term “Pacific Shuttle”? a. The movement and dispersal of families and family members between China and other countries for

business interests b. A transportation arrangement of global flights and luxury liners between China and Hong Kong for business purposes c. A railroad line that connects all Asian countries for business people traveling as flexible citizens d. The movement of money between the U.S. and China ANSWER: a REFERENCES: pp. 515-517 TOPICS: Space and Place 31. Global movement is made possible by multinational institutions. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 485 TOPICS: The New Global Era 32. The unidirectional movement of immigrants to the U.S. for employment opportunities is known as forced

migration. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 487 TOPICS: The New Global Era 33. East Harlem is currently also known as Italian Harlem, since the largest population of immigrants today is

from Italy. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 488 TOPICS: The New Global Era Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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34. Transnational immigrants are a heterogeneous group of people.

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a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 493 TOPICS: The New Global Era 35. In cultural bifocality, the two perspectives are blended into a single syncretic worldview. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 490 TOPICS: The New Global Era 36. Factories prefer young, unmarried women in Free Trade Zones because they are believed to be more

obedient. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 494 TOPICS: The New Global Era 37. Place is connected to physical territoriality. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 499 TOPICS: Space and Place 38. In a global world, space is constantly being re-allocated. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 501 TOPICS: Space and Place 39. Urban spaces have always been borderlands. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 505 TOPICS: Space and Place 40. Today only San women engage in foraging.

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a. True

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b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 503 TOPICS: Space and Place 41. Modern urban spaces took their form in the 1960s. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 506 TOPICS: Space and Place 42. Ex-urban spaces are segregated from the surrounding urban and rural areas. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 507 TOPICS: Space and Place 43. Global homogenization is occurring because of global cultural flows. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: p. 508 TOPICS: Space and Place 44. Media allow large audiences to travel without actually going anywhere. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 512 TOPICS: Space and Place 45. Flexible citizenship refers to a strategy of maximizing opportunities and benefits across national

boundaries. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: p. 515 TOPICS: Space and Place Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Mapping Cultures Across Space and Time, 1st Edition Stockard, Evelyn

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46. Define globalization.

ANSWER: It refers to the accelerated movement of people, goods, capital, ideas, and information around

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the world.

REFERENCES: p. 485 TOPICS: The New Global Era 47. What is cultural bifocality, and what challenges does it present to immigrants?

ANSWER: It is the ability to see the world through two different lenses, one based on perspectives from

the home country and the other from the country of arrival.

REFERENCES: p. 490 TOPICS: The New Global Era 48. How is the global labor market gendered?

ANSWER: Men and women are categorized in different employments. Women tend to work in domestic

service, health services, and factory work, while men work in transportation, heavy machinery, construction, and hotel service.

REFERENCES: p. 498 TOPICS: The New Global Era 49. Distinguish between space and place.

ANSWER: Place is connected to physical territoriality and is created and recreated through historical

processes. It does not have a fixed meaning. Space is a spatial dimension of culture and is unmarked with meanings.

REFERENCES: p. 499 TOPICS: Space and Place 50. Describe the meaning of global cultural flow.

ANSWER: Proposed by Arjun Appadurai, these are cultural processes in a global era that move fluidly

across the landscape.

REFERENCES: p. 509 TOPICS: The New Global Era 51. What is the history of immigration in the United States? How has it shifted over the last 200 years?

ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: pp. 484-498 TOPICS: The New Global Era 52. Describe the ways that gender intersects with the global labor force and give examples.

ANSWER: Will vary REFERENCES: pp. 484-498 TOPICS: The New Global Era 53. What is the meaning of space and place in anthropology? Discuss the current configurations and importance

of borderlands, ex-urban spaces, and global flows.

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TOPICS:

Space and Place

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