Wrightsman's Psychology and the Legal System, 10th Edition Kirk Heilbrun, Edith TEST BANK

TEST BANK Wrightsman's Psychology and the Legal System 10th Edition

by Kirk Heilbrun, Edith Greene, Amy Bradfield Douglass

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Psychology and the Law: Choices and Roles.

2. The Legal System: Issues, Structure, and Players.

3. Psychology of Crime.

4. Psychology of Police.

5. Eyewitnesses to Crimes and Accidents.

6. Victims of Crime, Violence, and Adversity.

7. Evaluating Criminal Suspects.

8. Traditional Steps in Criminal Prosecution and Civil Litigation: Arrest, Bail, Plea Bargains, Settlements, and Trials.

9. Alternatives to Traditional Criminal Prosecution and Civil Litigation.

10. Assessment in Criminal and Juvenile Cases.

11. Assessment in Civil Cases.

12. Preparing for Trials.

13. Jurors and Juries.

14. Punishment and Sentencing.

15. Adult and Juvenile Corrections.

Chapter 01 Psychology and the Law: Choices and Roles.

1. Which is the purpose of laws? a. Legislate moral behavior b. Control human nature c. Serve as a mechanism for conflict resolution d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Importance of Laws QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Laws Help Resolve Conflict and Protect the Public DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 5:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 5:22 AM 2. What is the purpose of the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution? a. Prevents undue searches and seizures b. It safeguards us against self-incrimination c. Protects spouses from testifying against spouses d. Provides the right to peaceful protest ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Importance of Laws QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Changing of Laws DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 5:29 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 5:30 AM 3. Edward Rosenheimer was charged with a hit-and-run accident, but he claimed that the law requiring him to report the accident to the police was unconstitutional because it forced him to incriminate himself, violating the U.S. Constitution. A New York judge agreed and released him from custody. This case eventually came before the New York Court of Appeals; what was this court’s decision? a. Rosenheimer’s original verdict was upheld because the law forcing him to incriminate himself was said by this court to be unconstitutional. b. Rosenheimer was released from custody because the Court of General Sessions in New York State said that the hit-and-run regulation should be removed because of unconstitutionality. c. The New York Court of Appeals concluded that the right to avoid self-incrimination did not outweigh the right of injured persons to seek redress for their sufferings. d. The New York Court of Appeals concluded that the right of injured persons to seek redress for their sufferings did not outweigh the right to avoid self-incrimination.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply

REFERENCES: The Importance of Laws QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Changing of Laws DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 5:30 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 5:31 AM 4. Which type of researcher is concerned with comparing laws (and mechanisms for instituting and altering laws) in different societies and relating them to other characteristics of these societies? a. Anthropologist b. Sociologist c. Philosopher d. Psychologist ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: The Psychological Study of Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 5:31 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 5:32 AM 5. If a researcher is interested in the study a specific society and examines its institutions (e.g., the family, the church, or the subculture) to determine their role in developing adherence to the law, that researcher is most likely which of these? a. Psychologist b. Sociologist c. Anthropologist d. Philosopher ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: The Psychological Study of Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 5:32 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:36 AM 6. Psychology assumes that individual characteristics affect how the legal system operates and in turn the legal system affects individual characteristics and behavior. As defined in the text, characteristics may include which of the following? a. Socioeconomic status b. Personal values c. Minority status d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 2

REFERENCES: The Psychological Study of Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 5:35 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 5:36 AM 7. Most forensic psychologists are trained as which of the following? a. Social psychologists b. Clinical psychologists c. Counseling psychologists d. Criminologists ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Criminologists REFERENCES: The Psychological Study of Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 5:36 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 5:37 AM 8. According to Kurt Lewin, what influences the behavior of an individual in the legal system? a. One’s personal qualities b. One’s social class c. Both one’s personal qualities and one’s social class d. One’s attitudes ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Psychological Study of Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 5:37 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 5:37 AM 9. A common role for a forensic psychologist is which of the following? a. Evaluate whether a defendant was sane at the time the crime was committed. b. Determine if the DNA from the defendant matches the DNA collected at the crime scene. c. Investigate the role that social class plays in criminal behavior. d. Examine if the evidence is appropriate to introduce in court.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: The Psychological Study of Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 3

DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 5:37 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 5:38 AM 10. The United States is perhaps the most individualistic society where people can deviate from the norm or make their own choices to a greater degree. What are two deeply desired values? a. Individualism and free will b. Freedom and personal autonomy c. Freedom with personal responsibility d. Personal responsibility and personal autonomy ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The First Choice: Rights of Individuals versus the Common Good DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 5:38 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 5:52 AM 11. In 2017, a law known as the “show me your papers law,” which prohibits local authorities from limiting the ability of law enforcement or court personnel to demand proof of a person’s immigration status and report it to federal officials, was passed in which state? a. Baltimore b. Florida c. Texas d. New York ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The First Choice: Rights of Individuals versus the Common Good DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 5:52 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 5:54 AM 12. Most of the U.S. Supreme Court decisions, like the Miranda rule, that provided more explicit rights for those suspected of breaking the law, occurred during which decade? a. 1950s b. 1960s c. 1970s d. 1980s ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 4

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The First Choice: Rights of Individuals versus the Common Good DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 5:54 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 5:56 AM 13. In more recent cases, the Supreme Court has ruled in favor of law enforcement as opposed to individuals suspected of breaking the law. In Florence v. Board of Chosen Freeholders, the Court ruled which of the following? a. Police can stop a motorist whom they believe has violated traffic laws even if their ulterior motive is to investigate the possibility of drug dealing. b. Jail officials can strip search petty offenders even when there is no suspicion of carrying a weapon or contraband. c. Police can conduct “no-knock” raids on individual homes. d. Police can use deception in order to extract a confession from a suspect.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The First Choice: Rights of Individuals versus the Common Good DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 5:56 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 5:57 AM 14. The due process model would subscribe to which of the following statements? a. It is better for one innocent person to be convicted than for many guilty persons to go free. b. It is better for many guilty persons to go free than to convict one innocent person. c. Miranda rights are detrimental to convicting guilty persons. d. The “three-strikes” law is in place to protect society from dangerous criminals.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The First Choice: Rights of Individuals versus the Common Good DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 5:59 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 6:01 AM 15. Which of the following is a basic characteristic of the crime control model of the criminal justice system? a. The system should present obstacles to the conviction of defendants to protect the innocent. b. The suspect is assumed to be innocent until proven guilty in a court of law. c. Emphasis in the courts should be for efficient detection and prosecution of criminals. d. Greater control needs to be exerted over the police in their investigation of suspects to protect individual rights.

ANSWER: c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 5

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The First Choice: Rights of Individuals versus the Common Good DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 6:01 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 6:02 AM 16. Due to the recession between 2007 and 2009, the federal and state budgets tightened, forcing reevaluation of “tough on crime policies” leading to alternative programs to reduce repeat offence. These alternatives have included which of the following? a. Diversionary, community-based treatment programs b. Educational and reentry programs for inmates c. Substance abuse and mental health treatment programs for inmates d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The First Choice: Rights of Individuals versus the Common Good DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 6:02 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:39 AM 17. The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution protects freedom of speech including which of the following? a. Calls to violence b. Perjury c. Racially offensive speech d. Crimes against others ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The First Choice: Rights of Individuals versus the Common Good DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 6:03 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 6:05 AM 18. Which of the following is true about the United States and its prisoners? a. The United States has a similar amount of incarceration of its citizens when compared with other developed nations. b. The United States incarcerates a higher percentage of its citizens than any other developed nation. c. The United States incarcerates a lower percentage of its citizens than any other developed nation.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 6

d. The United States incarcerates a proportional amount of criminals when compared to its crime rate.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The First Choice: Rights of Individuals versus the Common Good DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 6:05 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 6:08 AM 19. The principle of equality is often at odds with which value when implementing laws and punishing offenders? a. Proportionality b. Discretion c. Equity d. Liberty ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Second Choice: Equality versus Discretion DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 6:08 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 6:09 AM 20. Fill in the blanks in the following sentence: One might argue that the stop and frisk procedures used in New York City violate the principle of equality and rely on profiling, as 52% of stops between 2004 and 2012 were of __________________ . a. Biracial Individuals b. Hispanics c. Caucasians d. African Americans ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Second Choice: Equality versus Discretion DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 6:09 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 6:11 AM 21. Which of the following practices most clearly violates the principle of equality? a. Racial profiling b. Proportionate sentencing Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 7

c. Harsh sentencing d. Proportionate profiling ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Second Choice: Equality versus Discretion DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 6:11 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 6:12 AM 22. Which resolution of a choice does determinate sentencing favor? a. Equality, rather than discretion b. Discretion, rather than equality c. Common good, rather than Constitutional rights d. Constitutional rights, rather than common good ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Second Choice: Equality versus Discretion DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 6:13 AM 23. The principle of proportionality reflects which idea? a. There should be the same proportion of European Americans arrested for crime as African Americans. b. The defendant’s punishment should be related to the magnitude of the offense. c. Repeat offenders who commit minor crimes should receive extensive rehabilitation. d. A defendant who commits minor crimes should receive a harsh punishment if the defendant is a habitual offender.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Second Choice: Equality versus Discretion DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 6:13 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 6:14 AM 24. Despite the principle of equality, discretion is often displayed by which of the following? a. Parole officers b. Police officer Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 8

c. Probation officers d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Second Choice: Equality versus Discretion DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 6:15 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 6:16 AM 25. Commuting a death sentence to life imprisonment is a type of discretion referred to as which? a. Severity mitigation b. Clemency c. Reversal d. Leniency ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Second Choice: Equality versus Discretion DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 6:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 6:17 AM 26. Fill in the blank in the following sentence: Troy Davis was convicted of murdering a police officer and faced execution in Georgia. Which type of petition was presented to Georgia Board of Pardons and Parole to commute Davis’s sentence to life in prison rather than execution in an effort to save his life? a. Settlement b. Clemency c. Reversal d. Leniency ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Second Choice: Equality versus Discretion DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 6:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 6:18 AM 27. Fill in the blanks in the following sentence: The tendency of judges to administer differing penalties for the same crime is referred to as ________.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 9

a. biased sentencing b. inequality in sentencing c. sentencing disparity d. mandatory sentencing ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Second Choice: Equality versus Discretion DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 6:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 6:19 AM 28. Which of the following does determinate sentencing accomplish? a. Equality b. Discretion c. Proportionality d. Leniency ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Second Choice: Equality versus Discretion DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 6:19 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 6:20 AM 29. John, the plaintiff in a civil trial, sued his employer for wrongful termination. Now that the trial is over, John is pleased that he had a chance to have his voice heard and feels he was treated fairly and justly by the system, even though the outcome was not in his favor. According to the text, this perception of the fairness is an important component of which? a. Equal justice b. Procedural justice c. Plaintiff’s rights d. The American Bar Association’s ethical standard of practice ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Third Choice: To Discover the Truth or to Resolve Conflicts DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 6:20 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 6:21 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 10

30. What percentage of defendants plea bargain? a. 80–85 percent b. 50-55 percent c. 60–75 percent d. 90–95 percent ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Third Choice: To Discover the Truth or to Resolve Conflicts DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 6:22 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 6:22 AM 31. Which of the following is a possible benefit of plea bargaining? a. Increased chances for acquittal b. Decreased chances for acquittal c. Reduced sentences and sanctions for defendants d. Reduction of criminal offending.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Third Choice: To Discover the Truth or to Resolve Conflicts DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 6:23 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 6:24 AM 32. In civil cases, what procedure parallels the plea bargaining of criminal proceedings? a. Mitigation b. Settlement negotiation c. Outside negotiation d. Mediation ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Third Choice: To Discover the Truth or to Resolve Conflicts DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 6:24 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 6:24 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 11

33. Amicus curiae means which of the following? a. Let the decision stand b. Truth of the law c. Friend of the court d. Right of the court ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Fourth Choice: Science versus the Law as a Source of Decisions DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 6:30 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 6:31 AM 34. When faced with making legal decisions, judges are reluctant to make decisions that contradict earlier judicial decisions. This propensity is an example of which principle? a. Stare decisis b. Stability c. Proportionality d. Consistency ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Fourth Choice: Science versus the Law as a Source of Decisions DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 6:31 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 6:35 AM 35. During a train trip in Louisiana in the 1890s, Homer Plessy wanted to sit in a “Whites only” railroad car, but because of his ancestry (he had a Black great-grandparent), he was not allowed, by law, to sit in this car. When he took his claim to court, the U.S. Supreme Court eventually ruled which of the following? a. He should have been allowed to sit in the “Whites only” railroad car as the statute violated equal rights. b. The statute that segregated railroad cars by race did not fail to give Plessy equal protection under the law. c. The statute that segregated railroad cars by race failed to give Plessy equal protection under the law. d. The statute did not apply to him because his African American ancestry was a great-grandparent.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Fourth Choice: Science versus the Law as a Source of Decisions DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 6:35 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 12

DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 6:36 AM 36. George McLaurin was the first Black student admitted to the University of Oklahoma’s graduate school of education.

After enrolling in the program, McLaurin was segregated from his classmates. In McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950), the Supreme Court concluded which of the following? a. McLaurin’s rights were upheld by the University of Oklahoma, being admitted to the graduate school. b. McLaurin’s rights were not violated by the University of Oklahoma by being segregated from his classmates. c. The restrictions set up by the University of Oklahoma impaired and inhibited McLaurin’s ability to study, discuss, and exchange views with other students. d. The restrictions set up by the University of Oklahoma did not impair nor inhibit McLaurin’s ability to study, discuss, or exchange views with other students.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Fourth Choice: Science versus the Law as a Source of Decisions DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 6:36 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 6:37 AM 37. Fill in the blanks in the following sentence: Whereas lawyers are typically adversarial and engage in “either-or” thinking, psychologists are expected to be _______________ and think more in terms of ______________. a. unbiased; absolutes b. empathetic; probabilities c. truthful; absolutes d. objective; probabilities ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Fourth Choice: Science versus the Law as a Source of Decisions DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 6:37 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 6:38 AM 38. Tatiana Tarasoff was killed by Prosenjit Poddar, a graduate student at the University of California. Tatiana’s parents sued and the case was heard by the Supreme Court of California. The Tarasoff case is important because of which of the following? a. It gave a legal definition of “dangerousness” in order to protect potential victims of someone in psychotherapy. b. It upheld the right of the family to seek redress when a dangerous person admitted by the university commits a crime. c. It concluded that psychotherapists are required to retain client confidentiality due to the ethics rules provided by the American Psychological Association even if a client may be violent. d. It specified that psychotherapists have a duty to use reasonable care to protect identifiable, potential victims from clients in psychotherapy who threaten violence.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 13

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Psychologists’ Roles in the Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 10:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 10:51 AM 39. A basic scientist’s work is which? a. To conduct research to apply to law b. Not intended to be applied c. To be unbiased and evidence-based d. Can only be applied to law in limited circumstances ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Psychologists’ Roles in the Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Psychologist as a Basic Scientist of the Law DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 10:51 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 10:52 AM 40. Two psychologists separately do research on whether pornography causes men to attack women. The first, Dr. A, is interested in testing his theory of arousal and its effects on aggressive behavior. He has no interest in reducing violence rates in the real world. In contrast, Dr. B does her research because she wants to reduce the number of incidents in which women are victims of violent men. Based on this information, which of the following statements is correct? a. Both Drs. A and B are applied scientists. b. Both Drs. A and B are research scientists. c. Dr. A is a basic scientist; Dr. B is an applied scientist. d. Dr. A is a research scientist; Dr. B is an applied scientist.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Psychologists’ Roles in the Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Psychologist as a Basic Scientist of the Law DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 10:52 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 10:54 AM 41. For a person to testify as an expert witness, which is correct? a. The expert witness must have a Ph.D. in the field of testimony. b. Both sides must agree on the person’s expertise in the field of testimony. c. The judge must agree to admit the testimony of the expert witness.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 14

d. The expert witness must have direct knowledge of the field of testimony.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Psychologists’ Roles in the Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Psychologist as an Applied Scientist in the Law DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 10:54 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 11:01 AM 42. Expert witnesses are which of the following? a. Hired by one side but supposed to remain impartial b. Hired by one side and supposed to support that side only c. Hired by the court to be an unbiased arbitrator who remains impartial d. Not allowed to be paid after the verdict in order to prevent partiality ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Psychologists’ Roles in the Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Psychologist as an Applied Scientist in the Law DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 11:03 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 11:04 AM 43. The Daubert decision listed four factors that judges should consider in assessing the validity and subsequent admissibility of the expert’s testimony. Which of the following is not one of these four factors? a. Whether the expert’s theory or technique can and has been tested b. The impartiality of the expert’s testimony, theory, or technique c. Whether the expert’s theory or technique has been evaluated by peer review d. The extent to which the expert’s technique and claims have been generally accepted by the relevant scientific community ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Psychologists’ Roles in the Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Psychologist as an Applied Scientist in the Law DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 11:05 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 11:06 AM 44. Which of the following decisions led to judges deciding whether potential expert testimony should be admissible in court by using the standards of science? a. Blakely v. Washington (2003) Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 15

b. Shang v. California (2003) c. Daubert v. Merrell Dow (1993) d. United States v. Shah (1993) ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Psychologists’ Roles in the Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Psychologist as an Applied Scientist in the Law DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 11:06 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 11:07 AM 45. A psychologist is asked to determine if Project New Chance, a program to help people receiving public assistance obtain and keep employment, has achieved its goals. How would we best label this psychologist’s role? a. Program researcher b. Policy scientist c. Policy evaluator d. Program advocate ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Psychologists’ Roles in the Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Psychologist as a Policy Evaluator in the Law DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 11:07 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 11:08 AM 46. A police department develops “community watch” groups to reduce the crime rate. A psychologist is called to assist in designing and critiquing this innovation. How would we best label this psychologist’s role? a. Policy evaluator b. Policy advocate c. Program evaluator d. Program advocate ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Psychologists’ Roles in the Law QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Psychologist as a Policy Evaluator in the Law DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 11:31 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 11:32 AM 47. Laws regulating the areas in which people may smoke cigarettes illustrate the conflict between individual rights and Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 16

public safety. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The First Choice: Rights of Individuals versus the Common Good DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 11:32 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 11:33 AM 48. Jerry Sandusky was granted a retrial. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Second Choice: Equality versus Discretion DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 11:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 11:33 AM 49. In recent years, judges have been allowed less discretion in sentencing. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Second Choice: Equality versus Discretion DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 11:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 11:34 AM 50. Jay has recently told his therapist that he is having violent thoughts. According to the Tarasoff decision, the therapist has the duty to warn Jay’s family and place of employment that Jay is a potential threat. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 17

REFERENCES: Psychologists' Roles in the Law QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 11:34 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 11:34 AM 51. Kurt Lewin, a founder of social psychology, proposed that behavior is a function of both the person and the environment. Qualities of the external environment and pressures from the situation affect an individual’s behavior. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Psychological Study of Law QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 11:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 11:50 AM 52. Gay, lesbian, and transgender troops have served openly in the U.S. military since 2016. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The First Choice: Rights of Individuals versus the Common Good DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 11:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 11:51 AM 53. Unlike the crime control model, the due process model, favored in the 1990s, places primary value on the protection of citizens, including criminal suspects, from possible abuses by the police and the law enforcement system generally. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The First Choice: Rights of Individuals versus the Common Good DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 11:51 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 11:51 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 18

54. The U.S. Supreme Court recognizes that juveniles are capable of understanding right and wrong just as can an adult, so they may be tried and punished equally to an adult. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Second Choice: Equality versus Discretion DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 11:52 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 11:52 AM 55. In determinate sentencing, judges and parole commissions can determine the sentence. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Second Choice: Equality versus Discretion DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 11:52 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 11:53 AM 56. Explain, define, and contrast the conflict between the rights of individuals and the rights of society in the due process model and the crime control model.

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

The values underlying each of these models are legitimate, and the goal of our society is to achieve a balance between them. But because different priorities are important to each model, there is constant tension between them. The due process model, favored in the 1960s, places primary value on the protection of citizens, including criminal suspects, from possible abuses by the police and the law enforcement system generally. It assumes the innocence of suspects and requires that they be treated fairly (receive “due process”) by the criminal justice system.

It subscribes to the maxim that “it is better that ten guilty persons shall go free than that one innocent person should suffer.” Thus, the due process model emphasizes the rights of individuals, especially those suspected of crimes, over the temptation by society to assume suspects are guilty even before a trial. In contrast, the crime control model, favored in the 1990s, seeks the apprehension and punishment of lawbreakers. It emphasizes the efficient detection of suspects and the effective prosecution of defendants to help ensure that criminal activity is being contained or reduced.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 19

STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: The First Choice: Rights of Individuals versus the Common Good DATE CREATED: 6/9/2023 3:59 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/9/2023 4:00 AM 57. Discuss the kinds of ethical questions that emerge when a psychologist becomes a consultant in the selection of jurors.

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

Many ethical questions emerge when the psychologist becomes a consultant for one side in the selection of jurors. Just how far should the selection procedures go? Should jurors have to answer consultants’ intrusive questions about their private lives? Should consultants be able to sculpt the jury to their clients’ advantage? Do these techniques simply constitute the latest tools in the attorney’s arsenal of trial tactics? Or do they bias the proceedings and jeopardize the willingness of citizens to participate in the process? These questions deal with fairness, and scientific jury selection may conflict with the way some people interpret the intent of the law.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Psychologists’ Roles in the Law QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: The Psychologist as a Forensic Evaluator in Litigation DATE CREATED: 6/9/2023 4:03 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/9/2023 4:20 AM 58. Do you agree that “conflict resolution” and “truth,” are not always incompatible? Why or why not? Discuss with reference to one of the cases covered in the text.

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

“Conflict resolution” and “truth,” as goals, are not always incompatible. When all participants in a legal dispute are able to raise concerns and provide supporting documentation, the goal of learning the truth becomes more attainable. But frequently there is tension between these goals, and in some instances, the satisfactory resolution of a conflict may be socially and morally preferable to discovering an objective truth. Yet resolving conflict in a hurried or haphazard manner can have a downside, as illustrated by the experience of Richard Jewell. Jewell was a security guard at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. Shortly after a bombing that disrupted the Games, the FBI began to question Jewell, who had discovered the bomb. Although at first the FBI denied that he was a suspect, they treated him like one, and his name and photograph were widely publicized. The pressure to find the person responsible for this terrifying act—and the desire to give people a sense that no more bombings would occur because the perpetrator had been caught—doubtless influenced the premature focus on Richard Jewell. Despite relentless FBI investigation, no charges were brought against Jewell, and in 2005, Eric Rudolph, a fugitive who lived in the hills of North Carolina for years after the bombing, pleaded guilty of the offense.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: The Third Choice: To Discover the Truth or to Resolve Conflicts Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 20

DATE CREATED: DATE MODIFIED:

6/9/2023 4:21 AM 6/9/2023 4:22 AM

59. Describe the state of Louisiana’s dispute with Homer Plessy during the 1890s, including the results and importance of the trial.

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

During a train trip in Louisiana in the 1890s, Plessy sat down in a “Whites Only” railroad car.

Plessy’s ancestry was mostly White, but he had one Black great-grandparent. Therefore, according to the laws of Louisiana at that time, Plessy was considered Black. However, he refused to move to a car designated for “colored” passengers, as a recently passed state law required. He took his claim to court, but a New Orleans judge ruled that, contrary to Plessy’s argument, the statute that segregated railroad cars by race did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. In other words, it did not fail to give Plessy “equal protection under the law.” Plessy persisted in his appeal, and eventually, in 1896, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the decision of the judge and the lower courts. Judge Henry Billings Brown, speaking for the majority faction of the Supreme Court, declared that laws that had established separate facilities for the races did not necessarily imply that one race was inferior to the other.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: The Fourth Choice: Science versus the Law as a Source of Decisions DATE CREATED: 6/9/2023 4:24 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/9/2023 4:25 AM 60. Which of the following is one of five distinct roles for psychologists in the legal system? a. Policy evaluator b. Forensic evaluator c. Consultant d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 12:00 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 12:00 PM 61. Which of the following is true of a basic scientist? a. They often work with policy evaluators. b. They do not have a specific area of expertise. c. They want their research used in the real world. d. They study a phenomenon for the satisfaction of understanding it.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 21

HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 12:01 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 12:01 PM 62. Which of the following is true of an applied scientist? a. They often work with policy evaluators. b. They do not have a specific area of expertise. c. They want their research used in the real world. d. They study a phenomenon for the satisfaction of understanding it.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 12:01 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 12:02 PM 63. Which side, as part of its presentation of the evidence, may ask the judge to allow expert witnesses to testify? a. Prosecution b. Defense c. Prosecution and defense d. Neither the prosecution nor the defense ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 12:03 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 12:03 PM 64. Which of the following is true of a policy evaluator? a. They often work with basic scientists. b. They assess how well an intervention has worked. c. They want their research used in the real world. d. They study a phenomenon so that they can present policy as law.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 12:03 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 12:04 PM 65. What is one clear implication of the Daubert decision? a. Judges must become savvy consumers of science if they are to decide which opinions qualify as “scientific.” b. Judges must take into account the juveniles’ developmental status in sentencing. c. Expert witnesses have to remain unbiased no matter which side they are hired by. d. Psychotherapists can break confidentiality in order to protect identified potential victims of violent acts.

ANSWER: a Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 22

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 12:04 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 12:05 PM 66. A forensic mental health assessment is usually reserved for which? a. Prosecution b. Defense c. Judge d. Prosecution or defense ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 12:05 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 12:05 PM 67. Forensic evaluators assess matters such as which of the following? a. The effects custody arrangements after divorce b. The impact of DNA evidence on a trial c. The veracity of a physiological report on a trial d. The impact of sentencing on rate of recidivism ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 12:05 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 12:06 PM 68. Which researcher might study how attendance at religious services impacts criminality? a. Psychologist b. Anthropologist c. Sociologist d. Philosopher ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 12:06 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 12:07 PM 69. Which researcher looks at the impact of institutions on crime? a. Anthropologists b. Sociologists c. Psychologists Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 23

d. Physiologists ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 12:07 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 12:07 PM 70. Which researchers might look at the impact of laws on individuals? a. Psychologists b. Sociologists c. Anthropologists d. Philosophers ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 12:07 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 12:08 PM 71. Which of the following scenarios illustrates the rights of individuals versus the common good? a. COVID 19 policies regarding wearing masks b. Smoking in restaurants being prohibited because of second-hand smoke c. Mandatory flu vaccinations for nursing staff at hospitals d. All of the above ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 12:08 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 12:09 PM 72. Which of the following is true of the Miranda rule? a. Guarantees the right to remain silent b. Guarantees the right to equal representation c. Protects against unlawful search and seizure d. All of the above ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 12:09 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 12:09 PM 73. What are two of the models of the criminal justice system? a. Crime prevention and due process models Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 24

b. Crime control and due process models c. Crime control and equal process models d. Crime prevention and equal process models ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 12:10 PM 74. Equality is best serviced by a. Discriminate sentencing b. Racial profiling c. Implicit bias d. All of the above ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 12:11 PM 75. The show me your papers law illustrated which of the following? a. Crime prevention model b. Crime control model c. Due process model d. Equal process model ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 12:11 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 12:11 PM 76. Which is the principle of proportionality? a. The same proportion of persons should be found guilty of a crime whether they are White or Black. b. The punishment should be consistent with the number of offenses of the perpetrator. c. The punishment should be consistently related to the magnitude of the offense. d. None of the above ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 12:11 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 12:12 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 25

77. Which of the following is true in regard to discretion in juvenile justice? a. Juveniles are more likely to be rehabilitated than repeat adult offenders. b. Juveniles sentenced to the same sentence as an adult spent more of their life behind bars. c. Juveniles may be at a different developmental stage than adults. d. All of the above ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 12:12 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 12:12 PM 78. Why do sentencing disparities occur? a. Because state laws typically determine sentencing options, so sentencing can differ state to state b. Because there is not enough space in the prison system c. Because of discriminate sentencing d. Because police officers arrest people who are underrepresented or peoples of color more often than others.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 12:13 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 12:13 PM 79. In the Tatiana Tarasoff case, the California Supreme Court ruled in favor of Tatiana’s parents and held the university negligent. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Psychology and the Law: Choices and Roles QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 12:13 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 12:13 PM 80. Expert testimony may be useful in employee discrimination by enlightening the jury on selection and promotion procedures. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Psychology and the Law: Choices and Roles QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 26

DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 12:14 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 12:14 PM 81. When testifying as experts, psychologists have an ethical responsibility to the side that hired them. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Psychology and the Law: Choices and Roles QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 12:14 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 12:15 PM 82. The policy evaluator provides data to answer questions such as “I have instituted a policy; how do I know whether it was effective?” a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Psychology and the Law: Choices and Roles QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 12:15 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 12:15 PM 83. Discretion in the legal system involves considering the circumstances of certain offenders and offenses to determine the appropriate consequences for wrongdoing. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Psychology and the Law: Choices and Roles QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 6:03 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 6:03 AM 84. In the 1990s, the Supreme Court established a number of principles that provided or expanded explicit rights for those suspected of breaking the law. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Psychology and the Law: Choices and Roles QUESTION TYPE: True / False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 27

HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 12:16 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 12:16 PM 85. Tension between individual rights and the common good is one example of the basic choices that pervade the psychological study of the law. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of Law QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 12:16 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 12:17 PM 86. Define racial bias and implicit bias, how these two are related, and their consequences in our justice system.

ANSWER: One explanation for this disparity is racial bias, whereby police officers, prosecutors, jurors, and judges use an individual’s race as a basis for judging their behavior. Race-based stereotypes affect beliefs about offenders’ culpability and dangerousness, as well as perceptions of the likelihood of reoffending (Spohn, 2015). Sometimes bias and stereotyping is explicit and intentional, and other times it is implicit and unintentional. Implicit bias is especially concerning, since people are unaware that they are being influenced by race; for example, they may get a “bad feeling” from a Latino defendant (Kovera, 2019). But once these biases occur, they can act as a filter for interpreting and using other information about the offender and the circumstances. Fortunately, some studies have shown that once decision makers are made aware of the potential for racial bias, they can largely avoid it (Pearson et al., 2009).

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Psychologists’ Roles in the Law QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/9/2023 4:27 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/9/2023 4:29 AM 87. Define, explain, and give an example of therapeutic jurisprudence.

ANSWER: The idea that the law is a social force with consequences for people’s well-being is an approach termed therapeutic jurisprudence. Reform-minded lawyers, jurists, and legal scholars advocate for legal procedures and institutions that facilitate therapeutic ends. They ask how the law can be applied or reformed to enhance individuals’ welfare. Therapeutic jurisprudence has been applied in nearly all areas of the law including criminal law, family law, employment law, probate, health care, workers’ compensation, and labor arbitration.

One example is sentencing drug offenders to rehabilitation programs rather than prison POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Basic Choices in the Psychological Study in the Law QUESTION TYPE: Essay Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 28

HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/9/2023 4:27 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/9/2023 4:29 AM 88. Explain the importance of the following statement and how it relates to our legal system and psychologists’ roles within it: “Law relies on precedents; psychology relies on scientific methods.”

ANSWER: In contrast to the law, which relies on precedents, psychology is generally committed to the idea that there is an objective world of experience that can be understood by adherence to the rules of science—systematic testing of hypotheses by observation and experimental methodology. As a scientist, the psychologist should be committed to a public, impersonal, objective pursuit of truth, relying on methods that can be repeated by others and interpreting results by using predetermined standards.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Psychologists’ Roles in the Law QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/9/2023 4:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/9/2023 4:30 AM 89. What are the issues and benefits with using randomized controlled trials (RCT) in law?

ANSWER: We note very few examples of such studies in law. There are easily understood reasons why this is so; to conduct an RCT in a legal setting, the investigator must convince decision makers to randomly assign participants to an experimental condition involving an intervention that is not yet established. Judges, parole boards, and prison wardens are understandably reluctant to agree to this. One possible parameter of RCTs in legal contexts involves using a “treatment as usual” control group and comparing that to an experimental group that includes treatment as usual plus other components. Doing so can help investigators to convince reluctant decision makers that nobody is likely to be put at greater risk of harm by this—including citizens who could be victims of future crime if the outcome involved reoffending POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Psychologists’ Roles in the Law QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/9/2023 4:30 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/9/2023 4:32 AM 90. What is meant by saying that “Laws are human creations?”

ANSWER: Given that the body of laws has such a widespread impact, we might expect that the law is a part of nature, that it was originally discovered by a set of archaeologists or explorers.

But our laws are not chiseled in stone. Rather, laws are human creations that evolve out of the needs for order and consistency. To be responsive to a constantly changing society, our laws must also change. As some become outdated, others take their place.

POINTS: 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 29

DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: The Importance of Laws QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/9/2023 4:32 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/9/2023 4:33 AM

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 30

Chapter 02 1. American legal procedures involve a(n)____________ system of justice. a. inquisitorial b. egalitarian c. adversarial d. authoritative ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Adversarial System QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:30 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 4:31 AM 2. Which of the following regarding the adversarial model is true? a. Jurors must choose between two versions of truth unknowingly as the witnesses often shade their testimony to favor their side. b. Skillful lawyers can effectively impugn the credibility of hostile witnesses. c. Criminal defendants rarely testify despite being the most important source of information about the events in question. d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Thinking Critically REFERENCES: The Adversarial System QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:31 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 4:33 AM 3. The judge is doing most of the questioning of witnesses, rather than the lawyers. In fact, the court, and not the lawyers, has chosen which witnesses will testify. Where are you? a. A state court in the United States b. England c. A federal court in the United States d. France ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: The Adversarial System QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 4:34 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 1

4. Which of the following is a characteristic of the inquisitorial approach to justice? a. The presiding judge prepares the witness regarding both sides before the trial. b. Each side calls their own witnesses. c. The presiding judge questions witnesses. d. The defense prepares the witnesses before the trial.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Adversarial System QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:34 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 4:35 AM 5. According to the text, Thibaut and Walker (1972) found which of the following? a. The adversarial system led to more biased decisions. b. The adversarial system led to decisions that were more likely to be perceived as fair by the litigants. c. The inquisitorial system was perceived as more reliable by the litigants. d. None of these is correct.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Adversarial System QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:35 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 4:37 AM 6. In which approach to trials does the research indicate that attorneys apparently try harder (especially when the weight of evidence favors the opponent)? a. Inquisitorial approach b. Adversarial approach c. Competitive approach d. All of the above ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Adversarial System QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:39 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 4:40 AM 7. Lester Zygmanik was charged with murdering his brother George after George was severely injured in a motorcycle accident. George did not want to live his life as a quadriplegic and asked Lester to kill him; Lester did as his brother asked. If you were a juror in this case making decisions based on black-letter law, what would you decide about Lester?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 2

a. Lester is guilty. b. Lester is not guilty. c. Lester is not prepared to undergo a trial. d. Lester should not have been arrested for murder.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Legality versus Morality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 4:41 AM 8. Lester Zygmanik, who admitted to shooting his brother in the head and killing him, was found which verdict? a. Lester was found guilty of first-degree murder. b. Lester was found guilty of euthanasia. c. Lester was found not guilty by reason of insanity. d. Lester was found not guilty.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Legality versus Morality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:41 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 4:43 AM 9. Which of the following is true of physician-assisted suicide? a. It is legal in District of Columbia and 10 states b. It is illegal in all states of the United States of America c. It is neither legal nor illegal but a medical matter d. It is not supported by most persons in the United States ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Legality versus Morality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 4:45 AM 10. Euthanasia, or mercy killings and physician-assisted suicide, highlights the conflict between which two? a. Legality and morality b. Individual rights and public good c. Criminal law and civil law Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 3

d. Personal choice and law enforcement ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Legality versus Morality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:47 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 4:48 AM 11. How does the Model Penal Code assign punishment for crimes that were only attempted but were not completed? a. Attempted crimes deserve a lesser penalty than completed crimes. b. Those who only attempt, but do not complete, a crime do not deserve to be punished at all. c. Those who attempt crimes deserve the same penalty as those who complete crimes. d. The Model Penal Code does not consider punishment of attempted versus completed crimes.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Legality versus Morality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 4:51 AM 12. Darley and his colleagues investigated how people’s general thoughts about punishment differed from the Model Penal Code and found which of the following? a. People did not feel that the intent to commit a crime was the same as actually committing the crime. b. When a person had taken only preliminary action toward committing a crime, few people thought the prospective perpetrator was guilty of the crime. c. When a person had taken action described as reaching “the point of dangerous proximity to the crime,” people thought that punishment should be less severe than that given to those who had completed the crime. d. All of the above are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Legality versus Morality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:51 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 4:52 AM 13. Beth and Stacey are jurors for a case in which the defendant has been charged with robbery. Beth has a tendency to make internal, stable, and global attributions. Stacey has a tendency to make external, unstable, and specific attributions. Given this information, what are Beth and Stacey’s likely ideas about defendant responsibility? a. Beth will tend to see the offender as less responsible for their crime than Stacey. b. Beth will tend to see the offender as more responsible for their crime than Stacey.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 4

c. Beth and Stacey will tend to see the offender as equally responsible. d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Legality versus Morality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Citizens’ Sense of Legality and Morality DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:54 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 6:12 AM 14. According to attribution theory, when making inferences about what caused another person to commit a crime, we tend to attribute the cause to which factors? a. External, stable, and global factors b. Internal, unstable, and global factors c. Internal, stable, and global factors d. It depends upon the situation and crime.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Legality versus Morality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Citizens’ Sense of Legality and Morality DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 4:59 AM 15. When citizens’ concept of morality is inconsistent with the actual law, this may lead to what? a. Decreased compliance with the law b. Citizens feeling alienated from authority c. Jury nullification d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Legality versus Morality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Citizens’ Sense of Legality and Morality DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:01 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:02 AM 16. In the Lester Zygmanik trial, the juror’s judgment was based on which of the following? a. Lester’s grief, love, and selflessness toward his brother b. Sense of morality over legality Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 5

c. Compassion for the situation of Lester and his brother d. All of the above.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Legality versus Morality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Citizens’ Sense of Legality and Morality DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:02 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:04 AM 17. For almost two weeks, Anju has been negotiating her salary for her new job in market research. While her new manager could not provide as much pay as Anju wants, she made up for it in benefits (e.g., Anju received extra vacation time). Anju is very pleased with the way the salary issues were resolved. One could consider this salary dispute in terms of distributive justice, for it focuses on which factor? a. Amount of effort spent negotiating b. Equity of salary c. Procedure of the dispute resolution d. Fairness of the outcome ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: What Is Justice?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Distributive and Procedural Justice DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:04 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:06 AM 18. If individuals view the procedures of dispute resolution as fair, then they will see the outcome as just, regardless of whether the dispute was resolved in their favor or not. To what is this perspective referred as? a. Distributive justice b. Commonsense justice c. Equitable justice d. None of the above ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: What Is Justice?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Distributive and Procedural Justice DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:13 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:18 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 6

19. Individuals will perceive a decision-making process as fair if they have what of the following? a. Believe they have a voice in the process b. Have a favorable outcome c. Have a skillful lawyer d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Is Justice?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Distributive and Procedural Justice DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:22 AM 20. LaTonya has been in a dispute with an insurance company over an accident claim. She has called the insurance company every day and their staff has been very willing to hear her point of view. She has been pleased with how she has been treated during this process. Ultimately, her case went through the court system, and although the decision was not in her favor, LaTonya saw the decision-making process as a fair one. Which justice perspective would have predicted LaTonya’s attitude about this process? a. Distributive justice b. Commonsense justice c. Equitable justice d. Procedural justice ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: What Is Justice?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Distributive and Procedural Justice DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:24 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:33 AM 21. Which of the following represents differences between commonsense justice and black-letter law? a. People tend to consider a narrower context than the law. b. As compared to the law, people tend to take a more subjective view of the actions of the defendant and victim. c. People, when compared to the law, tend to take an inquisitorial approach to punishment. d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Is Justice?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Commonsense Justice: Everyday Intuitions about Fairness Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 7

DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:35 AM 22. Jury nullification refers to which of these? a. Excluding certain persons from a jury because of their personal beliefs b. Choosing a bench trial (or trial by judge) over a jury trial c. Commonsense justice in which a jury refuses to convict a defendant who is legally guilty of the crime charged d. Excusing a juror during the trial for malfeasance ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 2.3 What Is Justice?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: 2.3.2 Commonsense Justice: Everyday Intuitions about Fairness DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:35 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:37 AM 23. How many federal courts of appeal are there? a. 1 per state b. Only the Supreme Court c. 13 d. 20 ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Courts QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Federal Courts DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:38 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:39 AM 24. State cases will come under the jurisdiction of the federal courts in which instance? a. If the plaintiff and defendant in the case are from different states b. If the plaintiff and defendant are from the same state but choose to have their case heard in a federal court c. When the federal courts choose certain cases to hear at their discretion d. When the state courts send the case to the federal courts ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Courts QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Federal Courts Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 8

DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:39 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:40 AM 25. Like state courts, the opinions of the federal courts are published in bound volumes called Reporters after which of the following? a. The opinion is dismissed by the state court and one of the judges is designated to write it up. b. One of the judges writes the opinion without the consent of the co-judges. c. A panel of jurors votes for the majority needed to achieve a verdict and the court recorder writes it up. d. All of the judges on the relevant court of appeals hear the case and agree on the opinion written up.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Courts QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Federal Courts DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:41 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:42 AM 26. The number of federal judges sitting in each district and appellate court is which of the following? a. It depends on the population of the county in which district exists. b. It is based on the total number of elected judges for the county. c. It depends on the district judicial budget for each calendar year. d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Courts QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Federal Courts DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:42 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:44 AM 27. The Supreme Court has the authority to review which of the following? a. All cases decided by the federal appellate courts b. Any state court decisions based on the U.S. Constitution or on laws of the United States c. Any state court decisions they decide rises to their level of intervention d. Both A and B ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Courts QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The U.S. Supreme Court Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 9

DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:47 AM 28. Raising a federal question refers to which? a. A published court opinion in a federal case b. A request that all judges from the pertinent Court of Appeals sit in on a federal case c. The authority to review state court decisions that involve constitutional or federal law issues d. Questions allowed in oral arguments in federal court ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Thinking Critically REFERENCES: Courts QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The U.S. Supreme Court DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:47 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:48 AM 29. Disputes that reach the legal system are often, not always, resolved in court. Diversion to an alternative system may occur upon which? a. One’s first encounter with a police officer b. One’s encounter with a psychologist c. A plea bargain entered by one’s lawyer d. A repeated minor offense or drug charge ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Thinking Critically REFERENCES: Courts QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:54 AM 30. Problem-solving courts such as veterans’ courts, drug courts, and mental health courts could all be considered forms of which? a. Specialty courts b. Alternative courts c. Minor courts d. Family courts ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understanding REFERENCES: Courts QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:54 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 10

DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:55 AM 31. Former Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O’Connor condemned the practice of electing judges due to a concern that the election process can lead to the election of judges who are which? a. Only interested in notoriety b. Not impartial and unbiased c. Overly punitive d. Subject to re-election ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Players in the Legal System: Judges QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: How Are Judges Selected?

DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:56 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:57 AM 32. According to research presented in the text, judges have been found to become which of the following as election time draws near? a. Tougher on lawyers b. More punitive c. Less harsh d. More thorough ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Players in the Legal System: Judges QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: How Are Judges Selected?

DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:57 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:59 AM 33. Appellate judges must do which? a. Assess the credibility of certain witnesses b. Decide if the law was properly applied in a previous decision c. Render a verdict without considering prior cases d. Both B and C ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Players in the Legal System: Judges QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: How Do Judges Decide?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 11

DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 6:00 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 6:01 AM 34. What are the two distinguished process models of decision-making proposed by cognitive psychologists to the judges? a. Intuitive model of decision-making and attitudinal model of human judgment b. Attitudinal model of decision-making and deliberative model of decision-making c. Equitable model of decision-making and intuitive model of decision-making d. Intuitive process and deliberative process models of decision-making ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Players in the Legal System: Judges QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: How Do Judges Decide?

DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 6:01 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 6:02 AM 35. The idea that decisions by federal judges appointed by Democratic presidents differ from those of judges appointed by Republican presidents suggests which of the following? a. An attributional model of decision-making is at work. b. Judges do not view their cases in light of their political attitudes. c. Both A and B are correct. d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Thinking Critically REFERENCES: Players in the Legal System: Judges QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: How Do Judges Decide?

DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 6:03 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 6:08 AM 36. Wistrich and colleagues (2015) exposed 500 judges to a hypothetical case involving illegal immigration, to demonstrate which of these? a. The influence of political clout b. The effect of emotions on judicial decisions c. The effect of facts, evidence, and legal rules d. Situational influences on morality ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Players in the Legal System: Judges QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 12

TOPICS: How Do Judges Decide?

DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 6:08 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 6:09 AM 37. The decision in which case overturned a previous rule, Betts v. Brady, on the matter of whether poor defendants should be provided a court-appointed attorney? a. Mapp v. Wrightman b. Gideon v. Wainwright c. Escobedo v. Illinois d. None of the above ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Players in the Legal System: Lawyers QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Lawyers’ Work Settings DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 6:09 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 6:10 AM 38. In Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), the Supreme Court ruled which of the following? a. Gideon should be released as his confession was coerced. b. Gideon had the right to be represented by an attorney, even if he could not afford one. c. The evidence admitted at Gideon’s trial was obtained through an illegal search and seizure. d. Gideon could legally represent himself at trial.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Players in the Legal System: Lawyers QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Lawyers’ Work Settings DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 6:15 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 6:17 AM 39. In the 18th and 19th centuries, American lawyers became lawyers by which of the following? a. Attending college for one year b. Being accepted by the American Bar Association c. First being apprentices d. Passing an oral examination ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Players in the Legal System: Lawyers QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 13

TOPICS: Law Schools and Legal Education DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 6:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 6:19 AM 40. Hines is feeling increasingly depressed during his first year of law school. Which would likely explain his depression, by suggesting that he is no longer intrinsically motivated to pursue his goal of being a lawyer? All his motivations are now extrinsic. a. Self-determination theory of optimal motivation b. Intuitive model of internal motivation c. Intrinsic/extrinsic theory of motivation d. Deliberative model of external motivation ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Players in the Legal System: Lawyers QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Law Schools and Legal Education DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 6:20 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 6:22 AM 41. According to one study, when lawyers discussed their cases with other lawyers, their predictions about the case outcome were which of the following? a. Just as accurate as in an individual assessment b. Often too low c. Often too high d. None of the above ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Players in the Legal System: Lawyers QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Law Schools and Legal Education DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 6:22 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 6:25 AM 42. The judicial system in which the judge has more control of the proceedings is called what type of system? a. Inquisitorial b. Attributional c. Adversarial d. Equitable ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Adversarial System Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 14

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 6:25 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 6:27 AM 43. The law set down by the founding fathers in the U.S. Constitution, written by legislators, and interpreted by judges is called what? a. Legal codex b. Model Penal Code c. Black-letter law d. Commonsense law ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Legality versus Morality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 6:29 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 6:34 AM 44. Which of the following considers the accomplice get-away driver as culpable as the triggerman who murdered someone in a crime? a. Accomplice equality doctrine b. Felony-murder doctrine c. Distributional doctrine d. Distributive justice ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Is Justice?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 6:34 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 6:35 AM 45. Name the school of thought wherein the judges’ decisions are influenced by a variety of psychological, social, and political factors, and they care about the real-world ramifications of their decisions. a. Legal formalism b. Legal realism c. Commonsense justice d. Attributional justice ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Players in the Legal System: Judges QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 15

HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Influences on Judicial Judgments DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 6:35 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 6:40 AM 46. What term describes the process wherein a person’s reasoning is typically outside of the person’s awareness but functions as a powerful determinant of how people evaluate information and reach conclusions about the law? a. Intuitive reasoning b. Motivated reasoning c. Logical reasoning d. Attributional reasoning ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Players in the Legal System: Judges QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: How Do Judges Decide DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 6:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 6:48 AM 47. What is the phenomenon where lawyers often rely on intuitive cognitive mechanisms rather than deliberative processes to evaluate cases? a. Self-serving bias b. Overconfidence bias c. Confirmation bias d. Fundamental attribution error ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Players in the Legal System: Lawyers QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: How Do Lawyers Make Professional Decisions DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 6:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 6:55 AM 48. If a plaintiff and a defendant are from different states, then the state the crime was committed in has jurisdiction. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Courts QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 6:56 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 16

DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 6:57 AM 49. The panel in an appeals court must decide the case by a unanimous vote. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Courts QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Federal Courts DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 6:57 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 6:58 AM 50. State court systems typically include lower courts, trial courts, one or more courts of appeal, and a state supreme court. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Courts QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: State Courts DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 6:59 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:02 AM 51. Most state cases are settled by having a juried trial in front of a judge. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Courts QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: State Courts DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:03 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:04 AM 52. Most state court judges face elections rather than just being appointed for their term. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Players in the Legal System: Judges QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 17

TOPICS: How Are Judges Selected?

DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:04 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:05 AM 53. More than a dozen state courts have retention elections. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Players in the Legal System: Judges QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: How Are Judges Selected?

DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:06 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:06 AM 54. After the case of Gideon v Wainwright, defendants who cannot afford to hire a lawyer are represented by public defenders. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Players in the Legal System: Lawyers QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Lawyers’ Work Settings DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:06 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:07 AM 55. Studies show that attending law school tends to undermine students’ values, motivation, and mental health. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Players in the Legal System QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Professional Satisfaction among Lawyers DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:07 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 6:25 AM 56. When making inferences about another person’s negative behaviors, we tend to attribute the cause to stable factors that are internal to the person, in other words, to their disposition. a. True b. False ANSWER: True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 18

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Legality versus Morality QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Citizens’ Sense of Legality and Morality DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:14 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:14 AM 57. Individual perceptions about procedural fairness and trustworthiness of the system impact acceptance of legal outcomes. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: What Is Justice?

QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Distributive and Procedural Justice DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:14 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:16 AM 58. More recently, public opinion on the culpability and punishment of juvenile offenders has shifted from more rehabilitative to more punitive. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Courts QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: State Courts DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:17 AM 59. Explain the inquisitorial and adversarial approaches, then compare and contrast the approaches.

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

In an adversarial system of justice, the choice of what evidence to present during a trial is within the discretion of those involved in the litigation and their attorneys. Judges rarely call witnesses or introduce evidence on their own. The adversarial system is derived from English common law. This approach contrasts with the inquisitorial system used in Europe (but not in Great Britain), in which the judge has more control over the proceedings. The presiding judge conducts almost all the questioning of witnesses. When interrogating the disputing parties and witnesses, the judge often refers to a dossier prepared by a court official who investigated the case. The presentation of evidence and arguments is tightly controlled by the judge even in the presence of partisan attorneys representing the parties during the trial. In the inquisitorial system, the two sides do not have separate witnesses; the witnesses testify for the court, and the opposing parties are not allowed to prepare the witnesses before the trial. During a trial in the adversarial model, jurors may have to choose between two versions Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 19

of the truth, neither of which is completely accurate, because witnesses often shade their testimony to favor their “side.” In addition, skillful lawyers can effectively impugn the credibility of hostile witnesses, and criminal defendants rarely testify, despite being the most important source of information about the events in question. Research suggests that the adversarial system led to less-biased decisions that were more likely to be seen as fair by the parties in dispute. Because the adversarial system permits the litigants to “call the shots,” it seems optimized to produce fair and just outcomes. Some note that inquisitorial procedures seem optimized to produce truthful outcomes because they involve a neutral third party who gathers the relevant evidence without influence from the parties who have a stake in the dispute. People’s perceptions of justice and truth apparently do depend on the legal procedures to which they are exposed.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: The Adversarial System QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 6:26 AM 60. What does the Model Penal Code say about attempted as opposed to completed crimes?

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

According to the Model Penal Code, an offender who tries but fails is just as culpable as an offender who tries and succeeds. People’s intuitions differed in predictable ways from the position of the Model Penal Code. In situations where the person depicted in the scenario had taken only preliminary action, few people thought he was guilty. Yet, according to the Model Penal Code, this person is just as guilty as one who actually completed the burglary.

Apparently, people do not accept the view that intent to commit an act is the moral equivalent of actually doing it. Their notions about criminality and the need for punishment are more nuanced and less “black and white” than what the Model Penal Code prescribed.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Legality versus Morality QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Citizens’ Sense of Legality and Morality DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:30 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 6:27 AM 61. Discuss how justice has been viewed by religious institutions.

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

Sample Answer: The development of Christianity and Islam accentuated a conception of justice within religious traditions of morality. As a result, people began to see matters of social injustice (e.g., the suffering of the poor and the oppressed) as issues of concern, along with offenses against one person or one’s family (Solomon, 1990).

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: What Is Justice?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 20

QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Distributive and Procedural Justice DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 6:27 AM 62. Describe how attribution theory (from social psychology) explains other’s intentions and behavior/actions, including the three dimensions and how they vary.

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

A well-established theory in social psychology, attribution theory, focuses on how people explain others’ intentions. According to the theory, attributions tend to vary along three dimensions: internality—whether we explain the cause of an event as due to something internal to a person or to something that exists in the environment; stability—whether we see the cause of a behavior as enduring or merely temporary; and globalness—whether we see the cause as specific to a limited situation or applicable to all situations. An individual who makes internal, stable, global attributions about an act of misconduct (“He is so evil that he doesn’t care what anyone thinks or feels about him”) will see an offender as more culpable and more deserving of punishment than a person who offers external, unstable, specific explanations for the same act (“As a result of hanging out with a rough crowd, she was in the wrong place at the wrong time.”).

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Legality versus Morality QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Citizens’ Sense of Legality and Morality DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:35 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 6:28 AM 63. According to research by Darley et al. (e.g., 1996), how does the position of the Model Penal Code differ from citizens’ general views?

ANSWER: Psychologist John Darley and his colleagues asked respondents to read short scenarios that described people who had taken one or more steps toward committing either robbery or murder and to assign punishment to those people. They found that people’s intuitions differed in predictable ways from the position of the Model Penal Code. In situations where the person depicted in the scenario had taken only preliminary action (e.g., examining the store he planned to burgle or telling a friend about his plan), few people thought he was guilty.

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 6:28 AM 64. Explain the case of Gideon v Wainwright and how it changed how our justice system works at trial.

ANSWER: Because many people accused of crime cannot afford to hire a lawyer, criminal defendants Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 21

are typically represented by public defenders who are also government employees. The history of public defenders dates from the 1963 case of Gideon v. Wainwright, in which the Supreme Court held that the State of Florida was obligated to pay for a lawyer for Clarence Earl Gideon. States responded to the Gideon case by appointing and paying lawyers to represent indigent defendants on a case- by-case basis and by establishing public defender programs, with lawyers hired by the state to represent those who cannot afford to hire them.

Public defenders know the law, the system, and the other players in the system (the judge, the prosecutor, the probation officer), and though they have large caseloads, they often obtain excellent results for their clients.

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:41 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 6:29 AM 65. Explain the case of Kyle Rittenhouse and how it represents the following statement: “People who hold divergent views about acceptable behavior in a democratic society will find little common ground in the legal arena.”

ANSWER: What to some people seem like reasonable laws—those that regulate behavior “appropriately”—will be rejected as fundamentally unjust and illegitimate by others. So, while there was once general agreement that violent speech and acts, for example, should be condemned and punished, a sizeable faction of the American populace now endorse those tactics as legitimate political tools (Lerer & Herndon, 2021). This partisan divide is at the core of different views on the events of August 25, 2020, when 17-year-old Kyle Rittenhouse drove from his home in Antioch, Illinois, to Kenosha, Wisconsin. There, Rittenhouse fatally shot two men and wounded a third who were protesting a police shooting they believed to be racially motivated.

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:42 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 6:29 AM 66. Explain, compare, and contrast legal realism and legal formalism.

ANSWER: There are at least two schools of thought about whether judges’ rulings are influenced solely by the facts of a case and the applicable laws or whether extralegal factors play a role. Legal formalism is the perspective that judges apply legal rulings to the facts of a case in a careful, rational, mechanical way and pay little heed to political or social influences on, or implications of, their judgments. This perspective is exemplified by Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas’s assertion that “There are right and wrong answers to legal questions” (Thomas, 1996). In contrast, legal realism holds that judges’ decisions are influenced by a variety of psychological, social, and political factors and that judges indeed are concerned about the real-world ramifications of their decisions.

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 6:29 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 22

67. Explain motivated reasoning and how it is related to intuitive and deliberative processes ANSWER: When people, including judges, have opinions about desired outcomes, those goals direct how they seek out and weigh empirical evidence. Information congruent with a particular goal is disproportionately attended to and valued, while incongruent evidence is dis- missed.

This process, called motivated reasoning, is typically outside of one’s awareness but functions as a powerful determinant of how people evaluate information and reach conclusions about the law. Also relevant to judges’ decision-making, cognitive psychologists have proposed various two-process models of human judgment. Though the details vary, all the models distinguish between intuitive processes that occur spontaneously, often without careful thought or effort, and deliberative processes that involve mental effort, concentration, motivation, and the application of learned rules.

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 6:30 AM 68. Intuitive processes occur spontaneously, often without careful thought or effort. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:44 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 6:30 AM 69. Judges’ rulings are influenced solely by the facts of a case and the applicable laws, not extralegal factors at play. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:47 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 6:31 AM 70. The Supreme Court considers cases of Constitutional importance. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: True / False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 23

HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 6:31 AM 71. The Supreme Court is composed of 10 members, 5 from each major political party. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:52 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:53 AM 72. Gideon v Wainwright was about illegal search and seizure. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:54 AM 73. A law school education can take a negative toll on a student’s well-being a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:54 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 6:32 AM 74. Intrinsic motivation is about outside rewards given for engaging in a task or activity. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:57 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 24

DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 6:32 AM 75. Shakarta is making a decision where the correct answer cannot yet be known, so she is most likely using which of these? a. Future estimates b. Educated estimates c. Probabilistic estimates d. Problematic estimates ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 8:02 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 8:03 AM 76. What is it called when judges take chances on trials that are not worth taking, seek information that supports their misguided choices, and avoid information that would be useful? a. Self-serving bias b. Confirmation bias c. Sunk cost fallacy d. Attributional bias ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 8:04 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 8:05 AM 77. When Javon continues to invest resources even when it would be advantageous to cut his losses, that is an example of which of these? a. Fundamental attribution error b. Self-serving bias c. Confirmation bias d. Sunk cost fallacy ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 8:06 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 8:08 AM 78. As a judge, Devi is influenced by her personal experiences, psychological factors, social factors, and political factors.

She is an example of which of these? a. Legal formalism Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 25

b. Legal politicism c. Legal realism d. None of the above ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 8:08 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 8:11 AM 79. Rico chose his profession because it gets him a lot of money and recognition, but he really doesn’t enjoy it. Rico has what type of motivation? a. Intrinsic motivation b. Attributional motivation c. Extrinsic motivation d. Financial motivation ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/30/2023 6:04 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/30/2023 6:06 AM 80. Tatiana follows the law as set down by our founding fathers in the Constitution, as written by legislators, and as interpreted by judges. This interpretation of the law is called what? a. Black-letter law b. Formal law c. Penal code d. Constitutional law ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/30/2023 6:06 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/30/2023 6:08 AM 81. Mercy killings and assisted suicides are examples of which? a. Actuarial manslaughter b. Euphemism c. Euthanasia d. Compassion ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 26

DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/30/2023 6:08 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/30/2023 6:09 AM 82. The offender showing that they not only thought about the crime but actually tried to accomplish it is called what? a. Attention b. Motivation c. Intention d. Intrinsic motivation ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/30/2023 6:10 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/30/2023 6:11 AM 83. According to which concept is an offender who tries but fails just as culpable as an offender who tries and succeeds? a. Modern Penal Code b. Commonsense Law c. Black Code Law d. Federal Penal Code ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/30/2023 6:11 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/30/2023 6:13 AM 84. In the 18th and 19th centuries, American lawyers became lawyers by which of the following? a. Attending college for one year b. Being accepted by the Bar Association c. First being apprentices d. Passing an oral examination ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/30/2023 6:13 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/30/2023 6:14 AM 85. Which of the following allows us to understand how people explain others’ behavior, including their intentions?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 27

a. Dispositional theory b. Motivation theory c. Attribution theory d. Behavioral theory ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/30/2023 6:15 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/30/2023 6:16 AM 86. In modern times, American lawyers became lawyers by a. attending college for one year. b. being accepted by the Bar Association. c. first being apprentices. d. passing an oral examination.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/30/2023 6:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/30/2023 6:17 AM 87. Which of the following concepts is represented by the statement, “They are so evil that they don’t care what anyone thinks or feels about them”? a. Internal, stable, specific attributions b. Internal, unstable, global attributions c. External, stable, global attributions d. Internal, stable, global attributions ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/30/2023 6:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/30/2023 6:19 AM 88. Which of the following concepts is represented by the statement, “As a result of hanging out with a rough crowd, they were in the wrong place at the wrong time”? a. Internal, stable, specific attributions b. Internal, unstable, global attributions c. External, unstable, specific attributions d. Internal, stable, global attributions ANSWER: c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 28

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/30/2023 6:19 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/30/2023 6:21 AM 89. Which of the following models suggests that if individuals view the procedures of dispute resolution or decisionmaking as fair, then they will view the outcome as just, regardless of whether it favors them or not? a. Equitable justice b. Attributed justice c. Procedural justice d. Distributive justice ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/30/2023 6:22 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/30/2023 6:26 AM 90. Which of the following models suggests a person will be more accepting of decisions and more likely to believe that disputes have been resolved appropriately if the outcomes seem just? a. Procedural justice b. Attributional justice c. Attributive justice d. Distributive justice ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/30/2023 6:26 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/30/2023 6:28 AM 91. Which of the following types of justice has a context typically wider than the law’s context? a. Attributional justice b. Procedural justice c. Commonsense justice d. Distributive justice ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/30/2023 6:29 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 29

DATE MODIFIED: 5/30/2023 6:30 AM 92. New community-based alternatives to standard prosecutions are called which? a. Rehabilitation b. Diversion c. Commonsense justice d. Equitable justice ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/30/2023 6:30 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/30/2023 6:31 AM 93. Decisions made in previous cases that serve as authority for subsequent cases involving similar facts are called which? a. Precedents b. Commonsense justice c. Provisional d. Case law ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/30/2023 6:31 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/30/2023 6:32 AM 94. What was the outcome of the Kyle Rittenhouse case? a. Conviction b. Acquittal c. Mistrial d. Jury nullification ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/30/2023 6:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/30/2023 6:33 AM

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 30

Chapter 03 1. How has the rate of serious violent crime changed in recent years? a. It stayed at the same level for 20 years and then rose abruptly in the last 10 years. b. It was decreasing for several years and then increased substantially between 2008 and 2009. c. It has stayed at approximately the same level for the last 30 years. d. None of the above ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Offending in the United States QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Serious Offending DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 1:23 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 1:32 AM 2. Schools that have experienced a shooting can more safely and effectively provide help for students by working to reduce which of these? a. Bullying b. Trauma c. Substance abuse d. Threats ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Offending in the United States QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: School Violence DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 1:23 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 1:32 AM 3. Which of the following characteristics has not been noted as common to school shooting offenders? a. The offender had a lot of experience with firearms. b. The offender was tormented by classmates. c. The offender tortured and sometimes killed small animals. d. The offender developed a detailed plan for the aggressive event.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Offending in the United States QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: School Violence DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 1:23 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 1

DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 1:34 AM 4. Which of the following measures may help in resolving the issues of school violence and weapons? a. A zero-tolerance policy about violence and weapons for students. b. Metal detectors at the entrances of schools that students must use to enter. c. Increased communication between students and administrators d. All of the above ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Offending in the United States QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: School Violence DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 1:23 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 1:36 AM 5. Which of the following was mentioned as something professionals have done in an effort to curb school shootings? a. Requiring school uniforms b. Decreasing access to violent movies c. Decreasing access to violent video games d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Offending in the United States QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: School Violence DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 1:24 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 1:37 AM 6. Which of the following is a potential problem with the procedure of profiling? a. It targets an extremely high percentage of adolescents who would never pose a threat. b. Such a profile may overwhelm schools with a large portion of adolescents to watch and may inflame the parents. c. It may lead to increased bullying of vulnerable adolescents rather than prevent violence. d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Offending in the United States QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: School Violence DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 1:24 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 2

DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 1:38 AM 7. In a threat assessment, one must consider which of these? a. The nature of the threat b. The response(s) that increase the risk of harmful action c. The risk of talking to an unknown person d. How a scenario may play out in a real-life situation ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Offending in the United States QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: School Violence DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 1:24 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 1:39 AM 8. The positivist school of criminology focused on which of these? a. Rehabilitation for criminals b. Diversion programs for criminals c. Removing criminals from society’s mainstream d. Understanding crime though empirical data ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Theories of a Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 1:24 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 1:41 AM 9. Most modern theories of criminality including those of biology, psychology, and sociology are a legacy of which tradition? a. Classical tradition b. Negativist tradition c. Positivist tradition d. Integrated tradition ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Thinking Critically REFERENCES: Theories of a Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 1:24 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 1:42 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 3

10. Approximately what percentage of violent crime is committed by men? a. 90 percent b. 80 percent c. 75 percent d. 85 percent ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Thinking Critically REFERENCES: Theories of a Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 1:24 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 1:45 AM 11. How has the rate of crimes committed by women changed in the last four decades? a. It has decreased. b. It has increased. c. It has stayed at approximately the same level. d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Theories of a Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 1:25 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 1:46 AM 12. Women are most often arrested for which of these? a. Larceny and theft b. Drug offenses c. Assault and larceny d. Both A and B ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Theories of a Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 1:25 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 1:48 AM 13. How much empirical evidence exists that sociological or biological theories independently predict criminal behavior? a. Strong b. Little c. Moderate Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 4

d. Unquestionable ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Theories of a Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 1:26 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 1:49 AM 14. Social–psychological theories of crime suggest that crime is which of these? a. Learned b. The result of genetic factors c. The result of psychophysiology d. Based on faulty cognitions and attitudes ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Theories of a Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 1:26 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 1:49 AM 15. Jackson and Trey, best friends, have stolen some candy bars from a convenience store. Jackson’s brothers all have criminal records, and they encourage Jackson to commit crimes as well. Trey, on the other hand, stole the candy to give to his destitute parents so they may eat. The sociological explanation for Jackson’s crime would be that this crime is caused by the which subtype, and which factors caused Trey’s behavior? a. Social; structural b. Structural; subcultural c. Subcultural; social d. Subcultural; structural ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Sociological Theories of Crime DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 1:26 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 2:05 AM 16. Cloward and Ohlin, in their book Delinquency and Opportunity, propose a theory that represents which of the following approaches to understanding crime? a. Structural b. Subcultural Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 5

c. Biological d. Psychoanalytic ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Sociological Theories of Crime DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 1:26 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 2:07 AM 17. Cloward and Ohlin’s theory assumes that those who grow up in lower socioeconomic subcultures still possess the conventional goals of the middle class. As society denies them legal means of achieving these goals, they become frustrated and resort to committing crimes. What is this theory called? a. Subcultural difference b. Differential opportunity c. Psychopathic personality d. Biopsychological ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Sociological Theories of Crime DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 1:26 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 2:08 AM 18. Which of the following is not a limitation of the theory of differential opportunity? a. Crimes are often committed by those who are part of the lower class or socioeconomic status. b. Some of the key terms in the theory, such as “aspiration,” are not well defined. c. There is no evidence that lower class versus upper class youth find limited success in school to be more frustrating. d. There is no evidence to support the idea that those in the lower class want to be part of the middle class.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Sociological Theories of Crime DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 1:26 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 2:09 AM 19. The theory of differential opportunity does not explain which of the following?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 6

a. Crimes committed by those who have not been denied opportunities b. What factors determine adaptation to blocked opportunities c. Why those of lower socioeconomic status are convicted of more crimes d. Both A and B ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Sociological Theories of Crime DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 1:27 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 2:10 AM 20. According to Emile Durkheim, what state results from the failure to maintain moral bonds between individuals in the society? a. Aspirations b. Anomie c. Normalness d. Opportunity ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Sociological Theories of Crime DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 1:27 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 2:11 AM 21. If the monozygotic twin concordance rate is significantly higher than the dizygotic twin concordance rate, one typically concludes that the behavior is which of these? a. Environmentally influenced b. Genetically influenced c. Influenced by both environment and genetics equally d. Psychophysiologically influenced ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Biological Theories of Crime DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 1:27 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 2:12 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 7

22. Studies of twins that have calculated separate concordance rates for violent and non-violent crimes have found which of the following? a. The influence of heredity appears equal for both types of crime b. The influence of heredity appears higher for violent as opposed to nonviolent crimes c. The influence of heredity appears higher for non-violent as opposed to violent crimes d. The influence of environment must be higher than the influence of heredity ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Biological Theories of Crime DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 1:27 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 2:14 AM 23. Adoption studies have suggested which of the following? a. Males with adoptive parents with criminal histories are more likely to have a criminal record. b. Males with biological parents with criminal histories are more likely to have a criminal record. c. There is no difference between the criminal records of males with adoptive or biological parents with criminal histories. d. Females with adoptive parents with criminal histories are more likely to have a criminal record.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Biological Theories of Crime DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 1:27 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 2:15 AM 24. Researchers have found that the complete absence of the activity of which of these enzymes coupled with a history of maltreatment showed some form of antisocial behavior in 85 percent of individuals studied in New Zealand? a. MAO-A b. Serotonin c. ANS d. Dopamine ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Biological Theories of Crime DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 1:28 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 8

DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 6:47 AM 25. Which of the following has been implicated as possibly inherited and possibly responsible for criminal behavior? a. EEG patterns b. EKG patterns c. Acetylcholine levels d. Psychophysiology ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Biological Theories of Crime DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 1:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 2:18 AM 26. Raine et al. (1998) found that homicide offenders, compared to normal controls, experienced which of these? a. EEG abnormalities b. Excessive subcortical activity c. Childhood sexual abuse d. Traumatic history ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Biological Theories of Crime DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 1:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 2:19 AM 27. What relationship have researchers found between intelligence quotient (IQ) scores and offending? a. Offenders and nonoffenders have similar IQ scores. b. Offenders have IQs that are about 8 to 10 points lower than nonoffenders. c. Offenders have IQs that are about 7 to 9 points higher than nonoffenders. d. IQ is not correlated with differences in offending.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Biological Theories of Crime DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 1:28 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 9

DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 2:21 AM 28. Dysfunction in the nervous system is a possible correlate with criminal activity in which of the following ways? a. Criminals show a lower level of autonomic arousal than noncriminals. b. Criminals show a higher level of autonomic arousal than noncriminals. c. Criminals show a lower level of somatic arousal than noncriminals. d. Criminals show a higher level of somatic arousal than noncriminals.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Biological Theories of Crime DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 1:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 2:23 AM 29. Which of the following biological or physiological factors potentially leads to increased aggressiveness and delinquency? a. High testosterone and insulin with low levels of serotonin b. Low secretion of insulin and high testosterone c. Low levels of serotonin, insulin, and testosterone d. High serotonin, and testosterone with low insulin ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Biological Theories of Crime DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 1:29 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 2:25 AM 30. Some offenders are thought to show chronically low levels of autonomic arousal and weaker physiological reactions to stimulation. What happens as a result of this condition? a. They seek activities that provide lower stimulation. b. They have difficulty figuring out how to inhibit punishable behavior. c. They are less disposed to having social issues. d. They have manic behavior.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Theories of a Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychological Theories of Crime Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 10

DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 1:29 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 2:27 AM 31. Tyson is often anti-social and feels little to no remorse. According to personality theory, Tyson is high on which dimension? a. Neuroticism b. Extroversion c. Psychoticism d. Mesomorphism ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychological Theories of Crime DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 1:29 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 2:28 AM 32. Shah has committed several violent offenses and feels no remorse for what he has done. He finds his victims by deceiving them; he approaches a young woman and says he needs directions across town and then leads her to his car. He then forces the woman into his car and later kills her. If we were to characterize Shah’s problem by claiming that he has a personality defect, which of the following best describes this condition? a. Anomie b. Low level of autonomic arousal c. Criminal thinking pattern d. Psychopathy ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychological Theories of Crime DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 1:29 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 2:30 AM 33. What percentage of psychopaths are men? a. 75 percent b. 95 percent c. 80 percent d. 90 percent ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 11

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychological Theories of Crime DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 1:29 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 2:32 AM 34. What happened to Ted Bundy? a. He is on death row, awaiting the results of an appeal. b. He was killed by another prisoner. c. All his appeals have been exhausted, and he is awaiting execution. d. He was executed.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychological Theories of Crime DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 1:30 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 2:34 AM 35. According to Ted Bundy’s statement to a TV interviewer, what caused his acts of violence? a. A cold and impersonal mother b. Abuse c. Pornography d. Psychopathology ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Theories of a Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychological Theories of Crime DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 1:30 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 2:36 AM 36. Psychopathic behavior may be cause by which of the following? a. A deficiency in the left hemisphere of the brain, impairing executive function, and low autonomic arousal b. A deficiency in the right hemisphere of the brain, impairing executive function, and low autonomic arousal c. A deficiency in the left hemisphere of the brain, impairing executive function, and high autonomic arousal d. None of the above ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 12

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychological Theories of Crime DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 1:30 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 2:38 AM 37. One explanation for psychopathy is that psychopaths were raised in a dysfunctional family with which of the following? a. Parents who are negligent in their treatment of their children b. Parents who are inconsistent in their use of rewards and punishments c. Parents who are overly punitive in their treatment of their children d. None of the above ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychological Theories of Crime DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 1:30 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 2:39 AM 38. The assumption people will behave antisocially until they learn not to offend through inner and external constraints fits which theory? a. Subcultural b. Differential opportunity c. Structural d. None of the above ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychological Theories of Crime DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 2:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 2:41 AM 39. Walter Reckless’s containment theory proposed which of these? a. Criminal potential is contained in the genes. b. Social pressure and rules help to control crime. c. People of low intelligence cannot control their urges to commit crimes. d. Criminals have low autonomic arousal.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 13

REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychological Theories of Crime DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 2:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 2:43 AM 40. Every time Lashonda shares her toys with her little brother, her parents give her a cookie. Every time Lashonda refuses to shares her toys, her parents yell at her. After a while, Lashonda always shares her toys with her little brother.

This is an example of which of these? a. Operant learning b. Classical conditioning c. Stimulus learning d. Containment ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychological Theories of Crime DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 2:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 2:44 AM 41. According to personality theorists, a psychotic individual lacks which of the following a. operant conditioning. b. morality. c. classical conditioning. d. Social learning.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychological Theories of Crime DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 2:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 2:45 AM 42. Samir and his mother went for a grocery shopping. When they were checking out, the grocery clerk inadvertently gave Samir’s mom too much change. When they got back to the car, Samir’s mom excitedly talked about how to use the extra money. What has Samir potentially now been exposed to? a. Modeling of dishonest behavior by his mother b. Learned to be ashamed of his mother c. Acquired the motivation to give back the money in some other way d. Determined how much his mother values money Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 14

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychological Theories of Crime DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 2:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 2:46 AM 43. According to the differential association reinforcement theory, criminal behavior is acquired through which of these? a. Lack of morality b. Classical conditioning c. Modeling d. None of the above ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychological Theories of Crime DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 2:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 2:47 AM 44. Which of the following is a feature of observational learning? a. Attention to important features of modeled behavior b. Learning but not reproducing the features of modeled behavior c. Only peer groups influence modeled behavior d. Antisocial behavior modification ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychological Theories of Crime DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 2:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 2:48 AM 45. In Bandura’s book emphasizing modeling of aggression, Aggression: A Social Learning Analysis, which one of the following is not one of the areas emphasized? a. Familial influences b. Subcultural influences c. Symbolic models d. Normative influences Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 15

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychological Theories of Crime DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 2:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 2:50 AM 46. Ignacio is often spanked for misbehaving. Which theorist would point to this form of disciplining as a model for later aggressive behavior? a. Skinner b. Lombroso c. Freud d. Bandura ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychological Theories of Crime DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 2:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 2:51 AM 47. The link between exposure to violence in the mass media and violent behavior is addressed by which of the following? a. Classical conditioning b. Social learning theory c. Psychoanalytic theories d. Operant conditioning ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychological Theories of Crime DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 2:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 2:52 AM 48. Eight-year-old Vishna watches a lot of television, and her favorite programs are very aggressive. What do researchers generally think will be the effect of this frequent viewing of televised violence? a. There is no expected impact of viewing televised aggression. b. Vishna will likely be less aggressive than those who watch fewer violent programs because Vishna is able to get out aggression through this viewing.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 16

c. Vishna will likely be more aggressive than those who watch fewer violent programs as television violence does tend to increase aggression in children. d. There is no consensus among researchers regarding the effects of viewing televised aggression.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychological Theories of Crime DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 2:52 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 2:53 AM 49. In schools, most of those who make implied or direct threats will go on to commit serious violence. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Offending in the United States QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: School Violence DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 2:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 2:59 AM 50. Biology and genetics influence criminal behavior. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 2:54 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:00 AM 51. Most criminals have psychopathy. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 17

QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychological Theories of Crime DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 2:54 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:01 AM 52. Early exposure to violence on television significantly predicts aggression in adulthood. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychological Theories of Crime DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 2:54 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:02 AM 53. Early aggression in childhood is predictive of violence later in adulthood. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychological Theories of Crime DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 2:54 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:03 AM 54. Profiling students is problematic because the profiles of school shooters differ on many dimensions, and it overpredicts who might commit violence. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Offending in the United States QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: School Violence DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 2:55 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:04 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 18

55. Those who take a positivist approach to criminal behavior believe the punishment should fit the crime. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 2:55 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:05 AM 56. Secondary deviance refers to the criminal offending or juvenile delinquency in children whose parents are also deviant or criminal offenders. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Social–Psychological Theories of Crime DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 2:55 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:05 AM 57. Poor social skills and higher intelligence increase one’s risk for antisocial behavior and criminal offending. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Integration of Theories of Crime QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 2:55 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:06 AM 58. Poor grades in school begin to predict delinquency around age 8. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Integration of Theories of Crime QUESTION TYPE: True / False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 19

HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 2:55 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:13 AM 59. Explain, define, and compare the four general approaches to explaining criminal behavior ANSWER: Answers may vary.

There are four contemporary theories that attempt to explain criminal offending. We group these theories as sociological, biological, psychological, and social–psychological. There are important distinctions among them. Crime may appear to result from an individual’s experience with his or her environment. This belief is explained through sociological theories, which maintain that crime results from social or cultural forces that are external to any specific individual; exist prior to any criminal act; and emerge from social class, political, ecological, or physical structures affecting large groups of people. Alternatively, criminal behavior may appear to result from an individual’s biological characteristics.

Biological theories of crime stress genetic influences, neuropsychological abnormalities, and biochemical irregularities. However, there is little empirical evidence that either sociological or biological theories independently predict criminal behavior. Instead, current theories of crime incorporate a combination of environmental and biological factors to understand the causes of offending behaviors. Some psychological theories emphasize that crime results from personality attributes that are uniquely possessed, or possessed to a special degree, by the potential criminal. For example, some psychological approaches have focused on patterns of thinking—particularly with respect to recognized risk factors such as pro-criminal attitudes or certain kinds of personality disorders. Others focus on intellectual functioning or cognitive and social development. Social–psychological theories bridge the gap between the environmentalism of sociology and the individualism of psychological or biological theories.

Social–psychological theories propose that crime is learned, but they differ from sociological and psychological theories in about what is learned and how it is learned.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Social–Psychological Theories of Crime DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 3:08 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:12 AM 60. What does research suggest about how we can make schools safer without unnecessarily targeting those who would not seriously threaten their classmates?

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

A number of reforms and programs have been attempted: requiring school uniforms, beefing up security measures, passing tougher gun laws, offering violence prevention programs, and restricting access to violent movies, among others. Another promising approach involves reducing the influences that are commonly seen in school shootings—particularly bullying— while being attentive to particular interest in violent themes and the experience of loss and trauma among students. Providing a school environment that greatly reduces bullying while offering safe and effective help for students experiencing loss would facilitate assistance for many students rather than identifying (often mistakenly) the potential school shooter.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Offending in the United States Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 20

QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Serious Offending DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 3:08 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:11 AM 61. Define and describe the neurological and/or neuropsychological abnormalities that have been associated with aggression and antisocial behavior. What parts of the brain play a role in impulsivity, poor problem solving, and aggressive behavior?

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

Many kinds of neurological and/or neuropsychological abnormalities have been associated with aggression and antisocial behavior. High rates of abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns have been reported in prison populations and in violent juvenile delinquents. These EEG irregularities may indicate neurological deficits that result in poor impulse control and impaired judgment. Studies of violent offenders have shown slow-wave EEG patterns indicating underarousal. Although a high percentage of persons in the general population also have EEG abnormalities, its rates are somewhat higher in delinquent youth and impulsive adult offenders. More promising results have been reported concerning abnormalities in four subcortical regions of the brain—the amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, and midbrain— specifically in the right hemisphere of the brain, which has been linked to the experience of negative emotions. In one study, brain scans of a group of homicide offenders showed that, compared with normal controls, the offenders experienced excessive activity in the four subcortical structures. Excessive subcortical activity may underlie a more aggressive temperament that could, in turn, predispose an individual to violent behavior. A review of the neuropsychological literature supports a relationship between deficits in the prefrontal cortex, a region of the brain responsible for planning, monitoring, and controlling behavior, and antisocial behavior. Damage to the prefrontal cortex may predispose individuals to criminal behavior in one of several ways. Patients with impairment in this region of the brain have decreased reasoning abilities that may lead to impulsive decision-making in risky situations.

In addition, prefrontal impairment is associated with decreased levels of arousal, and individuals may engage in stimulation-seeking and antisocial behaviors to compensate for these arousal deficits. A review of 17 neuroimaging studies identified the prefrontal cortex and medial temporal regions as areas associated with aggressive and/or violent behavior histories, particularly when this behavior is impulsive. Problems in regulating negative emotions are associated with impairments in these brain regions. Impairments in the prefrontal cortex may help to explain why offenders, on average, have about an 8- to 10-point lower IQ (intelligence quotient) than nonoffenders and are less able to (1) postpone impulsive actions, (2) use effective problem-solving strategies, and (3) achieve academic success in schools as a route to socially approved attainments.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 3:09 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:12 AM 62. Describe the personality-based theories for criminal offending and explain how their overlapping construct are important in understanding antisocial behavior.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 21

ANSWER:

Answers may vary.

These theories include Costa and McCrae’s five-factor model (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness); In some respects, these theories describe overlapping constructs. Those who were low on Agreeableness or low on Conscientiousness were more likely to be involved in antisocial behavior. The other dimensions were less important—so it seems best to conclude that general personality theory has identified two domains (agreeableness and conscientiousness) that are important to understanding criminal offending. More recent research on these dimensions considered how agreeableness and conscientiousness interacted with opportunity to commit crime in affecting adolescent offending (N = 2,200), with opportunity less likely to lead to offending when individuals were agreeable and conscientious.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Biological Theories of Crime DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 3:09 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:14 AM 63. Explain Durkheim’s concept of anomie and the implications of anomie theory.

ANSWER: This theory can be traced to Émile Durkheim’s ideas about the need to maintain moral bonds between individuals in society. Durkheim thought that life without moral or social obligations becomes intolerable and results in anomie, a feeling of normlessness that often precedes suicide and crime. One implication of anomie theory was that thwarted aspirations pressure individuals to deviate from social norms. According to Cloward and Ohlin (1960), people in lower socioeconomic subcultures usually want to succeed through legal means, but society denies them legitimate opportunities to do so.

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 3:14 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:16 AM 64. Explain the various subcultural explanations of the sociological theories regarding crime.

ANSWER: The subcultural version of the sociological theory maintains that a conflict between norms held by different groups causes criminal behavior. This conflict arises when various groups endorse subcultural norms, pressuring their members to deviate from the norms underlying the criminal law (Nietzel, 1979). Gangs, for example, enforce behavioral norms about how to behave. For many youths, a gang replaces the young person’s parents as the main source of norms, even when parents attempt to instill their own values. Like structural theories of crime, subcultural explanations have not demonstrated a strong theoretical or empirical basis.

Questions remain: How do cultural standards originate? How are they transmitted from one generation to the next?

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 22

DATE CREATED: DATE MODIFIED:

5/29/2023 3:18 AM 5/29/2023 3:19 AM

65. Explain the various personality-based theories of crime, including the dimensions of the five-factor model.

ANSWER: Many personality-based explanations for criminal offending in the last three decades have focused on the construct of psychopathy, which we discuss in this section. Historically, however, a number of theories of personality have been offered to help understand offending.

A prominent example is Costa and McCrae’s five-factor model (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness; McCrae & Costa, 1990).

According to a meta-analysis (Miller & Lynam, 2001), those who were low on agreeableness or low on conscientiousness were more likely to be involved in antisocial behavior. The other dimensions were less important—suggesting that general personality theory has identified two domains (agreeableness and conscientiousness) that are important to understanding criminal offending POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 3:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:20 AM 66. Explain and define the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS) and how it relates to criminal behavior.

ANSWER: A systematic and scientifically validated approach to investigating the role of offender thinking has been undertaken by Glenn Walters, who for many years served as a psychologist with the Federal Bureau of Prisons. He developed the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS), an 80-item self-report inventory that measures cognitive patterns that are supportive of offending. Data from both male and female offenders, as well as metaanalyses, indicate that the PICTS is reliable, correlated with previous offending, and modestly predictive of future adjustment and release outcome (Walters, 2002; Walters & Mandell, 2007).

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 3:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:20 AM 67. Explain and define stimulation-seeking theory and how it relates to criminal behavior.

ANSWER: Compared to normal controls, psychopaths experience less anxiety after experiencing aversive stimulation and show relatively low cortical arousal in the resting state as well. This low autonomic arousal generates a high need for stimulation. Consequently, psychopathic individuals prefer novel situations and tend to pay less attention to many other stimuli, thereby being less influenced by them. This is consistent with stimulation-seeking theory (Quay, 1965), which suggests that the thrill-seeking and disruptive behavior of psychopathic individuals serves to increase sensory input and arousal to a more tolerable level. As a result of such thrill seeking, the individual with psychopathy seems “immune” to many social cues that govern behavior.

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 23

HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 3:20 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:21 AM 68. According to differential association reinforcement theory (Akers et al., 1996), criminal behavior is acquired through operant conditioning and modeling. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 3:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:22 AM 69. When criminal behavior is learned, the learning includes (a) techniques of committing the crime, which are sometimes very complicated but at other times simple, and (b) the specific direction of motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 3:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:22 AM 70. Sutherland and Cressey (1974) proposed various explanations of criminal behavior, including that criminal behavior is learned through modeling with the behavior of parents. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 3:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:24 AM 71. Conger found that control theories assume that people will behave antisocially unless they are trained not to by others. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 3:22 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 24

DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:24 AM 72. Learning theory assumes that people will behave antisocially unless they learn, through a combination of inner controls and external constraints on behavior, not to offend. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 3:22 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:24 AM 73. Greater emphasis on heredity as a version of containment theory (Eysenck, 1964) suggested that certain individuals are predisposed to criminal offending because of their genes, but they are still influenced by socialization as they age. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 3:25 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:25 AM 74. Because the PCL depends partly on self-report, the information obtained may be inaccurate. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 3:25 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:25 AM 75. Monique’s mother thinks that punishment of criminals should be commensurate with the crimes committed—that punishment should fit the crime. This is an example of which of the following? a. Proportionality in sentencing b. Equality in sentencing c. Equity in sentencing d. Diversion programs in sentencing ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 3:26 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 25

DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:57 AM 76. Drayvon believes that concepts such as free will, hedonism, and flaws in the social contract to explain criminal conduct. This is an example of which of the following? a. Classical school of criminology b. Neoclassical school of criminology c. Personality theory d. Social labeling theory ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 3:56 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:58 AM 77. Mariela is a sociologist who seeks to understand crime through the scientific method and the analysis of empirical data. Which school does she belong to? a. Relativist b. Positivist c. Classical d. Scientific ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 3:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:59 AM 78. Tanaz is a researcher who maintains that crime results from broad social or cultural forces that are external to any specific individual; exist prior to any criminal act; and emerge from social class, political, ecological, or physical structures affecting large groups of people. She is likely which of these? a. Sociological theorist b. Psychological theorist c. Sociobiological theorist d. Social psychological theorist ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 3:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 4:00 AM 79. Ahmose is a researcher who emphasizes that dysfunctional social arrangements (e.g., inadequate schooling, economic adversity, or community disorganization) thwart people’s efforts toward legitimate attainments and result in their breaking Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 26

the law. He is most likely which of these? a. Subcultural theorist b. Structural theorist c. Psychological theorist d. Classical theorist ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:00 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 4:03 AM 80. Sasha is on a team that responds to any identified threat by carefully considering the nature of the threat, the risk posed by the individual, and the needed response to reduce the risk of harmful action. This is an example of which of the following? a. First responding b. Action teams c. Threat assessment d. Thread reduction ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:04 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 4:05 AM 81. Which of the following are environmental cues that increase antisocial behavior? a. Models b. Prior adverse treatment c. Incentive inducements d. All of the above ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:06 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 4:16 AM 82. Which of the following is true of primary deviance? a. Offenders believe it is their only role. b. Offenders often rationalize their behavior as a temporary mistake. c. Criminal is not seen as being a label associated with stigma. d. None of the above Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 27

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:10 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 4:17 AM 83. What is the basic assumption of social labeling theory? a. Society assigns labels to certain acts, which leads to the perception of deviance. b. Society labels certain people as likely offenders. c. Profiling labels certain people as likely offenders. d. Offenders do not think about their behavior.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:10 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 4:18 AM 84. Wilson and Herrnstein’s (1985) book Crime and Human Nature said which of the following? a. Gains from committing crime include monetary advancement and access to goods. b. Gains associated with not committing crime include avoiding punishment and having a clear conscience. c. Whether a crime is committed depends, in part, on models for criminal or noncriminal behavior. d. Both A and C are true.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:11 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 4:19 AM 85. Milgram’s famous social psychology experiment was about which of the following? a. Willingness to follow orders to inflict pain b. Prison experiences c. Models of aggression on television d. Children’s violence toward a target ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:11 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 28

DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 4:20 AM 86. Observational learning depends on which of the following? a. Attention to the important features of modeled behavior b. Retention of these features in memory to guide later performance c. Reproduction of the observed behaviors d. All of the above are true ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 4:21 AM 87. Which of the following is true of subcultural influences? a. Subcultural anomie provides a means of violence. b. Symbolic interactionism provides a pathway to criminality in certain subcultures. c. Some subcultures provide context that supports aggression and rewards it. d. Family dynamics are more important than subcultural influence.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 4:22 AM 88. Which of the following is an influence of symbolic models? a. Aggression attributed to operant conditioning, or rewards for bad behavior b. Aggression has been attributed to the mass media, particularly the Internet and television c. Aggression is attributed to the symbolic influence of gangs d. None of the above ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:22 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 4:25 AM 89. Which of the following was true in the case of Breonna Taylor? a. She was killed when police came to serve a warrant and knocked on her door. b. She was killed as a result of a no-knock raid at night. c. She was selling contraband out of her house. d. None of the above are true.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 29

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:22 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 4:26 AM 90. Which of the following is true of zero-tolerance policies? a. They are effective at reducing violent behavior. b. They penalize and stigmatize an undue amount of students. c. They identify potential school shooters. d. It is suggested all schools implement them to reduce risk.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:23 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 4:27 AM 91. Executive function means which of these? a. Behaving in a highly effective manner b. Attitudes less likely to be criminal c. The ability to plan and regulate behavior carefully d. Proper functioning of the autonomic nervous system ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:23 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 4:28 AM 92. What is the most prevalent problem with aggression in school settings? a. Physical violence b. Bullying c. School shootings d. None of the above ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:28 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 30

DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 4:30 AM 93. What happened to Seung-Hui Cho? a. He was killed by police during a school shooting. b. He was stopped before committing a school shooting. c. He killed himself after a school shooting. d. He was only 13 years old when he became a school shooter.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:29 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 4:32 AM 94. Which of the following is/are true of social cognitive theory? a. Acknowledges the importance of differential reinforcement for developing new behaviors, but it assigns more importance to cognitive factors and to observational or vicarious learning b. Founded by Albert Bandura, who observed that “most human behavior is learned by observation through modeling” c. Complex behaviors such as speech and driving a car require models from which to learn. In all likelihood, so does crime. d. All of the above are true ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:29 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 4:34 AM

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 31

Chapter 04 1. To be effective in their jobs, police officers must have which of these? a. Good discretion, physical ability, and interpersonal skills b. Physical ability, sympathy, and integrity c. Interpersonal skills, discipline, and knowledge d. Integrity, interpersonal skills, and empathy ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Selection of Police Officers QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 12:50 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 12:51 PM 2. In 1917, Lewis Terman recommended that no one with an IQ below which of the following should be accepted as police or firefighters? a. 95 b. 80 c. 90 d. 100 ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Selection of Police Officers QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 12:52 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 12:53 PM 3. Psychological screening of police candidates look at which of the following? a. Levels of psychopathology that may interfere with officers’ abilities to perform their duties b. Specific skills that are directly relevant to police work c. Both A and B d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Selection of Police Officers QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 12:53 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 12:54 PM 4. Regarding police candidates, courts have decided which of the following?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 1

a. Have upheld the legality of psychological screening of police candidates b. Have ruled that psychological screening of police candidates violates civil rights acts c. Have not considered the legality of psychological screening of police candidates d. Have ruled that psychological screening of police candidates must focus on eliminating individuals who appear least suited for police work ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Selection of Police Officers QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 12:55 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 12:59 PM 5. Which of the following is not one of the psychological qualities desirable for police officers? a. Incorruptible b. Well-adjusted c. Logical d. Authoritative ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Selection of Police Officers QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychological Tests DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 12:59 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 1:00 PM 6. A police officer who can handle multiple stressful responsibilities and not become adversely impacted by stress would be considered which of these? a. Free of overly emotional reactions b. Well adjusted c. Incorruptible d. People-oriented ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Selection of Police Officers QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychological Tests DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 1:00 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 1:01 PM 7. Even though it might not be the most reliable, the most widely employed assessment tool for selecting police officers is Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 2

which of these? a. The psychological test b. The interview c. The MMPI d. The situational test ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Selection of Police Officers QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Interview DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 1:02 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 1:02 PM 8. In evaluating police candidates, interviews are widely, used although their reliability has been questioned. What is their reliability? a. The skill of the interviewer in validating the performance of the candidate b. The degree to which information from the interview is related to relevant criteria c. The extent to which an interview yields the same information with different interviewers or on different occasions d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Selection of Police Officers QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Interview DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 1:02 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 1:04 PM 9. Which of the following may lead to questioning a police officer candidates’ level of dedication and commitment to their job? a. Absenteeism b. Selfishness c. Corruption d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Selection of Police Officers QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 1:04 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 1:05 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 3

10. Reliability is stronger in the which of the following interview methods a. use of structured interviews. b. use of both structure interviews and roleplay. c. inclusion of roleplay procedures. d. use of unstructured interviews.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Selection of Police Officers QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Interview DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 1:05 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 1:06 PM 11. Although similar to real police duties, situational tests are only used by a small minority of police departments in screening police candidates because of which? a. They are outdated b. They are difficult to measure objectively c. Their intensiveness and cost d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Selection of Police Officers QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Situational Tests DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 1:06 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 1:07 PM 12. Testing used in the selection process for police officers typically involve which of the following types of tests? a. Tests of cognitive ability b. Intelligence tests c. Tests of personality traits d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Selection of Police Officers QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychological Tests DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 1:07 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 1:08 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 4

13. Intelligence tests tend to correlate strongly with the performance of police recruits in the police academy, but when looking at actual police performance in the field intelligence tests tend to correlate to what degree? a. Strongly b. Moderately c. Weakly d. There is no correlation.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Selection of Police Officers QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychological Tests DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 1:08 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 1:09 PM 14. The most often used test of personality in police screening is which of these? a. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory b. California Psychological Inventory c. Big Five Factor Questionnaire d. Beck Depression Inventory ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Selection of Police Officers QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychological Tests DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 1:09 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 1:10 PM 15. The Inwald Personality Inventory was designed specifically to accomplish which of the follow? a. Identify psychologically unsuitable law enforcement candidates b. Identify psychologically suitable law enforcement candidates c. Predict whether someone would become violent or sadistic d. Work in conjunction with the MMPI ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Selection of Police Officers QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychological Tests DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 1:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 1:11 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 5

16. Which of the following tests consists of 26 scales that tap past and present behaviors presumed to have special relevance for detecting unsuitable law enforcement officers? a. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory b. Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire c. California Psychological Inventory d. Inwald Personality Inventory ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Selection of Police Officers QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychological Tests DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 1:11 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 1:12 PM 17. Which of the following are a common problem encountered by persons conducting research on the validity of police screening? a. Applicants try to present themselves in a positive light. b. Applicants who do poorly on screening evaluations are eliminated from the pool of applicants so one cannot evaluate whether predictions of poor performance would have been valid. c. Testing actual police performance on the field is time-consuming and expensive. d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: The Validity of Police Screening QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 1:13 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 1:13 PM 18. Which psychological test attempts to detect deception or pretending to be good in police candidates? a. Inwald b. MMPI c. Big Five Personality Inventory d. Both A and B ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Validity of Police Screening QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 1:14 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 1:14 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 6

19. Which of the following is recommended by the International Association for Chiefs of Police in measuring fitness for duty in police candidates? a. A psychologist can perform the fitness-for-duty evaluation, and a failure means the candidate cannot become a police officer b. Psychiatrists (not psychologists) must both perform the fitness-for-duty evaluation and provide the needed treatment. c. The psychologist who performs the fitness-for-duty evaluation also provides the needed treatment and then reevaluates the candidate. d. The psychologist who performs the fitness-for-duty evaluation does not provide any treatment (an additional mental health professional provides the treatment).

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Fitness-for-Duty Evaluations QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 1:15 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 1:16 PM 20. Clinicians performing fitness-for-duty evaluations for police officers must often reconcile the conflict between which of these? a. Sharing evaluation results with the department and public safety b. Protecting the public and officers’ employment rights c. Officers’ right to refuse evaluation and department’s need for officers who can perform their jobs safely d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Fitness-for-Duty Evaluations QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 1:16 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 1:17 PM 21. Which of the following is a criticism of police training discussed in the text? a. Departments are more concerned about not being sued than properly training officers. b. It’s too difficult to graduate from the training programs. c. Too little attention is paid to training in the field in actual police work. d. Members of minority groups are treated more harshly and so are more likely to drop out.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Training of Police Officers QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 1:17 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 7

DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 1:18 PM 22. Possible suicide or self-harm is one of the reasons for encounters with police in about how many cases? a. 20–30 percent b. 10–30 percent c. 5–20 percent d. 10–20 percent ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Training in Crisis Intervention QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Interactions with Mentally Ill Citizens DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 1:18 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 1:19 PM 23. Research by sociologist Linda Teplin revealed that police were more likely to do which of the following in comparable encounters? a. Arrest an adult, but give a warning to an adolescent b. Arrest someone who was disrespectful c. Arrest someone who appeared to be legally intoxicated d. Arrest someone who appeared to be mentally ill ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Training in Crisis Intervention QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Interactions with Mentally Ill Citizens DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 1:19 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 1:20 PM 24. The Memphis Model for crisis intervention in policing is concerned with which of the following? a. Working with a psychologist for hostage negotiation to prevent unnecessary death b. Increasing officer and consumer safety while attempting to redirect those with mental illness from the judicial system to the mental health system c. Alleviating the problem of police stress before an officer attempts suicide d. Ways to reduce the phenomenon of “suicide by cop” ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Training in Crisis Intervention QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Interactions with Mentally Ill Citizens Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 8

DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 1:20 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 1:21 PM 25. Using crisis intervention team programs resulted in which of the following? a. Officers being inclined to use low-lethality force b. An increase in arrests c. An increase in costs over that which was expected d. A decrease in suicide by cop ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Training in Crisis Intervention QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Interactions with Mentally Ill Citizens DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 1:23 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 1:23 PM 26. The police officers trained in crisis intervention realized which of these? a. Reported feeling better prepared for their encounters with individuals with mental illnesses b. Found that they felt more prepared to arrest individuals with mental illnesses than they had previously c. Were no longer surprised when victims developed the Stockholm syndrome d. Were no longer having issues with trauma, stress, and negative consequences after a crisis situation ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Training in Crisis Intervention QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Interactions with Mentally Ill Citizens DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 1:23 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 1:24 PM 27. Temora has a history of mental illness and recently was arrested for committing a crime. Instead of sending her to jail, a decision was made to release Temora into her community so that she can get access to treatment and support services.

The fact that Temora was released into the community instead of going to jail means that Temora was part of which program? a. Prison release program b. Jail diversion program c. Mental rehabilitation program d. Bail out of jail program ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Training in Crisis Intervention QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 9

HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Interactions with Mentally Ill Citizens DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 1:24 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 1:26 PM 28. When examining mental health what percent of inmates presented with severe mental illness. a. 35% b. 31% c. 14% d. 21% ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Training in Crisis Intervention QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Interactions with Mentally Ill Citizens DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 1:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 1:28 PM 29. As of 2010, it was estimated that what percentage of violent offenses in the United States were perpetrated by persons related to or known by the victim? a. 39 percent b. 60 percent c. 25 percent d. 75 percent ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Training in Crisis Intervention QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Domestic Disturbances DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 1:28 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 1:29 PM 30. Recent studies have suggested that the rate of domestic violence perpetration is which of these? a. Greater in male family members b. Greater in female family members c. Comparable between male and female family members d. Overestimated in both male and female family members ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Training in Crisis Intervention QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 10

TOPICS: Domestic Disturbances DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 1:30 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 1:31 PM 31. Which of the following statements about domestic and family violence is not true? a. As much as half of the incidents of domestic violence involve alcohol or drugs. b. Family violence and abuse is more common among those with lower socioeconomic status. c. Women are as likely as men to be violent toward their partners. d. Family violence is only committed by mentally disturbed people.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Training in Crisis Intervention QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Domestic Disturbances DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 1:31 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 1:32 PM 32. Lenore Walker proposed that women who endure repeated family violence feel as though they can’t protect themselves, and can’t do anything to change their situation. This is an example of which of the following? a. The blaming the victim phenomenon b. Munchausen syndrome c. Learned helplessness d. Enduring family violence syndrome ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Thinking Critically REFERENCES: Training in Crisis Intervention QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Domestic Disturbances DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 1:32 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 1:33 PM 33. Which of the following factors are associated with increased risk of family violence? a. Anomie b. Alcohol use c. Society status d. Immigration ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Training in Crisis Intervention QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 11

TOPICS: Domestic Disturbances DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 1:33 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 1:34 PM 34. Guadalupe has been in an abusive relationship for 12 years. Her husband frequently hits her, often after little or no provocation. Guadalupe has been enduring this violence for so long that she has come to believe that she probably deserves the beatings. Her best friend has seen the bruises and has told her to leave her husband, but Guadalupe believes that leaving would be futile. Guadalupe could be said to be experiencing which of these? a. The blaming the victim phenomenon b. Anomie c. Learned helplessness d. Enduring family violence syndrome ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Training in Crisis Intervention QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Domestic Disturbances DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 1:34 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 1:35 PM 35. Domestic violence incidences result in what percentage of arrests? a. 59% b. 29% c. 19% d. 39% ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Training in Crisis Intervention QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Domestic Disturbances DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 1:35 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 1:36 PM 36. In studying domestic violence, which of the following was found to be true? a. Most domestic disturbance calls result in arrests and incarcerations b. Most domestic disturbance calls result in arrests but not incarcerations. c. In fewer than half of cases were criminal charges filed against the perpetrator. d. Victim fear of reprisal is the most cited reason for not filing charges.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Training in Crisis Intervention QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 12

HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Domestic Disturbances DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 1:36 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 1:37 PM 37. In the Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment, which of the following strategies resulted in the greatest reduction of subsequent offenses? a. Referral of the whole family to a crisis clinic and counseling b. Ordering one of the parties to leave the residence c. Crisis intervention by the police d. Arresting the batterer ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Training in Crisis Intervention QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Domestic Disturbances DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 1:38 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 1:39 PM 38. In hostage related incidents, using a psychologist as a consultant resulted in which of the following? a. No difference in injuries but fewer deaths b. No difference in outcomes c. Longer negotiations but no other differences d. Both fewer injuries and deaths ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Training in Crisis Intervention QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Hostage Negotiation DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 1:39 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 1:40 PM 39. Which of the following situations is not identified as a type of hostage situation? a. The hostage taker is a terrorist with political motivations. b. The hostage taker is high on drugs. c. The hostage taker has a mental disorder. d. The hostage taker, caught in the act of a crime, uses the hostages to bargain for freedom.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Training in Crisis Intervention QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 13

HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Hostage Negotiation DATE CREATED: 5/27/2023 1:40 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/27/2023 1:41 PM 40. A victim-precipitated death that occurs when the police are forced to kill a hostage taker is commonly referred to as a. Collateral damage b. Suicide by cop c. Negligent homicide d. Manslaughter ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Training in Crisis Intervention QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Hostage Negotiation DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 3:26 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:27 AM 41. The police have just received a call that a group with a political agenda is threatening to release dangerous bacteria into the subway unless the police meet their demands. This threat is an example of which of the following types of terrorism? a. Chemical terrorism b. Bioterrorism c. Subversive terrorism d. Medical terrorism ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Training in Crisis Intervention QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Hostage Negotiation DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 3:27 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:28 AM 42. When hostages come to feel positively about and identify with their captors, what is it called? a. Barker syndrome b. The hostage association phenomenon c. Self-preservation phenomenon d. Stockholm syndrome ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Training in Crisis Intervention Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 14

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Hostage Negotiation DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 3:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:29 AM 43. Butler, Leitenberg, and Fuselier (1993) have found that including a psychologist in a hostage negotiation team resulted in which of these? a. More instances of “suicide by cop” b. More peaceful surrenders by the hostage takers c. Both A and B d. Less trauma to all parties involved ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Training in Crisis Intervention QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Hostage Negotiation DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 3:30 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:31 AM 44. Successful hostage negotiation results from which of the following actions? a. To isolate the hostages from the perpetrator and cordon off the area b. Understanding the situation dynamics to end the incident with minimum violence c. Skills to divert the hostage taker and arrest him/her d. All of these are correct ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Training in Crisis Intervention QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Hostage Negotiation DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 3:31 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:32 AM 45. Which of the following duties of a police office is the most frequently conducted activity? a. Crime fighting b. Maintaining order c. Detective work d. Providing services ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Police Officer’s Job QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 15

HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 3:32 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:33 AM 46. Jim was recently arrested in a large city for loitering. Arresting someone for such a minor offense is in line with what kind of policy? a. “Zero tolerance” b. “A clean sweep of the street” c. “Take control of the street” d. “Take back the night” ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: The Police Officer’s Job QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 3:36 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 7:48 AM 47. Project Shield, a large study from the National Institute of Justice, asked officers to respond to a series of questions about the negative effects of the stress that they experience. They found that approximately what percentage of officers reported having thought about committing suicide? a. 1 percent b. 5 percent c. 10 percent d. 20 percent ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Stress and the Police QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 3:41 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:45 AM 48. Psychological screening of police candidates was required by 25 states by the mid-1980s. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Selection of Police Officers QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 3:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:46 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 16

49. Psychological evaluation is the best predictor of good police candidates. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Selection of Police Officers QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 3:46 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:47 AM 50. Six months of full-time police training is required by many major cities. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Training of Police Officers QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 3:48 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:49 AM 51. Deinstitutionalization led to increased contact between the mentally ill and all facets of the criminal justice system. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Training in Crisis Intervention QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Interactions with Mentally Ill Citizens DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 3:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:51 AM 52. Mental illness is unrelated to the probability of arrest. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Training in Crisis Intervention QUESTION TYPE: True / False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 17

HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Interactions with Mentally Ill Citizens DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 3:51 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:51 AM 53. Recent research suggests women and men are equally likely to be violent toward their partners. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Training in Crisis Intervention QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Domestic Disturbances DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 3:52 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:53 AM 54. Homes with financial problems tend to have more common family violence and abuse. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Training in Crisis Intervention QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Domestic Disturbances DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 3:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:54 AM 55. More than half of all hostage situations involve persons suffering a mental disorder, serious personal stress, or family problems. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Training in Crisis Intervention QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Domestic Disturbances DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 3:54 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 3:55 AM 56. There were 48 police officers killed in the line of duty in 2019 according to the FBI. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 18

a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Stress and the Police QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 3:55 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 4:07 AM 57. In recent years, community-based policing has played a larger role in law enforcement across the United States. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Police–Community Relations QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:08 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 4:10 AM 58. Discuss suitable case studies in regard to the following questions: How are police officers treated by the law when they may have committed offenses like police brutality? Is there evidence that police officers are above the law or that they disproportionately target minorities?

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

The question of police brutality has taken on a special urgency since the 1990s as a result of highly publicized cases in which police officers had brutally beaten suspects in their custody or used lethal force in encountering a suspect. Many of these cases involved White officers attacking Black citizens, raising the possibility that racial bias was a motive. Beginning with the prosecution of the Los Angeles police officers who were videotaped beating suspect Rodney King, which was followed by other, similar incidents, concerns have grown over police behavior. For instance, in June 2004, videotapes showed Stanley Miller, a suspect in an auto theft, apparently trying to surrender while Los Angeles officers tackled him and began kicking and repeatedly hitting him in the head. Other highly publicized deaths of Black men in the course of police encounters have fueled the perception that people of color are disproportionately targeted by police. The overall picture, however, is not straightforward.

For example, according to the Washington Post, 50 percent of the fatal police shootings in 2014 involved White victims and 26 percent involved Black victims. Roland Fryer, a Harvard economist, conducted a study of 1,000 police shootings from 10 large police departments in California, Florida, and Texas. He also studied police use of nonlethal force and considered racial differences in both. Blacks and Hispanics were more than 50 percent more likely to experience some form of nonlethal force in interactions with police, a difference that could not be fully accounted for by controls for context and civilian behavior.

For officer-involved shootings, however, Fryer reported no racial differences (either in the raw data or when contextual factors were considered). He concluded that some police officers have a “preference for discrimination,” but this does not extend to disproportionate officer shootings of underrepresented groups of citizens. Certainly, there is much evidence, both from scientific studies and the accounts of individuals, that racial discrimination Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 19

continues to be a very real problem in the United States. Police officers, as the public face of law enforcement, must pursue the challenging combination of keeping the public’s trust while preventing crime and apprehending offenders.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Selection of Police Officers QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/9/2023 4:57 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/9/2023 5:03 AM 59. What has research shown to be causes of domestic violence, and what are some common myths around domestic violence? Are there gender differences in domestic violence cases? Explain.

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

Empirical research has contributed to our understanding of domestic violence. We are now better able to recognize the false beliefs about family violence, which are relevant to how such offenses are investigated and prosecuted. Myth 1: Family violence is perpetrated only by men. A review of over 200 studies with data on domestic violence by both men and women observed comparable rates for both genders, supporting the “gender symmetry” of violence in the home. This is an area fraught with debate; some have suggested that this gender symmetry applies to less serious aggression (e.g., slapping, shoving) but not more severe violence (e.g., choking, punching, use of a weapon). In light of all the research reviewed, however, two conclusions have been drawn: (1) domestic violence prevention could be enhanced by addressing interventions to girls and women as well as boys and men and (2) the effectiveness of offender treatment could be enhanced by changing treatment programs to address assaults by both partners when applicable. Myth 2: Family violence is confined to people with behavioral health disorders. When we hear or read that a woman has plunged her two-year-old son into a tub of boiling water or that a man has had sexual intercourse with his six-year-old daughter, our first reaction might be, “That person is terribly sick!” The portrayal of family violence in the mass media often suggests that “normal people” do not harm family members. In reality, however, family violence is too widespread to be adequately explained by mental illness, although perpetrators of serious domestic violence often experience depression or personality disorder. Myth 3: Family violence is confined to poor people. Violence and abuse are more common among families of lower socioeconomic status, but they are by no means limited to such families. There are risk factors associated with poverty (e.g., unemployment, limited education, and sparse social support) that increase the risk for family violence. Myth 4: Battered women like being hit; otherwise, they would leave. Faced with the fact that many female victims of partner violence do not leave even the most serious of abusers, people seek some rational explanation. A common belief is that women who remain in violent relationships must somehow provoke or even enjoy the violence. This form of “blaming the victim” is not a useful explanation. The concept of learned helplessness is much more useful in explaining why so many women endure such extreme violence for so long. Myth 5: Alcohol and drug abuse are the real causes of violence in the home. “He beat up his children because he was drunk” is another popular explanation of domestic violence, and most studies do find a considerable relationship between drinking and violence, especially among male perpetrators.

Some assume that as alcohol is a disinhibitor of behavior, it therefore facilitates the expression of violence. Although there is certainly some truth to this, those who have been drinking may also tend to place more blame on their condition than is justified (“I was drunk and didn’t know what I was doing”). Furthermore, those who have trouble controlling their aggressive behavior while drinking can certainly anticipate this and take steps to manage their risk (e.g., drinking in moderation or not at all).

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 20

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Training in Crisis Intervention QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Domestic Disturbances DATE CREATED: 6/9/2023 4:59 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/9/2023 5:04 AM 60. Discuss the use of deadly force in policing; explain how this is related to the case of Edward Garner and how this case changed an existing law for the better.

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

Police use of excessive force is another example of a problem for which psychology seeks explanations in the interactions between persons and the situations in which they function, rather than simply in the individual’s characteristics or the situational influences. From this perspective, we begin with police officers who typically are strongly committed to maintaining the conventional order and to protecting society. We repeatedly put them into potentially dangerous situations, we arm them well, we urge them to be “tough on crime,” and we train and authorize them to use appropriate force. The result of mixing this type of person with these types of situations is not surprising: In some encounters, the police will use excessive force against citizens who are suspected of wrongdoing that threatens public safety.

In addition, police justifications for extreme force can be motivated by stereotypes, mistaken information, and the mutual mistrust that can develop between individuals from different cultural and ethnic backgrounds. In the 1985 case of Tennessee v. Garner, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down a Tennessee law that allowed police to shoot to kill, even when an unarmed suspect fleeing a crime scene posed no apparent threat. In October 1974, Edward Garner, then 15, fled when the police arrived just after he had broken the window of an unoccupied house. He was pursued by Officer Elton Hymon. As Garner scaled a 6-foot fence at the back of the property, Officer Hymon yelled, “Police—halt!” Garner didn’t halt, and Officer Hymon, knowing that he was in no shape to catch the fleeing youth, shot and killed him with a bullet to the back of the head. Garner’s father sued public officials and the city of Memphis, alleging that the police had violated his son’s civil rights by the use of excessive force. The city defended itself on the basis of a state statute giving police officers the right to use deadly force if necessary to stop a fleeing felon. The lower courts agreed with the city, but 11 years later the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the statute in a 6–3 decision (Tennessee v. Garner, 1985).The majority held that shooting a person, even one suspected of a felony, violates that person’s Fourth Amendment right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures. The majority opinion added, however, that deadly force would be justified if the officer had reason to believe that the suspect posed an immediate threat to him or others.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Police–Community Relations QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/9/2023 4:57 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/9/2023 5:05 AM 61. What are the statistics and realities of there being a “mental health problem” in prison? Is this a policing problem, a Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 21

public policy problem, or both? Explain.

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

The importance of evaluating how police interact with individuals with mental illness is underscored by the prevalence of mentally ill offenders in prisons and jails. Using a broad definition of mental health problem, the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) estimated that 56 percent of state prisoners, 45 percent of federal inmates, and 64 percent of those incarcerated in jails had a mental health problem. As of 2016, this BJS report remains the most current estimate of behavioral health problems of those who are incarcerated. Whether one uses a narrow definition (“serious mental illness”) or the broader BJS (2006) definition of “mental health problem,” the proportion of those incarcerated who have this kind of difficulty is substantial. The jailing of mentally ill persons does not reflect improper behavior by the police as much as a failure of public policy regarding the treatment and protection of people with serious mental illness. More and better training of police officers in the recognition and short-term management of mentally ill persons is necessary, but an adequate resolution to this problem requires better organization and funding of special services for those with serious mental illness. One possibility is to increase the use of jail diversion programs through the use of community-based alternatives for justice-involved individuals with severe mental illness. The first contact between mentally ill individuals in the justice system is most often the police; to the extent that police are trained to use options other than arrest as a result of such encounters, the number of justice-involved mentally ill individuals may decrease. A growing body of research indicates that such diversion, or other community-based services, can be effective in providing needed services to individuals with severe mental illness without a commensurate increase in their risk of reoffending.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Training in Crisis Intervention QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Interactions with Mentally Ill Citizens DATE CREATED: 6/9/2023 4:59 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/9/2023 5:06 AM 62. Explain the George Floyd case, including what happened during and after and including the evidence about police brutality, public discontent, and consequences to the police officers involved.

ANSWER: Although there were a number of these fatal encounters, the most stark, inexplicable, and infuriating involved the killing of George Floyd by Minneapolis police office Derek Chauvin.

The murder was documented by smartphone videos taken by observers as Officer Chauvin kneeled on Mr. Floyd’s neck for nine minutes. There is little doubt that the perception of police conduct in 2020 was highly polarized. Many Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) citizens openly expressed fear and outrage. “Black Lives Matter” protests occurred following several police shootings. Minneapolis police had been prepared for major demonstrations if Officer Chauvin had been acquitted. He was not—he was convicted on second- and third-degree murder as well as manslaughter charges—but many anticipated a more limited conviction or even acquittal, the clear evidence documenting police misconduct in the video notwithstanding.

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/9/2023 4:57 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 22

DATE MODIFIED:

6/9/2023 5:07 AM

63. Explain the Breonna Taylor case and how procedures permissible for police officers contributed to what happened to her and others in the house. What do these repeated negative encounters between the police and BIPOC suggest?

ANSWER: Breonna Taylor was killed in a no-knock raid where police entered her house deep in the night when she and her partner were asleep, without knocking or clearly identifying themselves. In the chaos that ensued, she was shot and killed. Repeated negative encounters between police and BIPOC suggest there are issues with underrepresented groups policing and bias.

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/9/2023 4:56 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/9/2023 5:08 AM 64. What are learned helplessness and coercive control, and what role do they play in domestic

violence cases?

ANSWER:

Recall some of the reasons cited for not signing a criminal complaint when police officers arrive (protecting the perpetrator, fear of reprisal), and also consider the concepts of learned helplessness (Walker, 1979) and coercive control (Dichter et al., 2018) in accounting for why some endure violence over a long period. Walker observed that women who suffer continued physical violence at the hands of their partners have a more negative self-concept than women whose relationships are free from violence. She proposed that repeated violence results in victims feeling that they won’t be able to protect themselves from further assaults and that they are incapable of controlling the events in their lives. Dichter and colleagues found that women in relationships in which they experienced coercive control exerted by a partner were more likely to experience higher rates of physical, psychological, and sexual interpersonal violence—and were themselves more likely to use violence, in a way that was described as a “survival strategy.”

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/9/2023 5:00 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/9/2023 5:11 AM 65. Explain the three areas of major duties for the police and how much time is generally expended upon each in a police officer’s duties to the public.

ANSWER: • Enforcing the law, which includes investigating complaints, arresting suspects, and attempting to prevent crime. Although most citizens perceive law enforcement to be the most important function of the police, it accounts for only about 10 percent of police activity.

• Maintaining order, which includes intervening in family and neighborhood disputes and keeping traffic moving, noise levels down, and disturbances to a minimum. It is estimated that 3 out of every 10 requests for police officers involve this type of activity.

• Providing services, such as giving assistance in medical and psychological emergencies, finding missing persons, helping stranded motorists, and escorting funerals.

The most amount of time is spent on these activities.

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 23

HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/9/2023 5:00 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/9/2023 5:12 AM 66. Discuss the major ideas in police–community relations. What are the stresses, the issues, and the ways which things may be improved? Cite cases and concepts in support of your answer.

ANSWER: Police work has high public visibility. Police conduct is scrutinized by the courts and evaluated by the public. Several amendments to the U.S. Constitution impose limits on law enforcement officers; such limits are part of the first 10 amendments to the United States Constitution. For example, the Fourth Amendment protects citizens against unreasonable search and seizure of persons or property. Limits on police activities are frequently reevaluated on the basis of current court interpretations of these amendments. These amendments also have implications for police procedures. Protection against “cruel and unusual punishment” is provided under the Eighth Amendment, and the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees all citizens “due process.” Historically, the interrogation practices used by the police to elicit confessions from suspects have been a major focus of concern. A second police technique that has caused widespread concern is racial profiling—the practice of making traffic or pedestrian stops involving a larger percentage of citizens from underrepresented groups than other citizens. Various terms (e.g., “driving while Black,” “stop-and-frisk,” the Terry stop) have been used to describe the phenomenon of police being more likely to stop Black Americans in public. Another major concern of some community groups is excessive force or brutality by the police (Holmes & Smith, 2008). This is seen currently in the Black Lives Matter movement, which was influenced in its development by the perception that Black men were disproportionately victimized by lethal force in police encounters. It is important to actively seek and retain a diverse police force. Having more BIPOC police officers, as well as more police who are female, gay, and otherwise underrepresented within the ranks of law enforcement, can serve the purposes of diversifying attitudes, perspectives, and behavioral propensities among officers. We must improve the communication between police and citizens. This applies to the individual encounter between a police officer and a citizen, to groups representing the public’s interests, and to police leaders.

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/9/2023 4:56 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/9/2023 5:13 AM 67. The police officer who killed George Floyd was acquitted. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:20 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 4:20 AM 68. Situational tests are frequently used in police candidacy.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 24

a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:20 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 4:20 AM 69. The MMPI-3 includes validity scales meant to access people faking “good.” a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 4:21 AM 70. Deinstitutionalization has no negative consequences for the mentally ill. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 4:22 AM 71. The Memphis Model is meant to increase BOTH police and public safety. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:22 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 4:22 AM 72. Possible suicide or self-harm is one of the reasons for encounters with police in an estimated 10–30 percent of cases. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 25

DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:23 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 4:23 AM 73. Stockholm syndrome often results in suicide by cop. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:23 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 4:23 AM 74. Which of the following is true of bioterrorism. a. It is becoming less common. b. It can cause more damage than physical attacks with guns or bombs. c. It is less of a concern than chemical terrorism. d. It is counteracted by medical research.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:24 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 4:24 AM 75. Jephet works for a bank, ensuring the security of their systems and preventing hackers from infiltrating their systems.

What is Jephet protecting against? a. Cyberterrorism b. Banking fraud c. Pyramid schemes d. Cryptoterrorism ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:01 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:03 AM 76. Officer Ramirez and Officer Tomlin spend time on their shift playing basketball with kids in the neighborhood. This is an example of which of the following? a. Situational policing b. Community relations c. Procedural justice d. Crisis Intervention ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 26

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:03 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:04 AM 77. Officer Blasko realizes that the victim is identifying with the offender holding them for their own self-protection. This is an example of which of the following? a. Munchausen syndrome b. Stockholm syndrome c. Risk mitigation d. Crisis minimization ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:06 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:06 AM 78. Jakhartha called the police because her boyfriend hit her, but now she is not sure she wishes to press charges or leave the home, because she is afraid of what he will do. This is an example of which of the following? a. Learned helplessness b. Coercive control c. Stockholm syndrome d. BOTH A and B ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:06 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:07 AM 79. Officer Hadley believes in developing friendly relationships with individual residents in a community, identifying the “hot spots” for crime, and developing partnerships with community organizations for fighting crime, so she spends a lot of time involved in her community while in uniform. This is an example of which of the following? a. Proactive policing b. Reactive policing c. Community policing d. None of the above ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:07 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:08 AM 80. Two strategies for decreasing police burnout are which of the following? a. Counseling and recreation Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 27

b. Paid vacation and mandatory maximum hours c. Team policing and counseling d. Team policing and medical care ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:08 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:09 AM 81. Which of the following are community policing strategies? a. Increased geographic responsibility b. Stop and frisk c. Drunk driving checkpoints d. None of the above ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:09 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:10 AM 82. What is a facet of a neighborhood orientation? a. Following the township statutes directly b. Developing friendly relationships with residents c. Having a neighborhood watch program d. A zero-tolerance stance toward drugs ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:10 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:11 AM 83. Which of the following best represents learned helplessness in domestic violence situations? a. Thinking there is nothing to be done about crime b. Thinking that one cannot do anything to improve their situation c. Thinking that policing will never improve community relations d. None of the above ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:12 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 28

84. Which of the following is an example of bioterrorism discussed in the text? a. Causing the derailment of a train carrying hazardous agents b. Using a biological agent to spread a viral or bacterial disease c. Purposefully placing a contaminant into drinking water d. Hacking a research facility ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:15 AM 85. Suicide by cop is when which of the following happens? a. A police officer shoots and kills an innocent person b. An offender purposefully forces a police officer to kill them c. An offender kills themselves to avoid the police d. None of the above ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:15 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:15 AM 86. Which of the following is true of mentally ill persons? a. They are more likely to be arrested when stopped by the police. b. They are less likely to be arrested when stopped by the police. c. Mental health–related calls account for up to 30 percent of police activities. d. Both A and C ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:16 AM 87. Which of the following is a reason for Crisis Intervention Training? a. Police are often asked to diffuse volatile situations. b. Crisis situations are dangerous to the safety of police. c. Police are likely to suffer anxiety after shooting a criminal. d. Police should defer to psychologists in crisis situations.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:16 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 29

DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:17 AM 88. What is a structured interview? a. A psychologist does an interview with a candidate alone b. The interview is standardized in the questions and how they are asked c. The questions are open-ended to allow evaluation of responses d. The candidate goes through interviews with multiple people ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:18 AM 89. What are two types of tests included in police selection batteries? a. Predictive and constructive b. Personality and cognitive c. Predictive and personality d. Constructive and cognitive ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:18 AM 90. Which of the following is an example of a personality test? a. SSRI b. WISC c. Stanford Binet d. MMPI ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:19 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:19 AM 91. Who was a proponent of IQ testing in police officers? a. Terman b. Inwald c. Cruzes d. Binton ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 30

HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:19 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:20 AM 92. Which of the following is an example of an IQ test? a. MMPI b. SSRI c. Stanford-Binet d. IPI ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:20 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:21 AM 93. Which of the following is a consequence of technology and social media discussed in the text? a. Paranoia about police encounters b. Mapping of traffic “traps” to prevent ticketing c. Increased awareness of negative police encounters d. Increased attacks on police officers ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:22 AM

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 31

Chapter 05 1. According to the Innocence Project, 2015, mistaken identifications account for what percentage of wrongful convictions revealed by DNA tests? a. 72 percent b. 58 percent c. 64 percent d. 88 percent ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Eyewitnesses to Crimes and Accidents, Introduction QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/30/2023 11:59 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 12:00 AM 2. In 2009, the Supreme Court ruled that states are not required to make DNA evidence available to convicted offenders and which of these was a result of that ruling? a. Wrongly convicted people escaped harsh punishment. b. Convicted innocent people could not prove their innocence. c. The real perpetrators were convicted. d. Convicted people were not capable of filling appeals ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Eyewitnesses to Crimes and Accidents, Introduction QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 12:00 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 12:01 AM 3. Which of the following are a leading cause of wrongful convictions? a. False confessions b. Lost and/or lack of evidence c. Eyewitness errors d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Examples of Mistaken Eyewitness Identification QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 12:02 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 12:08 AM 4. Which of the following occurs when police just look for evidence that implicates a suspect that has been identified by Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 1

an eyewitness and stop investigating any other leads? a. Illusory correlation b. Confirmation bias c. Eyewitness bias d. Evidentiary support ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Examples of Mistaken Eyewitness Identification QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 12:08 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 12:10 AM 5. The case of Calvin C. Johnson provides an example of cases in which the police stop investigating other leads and focus only developing evidence against the suspects identified by eyewitnesses and believed to be guilty. His story is an example of which of the following? a. Confirmation bias b. Prosecutorial discretion c. Police officer discretion d. None of these are correct ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Examples of Mistaken Eyewitness Identification QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 12:10 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 12:11 AM 6. How many states have laws that compensate individuals who were wrongly imprisoned. a. 11 b. 18 c. 32 d. None of the above ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Examples of Mistaken Eyewitness Identification QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 12:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/8/2023 12:34 AM 7. Mistakes in the identification process typically occur at which of the following points in time? a. During the investigation of a crime Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 2

b. At the moment a crime is committed c. Both at the moment a crime is committed and during the investigation of a crime d. Only when certain environmental factors like distractions are present ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Mistaken Eyewitness Identifications Occur QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 12:13 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 12:14 AM 8. Last night, Rosa was robbed at gunpoint. When asked to describe the perpetrator, she found that all she could remember was the gun and not the way the perpetrator looked. This is an example of which of the following? a. Forced weapon encoding b. Weapon present effect c. Crime attention effect d. Weapon focus effect ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Basic Information Processing QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Perception DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 12:14 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 12:16 AM 9. Which of the following occurs when someone unconsciously selects the information on which he or she will focus, most likely because of having a limited attentional capacity and an inability to process a lot of information at one time? a. Confirmation bias b. Selective attention c. Memory repression d. Fundamental processing error ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Basic Information Processing QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Perception DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 12:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 12:17 AM 10. Maneesh was attacked by a drunken man with a knife. It is possible that the presence of this weapon affected Maneesh’s memory of which of the following?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 3

a. The perpetrator’s face and what he did b. What the perpetrator said c. The perpetrator’s face and what he said d. The perpetrator’s face only ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Basic Information Processing QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Memory DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 12:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 12:19 AM 11. The presence of a weapon when witnessing a crime often has an impact on which of the following? a. Attention and recall b. Auditory processing c. Language comprehension d. All of these are correct ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Basic Information Processing QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Perception DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 12:19 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 12:21 AM 12. How is encoding impacted during an extremely stressful situation? a. It becomes more accurate. b. It is often incomplete. c. It gets more thorough and detailed. d. Only storage and retrieval are impacted, not encoding.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Basic Information Processing QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Memory DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 12:22 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 12:24 AM 13. In one study of soldiers’ ability to make eyewitness identifications after being exposed to varying levels of stress in an interrogation, which percentage of soldiers who experienced high stress were able to make correct identifications?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 4

a. 17 percent b. 25 percent c. 34 percent d. 52 percent ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Basic Information Processing QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Memory DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 12:24 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 12:25 AM 14. Dayza was the sole witness to a crime. After witnessing the crime, she talked with her husband and her coworkers about what she saw. These discussions potentially can influence her memory of the crime event by which of the following mechanisms? a. Introduce her to those who saw the crime from a different vantage point. b. Processing their emotional reaction with hers. c. Decrease the chance of her talking to the police about what she saw. d. Introduce post-event information that may alter her memory for the original event.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Basic Information Processing QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Memory DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 12:26 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 12:27 AM 15. In one of Loftus’s studies, the first group of subjects was asked how fast the car was going “when it ran the stop sign,” whereas a second group was asked how fast the car was going “when it turned right.” What happened when both groups were later asked if they had seen a stop sign? a. 75 percent of the first group said yes; 53 percent of the second group said yes. b. 53 percent of the first group said yes; 35 percent of the second group said yes. c. 37 percent of the first group said yes; 35 percent of the second group said yes. d. 14 percent of the first group said yes; 34 percent of the second group said yes.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Basic Information Processing QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Memory DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 12:27 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 5

DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 12:29 AM 16. A meta-analysis of 53 studies showed that when there is a longer retention interval of memory, which of the following happened to the memory of a witness? a. Less memory loss for previously seen faces b. More memory loss for previously seen faces c. Less memory loss for newly seen faces d. There is no change in memory for previously seen faces.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Basic Information Processing QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Memory DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 12:29 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 12:35 AM 17. A robbery occurs at a liquor store, and the clerk identifies the defendant in a police lineup. However, the defendant claims he had been in the store earlier to get change but had not robbed the store. If the defendant is telling the truth, the clerk’s identification would reflect which of the following? a. Unconscious recognition b. A confabulation c. Suggestible identification d. Unconscious transference ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Basic Information Processing QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Memory DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 12:35 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 12:36 AM 18. A researcher had one group of study participants witness a staged crime in which an older perpetrator stole items from a desk. A second group of study participants witness a staged crime in which a younger perpetrator stole the same items from the desk. After witnessing the crime, the witnesses are asked to report what they saw. The value of doing an experiment and controlling what is presented so that the researcher knows exactly what the witnesses experienced is called which of these? a. Hit rate b. Ground truth c. Equitable control d. System variables ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 6

REFERENCES: Basic Information Processing QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: How Psychologists Study Eyewitness Identification DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 12:36 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 12:38 AM 19. Which of the following describes system variables? a. Systematic b. Uncontrollable c. Controllable d. Unsystematic ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Variables That Affect Eyewitness Accuracy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 12:38 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 12:39 AM 20. Which of the following is an example of a postdiction variable? a. The line-up instructions b. The photo spread composition c. The lighting conditions at the time of the crime d. None of the above ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Variables that Affect Eyewitness Accuracy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 2:52 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 2:53 AM 21. The other race effect refers to the which of the following ideas? a. Eyewitnesses are usually better at recognizing and identifying members of their own race or ethnic group than of another race or ethnic group. b. Those selecting a jury should strive to have jurors who are the same race or ethnicity as the defendant. c. Those creating a line-up should make sure that all the nonsuspects are not of another race from the stated race of the suspect. d. Eyewitnesses are usually worse at recognizing and identifying members of their own race or ethnic group than of another race or ethnic group.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 7

REFERENCES: The Variables That Affect Eyewitness Accuracy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Assessing the Impact of Estimator Variables DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 2:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 2:41 AM 22. Which of the following concepts refers to the differences between faces of one race and faces of another race in terms of the variability in facial features? a. Physiognomic variability b. Dermatological variability c. Facial recognition variability d. Racial feature variability ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Variables That Affect Eyewitness Accuracy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Assessing the Impact of Estimator Variables DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 2:41 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 2:42 AM 23. For a White eyewitness to correctly identify a Black culprit, those who provide a cognitive interpretation of the other race effect might suggest that the eyewitness do which of the following? a. Focus on encoding the culprit’s hair color. b. Focus on encoding the culprit’s skin tone. c. Focus on encoding the culprit’s eye color. d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Variables That Affect Eyewitness Accuracy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Assessing the Impact of Estimator Variables DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 2:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 2:54 AM 24. Which of the following concepts represents social psychologists’ explanation for the other race effect? a. The social diversity theory b. In-group/out-group differences c. Prejudice and discrimination d. The ethnicity fallacy ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 8

DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Variables That Affect Eyewitness Accuracy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Assessing the Impact of Estimator Variables DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 2:46 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 2:48 AM 25. According to the in-group/out-group differences hypothesis, when we encounter someone from the same race or ethnic group as ourselves, we immediately devote our attention to distinguishing that person from other members of the in-group. Because of this attention, which of the following is true? a. We are incapable of seeing the differences between our ethnic group or race and others. b. We are better at identifying those within our own ethnic group or race than those from other races or ethnic groups. c. We are likely to have an easier time identifying those from another ethnic group or race than those of our own. d. We are extremely confident when identifying members of our own ethnic group or race.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: The Variables That Affect Eyewitness Accuracy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Assessing the Impact of Estimator Variables DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 2:48 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 2:49 AM 26. Which of the following is true? a. Current evidence suggests that women as opposed to men are much more likely to make accurate eyewitness identifications. b. Current evidence suggests that one is more likely to make an accurate identification of a person who does not share one’s race. c. Current evidence suggests that one is more likely to make an accurate identification of a person who shares one’s race. d. Current evidence suggests that women are twice as likely as men to make errors in eyewitness identifications ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Variables That Affect Eyewitness Accuracy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Assessing the Impact of Estimator Variables DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 2:56 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/8/2023 12:58 AM 27. When recognizing black faces rather than white faces, research suggests those who are also black perform at which of the following levels? a. Better Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 9

b. Worse c. Equally poor d. Just as good ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Variables That Affect Eyewitness Accuracy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Assessing the Impact of Estimator Variables DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 3:04 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 3:06 AM 28. How does the age of an eyewitness tend to impact lineup identifications? a. Older adults and young children are more likely to make a mistaken identification in a lineup in which the perpetrator is absent than young and middle-aged adults. b. Older adults and young children are less likely to make a mistaken identification in a lineup in which the perpetrator is absent than young and middle-aged adults. c. Older adults and young children do not perform as well as younger adults when the perpetrator is present in the lineup. d. Young adults routinely outperform older adults and young children on eyewitness tasks involving lineup identification.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Variables That Affect Eyewitness Accuracy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Assessing the Impact of Estimator Variables DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 3:06 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 3:12 AM 29. The cognitive interview that emphasizes context reinstatement would not involve which of the following pieces? a. Follow-up questions b. Hypnotizing the victim c. Having the victim recall the events in backward order d. Telling the victim to remember the emotion he or she was feeling ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Reforming Identification Procedures QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Interviewing Eyewitnesses DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 3:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 3:14 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 10

30. State v. Henderson (2011) relied on social science research in which of the following situations regarding eyewitnesses? a. identifying the factors judges should consider when evaluating an eyewitness identification. b. concluding hypnosis is appropriate during eyewitness interviews. c. outlining the required criteria for line-up procedures. d. ruling hypnotized identifications are inherently unreliable.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Reforming Identification Procedures QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 3:14 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 3:15 AM 31. In a meta-analysis of 65 experiments examining the effectiveness of the cognitive interview, which of the following was true of a cognitive interview? a. Cognitive interviews diminish the likelihood of correct recall. b. Cognitive interviews increase correct recall. c. Cognitive interviews increase correct recall but also increase the recall of incorrect details. d. Cognitive interviews decrease recall of incorrect details and increase correct recall overall.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Reforming Identification Procedures QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Interviewing Eyewitnesses DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 3:15 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 3:16 AM 32. Researchers recommend that a person conducting a lineup tell the witness the culprit may or may not be present in the lineup, because without this instruction, what tends to happen? a. False identifications tend to decrease. b. The eyewitness may feel the pressure to choose someone so they will be more likely to choose someone from out of the lineup. c. The eyewitness may assume that their task is to pick someone so they tend to choose the person who most resembles the person they witnessed. d. The eyewitness may have a hard time choosing from among the lineup because they believe the perpetrator should be in the lineup.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Reforming Identification Procedures QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 11

TOPICS: Lineup Instructions DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 3:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 3:18 AM 33. What is the recommendation regarding the selection of fillers for a lineup? a. Do not put more than six people (five fillers and the suspect) in a lineup. b. Have all members (fillers and the suspect) of the lineup match the witness’s description. c. All fillers should sound similar to the suspect. d. Fillers should be those who are around the same height as the suspect.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Reforming Identification Procedures QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Lineup Presentation Method DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 3:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 3:19 AM 34. Although more research is needed, researchers have generally found that which of the following methods is preferable for lineups in most situations? a. Sequential presentation b. Simultaneous presentation c. Elimination presentation d. Opportunistic presentation ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Reforming Identification Procedures QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Lineup Presentation Method DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 3:42 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 3:44 AM 35. In a simultaneous presentation lineup which of the following is used by the eyewitness? a. Relative judgment b. Absolute judgment c. Precision judgment d. Discrepancy judgment ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Reforming Identification Procedures QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 12

TOPICS: Lineup Presentation Method DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 3:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 3:51 AM 36. Gregorio is viewing a lineup with simultaneous presentation. He had told police that the person he saw commit the crime is White with light color hair. When presented with six White people in his lineup, he chooses the person who has the lightest color hair in the group. What best characterizes this judgment? a. It is an absolute judgment. b. It is a comparative judgment. c. It is a relative judgment. d. It is a discrepancy judgment.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Reforming Identification Procedures QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Lineup Presentation Method DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 3:52 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 3:53 AM 37. A line-up procedure in which the police officers administrating the lineup and the eyewitness making the identification are both unaware of the potential suspect would reflect which of the following concepts? a. An experimenter bias b. A double-blind procedure c. Internal validity identification procedure d. An unbiased placebo effect ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Reforming Identification Procedures QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Influence of Feedback DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 3:54 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/8/2023 1:07 AM 38. Matias is the victim of a crime and is viewing a lineup. After some thought, he chooses the fourth person from the left, after which the detective administering the lineup says, “Good, we thought that was the one.” Which of the following may result from this feedback? a. Matias is unwilling to testify at the trial. b. Matias now has doubts about this person’s face with that of the one in his memories of the crime. c. Matias feels more confident about his identification. d. Matias is willing to testify but has doubts about his choice.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 13

DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Reforming Identification Procedures QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Influence of Feedback DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 3:55 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 3:57 AM 39. According to research, what is the relationship between the accuracy of an eyewitness’ testimony and the eyewitness’ confidence? a. It is relatively strong. b. It is relatively weak. c. It is strong when the eyewitness is a female and weak when the eyewitness is a male. d. It is strong only when the eyewitness was under stress while observing the crime.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Reforming Identification Procedures QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Influence of Feedback DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 3:57 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 3:59 AM 40. Which of the following is an effective way to eliminate false confidence in eyewitness identifications? a. Asking the witness to provide a statement of certainty before providing any feedback b. Using unbiased lineup instructions and using similar looking fillers in a lineup c. Using sequential, not simultaneous presentation, in a lineup d. None of the Above ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Reforming Identification Procedures QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Influence of Feedback DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 3:59 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/8/2023 1:09 AM 41. Which of the following was found by Brewer and Burke (2002) to have a strong impact on jurors’ decisions? a. The witness’s level of anxiety b. The witness’s level of confidence c. Whether the witness was a victim or an observer d. Whether the witness was traumatized by the scene ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 14

DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Reforming Identification Procedures QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Eyewitness confidence DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 4:01 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 4:02 AM 42. Research suggests jurors overestimate eyewitness accuracy because of which of the following? a. They assume eyewitnesses are accurate and have credible memories. b. They believe eyewitness testimony reflects memory quality, not questioning or lineup procedures. c. They trust eyewitness’s over-confidence in their identifications. d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Eyewitness in the Courtroom QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 4:02 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 4:04 AM 43. Loftus (1974) gave subjects a description of an armed robbery. When presented with only circumstantial evidence, 18 percent convicted the defendant. When an eyewitness’ identification was provided in addition to the circumstantial evidence, what percentage convicted the defendant? a. 78 percent of the jurors convicted him. b. 65 percent of the jurors convicted him. c. 52 percent of the jurors convicted him. d. 72 percent of the jurors convicted him.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Eyewitness in the Courtroom QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 4:04 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 4:05 AM 44. Which of these is NOT a reason given by judges when they decide against letting psychologists testify regarding the accuracy of eyewitness identification? a. The testimony psychologists would give is just common sense. b. The testimony would make jurors skeptical of all eyewitnesses. c. It could lead to a “battle of experts.” d. For courtroom testimony, expert witnesses require a medical degree, and psychologists have a Ph.D rather than a medical degree.

ANSWER: d Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 15

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Safeguards Against Mistaken Identification QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 4:05 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 4:07 AM 45. What has been found to be true of the impact of judges giving instructions on the credibility of eyewitness testimony? a. Juror confidence increases b. Juror confidence decreases c. There is not an affect on jury confidence d. The results about the effect are mixed and unreliable ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Safeguards Against Mistaken Identification QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Jury Instructions DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 4:07 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 4:08 AM 46. Children over the age of five can make reasonably reliable identifications from lineups as long as a. the child has an average IQ. b. the child was exposed to the perpetrator and the perpetrator is in the lineup. c. the child is not exposed to leading questions by investigators. d. Both B and C ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Children as Witnesses QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Children as Victims of Maltreatment DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 4:08 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 4:10 AM 47. Six-year-old Ruben is a witness to a crime, and he has been asked to view a lineup. The true perpetrator is not in the lineup. What would researchers predict Ruben would do when compared to an adult performing the same task? a. Would be more likely to make a false positive error b. Would be more likely to make a false negative error c. Would be less likely to make a false positive error d. Would be less likely to make a false negative error ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 16

DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Children as Witnesses QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Children as Eyewitnesses to Crimes DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 4:10 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 4:11 AM 48. When questioning a child witness, what features should be incorporated in a good investigative interview? a. A good interviewer would ask the child to describe the event in his or her own words before asking specific questions. b. A good interviewer would refrain from the use of suggestive questions. c. Both A and B d. Neither A nor B ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Children as Witnesses QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Investigative Interviews DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 4:44 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 4:47 AM 49. Individuals wrongly imprisoned are typically well compensated for the time they spent in prison when released. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Examples of Mistaken Eyewitness Identification QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 4:51 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 4:52 AM 50. Viewing photographs of suspects after witnessing a crime impairs an eyewitness’s ability to identify the perpetrator in a lineup. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Basic Information Processing QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 17

TOPICS: Memory DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 4:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 4:54 AM 51. People with prejudicial attitudes are more likely to experience the other race effect than those who don’t have prejudicial attitudes. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Variables That Affect Eyewitness Accuracy QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Assessing the Impact of Estimator Variables DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 4:54 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 4:55 AM 52. Simply imaging an event can impact memory and lead to false memories by impacting the belief that the event actually occurred. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Repressed and Recovered Memories QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Creating False Memories DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 4:55 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 4:56 AM 53. Persons who mistake the familiarity of an imagined event, such as from hearing a story many times over the lifespan, for an actual childhood memory may be experiencing source confusion. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Repressed and Recovered Memories QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Creating False Memories DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 4:57 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 4:57 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 18

54. At his trial, the witness picked Damar, a Black man, out of a photographic lineup as the rapist. The all-White jury convicted Damar despite the fact that forensic tests excluded him. This is a case of absolute judgment. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Examples of Mistaken Eyewitness QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 4:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 4:58 AM 55. Part of the value of using an experimental methodology where variables are controlled is that the researcher knows exactly what the witnesses experience. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Basic Information Processing QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: How Psychologists Study Eyewitness Identification DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 4:59 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 4:59 AM 56. A person is able to perceive all stimuli in their surroundings whether or not they are under extreme stress or in the presence of a weapon. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Basic Information Processing QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Memory DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 5:00 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 5:01 AM 57. Children are generally less accurate identifying a suspect from a lineup in which the real suspect is absent when compared to adults performing the same task. a. True b. False ANSWER: True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 19

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Children as Witnesses QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Children as Eyewitnesses to Crimes DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 5:01 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 5:02 AM 58. Define and explain the different techniques and best practices employed when using children as witnesses in the courtroom.

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

Sometimes a child is the only witness to a crime—or its only victim. A number of questions arise in cases where children are witnesses. Can they remember the precise details of these incidents? Can suggestive interviewing techniques distort their reports? Do repeated interviews increase errors? Is it appropriate for children to testify in a courtroom? Society’s desire to prosecute and punish offenders may require that children testify about their victimization, but defendants should not be convicted on the basis of inaccurate testimony.

Like adults, children are sometimes asked to identify strangers or to describe what they witnessed regarding crimes. In kidnappings and assaults, the child may be the only witness to a crime committed by a stranger. To test children’s eyewitness capabilities, researchers create situations that closely match real-life events. In these studies, children typically interact with an unknown adult (the “target”) for some period of time in a school classroom or a doctor’s office. They are later questioned about what they experienced and what the target person looked like, and they may attempt to make identification from a lineup. Two general findings emerge from these studies. First, children ages five and older can make reasonably reliable identifications from lineups. Second, children are generally less accurate than adults when making identification from a lineup in which the suspect is absent. In these situations, children tend to select someone from the lineup, thereby making a false-positive error. Such mistakes are troubling to the police because they thwart the ongoing investigation.

Psychologists have attempted to devise identification procedures for children that maintain identification accuracy when the suspect is in the lineup but reduce false-positive choices when the suspect is absent. Presenting lineup members in a face-off procedure that breaks the task into a series of binary decisions, rather than showing all lineup members together, decreased guessing and the incidence of false identifications from target-absent lineups.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Children as Witnesses QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Children as Eyewitnesses to Crimes DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 5:03 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/8/2023 1:14 AM 59. What are the procedures used to have witnesses identify suspects and how reliable is witness identification for the various methods? What safeguards exist to prevent wrongful witness identification?

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

Scientists have focused more attention on assessing the effects of various identification procedures than on trial processes that could reduce the rates of wrongful convictions. But Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 20

some studies examine ways to counter jurors’ overreliance on eyewitness identification. One possibility is to inform jurors about whether investigators followed Department of Justice (DOJ) guidelines for conducting lineups. This would allow jurors to gauge whether the procedures and outcome warrant their trust. A mock jury study tested this idea. Some jurors were informed that detectives violated DOJ guidelines and others were not so informed.

Those who learned about guideline violations thought the prosecution’s case was weaker and were less likely to convict the defendant, suggesting that failure to adhere to DOJ guidelines could discredit the prosecution. Until the guidelines are consistently applied or reforms adopted more broadly, other mechanisms should be available to educate jurors and judges about the problems inherent in eyewitness reports. We discuss three ways to do this. One proposal limits the testimony of eyewitnesses in particular ways. Another remedy allows psychologists who are knowledgeable about the relevant research on perception and memory to testify as expert witnesses on eyewitness reliability. Finally, judges could instruct juries about the potential weaknesses of eyewitness identifications and suggest how to interpret this testimony. Suppose that an eyewitness to a convenience store robbery made a tentative identification of a suspect from a lineup, and after being shown a second lineup in which the suspect was the only person repeated, the witness made a more confident identification. A judge could rule that the eyewitness can testify about the initial, tentative identification, but not about the second identification. A prosecutor faced with the exclusion of powerful testimony is likely to pressure the police to use less suggestive procedures in the future. In all but two states, experts may testify about research on eyewitness identification; typically, they do on behalf of the defendant. Their testimony focuses on factors that influence eyewitness accuracy. Such testimony might indicate that (1) extreme stress tends to inhibit encoding, (2) feedback from a lineup administrator can increase an eyewitness’s confidence, and (3) differences in the way lineups are constructed and presented to witnesses affect eyewitness accuracy. Note that the expert witness does not tell the jury what to believe about a particular eyewitness or whether the eyewitness is accurate. Rather, the expert’s task is to provide the jury with a scientifically based frame of reference within which to evaluate the eyewitness’s evidence POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Safeguards Against Mistaken Identification QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Limiting Eyewitness Testimony DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 5:10 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/8/2023 1:15 AM 60. Explain the processes used by psychologists to deal with potential repressed memories of child sexual abuse. What are the guidelines involved in using child witnesses, and how can one attempt to prevent false memories?

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

Retrieving memories over short time periods, as eyewitnesses must do, is a complex task. Yet it pales in comparison with retrieving memories that have been stored, and in some cases, forgotten, over lengthy intervals. Two basic processes need to be distinguished in understanding long-lost memories. The first is natural forgetting, which tends to occur when people simply do not think about events that happened years earlier. Just as you might have trouble remembering the name of your fourth-grade teacher, witnesses to crimes, accidents, and business transactions are likely to forget the details of these events, if not the entire event, after the passage of months or years. Such forgetting or misremembering is even more likely when the event is confused with prior or subsequent experiences that bear some resemblance to it. No one disputes the reality of natural forgetting. Much more controversial Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 21

is a second type of lost “memory”—the memories that are presumed to have been repressed over long time periods. This process involves events that are thought to be so traumatizing that individuals bury them deeply in their unconscious mind through a process of emotionally motivated forgetting called repression. A related unconscious process is dissociation, in which victims of abuse or other traumas are thought to escape the full impact of an experience by psychologically detaching themselves from it. This process is believed to be particularly strong in children, who, because they are still forming integrated personalities, find it easier to escape from the pain of abuse by fantasizing about made-up individuals and imagining that the abuse is happening to those others. Many clinical psychologists believe that such early episodes of dissociation, involving unique ideas, feelings, and behavior, form the beginning of the altered personalities that are found in dissociative identity disorder. Most of the reports of repressed and recovered memories involve claims of child sexual abuse (CSA). The theory is that individuals (1) suffered sexual or physical abuse as children, often at the hands of parents or other trusted adults; (2) repressed or dissociated any memory of these horrors for many years as a form of unconscious protection; and (3) recovered their long-lost memories of the abuse when it was psychologically safe to do so. A widely cited study suggests that it may be possible for people to forget horrible events that happened to them in childhood. Williams interviewed 129 women who had experienced well-documented cases of CSA. She asked detailed questions about the abuse experiences, which occurred at an average of 17 years earlier.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Repressed and Recovered Memories QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Repressed Memories of Child Sexual Abuse DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 5:11 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/8/2023 1:15 AM 61. Describe cognitive and social explanations the other race effect. What implications are there for the other race effect in eyewitness testimony?

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

Eyewitnesses are usually better at recognizing and identifying members of their own race or ethnic group than members of another race or ethnic group. The chances of a mistaken identification have been estimated to be 1.56 times greater when the witness and suspect are of different races than when they are of the same race. This phenomenon, termed the otherrace effect, has been examined extensively in experimental studies involving a variety of racial groups, and archival analysis of DNA exoneration cases shows that it is also a significant problem in actual cases. Understanding the reasons for the other-race effect has vexed psychologists for some time. Racial attitudes are apparently not related to this phenomenon (people with prejudicial attitudes are not more likely to experience the otherrace effect than are people with unbiased attitudes). Recent explanations of the other-race effect have tended to involve both cognitive and social processes. Cognitive interpretations hold that there are differences between faces of one race and faces of another race in terms of the variability in features, something called physiognomic variability. Faces of one race differ from faces of another race in terms of the type of physiognomic variability. For example, White faces show more variability in hair color, and Black faces show more variability in skin tone. For eyewitnesses to correctly identify members of other races, they must focus on the characteristics that distinguish that person from other people of the same race.

POINTS: 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 22

DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Variables That Affect Eyewitness Accuracy QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Assessing the Impact of Estimator Variables DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 5:14 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/8/2023 1:16 AM 62. What is the Innocence Project, and what are the general trends they have uncovered?

ANSWER: When DNA testing is conducted, it sometimes reveals that the person convicted of a crime and incarcerated—sometimes for decades—was not the actual perpetrator. Further analysis of the evidence in these cases often shows that eyewitness errors are to blame. Eyewitness errors are the leading cause of wrongful convictions, particularly in sexual assaults and robberies. According to the Innocence Project, the largest and most prominent organization devoted to proving wrongful convictions, 372 people have been exonerated by DNA in the United States (as of January, 2020). Among those exonerations, mistaken identifications account for approximately 70 percent of wrongful convictions, more than false confessions, problems with informants, and defective or fraudulent forensic science (Innocence Project, 2022).

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 5:15 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 5:16 AM 63. Explain false memories, and in what ways/scenarios have researchers shown that false memories can be created?

ANSWER: One way that psychologists have been able to implant false memories is by enlisting the help of family members, who suggest to adult research participants a fabricated event. In a nowclassic study, Loftus and Pickrell (1995), with help from participants’ relatives, constructed a false story that the participant had been lost during a shopping trip at the age of 5, was found crying by an elderly person, and was eventually reunited with family members. After reading this story, participants wrote what they remembered about the event. Nearly 30 percent of participants either partially or fully remembered the made-up event, and 25 percent claimed in subsequent interviews that they remembered the fictitious situation. More pertinent to the forensic context, scientists have found that people can be induced, via suggestion, to create false memories of committing serious crimes (theft, assault, and assault with a weapon) as adolescents. Simply imagining an event from one’s past can also affect the belief that it actually occurred, even when the event is completely implausible.

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 5:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/8/2023 1:16 AM 64. What is autobiographical memory, and what do researchers know about autobiographical memory?

ANSWER: Psychologists have used other experimental procedures to examine the malleable nature of Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 23

autobiographical memory (memory for one’s past experiences). These include asking participants to imagine events that never occurred (Mazzoni & Memon, 2003) and doctoring family photographs to portray events such as hot-air balloon rides that never took place (Wade et al., 2002). Merely imagining or viewing a photo associated with a fabricated event can dramatically increase the rate of false memories. In one study, researchers provided false suggestions to adults about various school-related pranks (for example, putting Slime on a teacher’s desk in elementary school). Some participants viewed group class photos from that time and others did not. The rate of false memory reports was substantially higher among participants who viewed the photographs, even though the photographs only depicted participants as they were at the age of the incident—the photographs contained no visual evidence of the alleged incident itself (Lindsay et al., 2004). This is concerning because some memory-focused therapists recommend that adults who think they have been abused should view family photo albums to cue long-forgotten memories of abuse.

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 5:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 5:18 AM 65. What things are done to protect child witnesses in courtrooms? Describe and explain what research tells us about the effects of testifying in court on a child witness.

ANSWER: Judges allow various courtroom modifications to protect children from the potential stress of testifying. One innovation is the placement of a screen in front of the defendant so the child witness cannot see the defendant while testifying. This arrangement was used in the trial of John Avery Coy, who was convicted of sexually assaulting two 13-year-old girls. We should note that although testifying has the potential to inflict further trauma on the child, it can be a therapeutic experience for some children (Quas & Goodman, 2012). It can engender a sense of control over events, and if the defendant is convicted, it can provide some satisfaction to the child. Psychological science has much to offer child victims in terms of creating developmentally appropriate approaches to prosecution, ones that both maximize the potential for justice and minimize the potential for harm (e.g., Lamb, 2015).

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 5:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 5:19 AM 66. Explain the reminiscence effect from cognitive psychology and why it might be useful to conduct multiple interviews.

ANSWER: A robust finding in cognitive psychology, termed the reminiscence effect, can explain why multiple interviews might be useful. When people attempt to remember pictures or events they viewed previously, they often report (reminisce) new information on each recall attempt, suggesting that recollection may be incomplete on the first telling but unrecalled information can be produced in later interviews. The additional information reported as a function of reminiscence is most reliable when open-ended questions are used. Repeated interviewing is necessary when an alleged victim is too distressed to provide useful information initially, when victims fail to disclose abuse that is subsequently documented by medical examinations or confessions, or when new evidence comes to light (La Rooy et al., 2010).

POINTS:

1

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 24

QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 5:19 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 5:20 AM 67. Kirk Bloodsworth, was the first person in the United States exonerated from death row by DNA evidence. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 5:20 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 5:21 AM 68. According to the Innocence Project, only 38 states and the District of Columbia have provisions for compensating wrongfully convicted individuals. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 5:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 5:21 AM 69. Because eyewitnesses typically want to help the police solve the crime, they may feel pressure to identify someone and are likely to assume that the perpetrator is in the lineup. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 5:22 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 5:22 AM 70. The presence of a weapon only impacts recall of visual information, not auditory information. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 5:23 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 25

DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 5:23 AM 71. People generally overestimate the duration of brief events and underestimate the duration of prolonged incidents. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 5:23 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 5:24 AM 72. The stress of being victimized and the resulting “fight or flight” response enhances encoding of information in memory a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 5:24 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 5:24 AM 73. Many years ago, psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus showed that memory loss is stable for the first few days a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 5:25 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 5:25 AM 74. In the case of an eyewitness, ecphoric similarity is how much someone’s memory matches the identified individual. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 5:25 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 5:26 AM 75. Having strong ecological validity means that research does not approximate and generalize to the real-world conditions under which eyewitnesses observe crimes and police interact with eyewitnesses a. True b. False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 26

ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 5:26 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 5:26 AM 76. Pradeep is a researcher who is studying factors that are under the control of the criminal justice system (e.g., the instructions given to eyewitnesses and the composition of the lineup). What type of variable is this? a. Estimator variable b. Physiognomic variable c. System variable d. Confounding variable ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 5:27 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 5:28 AM 77. White faces have more variability in hair color; Black faces have more variability in skin tone. This is an example of what type of variable? a. Estimator variable b. Physiognomic variable c. System variable d. Confounding variable ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 5:29 AM 78. As a researcher, Philippe examines the procedures used by the police in actual cases. What type of research does Philippe do? a. External research b. Observational research c. Field research d. None of the above ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 5:30 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 5:31 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 27

79. Davontae uses an interviewing protocol based on various concepts of memory retrieval and social communication.

What sort of interviewing style is this? a. Cognitive interview b. Social interview c. Self-administered interview d. Personal interview ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 5:31 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 5:32 AM 80. When a lineup administrator says something like “Surely, you can pick the perpetrator,” what is likely to happen when the eyewitness views the lineup? a. The witness will be more nervous and less likely to pick someone out of the lineup. b. The witness will be more likely to pick someone out of the lineup even if it’s a false identification. c. The witness will be less likely to pick someone out of the lineup even if the suspect is in the lineup. d. The witness will neither be more or less likely to pick someone out of the lineup.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 5:32 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/8/2023 1:27 AM 81. When experimenters interacting with research participants know little about the study’s hypotheses and less about the experimental condition in which any participant is placed, the experimenter is trying to prevent what type of bias? a. Knowledge bias b. Participant bias c. Experimental bias d. Experimenter bias ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 5:34 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 5:35 AM 82. In this presentation style, the witness makes a decision about each lineup member before seeing the next one. a. Sequential b. Decisional c. Staggered d. Standard ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 28

DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 5:36 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 5:36 AM 83. Because witnesses tend to make choices from photospreads, and because identifications are such compelling incriminating evidence, police should have some evidence suggesting guilt before placing a suspect in an identification procedure. This is an example of which of the following? a. Bias prevention b. Reasonable suspicion standard c. Evidence-based identification d. Recognition bias ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 5:39 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 5:40 AM 84. What is a suggestive question? a. A question that does not have a one-word answer b. A question that is closed-ended c. A question that assumes information not disclosed d. A question that is ambiguous ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 5:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 5:42 AM 85. The reminiscence effect involves which of the following? a. Multiple interviews b. Gaining more details about the event c. Giving new details on each recollection d. All of the above ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 5:42 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 5:43 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 29

86. How do jurors perceive child witnesses? a. Child eyewitnesses are generally viewed as less credible than adult eyewitnesses. b. Child eyewitnesses are generally viewed as equally credible as adult eyewitnesses. c. Child eyewitnesses are generally viewed as more credible than adult eyewitnesses. d. None of the above ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 5:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 5:44 AM 87. What is the confrontation clause of the Sixth Amendment? a. Guarantees that a defendant does not need to incriminate themselves b. Guarantees that a defendant’s spouse cannot be forced to testify against them c. Guarantees defendants the right to confront their accusers d. Guarantees defendants the right to access to DNA evidence ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 5:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 5:46 AM 88. Some experts believe that events that are traumatizing get buried deeply in the unconscious mind through a process of emotionally motivated forgetting, which is called which of the following? a. Repression b. Transference c. False memory d. Regression ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 5:46 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 5:47 AM 89. Victims of abuse or other traumas may escape the full impact of an experience by psychologically detaching themselves from it via which of the following processes? a. Repression b. Transference c. Regression Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 30

d. Dissociation ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 5:57 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 5:58 AM 90. The act of imagining may make the suggested event seem more familiar, but that familiarity is mistakenly associated with childhood memories rather than with the act of imagination itself. This phenomenon is also called which of the following? a. Source confusion b. False association c. False imagination d. Recreation confusion ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 5:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 5:59 AM 91. The now-classic studies of Elizabeth Loftus (1975; 1979) showed which of the following ideas? a. How memory of a traumatic event is stable b. How memory of a traumatic event is unstable c. How exposure to post-event information can affect memory d. None of the above ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 6:00 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/8/2023 1:52 AM 92. The time that passes between the commission of a crime and the police questioning of eyewitnesses is called which of the following? a. Variable interval b. Evidentiary interval c. Retention interval d. Encoding interval ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 31

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 6:02 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 6:03 AM 93. Searching through a series of mug shots before viewing a lineup or seeing a suspect at various pretrial hearings may cause an eyewitness to do which of the following? a. Solidify their perception of the suspect b. Confuse their memory of the suspect c. Cause repression of the event through trauma d. Increase an eyewitness’s susceptibility to suggestion ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 6:03 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 6:04 AM 94. Which of the following is true of the Larry Fuller case, a man who was later proven not guilty of the crime he supposedly committed? a. The victim recognized his face because he was on a friend’s social media. b. The victim recognized his face because he frequented the same coffee shop. c. The victim recognized his face from a news report on TV. d. The victim recognized his face from an earlier photospread.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 6:04 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 6:06 AM 95. What is one of the benefits of a self-administered interview? a. It’s more accurate. b. It does not require trained interviewers. c. It gives a written record. d. It’s standardized.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/31/2023 6:07 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/31/2023 6:08 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 32

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 33

Chapter 06 1. If the cause of someone’s misfortune can be blamed on which of the following attributions, then there is less pressure to help them. a. Dispositional b. External c. Suppositional d. Integral ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Perception of Those Who Experience Crime and/or Violence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 1:44 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/1/2023 2:03 AM 2. Blaming the victim is an example of which of these concepts? a. Suppositional attribution b. External assignment c. Dispositional attribution d. Stable attribution ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Perception of Those Who Experience Crime and/or Violence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 1:44 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/1/2023 2:04 AM 3. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics’ National Crime Victimization Survey in 2015, approximately how many criminal victimizations occurred? a. 1.2 million b. 2.7 million c. 3.1 million d. 5.2 million ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Types of Victims QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 1:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/1/2023 2:04 AM 4. According to one study, what percentage of sampled students reported being harassed during the previous year because Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 1

of their appearance, race, sexual orientation, disability, or religion? a. 45 percent b. 55 percent c. 65 percent d. 90 percent ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Types of Victims QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 1:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/1/2023 2:06 AM 5. Frank is a gay male who has been threatened repeatedly and harassed at his high school. Unfortunately, this type of offense is not uncommon, as LGBT students are how many more times likely to report feeling unsafe at school? a. 3 times more likely b. 1.5 times more likely c. 5 times more likely d. 2 times more likely ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Types of Victims QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 1:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/1/2023 2:07 AM 6. A pelvic examination and collection of semen samples from a rape victim during the acute phase may cause a resurgence of the initial feelings of disruption, helplessness, hostility, and violation—a reaction known as which of the following? a. Imaginal exposure b. Secondary victimization c. Rape trauma syndrome d. Posttraumatic stress disorder ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: The Psychology of Rape QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: How Do Victims React to Being Raped?

DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 1:46 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 5:32 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 2

7. Which of the following is a subtype of bullying? a. Laughing b. Social inclusion c. Spreading rumors d. Negligence ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Types of Victims QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 1:46 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 5:34 AM 8. What is it called when sexual predators prowl online chat rooms to find victims? a. Cyberstalking b. Computer prowling c. Chat room raiding d. Victim searching ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Types of Victims QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 1:46 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 5:36 AM 9. What proportion of sexual assault victims never report their attack to the police? a. One-fourth b. A third c. Half d. Two-thirds ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Types of Victims QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 1:46 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 5:37 AM 10. Which of the following has occurred and reflects an increase in the attention paid to victims? a. Victims now have the opportunity to provide victim impact statements. b. New organizations have emerged that focus on victims (e.g., National Organization for Victim Assistance). c. Press conferences for victims.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 3

d. None of the above ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Adversity and Trauma in Childhood QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Consequences of Early Victimization DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 1:46 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 5:39 AM 11. According to the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study, adverse childhood experiences increase the risk for which of the following? a. Social and health problems b. Suicides c. Homophobic attitude d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Adversity and Trauma in Childhood QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Consequences of Early Victimization DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 1:46 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 5:40 AM 12. Kaplow and Widom (2007) found which of the following is true for physically and sexually abused children? a. On early onset of maltreatment, children showed behavioral problems in adulthood and in later onset of maltreatment symptoms of anxiety and depression were identified. b. On early onset of maltreatment, children showed symptoms of anxiety and depression in adulthood and in later onset of maltreatment had behavioral problems in adulthood. c. Children showed symptoms of anxiety, depression, and behavioral problems in their childhood. d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Adversity and Trauma in Childhood QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Consequences of Early Victimization DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 1:46 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 5:42 AM 13. According to one study, the lifetime prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the adult population in the United States is estimated to be which of the following percentages?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 4

a. 9.7 percent b. 6.8 percent c. 3.6 percent d. 10.8 percent ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Violence, Crime, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 1:46 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 5:43 AM 14. A study on PTSD conducted from 1986 to 1988 found that female veterans reported experiencing PTSD in their lifetime at which of the following rates? a. 30.9 percent b. 26.9 percent c. 8.2 percent d. 15.2 percent ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Violence, Crime, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 1:47 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 5:45 AM 15. If someone has trauma-related symptoms (e.g., flashbacks) that last longer than one month, that person would be diagnosed as experiencing which of the following conditions? a. Posttraumatic stress disorder b. Borderline personality disorder c. Chronic stress disorder d. Acute stress disorder ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Violence, Crime, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 1:47 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 5:47 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 5

16. Carlos has recently come back from the war after he was severely injured when a bomb blew up the truck he was in (everyone else in the truck was killed). Since coming home two months ago, he has been having nightmares and flashbacks where he reexperiences the bombing. He is also easily startled and very anxious. He went to see his doctor and was diagnosed as having which of the following conditions? a. Dissociative identity disorder b. A personality disorder c. Posttraumatic stress disorder d. Acute stress disorder ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Violence, Crime, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 1:47 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 5:49 AM 17. Fatima was walking home from work about a year ago when she was assaulted and suffered severe injuries, after which she had to undergo rehabilitation therapy for about three months. Since the assault, she has been having nightmares and flashbacks where she reexperiences the incident. She is also easily startled and very anxious. She went to see her doctor and was diagnosed as having which of the following conditions? a. Dissociative identity disorder b. A personality disorder c. Posttraumatic stress disorder d. Acute stress disorder ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Violence, Crime, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 1:47 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 5:50 AM 18. What social interventions or actions might others do to help prevent posttraumatic stress disorder in a friend who has been victimized? a. Provide social support immediately following the traumatic event. b. Correct the victim’s misconception that the world is a dangerous place from which they must retreat. c. Correct the victim’s misconception that they are helpless in dealing with life’s stressors. d. All of the above.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Violence, Crime, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 6

HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 1:47 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 5:53 AM 19. Edna Foa is well known for her use of which type of therapy in treating PTSD? a. Behavior b. Psycho c. Exposure d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Violence, Crime, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 1:56 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 5:55 AM 20. Although batterers come from all walks of life, they are more likely to have which of the following? a. Poor problem-solving and verbal skills b. A job and higher levels of education c. Have abused substances later in life d. Younger siblings ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Battered Spouses QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Causes of Battering DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 1:56 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 6:02 AM 21. Waltz et al.’s (2000) research revealed three distinct types of batterers. What are these three types? a. Antisocial, pathological, and domestic b. Generally violent, psychopathological, and family-only c. Internally focused, externally focused/family, and externally focused/society d. Psychological, physical, and violent ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Battered Spouses QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 7

HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Causes of Battering DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 1:56 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 6:03 AM 22. Which of the following is a stage in the batterer’s cycle of violence? a. Tension-building phase b. Denial phase c. Abuse phase d. Apology phase ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Battered Spouses QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Cycle of Violence DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 1:57 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 6:15 AM 23. In the cycle of violence in battering, which stage follows the acute battering incident? a. Tension-building phase b. Tension-reduction phase c. Contrite phase d. Apology phase ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Battered Spouses QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Cycle of Violence DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 1:57 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 6:16 AM 24. Tom has just thrown his wife to the floor and repeatedly kicked her in the stomach, but suddenly he picks her up and cradles her to his body, crying and promising that he will never hurt her again. What stage of the cycle of violence is Tom now in? a. Apology phase b. Penitent phase c. Regret phase d. Contrite phase ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Battered Spouses Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 8

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Cycle of Violence DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 1:57 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 6:18 AM 25. What portion of women studied by Lenore Walker did NOT experience the cycle of violence? a. One-fourth b. One-third c. One-half d. Three-fourths ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Battered Spouses QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Cycle of Violence DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 1:57 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 6:20 AM 26. According to Dutton, 40 percent of batterers have the features of which of the following? a. Anti-social personality disorder b. Dissociative identity disorder c. Bipolar disorder d. Borderline personality disorder ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Battered Spouses QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Cycle of Violence DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 1:57 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 6:31 AM 27. Which of the following experience was described as leading to battered woman syndrome? a. PTSD b. Self-defense c. Domestic violence d. Acute stress ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Battered Spouses Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 9

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Cycle of Violence DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 1:57 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 6:32 AM 28. Kyra has been repeatedly beaten by her husband, Jack. She used to think about leaving him, but now believes that there is nothing she can do to escape. On this particular night, Kyra made her husband dinner but she was a little late getting it on the table, and she sensed his foul mood. When Jack looked at her in that particular way, she knew he was about to hurt her. Using what you know about the battered women syndrome, you could say that Kyra has which of the following? a. Acute stress b. Trauma c. Hypervigilance d. Hypochondriasis ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Battered Spouses QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Responses to Victims of Battering DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 1:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 6:34 AM 29. In the criminal justice system, a claim of self-defense, historically, has applied to which of the following? a. When the victim reasonably believed that they were in imminent danger of death or great bodily harm b. Only when the assailant was armed c. When the victim is actually harmed in the attack d. When the victim warned the threatening person ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Battered Spouses QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Responses to Victims of Battering DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 1:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 6:35 AM 30. In 2013, the FBI estimated that reported cases of rape in the United States were which of the following? a. 79,770 b. Approximately 50,000 c. 115,000 d. Almost 33,000 ANSWER: a Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 10

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: The Psychology of Rape QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Facts about Rape DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 1:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 6:37 AM 31. In the National Women’s Study, approximately what percentage of women said that they had been a victim of rape or attempted rape in a phone interview? a. 2 percent b. 8 percent c. 17 percent d. 26 percent ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Psychology of Rape QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Facts about Rape DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 1:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 6:38 AM 32. According to the National Women’s Study, among rape victims, what percentage report having been raped prior to the age of 12? a. 15 percent b. 21.6 percent c. 40 percent d. 50 percent ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Psychology of Rape QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Facts about Rape DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 1:59 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 6:40 AM 33. According to the National Violence Against Women Survey, how many women have been raped? a. About 15 million U.S. women have been raped. b. About 300,000 U.S. women have been raped. c. About 18 million U.S. women have been raped. d. About 8 million U.S. women have been raped.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 11

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Psychology of Rape QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Facts about Rape DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 1:59 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 6:41 AM 34. One factor that has been included in the different typologies of rapists is which of the following? a. The amount and type of aggression used by the rapist b. Drug addiction c. Domestic violence heightened the rapist’s arousal d. Sadomasochism ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: The Psychology of Rape QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Motivations and Characteristics of Rapists DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 1:59 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 6:43 AM 35. Ellis (1989) identified three theories of rape, including which of the following? a. Abuse theory b. Domination theory c. Social-learning theory d. Bioecological theory ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Psychology of Rape QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Motivations and Characteristics of Rapists DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 1:59 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 6:46 AM 36. What percentage of reported rapes results in convictions or prison sentences? a. Less than 10 percent b. 20–30 percent c. 35–45 percent d. 50–60 percent Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 12

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Psychology of Rape QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Motivations and Characteristics of Rapists DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 2:00 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 6:47 AM 37. When comparing rapes committed by persons known to the victim with those committed by strangers to the victim, which of the following is true? a. Victims are more likely to report assaults by acquaintances. b. Victims are more likely to report assaults by spouses or boyfriends. c. Victims are more likely to report assaults by strangers. d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Psychology of Rape QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Acquaintance Rape and "Date Rape" DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 2:00 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 6:49 AM 38. Aria is on a date with Rahim, a man she’s been seeing for two weeks. It’s 10:30 p.m.; they have just finished a late dinner, and the man has invited her up to his apartment for coffee. Although they have been drinking all evening, Aria agrees. Once there, Rahim grabs a gun and holds it to Aria’s head. He then proceeds to rape her. Which of the following details within this situation is unusual for a date rape? a. The time of the crime b. The location of the crime c. The fact that the victim has been drinking d. The fact that the assailant used a weapon ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: The Psychology of Rape QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Acquaintance Rape and "Date Rape" DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 2:00 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 6:50 AM 39. According to the National Women’s Study survey, approximately what percentage of women said they would be less likely to report a rape if they knew they wouldn’t be anonymous and their names would be made public?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 13

a. One-quarter b. Three-quarters c. One-third d. Two-thirds ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Psychology of Rape QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Acquaintance Rape and "Date Rape" DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 2:00 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 6:52 AM 40. A rape victim has to undergo a pelvic exam and semen samples have to be collected, which can lead to which of the following conditions? a. Secondary victimization b. Examination anxiety c. Rape aftermath trauma d. Revictimization ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: The Psychology of Rape QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: How Do Victims React to Being Raped?

DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 2:00 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 6:53 AM 41. Many rape victims experience long-term problems, including which of the following? a. Dissociation b. Aggression c. Depression d. Hypochondriasis ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Psychology of Rape QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: How Do Victims React to Being Raped?

DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 2:01 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 6:55 AM 42. Charmaine claims that Tad raped her, and Tad is currently on trial. He claims that the sex was consensual. The Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 14

prosecution has hired a psychologist, and the judge has agreed to allow the psychologist to testify. The psychologist provides evidence of which of the following conditions to corroborate the complainant’s version of the facts. a. Benign consent b. Rape trauma syndrome c. Charmaine’s problems at work d. Dissociation ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: The Psychology of Rape QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: How Do Victims React to Being Raped?

DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 2:01 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 6:57 AM 43. Effective interventions for preventing rape have included which of the following? a. Training potential victims about the myths of rape b. Teaching potential victims how to avoid certain situations c. Developing specialized sex offender treatment programs d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: The Psychology of Rape QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: How Do Victims React to Being Raped?

DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 2:01 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 7:03 AM 44. Research has found that empathy for rape victims is higher in which of the following situations? a. Among men and women who know a rape victim b. Only among men (not women) who know a rape victim c. Only among women (not men) who know a rape victim d. For older rather than younger people who know a rape victim ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Psychology of Rape QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Preventing Rape DATE CREATED: 6/1/2023 2:01 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 7:05 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 15

45. What year was the term sexual harassment first used? a. 1964 b. 1973 c. 1984 d. None of the above ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Sexual Harassment QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Defining Sexual Harassment DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 7:06 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 7:07 AM 46. According to one meta-analysis, what proportion of sampled women have reported experiencing sexual harassment at work? a. 58 percent b. 24 percent c. 53 percent d. 37 percent ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Sexual Harassment QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Defining Sexual Harassment DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 7:32 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 7:33 AM 47. The case of Lori Drew—who created a fictitious 16-year-old boy on MySpace and sent flirtatious messages to her 13year-old neighbor, Megan Meier, who later hanged herself in her bedroom closet—was the first ever trial of which kind? a. Child abuse b. Sexual harassment c. Cyberbullying d. Hate crime ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Perception of Those Who Experience Crime and/or Violence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 7:34 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 7:35 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 16

48. Men and women with histories of childhood abuse and neglect showed increased levels of mood disorders as compared with matched controls. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Adversity and Trauma in Childhood QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Consequences of Early Victimization DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 7:36 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 7:36 AM 49. Children with abuse or trauma histories are at no more risk for criminal offending than matched controls. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Violence, Crime, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 7:42 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 7:42 AM 50. Estimates are that some form of physical aggression occurs in 25 to 33 percent of all couples. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Battered Spouses QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Prevalence Rates DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 7:46 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 7:46 AM 51. Relationship aggression is as frequent in women as in men. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 17

REFERENCES: Battered Spouses QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Prevalence Rates DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 7:47 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 7:47 AM 52. Relationship aggression by men is more likely to result in serious injuries than relationship aggression by women. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Battered Spouses QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Prevalence Rates DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 7:48 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 7:49 AM 53. The majority of battered women who murder their abusive partners are acquitted. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Battered Spouses QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Responses to Victims of Battering DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 7:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 7:50 AM 54. According to one study, more than 10 million women in the United States have been the victims of rape. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Psychology of Rape QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Misleading Stereotypes about Rape DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 7:51 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 7:51 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 18

55. According to the 2000 National Women’s Study, less than 50 percent of rapes were committed by an intimate partner. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Psychology of Rape QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Facts about Rape DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 7:52 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 7:52 AM 56. Individuals with traditional beliefs about sex tend to be more sympathetic to victims and more intolerant of rapists. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: The Psychology of Rape QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Misleading Stereotypes about Rape DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 8:06 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 8:06 AM 57. Quid pro quo harassment is the less common form of sexual harassment in the workplace. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Sexual Harassment QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Defining Sexual Harassment DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 8:07 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 8:08 AM 58. Psychologists studying sexual harassment have found undergraduates and older adults tend to define sexual harassment similarly. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 19

REFERENCES: Sexual Harassment QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Defining Sexual Harassment DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 8:14 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 8:14 AM 59. Explain and differentiate the three basic strategies to prevent rape and what are the various treatments discussed to treat perpetrators who have raped.

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

Three basic strategies have been emphasized: (1) training potential victims how best to protect themselves against rape, (2) designing effective treatment for offenders so that they do not repeat their crimes, and (3) emphasizing the collective responsibility of both men and women. Training Potential Victims How Best to Protect Themselves against Rape: There is no uniformly correct response, just as there is no one type of rapist. However, on the issue of passive compliance, a Justice Department survey of over a million attacks found that women who did not resist a rape attack were twice as likely to suffer a completed rape as women who tried to protect themselves. But though fighting back was more likely to result in rape avoidance, it was also associated with increased physical injury when a weapon was present. Screaming and fleeing when confronted with a weapon was associated with less severe sexual abuse than were pleading, crying, or reasoning. In the typical rape prevention program, participants discuss several facts and myths about rape, recognize the risks associated with heavy use of alcohol, practice resisting pressure for unwanted sexual activity, and role-play other strategies for protecting themselves. The programs try to help women change behaviors and to dispel the notion that victims cause sexual assault. They also strive to minimize the blaming of women that can occur following sexual victimization. Designing Effective Treatments for Individuals Who Rape: Society is rightfully concerned about the likelihood of sex offenders repeating their crimes. In some states, men convicted of sex crimes are required to complete a sex-offender treatment program before being considered for parole. In such programs, the offender must acknowledge responsibility for his actions and participate in special treatment programs. The treatment of rapists can involve psychological, physical, and medical procedures; in many treatment programs, different interventions are often combined. In programs outside the United States, neurosurgery and surgical castration have been used, but their effectiveness is unclear. Because of the ethical controversies that surround these procedures, few experts advocate their use in the United States. Emphasizing Collective Responsibility for Preventing Sexual Assault: The third major strategy for preventing sexual assault has been implemented primarily on college campuses over the last decade. In certain respects, this strategy may be seen as an extension of changing views on sexual assault. There is far less tolerance for sexual misconduct generally. Consent is no longer assumed from the absence of “no”—many colleges have implemented policies requiring clear consent by both parties at each stage of a sexual encounter. Making women (who are more likely to be victimized by sexual assault on a college campuses) primarily responsible for their own safety, it has been suggested, is not only ineffective but also insulting.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: The Psychology of Rape QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Preventing Rape Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 20

DATE CREATED: DATE MODIFIED:

6/5/2023 8:15 AM 6/5/2023 8:15 AM

60. What are the various elements of battered women syndrome and what are the criticisms against the use of battered woman syndrome in legal proceedings?

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

The battered woman syndrome was hypothesized to contain several elements: learned helplessness about escaping the violence; social isolation and economic dependence on the abuser; increasing fearfulness about sustaining serious harm or being killed in the future; diminished self-esteem, guilt, and shame; and hypervigilance about signs of imminent violence. Though these remain useful descriptive aspects of this particular form of trauma, legal proceedings call for a broader framework that is better supported empirically. This could be accomplished by an evaluation to determine whether the victim meets the criteria for PTSD under DSM-5. But any use of battered woman syndrome in legal proceedings provides a good example of how these (as well as other) mental health syndromes and diagnoses must be carefully considered for their relevance and accuracy in court. One particular critique of the battered woman syndrome notes that (a) there is no single profile of a battered woman; (b) there is no single profile of the effects of battering; (c) the name of the syndrome itself is vague, without a clearly defined set of criteria to operationalize it; (d) battered woman syndrome (or any other syndrome or diagnosis) is not uniquely relevant to understanding domestic violence; (e) the relevant information needed in such cases extends beyond the psychological impact of battering, to include the dynamics of violence, the victim’s responses, the short- and long-term outcomes of these efforts, and the context of the abuse; and (f) the term creates an image of pathology. Even a syndrome that appears directly relevant to the facts of certain kinds of cases, therefore, should be considered with healthy skepticism to avoid relying more than is justified on the presence of a syndrome.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Battered Spouses QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Responses to Victims of Battering DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 8:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 8:17 AM 61. What was studied in the landmark Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study, and what were the major findings of this research?

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

The relationship between traumatic childhood experiences and physical and emotional health outcomes in adult life is at the core of the landmark Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. The ACE Study involved the cooperation of over 17,000 middle-aged (average age was 57), middle-class Americans who agreed to help researchers study the following nine categories of childhood abuse and household dysfunction: recurrent physical abuse; recurrent emotional abuse; contact sexual abuse; an alcohol and/or drug abuser in the household; an incarcerated household member; a household member who is chronically depressed, mentally ill, institutionalized, or suicidal; a mother who is treated violently; one or no parents; and emotional or physical neglect. Each participant received an ACE score in the range of 0–9 reflecting the number of such experiences he or she reported. The study has two major findings. First, adverse childhood experiences are much more common than anticipated or recognized—even in the middle-class population that participated in the study, all of whom were receiving health care via a large health maintenance organization (HMO). It is Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 21

reasonable to assume that the prevalence of ACEs is significantly higher among young African American and Latino males—many of whom live with chronic stress and do not have a regular source of health care. The study’s second major finding is that adverse childhood experiences have a strong relationship to health outcomes later in life. As the ACE score increases, so does the risk of an array of social and health problems such as social, emotional, and cognitive impairment; presence of health-risk behaviors; disease, disability, and social problems; and early death. ACEs are strongly correlated with adolescent health, teen pregnancy, smoking, substance abuse, sexual behavior, the risk of revictimization, performance in the workforce, and the stability of relationships, among other health determinants. The higher the ACE score, the greater the risk of heart disease, lung disease, liver disease, suicide, HIV and STDs, and other risks for the leading causes of death.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Adversities and Trauma in Childhood QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Consequences of Early Victimization DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 8:19 AM 62. What personality characteristics among men are likely predictors of behavior involving sexual harassment? What types of harassment claims are more likely to be resolved in favor of the complainant?

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

Some researchers suggest that authoritarian personality characteristics (such as a belief in obeying authority above all else) predicted men’s self-reported likelihood of engaging in sexual harassment; men who reported higher levels of authoritarian characteristics are more likely to engage in sexual harassment. Other personality characteristics have also been associated with a greater propensity for sexual harassment, including more traditional beliefs about women’s roles, more negative attitudes toward women, and less concern with social desirability. Men who are higher in hostility, particularly toward women, are more likely to engage in workplace sexual harassment under conditions of perceived unfairness on the job.

To determine trends in workplace harassment claims upheld by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, a study of such claims from 1992 to 2006 was conducted. Results show a sharp increase during the 1990s, followed by a decline in the 2000s. This observed trend followed the political climate, with more progressive social policies in the 1990s and a more conservative agenda in the 2000s. Particular claims were most likely to succeed when the alleged harassing behaviors were serious, the complainant had supporting witnesses, and the complainant had notified management prior to filing formal charges. These findings were consistent with a subsequent analysis of 133 court decisions between 1974 and 1989. In addition to the three criteria distinguishing successful claims found in their prior study, they also noted that supporting documentation and management’s failure to act following notification were important.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Sexual Harassment QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Applying Psychological Knowledge to Detecting Harassment Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 22

DATE CREATED: DATE MODIFIED:

6/5/2023 8:19 AM 6/5/2023 8:20 AM

63. What is battered women syndrome, and what has happened when women have used battered women syndrome as a defense in court when claiming self-defense in murder charges?

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

A battered woman’s claim of self-defense often faces both legal hurdles and the skepticism of jurors. These obstacles might account for the fact that the majority of battered women charged with murdering their abusive partner are convicted. Historically, a claim of selfdefense has applied to homicides in which, at the time of the killing, the individual reasonably believed that he or she was in imminent danger of death or great bodily harm from an attacker. The defense was usually invoked in cases in which a specific attack or fight put defendants in fear for their lives; however, the typical case in which a battered woman relies on a theory of self-defense to clear her of charges of murdering her partner is much different. The violence does not involve a specific episode; rather, it is ongoing. The woman’s response may seem disproportionate to what a “reasonable” person believes was necessary; often, she kills her abuser while he is unarmed or sleeping. Some mock jury research has explored the effect of expert testimony in a criminal homicide case in which the defendant was a battered woman. Participants were more inclined to accept the woman’s claim of self-defense when they heard from an expert testifying for the defense. In addition, compared to the no-expert control condition, those exposed to expert testimony on battered woman syndrome believed that the defendant’s options were far more limited. But any use of battered woman syndrome in legal proceedings provides a good example of how this (as well as other) mental health syndromes and diagnoses must be carefully considered for their relevance and accuracy in court. One particular critique of the battered woman syndrome notes that (a) there is no single profile of a battered woman; (b) there is no single profile of the effects of battering; (c) the name of the syndrome itself is vague, without a clearly defined set of criteria to operationalize it; (d) battered woman syndrome (or any other syndrome or diagnosis) is not uniquely relevant to understanding domestic violence; (e) the relevant information needed in such cases extends beyond the psychological impact of battering, to include the dynamics of violence, the victim’s responses, the short- and longterm outcomes of these efforts, and the context of the abuse; and (f) the term creates an image of pathology. Even a syndrome that appears directly relevant to the facts of certain kinds of cases, therefore, should be considered with healthy skepticism to avoid relying more than is justified on the presence of a syndrome.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Violence, Crime, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Responses to Victims of Battering DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 8:22 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 8:22 AM 64. Explain the case of Ahmaud Arbery, what happened to him, and what happened to the perpetrators. What sort of crime was this case and why is that important?

ANSWER: Ahmaud Arbery, a 25-year-old Black man, was out running in a neighborhood near Brunswick, Georgia, in February 2020 when he was spotted by three White men: Travis McMichael and his father Gregory McMichael (in one vehicle) and their neighbor Roddie Bryan (in another vehicle). The three of them chased Arbery for several minutes while Bryan recorded the events on his cell phone. Catching up to him, Travis McMichael left his truck Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 23

and shot Arbery as he tried to defend himself. County police arrived but made no arrests; the video shot by Bryan was released in May, with the McMichaels and subsequently Bryan arrested later that month. They were tried in November 2021. All three were convicted of felony murder, with Travis McMichael also convicted of malice murder. Travis and Gregory McMichael were sentenced to life imprisonment with no possibility of parole, while Roddie Bryan received a life sentence but will be eligible for parole after 20 years. These were charged as hate crimes, with the prosecution contending that Arbery was pursued because he was Black. The defense argued that the McMichaels and Bryan pursued him only because they thought he was a threat to break into neighbors’ homes, but there was ample evidence that racial bias had a substantial influence on the behavior of the perpetrators.

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 8:23 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 8:24 AM 65. Explain the consequences of early victimization, paying attention to what the research says about the propensity or lack of propensity for adolescent or adult criminality.

ANSWER: One might wonder whether early victimization experiences increase the likelihood of adolescent and adult criminality. Cathy Spatz Widom (1989, 1992) used court records to identify a group of 908 children in a midwestern American city who had experienced abuse (i.e., sexual abuse or physical assault leading to injury) or severe neglect (i.e., inadequate food, clothing, shelter, or medical care) between 1967 and 1971. This “abuse/neglect” group was matched to a group of 667 children who had not been exposed to abuse or neglect but who were similar in gender, age, ethnicity, and family socioeconomic status. Matching the abused and non-abused groups on these variables was important, because it enabled Widom to conclude that any differences between the groups in violent behavior in adolescence or adulthood were not due to differences in demographic characteristics.

Widom’s analysis of police and court records showed that, as earlier research had suggested, abused or neglected children were significantly more likely than the comparison group to have been arrested for violent crimes as juveniles or as adults. In addition, the abused or neglected individuals were, on average, a year younger than comparison subjects at the time of their first arrest and had committed twice as many total offenses over the 15- to 20-year period studied. These differences were seen in boys and girls and in White and Black children; however, the relationship between abuse and violence was particularly strong among Black children.

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:05 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:06 AM 66. Explain the details and the focus of the field of victimology and why it is important.

ANSWER: Victim advocacy groups, mental health professionals, police, and court officials all began to acknowledge the need to better recognize and serve crime victims. Various developments reflect these changes: the emergence of the interdisciplinary field of victimology, which concentrates on studying the process and consequences of victimization experiences and how victims (or survivors, which is the term preferred by many) recover; the increasing availability of services to crime victims, including compensation and restitution programs, Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 24

victim assistance programs in the courts, self-help programs, and formal mental health services; the expanded opportunity for victims to participate in the trials of their victimizers through mechanisms such as victim impact statements; the heightened focus on victims brought about by the establishment of professional journals (e.g., Victimology; Violence and Victims); organizations such as the National Organization for Victim Assistance; and commissions such as the American Psychological Association’s Task Force on the Victims of Crime and Violence. The growing recognition that individuals who have been wrongly convicted of crimes, though not traditional crime victims but rather, victimized by the criminal justice system, should have their cases reviewed by conviction integrity units within prosecutors’ offices, and, if exonerated, provided compensation and services as they return to the community (Heilbrun et al., 2020).

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:06 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:07 AM 67. What are the similarities and differences between PTSD and acute stress disorder?

ANSWER: Individuals who experience a severe trauma and, weeks or months later, continue to experience intense, fear-related reactions when reminded of the trauma, may be experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This kind of trauma must involve a threat of serious injury or death. We have seen vivid and disturbing examples of PTSD in soldiers returning from the wars in Vietnam, Iraq and Afghanistan. As well, most instances of violent crime qualify as trauma severe enough to trigger PTSD in at least some victims.

The symptoms of PTSD fall into five domains (these symptoms must last longer than one month to qualify as PTSD) after direct or indirect exposure to death, or actual or threatened serious injury or sexual violence: 1.

Persistent re-experiencing of the event through intrusive thoughts, flashbacks, and repeated nightmares and dreams 2.

Persistent avoidance of trauma-related thoughts, feelings, and external reminders 3.

Negative alterations in thinking and mood 4.

Alterations in arousal and reactivity 5.

Distress or functional impairment in social or occupational areas.

Although traumas are unfortunate aspects of life, there is reason to believe that PTSD—in some trauma victims, at least—can be prevented. For one thing, although many persons who experience severe trauma may develop acute stress disorder (trauma-related symptoms that last less than one month), not all go on to develop full-blown PTSD. One reason may be that those experiencing trauma, but not PTSD, tend to receive high levels of social support from family, friends, or counselors immediately following the event (Grills-Taquechel et al., 2011). Thus, providing immediate social support for trauma victims may prevent their experiences from progressing into PTSD. Another consideration involves the nature of the trauma, with the experience of violence more likely to result in PTSD than accidents or illness.

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:07 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:07 AM 68. What are the various risk factors involved in intimate partner violence?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 25

ANSWER:

One review points to several important risk factors in the lives of perpetrators (Rosenbaum & Gearan, 1999). Although such individuals come from all socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds, they are more likely than nonperpetrators to be unemployed, poorly educated, and of lower socioeconomic status. They tend to have been raised in families in which they either were physically abused as children or observed an abusive relationship between their parents. Adolescents who later become perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV) have experienced a higher rate of conduct problems and are more likely to have engaged in early substance abuse; early experiences with coercive or aggressive behavior may set the stage for similar strategies in adult relationships (Magdol et al., 1998). Different types of perpetrators have been identified: generally violent, psychopathological, and family-only (Waltz et al., 2000). These groups were distinguished by the degree of violence within the relationship and the degree of extra-relationship violence reported, as well as by personality characteristics.

For instance, generally violent perpetrators displayed the highest levels of aggressive-sadistic behavior, psychopathological IPV perpetrators exhibited more passive-aggressive/dependent characteristics, and family-only perpetrators displayed violent behaviors but generally did not hold violence-supportive beliefs and attitudes.

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:08 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:08 AM 69. A cycle of violence involves a Jekyll-and-Hyde pattern of emotional and behavioral instability that makes their victims even more fearful of the violence they believe is inevitable. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:08 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:09 AM 70. Lenore Walker is the psychologist who is recognized for naming battered woman syndrome. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:09 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:09 AM 71. An acute violence episode is the first stage in the cycle of violence. a. True b. False ANSWER: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 26

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:10 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:10 AM 72. A tension-building stage is the first stage in the cycle of violence. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:10 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:10 AM 73. Borderline personality disorder is a severe disturbance that is characterized by unstable moods and behavior. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:12 AM 74. Battered woman syndrome is described as a collection of symptoms and reactions by a woman to a pattern of continued physical and psychological abuse inflicted on her by her mate. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:13 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:13 AM 75. Chemical castration severs the testes internally in order to reduce the sex drive of convicted rapists. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:13 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:13 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 27

76. Joaquin studies individuals that are targeted for crime based on race, religion, sexual orientation, or other grounds.

What is the field in which he does research? a. Domestic violence b. Terrorism c. Hate crimes d. Equality ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:14 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:15 AM 77. Esme is a researcher focusing on potential pathways between childhood victimization and violent criminal behavior, specifically on early aggressive behavior and problematic drinking. In which area does Esme conduct his research? a. Juvenile delinquency b. Bipolar disorder c. Alcoholism d. Early victimization ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:15 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:17 AM 78. Katrina’s organization concentrates on studying the process and consequences of victimization experiences and how victims (or survivors, which is the term preferred by many) recover. In which field does Katrina’s organization operate? a. SaVE b. Victimology c. Criminology d. Survivor psychology ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:26 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:27 AM 79. Halle does research on persons who have experienced psychological trauma. Sometimes this research is with victims of rape, but other researchers doing similar work conduct studies with war veterans. Which of the following does Halle research? a. PTSD Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 28

b. Acute stress c. GAD d. Bipolar Disorder ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:34 AM 80. Darnell’s organization does research in an area looking at situations like the following: how a perpetrator may be loving and attentive to a partner’s needs early in their relationship, cultivating the partner’s affection and relying on the partner to satisfy the perpetrator’s dependency needs; however, when disappointments or disagreements occur in the relationship, as they invariably do, a tension-building phase begins. Darnell’s organization works in what area? a. Domestic hardship b. Cycle of violence c. Bipolar disorder d. None of the above ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:34 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:35 AM 81. Rayne does advocacy on college campuses, emphasizing the importance of active and affirmative agreement by both parties, who are conscious and have the capacity to consent. Rayne’s advocacy is aimed at reducing which of the following? a. Simple assault b. Domestic violence c. Sexual assault d. College crime ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:35 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:36 AM 82. Which of the following is a type of harassment? a. Quid pro quo b. Social c. School Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 29

d. Pro semper ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:37 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:38 AM 83. Hostile sexism involves which of the following? a. Antipathy toward women b. Misogynistic comments c. Violence d. None of the above ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:38 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:39 AM 84. Ahmaud Arbery committed which of the following crimes? a. Sexual harassment b. Rape c. Hate crime d. None of the above ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:39 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:40 AM 85. Borderline personality disorder has which of the following characteristics? a. Unstable moods and behavior b. Danger to themselves c. Use drugs or alcohol d. None of the above ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 30

DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:41 AM 86. Which of the following is a critique of battered women syndrome? a. There is already a clear profile of battered women. b. The name of the syndrome is vague. c. The name implies victimhood. d. The name inspires empathy.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:44 AM 87. What is true of sex-role stereotyping? a. A belief there is only two genders b. Stereotyping against transgendered persons c. An individual has beliefs associated with traditional gender roles d. Belief in traditional gender roles ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:44 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:45 AM 88. What are adversarial sexual beliefs? a. Violent sexual beliefs b. Sadistic sexual beliefs c. Sexual relationships are exploitative d. That the opposite sex is the enemy ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:46 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:47 AM 89. Larry Nassar’s case is an example of which of the following? a. Acquaintance sexual assault b. Workplace harassment c. A hate crime Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 31

d. None of the above ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:47 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:48 AM 90. Which of the following is a strategy for preventing sexual assault? a. Wearing concealing clothing b. Not going out without a group c. Not going into someone’s apartment d. Emphasizing the collective responsibility of both men and women ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:48 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:49 AM 91. Which of the following is not a strategy for preventing sexual assault? a. Designing effective treatment for offenders so that they do not repeat their crimes b. Training potential victims how best to protect themselves against sexual assault c. Wearing concealing clothing d. Emphasizing the collective responsibility of both men and women ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:50 AM 92. What has replaced the concept of “no means no”? a. Positive consent b. “Yes means yes” c. Step-wise consent d. Affirmative consent ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 32

DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:54 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:55 AM 93. What is the SaVE Act? a. Campus Sexual Violence Elimination Act b. Sexual Actions of Violence Eradication Act c. Sexual Arbitration of Victim Equity Act d. Campus Sexual Abuse Victims Elimination Act ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:56 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:56 AM 94. In 2021 Department of Education confirmed that Title IX will do which of the following? a. Protect against campus rapes b. Protect witnesses of campus violence c. Protect against campus crimes against minorities or Black, Indigenous, and People of Color d. Protect against discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:59 AM 95. Which of the following constitutes a hostile workplace harassment? a. Demeaning comments b. Acts of touching or attempted intimacy c. Display of provocative photographs d. All of the above ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:59 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:59 AM

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 33

Chapter 07 1. Criminal profiling is used to accomplish which of the following? a. Identify a particular suspect b. Identify suspects only in certain types of cases c. Narrow down suspects based on certain crime characteristics d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Profiling of Criminal Suspects QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:36 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:07 AM 2. After a crime has been committed, a member of the investigating team sometimes sketches a general psychological description of the most likely type of suspect. Creating this description is called which of the following? a. Psychological description analysis b. Criminal profiling c. Criminal investigative analysis d. Both criminal profiling and criminal investigative analysis ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Profiling of Criminal Suspects QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:36 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:09 AM 3. A careful and comprehensive profile along with psychopathology, family history, education, and legal history will also typically include which of the following things? a. Social interests b. DNA profile c. Racial profile d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Profiling of Criminal Suspects QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:37 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:11 AM 4. It has been disputed whether psychologists and mental health professionals have the requisite experience to be profilers.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 1

According to one study examining psychologists and psychiatrists, what percent of the sample reported having profiling experience, versus what percentage considered themselves knowledgeable about criminal profiling? a. 25 percent; 10 percent b. 50 percent; 50 percent c. 10 percent; 25 percent d. 15 percent; 85 percent ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Profiling of Criminal Suspects QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:37 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:15 AM 5. Criminal profilers must possess certain knowledge and experience including which of these? a. An understanding of human psychology b. Investigative experience c. Both an understanding of human psychology and investigative experience d. Neither an understanding of human psychology and investigative experience ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Profiling of Criminal Suspects QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:37 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:17 AM 6. What percentage of sampled mental health professionals believed criminal profiling was scientifically reliable and valid? a. 75 percent b. more than 50 percent c. less than 25 percent d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Profiling of Criminal Suspects QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:37 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:21 AM 7. A major source of research and information about criminal profiling in the United States has been which of the following agencies?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 2

a. The Central Intelligence Agency b. The Behavioral Science Unit of the FBI c. The National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime of the FBI d. The local law enforcement agencies ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Profiling of Criminal Suspects QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:37 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:22 AM 8. Monahan (2012) has identified four “promising” categories of risk factors for terrorism, including which of the following? a. Prior criminal history b. Country of origin c. Ideology and affiliation d. All of these are correct ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Profiling of Criminal Suspects QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 4:37 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:24 AM 9. To be considered a multiple homicide, how many victims needs to be killed? a. Two or more victims are killed simultaneously or sequentially by one or a few individuals b. Three or more victims are killed simultaneously or sequentially by one or a few individuals c. Four or more victims are killed simultaneously or sequentially by one or a few individuals d. Five or more victims are killed simultaneously or sequentially by one or a few individuals ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Profiling of Criminal Suspects QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Classifying Homicide Offenders: Mass and Serial Murderers DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:24 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:28 AM 10. Jarvis, a disgruntled worker, rushed into the work space, spraying his fellow employees with gunfire, killing 10 and wounding many more. What type of multiple murderer is Jarvis? a. A spree killer Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 3

b. A serial murderer c. A mass murderer d. A tormented murderer ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Profiling of Criminal Suspects QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Classifying Homicide Offenders: Mass and Serial Murderers DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:24 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:29 AM 11. In studied mass murders, in approximately what percentage of cases was the assailant related to or well acquainted with the victims? a. 50 percent b. 70 percent c. 60 percent d. 80 percent ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Profiling of Criminal Suspects QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Classifying Homicide Offenders: Mass and Serial Murderers DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:30 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:53 AM 12. Mass murders are the types of cases that tend to be solved because the perpetrator tends to do which of the following? a. Be killed at the location of the crime b. Commit suicide c. Surrender to police d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Profiling of Criminal Suspects QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Classifying Homicide Offenders: Mass and Serial Murderers DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:30 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:55 AM 13. Toresh goes to an abortion clinic and kills several women, then drives to a second abortion clinic and kills several more women. What type of multiple murderer is Toresh?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 4

a. A spree killer b. A serial murderer c. A mass murderer d. A political murderer ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Profiling of Criminal Suspects QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Classifying Homicide Offenders: Mass and Serial Murderers DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:31 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:57 AM 14. How many serial murderers do experts postulate may be in the United States at any point in time? a. 100 b. 200 c. 1,000 d. 2,000 ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Profiling of Criminal Suspects QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Classifying Homicide Offenders: Mass and Serial Murderers DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:32 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 5:58 AM 15. Bertrand has long been inspired by sadistic fantasies. To fuel his fantasies and satisfy his need for control and dominance, he tortures and kills sex workers. According to Fox and Levin, Bertrand’s motivation for his serial murders would best be classified as a need for which of the following? a. Power b. Revenge c. Loyalty d. Profit ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Profiling of Criminal Suspects QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Steps Involved in Criminal Profiling DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:51 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 6:01 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 5

16. Which of the following is the first stage of the FBI’s profiling strategy? a. Crime assessment b. Profiling inputs c. Information gathering d. Brainstorming ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Profiling of Criminal Suspects QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Steps Involved in Criminal Profiling DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:52 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 6:02 AM 17. According to criminal profilers, brutal facial injuries point to killers who fit which of the following characteristics? a. Are unattractive b. Are impulsive c. Knew their victims d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Profiling of Criminal Suspects QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Steps Involved in Criminal Profiling DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:52 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 6:03 AM 18. Profilers have found that murders committed early in the morning rarely involve which of the following things? a. An offender and victim who knew each other b. A gun c. A financial motivation d. Alcohol or drugs ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Profiling of Criminal Suspects QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Steps Involved in Criminal Profiling DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:52 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 6:08 AM 19. Pinizzotto and Finkel (1990) found that on a lineup identification task with homicide cases and sexual offense cases, Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 6

profilers performed according to which of the following statements? a. Most accurate for the homicide case (no differences between groups for the sexual offense case) b. Least accurate for the homicide case (no differences between groups for the sexual offense case) c. Least accurate for the sexual offense case (no differences between groups for the homicide case) d. Most accurate for the sexual offense case (no differences between groups for the homicide case) ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Profiling of Criminal Suspects QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Validity of Criminal Profiles DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:52 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 6:12 AM 20. What does research suggest about how psychologists view the validity of crime scene profiling? a. Mostly accurate b. Inconclusive c. It is situationally dependent d. Mostly inaccurate ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Profiling of Criminal Suspects QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Validity of Criminal Profiles DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 5:52 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 6:14 AM 21. In their meta-analysis, Bond and DePaulo (2006) found that people correctly detect deception how frequently? a. Approximately 36 percent of the time b. Approximately 72 percent of the time c. Less than 23 percent of the time d. Approximately 54 percent of the time ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Detecting Deception QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 6:14 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 6:18 AM 22. Truth-tellers tend to do which of the following? a. Provide longer answers and are apt to tell it all Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 7

b. Make more speech errors and talk in a higher pitched voice c. Maintain full eye contact and talk in a higher pitched voice d. Talk in a higher pitched voice and provide long answers ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Detecting Deception QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 6:14 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 6:33 AM 23. Asking subjects to recall a series of events in reverse chronological order and requiring them to determine whether a figure that reappears on a computer screen is similar to a figure seen earlier would likely be part of which of the following? a. An effort to discriminate liars from truth-tellers b. A cognitive load interview c. A polygraph test d. A structured clinical interview ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Detecting Deception QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Methods of Detecting Deception DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 6:14 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 6:34 AM 24. The ancient Hindus had suspects chew rice as part of a test of their innocence. For the Hindus, what indicated innocence in this test? a. The innocent person was able to chew the rice and then spit the rice, which was not dry, out on a sacred tree leaf. b. The innocent person was able to chew the rice but wouldn’t be able to spit it out because of the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. c. The innocent person would spit out dry rice because of activation of the sympathetic nervous system. d. The innocent person was able to chew the rice but wouldn’t be able to spit it out because of the activation of the parasympathetic nervous system.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Detecting Deception QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Methods of Detecting Deception DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 6:15 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 8

DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 6:36 AM 25. Which of the following measures of autonomic activity is usually not measured in a polygraph examination? a. Blood pressure b. Salivary response c. Respiration d. Heart rate ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Detecting Deception QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Methods of Detecting Deception DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 6:15 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 6:37 AM 26. Physiological measures, by themselves, can distinguish between guilt and which of the following negative emotions? a. Fear b. Anger c. Both fear and anger d. Neither fear nor anger ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Detecting Deception QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Methods of Detecting Deception DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 6:15 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 6:39 AM 27. If a polygraph examiner asks a subject, “Did you ever steal anything?,” the examiner is administering what type of question? a. Relevant/irrelevant b. Control question c. Directed lie d. Baseline ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Detecting Deception QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Methods of Detecting Deception DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 6:15 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 9

DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 6:40 AM 28. A suspect is attached to the lie detector apparatus and asked questions about the crime. The questions deal with aspects of the crime only known by the police and the actual lawbreaker. Which procedure is this? a. Relevant/irrelevant procedure b. Psychological stress evaluator c. Autonomic arousal evaluator d. Concealed knowledge test ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Detecting Deception QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Methods of Detecting Deception DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 6:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 6:41 AM 29. A polygraph suggests that Kenra is guilty of murder, when in fact she is innocent. This is an example of a what? a. True negative b. Inaccurate reading c. False negative d. False positive ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Detecting Deception QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Methods of Detecting Deception DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 6:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 6:43 AM 30. Beto committed a crime and is currently undergoing a polygraph test. He is trying some countermeasures that he read about on the Internet, and he is hoping that he will be able to fool the polygraph examiner. If he succeeds in fooling the examiner, he could be said to be which of the following? a. False negative b. False positive c. True negative d. True positive ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Detecting Deception QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 10

TOPICS: Methods of Detecting Deception DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 6:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 6:47 AM 31. What are the general findings about conventional polygraphy? a. It should be admissible in court to distinguish liars from truth-tellers b. It is highly reliable but there are strategies to beat it c. It is highly reliable with few being able to beat it d. It is unreliable at distinguishing liars from truth-tellers ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Detecting Deception QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Methods of Detecting Deception DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 6:47 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 6:50 AM 32. What are some concerns about the use of polygraphs? a. Polygraphs cannot distinguish between fear and nervousness. b. Polygraphers lack professional standards and standardized questioning methods. c. Both of these are true. d. Neither of these are true.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Detecting Deception QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Methods of Detecting Deception DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 6:48 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 6:51 AM 33. In Harrington v. Iowa, 2003, the U.S. Court reversed murder conviction of Terry Harrington to conclude that the record stored in Harrington’s brain did not match the crime scene. What is the method of lie detection used in this case? a. False confession b. Missing details test c. Concealed information test d. Brain fingerprinting ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Detecting Deception QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 11

TOPICS: Methods of Detecting Deception DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 6:48 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 6:53 AM 34. Tawanda, currently a murder suspect, is undergoing a test in which the electrical activity in her brain is accessed. The doctor is checking to see if Tawanda’s P300 wave reveals that she has details of the murder in her memory. What kind of test is Tawanda undergoing? a. Brain fingerprinting b. Psychological stress evaluator c. fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) d. PET scan (positron emission tomography) ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Detecting Deception QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Methods of Detecting Deception DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 6:48 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 6:54 AM 35. In one recent study that attempted to utilize fMRI to detect deception, Mohamed et al. (2006) found which of the following regarding lying and/or truth-telling participants? a. Lying and truth-telling participants did not demonstrate any significant differences in brain activation patterns. b. Lying participants demonstrated less activation in areas of the brain involved in planning and high-level executive functioning. c. Lying participants demonstrated more activation in areas of the brain involved in planning and high-level executive functioning. d. Lying participants utilized less cognitive effort than truth-telling participants.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Detecting Deception QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Methods of Detecting Deception DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 6:48 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 6:57 AM 36. At least one study has found that brain fingerprinting can distinguish liars from truth-tellers under laboratory conditions at which of the following rates? a. 75–85 percent b. 65–75 percent c. 55–65 percent d. 85–95 percent ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 12

DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Detecting Deception QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Methods of Detecting Deception DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 6:48 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 6:58 AM 37. Some have argued that the use of brain-based technology to detect deception in suspects or witnesses constitutes a violation of right guaranteed by which of the following amendment? a. First Amendment b. Fifth Amendment c. Fourth Amendment d. Sixth Amendment ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Detecting Deception QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Methods of Detecting Deception DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 6:48 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:00 AM 38. One recent study that involved the review of recorded interrogations of juvenile suspects found what percentage of the juveniles waived their Miranda rights? a. 15 percent b. 85 percent c. None d. 50 percent ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Evaluating Confessions QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Historical Background and Current Legal Standing DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 6:48 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:01 AM 39. Which of the following interrogation procedures can lead to false confessions? a. Social isolation b. Fabricating evidence against suspect c. Confrontation and expression of belief in guilt d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 13

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Evaluating Confessions QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Inside the Interrogation Room: Common Interrogation Techniques DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:03 AM 40. Police arrest a robbery suspect and take him to the station without interrogation. The accused volunteers on the way that he wouldn’t have been caught if he’d kept his mask on. According to the Supreme Court’s ruling in Rhode Island v.

Innis, 1980, does Miranda apply here and is the confession admissible? a. No, Miranda does not apply and confession is not admissible. b. Yes, Miranda does apply and confession is not admissible. c. No, Miranda does not apply and confession is admissible. d. Yes, Miranda does apply and confession is admissible.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically.

REFERENCES: Evaluating Confessions QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Whittling Away at Miranda DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:05 AM 41. At present, American interrogation practices conform to which of the following conditions, ones that police claim are necessary to get reluctant suspects to confess? a. Guilt-presumptive and neutral questions b. Non-verbal and subtle c. Confrontational and accusatorial d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Evaluating Confessions QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Inside the Interrogation Room: Common Interrogation Techniques DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:05 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:08 AM 42. The principle of stare decisis reflects the judicial system’s preference for maintaining stability in the law by which of these? a. Changing the law in accordance with legislative trends b. Modifying the law based on political pressures Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 14

c. Abiding by settled principles whenever possible d. Evolution of the law based on modern decisions ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Evaluating Confessions QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Whittling Away at Miranda DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:05 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:09 AM 43. Arvin has been in and out of psychiatric facilities for most of his life due to his chronic psychological instability.

Arvin has recently been named as a suspect in a rape case, and following an investigation, the police arrest him. As part of their usual procedure, the police read Arvin his Miranda rights. Although Arvin doesn’t understand them, he says he does.

The police question Arvin for several hours until he confesses. Is Arvin’s statement admissible? a. Yes, in this type of situation, the statement is usually admissible in court whether or not Arvin’s lawyer was present. b. If Arvin’s lawyer says that Arvin didn’t understand the Miranda warning, then Arvin’s statement will not be admissible. c. If Arvin’s lawyer says that Arvin didn’t understand the Miranda warning because of his psychological instability, then it isn’t admissible. d. If Arvin’s lawyer proves that Arvin didn’t understand the Miranda warning by providing Arvin’s psychiatric records, then it isn’t admissible.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Evaluating Confessions QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Whittling Away at Miranda DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:05 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:11 AM 44. Boris has been stopped for drunk driving. Before the police question Boris, must they give him the Miranda warning? a. Yes, as it is interrogation. b. No, because Boris is not in police custody. c. Yes, any encounter requires the Miranda warning. d. No, they can take him into custody for later interrogation.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Evaluating Confessions QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Whittling Away at Miranda Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 15

DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:06 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:12 AM 45. Dre was taken to the police station for questioning because he was suspected of committing a robbery. While the police are transporting Dre to the station, he confesses. The police had not yet begun questioning Dre and had not yet given him the Miranda warning. Is this confession admissible? a. Yes, the confession is admissible as the suspect is in the custody of police. b. No, it is not, as the police interrogation has not yet started. c. Yes, but the confession is taken in violation of Miranda warnings. d. No, is not admissible until the suspect is accompanied by his lawyer.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Evaluating Confessions QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Whittling Away at Miranda DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:06 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:13 AM 46. One of the best-known U.S. Supreme Court cases decided during the last century, Miranda v. Arizona (1966) dealt with the problem of which of the following in encounters with the police? a. Coerced confessions b. Voluntary confession c. Brain-based lie detection d. Cognitive load ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Evaluating Confessions QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Whittling Away at Miranda DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:13 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:15 AM 47. The police are questioning Santiago and tell him that they have a witness who saw him outside the victim’s apartment.

This is not true; they have no such witness. Are the police allowed to use a trick like this when they are trying to get a confession? a. Yes, it is legal for police to consider evidence ploys in eliciting confessions. b. No, it is illegal for the police to use evidence ploys during interrogation. c. Yes, the police are allowed to lie to get the confession they want from Santiago without making him aware of his rights and using coercion. d. No, interrogators can’t use lies but can trick Santiago into confession through other harsh methods.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 16

REFERENCES: Evaluating Confessions QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Inside the Interrogation Room: Common Interrogation Techniques DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:14 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:16 AM 48. Criminal profiling is typically used to determine if an already identified suspect is guilty of a crime. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Profiling of Criminal Suspects QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:18 AM 49. Serial killers are capable of blending in and presenting themselves as normal members of the community. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Profiling of Criminal Suspects QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Classifying Homicide Offenders: Mass and Serial Murderers DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:19 AM 50. Serial killers do not like to “get their hands dirty”; they prefer to kill using remote methods such as a firearm that allow them distance from the victim(s). a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Profiling of Criminal Suspects QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Classifying Homicide Offenders: Mass and Serial Murderers DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:21 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 17

51. Serial killers are typically psychotic or schizophrenic individuals. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Profiling of Criminal Suspects QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Classifying Homicide Offenders: Mass and Serial Murderers DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:23 AM 52. In the decision process model phase of the FBI’s profiling strategy, profilers organize obtained information into flowcharts of criminal activity a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Profiling of Criminal Suspects QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Classifying Homicide Offenders: Mass and Serial Murderers DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:23 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:24 AM 53. According to one study, most of the sampled psychologists and psychiatrists viewed criminal profiling as scientifically reliable and valid. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Profiling of Criminal Suspects QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Validity of Criminal Profiles DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:23 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:27 AM 54. Avoidance of eye contact is consistently found to be a sign of lying. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 18

DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Detecting Deception QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Methods of Detecting Deception DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:23 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:28 AM 55. Experts suggest that someone who is fidgeting is likely lying. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Detecting Deception QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Methods of Detecting Deception DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:27 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:28 AM 56. Describe and explain the stages in the FBI’s criminal profiling process, and what is the intended goal of this process.

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

Douglas, Ressler, Burgess, and Hartman (1986) divided the FBI’s profiling strategy into five stages, with a final, sixth stage being the arrest of the correct suspect. The six phases, as they evolve in a murder investigation, seem to apply reasonably well three decades later. They are as follows: a) Profiling inputs. The first stage involves collecting all information available about the crime, including physical evidence, photographs of the crime scene, autopsy reports and pictures, complete background information on the victim, and police reports. The profiler does not want to be told about possible suspects at this stage, because such data might prejudice or prematurely direct the profile. b) Decision process models. In this stage, the profiler organizes the input into meaningful questions and patterns along several dimensions of criminal activity. What type of homicide has been committed? What is the primary impetus for the crime—sexual, financial, personal, or emotional disturbance? What level of risk did the victim experience, and what level of risk did the murderer take in killing the victim? What was the sequence of acts before and after the killing, and how long did these acts take to commit? Where was the crime committed? Was the body moved, or was it found where the murder was committed? c) Crime assessment. On the basis of the findings in the previous phase, the profiler attempts to reconstruct the behavior of the offender and the victim. Was the murder organized (suggesting an intelligent offender who carefully selects victims against whom to act out a well-rehearsed fantasy) or disorganized (indicating an impulsive, less socially competent, possibly even psychotic offender)? Was the crime staged to mislead the police? Can details such as cause of death, location of wounds, and position of the body reveal anything about the killer’s motivation? Criminal profilers are often guided by the following hypotheses: Brutal facial injuries point to killers who knew their victims.

Murders committed with whatever weapon happens to be available are more impulsive than murders committed with a gun and may reveal a killer who lives fairly near the victim.

Murders committed early in the morning seldom involve alcohol or drugs. d) Criminal profile. In this stage, profilers formulate an initial description of the most likely suspects.

This profile includes the perpetrator’s race, sex, age, marital status, living arrangements, and Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 19

employment history; psychological characteristics, beliefs, and values; probable reactions to the police; and past criminal record, including the possibility of similar offenses in the past.

This stage also contains a feedback loop whereby profilers check their predictions against stage-2 information to make sure that the profile fits the original data. e) Investigation. A written report is given to investigators, who concentrate on suspects matching the profile. If new evidence is discovered in this investigation, a second feedback process is initiated, and the profile can be revised. f) Apprehension. The intended result of these procedures—the arrest of a suspect—allows profilers to evaluate the validity of their predictions. The key element in this validation is a thorough interview of the suspect to assess the influences of background and psychological variables.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Profiling of Criminal Suspects QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:29 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:30 AM 57. Explain and detail the four methods or reasons that courts may use to ascertain that a disputed confession is false.

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

There are four reasons one can be certain that a disputed confession is false. First, a suspect could confess to a crime that never happened. For example, three intellectually disabled defendants (including Victoria Banks) were convicted by an Alabama jury of killing Ms. Banks’s newborn child. Only after the three had served time in prison was it determined that Ms. Banks was incapable of giving birth to a child because she had had a tubal ligation operation that prevented her from getting pregnant. Confessions can be proved to be false in situations where it was physically impossible for a suspect to commit the crime, as, for example, when jail records show that the defendant was incarcerated at the time the crime was committed. Three men suspected of committing crimes in Chicago were actually in jail when those crimes were committed. A third way in which a disputed confession can be proved false is that the actual perpetrator is identified and guilt is objectively established.

This happened in the case of Christopher Ochoa, a high school honor student, who confessed to robbing, raping, and murdering a woman in an Austin, Texas, Pizza Hut in 1988. Ochoa, who served 12 years in prison, claims that he confessed in order to avoid the possibility of a death sentence. He was released and exonerated only after the real perpetrator confessed to killing the woman and led authorities to the weapon and the bag in which he had placed the money. Finally, a confession is false when there is scientific evidence—most commonly DNA—that definitively establishes the defendant’s innocence. For example, three teenagers (Michael Crowe, Joshua Treadway, and Aaron Houser) all falsely confessed to the 1998 murder of Michael’s 12-year-old sister Stephanie in Escondido, California. Charges against the boys were dropped only after DNA testing proved that blood found on the sweatshirt of a mentally ill drifter who had been in the neighborhood on the night of the murder was Stephanie’s blood.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Evaluating Confessions QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: The Validity of Confession Evidence Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 20

DATE CREATED: DATE MODIFIED:

5/29/2023 7:29 AM 5/29/2023 7:31 AM

58. Explain, compare, and contrast mass murderers, spree killers, and serial murderers.

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

Two types of multiple homicides have been identified: mass murders and serial murders.

These types share some similarities but are marked by several differences. The mass murderer kills four or more victims in one location during a period of time that lasts anywhere from a few minutes to several hours. It is estimated that about two mass murders were committed every month in the United States in the 1990s, resulting in the deaths of 100 victims annually. A different approach considered the average time period between mass murders that took place in public in which the shooter and victims were generally unrelated and not known to one another. Although most mass murderers are not severely mentally ill, they do tend to harbor strong feelings of resentment and are often motivated by revenge against their victims. But the majority of mass murderers do not attack strangers at random; in almost 80% of studied mass murders, the assailant was related to or well acquainted with the victims, and in many cases, the attack was a carefully planned assault rather than an impulsive rampage. Most mass murders are solved by law enforcement; the typical assailant is killed at the location of the crime, commits suicide, or surrenders to police. Serial murderers kill four or more victims, each on a separate occasion. Unlike mass murderers, serial killers usually select a certain type of victim who fulfills a role in the killer’s fantasies.

There are cooling-off periods between serial murders, which are usually better planned than mass or spree killings. Some serial killers (such as Angel Maturino Resendiz, called the Railway Killer because the murders he was charged with took place by railroad tracks) travel frequently and murder in several locations. Social scientists have gained some knowledge about these criminals, who may number as many as 100 in the United States. One study compiled a list of characteristics from 157 serial offenders and found that most were White males in their early 30s. More than half of the offenders were employed at the time of the offense, and approximately one-third were married. The average offender had an 11th-grade education. Victims of these offenders were most often White females in their early to mid30s who were strangers to their killers. More than half of the murders were sexually motivated. These characteristics differ from those of single-homicide offenders, who often know their victims and kill for emotional reasons such as anger or sexual jealousy. Serial killers tend to select vulnerable victims of some specific type who gratify their need to control people. Consistent with the motive of wanting to dominate people, they prefer to kill with “hands-on” methods such as strangulation and stabbing, rather than with guns, which are the preferred weapons of mass murderers. They are often preoccupied with sexualized or sadistic fantasies involving capture and control of their victims. Many serial killers use pornography and violent sexual fantasies intensively as “rehearsals” for and “replays” of their crimes, and they often keep souvenirs (sometimes in the form of body parts from victims) to commemorate their savage attacks. Despite the apparent “craziness” of their behavior, serial killers are not typically psychotic individuals. Most of them, however, have personality disorders and lack the ability to experience empathy and remorse. In fact, serial killers often revel in the publicity that their crimes receive.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Profiling of Criminal Suspects QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Classifying Homicide Offenders: Mass and Serial Murderers DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:29 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 21

DATE MODIFIED:

5/29/2023 7:32 AM

59. Do offenders commit their crimes or choose their victims in distinctive ways that leave clues to their psychological makeup, much as fingerprints point to their physical identity or ballistics tests reveal the kind of gun they used?

ANSWER: There is some evidence that psychological characteristics are linked to behavioral patterns and that these links can be detected by a psychological analysis of crime scenes. Behavioral scientists and police use criminal profiling to narrow criminal investigations to suspects who possess certain behavioral and personality features that were revealed by the way the crime was committed. (Another way to think about profiling is that it involves the attempt to “reverse engineer” a final product—the crime scene—to learn more about the individual[s] who created that final product.) Profiling, which has also been called “criminal investigative analysis,” does not identify a specific suspect. Instead, profilers offer a general psychological description of the most likely type of suspect, including personality and behavioral characteristics suggested by a thorough analysis of the crimes committed, so that police can concentrate their investigation of difficult cases in the most profitable directions. (Profiles also help investigators search for persons who fit descriptions known to characterize hijackers, drug couriers, and those who are undocumented; refer to Monahan & Walker, 2018.) The results of a careful profile may provide specific information about suspects, including psychopathology, characteristics of their family history, educational and legal history, and habits and social interests. Although profiling can be used in diverse contexts, it is considered most helpful in crimes in which the offender has demonstrated some form of repetitive behavior with unusual aspects, such as sadistic torture, ritualistic or bizarre behavior, evisceration, or staging or acting out a fantasy (Woodworth & Porter, 2000).

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:29 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:33 AM 60. In 1957, George Metesky, otherwise known as the Mad Bomber of New York City, was arrested. Explain this case and its importance.

ANSWER: One of the earliest cases of criminal profiling involved the 1957 arrest of George Metesky, otherwise known as the Mad Bomber of New York City. Over an eight-year period, police had tried to solve a series of more than 30 bombings in the New York area. They finally consulted Dr. James Brussel, a Greenwich Village psychiatrist, who, after examining pictures of the bomb scenes and analyzing letters that the bomber had sent, advised the police to look for a heavyset, middle-aged, Eastern European, Catholic man who was single and lived with a sibling or aunt in Connecticut. Brussel also concluded that the man was very neat and that, when found, he would be wearing a buttoned double-breasted suit. When the police finally arrested Metesky, this composite turned out to be largely accurate. Not all early profiles were so useful, however. For example, the committee of experts charged with the task of profiling the Boston Strangler predicted that the killer was not one man but two, each of whom lived alone and worked as a schoolteacher. They also suggested that one of the men would be gay.

When Albert DeSalvo ultimately confessed to these killings, police discovered that he was a heterosexual construction worker who lived with his wife and two sons (Porter, 1983).

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:33 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 22

DATE MODIFIED:

5/29/2023 7:33 AM

61. Detail and explain the importance of three points the Office of the Director of National Intelligence made regarding domestic violent extremism in a 2021 summary.

ANSWER: • Existing biases against minority populations and government actions will continue to influence domestic violence extremist (DVE) radicalization and violence. These will be supplemented by newer influences, such as perceived election fraud, the U.S. Capitol insurrection, and the COVID-19 pandemic.

• Individuals or small DVE cells are more likely than organizations to perpetrate attacks in the United States. It is harder to detect these individuals and small groups because their radicalization is often via consumption of online material.

• The most serious DVE threats are from racially motivated violent extremists (RMVEs) and militia violent extremists (MVEs). RMVEs are more likely to engage in mass-casualty attacks against civilians; MVEs are more likely to select law enforcement and government personnel and facilities as targets.

• White supremacist RMVEs pose the greatest threat across nations because there are similar beliefs held by others in various countries, and these individuals communicate with and influence each other.

• Domestic violent extremists use social media, smaller websites, and encrypted chat applications for recruiting, planning, and mobilization to violence.

• DVE threats could be increased by influences such as increased support (domestic or international), high-profile attacks, and growing perceptions of government overreach.

• DVE lone offenders present particular problems because of their independent radicalization, firearm access, and ability to act without easy detection (https://www. dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/21_0301_ odni_unclass-summary-of-dveassessment-17_march -final_508.pdf).

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:35 AM 62. Explain and define a “cooling off” period and compare what types of murders is it important to distinguishing.

ANSWER: Spree killers are a special form of mass murderers: attackers who kill victims at two or more different locations with no “cooling-off” interval between the murders. The killing constitutes a single event, but it can either last only a short time or go on for a day or more.

Cooling off is a period between murders where the killer is not active. Serial homicide offenders kill four or more victims, each on a separate occasion. Unlike mass murder offenders, serial murderers usually select a certain type of victim who plays a part in the killer’s fantasies. There are cooling-off periods between serial murders, which are usually better planned than mass or spree killings. Some serial killers (such as Angel Maturino Resendiz, called the Railway Killer because the murders he was charged with took place by railroad tracks) travel frequently and murder in several locations. Dr. Michael Swango, trained as a physician, is suspected by the FBI of killing up to 60 individuals, typically by poisoning them, between 1981 and 1997. The most frequent definition of mass murder involves killing four or more victims in one location during a period of time that lasts anywhere from a few minutes to several hours. Serial murder involves the killing of at least two individuals by the same person, in events separated by a “cooling off” period of at least several hours.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 23

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:36 AM 63. How does one become an FBI profiler?

ANSWER: Despite the mixed evidence about the scientific validity of profiling, it is used with some frequency and perceived as a helpful investigatory tool by many. One of the questions frequently asked by those considering a career in law enforcement is “How do I become an FBI profiler?” Of course, the FBI is not the only law enforcement agency that uses profiling—it may be used as well in other agencies at the federal, state, and community levels. But our discussion here considers the FBI as an example of an agency that has been prominently associated with this profiling, and has incorporated the contributions of psychology in a significant way.

The question about “becoming a profiler” may be answered in different ways. Consider the advice offered by Mary Ellen O’Toole, Ph.D., a retired FBI agent and criminal profiler, to those with interest in FBI profiling: • Consult the website (www.fbi.gov) and review the current information on job requirements for becoming an FBI agent. FBI profilers are all agents. If you are interested, you can get further details from your local FBI office (applicant coordination).

• To become an agent, you would need, at minimum, a four-year college degree (any major). You would spend about four months in rigorous training at the FBI Academy if accepted; such training includes psychology, interviewing, and legal issues as well as physical fitness and firearms use.

• Following graduation from the Academy, you would be placed in a specific FBI field office, so you must be willing to relocate. You would work on a variety of investigations as part of this assignment.

• Field experience as an FBI agent is important before applying to the Behavioral Analysis Unit or other FBI unit that provides profiling services. Most FBI profilers have 7– 15 years of investigative experience before being accepted into such a unit.

• Work as an FBI profiler includes analysis, interviewing, writing, public speaking, and assessing individual and group behavior. Coursework in psychology, sociology, philosophy, journalism, and public speaking might be particularly helpful (http://maryellenotoole.com/meo /becominganfbiprofiler/).

One particularly important aspect of this advice is the emphasis on criminal profiling as only one aspect of law enforcement, improved by competence and experience in other aspects of criminal investigation.

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:35 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:36 AM 64. A psychology degree is the most important step in becoming a criminal profiler. a. True b. False ANSWER: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 24

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:37 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:37 AM 65. There are many pieces of advice to becoming a criminal profiler with the FBI, and you have to have field experience as an FBI agent before applying to the Behavior Analysis Unit or other FBI units that provide profiling. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:37 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:38 AM 66. Most FBI agents have 5 to 7 years of experience as an agent before they are eligible for a job profiling with the Behavioral Analysis Unit. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:37 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:38 AM 67. Dennis Rader, also known as BTK, was a terrorist bomber caught by the FBI in 2005. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:37 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:38 AM 68. According to self-report, people tell lies at least one to two times daily. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:37 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 25

DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:39 AM 69. Throughout history, many societies have assumed that criminals can be detected by the physical manifestations of their denials. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:39 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:39 AM 70. Police and parole officers tend to be biased toward judging statements as lies, even when they are true, a phenomenon known as lie bias or investigator bias a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:39 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:40 AM 71. Jose is a polygrapher who uses the following in his technique: a series of multiple-choice questions and presented to the suspect, like “In what room was the victim’s body found? What strange garment was the victim wearing? What was the victim clutching in his hand?” Each alternative would appear equally plausible to an innocent person. What technique does Jose use? a. CBT b. CQT c. CIT d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:41 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:43 AM 72. Jessica is a polygrapher who uses the following in her technique: Responses to two kinds of questions to relevant questions like “Did you steal the law school’s video monitor?” and comparison questions like “Prior to the age of 21, did you ever do anything that was dishonest or illegal?” Which technique does Jessica use? a. CBT b. CQT c. CIT d. None of these are correct.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 26

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:41 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/9/2023 12:13 AM 73. What is the following scenario attempting to achieve: Asking subjects to recall a series of events in reverse chronological order, and requiring them to perform a secondary task during the interview, such as determining whether a figure that reappears on a computer screen is similar to a target figure shown earlier? a. Working memory fatigue b. Cognitive fatigue c. Cognitive load d. Short-term memory load ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:41 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:56 AM 74. Shazade uses brain imaging in his research, which use scanners fitted with powerful electromagnets to measure blood flow and oxygen utilization in selected parts of the brain. Increases in oxygen consumption and blood flow in a particular part of the brain indicate that that region of the brain is involved when a subject undertakes a certain task. What kind of imagine does he do? a. ECG b. EEG c. PET d. fMRI ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:46 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 7:58 AM 75. Mohammed examined the brain’s electrical activity or brain waves. What technique does he use? a. EEG b. PET c. fMRI d. MRI ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 27

DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 8:00 AM 76. Jasmine looks at a particular brain wave called the p300 wave in her research. What technique does she use? a. Brain fingerprinting b. PET c. fMRI d. CT scanning ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 7:59 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 8:01 AM 77. Brain fingerprinting does which of the following? a. Uses a unique brain-wave pattern—the P300 wave—that is elicited by a stimulus that is meaningful to the subject b. Uses a unique brain-wave pattern—the Delta wave—that is elicited by a stimulus that is meaningful to the subject c. Uses a unique brain-wave pattern—the D200 wave—that is elicited by a stimulus that is meaningful to the subject d. Uses a unique brain-wave pattern—the Alpha wave—that is elicited by a stimulus that is meaningful to the subject ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 8:01 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 8:03 AM 78. fMRI does which of the following? a. Examines electrical activity in selected parts of the brain b. Examines specific brain waves in selected parts of the brain c. Measures blood flow and oxygen utilization in selected parts of the brain d. None of these is correct.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 28

DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 8:01 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 8:04 AM 79. EEGs do which of the following? a. Examines electrical activity in selected parts of the brain b. Shows a 3D image of areas of the brain where there is activity c. Measures blood flow and oxygen utilization in selected parts of the brain d. None of these is correct.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 8:01 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 8:04 AM 80. Which of the following is a brain-based method of lie-detecting? a. CBT b. CQT c. Brain mapping d. Brain fingerprinting ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 8:01 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 8:05 AM 81. Which of the following is a cognitive method of lie-detecting? a. CIT b. CBT c. Brain mapping d. None of these is correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 8:02 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 8:06 AM 82. Which of the following is an arousal method of lie-detecting? a. CQT b. CBT c. Brain mapping Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 29

d. None of these is correct.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 8:02 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 8:06 AM 83. A polygraph test typically does not measure which of the following? a. Electrical activity of the heart b. Electrical conductivity of the skin c. Electrical activity of the brain d. None of these is correct.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 8:02 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 8:07 AM 84. Truth bias refers to which of the following? a. People assume most things are true unless their authenticity is called into question. b. Police officers assume most things are true unless their authenticity is called into question. c. Judges look for truth in all of their cases. d. Jurors are very bad a picking out liars.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 8:02 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 8:08 AM 85. Investigator bias is also known as which of the following? a. Truth bias b. Racial bias c. Police bias d. Lie bias ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 30

DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 8:02 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 8:08 AM 86. Dennis Rader was also known as which of the following? a. Son of Sam b. BTK c. Green River Killer d. Oklahoma City Bomber ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 8:08 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 8:09 AM 87. Ted Kaczynski was also known as which of the following? a. BTK b. Green River Killer c. Unabomber d. Oklahoma City Bomber ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 8:08 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 8:09 AM 88. Some serial killers are skilled at evading police and suspicion, leading very “normal” lives. How long did it take police to capture the BTK Killer? a. 10 years b. 20 years c. 40 years d. 30 years ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 8:10 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 8:10 AM 89. Which of the following types of murderer does not have a “cooling off period”? a. Sprint killer b. Spree killer Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 31

c. Multiple murderer d. Serial killer ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 8:10 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 8:11 AM 90. National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime has separate units that focus on all of these except which of the following options? a. Cyber crime b. Counter-terrorism c. Crimes against children d. Serial killers ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 5/29/2023 8:10 AM DATE MODIFIED: 5/29/2023 8:12 AM

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 32

Chapter 08 1. When someone is charged with a crime, which of the following is true? a. Charging occurs automatically after an arrest. b. Charging implies a formal decision to prosecute that person. c. Charging is another way of saying “arresting” that person. d. Charging is a decision made by the police after being arrested.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Steps between Arrest and Trial QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 12:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 12:34 AM 2. The initial appearance in court must take place soon after arrest because extended detention when charged with a crime violates which of the following amendments? a. Sixth b. Third c. Fourth d. Fifth ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Steps between Arrest and Trial QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Initial Appearance DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 12:35 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 12:35 AM 3. What is the primary purpose of the initial appearance in court following arrest? a. The defendant enters a plea so that a jury can be formed if necessary to address the charge. b. The judge reviews the evidence by the prosecutor to determine if probable cause exists c. The jury determines whether or not the defendant is guilty. d. The grand jury issues an indictment.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Steps between Arrest and Trial QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Initial Appearance DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 12:36 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 12:36 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 1

4. During the preliminary hearing, which of the following occurs? a. The defendant is required by law to testify. b. The defense attorney is required to present their case to the judge. c. The jury is selected for prosecution of the defendant. d. The prosecuting attorney presents evidence against the defendant.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Steps between Arrest and Trial QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Preliminary Hearing DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 12:37 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 12:38 AM 5. Which of the following is the purpose of a grand jury? a. To acquit or convict b. To indict or not to indict c. To arraign d. To defend ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Steps between Arrest and Trial QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Grand Jury DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 12:38 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 12:39 AM 6. In what proportion of states can a criminal defendant not be prosecuted unless a grand jury has found grounds to do so? a. Two-thirds b. One-third c. One-half d. One-fourth ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Steps between Arrest and Trial QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Grand Jury DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 12:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 12:40 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 2

7. In the 2012 homicide case of Trayvon Martin, who made the decision to charge George Zimmerman, the suspect accused of killing the youth? a. A grand jury b. The prosecutor c. The local police d. The county judge ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Steps between Arrest and Trial QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Preliminary Hearing DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 12:41 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 12:42 AM 8. In which of the following cases was there a motion for separate trials? a. The case of Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols b. The case of Tim Masters and Gary Borden c. The case of Patrick Dale Walker and Freddie Gray d. The case of James Earl Ray and Martin Luther King, Jr. ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Steps between Arrest and Trial QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Discovery and Pretrial Motions DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 12:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 12:44 AM 9. As seen in the Freddie Gray case, which of the following may issue an indictment on multiple charges based on one or more events if there is evidence sufficient for trial? a. Grand jury b. Prosecutor c. Judge d. Defense ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Steps between Arrest and Trial QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Grand Jury DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 1:04 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 1:04 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 3

10. Which of the following is true during the arraignment process? a. The suspect is arrested. b. The suspect enters a plea. c. The suspect is charged. d. The suspect decides whether to accept a plea bargain.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Steps between Arrest and Trial QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Arraignment DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 1:05 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 1:06 AM 11. Barbara has been charged with murder and indicted. She is now before the judge and is asked to plead guilty or not guilty. Which step of the criminal process is Barbara currently completing? a. Arraignment b. Preliminary hearing c. Initial appearance d. Pretrial motions ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Steps between Arrest and Trial QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Arraignment DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 1:09 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 1:09 AM 12. Which of the following is true of exculpatory evidence? a. It tends to show the defendant to not be guilty as charged. b. It tends to show the defendant to be guilty as charged. c. The defense must hand over evidence to the prosecution before the trial begins. d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Steps between Arrest and Trial QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Discovery and Pretrial Motions DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 1:10 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 1:11 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 4

13. In many states, the defense is required to notify the prosecution if it intends to use which of the following defenses? a. Insanity b. Alibi c. Both of these d. Neither of these ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Steps between Arrest and Trial QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Discovery and Pretrial Motions DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 1:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 1:12 AM 14. According to research, how does a jury tend to react to multiple charges against a single defendant? a. They are more likely to convict a defendant on a charge when a charge is combined with another charge rather than when it is tried alone. b. They are equally likely to convict a defendant on a charge when it is combined with another charge as compared to when it is tried alone. c. They are less likely to convict a defendant on a charge when it is combined with another charge rather than when it is tried alone. d. Researchers have found that any of the above could be true; it depends on the type of charges.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Steps between Arrest and Trial QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Discovery and Pretrial Motions DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 1:13 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 1:15 AM 15. A defense concerned about pretrial publicity is likely to request which of the following? a. A motion for change of venue b. A motion in limine c. A motion to close the courts to press d. A motion for confidentiality ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Steps between Arrest and Trial QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Discovery and Pretrial Motions Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 5

DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 1:15 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 1:16 AM 16. Bosco is a suspect in a sexual assault, is read his rights, and arrested. Which Amendment says one must be brought before a judge within 48 hours? a. The Fifth Amendment b. The Sixth Amendment c. The Fourth Amendment d. The Sixteenth Amendment ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Steps between Arrest and Trial QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Discovery and Pretrial Motions DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 1:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 1:18 AM 17. A motion in limine is about which of the following? a. A request to suppress a confession b. A request to extend the Brady rule c. A request to dismiss on grounds of insufficient evidence d. A request for a pretrial ruling on evidentiary issues ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Steps between Arrest and Trial QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Discovery and Pretrial Motions DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 1:19 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 1:19 AM 18. The Supreme Court ruled which of the following in response to United States v. Salerno (1987)? a. Coerced confessions are inadmissible. b. The bail amount should not be excessive. c. Evidence obtained during an illegal search and seizure is inadmissible. d. Judicial instructions must be given to ignore pretrial information.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Decision to Set Bail QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 1:20 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 6

DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 1:21 AM 19. Which of the following extralegal factors seems to have an influence on bail decisions? a. The seriousness of the offense b. The offender’s legal history c. The race of the defendant d. None of these are extralegal factors.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Decision to Set Bail QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: What Considerations Affect the Decision to Set Bail?

DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 1:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 1:22 AM 20. Which of the following is true when defendants are unable to post bail and are forced to remain detained? a. They are less likely to be found guilty than those who have committed the same crime and have been released on bail. b. The defendants’ employers are legally required to guarantee that their jobs will be retained. c. They are more likely to be found guilty than those who have committed the same crime and have been released on bail. d. They are given extra time to work on their defense.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: The Decision to Set Bail QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: What Considerations Affect the Decision to Set Bail?

DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 1:23 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 1:23 AM 21. Tavara has been charged with a crime and cannot afford to post bail, so she remains in jail awaiting trial. As one in the unfortunate position of being detained in jail awaiting trial, which of the following is true? a. She is more likely to plead guilty. b. She is more likely to be convicted. c. She is more likely to receive a longer sentence. d. All of these are true.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: The Decision to Set Bail QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 7

TOPICS: Does Pretrial Release Affect Trial Outcome?

DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 1:24 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 1:25 AM 22. Why do civil libertarians oppose preventive detention? a. Because it is a violation of the Bill of Rights b. Because it tends to cost defendants their jobs c. Because it conflicts with the assumption that a defendant is innocent until proven guilty d. Because those detained are more likely to receive longer sentences than those released ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Decision to Set Bail QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Can High-Risk Defendants Be Identified?

DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 1:26 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 1:26 AM 23. Plea bargaining, a practice that has lately threatened to put the trial system out of business, has been practiced in the United States since which time period? a. Early 19th century b. Early 20th century c. Middle of the 20th century d. Middle of the 19th century ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Plea Bargaining in Criminal Cases QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 1:27 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 1:28 AM 24. Brian mugged a man by holding a knife to his neck. The victim handed over his wallet, and Brian took it and ran. He was later caught when he used the victim’s credit card to purchase alcohol. Brian has been charged with robbery, possession of a deadly weapon, fraud, and possession of stolen property. The prosecutor agrees to drop all but the robbery and deadly weapon charges if Brian pleads guilty. One could say that Brian was overcharged to put the prosecutor in a good position for which of the following? a. Charge bargaining b. Deferring prosecution c. Charge prosecution d. Sentence bargaining ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 8

REFERENCES: Plea Bargaining in Criminal Cases QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 1:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 1:29 AM 25. Kiara and an unidentified male committed a bank robbery. During the robbery, the unidentified male shot and killed a bank guard. Kiara was caught, but the male escaped. She is facing a long sentence, but is being encouraged, during plea bargaining, to do what she can to decrease that time in prison. What is Kiara likely being encouraged to do? a. Provide restitution for the bank guard b. Provide reliable information regarding her accomplice c. Community service work with children d. None of these is correct.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Plea Bargaining in Criminal Cases QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 1:30 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 1:31 AM 26. Which of the following has been cited as a justification of plea bargaining? a. A guilty plea doesn’t tax an already overloaded court system. b. Taking responsibility for one’s crime can be a step toward rehabilitation. c. The victim doesn’t have to relive the trauma in open court facing the defendant. d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Plea Bargaining in Criminal Cases QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Evaluations of Plea Bargaining DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 1:51 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 1:54 AM 27. Which of the following has been cited as a criticism of plea bargaining? a. The assigned sentence is often too strict for the crime. b. Innocent defendants might plead guilty because a trial will result in a worse outcome. c. Prosecutors do not exert much power in the negotiations, and guilty people get reduced sentences. d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Plea Bargaining in Criminal Cases Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 9

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Evaluations of Plea Bargaining DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 1:56 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 1:56 AM 28. Overconfidence bias in defendants causes which of the following? a. Making a plea decision based on possible gains as opposed to losses b. Making a plea decision based on possible losses as opposed to gains c. Rejecting reasonable plea bargains because of the belief that they will win d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Plea Bargaining in Criminal Cases QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychological Influences on the Plea-Bargaining Process DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 2:06 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 2:07 AM 29. The Supreme Court provides that defendants have a constitutional right to effective representation in plea negotiations, including information about prosecutor’s offers and competent advice, as a result of which of the following cases? a. Santobello v. New York (1971) b. Blakely v. Washington (2004) c. United States v. Salerno (1987) d. Lafler v. Cooper (2012) ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Plea Bargaining in Criminal Cases QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Evaluations of Plea Bargaining DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 2:07 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 2:08 AM 30. Which of the following is defendant’s reservation price in a settlement negotiation? a. Maximum amount of money that they would be willing to pay to reach an agreement b. Minimum amount of money that they would be willing to pay to reach an agreement c. Maximum amount of money that they would accept to settle the claim d. Minimum amount of money that they would accept to settle the claim ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 10

REFERENCES: Settlements in Civil Cases QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Factors That Determine Settlement Amounts DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 2:08 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 2:09 AM 31. Which of the following is the plaintiff’s reservation price in a settlement negotiation? a. Maximum amount of money that he or she would be willing to pay to reach an agreement b. Minimum amount of money that he or she would be willing to pay to reach an agreement c. Maximum amount of money that he or she would accept to settle the claim d. Minimum amount of money that he or she would accept to settle the claim ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Settlements in Civil Cases QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Factors That Determine Settlement Amounts DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 2:10 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 2:10 AM 32. In a settlement negotiation, people tend to believe that the evidence favors their position even if it doesn’t. This could be said to be an example of which of the following? a. A bargaining bias b. A self-serving bias c. An anchoring bias d. An adjustment bias ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Settlements in Civil Cases QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Factors That Determine Settlement Amounts DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 2:11 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 2:12 AM 33. Which of the following is a purpose of a trial? a. To determine truth and conflict resolution b. A perception of crime c. For protecting public safety d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 11

REFERENCES: What Is the Purpose of a Trial?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Trial as a Test of Credibility DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 2:26 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 2:27 AM 34. The image of a trial as a test of credibility is drawn into question when judges and jurors render judgments based on which of the following as opposed to the presented evidence? a. Witness characteristics, folklore, and stereotypes b. Evidence, witness, and truth c. Legal factors, confession, and psychologists d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: What Is the Purpose of a Trial?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Trial as a Test of Credibility DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 2:29 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 2:30 AM 35. Which is the process by which prospective jurors are questioned and selected to serve on a jury for a trial? a. A venire b. Voir dire c. Jury duty d. Selection ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Steps in the Trial Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Preliminary Actions DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 2:31 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 2:32 AM 36. Who usually presents the opening statement? a. Defense b. Prosecution or plaintiff c. Judge d. Defendant ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 12

REFERENCES: Steps in the Trial Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Trial DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 2:51 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 2:52 AM 37. According to studies, which of the following is true when the defense has been allowed to give an opening statement earlier as opposed to later? a. The verdicts were more favorable to the prosecution. b. The verdicts were more favorable to the defense. c. There were no significant differences in verdicts. d. There were more hung juries.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Steps in the Trial Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Trial DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 2:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 2:53 AM 38. A cross-examination that has effectively called into question the credibility of a witness may be said to have done which of the following to the witness? a. Impaired b. Perjured c. Impeached d. Disqualified ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Steps in the Trial Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Trial DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 2:54 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 2:54 AM 39. In the discovery process, the prosecution is required to turn over any evidence of which of the following that it has about the defendant? a. Incriminating b. Exculpatory c. Eyewitness d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: b Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 13

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Steps in the Trial Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Trial DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 2:55 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 2:56 AM 40. In which Supreme Court case was it decided that bail may not be excessive? a. Ring v. Arizona (2002) b. Blakely v. Washington (2004) c. United States v. Salerno (1987) d. Lafler v. Cooper (2012) ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Steps in the Trial Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Sentencing DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 2:56 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 2:57 AM 41. When a legal decision is appealed to a higher court, appellate judges typically review which of the following and determine whether to overturn the original decision? a. The pleadings b. The original trial transcripts c. The appellate briefs d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Steps in the Trial Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Sentencing DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 3:07 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 3:07 AM 42. When reviewing a decision in a civil case, an appellate court can do which of the following? a. Strike down the previous decision. b. Remand the decision to the supreme court for reconsideration. c. Reverse the earlier ruling. d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 14

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Steps in the Trial Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Appellate Process DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 3:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 3:14 AM 43. According to preliminary research, jurors may be more influenced by technological and animated evidence when which of these is present? a. It allows them to judge and eyewitness view for themselves. b. They understand the type of technology used. c. Both prosecution and defense use this kind of evidence. d. None of these ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Steps in the Trial Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Courtroom of the Future DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 3:15 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 3:17 AM 44. Which of the following is true of the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution? a. It requires any person arrested be brought before a judge within 48 hours. b. It requires any person arrested be temporarily incarcerated in a jail cell. c. It requires any person arrested be taken for a preliminary hearing. d. It requires any person arrested be presented in front of a jury.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Steps between Arrest and Trial QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Initial Appearance DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 3:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 3:18 AM 45. The grand jury consists of which of the following? a. Citizens drawn from the community b. Lawyers skilled at negotiating damage awards c. Judges and district attorneys d. Experienced supreme court judges ANSWER: a Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 15

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Steps between Arrest and Trial QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Grand Jury DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 3:19 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 3:20 AM 46. During the arraignment, what does the judge do for the defendant? a. Formally read out the legal charges levied against the defendant b. Appoint an attorney for the defendant if there isn’t one already c. Ask the defendant if he is pleading guilty or not guilty d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Steps between Arrest and Trial QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Arraignment DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 3:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 3:21 AM 47. What does the term “discovery” mean in civil trials? a. Deposing the witnesses on the opposing side b. Reading out the charges to the defendant c. Making opening statements at the beginning of a trial d. Deposing the defendant’s legal rights ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Steps between Arrest and Trial QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Discovery and Pretrial Motions DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 3:23 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 3:24 AM 48. When Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols were tried for bombing the Federal Building in Oklahoma City in 1995, Terry Nichols opted for which of the following motions? a. For a change of venue b. In limine c. To sever counts d. For separate trials ANSWER: d Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 16

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Steps between Arrest and Trial QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Discovery and Pretrial Motions DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 3:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 3:29 AM 49. Plea bargains or settlement negotiations are not frequent means for resolving cases. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Steps between Arrest and Trial QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 3:29 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 3:30 AM 50. A person may be arrested and not end up being charged. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Steps between Arrest and Trial QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 3:30 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 3:30 AM 51. The Sixth Amendment requires any person arrested be brought before a judge within 72 hours. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Steps between Arrest and Trial QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Initial Appearance DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 6:50 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 17

52. A defendant is allowed to testify before the grand jury. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Steps between Arrest and Trial QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Grand Jury DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 6:59 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 6:59 AM 53. Judges determine whether enough evidence exists to press charges against the defendant at the preliminary hearing. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Steps between Arrest and Trial QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Preliminary Hearing DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 7:00 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 7:00 AM 54. Judges are generally not willing to accept the sentence recommended by the prosecutor unless it meets a minimum sentence for at least the lowest charge. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Plea Bargaining in Criminal Cases QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 7:01 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 7:01 AM 55. Defendants are more likely to accept a plea bargain if it is presented in terms of gains rather than losses. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Plea Bargaining in Criminal Cases Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 18

QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 7:02 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 7:02 AM 56. It is possible for victims to be involved in the plea-bargaining process. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Plea Bargaining in Criminal Cases QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Evaluations of Plea Bargaining DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 7:03 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 7:03 AM 57. What is an arraignment? Describe and explain the activities that take place during the arraignment.

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

A grand jury gives its indictments to a judge, who summons those indicted to court for arraignment. At the arraignment, the judge makes sure that the defendant has an attorney and appoints one if necessary. The indictment is then read to the defendant, and the defendant is asked to plead guilty or not guilty. It is customary for defendants to plead not guilty at this time, even those who ultimately plead guilty. The reasons for a not-guilty plea at this stage involve providing opportunities for both plea bargaining and discovery, so that the defendant’s attorney can review some of the evidence against the defendant. In criminal cases, defendants and their attorneys want to be aware of the evidence the prosecution will use to prove its case. In civil trials, each side is entitled to discovery—that is, each side has a right to depose (or question) the witnesses on the opposing side and to review and copy documents that the other side might use at trial. Just how much the prosecution must reveal to the defense varies widely. Some states require prosecutors to turn over to the defense all reports, statements by witnesses, and physical evidence. Most states require only that the prosecutor share certain evidence (e.g., laboratory reports) and evidence that is exculpatory (i.e., that tends to show the defendant is not guilty or suggests that prosecution witnesses are not credible). In general, states require the defense to turn over the same types of materials that the prosecution must turn over. If the prosecution is required to reveal laboratory reports, the defense will likewise be required to share such reports. In many states, the defense is required to notify the prosecution if it intends to rely on certain defenses, notably insanity and alibi defenses. The reason for requiring such pretrial notice is to give the state an opportunity to investigate the claim and avoid being surprised at trial. During the discovery phase of the case, both sides file pretrial motions seeking favorable rulings on the admissibility of evidence. Motions commonly filed by the defense are the following: Motion for separate trials; Motion to sever counts; Motion for change of venue; Motion to suppress a confession or other statement by the defendant; Motions in limine.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Steps between Arrest and Trial QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 19

STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Arraignment DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 7:04 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 7:04 AM 58. Define, explain, and discuss the various legal and extralegal factors affecting judicial bail decisions and their implications.

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

Bail decisions are influenced by both legal and extralegal factors. Legal factors are related to the offense or the offender’s legal history; research has shown that bail is likely to be denied or set very high when the offense was serious and when the offender has prior convictions.

Even perceptions of crime seriousness matter: In one study, judges imposed higher bail on those charged with sexual offenses than on those charged with nonsexual offenses at the same statutory offense level. Since there is not strong, consistent evidence that defendants charged with sexual offenses are at higher risk to reoffend, they may be particularly disadvantaged in the bail-setting context. This suggests that judges may be considering even the legally relevant factor of crime seriousness in an unsystematic, stereotype-influenced way. Because laws relevant to bail decisions are ill defined and there is little public scrutiny of this step in the criminal process, extralegal factors such as offenders’ race and gender can affect judges’ decisions as well. There is evidence that this occurs. For example, in cases prosecuted by the New York County District Attorney in 2010–2011, judges detained a higher percentage of Black felony defendants (61%) than Latinos (56%), Whites (43%), or Asians (28%). After controlling for charge seriousness and prior record, Blacks defendants were still 10 percent more likely to be detained than White defendants. Even if race per se does not influence bail-setting, factors correlated with race, such as a defendant’s perceived probability of re-arrest, may guide judges’ decisions. In other words, racial and gender disparities emerge because judges regard Black defendants as more likely to be re-arrested than White defendants, and female defendants as less likely to be re-arrested than male defendants. Psychologists have assessed the cognitive processes that judges use in determining whether bail should be allowed. In some studies, judges respond to simulated cases presented as vignettes. In other studies, researchers observe judges dealing with real cases in the courtroom. In both settings, judges tend to use a mental shortcut called the matching heuristic: They search through a subset of available case information and then make a decision on the basis of only a small number of factors (e.g., offense severity and prior record), often ignoring other seemingly relevant information. This is not especially surprising; judges’ large caseloads force them to make fast decisions, and people often use shortcut reasoning strategies when forced to think quickly.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: The Decision to Set Bail QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: What Considerations Affect the Decision to Set Bail?

DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 7:05 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 7:06 AM 59. Define, explain, and discuss the various steps of a jury trial, from the opening statements to the final step before closing.

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

All trials—whether related to criminal law or to civil law—include similar procedural steps.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 20

At the beginning of the trial itself, lawyers for each side are permitted to make opening statements. These are not part of the evidence, but they serve as overviews of the evidence to be presented. The prosecution or plaintiff usually goes first, because this side is the one that brought charges and bears the burden of proving them. Attorneys for the defendant, in either a criminal or civil trial, can choose to present their opening statement immediately after the other side’s opening statement or to wait until it is their turn to present evidence. After opening statements, the prosecution or plaintiff calls its witnesses. Each witness testifies under oath, with the threat of a charge of perjury if the witness fails to be truthful. That witness is then cross-examined by the opposing attorney, after which the original attorney has a chance for redirect questioning. Redirect questioning is likely if the original attorney feels the opposition has “impeached” his or her witness; impeachment in this context refers to a cross-examination that has effectively called into question the credibility (or reliability) of the witness. The purpose of redirect examination is to “rehabilitate” the witness, or to salvage his or her original testimony. The defense, however, has one more chance to question the witness, a process called recross (short for “re-cross-examination”). After the prosecution or plaintiff’s attorneys have presented all their witnesses, it is the defense’s turn. The same procedure of direct examination, cross-examination, redirect, and recross is used. After both sides have presented their witnesses, one or both may decide to introduce additional evidence and witnesses and so ask the judge for permission to present rebuttal evidence, which attempts to counteract or disprove evidence given by an earlier witness. Once all the evidence has been presented, each side is permitted to make a closing argument, also called a summation. Although jurisdictions vary, typically the prosecution or plaintiff gets the first summation, followed by the defense, after which the prosecution or plaintiff responds and has the final word. The final step in the jury trial is for the judge to give instructions to the jury. (In some states, instructions precede the closing arguments.) The judge informs the jury of the relevant law. For example, a definition of the crime is given, as well as a statement of what elements must be present for it to have occurred—that is, whether the defendant had the motive and the opportunity to commit the crime. The judge also instructs jurors about the standard they should use to weigh the evidence.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Steps in the Trial Process QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: The Trial DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 7:07 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 7:08 AM 60. Define, explain, and discuss the different technologies used in the courtroom, what research says the possible effects this technology can have on different aspects of the trial process and trial outcomes, and what are some benefits and drawbacks of each.

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

Today, technologies being used in courts extend far beyond surveillance videos, which would have been novel only a few years ago. One noteworthy development is the proliferation of smartphone videos, particularly clips of encounters between citizens and police, which have dominated the news recently. Scores of websites dedicated to “cop-watching” now exist, and various groups monitor high-crime areas for examples of hostile police–citizen interactions.

Federal courts have affirmed the right to film police in action, and police departments have responded by investing in wearable cameras (“body-cams”), which film their actions automatically. Technology has provided other tools for attorneys and judges to use during trials. These include videoconferencing that permits live, two-way video and audio Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 21

communication between hearings and trials in courtrooms and remote sites—useful when witnesses and defendants are medically incapacitated or incarcerated, and to allow for the presence of interpreters in a courtroom; electronic and digital evidence, such as digital recordings, documents, and photographs, which allows judges and jurors to easily observe the evidence themselves, rather than hear others’ descriptions of it; computer animations and simulations that feature computer-generated depictions of complex physical events like accidents and crimes, often accompanied by voice-overs from participants in the event; and virtual reality technologies that allow observers to experience a re-creation of an event as if they were actually present when it occurred. Virtual reality environments allow judges and jurors to immerse themselves in an artificially created world such as a crime scene, operating room, factory, or accident site to gauge for themselves what could be seen from different points of view and what likely happened given the circumstances. Each of these high-tech methods raises interesting and complex questions that psychologists have begun to address.

What effect does remote viewing have on a judge or juror’s ability to determine whether a witness is credible and sincere? Are nuances of body language and verbal expression adequately captured in videoconferencing, or are they missing? Does the person testifying at a remote site—a setting that lacks the trappings and formality of a courtroom—feel less obligated to show respect and tell the truth? Answers are beginning to emerge, and they suggest that, among other things, defendants may be disadvantaged by videoconferencing. It results in less favorable outcomes for defendants in bail hearings, perhaps because it tends to be brief. Remote video technologies result in more deportations in immigration cases than inperson hearings because detained persons on video are less engaged in the adversarial process.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Steps in the Trial Process QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Courtroom of the Future DATE CREATED: 6/2/2023 7:09 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/2/2023 7:09 AM 61. Define and explain the matching heuristic.

ANSWER: They search through a subset of available case information and make a decision on the basis of only a small number of factors (for example, offense severity and prior record), often ignoring other seemingly relevant information. This is not especially surprising; judges’ large caseloads force them to make fast decisions, and people often use shortcut reasoning strategies like the matching heuristic when forced to think quickly (Kahneman, 2011).

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/9/2023 2:31 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/9/2023 2:32 AM 62. Why do defendants and prosecutors agree to plea bargain?

ANSWER: Defendants plead guilty in order to obtain less severe punishment than they would receive if they went to trial and were convicted. But why do prosecutors plea bargain? What advantages do they seek, given that they hold the more powerful position in this bargaining situation? Prosecutors are motivated to plea bargain for one or more of the following reasons: Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 22

(1) to dispose of cases in which the evidence against the defendant is weak or the defense attorney is a formidable foe; (2) to ensure a “win” when their office keeps a record of the “wins” (convictions) and “losses” (acquittals) of each prosecuting attorney in the office; (3) to obtain the testimony of one defendant against a more culpable or infamous codefendant; and most importantly, (4) to expedite the flow of cases for an overworked staff and a clogged court docket.

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/9/2023 2:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/9/2023 2:35 AM 63. Explain the importance of the case of Tim Masters.

ANSWER: A woman’s body was found in a field about 100 feet from his home; she had been stabbed and sexually mutilated. Detectives interrogated Masters, who admitted to walking past the body on his way to catch a school bus and failing to report it. They also searched his home, confiscating violent pictures he had drawn in his school notebooks. Over the next several years, prosecutors built a circumstantial case against Masters based on “psychological analysis” of his drawings, the fact that the murder coincided with the anniversary of his mother’s death, and their suspicions. Masters was convicted of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment in 1999. It was a case where prosecutors failed to disclose evidence to the defense team. He was eventually cleared by DNA evidence POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/9/2023 2:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/9/2023 2:35 AM 64. What is settlement negotiation?

ANSWER: Just as most criminal cases are resolved through plea-bargaining procedures prior to trial, the vast majority of civil disputes are also resolved (or settled) without a trial, typically in private negotiations between attorneys representing the disputing parties. This process is known as settlement negotiation. (Attorneys also negotiate with insurers, regulators, and sometimes even their own clients in an attempt to settle a dispute.) Most divorces, landlord–tenant disputes, claims of employment discrimination, and accident cases are resolved without a trial.

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/9/2023 2:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/9/2023 2:36 AM 65. What is the self-serving bias?

ANSWER: The self-serving bias (sometimes referred to as the myside bias) occurs when people interpret information or make decisions in ways that are consistent with their own interests rather than in an objective fashion. When evaluating their cases, people often have difficulty seeing the merits of the other side, believing that the evidence favors their position, and that the fairest Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 23

resolution is one that rewards them. For example, law students who were randomly assigned to represent one side or another in an appellate court case judged the evidence and moral value of their arguments as strongly supporting their arbitrarily assigned roles (Eigen & Listoken, 2012). Self-serving biases also lead to impasse because people who are unable to consider the perspective of their negotiation opponents are less likely to reach a deal than those who can take their adversaries’ perspective into account (Simon et al., 2020).

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/9/2023 2:34 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/9/2023 2:37 AM 66. The self-serving bias occurs when people interpret information or make decisions in ways that are consistent with their own interests, rather than in an objective fashion. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 12:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 12:29 AM 67. Anchoring occurs when negotiators are strongly influenced by an initial starting value and when, in subsequent discussion, they do not sufficiently adjust their judgments away from this starting point. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 12:29 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 12:30 AM 68. The defendant’s reservation price is the minimum amount of money that they would be willing to pay to reach an agreement, whereas the plaintiff’s reservation price is the maximum amount of money that they would accept to settle the claim. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 12:30 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 12:31 AM 69. Each witness testifies under oath, with the threat of a charge of perjury if the witness fails to be truthful.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 24

a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 12:31 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 12:32 AM 70. Preponderance of evidence usually means 75 percent. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 12:32 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 12:32 AM 71. The defense usually makes opening statements first, before the prosecution. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 12:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 12:33 AM 72. Ahmaud Arbery’s family asked that plea bargains not be accepted and that a trial be conducted for civil rights violations in connection with the murder of Ahmaud. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 12:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 12:34 AM 73. The judge did not accept plea bargains in the civil rights charges associated with Ahmaud Arbery’s murder, and the case went to trial. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 25

QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 12:34 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 12:34 AM 74. In considering the merits of their case, plaintiffs, defendants, and attorneys alike are influenced by psychological biases, often referred to as heuristics. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 12:35 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 12:35 AM 75. In considering the merits of their case, plaintiffs, defendants, and attorneys alike are influenced by psychological biases called which of the following? a. Mental shortcuts b. Augmented memory c. Heuristics d. Negations ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 12:35 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 12:37 AM 76. Which of the following biases occurs when negotiators are strongly influenced by an initial starting value? a. Confirmation bias b. Self-serving bias c. Heuristics d. Anchoring ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 12:37 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 12:38 AM 77. Which bias occurs when people interpret information or make decisions in ways that are consistent with their own interests, rather than in an objective fashion? a. Confirmation bias Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 26

b. Self-serving bias c. Heuristics d. Anchoring ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 12:38 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 12:39 AM 78. Most divorces, landlord–tenant disputes, claims of employment discrimination, and accident cases are resolved without a trial in a process called which of the following? a. Plea bargaining b. Settlement negotiation c. Settlement bargaining d. Settlement agreement ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 12:39 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 12:40 AM 79. Critics urge the abolition, or at least a revision, of plea-bargaining practices for which of the following reasons? a. Improper sentences—sometimes too harsh but more often too lenient—are likely. b. Plea bargaining encourages defendants to surrender their constitutional rights. c. Innocent defendants might feel pressure to plead guilty because they fear the more severe consequences of being convicted by a jury. d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 12:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 12:41 AM 80. This bias suggests that because defendants and their attorneys believe (incorrectly) that they have a chance to win at trial, they might reject reasonable offers from prosecutors. a. Confirmation bias b. Self-serving bias c. Overconfidence bias d. Availability heuristic ANSWER: c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 27

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 12:41 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 12:42 AM 81. Psychologists who study decision-making have learned that the way decision alternatives are presented—as either gains or losses—can have a significant impact on a person’s choice in a process called which of the following? a. Framing effects b. Confirmation bias c. Self-serving bias d. Availability heuristic ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 12:44 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 12:45 AM 82. The prosecutor drops some charges in exchange for a guilty plea in a process called which of the following? a. Settlement negotiation b. Charge negotiation c. Charge bargaining d. None of these is correct.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 12:46 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 12:47 AM 83. Judges have had the authority to preventively detain people who pose a risk of flight or danger, including violent offenders, individuals with severe mental illness, and those suspected of terrorism in a process called which of the following? a. Bail refusal b. Preventative detention c. Charge bargaining d. Punitive detention ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 28

DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 12:47 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 12:48 AM 84. Which particular type of factor is related to the offense or the offender’s legal history? a. Legal factors b. Extralegal factors c. Recidivism factors d. Paralegal factors ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 12:48 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 12:49 AM 85. Which of the following occurs when judges search through a subset of available case information and make a decision on the basis of only a small number of factors (for example, offense severity and prior record), often ignoring other seemingly relevant information? a. Availability heuristic b. Matching heuristic c. Primacy effect d. Recency effect ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 12:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 12:50 AM 86. Which of the following proposes that judges’ desire to protect the community is an important factor in their decisions? a. Focal concerns perspective b. community focal Perspective c. Paramount factors perspective d. Protective factors perspective ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 12:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 12:51 AM 87. A motion for moving the proceedings to a different location is called which of the following? a. Change request Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 29

b. Change of venue c. Motion in limine d. Motion to sever counts ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 12:51 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 12:52 AM 88. Which of the following is a request for a pretrial ruling on evidentiary issues? a. Motion to dismiss b. Motion de facto c. Motion in limine d. Motion to sever counts ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 12:52 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 12:53 AM 89. Esteban is a defense lawyer. He says that trying his client with another defendant would be prejudicial. Which of the following motions is he making? a. Motion for change of venue b. Motion for separate trials c. Motion in limine d. Motion to sever ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 12:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 12:54 AM 90. Roseh is a defense lawyer. She asked for a pretrial ruling on evidentiary issues. Which of the following motions is she making? a. Motion for a change ruling b. Motion de facto c. Motion in limine d. Motion to sever ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 30

DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 12:54 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 12:54 AM 91. Davon is a defense lawyer. He asks for his client to be tried separately on the various charges filed against him. Which of the following motions is he making? a. Motion for change b. Motion for separate trials c. Motion in limine d. Motion to sever counts ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 12:55 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 12:55 AM 92. Shakara is participating as a lawyer in a grand jury where she meets in private with citizens drawn from the community. Who is she? a. A defense lawyer b. A prosecutor c. A defendant d. A supreme court justice ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 12:55 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 12:56 AM 93. Carlos is a judge in a setting where the purpose is to filter out cases in which the prosecution has insufficient evidence.

What type of hearing is Carlos conducting? a. Grand jury b. Preliminary hearing c. Secondary hearing d. Pretrial hearing ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 12:56 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 31

DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 12:57 AM 94. Moses is a judge making sure that the defendant has an attorney, and the judge would appoint one if necessary. What type of hearing is Moses conducting? a. Pretrial hearing b. Preliminary hearing c. Arraignment d. Appointment hearing ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 12:57 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 12:58 AM

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 32

Chapter 09 1. For which of the following reasons has there been a decline in the number of cases being settled in trials? a. Litigation is expensive. b. The federal sentencing guidelines encourage offenders to plead guilty by allowing judges to decrease sentences for those who take responsibility for their offense. c. Both choices are correct. d. Neither choice is correct.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Alternative Dispute Resolution QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 12:15 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 12:17 AM 2. In one study, participants perceived a negotiation as fair when which of the following was true of the interaction? a. They felt listened to. b. They perceived the other party as trustworthy. c. They were treated with courtesy. d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Alternative Dispute Resolution QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 12:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 12:18 AM 3. The number of civil cases decided by trial in the federal courts has decreased significantly from 6.1 percent in 1982 to which of the following as of 2016? a. 6.4 percent b. 0.7 percent c. 1.8 percent d. 1.2 percent ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Alternative Dispute Resolution QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 12:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 12:19 AM 4. If one of the parties is not satisfied with the result of a nonbinding arbitration, which of the following is true?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 1

a. The litigant can ask that the case be tried before a judge. b. The litigant can ask that the case be tried before a jury. c. The litigant has no recourse; the litigant is bound by the decision. d. The litigant can ask that the case be tried before a judge and/or before a jury.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Alternative Dispute Resolution QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Arbitration DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 12:51 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/9/2023 3:02 AM 5. Which of the following has arbitration been criticized for in recent years? a. Moving too quickly and resulting in short-sighted verdicts b. Not allowing any evidence c. Being too formal and time consuming d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Alternative Dispute Resolution QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Arbitration DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 12:52 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 12:53 AM 6. Which of the following statements is not a true statement about a summary jury trial? a. The lawyers argue the case in front of a jury. b. The lawyers try to answer questions from jurors regarding the facts of the case. c. The jurors deliberate and make a final decision. d. The verdict is not binding.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Alternative Dispute Resolution QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Summary Jury Trial DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 12:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 12:54 AM 7. Consider the following situation: A jury has been empanelled, the lawyers tell the jurors what the witnesses would say if they were present, answer jurors’ questions about the facts of the case, and the judge provides information and answers Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 2

questions about pertinent law. The jurors then deliberate and render a binding verdict. What would this process be called? a. A focus group b. Arbitration c. A summary jury trial d. Mediation ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Alternative Dispute Resolution QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Summary Jury Trial DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 12:55 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 12:56 AM 8. Which of the following is true for arbitration? a. Parties present evidence and arguments. b. Binding arbitration clauses can be included in contracts. c. In some situations, the litigant can decide to go to trial. d. All of these are true ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Alternative Dispute Resolution QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Arbitration DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 12:56 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 12:57 AM 9. Why do lawyers tend to prefer mediation rather than arbitration or a trial? a. Lawyers like the idea that disputes are decided for them rather than settled by them. b. Lawyers like a situation in which there is a clear winner. c. Most lawyers enjoy the element of risk present in a mediation. d. Lawyers like the idea that disputes are settled by them rather than decided for them.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Alternative Dispute Resolution QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Arbitration DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 12:57 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 12:58 AM 10. People are typically risk averse; they like their conflicts to be settled in which of the following ways?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 3

a. For them b. By them c. By others d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Alternative Dispute Resolution QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Mediation DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 12:59 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:00 AM 11. The approach to law that views the law as a vehicle to improve the lives of those involved is which of these? a. Therapeutic jurisprudence b. Equity jurisprudence c. Egalitarian jurisprudence d. Altruistic jurisprudence ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: understand REFERENCES: Community Alternatives to Standard Prosecution QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Alternatives and the Sequential Intercept Model DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:00 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:01 AM 12. Problem-solving courts such as community courts, drug courts, and mental health courts could all be considered forms of which of the following? a. Therapeutic jurisprudence b. Equity jurisprudence c. Egalitarian jurisprudence d. Altruistic jurisprudence ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Community Alternatives to Standard Prosecution QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Alternatives and the Sequential Intercept Model DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:02 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:03 AM 13. Which of the following is a justification for community-based alternatives to traditional prosecution?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 4

a. Some alternatives handle offending in a more humanitarian and rehabilitative way. b. Community-based alternatives are expensive. c. Community-based alternatives offer programming that is like any other typically available in correctional facilities. d. The community prefers this to traditional prosecution.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Community Alternatives to Standard Prosecution QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:06 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:07 AM 14. Annual police encounters with citizens with mental health problems have been estimated at which of the following rates? a. More than 300 encounters per 100,000 population b. More than 700 encounters per 300,000 population c. More than 700 encounters per 100,000 population d. More than 300 encounters per 300,000 population ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Community Alternatives to Standard Prosecution QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Alternatives and the Sequential Intercept Model DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:07 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:08 AM 15. Crisis Intervention Team–trained police officers have been found to be which of the following? a. To be more likely to help individuals get mental health services b. To be likely to use physical force c. To be equally prepared to deal with persons with mental illness as other officers d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Community Alternatives to Standard Prosecution QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Alternatives and the Sequential Intercept Model DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:09 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:10 AM 16. Persons diverted at the law enforcement stage of the Sequential Intercept Model are which of the following?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 5

a. Less likely than non-diverted persons to be arrested during the following year b. More likely than non-diverted persons to be arrested during the following year c. Just as likely as non-diverted persons to be arrested during the following year d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Community Alternatives to Standard Prosecution QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Alternatives and the Sequential Intercept Model DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:11 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:12 AM 17. Some studies have found that persons diverted at the initial hearing stage of the Sequential Intercept Model evidence which of the following? a. Had more days in the hospital b. Had a greater number of arrests later on c. Had less homelessness d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Community Alternatives to Standard Prosecution QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Alternatives and the Sequential Intercept Model DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:13 AM 18. By the end of 2014, the National Institute of Justice estimated that there were more than which of the following amount of drug courts operating throughout the 50 states? a. 1,000 b. 2,000 c. 3,000 d. 4,000 ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Community Alternatives to Standard Prosecution QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Alternatives and the Sequential Intercept Model DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:29 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:37 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 6

19. According to one meta-analysis, which of the following is true of recidivism for offenders who were assigned to drug court in comparison with those who were not? a. They were equally likely to repeat their offense. b. They were more likely to repeat their offense. c. They were less likely to repeat their offense. d. They were more likely to commit a non–drug related crime.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Community Alternatives to Standard Prosecution QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Alternatives and the Sequential Intercept Model DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:52 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:54 AM 20. What percentage of men and women in jails suffer from a serious mental illness or posttraumatic stress disorder? a. 34 percent male; 17 percent female b. 54 percent male; 27 percent female c. 17 percent male; 34 percent female d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Community Alternatives to Standard Prosecution QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Alternatives and the Sequential Intercept Model DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:54 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:56 AM 21. By 2020, there were more than 450 of which of the following in the United States? a. Drug courts b. Mental health courts c. Homeless courts d. Veterans’ courts ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Community Alternatives to Standard Prosecution QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Alternatives and the Sequential Intercept Model DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:56 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 1:58 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 7

22. According to one recent study, some participants in mental health courts feel which of the following is true? a. They were wrongly denied the opportunity to participate. b. They were not coerced into participating. c. They did not know the program was voluntary. d. None of these is true.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Community Alternatives to Standard Prosecution QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Alternatives and the Sequential Intercept Model DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 1:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:01 AM 23. Which of the following has been observed of participation in homeless courts? a. Increased recidivism by offenders b. Decreased recidivism by offenders c. Fewer deaths of homeless individuals d. None of these have been observed.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Community Alternatives to Standard Prosecution QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Alternatives and the Sequential Intercept Model DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:01 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:04 AM 24. Domestic violence courts have been said to have which of the following? a. Fewer guilty pleas b. Greater compliance with judges’ orders c. Slow process of cases d. Less compliance with judges’ orders ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Community Alternatives to Standard Prosecution QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Alternatives and the Sequential Intercept Model DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:04 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:05 AM 25. Veterans’ courts first emerged in 2008 and are designed to offer diversionary programs and reduced sentences to Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 8

veterans with which of the following? a. Serious felonies b. Homelessness c. Misdemeanors d. None of these ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Community Alternatives to Standard Prosecution QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Alternatives and the Sequential Intercept Model DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:06 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:06 AM 26. What have some critics said about problem-solving courts? a. Guilt or innocence should be determined by mediation. b. Giving choice to someone to be rehabilitated is not fair. c. Prosecutors feel pressured to choose rehabilitation over protection. d. Defendants prefer trial by jury or plea bargaining.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Community Alternatives to Standard Prosecution QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Alternatives and the Sequential Intercept Model DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:07 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:07 AM 27. Deinstitutionalization has been linked to higher rates of which of the following for the mentally ill? a. Substance use b. Unemployment c. Incarceration d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Community Alternatives to Standard Prosecution QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Future of Community-Based Alternatives to Prosecution DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:08 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:08 AM 28. What is mediation?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 9

a. A neutral person working with the litigants and their lawyers to achieve a settlement b. The attorneys and judge discussing a settlement in favor of the defendant c. The court offering a settlement based upon the judge’s decision d. The attorneys and judge discussing a settlement in favor of both parties ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Alternative Dispute Resolution QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Mediation DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:09 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:10 AM 29. Which constitutional amendment states that “cruel and unusual punishments” may not be inflicted on the defendant? a. Fifth Amendment. b. Fourth Amendment c. Sixth Amendment d. Eighth Amendment ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Community Alternatives to Standard Prosecution QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:10 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:11 AM 30. A drug court is a kind of problem-solving court wherein serious drug users are which of these? a. Rehabilitated and monitored within the community b. Incarcerated and monitored within the prison system c. Incarcerated and rehabilitated within the prison system d. Incarcerated, without rehabilitation or supervision ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Community Alternatives to Standard Prosecution QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:11 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:11 AM 31. Which of the following is true of homeless courts? a. They were started in the late 1980s in all major cities across the United States. b. They are typically held in shelters or agencies that serve this population.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 10

c. They require the homeless to be separated from other offenders and lodged in temporary camps. d. They often take chronic offenders into custody.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Community Alternatives to Standard Prosecution QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Alternatives and the Sequential Intercept Model DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:13 AM 32. The training given in specialized police responding helps police officers do which of the following? a. Recognize behavioral health symptoms to make preemptive arrests b. Interact in a way that does not result in the escalation of conflict c. View minor arrests as an effective deterrent in the long run d. Choose self-protection when outnumbered by a rioting group ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Community Alternatives to Standard Prosecution QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Alternatives and the Sequential Intercept Model DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:13 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:13 AM 33. Which of the following is a procedure for mental health courts? a. The decision to join a treatment program usually requires the consent of both the offender and the victim. b. The decision to join a treatment program is made before an evaluation of the offender by considering the nature of the offense. c. The police officer decides whether the offender joins a treatment program. d. The charges are typically dismissed regardless of the offender’s compliance with the treatment plan.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Community Alternatives to Standard Prosecution QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Alternatives and the Sequential Intercept Model DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:14 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:14 AM 34. The Seattle Community Court handles defendants who have committed which of the following? a. Serious felonies, and they do not present a public safety risk b. Low-level misdemeanors, but they present a public safety risk Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 11

c. Serious felonies, and they present a public safety risk d. Low-level misdemeanors, and they do not present a public safety risk ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Community Alternatives to Standard Prosecution QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Alternatives and the Sequential Intercept Model DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:15 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:16 AM 35. Homeless courts were started in what state and what year? a. New York State in the late 1990s b. Southern California in the late 1980s c. South Carolina in the late 1980s d. Chicago in the late 1990s ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Community Alternatives to Standard Prosecution QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Alternatives and the Sequential Intercept Model DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:17 AM 36. Local problems such as vandalism, prostitution, shoplifting, vagrancy, and the like may come under the jurisdiction of which of the following? a. Drug courts b. Mental health courts c. Veteran courts d. Community courts ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Community Alternatives to Standard Prosecution QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Alternatives and the Sequential Intercept Model DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:18 AM 37. Approximately what fraction of Americans who served in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), traumatic brain injury, depression, or other mental illness? a. One-fourth Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 12

b. One half c. One-third d. One-tenth ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Community Alternatives to Standard Prosecution QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Alternatives and the Sequential Intercept Model DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:19 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:20 AM 38. There is growing evidence that alternative approaches such as specialized police responding and problem-solving courts do which of the following? a. Reduce the risk of criminal offending and also contain criminal justice costs b. Increase the risk of criminal offending and also increase criminal justice costs c. Increase the risk of criminal offending but contain criminal justice costs d. Reduce the risk of criminal offending but increase criminal justice costs ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Community Alternatives to Standard Prosecution QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Alternatives and the Sequential Intercept Model DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:22 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:23 AM 39. Which of the following is true of specialty courts, including mental health courts? a. They admit a large percentage of the people who are eligible since admission decisions typically involve multiple perspectives and parties. b. They admit only a fraction of the people who are eligible since admission decisions are entirely with treatment providers and are expensive. c. They admit only a fraction of the people who are eligible, and admission decisions typically involve multiple perspectives and parties. d. They admit only a fraction of the people who are eligible since prosecutors do not favor such a decision and prefer trials.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Community Alternatives to Standard Prosecution QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Alternatives and the Sequential Intercept Model DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:23 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 13

DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:24 AM 40. Most cases are settled without having a trial. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Alternative Dispute Resolution QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:24 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:24 AM 41. In civil cases, federal judges aren’t required to attempt to resolve disputes through alternative dispute resolution. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Alternative Dispute Resolution QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:30 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:31 AM 42. Verdicts in summary jury trials are binding on the involved parties. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Alternative Dispute Resolution QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Summary Jury Trial DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:31 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:33 AM 43. Families going through divorce and child custody who used mediation tend to be more flexible and cooperative than families who litigated and went to trial. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 14

REFERENCES: Alternative Dispute Resolution QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Mediation DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:34 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:34 AM 44. The success of some community-based alternatives to prosecution, as well as being less expensive, make them a good alternative to incarceration while also providing rehabilitation. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Community Alternatives to Standard Prosecution QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:35 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:35 AM 45. There are three stages in the Sequential Intercept Model. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Community Alternatives to Standard Prosecution QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Alternatives and the Sequential Intercept Model DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:35 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:36 AM 46. Mental health courts have been moderately effective in helping mentally ill offenders get treatment and in reducing recidivism. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Community Alternatives to Standard Prosecution QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Alternatives and the Sequential Intercept Model DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:36 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:37 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 15

47. Mental health courts are the most common type of problem-solving courts. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Community Alternatives to Standard Prosecution QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Alternatives and the Sequential Intercept Model DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:38 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:38 AM 48. Community courts are less likely to incarcerate offenders as part of the disposition of charges. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Community Alternatives to Standard Prosecution QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Alternatives and the Sequential Intercept Model DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:38 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:42 AM 49. Therapeutic jurisprudence includes specialty and problem-solving courts that deal with drug abuse, homelessness, domestic violence, and mental health. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Community Alternatives to Standard Prosecution QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Alternatives and the Sequential Intercept Model DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:10 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:10 AM 50. Discuss and explain the effectiveness of mental health courts, including two concerns about mental health courts.

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

Evaluations of mental health courts suggest that they have been effective in reducing recidivism, though whether they provide therapeutic value to participants is less clear. People who completed a treatment program associated with a rural North Carolina mental health court were 88 percent less likely to recidivate than people who did not complete treatment.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 16

Although findings are limited, it appears that mental health courts are also cost effective, reducing the need for services such as psychiatric emergency room visits and other crisis interventions. There are two broad concerns associated with mental health courts, however.

First, participants may feel coerced into participating. In one study involving over 200 participants, investigators found that although most said they had agreed to participate, the majority were unaware that the program was voluntary and did not understand many of the nuances of the program. This led the researchers to question whether diversion to mental health courts is truly voluntary. The second concern involves the selection of participants.

Specialty courts, including mental health courts, admit only a fraction of the people who are eligible, and admission decisions typically involve multiple perspectives and parties (e.g., clients, treatment providers, judges, prosecutors, defense attorneys, and victims). Recent studies suggest that gender and racial bias may influence the way that potential clients are identified, recruited, and eventually selected to participate. Specifically, White males are overrepresented in mental health courts. According to a meta-analysis of 18 studies, the majority of participants in mental health courts are White males in their mid-30s, whereas Black males constituted the largest demographic group in prisons and jails in 2007, and mental health diagnoses are more prevalent among underrepresented groups. A related concern is the possibility that the selection process, rather than the interventions provided, accounts for the modest positive outcomes associated with participating in mental health courts. This could happen if only those potential clients who accept their mental health disorder and who are amenable to treatment are invited to participate. After evaluating the selection procedures in six demographically diverse mental health courts, it was concluded that client selection might explain findings on the effectiveness of mental health courts.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Community Alternatives to Standard Prosecution QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Community-Based Alternatives and the Sequential Intercept Model DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:10 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:13 AM 51. Describe the premise and standard elements of problem-solving or specialty courts as opposed to traditional courts.

What are the similarities and differences?

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

Certain offenders are summoned back to court and returned to prison repeatedly. For them, the criminal justice system has become all too familiar home. Fed up with this model of “revolving-door” justice, states and communities increasingly are creating problem-solving courts (also called specialty courts) that combine the traditional criminal justice system with specialized treatment-oriented principles to address underlying causes of antisocial behavior.

The premise of specialty courts is that the legal system should help troubled individuals cope with the chronic problems that brought them into contact with the criminal justice system in the first place. This collaborative, non-adversarial nature of specialty courts, in which judges work side by side with mental health professionals, community agencies, and offenders themselves, focuses more on meeting the ongoing needs of participants than on punishing them. This approach, in which the law is used as a vehicle to improve people’s lives, is called therapeutic jurisprudence. Examples include courts specialized to deal with problems involving drugs, mental health, homelessness, and domestic violence, as well as veterans’ issues, and courts that integrate these problems, for example, by applying mental health court techniques in domestic violence cases. Regardless of the problem, all specialty courts involve a few common elements, including immediate interventions such as drug or alcohol Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 17

counseling, frequent court appearances in a non-adversarial context, an interdisciplinary team approach, and a set of clearly defined objectives. Working together with mental health providers, attorneys, and probation officers, judges in these courts become social workers and cheerleaders as much as jurists. Rather than impose punishment, they offer opportunities for people to deal with their addictions, anger, and disputes. Those who comply with the judges’ orders may have their sentences reduced or dismissed. Although some aspects of these courts are traditional—for instance, judges wear robes—many characteristics of specialty courts are unconventional. For example, the people who appear in court are often called clients rather than defendants. These “clients” are able to speak directly to the judge rather than communicating through their attorneys. Judges often have a great deal of information about clients and may interact with them over a number of years.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Community Alternatives to Standard Prosecution QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Community-Based Alternatives and the Sequential Intercept Model DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:14 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/9/2023 3:13 AM 52. Explain the informal mechanism of collaborative divorce and the method of mediation in divorce and how it is different from going to court. Discuss the case of Sarah Smith and David Boyle.

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

In the informal mechanism of collaborative divorce, lawyers and psychologists work with a divorcing couple to finalize all issues without going to court. Typically, there is a heightened sense of trust, openness, and disclosure in collaborative divorce. As in trials, procedural justice considerations are important in successful negotiations. People care about both the outcome of negotiations and the fairness of the process. In a study in which law students roleplayed attorneys in a simulated negotiation about a contract dispute, participants thought negotiations were fair when they believed that they had been listened to and treated with courtesy, and when they perceived the other party as trustworthy. An alternative to collaborative divorce (in which both parties employ their own lawyers, who agree to cooperate), a mediated divorce involves a third party who helps the couple to dissolve their marriage. Psychologists have assessed whether a mediated divorce leads to more desirable outcomes than litigation. One remarkable study assessed parent–child contact and coparenting in families whose custody disputes had been resolved 12 years earlier by either mediation or litigation. Families who mediated custody showed more cooperation and flexibility than families who litigated. In particular, nonresidential parents who mediated had more contact with their children and were more intimately involved in parenting, and fathers who mediated were much more satisfied with their custody arrangements. Compared to litigated divorces, mediation apparently encourages parents to comply with divorce agreements, to remain involved in their children’s lives, and renegotiate relationships in a more adaptive way. Whereas a full-scale divorce litigated in a courtroom can cost more than $75,000 and a negotiated divorce involving adversarial lawyers can total more than $25,000, Sarah Smith and David Boyle spent roughly $5,000 for their collaborative divorce in 2005.

Smith and Boyle, who live in neighboring suburbs of Boston, were mainly concerned about the welfare of their children, ages five and nine at the time. Together with their lawyers, Smith and Boyle worked out an arrangement by which the children spend time with each of them. Lawyers are increasingly likely to embrace collaborative divorce. As of 2007, more than 20,000 had received training in collaborative law, which requires them to pledge to work together with their clients and other professionals to devise outcomes that are beneficial Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 18

to all parties. Children of a divorcing couple reap a secondary benefit from collaborative divorce. Psychologists have shown that an important factor in emotional well-being in children is the nature of the parents’ post-divorce relationship. The extent of court involvement during the divorce (little, moderate, or high levels of litigation) is associated with children’s coping ability: the higher the level of court involvement, the less successful the coping ability.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Alternative Dispute Resolution QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:15 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/9/2023 3:13 AM 53. Explain the post-arrest events of initial detention/initial hearing and pre-trial services in the context of communitybased alternatives to traditional courts and incarceration.

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

If an individual is arrested upon first encounter with police or another first responder, the second intercept identifies the point at which that person is brought to “first appearance” before a judge. This occurs before the individual enters a plea or proceeds to trial. In some jurisdictions, there is a specialized team that works as part of the court system, identifying defendants who would be appropriate for behavioral health diversion. While some specialized problem-solving courts (e.g., drug court, mental health court, veterans’ court, community court) function at this stage, it is more typical to have them take referrals at Intercept 3. Accordingly, Intercept 2 diversion is more likely to send individuals directly to treatment, or assign them to specialized probation. A number of studies on Intercept 2 have used effectiveness criteria like those employed in studies on Intercept 1. Addressing outcomes for individuals who receive diversion following arrest, investigators have examined services use, mental health, substance use, offending, and quality of life. They have also employed criteria such as whether the individual had housing. Almost all the existing research identifies differences between diverted and non-diverted individuals at this stage. It is not necessarily accurate to conclude that such differences are attributable to the diversion; that would require the use of experimental designs (using random assignment to condition) that are virtually impossible to implement in a criminal justice context. (Judges and clinical administrators are understandably reluctant to allow random assignment of defendants to conditions, because an unfortunate outcome such as a serious offense committed by an individual in a no-treatment control group is hard to justify after the tragic event.) However, correlational designs, particularly when accompanied by a comparison group, can provide useful information on the strength (although not the causal direction) of the relationship between the diversion variable and the different outcomes. For example, the studies described later in this paragraph using a comparison group typically obtain their groups from (1) individuals who have been diverted, or (2) those in a standard condition such as probation, and consider how these two groups fare on certain relevant outcomes. This is sometimes called a quasi-experimental design, because it does not have the genuine experimental attribute (random assignment to group) that allows the researcher to control all variables except the one of interest—diversion status—and hence draw conclusions about whether diversion causes differences in outcomes. For this intercept, several investigators reported that diverted individuals had more time in the community, fewer hospital days in the community, fewer arrests, and less homelessness.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 19

REFERENCES: Community Alternatives to Standard Prosecution QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Community-Based Alternatives and the Sequential Intercept Model DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:17 AM 54. Describe and explain drug courts and how successful they have/haven’t been in reducing drug-related criminal activity.

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

The most common kind of specialty court is drug court, created to deal with offenders whose crimes are related to addiction. Drug courts developed in response to an increase in antidrug law enforcement efforts and stiffer sanctions for drug offenders during the 1980s and 1990s.

By the end of 2014, the National Institute of Justice estimated that there were more than 3,000 drug courts of various kinds operating throughout the 50 states. Drug courts were developed to address the abuse of alcohol and other drugs and criminal activity related to their abuse. Drug courts divert cases from the traditional criminal justice system and link drug-addicted offenders with treatment programs and extensive supervision. In exchange for successful completion of the program, the court may dismiss the original charge, reduce or set aside a sentence, assign some lesser penalty, or make a combination of these adjustments.

The ultimate goal, in addition to improving the lives of drug-addicted individuals, is to reduce the number of drug offenders in prisons. Findings about the success of drug courts in reducing drug-related criminal activity are encouraging, though some drug courts work better than others. A meta-analysis of 60 studies that compared a treatment condition to a control condition, and that included at least one measure of criminal behavior as an outcome measure, concluded that drug courts have a significant, though modest, effect on recidivism.

Offenders assigned to drug court had a 45.5 percent recidivism rate, while the comparison group had a 54.5 percent recidivism rate. The most successful programs were those that excluded violent offenders, worked with and treated offenders who had not yet entered a plea, and employed well-qualified and competent staff who ensured that the program was delivered as designed and who interacted positively with participants.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Community Alternatives to Standard Prosecution QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Community-Based Alternatives and the Sequential Intercept Model DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:18 AM 55. What is alternative dispute resolution (ADR)?

ANSWER: In contemporary times, you might easily get the impression that most lawsuits are resolved by a jury trial. In fact, most cases are resolved through negotiation or by alternative dispute resolution (ADR), and relatively few cases are settled in trials. This trend toward fewer jury trials, both civil and criminal, has been described as the “disappearing jury trial” (Diamond & Salerno, 2020). This decrease in jury trials may be considered in the larger context of a diminishing number of trials of any kind: bench (judge only) or jury.

POINTS: 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 20

QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:22 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:23 AM 56. Explain and describe arbitration.

ANSWER: One form of ADR, binding arbitration, bears the closest resemblance to a trial. When the parties agree to binding arbitration, they agree to accept the decision of an arbitrator. Salary arbitration in major league baseball is a good example. The contract between the owners and the players’ union provides that players’ salary disputes be settled by binding arbitration, and that the arbitrator must accept either the owner’s offer or the union’s offer but cannot split the difference. The parties have an incentive to make an offer as close as possible to the player’s “value” (their estimate of the arbitrator’s valuation of the player’s worth).

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:24 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:26 AM 57. Explain and compare a summary jury trial with a conventional jury trial.

ANSWER: A summary jury trial is much like a conventional jury trial, though shorter. A jury is empanelled, and the lawyers tell the jurors what the witnesses would say if they were present.

The lawyers argue the case and try to answer the jurors’ questions about the facts. The judge tells the jury what the law is and tries to answer jurors’ questions about the law. The jurors then deliberate and decide the case. In the original conception of a summary jury trial, the “verdict” did not bind the parties; it was merely advisory. Subsequently, verdicts became binding and enforceable. Regardless of these variations, the intent is the same: the process educates the lawyers and clients on how a conventional jury might view the facts and the law.

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:26 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:27 AM 58. Explain crisis intervention teams and their importance ANSWER: What if police officers received specialized training in recognizing behavioral health symptoms and interacting with such individuals in a way that did not result in the escalation of conflict—but instead yielded the opportunity for needed treatment? This is the goal of specialized police responding. In particular, the approach known as crisis intervention team (CIT) (Compton et al., 2008) provides police and other first responders (e.g., fire fighters, emergency medical personnel) with enhanced knowledge and skills for use when they encounter individuals who may be experiencing a behavioral health crisis. (Discussed also in Chapter 4.) CIT is intended to increase the number of treatment-oriented dispositions and decrease the number of minor arrests in such cases and to reduce the number of incidents in which the individuals or the police officers are harmed. For instance, an individual with bipolar disorder, off medication and experiencing a manic episode, might be taken by CITtrained police to the local psychiatric emergency room rather than arrested for disturbing the Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 21

peace and battery on an officer.

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:27 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:27 AM 59. What is the criminalization hypothesis, and why is it important?

ANSWER: According to the criminalization hypothesis, a subgroup of mentally ill offenders are arrested for offenses caused by their untreated symptoms of mental illness. Mental health courts were developed for offenders dealing with serious mental illness and seek to “decriminalize” this population. By 2020, there were 469 mental health courts in the United States (National Drug Court Resource Center, 2020).

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:28 AM 60. According to the criminalization hypothesis, a subgroup of mentally ill offenders are arrested for offenses caused by their untreated symptoms of mental illness. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:28 AM 61. Historically, legal responses to domestic violence cases have been fragmented, with different court divisions issuing restraining orders, prosecuting perpetrators, and protecting children. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:29 AM 62. In contrast to drug courts and mental health courts, each of which is characterized by jurisdiction over a very specific group, a community court is neighborhood-focused. a. True b. False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 22

ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:29 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:29 AM 63. Most lawsuits are resolved by a jury trial. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:29 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:30 AM 64. Alternative dispute resolution procedures will be accepted and used when they are respected and considered legitimate. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:30 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:30 AM 65. Problem-solving courts still use incarceration as a methodology of deterring crime. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:30 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:31 AM 66. Most local jails have treatment resources available, especially for people experiencing severe mental illnesses. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:31 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 23

DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:32 AM 67. Rodrigo is a judge for courts specialized to deal with problems involving drugs, mental health, homelessness, and domestic violence, as well as veterans’ issues, and courts that treat more than one of these problems. What sort of court does Rodrigo work for? a. Problem-solving court b. Arbitration c. Diversion programs d. Mediation court ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:32 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:33 AM 68. Bethany is a police officer who is specially trained to deal with persons with mental health issues. What specialized sort of team does Bethany belong to? a. CBT b. CIT c. Trauma response d. None of these ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:34 AM 69. Tremaine is a judge for a court whose focus is to rehabilitate and monitor individuals in the community rather than incarcerate them. Tremaine is a judge for which type of court? a. Arbitration b. Mediation c. Diversion d. Problem-solving ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:34 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:35 AM 70. A jury is empanelled, and the lawyers argue the case and try to answer the jurors’ questions about the facts. Tyson, the judge, tells the jury what the law is and tries to answer jurors’ questions about the law. What sort of trial is Tyson Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 24

overseeing? a. Grand jury b. Conventional jury c. Summary jury d. Arbitration ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:36 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/9/2023 3:19 AM 71. Laticia is a neutral person who works with the litigants and their lawyers to achieve a settlement of the controversy.

Which of the following is Laticia’s position? a. Judge b. Juror c. Negotiator d. Mediator ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:37 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:37 AM 72. Giselda is a volunteer for a neighborhood-focused alternative court, designed to address local problems such as vandalism, prostitution, shoplifting, vagrancy, and the like. What type of court does Giselda volunteer for? a. Drug court b. Neighborhood watch c. Community court d. Neighborhood arbitration ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:38 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:38 AM 73. Which of the following is one of the stages of the sequential intercept model (SIM)? a. First contact with police officer b. Bail hearing c. Post-initial hearings d. None of these Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 25

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:39 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:39 AM 74. What is one reason people prefer mediation? a. They feel risk-averse. b. It’s easier and cheaper. c. The sentences are less strict. d. None of these.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:40 AM 75. Which form of ADR bears the closest resemblance to a trial? a. Arbitration b. Mediation c. Summary jury d. None of these ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:43 AM 76. Which of the following was created by Federal District Court Judge Thomas Lambros in the early 1980s following his difficulty resolving two personal injury cases using other forms of ADR? a. Arbitration b. Mediation c. Summary jury trial d. None of these ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:43 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 26

DATE MODIFIED: 6/9/2023 3:26 AM 77. Which form of ADR involves a neutral person (the mediator) who works with the litigants and their lawyers to achieve a settlement of the controversy? a. Arbitration b. Mediation c. Summary jury trial d. None of these ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/9/2023 3:22 AM 78. Which of the following was developed to monitor people in the community rather than incarcerate them? a. Arbitration b. Mediation c. Summary jury trial d. Problem-solving court ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:46 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:46 AM 79. Which of the following is the term for when the law is used as a vehicle to improve people’s lives? a. Therapeutic jurisprudence b. Community courts c. Diversion d. None of these ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:46 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:47 AM 80. In civil cases, federal judges are required to attempt to resolve disputes through which of the following? a. ADR b. CIT c. Jury trial Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 27

d. None of these ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:47 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:48 AM 81. A summary jury trial is much like a conventional jury trial except for which of the following? a. There is no judge. b. There is no defense or prosecution. c. They are much longer. d. They are much shorter.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:48 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:49 AM 82. What is shuttle diplomacy in terms of mediation? a. The mediator goes back and forth between the parties. b. The mediator expedites matters. c. Both of these. d. Neither of these.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:51 AM 83. The SIM is one of the most effective of which of the following? a. Community-based alternatives b. Diversion programs c. Mediation programs d. None of these ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 28

DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:52 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/9/2023 3:28 AM 84. CIT is intended to increase which of the following? a. The number of arrests b. The number of treatment-oriented dispositions c. The rate of recidivism d. None of these ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:53 AM 85. CIT Is intended to decrease which of the following? a. The number of treatment-oriented dispositions b. The number of arbitrations c. The number of minor arrests d. The number of felonies ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:54 AM 86. A meta-analysis is which of the following? a. An experimental technique b. A statistical technique c. An analysis of crime records d. None of these ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:54 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:55 AM

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 29

Chapter 10 1. A qualified expert can testify about a topic if such testimony is relevant to an issue in dispute and if such testimony is more useful than which of the following? a. Unbelievable b. Disputed in the specific field c. Prejudicial d. Education ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Scope of Forensic Psychology QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 1:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 1:18 AM 2. Forensic psychologists generally make between what range of salary an hour? a. $50 to $100 b. $75 to $250 c. $200 to $800 d. $500 to $1,000 ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Scope of Forensic Psychology QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 1:20 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 1:20 AM 3. What condition(s) must be satisfied for an expert to give opinion testimony? a. The testimony has to be relevant to the issue at hand. b. The usefulness of the testimony must outweigh its prejudicial impact. c. The expert must have a college degree. d. The testimony has to be relevant to the issue and useful rather than prejudicial.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: The Scope of Forensic Psychology QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 1:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 1:21 AM 4. In Kumho Tire Co., Ltd. v. Carmichael (1999), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled which of the following?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 1

a. Expert testimony can be provided regarding DNA. b. Opinions tied to the technical or professional skills must rely on knowledge that are scientifically based. c. Behavioral scientists cannot testify because their methodology is not scientifically based. d. Mental health experts cannot testify because their methodology is not scientifically based.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: The Scope of Forensic Psychology QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 1:24 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 1:25 AM 5. When defendants enter a plea of guilty, they waive the right to which of the following? a. A jury trial b. To not confront their accusers c. To not remain silent d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 1:26 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 1:26 AM 6. A defendant who pleads guilty waives a variety of constitutional rights. Which Supreme Court case ruled that this waiving of rights must be done knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily? a. Ford v. Wainwright (1986) b. Dusky v. United States (1960) c. Medina v. California (1992) d. Johnson v. Zerbst (1938) ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 1:27 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 1:27 AM 7. The ruling that competence to stand trial is a “sufficient present ability to consult with [one’s] attorney with a reasonable degree of rational understanding, and…a rational, as well as factual understanding of the proceedings” stems out of which Supreme Court case? a. Ford v. Wainwright (1986) Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 2

b. Dusky v. United States (1960) c. Johnson v. Zerbst (1938) d. Mapp v. Ohio (1961) ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 1:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 1:28 AM 8. The standard for competence to stand trial was defined by the U.S. Supreme Court in which of the following? a. Dusky v. United States (1960) b. Johnson v. Zerbst (1938) c. Jackson v. Indiana (1972) d. Godinez v. United States (1993) ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 1:37 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 1:38 AM 9. One of the problems with the Dusky standard is which of the following? a. Judges do not typically allow it to be used when assessing competence. b. It does not specify how the evaluator should judge the sufficiency of rational understanding, when assessing competence. c. The American Bar Association has not agreed with its use when assessing competence. d. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that it should only be used on an inpatient basis when assessing competence.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 1:38 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 1:39 AM 10. The different abilities implicated in the competency to plead guilty include which of the following? a. Impulse control b. Attention and concentration c. Cognitive awareness and reasoning d. All of these are correct.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 3

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 1:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 1:40 AM 11. In Godinez v. Moran (1993), the Supreme Court ruled that the standard for which of the following will be used in federal courts for assessing other competence questions? a. Competence to plead guilty b. Competence to stand trial c. Competence to testify at trial d. Competence to confer with one’s attorney ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Adjudicative Competence DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 1:48 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 1:49 AM 12. Since Godinez v. Moran (1993), some scholars have suggested that instead of using terms such as competence to stand trial and competence to plead guilty, which of the following terms would be a better way to describe the multiple abilities that criminal defendants are expected to have? a. Overall competence b. Adjudicative competence c. Legal competence d. Multiple competence ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Adjudicative Competence DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 1:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 1:56 AM 13. Which of the following is a basic foundational question that a mental health professional would evaluate for adjudicative competence? a. Can the defendant understand the basic elements of the adversarial process? b. Can the defendant use reasoning to relate relevant information to his or her attorney?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 4

c. Can the defendant appreciate his or her legal predicament? d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Adjudicative Competence DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 1:59 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 1:59 AM 14. In 2011, Jared Loughner shot Congresswoman Giffords and multiple other victims. The issue of competency to stand trial was raised in his case. Ultimately, the court found what about Mr. Loughner? a. He suffered from schizophrenia but was competent to stand trial. b. He did not suffer from a mental illness and was competent to stand trial. c. He suffered from schizophrenia and was not competent to stand trial. d. He suffered from schizophrenia but was competent to plead guilty.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Evaluating Competence DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 2:01 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 2:01 AM 15. The question of a defendant’s competence can be raised by which of these persons? a. The police officer who arrested the defendant b. A forensic expert c. The presiding judge d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Raising the Issue of Competence DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 2:04 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 2:04 AM 16. A judge will order a competency evaluation if there is which of the following? a. No preliminary determination b. A bona fide doubt Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 5

c. A prosecutor’s claim d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Raising the Issue of Competence DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 2:06 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 2:06 AM 17. Defense attorneys have questioned their clients’ competency in up to approximately what percentage of felony cases? a. 50 percent b. 15 percent c. 80 percent d. 5 percent ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Raising the Issue of Competence DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 2:07 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 2:08 AM 18. Michael, accused of assault, was found incompetent to stand trial 16 years ago. Since that time, he has been held in a state mental facility. This is likely in violation of which of the following? a. Jackson v. Indiana (1972) b. Dusky v. United States (1960) c. Johnson v. Zerbst (1938) d. United States v. Masthers (1976) ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Results of Competence Evaluations DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 2:08 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 2:09 AM 19. Which of the following is a reason for doing a competence evaluation? a. To discover information that could lead to a possible insanity defense b. To guarantee the permanent incarceration of a potentially dangerous person Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 6

c. To encourage the judge to allow a lesser sentence d. To learn more about why the person committed the crime ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Other legal Competencies DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 2:10 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 2:11 AM 20. Which of the following is currently true of competency examinations? a. They are generally conducted on an inpatient basis and the defendant stays at the inpatient facility. b. Those done by nonmedical professionals are not as trustworthy as those conducted by physicians. c. The presence of psychosis or mental retardation automatically leads one to declare a defendant incompetent. d. Inpatient evaluations are seldom necessary.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Results of Competence Evaluations DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 2:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 2:12 AM 21. Generally speaking, who can perform competence examinations? a. Therapists b. Psychiatrists c. The presiding judge d. Counselors ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 2:13 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 2:14 AM 22. Currently, when one is evaluating competence, what really matters is which of the following conditions? a. Whether or not mental illness or mental retardation is present b. Whether or not the illness was a serious contributing factor to the person committing the crime c. Whether or not there is the ability to participate knowingly and meaningfully and assist the defense attorney Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 7

d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Evaluating Competence DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 2:14 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 2:15 AM 23. Over the past 20 years, most competency evaluations have been conducted in which location? a. Inpatient forensic facilities b. Specialized hospitals c. Correctional facilities d. Outpatient settings ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Evaluating Competence DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 2:15 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 2:16 AM 24. Oliver has been charged with murder and has a psychiatric history. He does not seem to understand the charge against him and has not answered any of the questions that his lawyer has asked him, so he has not been assisting with his defense. Although his IQ has been tested and found to be in the low normal range, he does not seem to understand that if he pleads guilty, he is going to go to prison. Which of the following is the crucial issue that will determine whether or not Oliver is judged as incompetent? a. His psychiatric history b. His inability to participate knowingly and meaningfully in the proceedings c. His inability to work with defense counsel d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Evaluating Competence DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 2:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 2:17 AM 25. One study evaluating the Interdisciplinary Fitness Interview found that interviewers using this measure to evaluate Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 8

competency agreed on final judgments about competence in which percentage of cases? a. Less than 20 percent of cases b. About 50 percent of cases c. Almost 100 percent of cases d. About 75 percent of cases ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Evaluating Competence DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 2:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 2:19 AM 26. In Betty’s competency examination, the evaluator conducted a structured interview, which includes 16 items in three broad domains: Factual Knowledge of Criminal Procedure, Appreciation of Personal Involvement in and Importance of Proceedings, and Ability to Participate in Defense. What assessment instrument was this evaluator using? a. Competency Fitness Screening Test b. Fitness Interview Test—Revised c. Interdisciplinary Fitness Interview d. Evaluation of Competence to Stand Trial–Revised ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Evaluating Competence DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 2:19 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 2:20 AM 27. Which of the following competency tests is a semi-structured interview evaluating a defendant’s abilities in five legal areas and assessing 11 categories of psychopathological symptoms? a. Competency Screening Test b. Competency Assessment Instrument c. Interdisciplinary Fitness Interview d. Evaluation of Competence to Stand Trial–Revised ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 2:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 2:21 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 9

28. A competency evaluation instrument that presents a hypothetical vignette about a defendant and uses 22 items to assess a defendant’s understanding of the legal system and reasoning abilities in legal situations is called which of the following? a. Fitness Interview Test b. Fitness Interview Test–Revised c. Evaluation of Competence to Stand Trial–Revised d. MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool—Criminal Adjudication ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Evaluating Competence DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 2:22 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 2:23 AM 29. Which of the following competency tests assesses a defendant’s ability to learn and apply new information and takes about two hours to complete? a. Competency Structured Screening Test for Criminal Defendants b. Competency Assessment Instrument of Criminal Defendants c. Fitness Interview Test for Competency to Stand Trial d. MacArthur Structured Assessment of the Competence of Criminal Defendants ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Evaluating Competence DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 2:23 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 2:24 AM 30. Daniel is being administered a competence test. During this test, Daniel gave a wrong answer to an open-ended question. The test administrator provided the right answer and then later asked Daniel other open-ended questions to assess whether he now has an adequate understanding of the area. What test is Daniel taking? a. Competency Structured Screening Test for Criminal Defendants b. Competency Assessment Instrument of Criminal Defendants c. Fitness Interview Test for Competency to Stand Trial d. MacArthur Structured Assessment of the Competence of Criminal Defendants ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 10

HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Evaluating Competence DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 2:25 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 2:26 AM 31. Paulina is undergoing a semi-structured interview to evaluate her competency. During the interview, Paulina’s factual and rational understanding of the proceedings as it pertains to her specific case will be assessed, as well as her ability to consult with counsel. In addition, the interviewer will attempt to determine whether Paulina is trying to exaggerate or fake deficits that might make it seem as though she is not competent to stand trial. What test is the interviewer using? a. Interdisciplinary Fitness Interview b. Evaluation of Competence to Stand Trial–Revised c. Fitness Interview Test d. MacArthur Structured Assessment of the Competence of Criminal Defendants ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Evaluating Competence DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 2:26 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 2:27 AM 32. Which of the following measures was specifically designed to evaluate competency in individuals with developmental disabilities that may impede their ability to participate in their defense? a. IFI-R b. ECST-R c. CAST-MR d. MacCAT-MR ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Evaluating Competence DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 2:29 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 2:30 AM 33. Which of the following is a red flag and should make evaluators suspicious that a defendant might be trying to fake incompetence? a. Refusing to take the competency screening test b. An extremely high score c. An extremely low score d. Responses that don’t score, are atypical ANSWER: c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 11

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Evaluating Competence DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 2:31 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 2:32 AM 34. According to some estimates, the incidence of malingering mental illness in competency evaluations nears what percentage? a. 3 percent b. 10 percent c. 31 percent d. 27 percent ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Evaluating Competence DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 2:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 2:33 AM 35. In Medina v. California (1992), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled which of the following? a. A coerced confession is not admissible. b. A state can require a criminal defendant to bear the burden of proof in a competence hearing. c. Competence to stand trial and competence to plead guilty are two distinct entities. d. A standard of clear and convincing evidence is the necessary standard of proof in competency hearings.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Evaluating Competence DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 2:34 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 2:34 AM 36. Which competency tool has a built-in measure to determine whether a defendant is exaggerating deficits and trying to fake incompetence? a. Interdisciplinary Fitness Interview b. Macarthur Competence Assessment Tool—Criminal Adjudication c. Evaluation of Competence to Stand Trial–Revised d. Interdisciplinary Fitness Interview—Revised Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 12

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Evaluating Competence DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 2:35 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 2:36 AM 37. In Cooper v. Oklahoma (1996), the Supreme Court ruled which of the following? a. A clear and convincing evidence of incompetence was too high a standard of proof. b. A clear and convincing evidence of incompetence was the required standard of proof. c. A preponderance of the evidence indicating incompetence was too low a standard of proof. d. A preponderance of the evidence indicating incompetence was the required standard of proof.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Evaluating Competence DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 2:36 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 2:37 AM 38. Approximately what percentage of defendants are typically found competent to stand trial in their competency evaluation? a. 20 percent b. 35 percent c. 55 percent d. 70 percent ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Results of Competence Evaluations DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 2:38 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 2:39 AM 39. At least one study has found that juvenile court judges consider which of the following valuable information when considering competency evaluations? a. Clinicians’ ultimate opinions b. Forensic and psychological testing c. Clinicians’ opinions about maturity Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 13

d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Results of Competence Evaluations DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 2:39 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 2:40 AM 40. Persons found not competent to stand trial often have higher percentages of mental illness and are charged with what type of crimes when compared to other defendants? a. Less serious b. More serious c. As serious d. None of these ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Results of Competence Evaluations DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 2:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 2:41 AM 41. Generally speaking, most defendants have their adjudicative competence restored after what duration of treatment? a. 2 weeks b. 3 months c. 6 months d. 1 year ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Results of Competence Evaluations DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 2:42 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 2:43 AM 42. As a result of Betty’s competency evaluation, the doctor concluded that Betty is not only incompetent to stand trial, but that she will probably never be competent. What could happen as a result? a. She could be committed to a hospital through involuntary civil commitment proceedings. b. She will likely be released for outpatient services.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 14

c. She will be released on bail for outpatient services. d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Results of Competence Evaluations DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 2:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 2:44 AM 43. To civilly commit an “unrestorably incompetent” defendant, the state must show the defendant is which of the following? a. Mentally ill and imminently dangerous to self or others, or unable to care for self b. Mentally ill but not dangerous to others c. Mentally ill and so gravely disabled as to be unable to care for others and self d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Results of Competence Evaluations DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 2:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 2:46 AM 44. Under what conditions can the government forcibly administer psychotropic medication to render a mentally ill defendant competent to stand trial? a. When the treatment is medically appropriate b. When the treatment is unlikely to have side effects that may undermine the trial’s fairness c. When the treatment is necessary to significantly further important government trial-related interests d. When all three of these conditions are satisfied ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Results of Competence Evaluations DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 2:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 2:54 AM 45. One aspect of the waiver of Miranda rights is that defendants make a confession only after having waived these rights knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily. At times, mental health professionals are asked to evaluate a defendant’s Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 15

capacity to waive their Miranda rights. This evaluation is particularly difficult because of which of the following? a. The professional’s evaluation usually occurs months after the defendant waived their rights and confessed.. b. Evaluators do not have the ability to decide if one’s rights were waived voluntarily. c. The judge limits the evaluation period to only 2 weeks, hardly enough time to do a full assessment. d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Other legal Competencies DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 2:55 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 2:55 AM 46. What is the Supreme Court’s view on a defendant’s right to represent themself at trial? a. The defendant’s decision must be made competently. b. The judge must be convinced that the waiver of counsel was uncoerced and intelligent. c. The defendant must have a law degree. d. Both the decision must be made competently and the waiver uncoerced and intelligent ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Other legal Competencies DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 2:56 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 2:57 AM 47. In Whalen v. United States (1965), the court ruled which of the following? a. Defendants can be made to plead insanity against their will. b. Defendants can be made to take medication against their will. c. Defendants must be competent to be executed. d. Defendants must be competent to stand trial.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Other legal Competencies DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 2:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 2:58 AM 48. In Frendak v. United States (1979), the Court found that a defendant can reject an insanity plea if which of the Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 16

following conditions is met? a. The defendant understands the alternative pleas available. b. The defendant understands the consequences of the pleas. c. Both options are correct. d. Neither option is correct.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Other legal Competencies DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 2:59 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 3:00 AM 49. In Ford v. Wainwright (1986), the court ruled which of the following? a. Defendants can be made to plead insanity against their will. b. Defendants can be made to take medication against their will. c. Defendants must be competent to be executed. d. Defendants must be competent to stand trial.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Other legal Competencies DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 3:00 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 3:01 AM 50. Grisso et al. (2003), in a study of adolescents in juvenile detention facilities and community settings, found which of the following? a. Deficits in functional legal capacities were associated with lower IQ. b. Certain adolescents were as impaired in their legal capacities as mentally ill adults found incompetent. c. Neither of these d. Both of these ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Juvenile Competence to Stand Trial DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 3:02 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 3:02 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 17

51. Andrea Yates was found not guilty by reason of insanity in her original trial. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: The Scope of Forensic Psychology QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 3:05 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 3:06 AM 52. Misha has been charged with murder, but he does not seem to understand the charge against him. He does not seem to understand that if he pleads guilty, he is going to go to prison. He has not been rational the entire time he has been in custody. Since a defendant’s competence is only evaluated in terms of one’s ability to stand trial, it is likely that he will just be advised to go ahead and enter a plea. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Adjudicative Competence DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 3:09 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 3:09 AM 53. It is possible for a psychotic individual to be competent to stand trial in one trial, but not in another, more complex trial. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Evaluating Competence DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 3:10 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 3:10 AM 54. Many defendants referred for competence evaluations are determined to be incompetent. a. True b. False ANSWER: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 18

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Facts about the Insanity Defense DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 3:11 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 3:11 AM 55. Most states established a criterion of “preponderance of the evidence” in competency cases. In other words, a defendant had to show that it was more likely than not that they were incompetent. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Evaluating Competence DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 3:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 3:12 AM 56. Competency focuses on a defendant’s present abilities instead of their mental state when the offense was committed. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 3:13 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 3:13 AM 57. Insanity is a psychological term used by psychologists. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Insanity Defense QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 3:14 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 3:14 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 19

58. Researchers have found that most defendants who are found not guilty by reason of insanity tend to have a higher socioeconomic status. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Insanity Defense QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Revisions and Reforms of the Insanity Defense DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 3:15 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 3:15 AM 59. Most states use the age of 14 or 15 as the age cut off for prosecution in the adult system. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Juvenile Transfer QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 3:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 3:16 AM 60. Research generally supports the idea of trying juvenile offenders as adults in adult court. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Juvenile Transfer QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 3:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 3:17 AM 61. What is meant by “competence to stand trial”?

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

Competence to stand trial refers to a defendant’s capacity to function meaningfully and knowingly in a legal proceeding. Defendants may be adjudicated (i.e., determined by a judge) to be incompetent if they are seriously deficient in one or more abilities, such as understanding the legal proceedings, communicating with their attorneys, appreciating their role in the proceedings, or making legally relevant decisions. Concerns about a defendant’s competence are tied to one fundamental principle: Criminal proceedings should not continue Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 20

against someone who cannot understand their nature and purpose, or cannot assist in defending against prosecution on these charges. The accepted national standard for competence to stand trial is a “sufficient present ability to consult with [one’s] attorney with a reasonable degree of rational understanding, and ... a rational, as well as factual, understanding of the proceedings against [one]” (Dusky v. United States, 1960). With minor differences across jurisdictions, this is the standard for competence to stand trial in all U.S. courts. It establishes the basic criteria for competence as the capacities for factual and rational understanding of the court proceedings and for consulting with one’s attorney in a rational way. These criteria refer to present abilities rather than to the mental state of the defendant at the time of the alleged offense, which, as we will discuss later, is the focus of evaluations of a defendant’s sanity. Given the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Dusky, the requirement that a defendant be competent to stand trial has a Constitutional basis. The Dusky standard does not specify how the evaluator assessing competence should judge the sufficiency of rational understanding, ability to consult, or factual understanding. However, to allow evaluators to provide courts with more detailed information in these areas, a number of courts and mental health groups have expanded on Dusky by listing more specific criteria related to competence.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Competence QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 3:20 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 3:20 AM 62. Provide and explain four reasons for doing a competence evaluation.

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

Competence evaluations are used for several tactical reasons. Attorneys use them to obtain information about a possible insanity defense, to guarantee the temporary incarceration of a potentially dangerous person without going through the cumbersome procedures of involuntary civil commitment, to deny bail, and to delay the trial as one side tries to gain an advantage over the other.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 3:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 3:22 AM 63. Explain the M’Naghten rule, how many U.S. states use this legal standard, and what its critics say about its use.

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

The M’Naghten rule, which became the standard for defining insanity in Great Britain and the United States, “excuses” criminal conduct if defendants, as a result of a “disease of the mind,” (1) did not know what they were doing (e.g., believed they were shooting an animal rather than a human), or (2) did not know that what they were doing was wrong (e.g., believed killing unarmed strangers was “right”).The M’Naghten rule (or a close variation) is used in 23 states and the federal jurisdiction (US Legal LawDigest, 2016), so it is the most frequently employed legal standard for insanity in the United States. It has often been criticized on the basis that the cognitive focus (“knowing wrongfulness”) is too limiting and Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 21

does not allow consideration of motivational and other influences affecting the control of behavior.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: The Insanity Defense QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Varying Insanity Defense Rules DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 3:22 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 3:23 AM 64. Discuss the three ways that juveniles can be transferred to criminal (adult) court. What does the research say about sending juveniles to adult court?

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

Juveniles can be transferred to criminal (adult) court in several different ways. The state legislature in a given jurisdiction can determine that certain offenses allegedly committed by an adolescent must be filed directly in adult court. For example, a state legislature may pass a law dictating that certain serious felony charges (e.g., armed robbery, sexual battery) be prosecuted in criminal court if the defendant is over a certain age. This approach to transfer has been called statutory exclusion. As of 2017, 29 states had statutory exclusion for certain offenses. A second approach to transferring juveniles to criminal court has been termed judicial waiver. When this procedure is used, the juvenile court judge uses discretion to decide whether the youth should be transferred to criminal court (as of 2009, 44 states plus the District of Columbia had this kind of option; 13 states plus D.C. had presumptive transfer schemes in which certain circumstances create the assumption of transfer; and15 states had mandatory transfer schemes for certain circumstances). In exercising judicial discretion regarding transfer, the judge typically considers statutorily specified influences such as the youth’s risk to public safety, amenability to treatment, and maturity. Such factors can be evaluated by mental health professionals, and the results described in the report and in expert testimony, to help inform the judge in making this decision. Generally, judicial discretion transfer laws authorize, but do not mandate, a move to adult court. A third approach to juvenile transfer is called prosecutorial discretion, which requires prosecutors to decide whether cases are filed initially in juvenile or adult court. As of 2017, 14 states plus the District of Columbia had established the option of prosecutorial discretion for certain offenses.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Juvenile Transfer QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 3:24 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 3:24 AM 65. Explain the relevance of the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Dusky v. United States, 1960.

ANSWER: The accepted national standard for competence to stand trial is a “sufficient present ability to consult with [one’s] attorney with a reasonable degree of rational understanding, and ... a rational, as well as factual, understanding of the proceedings against [one]” (Dusky v. United States, 1960). With minor differences across jurisdictions, this is the standard for competence Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 22

to stand trial in all United States courts. It establishes the basic criteria for competence as the capacities for factual and rational understanding of the court proceedings and for consulting with one’s attorney in a rational way. These criteria refer to present abilities rather than to the mental state of the defendant at the time of the alleged offense, which is the focus of evaluations of a defendant’s sanity. Given the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Dusky, the requirement that a defendant be competent to stand trial has a Constitutional basis. The Dusky standard does not specify how the evaluator assessing competence should judge the sufficiency of rational understanding, ability to consult, or factual understanding. However, to allow evaluators to provide courts with more detailed information in these areas, a number of courts and mental health groups have expanded on Dusky by listing more specific criteria related to competence.

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 4:30 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 4:31 AM 66. What is meant by competence to plead guilty?

ANSWER: Logically, competence to plead guilty would require that defendants understand the alternatives they face and can make a reasoned choice among them. In some respects, this standard is more demanding than that for competence to stand trial. Defendants standing trial must be aware of the nature of the proceedings and able to cooperate with counsel in presenting the defense, paying attention to the proceedings and controlling their behavior over the course of a trial. This creates a strong demand for attention, concentration, and behavioral control. Defendants pleading guilty, on the other hand, must understand the possible consequences of pleading guilty instead of going to trial and must be able to make a rational choice between the alternatives. This underscores the importance of the defendant’s cognitive awareness and reasoning.

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 4:31 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 4:31 AM 67. Explain competence to be sentenced.

ANSWER: For legal and humanitarian reasons, convicted defendants are not to be sentenced unless they are competent. In general, the standard for this competence is that defendants can understand the punishment and the reasons why it is being imposed and can meaningfully execute their right to address the court at sentencing. Competence to be sentenced is often a more straightforward question for the clinician to evaluate than adjudicative competence, which involves issues of whether the accused can interact effectively with counsel and appreciate alternative courses of action.

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 4:32 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 4:32 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 23

68. Explain mens rea and how it relates to guilt.

ANSWER: The legal standards that define criminal responsibility vary from state to state, but in all states, the defendant is initially presumed to be responsible for their alleged offense.

Therefore, if pleading insanity, defendants must present some evidence that would rebut the initial presumption of criminal responsibility in their case. A related legal issue is the assessment of mens rea, or the mental state of knowing the nature and quality of a forbidden act. To be a criminal offense, an act not only must be illegal but also must be accompanied by the necessary mens rea, or guilty mind.

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 4:34 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 4:37 AM 69. Explain the Brawner rule.

ANSWER: A committee of legal scholars in the American Law Institute developed the Model Penal Code, intended to standardize penal laws in the United States. Included in the Model Penal Code is the Brawner rule, which states that a defendant is not responsible for criminal conduct if the defendant “at the time of such conduct as a result of mental disease or defect, [lacks] substantial capacity either to appreciate the criminality [wrongfulness] of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law.” This standard, or a variation, allows judges and juries to consider whether mentally ill defendants have the capacity to understand the nature of their acts or to behave in a lawful way. As of 2022, it was used in 20 states (https://criminallaw.uslegal.com/ defense-of-insanity/the-insanity-defense-among-thestates/). Federal courts have also adopted the Brawner rule in drastically altered form.

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 4:37 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 4:38 AM 70. The Brawner rule and the M’Naghten are essentially the same. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 4:38 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 4:39 AM 71. In the case of Jeffrey Dahmer, jurors rejected a plea of insanity as a defense against murder charges. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 24

QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 4:39 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 4:39 AM 72. Co-occurring disorders, particularly major mental illness and substance abuse, are common in those acquitted by reason of insanity. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 4:48 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 4:48 AM 73. Several states allow a defense of diminished capacity, which is a legal doctrine that applies to defendants who lack the ability to commit a crime purposely and knowingly. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 4:48 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 4:49 AM 74. Research shows that at age 16, juveniles have the same capacity as adults and should be tried as adults. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 4:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 4:49 AM 75. Reverse transfer is when a prisoner is sent from a prison to a mental health facility a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 4:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 4:50 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 25

76. The question of a defendant’s competence is the clinical-legal issue most frequently assessed in the criminal justice system. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 4:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 4:50 AM 77. Latoya is discussing competence issues with another judge. They are questioning whether, if there is evidence that a defendant was not mentally responsible for criminal acts, courts have a duty to require that the defendant plead insanity when the defendant does not want to do so. Which of the following are they discussing? a. Competence to stand trial b. Competence to waive Miranda c. Competence to plead guilty d. Competence to refuse the insanity defense ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 4:51 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 4:55 AM 78. Jaime is a judge in criminal court who decides that Benito, a juvenile, should not remain in adult court. Which of the following in Jaime doing? a. Reverse transfer b. Judicial privilege c. Judicial discretion d. None of these ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 4:56 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 4:56 AM 79. Tremaine is a judge who thinks most juveniles should not be tried as adults. Which of the following is true of Tremaine’s views? a. It is inconsistent with most research. b. It is consistent with most research. c. It is consistent with Mens Rea. d. None of these ANSWER: b Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 26

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 4:56 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 4:57 AM 80. Dreyvon is a psychologist testifying about a defendant’s competence and mental state. He is allowed to describe the defendant’s mental state, the impact the defendant’s mental disorder could have on the defendant’s thinking, but he is not allowed to comment on whether the defendant is sane or insane. This follows which of the following? a. Ultimate opinion testimony b. NGRI defense c. Reverse order d. Judicial privilege ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 4:57 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 4:58 AM 81. Which of the following is not one of the four states that requires “clear and convincing” regarding competence rather than a “preponderance of evidence”? a. Pennsylvania b. Connecticut c. Oklahoma d. Alabama ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 4:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 4:59 AM 82. Samir does research using a test that is a structured interview for assessing a person’s competence to stand trial. Like the IFI-R, it uses a structured professional judgment approach to assessing competence capacities. Which test does he use? a. ECST-R b. FIT-R c. CIT d. SCID ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 27

HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 4:59 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 5:00 AM 83. Competence to stand trial refers to which of the following? a. To a defendant’s capacity to function meaningfully and knowingly in a legal proceeding b. To a defendant’s intelligence c. To whether or not a defendant meets criteria for a mental disorder d. None of these ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 5:00 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 5:01 AM 84. Which of these competency issues would require that defendants understand the alternatives they face and can make a reasoned choice among them? a. Competence to stand trial b. Competence to plead guilty c. Adjudicative competence d. Competence to refuse insanity defense ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 5:01 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 5:02 AM 85. What is the outcome of the Unabomber (Kaczynski) trial? a. He plead insanity and was convicted of murder. b. His lawyers wanted him to plead guilty rather than insanity. c. He did not want to plead insanity and instead plead guilty. d. None of these ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 5:02 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 5:03 AM 86. Mens rea refers to which of the following? a. Guilty mind Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 28

b. Guilty act c. Knowing something is wrong d. Being mentally ill ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 5:03 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 5:17 AM 87. Daniel M’Naghten shot and killed the private secretary of the British prime minister. Which of the following is true of M’Naghten? a. He was plagued by paranoid delusions. b. He was a sociopath. c. He could not feel guilt. d. He thought MI6 ordered him to do it.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 5:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/9/2023 4:43 AM 88. The Brawner rule comes from which of the following countries? a. England b. United States c. Germany d. Canada ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 5:19 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 5:19 AM 89. Which of the following modified the existing insanity defense (eliminated the “volitional” prong and retained the “cognitive” prong), with the expectation that fewer defendants would be able to use it successfully? a. The Cognitive Responsibility Act b. The Competence Reform Act c. The Insanity Defense Reform Act d. The Trial Reform Act ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 29

DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 5:19 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 5:20 AM 90. Which of the following is not true about Jeffrey Dahmer? a. He was executed in prison. b. He dismembered people. c. He pled insanity. d. All of these are true.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 5:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 5:22 AM 91. Which is a legal doctrine that applies to defendants who lack the ability to commit a crime purposely and knowingly? a. Insanity defense (NGRI) b. Diminished capacity c. Diminished mental health d. None of these ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 5:22 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 5:23 AM 92. Which of the following is not a justification for sending juveniles to adult criminal court? a. A charge of homicide b. A charge of other specific violent felonies c. A history of prior juvenile offending d. A age of above 13 ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 5:23 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 5:24 AM 93. A state legislature may pass a law dictating that certain serious felony charges (e.g., armed robbery, sexual battery) be Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 30

prosecuted in criminal court if the defendant is over a certain age, and this is called which of the following? a. Reverse order b. Statutory exclusion c. Adult exception d. Juvenile exclusion ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 5:24 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 5:25 AM 94. Which of the following is when the juvenile court judge decides whether the youth should be transferred to criminal court? a. Judicial privilege b. Statutory exclusion c. Juvenile exclusion d. Judicial discretion ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 5:25 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 5:26 AM 95. Which of the following requires prosecutors to decide whether cases are filed initially in juvenile or adult court? a. Judicial privilege b. Judicial discretion c. Prosecutorial privilege d. Prosecutorial discretion ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 5:26 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 5:27 AM 96. Many states provide this option, allowing the criminal court judge to review the case and determine whether the youth should remain in adult court. a. Judicial privilege b. Reverse transfer c. Judicial discretion d. Statutory exclusion Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 31

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/5/2023 5:27 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/5/2023 5:28 AM

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 32

Chapter 11 1. Which of the following conditions needs to be met for an expert to testify? a. The topic of testimony is irrelevant to the issue in dispute. b. The usefulness of the testimony outweighs whatever prejudicial impact it might have. c. The judge may decide the need of expert testimony. d. The available evidence doesn’t measure up to the scientific standards.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Experts in the Adversarial System QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:19 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:20 AM 2. Which of the following has not been stated as a concern regarding testimony by psychological or psychiatric experts? a. The scientific foundations for a lot of testimony offered in court are often less than adequate. b. The testimony is of limited relevance to the details of the case. c. Experts do not get enough opportunities to testify about “ultimate issues” such as whether the defendant is insane. d. Expert testimony is very expensive, so the side with the most money has an advantage over the other.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Experts in the Adversarial System QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:22 AM 3. Susan has been charged with murder and has pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity. The defense wants an expert to testify on the topic of Susan’s mental health status. If the defense were to comply with proposed reforms of expert testimony, how would this expert potentially be chosen? a. The expert would be chosen by a panel of judges. b. The presiding judge would choose the expert. c. The defense attorney would recommend the expert. d. The expert will be appointed on the recommendation of the court.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Experts in the Adversarial System QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:23 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:24 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 1

4. One of the proposed reforms regarding expert testimony has been to bar any reference to “expert” testimony and instead refer to which of the following? a. defense or prosecution testimony b. approved testimony c. opinion testimony d. specialist testimony ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Experts in the Adversarial System QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:25 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:25 AM 5. Torts are part of which of the following? a. Criminal cases b. Civil cases c. Workers’ compensation cases d. Competency hearings ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Psychological Damages to Civil Plaintiffs QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:27 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:27 AM 6. Which of the following is not involved in proving tort? a. Duty b. Harm c. Breached duty d. Conservatorship ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Psychological Damages to Civil Plaintiffs QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:29 AM 7. A proximate cause is which of the following? a. An obvious reason why a given harm occurred b. When there is no obvious reason why a given harm occurred Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 2

c. What precedes the event in question d. What follows the event in question ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Psychological Damages to Civil Plaintiffs QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:29 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:30 AM 8. Historically, the law has been reluctant to compensate for which of the following to civil plaintiffs? a. Destruction of personal property b. Physical injuries c. Emotional distress d. Slander ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Psychological Damages to Civil Plaintiffs QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:30 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:32 AM 9. The sailors who survived the capsizing of the Aleutian Enterprise filed a lawsuit against the company that owned the ship, claiming they suffered psychological harm (e.g., posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD]) as a result of this event. What was the outcome of this case? a. The court did not compensate them because they were not hurt physically and were exposed only to typical dangers of their job. b. They were compensated for their psychological injuries because they had been in the “zone of danger.” c. The court did not compensate them because they were not close enough to the “zone of danger” to be eligible for compensation. d. They were compensated because PTSD was diagnosed in all of the sailors by experts hired by both sides.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Psychological Damages to Civil Plaintiffs QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:34 AM 10. Last year Davea took her eight-year-old son to the State Fair and put him on the roller coaster. She was horrified to see that shortly after the ride started, the coaster derailed, throwing her son to the ground. He died on the way to the hospital.

Davea filed a civil suit. The compensation for her psychological damages is possible because the courts have recently allowed plaintiffs to sue for psychological damages if the conduct arises from which of the following?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 3

a. Negligent behavior b. Proximate cause c. Intentional wrongdoing d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Psychological Damages to Civil Plaintiffs QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:38 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:39 AM 11. “Purely” psychological injuries may arise from which of the following? a. Negligent behavior b. Intentional misconduct c. Temporarily upsetting conduct d. Willful defaulting ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Psychological Damages to Civil Plaintiffs QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:39 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:40 AM 12. Ford Motor Credit Co. v. Sheehan (1979) concerned a debt collector who pretended to be a hospital employee and told the debtor’s mother that her grandchildren had been seriously injured in an accident and he needed to find the debtor to inform him of this. The court determined that the debt collector’s behavior was which of the following? a. Extreme and outrageous b. Negligent c. Within the zone of danger d. Slander ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Psychological Damages to Civil Plaintiffs QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:41 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:41 AM 13. Drea is being sexually harassed by a coworker. The problem has been going on for months, and she is really feeling stressed. She decides to file suit against the coworker and her company. In order to sue her company, Drea has to show which of the following?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 4

a. The coworker, who is allegedly harassing her, has worked at the company the entire time in question. b. The alleged harasser also has harassed others at the same company. c. The company knew or should have known about the harassment and failed to stop it. d. The company supported the harassment.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Psychological Damages to Civil Plaintiffs QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:42 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:42 AM 14. Compensatory damages refer to which of the following? a. Payment for injuries suffered b. Punishing the company for its failure to respond properly to the misconduct c. Payment to compensate for outrageous conduct d. Punishing the plaintiff for their role in the egregious behavior ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Psychological Damages to Civil Plaintiffs QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 2:44 AM 15. What is the major difference between standard clinical evaluations and forensic assessments? a. Psychologists do most standard clinical evaluations and psychiatrists do most forensic assessments. b. Psychiatrists do most standard clinical evaluations and psychologists do most forensic assessments. c. There is a much greater use of the third-party interviews and review of records in forensic exams. d. There is less use of third-party interviews and review of records in forensic exams.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Psychological Damages to Civil Plaintiffs QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Assessment of Psychological Damages DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 2:44 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:04 AM 16. Darnell is a plaintiff in a lawsuit against his company. His lawyer thinks that they have a good chance of winning, and Darnell has been getting excited by the prospect of a large award. In fact, he is so excited that he has been exaggerating the seriousness of his complaints. Darnell’s action can be termed as which of the following? a. Indolence Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 5

b. Malingering c. Torpor d. Lassitude ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Psychological Damages to Civil Plaintiffs QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Assessment of Psychological Damages DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:06 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:07 AM 17. If a plaintiff provides a highly exaggerated complaint, that plaintiff could be said to be which of the following? a. Breaching duty b. Lying c. Uncooperative d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Psychological Damages to Civil Plaintiffs QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:08 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:08 AM 18. The size of an award from the workers’ compensation system is determined by which of the following? a. Lawyer’s fee b. Type and duration of the injury c. Value of the company d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Workers’ Compensation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:09 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:10 AM 19. Which of the following is not covered by workers’ compensation? a. Physical and psychological injuries suffered at work b. Cost of treatment c. The loss of future earning capacity Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 6

d. The lawyer’s fee ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Workers’ Compensation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:11 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:11 AM 20. Tyrell is a clerk working the night shift at a convenience store. Late last month, he was a victim of an armed robbery at the store. Although he wasn’t hurt, he now becomes frightened whenever a man comes into the store at night. Tyrell is also experiencing flashbacks and has started having heart palpitations. He went to a doctor, who referred him to a psychiatrist. His diagnosis was posttraumatic stress disorder. Which of the following terms best represents Tyrell’s case? a. Physical–mental b. Mental–mental c. Mental–physical d. Physical–physical ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Workers’ Compensation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:13 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:14 AM 21. Psychologists are rarely asked to evaluate which of the following types of cases? a. Physical–mental b. Mental–mental c. Mental–physical d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Workers’ Compensation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:15 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:16 AM 22. In the past 30 years, the number of psychological claims in workers’ compensation litigation has increased, and much of this increase has been attributed to which of the following types of cases? a. Physical–mental b. Mental–mental c. Mental–physical Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 7

d. Physical–physical ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Workers’ Compensation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:18 AM 23. It has been suggested that the rise in the number of psychological claims in workers’ compensation litigation may be due to which of the following? a. An increase in the number of women in the workforce b. A shift from industrial and manufacturing jobs to service-oriented jobs c. Financial incentives that have produced exaggerated or false claims d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Workers’ Compensation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:19 AM 24. Which of the following compromises the objectivity of psychological evaluations in workers’ compensation cases? a. Attorneys determine which expert to use based on their current fee structure. b. Attorneys only use judge-appointed experts. c. Attorneys retain the same expert multiple times. d. Attorneys only choose experts from the American Bar Association approved expert list.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Workers’ Compensation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Assessment in Workers’ Compensation Claims DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:24 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:25 AM 25. In which situation do plaintiffs who are undergoing evaluation for workers’ compensation tend to exaggerate their symptoms? a. When they were referred by the defense attorney, or when they sought evaluation on their own b. When they were referred by their own attorney, or when they sought evaluation on their own c. When they were referred by the defense attorney, or when they were referred by the judge d. When they were referred by their own attorney, or when they were referred by the judge Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 8

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Workers’ Compensation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Assessment in Workers’ Compensation Claims DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 3:25 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 3:26 AM 26. The “usefulness” proportion (sometimes called the “contrary quotient”) is a reasonable measure of which of the following? a. Evaluator impartiality b. Eligibility for civil commitment c. Malingering d. Remaining term of inpatient status ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Workers’ Compensation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Assessment in Workers’ Compensation Claims DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 4:44 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 4:44 AM 27. In a worker compensation case, an individual taking an MMPI-2-RF or an MMPI-3 test is likely to be motivated to do which of the following? a. Fake “bad” b. Fake “good” c. Fake negligence d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Workers’ Compensation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Assessment in Workers’ Compensation Claims DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 4:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 4:46 AM 28. The question of civil competence focuses on whether a person has which of the following? a. Ability to take care of himself or herself b. Capacity to understand information relative to decision-making in a given situation and then make an informed choice about what to do in that situation Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 9

c. Ability to understand the difference between right and wrong d. Ability to communicate effectively with a defense lawyer ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Civil Competencies QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 4:47 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 4:47 AM 29. With regard to civil competence, a competent individual is expected to be able to do which of the following? a. Understand basic information relevant to making a decision b. Apply information to a specific situation in order to anticipate the consequences of various choices c. Use logical thinking to evaluate the pros and cons of various strategies and decisions d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Civil Competencies QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 4:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 4:50 AM 30. The Supreme Court decision Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health (1990) concerned the topic of which of the following? a. Defendant negligence b. Trademark litigation c. Autonomy in patients’ health care provisions d. Civil commitment ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Civil Competencies QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 4:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 4:51 AM 31. Advance medical directives can be defined as which of the following? a. Court order directing patients to undergo treatment b. Advanced level of medical care provided to patients c. arrangement by patients for future health care in the event of them becoming incompetent of decision-making d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 10

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Civil Competencies QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:01 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:02 AM 32. Chantelle has just been released from the hospital after a long illness. Prior to her illness, she had been a part of a study in which she was asked what her preferences were for life-sustaining treatment had the need arose. If she were asked now about her preferences, what would be her response? a. She would likely report the same preferences she did before her hospitalization. b. She would likely report less desire for life-sustaining treatment than she had previously. c. She would likely report more desire for life-sustaining treatment than she had previously. d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Civil Competencies QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:03 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:04 AM 33. Which of the following approaches is recommended when a patient refuses treatment that seems to be medically and psychologically justified? a. The patient’s attorney makes the decision for the treatment. b. A clinical assessment instrument is administered to determine if the person has the ability to reach a competent decision. c. The doctor should tell a family member to make the decision. d. The court makes forced decisions for the person.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Civil Competencies QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Assessing Competence to Make Treatment Decisions DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:22 AM 34. A clinician has been asked to evaluate whether someone lacks testamentary capacity. Which of the following is the clinician assessing? a. The individual’s competency to make treatment decisions b. The defendant’s competency to plead insanity c. The charged individual’s competency to stand trial Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 11

d. The person’s competency to execute a will ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Civil Competencies QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Assessing Competence to Execute a Will DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:23 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:23 AM 35. Which of the following is a common difficulty for those evaluating the competence to execute a will? a. The family dynamics are not easily ascertained. b. The subject is often deceased when competence is questioned. c. It is tough to know when the will was actually written. d. There are often more than two wills to evaluate.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Civil Competencies QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Assessing Competence to Execute a Will DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:24 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:25 AM 36. Psychological autopsies are performed in all of the following situations except which of the following? a. By an insurance company to determine if a policy holder committed suicide b. To determine if stressful working conditions led to a worker’s death c. To determine if stressful working conditions led a worker to kill others d. To evaluate a deceased person’s mental capacity to execute a will ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Psychological Autopsies QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:26 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:27 AM 37. Most psychological autopsies rely on which of the following? a. Psychological testing of family or survivors of the decedent b. The interview excerpts from similar individuals c. Prior records of previous interviews d. None of these are correct.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 12

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Psychological Autopsies QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:29 AM 38. What does research indicate as the reliability level of psychological autopsies? a. High b. Moderate c. Low d. Nonexistent ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Psychological Autopsies QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:30 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:30 AM 39. Psychological autopsies are more likely to be admitted in which sort of cases? a. Workers’ compensation cases b. criminal cases c. Cases involving the validity of wills d. Criminal cases ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Psychological Autopsies QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:31 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:32 AM 40. The case of Banks v. Goodfellow dictates the legal standard for which of the following situations? a. Testators’ competence to execute a will b. Psychological autopsies of an individual c. Assessing the testator’s competence to make treatment decisions d. Assessing the workers’ compensation claims ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 13

REFERENCES: Psychological Autopsies QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:34 AM 41. Which of the following factors is not indicated by the Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act when evaluating the best interests of a child in custody cases? a. Wishes of the parents b. Child’s adjustment at home and school c. Wishes of the child d. Financial earnings of the parents ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Child Custody and Parental Fitness QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The “Best Interests of the Child” in Custody Disputes DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:35 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:35 AM 42. Which of the following typically refers to the living arrangement for the affected children? a. Legal custody b. Sole custody c. Physical custody d. Legal custody ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Child Custody and Parental Fitness QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The “Best Interests of the Child” in Custody Disputes DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:36 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:37 AM 43. Which of the following occurs in the case of joint child custody? a. The child spends an equal amount of time with both parents. b. One parent is designated the residential parent. c. The child spends more time with one parent, and for practical reasons, that primary parent is the one who makes education and health care decisions. d. The child will live with only one parent, and all legal decision-making authority for that child will rest with the other parent.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 14

DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Child Custody and Parental Fitness QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The “Best Interests of the Child” in Custody Disputes DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:38 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:42 AM 44. Aneya and Lamonte have been awarded joint custody of their two children. Aneya has been designated the residential parent, so the children live with her most of the time. Recently, Aneya decided that she wanted her older daughter to leave public school and start at a private school. How is Lamonte involved in this decision? a. He is not officially involved in this decision as she is the residential parent. b. He is involved in this decision only if she will need him to help pay for school. c. He needs to be a part of this decision as joint custody gives him parental rights concerning these types of decisions. d. He is not officially involved in this decision as long as she is paying the school’s tuition.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Child Custody and Parental Fitness QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The “Best Interests of the Child” in Custody Disputes DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:46 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:47 AM 45. Which of the following is not true in joint custody situations? a. Joint custody generates more demands for cooperation between separated parents. b. Joint custody requires that affected children spend 50 percent of their time with each of their parents. c. Joint custody results in more separations and reunions between children and parents. d. Joint custody requires more interaction between separated or divorced parents.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Child Custody and Parental Fitness QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The “Best Interests of the Child” in Custody Disputes DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:47 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:48 AM 46. During which of the following times do the most significant effects of divorce on children occur? a. Within the first five years b. When the children are between the ages of one and two years old c. Within the first year or two d. When the affected children reach adulthood Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 15

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Child Custody and Parental Fitness QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The "Best Interests of the Child" in Custody Disputes DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:50 AM 47. In child custody cases, which of the following is NOT a difference between joint custody and sole custody? a. The frequency of interaction is evenly distributed between the children and the parents. b. Interactions between the divorced parents generate more demands for cooperation concerning the children. c. Alteration in caregiving arrangements increases along with more separations and reunions between children and parents. d. Both parents do not have parental rights concerning decisions about the child’s general welfare.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Child Custody and Parental Fitness QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The “Best Interests of the Child” in Custody Disputes DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:51 AM 48. Protective factors that make it less likely divorce will adversely affect the children involved include which of the following? a. Parents with a low conflict marriage, and parents who are cooperative and do not expose their children to parental conflict b. Either parent becoming involved with a new partner, and parents who are competent and well adjusted c. A custodial parent with family support and a noncustodial parent with regular and consistent contact with the children d. Diminished parenting and parents who are cooperative and do not expose their children to parental conflict ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Child Custody and Parental Fitness QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The “Best Interests of the Child” in Custody Disputes DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:52 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:53 AM 49. Judges have the training to determine whether the theory, methodology, and analysis in an expert’s testimony measure up to scientific standards.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 16

a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Experts in the Adversarial System QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:54 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:55 AM 50. Federal courts allow experts to testify about the “ultimate issue” (e.g., is a person competent?). a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Experts in the Adversarial System QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:55 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:55 AM 51. Researchers comparing those not seeking compensation through courts with those who are seeking compensation found that those not seeking compensation report more improvement in pain symptoms. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Psychological Damages to Civil Plaintiffs QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:59 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:59 AM 52. It is legal for an attorney to coach and direct a client on how to beat psychological tests in civil litigation. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Psychological Damages to Civil Plaintiffs QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Assessment of Psychological Damages Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 17

DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 6:00 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 6:00 AM 53. Not every state has a workers’ compensation system in place. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Workers’ Compensation QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 6:19 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 6:19 AM 54. Workers’ compensation claims coming to court are decided by juries. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Workers’ Compensation QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 6:23 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 6:23 AM 55. The number of psychological claims in workers’ compensation cases has increased dramatically in recent years. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Workers’ Compensation QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 6:24 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 6:24 AM 56. The Validity Indicator Profile is a measure used to detect competence. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Workers’ Compensation Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 18

QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Assessment in Workers’ Compensation Claims DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 6:25 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 6:25 AM 57. Research has shown that experts produce evaluations and opinions that are partial to the side that retained them. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Workers’ Compensation QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Assessment in Workers’ Compensation Claims DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 6:26 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 6:27 AM 58. Researchers have found most patients with schizophrenia or major depression appear to be capable of competent decision-making about their medical treatment. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Civil Competencies QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Assessing Competence to Make Treatment Decisions DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 6:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 6:28 AM 59. Explain the conditions that need to be met in order for an expert to be permitted to testify and the role of judges as “gatekeepers.”

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

In general, a qualified expert can testify about a topic if such testimony is relevant to an issue in dispute and if the usefulness of the testimony outweighs whatever prejudicial impact it might have. If these two conditions are met, an expert will be permitted to testify if the judge believes that the testimony is based on sufficiently relevant and reliable scientific evidence.

In other words, under criteria established by the U.S. Supreme Court in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals (1993) and Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael (1999), the judge serves as a “gatekeeper” who must determine whether the theory, methodology, and analysis that are the basis of the expert’s opinion measure up to scientific standards. If they meet this standard, the judge will probably admit relevant expert testimony; if they do not, the judge should not allow the testimony. The Daubert and Kumho decisions apply to all cases in federal court. In state court, the prevailing standard may also be Daubert—or it may stem from an earlier decision (Frye v. United States, 1923) holding that expert testimony must be based on Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 19

techniques and processes that are “generally accepted” in the field to which they belong.

States have the discretion to decide which standard they will use by passing state legislation.

Judges generally do not perform the gatekeeper function well. Many judges lack the scientific training that Daubert/Kumho appears to require. Even for those with substantial scientific training, the range of expert topics about which judges need information is staggering. As a result, many critics, including experts and judges themselves, believe that the difficulty of distinguishing valid from invalid scientific evidence will result in jurors too often being exposed to “expert” testimony that is based on little more than “junk science.”

There are clear advantages to having mental health professionals provide expert testimony.

Mental health professionals have specialized knowledge and training that can provide the court with valuable information in a variety of cases. For example, some psychologists are trained to administer tests to determine neuropsychological problems and symptom genuineness in workers’ compensation cases or are experienced in conducting interviews and obtaining other information from multiple sources in order to assess parental fitness.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Thick Critically REFERENCES: Experts in the Adversarial System QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 6:35 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 6:36 AM 60. Explain some examples of tort, including the four elements involved in proving a tort in a court of law and a description of the difference between negligent and intentional behavior.

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

Many kinds of behavior can constitute a tort. Slander and libel are torts, as are cases of professional malpractice, invasion of privacy, the manufacture of defective products that result in a personal injury, and intentional or negligent behavior producing harm to another person. Four elements are involved in proving a tort in a court of law, and all involve behavioral issues. First, torts occur in situations in which one individual owes a duty, or has an obligation, to another. For instance, a physician has a duty to treat patients in accordance with accepted professional standards, and individuals have a duty not to harm others physically or psychologically. Second, a tort typically requires proving that one party breached or violated a duty that was owed to other parties. The breached duty can be due to negligence or intentional wrongdoing. Negligence is behavior that falls below a standard for protecting others from unreasonable risks; it is often measured by asking whether a “reasonable person” would have acted as the civil defendant acted in similar circumstances.

Intentional behavior is a conduct in which a person meant the outcome of a given act to occur. Third, the violation of the duty must have been the proximate cause of the harm suffered by a plaintiff. A proximate cause is one that constitutes an obvious or substantial reason that a given harm occurred. It is sometimes equated with producing an outcome that is “foreseeable.” So, if a given event would be expected to cause a given outcome, it is a proximate cause. Fourth, a harm, or loss, must occur, and the harm has to involve a legally protected right or interest for which the person can seek to recover damages that have been suffered. If it can be established that (1) there was a duty, (2) that was breached, (3) which proximately caused the (4) resulting harm, then a tort can be proven in a civil lawsuit.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Psychological Damages to Civil Plaintiffs QUESTION TYPE: Essay Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 20

HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 6:36 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 6:37 AM 61. Using the results of the Hasemann study (1997), explain why one would say that the objectivity of psychological evaluations performed in workers’ compensation cases is threatened?

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

The impartiality of psychological evaluations performed in workers’ compensation cases can be threatened by several factors. Chief among these problems is that attorneys often retain the same expert to conduct evaluations of different cases. An expert who is repeatedly hired by the same attorney, whether a plaintiff’s or a defense attorney, may risk opining what the attorney wants rather than rendering impartial opinions about each case. One study investigated this issue by examining whether psychological assessments of workers’ compensation claimants were related to the side that had retained the expert. Hasemann (1997) collected and compared 385 reports that had been prepared by various mental health professionals. Of these reports, 194 had been conducted by defense-hired experts, 182 were completed by plaintiff-hired experts, and 9 evaluations could not be classified. Several results indicated that plaintiff and defense experts differed in their opinions about the cases and that they might have been unduly influenced by the adversarial system. Comparing the numbers of evaluations conducted for plaintiffs with the number conducted for defendants can be misleading, however, because these numbers depend on the number of referrals from each side. A better measure of evaluator impartiality involves the proportion of “useful” opinions (i.e., opinions helpful to the referring attorney) relative to the overall number of referrals. For example, an evaluator who has conducted 90 evaluations for the defense and 10 for plaintiffs might appear less impartial than the evaluator who has done 50 for the defense and another 50 for plaintiffs. However, looking more closely at the “usefulness” proportion might reveal that the first evaluator has reached a conclusion favorable to the referring attorney in 50% of the defense cases and 45% of the plaintiff cases, whereas the second evaluator has favored the referring attorney in 98% and 100% of defense and plaintiff cases, respectively. Which evaluator appears less impartial? Other influences can affect the apparent impartiality of forensic evaluations. Even if experts are reasonably impartial, attorneys may selectively introduce expert opinions depending on whether those opinions support their side. In order to consider this possibility, investigators would need to acquire the results of evaluations requested by attorneys but not subsequently presented as evidence. This is comparable to the “file drawer problem” encountered by investigators performing meta-analysis: Because research reporting nonsignificant differences is often not accepted for publication, such results tend to languish, unpublished, in a file drawer, which limits the accuracy of the investigator’s ability to determine an overall “effect” of a research phenomenon based on all the evidence. Even if forensic evaluators can be reasonably impartial, they still conduct such evaluations in the context of an adversarial system, and decisions about whether to introduce such reports as evidence are often made by attorneys who are advocates for their clients.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Workers’ Compensation QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Assessment in Workers’ Compensation Claims DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 6:37 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 6:40 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 21

62. Using the MacArthur Treatment Competency Study, explain whether persons with serious mental disorders make competent treatment decisions for themselves.

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

The research for the MacCAT-T, conducted as part of a larger MacArthur Research Network on Mental Health and Law study on competencies, coercion, and risk assessment, focused on the capacities of individuals with severe mental disorders to make decisions and give informed consent about their own psychiatric treatment. Can persons with serious mental disorders make competent treatment decisions for themselves? Do their decision-making abilities differ from those of persons who do not suffer mental disorders? Researchers in the MacArthur Treatment Competence Study developed a series of structured interview measures to assess the four basic abilities—understanding information, applying information, thinking rationally, and expressing a choice—involved in legal competence. The interview has items that tap a person’s ability to apply information to the question of whether he or she has a condition that could be effectively treated. According to Grisso and Applebaum, standardized interviews, using items of this type, were conducted with three groups of patients—those with schizophrenia, those with major depression, and those with heart disease—and with groups of people from the community who were not ill but were demographically matched to the patient groups. Only a minority of the persons in all the groups showed significant impairments in competent decision-making about various treatment options. However, the patients with schizophrenia and major depression tended to have a poorer understanding of treatment information and used less adequate reasoning in thinking about the consequences of treatment than did the heart patients or the members of the community sample. These impairments were more pronounced and consistent across different competence abilities for patients with schizophrenia than for patients with depression, and the more serious the symptoms of mental disorder (especially those involving disturbed thinking), the poorer the understanding. These results obviously have implications for social policies involving persons with mental disorders. First, contrary to popular impressions, the majority of patients suffering from severe disorders such as schizophrenia and major depression appear to be capable of competent decision-making about their treatment. On the other hand, a significant number of patients—particularly those with schizophrenia—show impairments in their decision-making abilities.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Civil Competencies QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Assessing Competence to Make Treatment Decisions DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 6:41 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 6:42 AM 63. What is the difference between compensatory damages and punitive damages?

ANSWER: An increasing number of subsequent cases have dealt with psychological injuries resulting from the tort of sexual harassment, usually in the workplace. A plaintiff who claims to have been sexually harassed at work can sue the workers responsible for the harassment and can also sue the company itself, if the plaintiff can show that the company knew (or should have known) about the harassment and failed to stop it. Plaintiffs can seek both compensatory damages (payment for injuries suffered) and punitive damages (punishment of the company for its failure to respond properly to the misconduct). Of course, the tort of harassment is not always based on sexual misconduct.

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 22

HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 6:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 6:43 AM 64. Describe and explain the assessment of psychological damages.

ANSWER: When a mental health professional assesses a plaintiff, the clinician will typically conduct an evaluation that, like most forensic mental health assessments, includes a social history, a clinical interview, and possibly psychological tests and specialized forensic measures (Melton et al., 2018). One major difference, however, between standard clinical evaluations and forensic assessments is the much greater use of third-party interviews and review of available records in forensic examinations. This practice is based on two basic considerations (Heilbrun, 2001; Melton et al., 2018). First, forensic experts must be confident that their opinions are based on accurate information, and self-reported information in the context of litigation is not necessarily accurate. Second, forensic experts are often asked to evaluate an individual’s psychological condition at some specific time or circumstance in the past.

Therefore, clinicians must use independent sources of information, when possible, to verify their descriptions and judgments about such matters.

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 6:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 6:44 AM 65. Explain how malingering is related to the measurement of psychological harm.

ANSWER: Another complication may affect the evaluations of individuals who claim to have suffered psychological harm: Plaintiffs may be motivated to exaggerate their symptoms in order to improve their chances of winning large awards. Sometimes such symptom exaggeration or fabrication (called malingering) involves outright lying. In other cases, a genuine behavioral health disturbance is present, but the plaintiff exaggerates its seriousness. A meta-analysis found that the possibility of receiving compensation for an injury was associated with more frequent reports of pain (Rohling et al., 1995). Similar findings were observed in a second meta-analysis, focusing particularly on mild traumatic brain injury (Belanger et al., 2005). Of course, such findings do not necessarily show that litigation involvement causes exaggeration. It might work in the other direction as well—individuals with more intransigent pain might be more likely to litigate their claims. Or a third influence might affect both; for instance, lifestyle might influence both recovery from injury and propensity toward litigation. But it is certainly possible that litigation involvement increases both the experience of pain and the report of such pain resulting from injury (Greene, 2008).

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 6:44 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 6:44 AM 66. Explain the basics of workers’ compensation.

ANSWER: When a worker is injured in the course of their job, the law provides for the worker to be compensated through a streamlined system that avoids the necessity of proving a tort. This Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 23

system is known as workers’ compensation law. All 50 states and the federal government have some type of workers’ compensation system in place. Prior to workers’ compensation, a person who was injured at work had to prove that the employer was responsible for a tort in order to receive compensation. This was difficult because employers had several possible defenses to the worker’s claim. They often blamed the employee’s negligence or the negligence of another worker for the injury. In other cases, employers said that a worker’s injuries were simply the unavoidable risks of particular jobs and that the worker was well aware of these risks at the time of employment. As a result, until early in the 20th century, many seriously injured workers and their families were denied any compensation for their work-related injuries. Workers’ compensation systems were developed around the beginning of the 20th century to provide an alternative to the tort system. In workers’ compensation systems, employers contribute to a large fund that insures workers who are injured at work, and employers also waive their right to blame the worker or some other individual for the injury. For their part, workers give up their right to pursue a tort case against their employers, and if they are compensated, the size of the award they receive is determined by (1) the type and duration of the injury and (2) their salary at the time of the injury.

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 6:45 AM 67. Explain the concept of civil competencies.

ANSWER: The concept of legal competence extends to many kinds of decisions that individuals are called on to make throughout their lives. When we discussed competence to stand trial, we focused on the knowledge that criminal defendants must have and the decisions they are required to make. However, the question of mental competence is raised in several noncriminal contexts as well; we refer to these other situations with the general term civil competencies. The question of civil competence focuses on whether an individual has the capacity to understand information that is relevant to decision-making in a given situation and then make an informed choice about what to do in that situation.

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 6:46 AM 68. The question of competence to consent to treatment usually arises when a patient refuses treatment that seems to be medically and/or psychologically justified. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 6:46 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 6:46 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 24

69. Planning about future medical treatments is formalized through what are known as advance medical directives, in which patients indicate what kinds of treatment they want should they later become incapacitated and incompetent to make treatment decisions. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 6:50 AM 70. Psychological autopsies originated in the 1980s when a group of social scientists in the Los Angeles area began assisting the coroner’s office in determining whether suicide, murder, or accident was the most likely mode of death in some equivocal cases. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 6:51 AM 71. Child custody evaluations usually arise in situations in which divorcing parents disagree about which of them can better meet the needs of their children and should therefore have custody. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 6:51 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 6:51 AM 72. In sole custody, the child will live only with one parent (although the other parent may be granted visitation rights), but all legal decision-making authority for that child will rest with both parents. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 6:52 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 6:52 AM 73. The courts provide safeguards and rules for how involuntary commitments are to be accomplished.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 25

a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 6:52 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 6:52 AM 74. Limits on involuntary hospitalizations were upheld by the Supreme Court in the 1970s (e.g., Foucha v. Louisiana, 1972). a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 6:52 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 6:53 AM 75. In regards to expert testimony, the judge serves as which of the following? a. Benchmark b. Gatekeeper c. Reviewer d. None of these ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 6:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 6:54 AM 76. As they apply to forensic assessment and testimony, six biases are particularly relevant. Which is not one of those six? a. Representativeness b. Base rate neglect c. Availability d. Heuristic ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 6:54 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 6:55 AM 77. Several scholars have suggested that courts not permit clinical opinion testimony unless it can be shown that it satisfies standards of which of the following?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 26

a. Scientific validity b. Scientific reliability c. Scientific credibility d. None of these ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 6:55 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 6:56 AM 78. Information encountered first is the most influential, is an example of which bias? a. Availability b. Confirmation c. Anchoring d. Fallacy ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 6:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 6:59 AM 79. Which of the following is a wrongful act that causes harm? a. Tort b. Mens rea c. Civil misdemeanor d. None of these ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 6:59 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 7:00 AM 80. Which of the following can be due to negligence or intentional wrongdoing? a. Culpable duty b. Breached duty c. Cause d. Harm ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 7:00 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 27

DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 7:01 AM 81. Which of the following is behavior that falls below a standard for protecting others from unreasonable risks? a. Tort b. Breached duty c. Culpable duty d. Negligence ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 7:01 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 7:02 AM 82. Which of the following is conduct in which a person meant the outcome of a given act to occur? a. Criminal behavior b. Intentional behavior c. Negligence d. Breached duty ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 7:02 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 7:03 AM 83. Which of the following is payment for injuries suffered? a. Vengeance b. Compensatory damages c. Punitive damages d. Insurance ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 7:03 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 7:04 AM 84. Which of the following is punishment of a company for its failure to respond properly to the misconduct? a. Vengeance b. Compensatory damages c. Punitive damages d. Revenge ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 28

HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 7:04 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 7:05 AM 85. Symptom exaggeration or fabrication is also called which of the following? a. Lying b. Exaggeration c. Malingering d. None of these ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 7:05 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 7:06 AM 86. Workers in workers’ compensation claims can seek which of the following? a. Physical and psychological injuries suffered at work b. The cost of whatever treatment is given c. Lost wages, and/or loss of future earning capacity d. All of these can be sought ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 7:06 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 7:07 AM 87. Which of the following have to do with civil competencies? a. Is a person competent to manage their financial affairs? b. Can an individual make competent decisions about their medical or psychiatric treatment? c. Is a person competent to execute a will and decide how to distribute property to heirs or other beneficiaries? d. All of these have to do with civil competency ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 7:08 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 7:08 AM 88. In writing a will, assessment of which competence focuses on which of the following capabilities of the individual at the time their will was written? a. Intelligence score b. Memory c. Functional abilities d. All of these are true Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 29

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 7:09 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 7:10 AM 89. In a few unusual circumstances, clinicians may be called on to give an opinion about a deceased person’s state of mind as it existed at a specific time before death. What are these called? a. After death assessments b. Mortuary assessments c. Psychological autopsies d. Assessment autopsies ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 7:10 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 7:11 AM 90. Judges are more hesitant to allow expert testimony based on which of the following in criminal cases than in civil ones? a. After death assessments b. Mortuary assessments c. Psychological autopsies d. Assessment autopsies ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 7:11 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 7:12 AM 91. Which of the following are laws that authorize the custody and restraint of persons who, as a result of mental illness, are a danger to themselves or others or who are so gravely disabled that they cannot care for themselves? a. Civil detention b. Mental health detention c. Disabled custody d. Civil commitment ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 7:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 7:13 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 30

92. Which of the following are a type of civil commitment? a. Emergency detention b. Voluntary inpatient commitment c. Involuntary inpatient commitment d. All of these ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 7:13 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 7:14 AM 93. Patients committed on an emergency basis can be detained for which of the following lengths of time before a review takes place? a. 24 hours b. 2 to 3 days c. 5 days d. None of these ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 7:14 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 7:15 AM 94. Whether a person is now or could in the future be dangerous is an issue that underlies many decisions in our system of justice, including questions of civil commitment. What is this concept called? a. Risk b. Dangerousness c. Future bias d. None of these ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 7:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 7:16 AM

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 31

Chapter 12 1. A bench trial is a trial in which the verdict is decided by which of the following? a. 12-person jury b. 6-person jury c. Judge d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Who Should Decide: Jury or Judge?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 7:35 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 7:36 AM 2. At least one study has suggested that which of the following groups showed less support for a jury trial than a bench trial? a. White Americans b. Black Americans c. Latino Americans d. Black and Latino Americans ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Who Should Decide: Jury or Judge?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 7:39 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 7:40 AM 3. According to Kalven and Zeisel (1966), in criminal cases, judges and juries agreed on the actual verdict in what percentage of cases? a. 35 percent b. 55 percent c. 75 percent d. 85 percent ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Who Should Decide: Jury or Judge?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: How Judges and Juries Compare DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 7:41 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 7:41 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 1

4. According to Kalven and Zeisel (1966), in criminal cases, juries were which of the following in comparison to judges? a. Were less lenient b. Were equivalently lenient c. Were more lenient d. None of these is correct ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Who Should Decide: Jury or Judge?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: How Judges and Juries Compare DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 7:42 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 7:43 AM 5. Judges and jurors may differ in their outcomes due to which of the following, which plays a role in decision-making when jurors are affected by factors outside of the evidence and law? a. Differential cognitive processing b. Jury sentiment c. Jury nullification d. Confirmation bias ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Who Should Decide: Jury or Judge?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Determinants of Discrepancies DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 7:44 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 7:44 AM 6. Eisenberg et al. (2005) conducted a more recent examination of judge and jury verdicts in criminal cases and found that judges and juries agreed on their verdicts in about what percentage of cases? a. 75 percent b. 70 percent c. 55 percent d. 45 percent ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Who Should Decide: Jury or Judge?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Newer Data on Judge/Jury Differences DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 8:06 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 8:07 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 2

7. According to at least one study of judicial and jury decision-making in civil cases, plaintiffs had more success with judges than juries in cases involving which of the following? a. Property damage and civil rights b. Civil rights and labor disputes c. Contracts and property damage d. Products liability and medical malpractice ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Who Should Decide: Jury or Judge?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Newer Data on Judge/Jury Differences DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 8:08 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 8:09 AM 8. Historically, juries tended to be composed of mostly which of the following groups? a. Black men b. Black women c. White men d. White women ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Jury Selection Begins in the Community: Forming a Panel, or Venire QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 8:30 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 8:31 AM 9. The Supreme Court and the U.S. Congress have established requirements for jury selection procedures that include which of the following? a. Forbidding scientific jury selection b. Criteria to determine who should be excused from serving c. A requirement that the pool from which the jury is selected must constitute a representative cross-section of the community d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Jury Selection Begins in the Community: Forming a Panel, or Venire QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Judicial and Legislative Reforms DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 8:31 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 3

DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 8:32 AM 10. Research shows that heterogeneous groups are which of the following? a. Better problem solvers than homogenous groups b. Worse problem solvers than homogenous groups c. Just as good at problem solving as homogenous groups d. Just as good at problem solving as homogenous groups, although they take longer ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Jury Selection Begins in the Community: Forming a Panel, or Venire QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Judicial and Legislative Reforms DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 8:34 AM 11. One reason the courts ruled that juries should be more representative of the population is that verdicts would be more likely to be accepted by which of the following groups? a. Judges b. Prosecutors c. Defense attorneys d. The public ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Jury Selection Begins in the Community: Forming a Panel, or Venire QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Judicial and Legislative Reforms DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:01 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:02 AM 12. Which of the following is true of the first Rodney King beating trial? a. It was drawn from a community made up of people demographically similar to those in the community in which the beating took place. b. It consisted of six Black and six White jurors. c. It was drawn from a community whose demographics favored the defense. d. It was drawn from a community whose demographics favored the prosecution.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Jury Selection Begins in the Community: Forming a Panel, or Venire QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Judicial and Legislative Reforms Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 4

DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:13 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:14 AM 13. For many years, the primary source for the jury pool has been from which of the following groups? a. Licensed drivers b. Voter registration lists c. Persons receiving public assistance d. Telephone subscribers ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Jury Selection Begins in the Community: Forming a Panel, or Venire QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Judicial and Legislative Reforms DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:23 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:24 AM 14. The law requires that voter registration lists be used as a primary source for jury pool selection, but these lists tend to underrepresent which segments of the community? a. Women b. Men c. Poor people d. College educated ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Jury Selection Begins in the Community: Forming a Panel, or Venire QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Judicial and Legislative Reforms DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:41 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:41 AM 15. Voir dire is a French term meaning which of the following? a. Reasonable doubt b. Innocent until proven guilty c. To see, to say d. Disregard the testimony ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:46 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 5

DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:47 AM 16. Which of the following is not up to the judge to decide? a. Who asks questions during voir dire b. What questions are asked during voir dire c. The length of the voir dire process d. All of these are decided by the judge.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:50 AM 17. Tyree is at the courthouse because he has been called for jury service. The judge has assembled a group of prospective jurors and is asking them to raise their hand if the answer is “yes” to the questions that he asks. Tyree is part of what? a. Extended peremptories b. Limited peremptories c. Extended voir dire d. Limited voir dire ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:52 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:53 AM 18. The judge has assembled a group of prospective jurors and is asking them to raise their hand if the answer is “yes” to the following question: “Do any of you have an opinion at this time as to the guilt or innocence of the defendant?” The judge sees that no one has raised a hand, so he accepts all as jurors. Did the judge make a good decision? a. The judge did not make a good decision, as asking yes/no questions is not a good way to uncover jurors’ biases. b. The judge did not make a good decision, as the proper way to ask jurors questions is to let the attorneys do it. c. The judge made a good decision, as research shows that you can believe those who claim to be impartial. d. The judge made a good decision because if someone held a strong opinion, they would have raised their hand.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:59 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 6

DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:01 AM 19. When someone, such as a juror, strives to present himself or herself in a positive light, that person could be said to be affected by the which of the following? a. Social eventuality effect b. Striving to be perfect effect c. Social desirability effect d. Positive light effect ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:07 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/10/2023 2:23 AM 20. Jesus is a prospective juror who is currently undergoing voir dire. The defense attorney asks him, “What experiences have you had in your life that caused you to believe that a person was being discriminated against because of the color of their skin?” What kind of question is this? a. A closed-ended question b. An open-ended question c. A restricted question d. A fixed alternative question ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:08 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:08 AM 21. Which of the following types of question would be most likely to encourage prospective jurors to talk more about their feelings and experiences? a. A closed-ended question b. An open-ended question c. An indirect question d. A fixed alternative question ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:09 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 7

DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:10 AM 22. Juanita, a prospective juror, is about to undergo a thorough voir dire. Which of the following is the best circumstance for uncovering her true biases? a. Questioning all of the prospective jurors as a group in open court b. Questioning all of the prospective jurors as a group in the judge’s chambers c. Questioning each individual in open court d. Questioning each individual in the judge’s chambers ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:10 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:11 AM 23. If voir dire reveals that a juror is biased, that juror is excluded for which of the following reasons? a. Peremptory bias b. Serving within that jurisdiction c. Challenges for cause d. Confirmation bias ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:13 AM 24. Mock jurors who had been victims of the crime for which the defendant was being tried were found to be which of the following? a. Less likely as nonvictims to convict b. More likely than nonvictims to convict c. Equally likely as nonvictims to convict d. Equally likely as nonvictims to acquit ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:14 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:14 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 8

25. During the jury selection process, attorneys have a specific predetermined number of which of the following? a. Challenges for cause b. Peremptory challenges c. Voir dire challenges d. Questions they can ask the prospective jurors ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:15 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:16 AM 26. In voir dire, peremptory challenges allow the attorneys to do which of the following? a. Guarantee the inclusion of particular people on the jury b. Exclude a certain number of potential jurors for cause c. Exclude a certain number of potential jurors without giving a reason d. Exclude as many potential jurors as they deem necessary ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:20 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:20 AM 27. The function of peremptory challenges is to do which of the following? a. Allow each side to exclude a designated number of jurors without stating a reason. b. Promote satisfaction with the outcome as the parties each had a role in choosing the decision makers. c. Allow the attorney to indoctrinate prospective jurors. d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:22 AM 28. The Supreme Court has held that it is forbidden to exercise peremptory challenges solely based on which of the following characteristics of a juror? a. Race and gender b. Gender and religion Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 9

c. Religion only d. None of these ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:23 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:23 AM 29. Which of the following cases relates to the harm caused to excluded jurors? a. Batson v. Kentucky (1986) b. United States v. Dellinger (1972) c. Powers v. Ohio (1991) d. Georgia v. McCollum (1992) ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:24 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:25 AM 30. A total of 24 White persons and 6 Black persons are called for jury duty for an armed robbery case in which the defendant is Black. The prosecuting attorney uses peremptory challenges to exclude the 6 Black people. What should the judge do, according to recent Supreme Court decisions? a. Declare a mistrial and reschedule the trial with a new group of prospective jurors because of the exclusion of race. b. Provide the opposing attorney an additional number of peremptory challenges to exclude the 6 Black people. c. Ask the prosecuting attorney to explain the grounds for each decision and determine if the grounds for dismissal other than race. d. Ask the opposing attorney if he or she wants to challenge the prosecuting attorney’s exclusions about the excluded race.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:28 AM 31. The case of Timothy Foster was a case of which of the following biases in which the peremptory strikes were deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. a. Gender bias in jury selection Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 10

b. Racial bias in jury selection c. Religious bias in jury selection d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:29 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:30 AM 32. The Supreme Court extended the logic of Batson to peremptory challenges based on gender in which of the following cases? a. Holland v. Illinois (1990) b. Georgia v. McCollum (1992) c. Edmonson v. Leesville Concrete Co. (1991) d. J. E. B. v. Alabama ex rel. T. B. (1994) ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:31 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:31 AM 33. Batson-type protection has been extended to which of the following jury member situations? a. Bilingual jurors b. Obese jurors c. African American jurors d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:32 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:33 AM 34. During jury selection, a lawyer notices that one young man is formally dressed in a navy-blue suit, white shirt, and dark tie and concludes that the young man is politically conservative. This conclusion is an example of which of the following? a. Scientific jury selection b. The fundamental attribution group error Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 11

c. An implicit personality theory d. The confirmation bias ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:34 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:38 AM 35. Implicit personality theories sometimes lead to a reliance on which of the following factors in the selection of jurors? a. Stereotypes b. Social psychological evidence c. Specific personality traits d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:39 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:40 AM 36. The “one-juror verdict” theory assumes that which of the following is true? a. One influential juror will persuade others to vote for his or her preferred verdict. b. The foreperson will decide the verdict for the jury. c. A strong-willed lawyer can persuade the jury to decide in his or her favor. d. The judge is the best person to decide the verdict.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:44 AM 37. Which group or groups tends to be most influential during jury deliberations? a. Males b. Extraverts c. Relatively tall people d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: a Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 12

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:45 AM 38. The idea that jurors who are demographically or socially similar to a litigant will then be predisposed to favor that litigant is referred to which of the following? a. Favoritism-approach hypothesis b. Similarity-leniency hypothesis c. Resemblance-compassion hypothesis d. Demographic-similarity hypothesis ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:46 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:47 AM 39. Jurors’ demographic variables are related to their verdicts in which of the following ways? a. Strongly b. Weakly c. Sometimes d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:47 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:48 AM 40. Jurors who display authoritarian beliefs are which of the following? a. Are more likely to convict in mock jury experiments b. Are more likely to endorse aggravating factors in capital trials c. Are more likely to sentence a defendant to death d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 13

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:49 AM 41. What is the relationship between juror demographic variables and verdicts given by a jury? a. The relationship between demographic variables and verdicts, if present at all, tends to be strong and consistent. b. There does tend to be a relationship between gender and trials involving sexual harassment. c. There isn’t any relationship between gender and trials involving domestic violence. d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:52 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:53 AM 42. Researchers have considered the relationship between juror socioeconomic status and juror behavior and have found that well-off jurors tended to be which of the following? a. Harsh b. Lenient c. Seen as more influential d. Harsh and influential ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:54 AM 43. Which of the following would be true of a person who advocates punishment for those who violate established norms, who strictly adheres to conventional values, and who identifies with powerful figures? a. The person would be considered external in locus of control. b. The person would be considered someone who believes in a just world. c. The person would score high on a measure of authoritarianism. d. The person would favor the defense when responding to the Juror Bias Scale.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 14

HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:55 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:55 AM 44. A mother is on trial for murdering her baby. Those who are authoritarian are more likely to do which of the following? a. Be rejected during voir dire b. Vote for conviction c. Vote for acquittal d. Render a not guilty verdict ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:56 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:57 AM 45. Jurors who believe that they are responsible for determining their outcomes in life are more likely to do which of the following? a. Assume the defendant was responsible for his or her actions too b. Find the defendant not guilty c. Be persuaded by other jurors d. Take a more active role in the jury deliberation room ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:57 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:58 AM 46. Someone using a fallacious reasoning or neutral-sounding explanation to justify questionable behavior is using which of the following? a. Social desirability b. Social judgment c. Casuistry d. Implicit personality ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:04 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 15

DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:05 AM 47. Kennard and colleagues demonstrated the powerful pull of expectations by conducting mock voir dires where which of the following happened? a. Jurors peremptorily excused by prosecutors were not biased against the prosecution. b. Jurors peremptorily excused by the defense were not biased against the defense. c. Those selected for jury duty were similar in attitude to 12 jurors selected at random. d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:06 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:06 AM 48. Comparing the “scientific” method of jury selection with the conventional method found which of the following to be true? a. The scientific method was consistently superior. b. The conventional method was consistently superior. c. Neither scientific nor conventional method was superior to the other for every type of trial. d. The traditional method was more effective only in those trials in which there were explicit relationships between personality and demographic variables and jurors’ votes.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:07 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:07 AM 49. When Nietzel and Dillehay (1986) evaluated the effectiveness of the defense’s use of jury consultants in 31 death penalty cases, they found which of the following? a. Juries recommended the death penalty in 92 percent of the trials in which consultants were not used by the defense versus 62 percent in trials with defense jury consultants. b. Juries recommended the death penalty in 61 percent of the trials in which consultants were not used by the defense versus 33 percent in trials with defense jury consultants. c. The percentage that recommended the death penalty was essentially the same (25–28 percent) in trials that used and did not use jury consultants. d. The use of defense jury consultants increased death penalty recommendations.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 16

HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:08 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:09 AM 50. The composition of the jury is less important to jury verdicts than evidence. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Jury Selection Begins in the Community: Forming a Panel, or Venire QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Judicial and Legislative Reforms DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:09 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:09 AM 51. Most judges use written questionnaires rather than using verbal questions of prospective jurors in open court. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:30 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:30 AM 52. Typically, many prospective jurors are excused for cause because both sides have so many challenges. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:35 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:35 AM 53. There are laws in some states banning the removal jurors because of perceived sexual orientation. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 17

DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:37 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:38 AM 54. The Supreme Court has recently ruled that it is forbidden to exercise peremptory challenges based on religion. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:39 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:39 AM 55. Defendants have a constitutional right to ask prospective jurors about any pre-trial publicity to which they have been exposed. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Pre-Trial Publicity QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Conflicting Rights DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:48 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:48 AM 56. If venue is not changed because of pre-trial publicity, parties may use public opinion surveys to guide jury selection and to address the effects of the publicity. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Pre-Trial Publicity QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Remedies for the Effects of Pre-Trial Publicity DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:57 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:57 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 18

57. According to data, when the defendant and another defense witness both testified and the defendant had no prior record, jurors were 90 percent more likely than judges to acquit. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Who Should Decide: Jury or Judge?

QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Newer Data on Judge/Jury Differences DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:58 AM 58. As each state has its own procedures for choosing prospective jurors, some cognizable groups are often excluded from juries in certain states. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Jury Selection Begins in the Community: Forming a Panel, or Venire QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:59 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:59 AM 59. Discuss and explain the differences between judge and jury decisions in different kinds of civil trials and how judges and juries differ in the punitive damages they award in different cases.

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

There are findings on how judges compare to juries in civil cases. One of the largest studies examined plaintiffs’ win rates (the proportion of cases in which the verdict favored the plaintiff) in federal cases tried before either juries or judges from 1979 to 1989. For many types of cases, including contracts, property damage, civil rights, and labor disputes, plaintiffs’ win rates were equivalent regardless of who decided. But differences emerged in two types of cases—products liability and medical malpractice—where plaintiffs had more success with judges (48 percent win rate) than with juries (28 percent win rate). Researchers attributed these differences to selection effects by which the selection of cases tried by juries differed in important ways from those tried by judges. Because defense lawyers expected juries to be biased in favor of plaintiffs, they tended to settle cases in which the plaintiff had a strong case. That meant that on average, juries were left to decide relatively weaker cases for the plaintiff and appeared to make different decisions than judges. The selection effect makes it rather difficult to compare judge verdicts and jury verdicts in different cases because features of the cases themselves, rather than the decision makers, could explain any discrepancies. A related question is whether jury awards for punitive damages are different from awards assessed by judges and whether the two groups differ on the reasons for those awards. Punitive damage awards are intended to punish and deter corporations that have engaged in serious wrongdoing. Some punitive damage awards have been very high, and the U.S. Supreme Court has ruled on several occasions about whether they were excessively Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 19

high. A comprehensive study of jury/judge agreement on punitive damages, conducted by Theodore Eisenberg and his colleagues, analyzed data from more than 9,000 trials that ended in 1996 in 45 of the nation’s largest trial courts. The primary finding was that judges and juries did not differ substantially in these cases. They awarded punitive damages at about the same rate (i.e., in only 4–5 percent of cases), although the range of the jury awards was somewhat greater than that of the judicial awards. These results call into question the notion that juries are unable to set reasonable limits on punitive damages. In fact, jurors do about as well as judges in attending to the relevant evidence in these cases and setting aside any sympathy for the plaintiff. They tend to focus on the factors that should matter to the determination of punitive damages, such as the actions of the defendant, rather than factors that should not, such as the extent of harm to the plaintiff.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Who Should Decide: Jury or Judge?

QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Newer Data on Judge/Jury Differences DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:00 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:00 AM 60. What are the sources for jury pool selection and the process for selecting a venire? What are some common excuses for avoiding jury service?

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

Representativeness of jury pools that includes both demographic and attitudinal diversity is a worthwhile goal. But how should courts go about forming the venire in order to reach this goal? For many years, voter registration lists were used as the primary source for jury pool selection. However, such lists underrepresent certain segments of the community because smaller percentages of young people, the poor, Latinos, and other minorities register to vote.

Recently, other sources such as lists of licensed drivers, persons receiving public assistance, and unemployed people have supplemented voter lists as a source of prospective jurors. From those persons who are eligible for jury service, members of the venire are randomly selected and summoned to appear at the courthouse for jury service. One of the concerns is that people will often go to great length to avoid serving on a jury, and some have concocted creative ways to escape jury service. Physical illnesses are also a frequently used excuse.

Prospective jurors sometimes avoid jury service by claiming personal hardship. Some judges are sympathetic to claims of ill health, business necessity, vacation plans, and the like. But many other judges are unwilling to dismiss individual jurors because of perceived “hardships.” During the jury selection for the O. J. Simpson civil trial, Judge Hiroshi Fujisaki responded to one prospective juror who had requested dismissal because she suffered from claustrophobia, “How big is your living room? Is it as big as this courtroom?” She remained in the pool. When prospective jurors are excused for reasons of hardship, the result is a further winnowing down of the pool. Thus, even before the formal jury selection begins in a courtroom—that is, before jurors are questioned by attorneys and the judge—some people have been removed from the panel of prospective jurors. These removals can distort the representativeness of juries.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Jury Selection Begins in the Community: Forming a Panel, or Venire QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 20

STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Judicial and Legislative Reforms DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:02 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:02 AM 61. Explain and differentiate the similarity–leniency hypothesis from the black sheep effect in choosing jurors.

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

A common attorney strategy is based on the assumption that jurors who are demographically or socially similar to a litigant will be predisposed to favor that litigant, a belief known as the similarity–leniency hypothesis. Does this rule of thumb hold true? Are jurors more likely to favor litigants with whom they share certain characteristics? One could make the opposite prediction in some cases—that sharing similar qualities with another might make a juror more skeptical of that person’s excuses or justifications for behavior that the juror dislikes.

Here, the so-called black sheep effect may apply: Although people generally favor individuals who are part of their in-group, they may sometimes strongly sanction those fellow members who reflect negatively on and embarrass the in-group.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:06 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:07 AM 62. Explain and describe the voir dire process and the legal system’s goals for voir dire.

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

Once the panel of prospective jurors is assembled and summoned to the courthouse, selection issues change. The focus shifts from concerns about the representativeness of prospective jurors to questions about a given juror’s ability and willingness to be fair and impartial. As part of the constitutional right to be tried by an “impartial” jury, a defendant is afforded the opportunity to screen prospective jurors to determine whether any of them are prejudiced.

The forum in which the judge and/or the attorneys question prospective jurors is called voir dire, a French term that literally means “to see, to say.” Voir dire is conducted in a variety of ways, depending on a jurisdiction’s rules and a judge’s preferences. Who asks the questions, what questions are asked and how they are phrased, how long the questioning goes on, and whether the questions are posed to individual jurors or to a group are all matters left to judges’ discretion. The most limited form of voir dire involves a small number of questions asked in yes-or-no format only by the judge and features group rather than individual questioning of prospective jurors. An example: “Do any of you have an opinion at this time as to the defendant’s guilt or innocence?” Yes-or-no questions are effective in controlling the answers of witnesses and reducing the time spent in voir dire, but they offer little insight into jurors’ beliefs and attitudes. Also note that this form of questioning requires jurors to selfidentify any biases and report them to the judge. But implicit biases—beliefs borne of experiences and attitudes that predispose us to think in a certain way and of which we are unaware—make it difficult for jurors to accurately know their own predilections.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Jury Selection Continues in the Courtroom: The Voir Dire Process QUESTION TYPE: Essay Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 21

HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:07 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:08 AM 63. Explain the social desirability effect.

ANSWER: The social desirability effect, is also a factor. Most people want to present themselves in a positive, socially desirable way. This desire to appear favorably, especially in the presence of a high-status person such as a judge, shapes how people answer questions and influences what they disclose about themselves.

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:09 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:09 AM 64. What are challenges for cause and how are they used in a trial?

ANSWER: In any trial, attorneys can claim that particular jurors should be excluded because they are inflexibly biased or prejudiced or because they have a relationship to the parties or the issues that creates an appearance of bias. These exclusions are known as challenges for cause. For example, a relative or business associate of a defendant would be challenged, or excused, for cause. Additionally, the judge may excuse a panelist for cause if the prospective juror is unfit to serve. In criminal cases, judges often inquire about whether prospective jurors have been crime victims and may excuse those who say that their own victimization experiences would affect their ability to be fair jurors. There is good reason to ask, because mock jurors who had been victims of the crime for which the defendant was being tried were more likely than nonvictims to convict (Culhane et al., 2004).

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:11 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:11 AM 65. Explain the process of peremptory challenges.

ANSWER: In theory, each side has an unlimited number of challenges for cause. In reality, few prospective jurors are excused for reasons of bias. In a survey of New Mexico courts over a three-year period, only about 1 of every 20 jurors was dismissed for cause (Hans & Vidmar, 1986). As jury selection proceeds, each side may also exclude a designated number of prospective jurors “without a reason stated, without inquiry, and without being subject to the court’s control” (Swain v. Alabama, 1965). This procedure is known as a peremptory challenge. Most states and the federal courts allow six or more peremptory challenges per side, and some allow more than that in serious felony cases. Peremptory challenges have multiple purposes. First, they allow attorneys to dismiss potential jurors whom they believe will be unsympathetic to their client, for whatever reason. The peremptory challenge has a second, largely symbolic function: When the parties in a lawsuit play a role in selecting the people who decide the outcome, they may be more satisfied with that outcome (Saks, 1997).

The third function of peremptory challenges is to allow the attorney to begin to indoctrinate prospective jurors and influence those who ultimately will make up the jury. Attorney Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 22

folklore in Texas is that an entire case can be tried during voir dire (Drummond, 2017).

Consider the question “Do you agree with the rule of law that requires acquittal in the event there is reasonable doubt?” The real purpose of this question is to alert prospective jurors that reasonable doubt could exist in the case and to make jurors aware of the rule so that they will look for reasonable doubt and then vote to acquit. Since peremptory challenges came into effect after the Civil War when Black people were first included in jury selection, there has been concern that they were being used in a discriminatory manner. Concerns linger to this day, as exemplified by the six times that Curtis Flowers, who is Black, was convicted by allWhite or nearly all-White juries from which 41 of 42 eligible Black jurors had been dismissed.

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:11 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:12 AM 66. How are peremptory challenges related to gender?

ANSWER: The Supreme Court has ruled that peremptory challenges may not be based solely on a juror’s race or gender. The decision regarding race was triggered by the case of James Batson, a Black man convicted of second-degree burglary by an all-White jury. During voir dire, the prosecutor used four of six peremptory challenges to dismiss all the Black persons from the venire. In Batson v. Kentucky, decided in 1986, the Court held that James Batson was denied his Fourteenth Amendment right to equal protection by the prosecution’s dismissal of Black members of the panel. The Court clarified that decision in Powers v. Ohio (1991) when it ruled that basing peremptory challenges on race harms not just defendants but wrongly excluded jurors as well. And the following year, the Court held defense counsel to the same standard as prosecutors, effectively prohibiting race-based challenges for both sides (Georgia v. McCollum, 1992).

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:12 AM 67. What is implicit personality theory?

ANSWER: In everyday life, our impressions about others are governed largely by what psychologists have termed implicit personality theories. An implicit personality theory is a person’s organized network of preconceptions about how certain attributes are related to one another and to behavior. Trial lawyers often apply their implicit personality theories to jury selection.

Years ago, one observer advised prosecutors to “never accept a juror whose occupation begins with a P. This includes pimps, prostitutes, preachers, plumbers, procurers, psychologists, physicians, psychiatrists, printers, painters, philosophers, professors, phonies, parachutists, pipe-smokers, or part-time anythings” (Bryan, 1971, p. 28).

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:13 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 23

DATE MODIFIED:

6/7/2023 5:13 AM

68. A common attorney strategy is based on the assumption that jurors who are demographically or socially similar to a litigant will be predisposed to favor that litigant a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:18 AM 69. Although people generally favor individuals who are part of their in-group, they may sometimes strongly sanction those fellow members who reflect negatively on and embarrass the in-group. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:34 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:34 AM 70. Lawyers must choose which prospective jurors to challenge with their quota of peremptory challenges. Hence, their own implicit personality theories and stereotypes come into play. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:34 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:35 AM 71. People with an authoritative personality tend to adhere to traditional values, identify with and submit to powerful figures, place less emphasis on civil liberties, and tend to be punitive toward those who violate established norms. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:35 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:35 AM 72. The Need for Cognition refers to a person’s disinclination to engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive work.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 24

a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:35 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:36 AM 73. The language of the Seventh Amendment is explicit about impartiality, noting that all criminal defendants have “the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime [was] committed.” a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:36 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:36 AM 74. Even if fully aware of their biases, jurors might not be willing to disclose them in an open courtroom before a judge who encourages them to be fair and open-minded. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:36 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:37 AM 75. Jurors exposed to publicity come to believe, wrongly, that the pretrial information was actually presented as part of the evidence at trial. This is an error in which of the following? a. Publicity monitoring b. Source monitoring c. Pretrial monitoring d. None of these ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:37 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:38 AM 76. What is it called when the jurors provide the answers that they perceive the judge wants to hear, regardless of whether their responses are truthful? a. Evaluation apprehension Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 25

b. Perceptual apprehension c. Juror apprehension d. None of these ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:38 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:39 AM 77. What is it called when showing that case-specific information made available prior to trial can affect the sentiments of jurors in that trial? a. Juror bias b. Selection bias c. Specific pretrial publicity d. Specific prejudice ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:39 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:40 AM 78. What is it called when prejudice arises from media coverage of issues not specifically related to a particular case but thematically relevant to the issues at hand? a. Juror bias b. Selection bias c. Generic prejudice d. Specific prejudice ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:41 AM 79. Which of the following means that the trial is held in a different geographic location and that jurors for the trial are drawn from this new location? a. Change of venue b. Change of perspective c. Elimination of bias d. Geographical bias ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 26

DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:41 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:43 AM 80. Which of the following is a French term that literally means “to speak the truth”? a. Voir Marseilles b. Voir dire c. Noire dire d. None of these ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:43 AM 81. Which of the following means beliefs borne of experiences and attitudes that predispose us to think in a certain way and of which we are unaware? a. Explicit biases b. Cognitive biases c. Implicit biases d. Juror biases ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:44 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:45 AM 82. Which of the following happens when people want to present themselves in a positive way? a. Social desirability effect b. Positive presentation effect c. Self-conscious effect d. None of these ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:46 AM 83. Which of the following allows attorneys to dismiss potential jurors whom they believe will be unsympathetic to their client, for whatever reason? a. Challenges for cause b. Peremptory challenges c. Juror challenges d. Jury nullification Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 27

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:46 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:47 AM 84. Which of the following is defined as fallacious reasoning used in order to justify questionable behavior? a. Casuistry b. Causality c. Cognitive biases d. None of these ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:47 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:48 AM 85. Which of the following is a person’s organized but largely unconscious network of preconceptions about how certain attributes are related to one another and to behavior? a. Explicit personality theory b. Biased personality theory c. Implicit personality theory d. Cognitive personality theory ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:48 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:49 AM 86. A common attorney strategy is based on the assumption that jurors who are demographically or socially similar to a litigant will be predisposed to favor that litigant. What is this called? a. Similarity-leniency hypothesis b. Empathy hypothesis c. Sympathy hypothesis d. None of these ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:50 AM 87. Which of the following occurs when sharing similar qualities with another might make a juror more skeptical of that Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 28

person’s excuses or justifications for behavior that the juror dislikes? a. Dissimilarity effect b. Black sheep effect c. Skeptical bias effect d. Vengeance effect ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:51 AM 88. Which of the following refers to a person’s inclination to engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive work? a. Intelligence effect b. Cognition effect c. Need for cognition d. Need for engagement ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:51 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:52 AM 89. Barnard is a researcher who studies consultants that use empirically based procedures, such as focus groups, shadow juries, systematic ratings of prospective jurors, and surveys of the community, to identify desirable and undesirable jurors.

What does Barnard study? a. Scientific jury selection b. Consultant jury selection c. Social psychology d. Trial selection ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 6:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 6:17 AM 90. Baptiste researches a phenomenon that works by transferring preexisting beliefs and stereotypes about categories of people to a particular defendant in a trial setting. What does Baptiste research? a. Implicit prejudice b. General prejudice c. Generic prejudice d. Explicit prejudice ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 29

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 6:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 6:19 AM 91. Deangelo wants to reduce the impact of pretrial publicity, so he asks for which of the following for his client, with the expectation that the passage of time will lessen the effects of the prejudicial material? a. Continuance b. Voir dire c. Midtrial move d. None of these ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 6:19 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 6:20 AM 92. Jerralyn studies how juries and judges differ in death penalty cases. What are the likely results of her research? a. Juries are stricter. b. Judges are more lenient. c. Juries are more lenient. d. No consistent pattern has emerged ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 6:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 6:22 AM 93. Maximo is a researcher who studies personality variables. One in particular involves how much thought a person would be willing to put into something. Which of the following is Maximo likely to study? a. Intelligence b. Need for cognition c. Big Five d. None of these ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 6:22 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 6:23 AM 94. Brady studies a phenomenon in which the perceiver’s perception of another person causes the person to behave in a manner consistent with the perceiver’s expectation. What does Brady study? a. Self-expectancy effect Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 30

b. Fundamental attribution error c. Behavioral confirmation processes d. Perceptual constancy ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 6:23 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 6:24 AM

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 31

Chapter 13 1. Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution provides trial by jury for criminal cases? a. Second b. Fourth c. Sixth d. Seventh ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Jurors Think QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 4:02 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 4:04 AM 2. In Australia and New Zealand, a fact-based approach does which of the following? a. Jurors do not have to recall or apply abstract legal principles to their case b. Jurors have case notes to recall or apply abstract legal principles to their case c. Jurors received judicial instructions about abstract legal principles to their case d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: How Jurors Think QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 4:04 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 4:06 AM 3. Which of the following is the mental structure that aids in the processing and interpretation of information? a. Schema b. Information social influence c. Liberation hypothesis d. Thought suppression ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Jurors Think QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 4:06 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 4:07 AM 4. Which of the following is the implicit power to acquit defendants despite evidence and judicial instructions? a. Jury nullification Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 1

b. Limiting instruction c. Evidence-driven deliberation d. Reactance theory ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Jurors Think QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 4:07 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 4:08 AM 5. Which of the following is proposed in the dual-process model of information? a. People rationally or deliberately evaluate the content of information. b. People react to information quickly and without careful analysis. c. Decisions can be made on the basis of cognitive and emotional factors. d. When exposed to high-stress situations, people cannot process all the available information.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: How Jurors Think QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 4:08 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 4:10 AM 6. Which of the following is the most important determinant of jurors’ verdicts in criminal trials? a. Defendant’s appearance b. Pretrial publicity c. Evidentiary strength d. Defendant’s demeanor ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Jurors Rely on Relevant Evidence, Seen through the Lens of Their Emotions DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 4:10 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 4:11 AM 7. Which of the following would be considered extralegal information in a jury trial? a. A defendant’s background b. A defendant’s appearance c. Pretrial publicity Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 2

d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Effects of Extralegal Information DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 4:11 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 4:13 AM 8. The sympathy hypothesis suggests that jurors will do which of the following? a. Decide in favor of the plaintiff in civil trials b. Decide in favor of the defendant in criminal trials c. That jurors are sometimes downright hostile to civil plaintiffs d. Decide in favor of defendants in both civil and criminal trials ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Effects of Extralegal Information DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 4:13 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 4:14 AM 9. When determining verdicts in civil trials, jurors place considerable weight on which of the following? a. A plaintiff’s appearance b. Pretrial publicity c. The severity of the plaintiff’s injury d. The plaintiff’s background ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Effects of Extralegal Information DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 4:14 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 4:15 AM 10. What is the impact of extralegal evidence on jurors? a. Strong - jurors are frequently influenced by evidence of a defendant’s prior record or character and propensity to commit crimes b. Occasional - jurors are influenced by evidence of a defendant’s prior record or character and propensity to commit crimes Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 3

c. Unusual - jurors are rarely influenced by evidence of a defendant’s prior record or character and propensity to commit crimes d. There is no trend about extralegal evidence ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Effects of Extralegal Information DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 4:15 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 4:17 AM 11. Which of the following is true of evidence of a defendant’s prior conviction? a. It is never allowed at trial. b. It is usually introduced by the prosecution. c. It increases the likelihood of an acquittal on a subsequent charge. d. It increases the likelihood of a conviction on a subsequent charge.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Effects of Extralegal Information DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 4:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 4:19 AM 12. For which of the following reasons does evidence of a prior conviction increase the likelihood of conviction on a subsequent charge? a. It shows a pattern of criminality. b. Once jurors know of the prior conviction, they may need less evidence to be convinced of the defendant’s guilt. c. Knowledge of a prior record may lead jurors to think that because the defendant already has a record, an erroneous conviction would not be serious—this could lead jurors to need less evidence to be convinced of a defendant’s guilt. d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Effects of Extralegal Information DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 4:20 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 4:22 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 4

13. Which of the following is typically inadmissible in court because of its potential for prejudice? a. Propensity evidence b. Prior record evidence c. Character evidence d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Effects of Extralegal Information DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 4:22 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 4:23 AM 14. Character evidence can be which of the following? a. Glowing b. Damning c. Admissible d. Both glowing, damning, and admissable ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Effects of Extralegal Information DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 4:23 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 4:24 AM 15. Based on the Cosby case which of the following is true of the issue of propensity evidence? a. Propensity evidence should not be allowed under any circumstances b. Propensity evidence may be introduced during the trial but may not be part of opening statements c. Prosecutors can present evidence about the defendant committing other crimes d. Prosecutors can present evidence about a defendant’s history of committing sex crimes to jurors hearing sex offense cases ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Effects of Extralegal Information DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 4:24 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 4:25 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 5

16. Which of the following must juries decide in civil cases? a. Liability b. Damages c. Intent d. Both liability and damages ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Effects of Extralegal Information DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 4:27 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 4:28 AM 17. Which of the following social-psychological concepts proposes that most White jurors are motivated to avoid showing racial bias and tend to render color-blind decisions? a. Liberation hypothesis b. Limiting instruction c. Guilt d. Aversive racism ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Effects of Extralegal Information DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 4:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 4:29 AM 18. Jurors should decide liability on the basis of which of the following characteristics of the defendant? a. Intent b. Conduct c. Guilt d. Neglect ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Effects of Extralegal Information DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 4:30 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/9/2023 5:38 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 6

19. Maurice, who smoked for 37 years, recently died from lung cancer, and after his death his family sued the cigarette manufacturer for elevating the nicotine level in their cigarettes to make them more addictive. The jurors in this case need to determine the parties’ respective responsibility for the harm that Maurice suffered. What kind of decision is this? a. Liability b. Guilt c. Damages d. Verdict ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Effects of Extralegal Information DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 4:34 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 4:35 AM 20. Juror decisions regarding liability should not be based on which of the following factors? a. Pain and suffering of victim b. Defendant’s malicious and evil conduct c. Defendant’s reckless actions d. All of these are a legitimate basis for the decision.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Effects of Extralegal Information DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 4:35 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 4:36 AM 21. The defendant’s conduct (i.e., were his or her actions reckless?) is legally relevant for which of the following decisions in a civil case? a. Damages b. Guilt c. Liability d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Effects of Extralegal Information Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 7

DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:06 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:15 AM 22. The severity of an injury or accident is legally relevant to which decision in a civil case? a. Liability b. Guilt c. Damages d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Effects of Extralegal Information DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:15 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:17 AM 23. In which of the following situations did Robbennolt (2000) find that people attribute greater responsibility to a wrongdoer? a. When the outcome is minor b. When the outcome is severe c. When there is more than one victim d. When there are multiple minor outcomes ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Effects of Extralegal Information DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:18 AM 24. Which of the following is true about damages? a. All physically injured plaintiffs receive higher awards b. More seriously injured plaintiffs receive higher awards c. Psychologically injured plaintiffs receive higher awards d. There is no trend regarding damages ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Effects of Extralegal Information Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 8

DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:20 AM 25. Your knowledge of “anchor points” helps you advise your friend on how much to ask for in damages, so what advice do you give your friend? a. Ask only for punitive damages. b. Ask for less money, as the reasonableness of your request will tend to cause the jurors to increase their award. c. Do not request damages at all, as you’re likely to get a liability award that is bigger than if you had requested damages. d. Ask for more money, as those who ask for more tend to receive more when the request is based on qualitative evidence.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Effects of Extralegal Information DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:20 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:22 AM 26. Which of the following factors have some juries inappropriately considered in their decisions about damages? a. Attorney’s fees b. Whether the loss is covered by insurance c. Information about the socioeconomic status of the parties involved d. Both attorney’s fees and whether the loss is covered by insurance ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Effects of Extralegal Information DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:22 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:23 AM 27. There is ample evidence that jurors in deliberation discuss insurance coverage when considering how much to award in damages, so which of the following is a reasonable statement regarding these discussions? a. Jurors should have this discussion, as an award is required to be reduced by the amount already covered by the plaintiff’s insurance. b. Jurors should have this discussion because it is reasonable, although not required, for them to reduce the award amount because of insurance coverage. c. Jurors should not have this discussion, as the amount of insurance coverage is not relevant to the question of the amount of damages to award. d. Jurors should not have this discussion but should consider socioeconomic status.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 9

DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Effects of Extralegal Information DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:23 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:24 AM 28. Jurors are not supposed to consider the attorneys’ fees in their deliberations, and researchers have found which of the following? a. Jurors do not often discuss the topic of attorneys’ fees. b. Jurors often use their own knowledge and assumptions about attorneys’ fees. c. Attorneys’ fees do not seem to have a direct impact on verdicts. d. Both B and C ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Effects of Extralegal Information DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:25 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:28 AM 29. Which of the following is true of what happens when judges instruct jurors to disregard inadmissible evidence? a. Forces the jurors to focus less on the evidence b. May result in jurors focusing more on this evidence c. Has very little or no effect on the jury d. Helps influence the case outcome ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Can Jurors Disregard Inadmissible Evidence?

DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:29 AM 30. The psychological concept, reactance, may be used to explain which of the following situations? a. The difference in jury size from 12 to 6 in the courtroom b. Different reactions to the M’Naghten rule and the Brawner rule c. The effect of timing of the opening statement in the courtroom d. Jurors’ use of inadmissible evidence even if told to disregard the information ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 10

DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Can Jurors Disregard Inadmissible Evidence?

DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:29 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:31 AM 31. Trying “not to think of a white bear” increases the tendency to do the opposite, because the harder people try to control a thought, the lesser successful they are. This is described in which of the following? a. Thematic framework studies b. Reactance studies c. Belief perseverance studies d. Thought suppression studies ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Can Jurors Disregard Inadmissible Evidence?

DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:31 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:32 AM 32. How are jurors’ decisions generally affected by expert testimony when the testimony is not overly technical and fairly understood? a. Expert testimony exerts a small effect on jurors’ decisions. b. Expert testimony exerts a moderate effect on jurors’ decisions. c. Expert testimony exerts a large effect on jurors’ decisions. d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Jurors’ Understanding of Expert Testimony DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:34 AM 33. Researchers investigating the effects of expert testimony on jurors’ decisions have generally found which of the following? a. Jurors evaluated the testimony of the experts based on the expert’s qualifications, the quality of the expert’s reasoning, and the expert’s impartiality. b. An expert’s personality significantly affects decisions. c. An expert’s appearance significantly affects decisions.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 11

d. The most important part of the expert’s presentation is information regarding the expert’s qualifications.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Jurors’ Understanding of Expert Testimony DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:34 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:35 AM 34. Evidence that is presented in court but is unrelated to the substance of the case is said to be a. Inadmissible evidence b. Propensity evidence c. Exculpatory evidence d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Jurors’ Understanding of Expert Testimony DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:35 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:36 AM 35. What have researchers found regarding jurors’ abilities to understand the judge’s instructions? a. Many jurors are unable to understand the judge’s instructions. b. Jurors generally understand the judge’s instructions. c. Jurors may not understand the judge’s instructions initially, but the judge’s further explanations of the instructions often help. d. Jurors often ignore the judge’s instructions and react according to their own understanding of the case.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Jurors’ Understanding of Expert Testimony DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:37 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:41 AM 36. According to the Arizona study, discussion about instructions constituted what percentage of the comments made during deliberations by the jurors? a. 20 percent b. 15 percent Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 12

c. 17 percent d. 10 percent ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:42 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:43 AM 37. Which state was the first to finalize “plain-English” instructions for both civil and criminal trials? a. New Jersey b. California c. New York d. Oregon ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Jurors’ Abilities to Understand Their Instructions DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:44 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:45 AM 38. Which of the following is mentioned in psycholinguistic analyses of jury instructions? a. Minimized use of abstract terms b. Decreased use of the passive voice c. Elimination of negatively modified sentences d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Jurors’ Abilities to Understand Their Instructions DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:46 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:47 AM 39. Instructing the jury at the beginning of the trial may help a person benefit from which of the following? a. Preponderance effect b. Boomerang effect c. Primacy effect Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 13

d. Recency effect ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Jurors’ Abilities to Understand Their Instructions DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:48 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:49 AM 40. ForsterLee and Horowitz (2003) found that mock jurors who received instructions at the beginning of the trial did which of the following rather than those instructed after the trial? a. Reported greater satisfaction with their trial experiences b. Reported less satisfaction with their trial experiences c. Recalled and used more of the evidence d. Recalled and used less of the evidence ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Jurors’ Abilities to Understand Their Instructions DATE CREATED: 6/6/2023 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/6/2023 5:50 AM 41. Jurors who received pretrial instructions were able to do which of the following? a. Focus more during the trial b. Follow evidence better over the course of trial c. Neither A nor B d. Both A and B ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Jurors’ Abilities to Understand Their Instructions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:23 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 12:25 AM 42. The term jury nullification refers to which of the following? a. The power that the judge has to override the jury’s verdict b. The power that the jury has to render a verdict that is not unanimous c. The power that juries have to render a verdict that is not in line with the law Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 14

d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Jurors’ Willingness to Apply Their Instructions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:25 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 12:29 AM 43. Which of the following is true regarding nullification by the jury? a. The jury has this right but not the power to do so. b. The jury is explicitly told that they have the right and power to nullify. c. The jury has neither the nullification right nor the power to disregard the law and evidence and find the defendant not guilty. d. The jury is not explicitly told that they have this right but they still have the power.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Jurors’ Willingness to Apply Their Instructions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:29 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 12:30 AM 44. Jury nullification acknowledges that while the public trusts jurors to resolve the facts and apply the law in each case, they also expect them to do which of the following? a. Use the precedence of the same type of case b. Represent the conscience of the community c. Convict the defendant d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Jurors’ Willingness to Apply Their Instructions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:32 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 12:33 AM 45. Jurors posting Twitter messages regarding a trial they are currently empaneled for may constitute a violation of a defendant’s which of the following? a. First Amendment rights Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 15

b. Fifth Amendment rights c. Sixth Amendment rights d. Fourth Amendment rights ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Jurors’ Willingness to Apply Their Instructions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:42 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 12:43 AM 46. Which of the following is true in regards to assigning a numerical value to damages? a. It is often based upon the plaintiff’s likeability b. It is difficult, particularly for jurors with low numeracy, or number sense, skills c. It is often based upon the defendant’s demeanor d. There is no trend regarding the numerical value of damages ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/9/2023 5:45 AM 47. Which of the following is an argument against the use of juries in complex civil litigation cases? a. The evidence is too difficult for laypeople to understand. b. The voir dire procedures result in less capable jurors. c. The jurors are asked to absorb and retain excessive amounts of information. d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Jurors’ Abilities to Decide Complex Cases DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 12:46 AM 48. A person who agrees with the statement, “Any suspect who runs from the police probably committed a crime,” would best be described as which of the following? a. Having an internal locus of control Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 16

b. Possessing a pro-prosecution bias c. Being low in authoritarianism d. Possessing a pro-defense bias ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Are Jurors Biased?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Inevitability of Juror Bias DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:47 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 12:51 AM 49. Goodman-Delahunty, Greene, and Hsiao (1998) found that jurors in favor of the death penalty versus those opposed were more likely to infer that a presented defendant did which of the following? a. Intended to murder the victim b. Displayed actions that suggested premeditation c. Intended to murder again d. Intended to murder the victim and displayed premeditation ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Are Jurors Biased?

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Inevitability of Juror Bias DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:51 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 12:52 AM 50. In 1994, Congress passed a law that made evidence of other sex offenses inadmissible to show a defendant’s propensity to commit the charged sex offense. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Effects of Extralegal Information DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:52 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 12:53 AM 51. The severity of an injury or accident is not to be considered when determining liability. a. True b. False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 17

ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Effects of Extralegal Information DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 12:59 AM 52. Generally speaking, jurors will not ignore inadmissible evidence when told by the judge to disregard that evidence. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Effects of Extralegal Information DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:59 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:00 AM 53. Research suggests that jury deliberations don’t lessen the impact of inadmissible evidence. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Can Jurors Disregard Inadmissible Evidence?

DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:00 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:01 AM 54. The public is very sympathetic of civil plaintiffs. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Are Jurors Biased?

QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 18

TOPICS: The Assumption of a Blank Slate DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:01 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:01 AM 55. Juries tend to give larger awards when a defendant is poor. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Are Jurors Biased?

QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:02 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:02 AM 56. Jurors asking questions to witnesses was too distracting and less helpful than initially suggested according to psychologists. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Jury Reform QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:03 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:03 AM 57. When jurors think rationally about the evidence, they tend to become less lenient toward criminal suspects because they are alerted to the science involved with the evidence. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: How Jurors Think QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:03 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:04 AM 58. Explain the dual-process models of information processing, including cognitive–experiential self-theory. When do jurors revert to experiential processing and why?

Answers may vary.

ANSWER: In the cognitive realm, dual-process models of information processing capture individual jurors’ thought processes as they attend to and evaluate evidence presented during a trial.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 19

A number of dual-process models exist (including one espoused by Nobel prize–winning psychologist Daniel Kahneman in his 2011 book, Thinking, Fast and Slow), but they all propose two ways in which people process information—either by rationally and deliberately evaluating the content of the information or by reacting to it quickly and intuitively, without careful analysis. The former requires motivation, effort, and ability; the latter does not. One dual-process model, termed cognitive–experiential self theory, is especially relevant to decisions that jurors make. This theory suggests that when people rely on analysis and logical arguments, they are using a rationally based cognitive system that is active, deliberate, and effortful. On the other hand, when people rely on emotion, intuition, or stereotypical thinking from past events, they are using an experientially based system that is unconscious and effortless. The experiential mode is the default mode of processing, and jurors will shift to cognitive processing only if the importance of careful analysis is stressed to them. When they do think rationally about the evidence, they tend to become more lenient toward criminal suspects because they are alerted to possible reliability issues with the evidence. But they will revert to experiential processing when they are emotionally aroused or have to decipher complicated evidence.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: How Jurors Think QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:04 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:06 AM 59. Using research, explain jurors’ general abilities to decide complex cases.

Answers may vary.

ANSWER: Many arguments have been made against the use of juries in complex cases. Some prominent examples include (1) the evidence is too difficult for a layperson to understand; (2) the general information load on juries is excessive because of the large number of witnesses, particularly expert witnesses, who testify in these cases; and (3) because of voir dire procedures that result in the exclusion of jurors with some understanding of or interest in the case, less-capable jurors are left to decide. Data about jurors in complex trials support some, but not all, of these concerns. Interview studies (e.g., Sanders, 1993) consistently point to a substantial range in the abilities of jurors to understand and summarize the evidence. Some jurors are willing and able to attend to the complicated nature of the testimony and the sometimes-arcane questions of law that they raise; others are overwhelmed from the beginning. Lempert (1993) systematically examined the reports of 12 complex trials. He concluded that in 2 of the 12 cases, the expert testimony was so complicated and esoteric that only professionals in the field could have understood it. On the other hand, Lempert found little evidence that jurors were befuddled—and concluded that their verdicts were largely defensible. But jurors can be confounded by the presence of multiple parties and claims. When Reiber and Weinberg (2010) presented hypothetical cases of varying complexity to individuals summoned for jury duty, they found that comprehension worsened as the number of parties and claims increased. Mock jurors had difficulty deciding a breach of contract case that involved a claim, an affirmative defense, a permissive counterclaim, and a third-party claim (no surprises there!). They managed capably to decide an automobile negligence case that involved a single plaintiff and single defendant.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 20

QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Jurors’ Abilities to Decide Complex Cases DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:06 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:07 AM 60. Explain the two fundamental decisions made by civil trial juries and how jurors assess and determine damages.

Answers may vary.

ANSWER: In civil trials, juries typically make two decisions: first, whether the defendant (or, in some instances, the plaintiff) is liable, meaning responsible for the alleged harm, and second, whether the injured party (typically the plaintiff) should receive any money to compensate his or her losses, and if so, how much. These monies are called damages. For example, if a pedestrian is injured by a fast-moving bicyclist, jurors can be called on to decide whether the bicyclist was at fault and how much money the pedestrian should receive. One of the most perplexing issues related to juries is how they assess damages. This complex decision seems especially subjective and unpredictable because people value money and injuries differently and because jurors are given scant guidance on how to award damages. The awards for punitive damages—intended to punish the defendant and deter future malicious conduct—are of special concern because the jury receives little instruction about how those awards should be determined. Consider the staggering $145 billion punitive damage award against the tobacco industry in a case brought by many state attorney generals in 2000. Even the judge in the case was amazed. “A lot of zeros,” he observed dryly, after reading the verdict. Factors jurors consider in their decisions about damages: Data from interviews with actual jurors, simulation studies, and videotapes of actual jury deliberations show that, as in criminal cases, jurors put most weight on the evidence they hear in court. But according to professors Shari Diamond and Neil Vidmar, discussions about insurance coverage and attorney’s fees—issues that are theoretically irrelevant to decisions about the amount of damages—are also quite common in jury rooms. Reviewing the deliberations of juries in the landmark Arizona Jury Project, they found that conversations about insurance occurred in 85 percent of these cases and the topic of attorneys’ fees came up in 83 percent of discussions. Other research has shown that although jurors discuss these issues, the resulting awards are not directly influenced.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Are Jurors Competent?

QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Effects of Extralegal Information DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:08 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:08 AM 61. Explain Psycholinguistics.

Psycholinguistics is the study of how people understand and use language, ANSWER: including minimizing or eliminating abstract terms, negatively modified sentences, and passive voice, and reorganizing the instructions in a more logical manner POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 21

REFERENCES: Are Jurors Biased?

QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: The Assumption of a Blank Slate DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:09 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:10 AM 62. Explain the case of the Bundys and what the findings were in that case. What are the implications?

Armed antigovernment protestors, at times 25 strong and led by brothers Ammon and ANSWER: Ryan Bundy, occupied a federal wildlife sanctuary in a remote corner of Oregon for six weeks in early 2016. The Bundys and their father had been engaged in a decades-long dispute with federal authorities over ownership of public lands in the West. The Oregon standoff had a “Wild West quality” with armed men in cowboy hats demanding that the federal government release the 188,000-acre property to local residents. Prosecutors eventually charged seven defendants, including the Bundys, with conspiracy to impede federal employees from exercising their duties and various weapons charges. But what many expected to be a slam-dunk case for the prosecution instead ended in acquittals of all seven defendants. Why? According to an email from one of the jurors to a Portland (OR) newspaper, prosecutors had failed to prove that the defendants intended to keep federal employees from doing their jobs, a key element of the conspiracy charge. The juror wrote, “It should be known that all 12 jurors felt that this verdict was a statement regarding the various failures of the prosecution to prove ‘conspiracy’.”

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:10 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:13 AM 63. Explain coherence-based reasoning and what it means for jurors thought processes?

Another description of jurors’ thoughts has been termed coherence-based reasoning.

ANSWER: According to the theory, a hard case morphs into an easier one through a series of coherence shifts in jurors’ minds that move them ever closer toward a decision and eventually to a strong and confident verdict (Simon, 2004). At the beginning of a criminal trial, jurors’ mental representation of the facts is naturally incoherent because there seems to be equivocal support for both the prosecution and defense. But over time, pieces of evidence that tend to support a particular decision are linked together, endorsed, and remembered, while rival evidence—that which supports a different decision—is rejected.

As the evidence accumulates in this way, the task gradually become more coherent and a decision emerges, along with confidence that it is the correct one.

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:11 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:11 AM 64. Explain cognitive-experiential self theory.

One dual-process model, termed cognitive–experiential self theory, is especially relevant ANSWER: Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 22

to decisions that jurors make (Krauss et al., 2012). This theory suggests that when people rely on analysis and logical arguments, they are using a rationally based cognitive system that is active, deliberate, and effortful. On the other hand, when people rely on emotion, intuition, or stereotypical thinking from past events, they are using an experientially based system that is unconscious and effortless. The experiential mode is the default mode of processing, and jurors will shift to rational processing only if the importance of careful analysis is stressed to them. When they do think rationally about the evidence, they are alerted to possible reliability issues with the evidence (Rassin, 2016) POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:13 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:14 AM 65. Explain the story model of jury decision-making.

One influential model of individual jurors’ decision making is the story model, developed ANSWER: decades ago by psychologists Reid Hastie and Nancy Pennington (e.g., Pennington & Hastie, 1993) and still widely accepted today (Levett & Devine, 2017; Vorms & Lagnado, 2022). According to the story model, as jurors listen to the evidence, they form a schema, or mental structure that aids in the processing and interpreting of information. Just like mystery readers who remember clues that fit their hypothesis and forget clues that do not, jurors construct their own private stories about the evidence so that it makes sense to them.

In the process, they pay inordinate attention to certain pieces of evidence while ignoring others.

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:14 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:14 AM 66. What impact does evidentiary strength have on juries?

On the basis of these studies, psychologists have learned something very important: jurors ANSWER: in both criminal and civil cases pay considerable attention to the strength of the evidence.

In fact, evidentiary strength is the most important determinant of jurors’ verdicts (Devine et al., 2016). Differences in strength of the evidence can have profound effects on jury verdicts: Some studies have found a 70 percent increase in conviction rates as the evidence against the accused increases (Devine et al., 2001).

Professor Stephen Garvey and his colleagues (2004) analyzed the verdicts of 3,000 jurors in felony trials in four metropolitan areas to find out what explained jurors’ first votes.

They measured the strength of the evidence by asking the judge who presided in the case to estimate it. They then determined that the judge’s assessment of the strength of the evidence was powerfully associated with the jurors’ first votes: The stronger the evidence against the defendant, the more likely the juror was to convict.

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:15 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 23

DATE MODIFIED:

6/7/2023 1:15 AM

67. Jurors’ judgments in civil trials also tend to reflect the strength of the evidence, particularly regarding the severity of the plaintiff’s injury. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:16 AM 68. Expert testimony exerts a small, reliable effect on jurors’ decisions, particularly when the testimony is not overly technical and can be understood by jurors. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:17 AM 69. Psycholinguistics is the study of how people understand and use language. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:17 AM 70. The delivery of jury instructions at the beginning of the trial rests on the notion of a recency effect—that instructions will have their most beneficial effect when presented first, because jurors will know the rules of the trial and the requirements of the law before the trial commences. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:18 AM 71. Jury facilitation is the implicit power to acquit defendants despite evidence and judicial instructions to the contrary.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 24

a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:18 AM 72. Certain physical traits of defendants (tattoos and untrustworthy faces) make them appear more criminal looking, which increases the likelihood of conviction. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:19 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:19 AM 73. Evidence of other crimes or wrongdoing—so-called retrospective evidence—is also typically inadmissible because of its potential for prejudice. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:19 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:19 AM 74. Jurors also consider the severity of an injury or accident when judging a defendant’s liability. This is sometimes referred to as which of the following? a. Outcome expectation b. Outcome severity c. Accident liability d. Accident severity ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:19 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:20 AM 75. An explanation of behavior that defends us from feelings of vulnerability is which of the following? a. Defensive attribution Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 25

b. Protective attribution c. Vulnerability attribution d. None of these ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:20 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:21 AM 76. Evidence that is presented in court but is unrelated to the substance of the case is a type of which of the following? a. Reactance evidence b. Substantiary evidence c. Unrelational evidence d. Inadmissible evidence ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:22 AM 77. Which of the following suggests that instructions to disregard evidence may threaten jurors’ freedom to consider all available evidence? When this happens, jurors may respond by acting in ways that restore their sense of decision-making freedom. a. Attribution theory b. Reactance theory c. Prospective theory d. Retrospective theory ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:23 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:25 AM 78. Which kind of study is this now-classic study where Professor Daniel Wegner found that asking people “not to think of a white bear” increased the tendency to do just that? a. Thought suppression b. Thought innovation c. Intrusive thought d. Repressive thought ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 26

DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:26 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:26 AM 79. Which of the following is a juror’s predisposition to interpret and understand information based on past experience? a. Juror discrimination b. Juror information effect c. Juror bias d. Juror experience effect ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:28 AM 80. Which of the following occurs when jurors will bend their evaluation of the evidence in a direction that supports their verdict choice? a. Evaluatory bias b. Evidentiary bias c. Cognitive distortion d. Predecisional distortion ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:32 AM 81. A variety of studies using different methodologies suggest that compassion plays only a minor role in civil jurors’ judgments. This is called which of the following? a. Sympathy hypothesis b. Sympato-decisional bias c. Cognitive empathy bias d. None of these ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:46 AM 82. Which of the following occurs when some compelling information, data, or interpretation convinces jurors that their personal perspectives were incorrect or incomplete, and that it makes sense for them to change their minds? a. Normative social influence b. Situational social influence c. Cognitive social influence Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 27

d. Informational social influence ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:46 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:46 AM 83. Which of the following occurs when jurors simply go along with the group’s decision in order to be conciliatory? a. Normative social influence b. Situational social influence c. Situational social influence d. Informational social influence ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:47 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:47 AM 84. Which of the following occurs when jurors would take a straw poll very early in their discussion to reveal the general sentiment of the group and to establish the factions that see things in different ways? a. Verdict-driven deliberation b. Sentiment deliberation c. Establishment deliberation d. None of these ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:48 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:51 AM 85. Which of the following occurs when jurors review crucial pieces of evidence in order to reach an agreed-upon consensus about how to interpret that evidence and only then try to match their interpretation to various verdict options? a. Interpretational deliberation b. Critical deliberation c. Evidence-driven deliberation d. None of these ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:51 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:52 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 28

86. Which of the following is a mental structure that aids in the processing and interpreting of information. a. Cognitive map b. Schema c. Frontal cortex d. Mental hierarchy ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:57 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:59 AM 87. In civil cases, if a jury decides that a defendant is liable for injuries and harm to a plaintiff, they then award which of the following things? a. Retribution b. Restitution c. Damages d. Penalties ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:59 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:00 AM 88. Roberto is a judge who gives jury instructions at the beginning of the trial and rests on the notion that the instructions will have their most beneficial effect when presented first, because jurors will know the rules of the trial and the requirements of the law before the trial commences. This is called which of the following? a. Recency effect b. Primacy effect c. Judicial effect d. Pretrial effect ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:00 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:01 AM 89. Constanza is a judge who gives jury instructions at the end of the trial and rests on the notion that the instructions will have their most beneficial effect when presented at the end of a trial because they will be fresh in mind. This is called which of the following? a. Recency effect b. Primacy effect c. Judicial effect d. None of these ANSWER: a Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 29

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:03 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:04 AM 90. Reavus is a judge who believes juries should be allowed or even encouraged to defy the law if they believe it is unjust.

Reavus believes in which of the following? a. Jury freedom b. Jury nullification c. Jury pontification d. Jury justification ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:04 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:06 AM 91. Paula is a judge who gives instructions to the effect that evidence of a defendant’s prior record can be used for limited purposes only: to gauge the defendant’s credibility but not to prove the defendant’s propensity to commit the charged offense. This is called which of the following? a. Prior instruction b. Credibility instruction c. Safeguarded instruction d. Limiting instruction ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:06 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:07 AM 92. Emile is a judge who holds that prosecutors may not suggest that because defendants had the propensity to act in a criminal manner, they are guilty of the crime charged. This is called which of the following? a. Propensity evidence b. Testamentary evidence c. Retrospective evidence d. None of these ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:08 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:09 AM 93. A judge admonishes a lawyer for presenting evidence that is unrelated to the substance of the case. What is this type Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 30

of evidence called? a. Damaging evidence b. Unrelated evidence c. Inadmissible evidence d. Pre-admissible evidence ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:10 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:10 AM

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 31

Chapter 14 1. Which of the following occurs when similar offenders who committed crimes receive different sentences? a. Indeterminate sentencing b. Sentencing discrimination c. Sentencing disparity d. Determinate sentencing ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Purposes of Punishment QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:48 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:52 AM 2. In which of the following briefs did the APA distinguish factual understanding from rational understanding to the Supreme Court? a. Amicus curiae b. Fair sentencing act c. Sentencing reform act d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Death Penalty: The Ultimate Punishment QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Limiting Use of the Death Penalty DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:54 AM 3. Which of the following types of sentencing reduces incarceration rates by sentencing offenders based on risk factors? a. Evidence-based sentencing b. Indeterminate sentencing c. Determinate sentencing d. Blended sentencing ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Purposes of Punishment QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:01 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 1

4. In the United States the inmate population is which of the following? a. Over 1 million b. Over 3 million c. Over 2 million d. Over 500,000 ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Purposes of Punishment QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:06 AM 5. Applying the death penalty to people with intellectual disabilities does not further the legitimate goals of deterrence and retribution. This is a violation of which of the following amendments? a. Eighth Amendment b. First Amendment c. Fourth Amendment d. Seventh Amendment ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Death Penalty: The Ultimate Punishment QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Limiting Use of the Death Penalty DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:05 AM 6. What happened to jail numbers during the COVID-19 Pandemic? a. Jail numbers dropped precipitously at the beginning of the pandemic: by 18% during March 2020, and another 11% during April 2020 b. Jail numbers dropped precipitously at the beginning of the pandemic: by 25% during March 2020, and another 20% during April 2020 c. Jail numbers stayed the same at the beginning of the pandemic and then dropped by 18% during April 2020 d. Jail numbers stayed the same during the first 2 months of the pandemic and then dropped by 20% in May 2020 ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Purposes of Punishment QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:07 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 2

7. One factor that has led to new approaches and reforms in punishment is which of the following? a. Reduced crime rates b. The development of sentencing alternatives c. The COVID-19 Pandemic d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: The Purposes of Punishment QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:09 AM 8. Francesco breaks the law and is sent to prison as a punishment; his punishment is supposed to discourage others from doing the same thing. This refers to which of the following punishment goals? a. General deterrence b. Individual deterrence c. Retribution d. Incapacitation ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: The Purposes of Punishment QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:10 AM 9. One purpose of the death penalty could be to exert fear of death into law breakers. According to Ruback (2015), which purpose would this be serving? a. Individual deterrence b. General deterrence c. Execution deterrence d. Retribution ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Purposes of Punishment QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:12 AM 10. According to Wilson (1975), one function of incapacitating the criminal is to do which of the following to the criminal?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 3

a. Reform b. Rehabilitate c. Embarrass d. Age ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Purposes of Punishment QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 1:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:15 AM 11. The idea that punishment should be delivered to those who deserve it refers to which of the following punishment goals? a. Retribution b. Equitable deterrence c. General deterrence d. Restitution ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Purposes of Punishment QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:13 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:20 AM 12. Parents of a murdered child want the killer to be executed because they are angry and expect to be satisfied only if the killer dies. This reflects which goal of punishment? a. Retribution b. Moral outrage c. Restitution d. Revenge ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Purposes of Punishment QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:13 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:22 AM 13. Wrongdoers should compensate victims for their damages and losses. This refers to which of the following punishment goals? a. Retribution Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 4

b. Moral compensation c. Individual deterrence d. Restitution ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Purposes of Punishment QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:13 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:23 AM 14. The original purpose of prisons was to do which of the following? a. Punish b. Rehabilitate c. Provide restitution d. Rehabilitate ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Purposes of Punishment QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:13 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:25 AM 15. Rehabilitation and deterrence are considered to be which of the following types of goals of punishment? a. Retributive b. Utilitarian c. “Just desserts” d. Dispositional ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Purposes of Punishment QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Utilitarian Approaches DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:13 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:27 AM 16. Which of the following goals of punishment would be considered part of a retributive approach? a. Moral outrage b. Rehabilitation c. General deterrence Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 5

d. Moral vengeance ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Purposes of Punishment QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Retributive Approaches DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:13 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:28 AM 17. Rehabilitation has been shown to be more effective when it is tailored to what characteristic of an offender? a. Age b. Race c. Religion d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Purposes of Punishment QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Utilitarian Approaches DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:13 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:29 AM 18. Carlsmith, Darley, and Robinson (2002) used the technique of policy capturing to determine the punishment motives of community members. They found that their subjects were most concerned with which of the following? a. Moral outrage b. Restitution c. Retribution d. Rehabilitation ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Purposes of Punishment QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Retributive Approaches DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:13 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:31 AM 19. High rates of which of the following suggest rehabilitation through incarceration has not been particularly effective? a. Violent crime b. Recidivism c. Parole Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 6

d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Purposes of Punishment QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Utilitarian Approaches DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:13 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:32 AM 20. Dan Kahan argues that an intermediate sanction will be more acceptable to the public in which of the following conditions? a. A shaming penalty is attached. b. Defendants must also perform community service. c. Defendants must also pay a fine. d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Purposes of Punishment QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Retributive Approaches DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:13 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:34 AM 21. Judges seek alternative sentencing options other than incarceration because of which of the following factors? a. High recidivism rates among released offenders b. Prison overcrowding c. Prison costs d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Purposes of Punishment QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Retributive Approaches DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:35 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:37 AM 22. Why are judges increasingly using innovative sentences? a. The federal courts now require judges to use creative ways of punishing criminals. b. Prisons are overcrowded. c. It greatly reduces the costs to incarcerate criminals.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 7

d. It helps reform criminals better.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Purposes of Punishment QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Retributive Approaches DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:35 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:47 AM 23. Which of the following would be considered to be a part of restorative justice? a. Community service b. “An eye for an eye” c. Incarceration d. Vengeance ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Purposes of Punishment QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Restorative Approaches DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:35 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:50 AM 24. The public tends to favor which of the following sentencing options for less serious offenses and for younger offenders? a. Retributive b. Restorative c. Therapeutic d. Restorative ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: The Purposes of Punishment QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Restorative Approaches DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:35 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:52 AM 25. “Get tough” or retributive approaches to punishment have been reflected by which of the following factors? a. Sentencing guidelines b. Mandatory minimum sentences c. The abolition of parole Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 8

d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Judicial Discretion in Sentencing QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:35 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:54 AM 26. In some states, indeterminate sentencing allows judges to utilize their discretion to do which of the following? a. Provide a variable period of incarceration for a given offense b. Provide a fixed sentence for a given offense c. Set an absolute release date d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Judicial Discretion in Sentencing QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Sentencing Policies DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:35 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:55 AM 27. One of the primary goals of determinant sentencing is which of the following? a. General deterrence b. Rehabilitation c. Retribution d. Incapacitation ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Judicial Discretion in Sentencing QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Sentencing Policies DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:35 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:06 AM 28. To reduce the use of judicial discretion, some states have imposed which of the following? a. General deterrence b. Mandatory minimum sentencing c. Sentencing guidelines d. Blended sentencing Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 9

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Judicial Discretion in Sentencing QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Sentencing Policies DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:35 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:07 AM 29. When judges exercise their discretion by imposing a variable period of incarceration for a given offense, it is called which of the following? a. Front-end sentencing b. Indeterminate sentencing schemes c. Individual deterrence d. Sentencing guidelines ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Judicial Discretion in Sentencing QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Sentencing Policies DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:36 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:09 AM 30. The U.S. Supreme Court decided which of the following in cases where a crime was committed before age 18? a. The death penalty cannot be applied to someone younger than 18 b. The death penalty cannot be applied to someone younger than 18 unless they were tried as an adult c. The death penalty cannot be applied to someone younger than 18 unless they confess d. None of these is true ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Judicial Discretion in Sentencing QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Sentencing Policies DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:36 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:10 AM 31. Which of the following is considered in sentencing in every jurisdiction? a. Criminal’s childhood history b. Criminal’s gender c. Criminal’s past record d. Criminal’s socioeconomic status Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 10

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Determinants of Sentencing: Relevant and Irrelevant QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:15 AM 32. Research has shown that prosecutor demands are highly influential in which of the following? a. Out of courtroom settlements b. Defense attorneys’ sentencing recommendations c. Probation officers’ sentencing recommendations d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Judicial Discretion in Sentencing QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Sentencing Process DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:16 AM 33. According to the focal concerns theory of judicial decision-making, what do judges focus on when making decisions? a. The defendant’s guilt plea b. Protection of the community c. Safety of potential future victims d. Protection of the defendant ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Determinants of Sentencing: Relevant and Irrelevant QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:18 AM 34. According to studies, male offenders have which of the following characteristics in their sentencing? a. Receive more lenient sentences than female offenders b. Are less likely to receive prison sentences c. Receive longer sentences for property and drug offenses d. Are more likely to receive prison sentences for committing a violent offense ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 11

DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Judicial Discretion in Sentencing QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Sentencing Policies DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:19 AM 35. Which of the following characteristic has been shown to impact the sentencing of offenders? a. Defendant gender b. Victim gender c. Offender race d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Determinants of Sentencing: Relevant and Irrelevant QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:21 AM 36. Professor Stephen Morse has raised concerns about the role of the Hendricks case in striking a balance between the due process and crime control models of criminal justice by asserting which of the following? a. He asserted that in its quest for public safety, society is now willing to punish people who are merely at risk for reoffending b. He asserted that society is now unwilling to punish people who are merely at risk for reoffending c. He asserted that in its quest for more punitive justice, society is now willing to punish people who are merely at risk for reoffending d. None of these are true ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Determinants of Sentencing: Relevant and Irrelevant QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:13 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:23 AM 37. According to one study of federal sentencing data, offenders who pled guilty received which of the following sentences when compared to offenders who were convicted at trial? a. 15 percent longer sentences b. 15 percent shorter sentences c. 25 percent longer sentences d. 25 percent shorter sentences ANSWER: b Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 12

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Determinants of Sentencing: Relevant and Irrelevant QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:13 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:24 AM 38. In most courts, the judge receives a sentencing recommendation from which of the following? a. Prosecutor b. Psychologist c. Victim d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Judicial Discretion in Sentencing QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Sentencing Process DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:13 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:26 AM 39. Some research has shown that judges’ beliefs about which of the following affect their decision to transfer a juvenile to criminal court for prosecution? a. Incapacitation b. Retribution c. Moral outrage d. Rehabilitative potential ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Sentencing Juvenile Offenders QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:13 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:27 AM 40. The goals of juvenile court dispositions include which of the following? a. Ensuring individual’s safety b. Addressing children’s social and psychological needs c. Referral to a criminal court d. Probation with minimal supervision ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 13

REFERENCES: Sentencing Juvenile Offenders QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:13 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:29 AM 41. Decision-making in juvenile cases often involves consideration of which of the following? a. Financial resources of the juvenile’s family b. Availability of community-based programs c. Juvenile’s family’s role in ensuring school attendance d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Sentencing Juvenile Offenders QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Juvenile Court Dispositions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:13 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:31 AM 42. According to one study, factors that have been shown to exert the greatest influence in juvenile dispositional outcomes include which of the following? a. Societal b. Legal c. External d. Cultural ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Sentencing Juvenile Offenders QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Juvenile Court Dispositions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:13 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:33 AM 43. Recent findings suggest that the use of blended sentences may be ineffective as about which percentage of juveniles who were released early and did not complete their sentence in adult prisons who were later rearrested? a. 25 percent b. 45 percent c. 50 percent d. 65 percent ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 14

REFERENCES: Sentencing Juvenile Offenders QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Blended Sentencing DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:13 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:35 AM 44. Research suggests that public opinion is which of the following? a. In favor of life sentences for juvenile offenders b. Not in favor of life sentences for juvenile offenders c. Just as in favor of life sentences for juvenile offenders as for adult offenders d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Sentencing Juvenile Offenders QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Life Sentences for Juvenile Offenders DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:13 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:36 AM 45. Alfonso committed a sex offense and has just completed serving his sentence. What is likely to happen after he is released from prison? a. He will need to register with state officials. b. He will be involuntarily admitted to a mental health facility. c. His picture and other identifying information will be placed on a website. d. He will need to register with state officials and his identifying information will be placed on a website ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Sentencing Sex Offenders QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Registration and Notification DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:13 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:37 AM 46. Despite requirements that convicted sex offenders register with local law enforcement upon release from prison, one investigation revealed that California authorities have lost track of more than which of the following number of sex offenders who were registered at one point in time? a. 10,000 b. 23,000 c. 33,000 d. 40,000 ANSWER: c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 15

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Sentencing Sex Offenders QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Registration and Notification DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:14 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:39 AM 47. In accordance with the Sexually Violent Predator Act, Leroy Hendricks, who was suffering from a “mental abnormality” that would make him likely to commit predatory acts of sexual violence, was committed to which of the following? a. A psychiatric hospital b. A community center c. To be chemically castrated d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Sentencing Sex Offenders QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Involuntary Commitment DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:14 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:41 AM 48. African Americans are much more likely to be sentenced to prison than European Americans. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Purposes of Punishment QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:13 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:14 AM 49. Prisons are very effective at rehabilitating offenders. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Purposes of Punishment QUESTION TYPE: True / False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 16

HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Utilitarian Approaches DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:14 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:17 AM 50. Restorative justice polices are used mostly in the United States. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: The Purposes of Punishment QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Restorative Approaches DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:14 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:18 AM 51. The goals behind all forms of sentencing are retribution and moral outrage. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Judicial Discretion in Sentencing QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Sentencing Policies DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:15 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:19 AM 52. The American Psychological Association does not support the concept of mandatory minimum sentences. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Judicial Discretion in Sentencing QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:15 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:22 AM 53. In 2005, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the mandatory nature of the federal sentencing guidelines was constitutional. a. True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 17

b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Judicial Discretion in Sentencing QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Sentencing Policies DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:15 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:27 AM 54. Federal judges have the authority to set any reasonable sentence if they explain their reasoning. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Judicial Discretion in Sentencing QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Sentencing Policies DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:28 AM 55. Males receive similar sentences as do females for the same crime. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Determinants of Sentencing: Relevant and Irrelevant QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:29 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:30 AM 56. Explain how the juvenile justice system differs from the adult system, and explain what factors impact judges’ decisions to transfer a juvenile to criminal court for prosecution.

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

The juvenile justice system differs from the adult system in some crucial ways. First, not all juveniles come into the system via arrests. Some are referred by school officials, social service agencies, and even by parents. Second, there is an emphasis on rehabilitating youthful offenders rather than simply punishing them. Finally, early in a case, juvenile justice officials must decide whether to send the case into the court system or divert the offender to alternative programs such as drug treatment, educational and recreational programs, or individual and group counseling. If the choice is to involve the courts, then prosecutors may recommend, or juvenile court judges may decide, to transfer cases involving serious charges Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 18

from juvenile court to criminal court. Sentencing procedures and options vary depending on whether the child is adjudicated in juvenile court or transferred to adult criminal court.

Judges’ beliefs about the deterrent effects of transfer—the possibility that juveniles will refrain from committing crimes because they fear being tried as adults—affect these decisions. More experienced judges see greater rehabilitative potential in juveniles and are less likely than inexperienced judges to transfer cases to criminal court.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Sentencing Juvenile Offenders QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:32 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:36 AM 57. Explain, compare, and contrast front-end and back-end sentencing.

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

Front-end sentencing: A system of front-end sentencing by judges marks the beginning of an offender’s punishment. In addition to demands from the prosecutor and defense attorney, the sentencing judge has a probation officer’s report and recommendation. This report carries a good deal of weight with judges. In one study, the judge agreed with the probation officer’s recommendation in 78 percent of cases that resulted in community sanctions and in 62 percent of cases that resulted in incarceration. The judge may ask the offender questions and will usually permit the offender to make a statement. In some cases, a forensic mental health professional may provide input on issues such as diminished capacity or coercion and duress, addressing questions such as whether the defendant was able to understand the wrongfulness of the crime, was able to conform his or her conduct to the requirements of the law, and has particular treatment or rehabilitation needs. On the basis of these sources of information and taking sentencing options into account, the judge then sentences the offender.

Back-end sentencing: Back-end sentencing occurs when parolees are arrested for new crimes or violate the conditions of their parole and are returned to prison by state parole boards.

Back-end sentencing is now responsible for approximately one-third of all prison admissions.

Examination of these parole revocations shows that parole board officials, eager to protect themselves from public scorn, are especially harsh on sex offenders and serious and violent offenders, regardless of what these offenders did to violate their parole. Parole boards also consider offenders’ gender and race when they ratchet penalties up and down. We discuss these sorts of implicit biases more thoroughly in the next section.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Judicial Discretion in Sentencing QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Sentencing Process DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:36 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:40 AM 58. Explain the reasoning for mandatory minimum sentences, particularly for drug crimes.

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

In an attempt to reduce discretion, some states impose mandatory minimum sentences for Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 19

certain offenses, including drug crimes. These policies require judges to sentence offenders to a minimum number of years in prison regardless of any extenuating circumstances. They, too, have been criticized as unjust. The American Psychological Association has spoken out against mandatory minimum sentences: “They have done nothing to reduce crime or put bigtime drug dealers out of business. What they have done … is to fill prisons with young, nonviolent, low-level drug offenders serving long sentences at enormous and growing cost to taxpayers.” Consistent with these recommendations, in 2010, President Obama signed into law The Fair Sentencing Act that eliminated mandatory minimum sentences for simple possession of crack cocaine. This trend may be reversing, however. Beginning in 2017, Attorney General Jeff Sessions prioritized longer sentences for drug offenders. Current federal sentencing policy is based on the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984, which abolished parole and established a Sentencing Commission to develop mandatory sentencing guidelines. An overriding goal of the Sentencing Commission was to ensure uniformity of sentences. Federal judges were required to sentence offenders within a narrow range prescribed by a complicated analysis of the severity and circumstances of the crime, among other factors. But this scheme also proved to be controversial. In 2005, the U.S. Supreme Court decided that the mandatory nature of the guidelines was unconstitutional (United States v. Booker, 2005). Federal sentencing guidelines are now advisory rather than mandatory, meaning that they are among the factors that judges consider. In fact, judges still tend to follow the guidelines, although they are now able to consider more evidence than the guidelines would have permitted. When federal judges do diverge from the sentencing guidelines, though, their sentences are far more likely to be below the guidelines than above them. Meanwhile, the Sentencing Commission is considering alternatives to incarceration for offenders who are amenable to diversion and treatment.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Judicial Discretion in Sentencing QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Sentencing Policies DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:37 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:43 AM 59. Explain what is meant by a death-qualified juror, how that is determined, and how they differ from the general population.

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

During jury selection in cases in which the prosecutor seeks a death penalty, prospective jurors are required to answer questions about their attitudes toward capital punishment. This procedure is called death qualification. If jurors indicate extreme beliefs about the death penalty, they may be excused “for cause”—that is, dismissed from that case. More precisely, prospective jurors are excluded if their opposition to capital punishment would “prevent or substantially impair the performance of [their] duties as juror[s] in accordance with [their] instructions and [their] oath” (Wainwright v. Witt, 1985, p. 424). Prospective jurors dismissed for this reason are termed excludables, and those who remain are termed death qualified.

Death-qualified jurors are qualified to impose the death penalty because they do not hold strong scruples or reservations about it. Death qualification raises some important questions.

Recall that capital cases involve two phases but only one jury to decide both guilt and punishment. Although excludable jurors might be unwilling to impose the death penalty, many could fairly determine the guilt or innocence of the defendant. Yet death qualification procedures deny them the opportunity to make a decision. These procedures also raise concerns about the leanings of jurors who do assess guilt, concerns that have grown over the Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 20

years. Intuitively, one might expect that death-qualified juries (those made up of people who are not opposed to the death penalty) would be somewhat more conviction prone than the general population. Indeed, research studies have demonstrated the conviction-proneness of death-qualified juries. For example, Cowan, Thompson, and Ellsworth (1984) recruited mock jurors who were either death qualified or excludable and assigned them to juries; some juries were composed entirely of death-qualified jurors and others contained a few excludables. All watched a recorded murder trial. Three-fourths of the death-qualified juries found the defendant guilty, as did only 53% of the juries with excludable jurors. “Mixed” juries took a more serious approach to their deliberations and were more critical of witnesses and better able to remember the evidence. Death-qualified jurors differ from the general population in other important ways. They interpret evidence in a manner that favors the prosecution and devalue evidence that seems to favor the defense.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: The Death Penalty: The Ultimate Punishment QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Capital Jury Decision-Making DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:37 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:45 AM 60. Explain the specifics of sentencing disparity.

ANSWER: As you might suspect, judges have considerable latitude or discretion in the sentences they impose in this system, and disparities in sentence type (probation vs. incarceration), length, and location can result. Sentencing disparities occur whenever offenders who committed similar crimes receive different sentences. Various efforts to reduce disparity, including maximum and minimum sentences, sentencing guidelines, and even revisions in sentencing guidelines, have been instituted, with somewhat mixed success.

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:37 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:46 AM 61. Explain some of the impacts of COVID-19 on incarceration.

ANSWER: COVID-19 had a significant impact on incarceration rates and jail populations. Because the virus was highly transmissible in its early stages and social distancing is nearly impossible in correctional facilities, the only way to control its spread, according to health experts, was to reduce the size of incarcerated populations. Jail numbers dropped precipitously at the beginning of the pandemic: by 18% during March 2020, and another 11% during April 2020 (Minton, Zeng, & Maruschak, 2021). Still, an unfortunate effect of COVID-19 on inmate populations was a rise in the death rate. In prisons run by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, for example, that rate was 50% higher in 2020 than in 2015. According to an inmate in the Lompoc, California, federal prison complex where 70 percent of inmates tested positive by May 2020, “At nighttime…all you heard was just coughing all night, all night” POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 21

STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:37 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:47 AM 62. What is compassionate release and when/why does it occur?

ANSWER: One method to reduce prison populations, “compassionate release,” allows for the release of older and dying inmates prior to the completion of their terms. This generally requires the sentencing judge to determine that an inmate has “extraordinary and compelling reasons” to be released. Prior to the pandemic, it was rarely used (Wylie et al., 2017). But eligibility criteria were expanded in the First Step Act of 2018, and the number of offenders granted compassionate release increased in response to the pandemic (U.S. Sentencing Commission, 2022). Still, the number was relatively small (e.g., 1,805 federal offenders in 2020).

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:38 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:47 AM 63. Explain risk assessment in evidence-based sentencing.

ANSWER: A controversial method to scale back prison populations uses risk assessment measures (described in Chapter 3) to apportion sentences. So-called evidence-based sentencing aims to reduce incarceration rates by sentencing offenders based on risk factors for recidivism such as criminal history, education, substance abuse, and employment history. Those assessed to be at low risk are given shorter terms than those assessed at higher risk. Critics claim that this process unfairly targets racial minorities, though a study comparing risk scores for Blacks and Whites found that regardless of offenders’ race, evidence-based sentencing can effectively predict recidivism risk (Skeem & Lowenkamp, 2016).

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:48 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:48 AM 64. Explain and discuss general deterrence.

ANSWER: General deterrence. The punishment of an offender— and the subsequent publicity that comes with it—are assumed to discourage other potential lawbreakers. Some advocates of the death penalty, for example, believe that fear of death may be our strongest motivation; hence, they believe that the death penalty serves as a general deterrent to murder.

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:48 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:49 AM 65. In individual deterrence, punishment of the offender is presumed to keep that person from committing other crimes in the future.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 22

a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:50 AM 66. In incapacitation, offenders are sent to prison and society can feel safe from those individuals while they are confined. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:51 AM 67. In deterrence, society believes that offenders should not benefit from their crimes; rather, they should receive their “just deserts,” or “that which is justly deserved.” a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:52 AM 68. In retribution, punishment can give society a means of catharsis and relief from the feelings of frustration, hurt, loss, and anger that result from being victims of crime; it promotes a sense of satisfaction that offenders have paid for what they have done to others. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:58 AM 69. In rehabilitation, one goal in sentencing is to help offenders recognize the error of their ways and develop new skills, values, and lifestyles so that they can become law abiding. a. True b. False ANSWER: True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 23

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:59 AM 70. Most goals of incarceration are authoritarian: They are intended to accomplish a useful outcome, such as compensating the victim, deterring crime, or incapacitating or rehabilitating the defendant. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:00 AM 71. Retributive goals involve looking back at the offense and determining what the criminal “deserves” as a consequence of committing it. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:59 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:00 AM 72. Carlton is a researcher using vignettes that described a variety of harmful actions, and the researchers attempted to understand (or “capture”) the policies underlying the punishments that people assigned. They varied different elements of the crimes described, elements that should or should not matter to respondents depending on which motive they preferred.

Which type of research is he doing? a. Policy capturing b. Community capturing c. Response capturing d. Negative bias ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:01 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:04 AM 73. In colonial days, those who committed minor offenses were put in stocks in a public place for several hours for all to see and ridicule. This illustrates which of the following? a. Retribution b. Vengeance Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 24

c. Shaming penalty d. Public penalty ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:01 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:05 AM 74. Louanda is a research who examines a system that borrowed from features of indigenous justice systems including the First Nations people of Canada and the United States and the Maori of New Zealand. It views crime as a violation of the victim and the community, rather than the state. It uses open dialogue to gain consensus about responsibility-taking and dispute resolution. What is she researching? a. Restorative justice b. Therapeutic jurisprudence c. Community therapy d. Community policing ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:02 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:07 AM 75. Francesco is a judge who believes judges should exercise their discretion by imposing a variable period of incarceration for a given offense (e.g., 6–20 years), and a parole board should determine the actual date of release. What system does Francesco believe in? a. Determinate sentencing b. Lenient sentencing c. Judicial sentencing d. Indeterminate sentencing ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:02 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:08 AM 76. Bronte lives in a state where government imposes minimum periods of incarceration for certain offenses, including drug crimes. These policies require judges to sentence convicted individuals to a minimum number of years in prison regardless of any extenuating circumstances. The state where Bronte lives has which of the following? a. Mandatory minimums b. Proscribed sentencing c. Preset sentencing d. Mandatory maximums ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 25

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:02 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:09 AM 77. Martell is a judge who focuses on three main concerns in reaching sentencing decisions: (1) the defendant’s culpability, (2) protection of the community (emphasizing incapacitation and general deterrence), and (3) practical constraints and consequences of the sentence, including concerns about disrupting ties to children and other family members. What does Martell practice? a. Equilibrium theory b. Focal concerns theory c. Focal contributions d. Culpability concerns theory ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:02 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:10 AM 78. Which of the following types of hearing typically combine adversarial procedures and attention to the particular needs—social, psychological, physical—of the child? They include recommendations by probation officers and social workers, reports of social and school histories, and discussions with the offenders and their families, probation staff, and other professionals a. Relational b. Dispositional c. Equitable d. None of these ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:09 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:12 AM 79. Which of the following types of sentencing combines the options available in juvenile court with those used in criminal court? a. Equitable sentencing b. Indiscriminate sentencing c. Blended sentencing d. Community sentencing ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:11 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:13 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 26

80. In 2002, the Supreme Court ruled that it was cruel and unusual punishment, in violation of the Eighth Amendment, to do which of the following? a. Execute offenders by hanging b. Execute offenders with intellectual abilities c. Execute offenders with mental disorders d. None of these ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:14 AM 81. Which of the following was a model of criminal justice that heavily influenced police, prosecutors, and many judges over the past half century? It interprets the primary aim of law enforcement as the apprehension and punishment of criminals so they will not repeat their offenses and so others will be deterred from similar acts. a. Crime control model b. Retributive model c. Vengeance model d. Deterrent model ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:13 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:15 AM 82. The basic notion of which of the following is that offenders who receive treatment for the underlying causes of criminality will be less likely to reoffend? a. Justice b. Retribution c. Rehabilitation d. Recidivism ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:14 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:16 AM 83. Which of the following is described by the statement: punishing offenders in proportion to the severity of their offenses, although cathartic, has apparently done little to curb crime, reduce suffering, or address structural factors that lead to criminal behavior in the first place? a. Vengeance justice b. Retributive justice c. Authoritative justice Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 27

d. Punitive justice ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:15 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:17 AM 84. In which of the following systems do those convicted are sentenced for a fixed length of time determined by statutes and guidelines, and there is no parole? The primary goals of these sentences are retribution and moral outrage. a. Indeterminate sentencing b. Discriminative sentencing c. Determinate sentencing d. Vengeance sentencing ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:19 AM 85. Judges’ sentencing decisions are highly influenced by the prosecutor’s request for a lengthy sentence, a process called which of the following? a. Representative bias b. Anchoring bias c. Comparison bias d. None of these ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:31 AM 86. In which of the following do judges focus on three main concerns in reaching sentencing decisions: (1) the defendant’s culpability, (2) protection of the community (emphasizing incapacitation and general deterrence), and (3) practical constraints and consequences of the sentence, including concerns about disrupting ties to children and other family members? a. Therapeutic justice b. Retributive justice c. Focal concerns d. Community policing ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 28

DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:29 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:32 AM 87. Which of the following types of hearings typically combine adversarial procedures and attention to the particular needs—social, psychological, physical—of the child? They include recommendations by probation officers and social workers, reports of social and school histories, and discussions with the offenders and their families, probation staff, and other professionals. a. Dispositional hearings b. Probational hearings c. Psychological hearings d. Therapeutic hearings ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:31 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:33 AM 88. Which of the following combines the options available in juvenile court with those used in criminal court? a. Mixed sentencing b. Discretional sentencing c. Blended sentencing d. None of these ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:34 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:35 AM 89. Policies that entail registration, notification, and residency restrictions, though well-intended, exemplify which of the following? a. Recidivism reduction b. Crime control theater c. Retributive justice d. Preventative justice ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:35 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:36 AM 90. Which of the following involves administering hormones to reduce testosterone levels and thereby lower sex drive, sexual arousal, and sexual fantasizing? a. Testosterone therapy b. Surgical removal Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 29

c. Chemical castration d. Suppressive therapy ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:36 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:37 AM 91. Which of the following are elements of the defendant’s background or the crime, such as experiencing mental illness or acting under duress at the time of the offense, that make life imprisonment the more appropriate verdict? a. Extenuative circumstances b. Mitigating factors c. Therapeutic factors d. None of these ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 5:38 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 5:39 AM

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 30

Chapter 15 1. Which of the following terms describes the process of prisoners being released from incarceration back to the community? a. Reentry b. Probation c. Parole d. Disembarking ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Juvenile Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 12:53 AM 2. Which of the following characteristics is found in programs that are successful in reducing the rates of violence, antisocial behavior, and risky health behavior in adolescents? a. A cognitive/behavioral strategy b. Long-term treatments c. Multicontexual d. All of these ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Juvenile Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 12:54 AM 3. Which of the following characteristics is typically found in programs that are ineffective at reducing rates of violence, antisocial behavior, and risky health behavior in adolescents? a. Cognitive-behavioral strategy b. Scare tactics c. Long-term treatments d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Juvenile Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:46 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 12:57 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 1

4. Factors said to influence the risk of juvenile criminal offending include which of the following? a. Juvenile history of offending b. Family issues c. Drug abuse d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Juvenile Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Assessing Risk and Needs in Juveniles DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:46 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 12:59 AM 5. Which of the following is an assessment tool designed to measure a juvenile’s risk of offending and related needs? a. Unstructured assessment of violence risk in youth b. Youth level of service/case management inventory c. Improving both self-reported and observed family relations d. Reducing time spent with deviant peers ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Juvenile Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Assessing Risk and Needs in Juveniles DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:47 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:01 AM 6. Which of the following describes school-based probation? a. The offending youth is sent to boarding school to attempt to correct the behavior. b. The offending youth’s attendance, performance, and behavior in school are monitored. c. Probation is only enforced during school hours where behavior is monitored. d. It involves frequent monitoring contact.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Juvenile Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:47 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:03 AM 7. Community-based probation for juveniles may include which of the following components?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 2

a. Participate in regular drug testing at a doctor’s office. b. Participate in a specific program or alternative school during the day and return home at night. c. Undertake anger management training with a trained psychologist. d. Undergo family counseling with a trained psychologist.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Juvenile Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:47 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:05 AM 8. Intensive probation is typically characterized by which of the following? a. Frequent, randomized report card checks b. Mandatory individual and group mental health services c. Weekly community service d. Increased monitoring contact ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Juvenile Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:47 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:13 AM 9. Juvenile probation sometimes requires that offenders be involved in some kind of community-based placement or program, such as Oakland’s Evening Reporting Center. Here, juvenile offenders must do which of the following? a. Report after school and remain at the center for recreational activities till 8 P.M. and return home for the night b. Attend different kinds of learning and/or recreational activities and stay back overnight at the center c. Attend school and remain on the grounds of the program d. Remain at home and undergo treatment ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Juvenile Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:47 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:37 AM 10. Which of the following describes training of multisystemic (MST) therapists?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 3

a. Dependent on training program b. Highly standardized c. Highly standardized d. Dependent on training program ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Juvenile Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:47 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:47 AM 11. Multisystemic Therapy has been shown to be more effective than usual diversion services in which of the following? a. Improving training to therapists b. Improving community center facilities c. Decreasing youth behavior problems d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Juvenile Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:47 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:49 AM 12. Which of the following statements is not true? a. Multisystemic Therapy has been found to reduce recidivism among juveniles. b. Multisystemic Therapy has not been effective in reducing substance use among juveniles. c. Multisystemic Therapy is costly, but overall, cost effective, when considering its effectiveness. d. None of these statements are true.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Juvenile Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:48 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:53 AM 13. What is the name of the treatment option for juveniles charged with serious offenses that involves placing juveniles with specially trained foster parents?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 4

a. Minnesota Multiphasic Foster Care b. Saratoga Multicontext Foster Care c. Oregon Treatment Foster Care d. The Foster Care Advantage ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Juvenile Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:48 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:54 AM 14. Which of the following interventions for juveniles isn’t a team approach? a. Multisystemic Therapy b. Oregon Treatment Foster Care c. Functional Family Therapy d. Oakland’s Evening Reporting Center ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Juvenile Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:48 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:56 AM 15. Oregon Treatment Foster Care has been identified as a model treatment program by which of the following? a. U.S. Attorney General b. U.S. Surgeon General c. U.S. Department of Health d. U.S. Commission on Mental Health Policy and Initiatives ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Juvenile Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:48 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 1:58 AM 16. Chamberlain (1990) compared 13- to 18-year-olds in Oregon Treatment Foster Care (OTFC) to those teenagers treated in community residential treatment. Over a two-year follow-up period, those in the OTFC group were found to be which Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 5

of the following? a. Less likely to be incarcerated and more likely to complete treatment b. More likely to be incarcerated and less likely to complete treatment c. Less likely to be incarcerated and less likely to complete treatment d. More likely to be incarcerated and more likely to complete treatment ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Juvenile Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:00 AM 17. Functional Family Therapy (FFT) has been shown to reduce recidivism rates, particularly for which of the following? a. For children under the age of 12 b. When provided by therapists with more than 10 years of experience c. When therapists closely adhered to the treatment model d. For youths who commit violent offenses ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Juvenile Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:02 AM 18. Many judges are inclined to place an offending juvenile in a secure residential facility as opposed to treating the juvenile in the community for which of the following reasons? a. A community-based program is not available. b. The publicly perceived risk to society is lower. c. It helps reduce treatment costs. d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Juvenile Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Secure Residential Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:04 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 6

19. One of the weaknesses in residential interventions for juveniles is which of the following? a. A lack of meaningful involvement of family members b. Multimodal treatments c. The lack of a school-based structure d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Juvenile Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Secure Residential Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:05 AM 20. Which kinds of residential treatments appear most effective in reducing juvenile recidivism? a. Structured and multimodal treatments b. Behavioral and cognitive-behavioral therapies c. Interpersonal skills training and family interventions d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Juvenile Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Secure Residential Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:07 AM 21. Which of the following is most important when planning for juvenile reentry into the community? a. Cost-effective treatment b. Aftercare services c. Interactions with prosocial peers d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Juvenile Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Secure Residential Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:10 AM 22. One of the intensive aftercare for juvenile offenders typically involves which of the following?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 7

a. Long-term reintegrative activities b. Post-release planning and probation c. Community-based interventions with preconditions d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Juvenile Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Reentry DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:15 AM 23. Research suggests that wraparound services have which of the following characteristics? a. Reduced recidivism b. Improved juvenile functioning c. Improved coordination among different service delivery systems d. All of these are correct ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Juvenile Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Reentry DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:21 AM 24. Classification in the prison system refers to which of the following? a. Assigning the offender an ID number b. The assessment of risk and rehabilitation needs in offenders c. Determining where the prisoner will go when it is time to reenter the community d. Determining the prison location based on the severity of the crime ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Adult Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Assessing and Diverting Offenders DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:23 AM 25. The level of service/case management inventory assesses offender needs and risks of recidivism across multiple domains, such as which of the following?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 8

a. Leisure/recreation b. Health care c. Probation d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Adult Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Assessing and Diverting Offenders DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:51 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:24 AM 26. Which of the following has not been associated with Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (LS/CMI) scores? a. Parole outcome b. Successful halfway house placements c. Assigned levels of supervision d. Religious programs ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Adult Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Assessing and Diverting Offenders DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:51 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:25 AM 27. As of 2020, how many adult men and women were under some kind of community supervision? a. 9.6 million b. 8.3 million c. 6.4 million d. 3.8 million ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Adult Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:51 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:26 AM 28. The most frequent offenses for those on probation and parole are which of the following?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 9

a. Murder b. Assault c. Drug charges d. Larceny ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Adult Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:51 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:27 AM 29. Jackson is a 15-year-old school student who was arrested for the second time for stealing a bicycle and trying to sell it.

He did this because he had no money to buy food, as his parents neglect his needs at home. What kind of treatment is best recommended for Jackson? a. Oregon Treatment Foster Care b. Functional Family Therapy c. Multisystemic Therapy d. Psychotherapy ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Juvenile Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:51 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:29 AM 30. Drug offenses are about what percentage of federal cases and what percentage of in state-level cases. a. 20 percent; 40 percent b. 40 percent; 30 percent c. 60 percent; 30 percent d. 90 percent; 50 percent ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Adult Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 12:51 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:30 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 10

31. Which of the following effectively reduces the rates of substance abuse and reoffending over at least a period of one year? a. Participation in drug court b. Parole c. Probation d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Adult Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:43 AM 32. Herinckx et al. (2005) found that participants completing mental health court were how much more or less likely to reoffend than those who did not graduate? a. Almost four times less likely b. Almost four times more likely c. Equally likely d. 10 times less likely ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Adult Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:44 AM 33. Overall, mental health courts have been shown to do which of the following? a. Have little to no effect on recidivism rates b. Lead to more arrests of the chronically mentally ill c. Decrease recidivism rates d. Reduce repeated offender rates ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Adult Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:45 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 11

34. Individuals who have been charged with offenses but have not yet been convicted are often housed in which of the following places? a. Jails b. Prisons c. Halfway houses d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Adult Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:41 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:46 AM 35. Individuals who have been assigned a sentence of less than a year tend to be housed in which of the following places? a. Jails b. Prisons c. Halfway houses d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Adult Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Institutional Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:41 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:47 AM 36. Which of the following is NOT a program provided for inmates by the Federal Bureau of Prisons? a. Vocational training b. Religious activities c. Driving school d. GED programs ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Adult Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Institutional Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:41 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:48 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 12

37. Which of the following is one of the purposes served by a psychologist in a jail or prison? a. Scare tactics to dissuade from crime b. Rehabilitation of inmates c. Adult corrections through medication d. All of these are correct ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Adult Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Institutional Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:41 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:52 AM 38. Therapeutic community is particularly likely to be used to treat offenders with which of the following types of charges? a. Murder b. Assault c. Drug d. Larceny ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Adult Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Institutional Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:41 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:55 AM 39. Some of the psychological services provided in U.S. jails include which of the following? a. Suicide prevention b. Group therapy c. Risk assessment d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Adult Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Institutional Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:41 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 2:57 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 13

40. Some prison settings have what is known as a therapeutic community. Which of the following is characteristic of such a community? a. Group therapy b. All staff members are part of the rehabilitation process c. Training on how to recognize high-risk situations d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Adult Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Institutional Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 2:42 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:02 AM 41. Bourgon and Armstrong (2005) did a study to investigate how much treatment is needed to reduce criminal offending.

Their results suggest which of the following? a. All prisoners would benefit from the maximum amount of treatment. b. It doesn’t matter how much treatment one provides; offenders will still reoffend at the same rate. c. It is not possible to have a favorable impact on a prisoner over a relatively short period of time. d. Offenders with different risk/need levels require different amounts of treatment for an effective “dosage.”

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Adult Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Institutional Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:02 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:04 AM 42. Many inmates show a particular pattern of coping mechanisms in response to high levels of prison stress. They may show which of the following? a. Become hypervigilant b. Project a “tough guy veneer.” c. Socially isolate themselves d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Adult Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychological Consequences of Imprisonment Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 14

DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:02 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:06 AM 43. Stan has been in prison for almost a year. When he first arrived, he had trouble sleeping and was very fearful. As the year progressed, he developed a “tough guy” veneer and now has a general understanding of the culture of the prison.

According to Clemmer (1958), Stan has undergone which of the following? a. Colonization b. Prisonization c. Tolerization d. Habituation ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: Adult Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychological Consequences of Imprisonment DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:02 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:07 AM 44. Which of the following are potential repercussions when reentry services are voluntary? a. The compliance rate is much less in those who seek out reentry services. b. There is a self-selection process for reentry services. c. There are higher recidivism rates for those who participate in the program. d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Adult Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Reentry DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:03 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:08 AM 45. The reentry of inmates into the community can be broken into which of the following? a. The prerelease and postrelease phases b. The release and community supervision/discharge phases c. The entry and discharge phases d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Adult Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 15

TOPICS: Reentry DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:08 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:10 AM 46. The community supervision/discharge phase of inmate reentry includes which of the following? a. Supervision and monitoring of services b. Revocation decision-making c. Discharge and aftercare planning d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Adult Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Reentry DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:08 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:11 AM 47. Persons who partake in community-based reintegration programs have been found to be which of the following? a. Less likely to be rearrested b. Just as likely to be arrested c. More likely to be arrested d. More likely to be hospitalized ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Adult Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Reentry DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:08 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:12 AM 48. Delinquent youths under school-based probation have/are which of the following? a. Have their attendance, performance, and behavior in school monitored by a probation officer b. Have their drug use monitored but do not receive any substance abuse treatment c. Are exposed to shaming, moral outrage, and peer pressure within the school environment d. Are given mental health treatment but no substance abuse treatment ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Juvenile Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 16

TOPICS: Community-Based Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:08 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:13 AM 49. What does the SAVRY (Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth) prompt the user to do? a. Disregard the nature of all previous cases of offending b. Include contextual factors such as family, school, and peers c. Disregard personal factors such as anger, impulsivity, and callousness d. Include influences such as social support, not attitudes toward intervention ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Juvenile Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Assessing Risk and Needs in Juveniles DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:09 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:14 AM 50. According to various studies, youth treated with OTFC (Oregon Treatment Foster Care) evidence which of the following? a. Were less likely to complete treatment b. Spent less time with biological relatives c. Spent less time in detention over the next year d. Were arrested more often during treatment ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Juvenile Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:15 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:16 AM 51. Assessing the risk and risk-relevant needs in juveniles, Andrews, Bonta, and Hoge (1990) described three separate considerations, which they termed as which of the following? a. Risk, need, and responsivity b. Risk, need, and recidivism c. Relapse, resilience, and responsivity d. Relapse, reboot, and regeneration ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Juvenile Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 17

HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Assessing Risk and Needs in Juveniles DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:17 AM 52. The use of scare tactics, such as the program Scared Straight, is typically effective in reducing the rates of violence, antisocial behavior, and risky health behavior in adolescents. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Juvenile Corrections QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:20 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:22 AM 53. Multisystemic Therapy focuses on the individual, family, peer, school, and social networks and has been shown to be effective. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Juvenile Corrections QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:22 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:23 AM 54. Multisystemic Therapy with juveniles charged with serious offenses has not been shown to reduce recidivism. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Juvenile Corrections QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:22 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:24 AM 55. Multisystemic therapy has been shown to be effective with violent juvenile offenders but not with juveniles with Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 18

substance abuse. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Juvenile Corrections QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:22 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:25 AM 56. Oregon Treatment Foster Care has not been found to be a generally effective intervention. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Juvenile Corrections QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:26 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:27 AM 57. Oregon Treatment Foster Care is effective as an intervention but the program is not cost-effective. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Juvenile Corrections QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:26 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:28 AM 58. Functional Family Therapy is provided by a team including multiple therapists. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Juvenile Corrections Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 19

QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:26 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:28 AM 59. Functional Family Therapy with juveniles is not associated with a significant reduction in recidivism when compared with those receiving “treatment as usual.” a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Juvenile Corrections QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:29 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 3:30 AM 60. The individual characteristics of juveniles have a great impact on the outcome of the treatment. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Juvenile Corrections QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Community-Based Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:29 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:14 AM 61. Explain the characteristics shared by programs that are successful in reducing the rates of violence, antisocial behavior, and risky health behavior in juveniles.

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

In 2004, the National Institutes of Health assembled a “state of the science” conference entitled Preventing Violence and Related Health-Risking Social Behaviors in Adolescents.

Summarizing the evidence presented at this conference, the organizers concluded that there are certain characteristics shared by programs that are successful in reducing the rates of violence, antisocial behavior, and risky health behavior in adolescents: • They are derived from sound theoretical rationales.

• They address strong risk factors (such as substance abuse, family problems, and educational problems).

• They involve long-term treatments, often lasting a year and sometimes much longer.

• They work intensively with those targeted for treatment and often use a clinical approach.

• They follow a cognitive behavioral strategy.

• They are multimodal and multicontextual (they use different kinds of interventions and Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 20

deliver them in different contexts, such as home and school).

• They focus on improving social competency and other skill development strategies for targeted youth and/or their families.

• They are developmentally appropriate.

• They are not delivered in coercive institutional settings.

• They have the capacity for delivery with fidelity (meaning that services are delivered as intended).

Likewise, there are common elements of programs that appear to be ineffective: • They fail to address strong risk factors.

• They are of limited duration.

• They aggregate high-risk youth in ways that facilitate contagion (i.e., the incarcerated youth are influenced by the antisocial behavior modeled by their peers).

• Their implementation protocols are not clearly articulated.

• Their staff are not well supervised or held accountable for outcomes.

• They are limited to scare tactics (e.g., Scared Straight) or toughness strategies (e.g., classic boot camps).

• They consist largely of adults lecturing at youth (e.g., the classic drug abuse resistance education program D.A.R.E.).

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Juvenile Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 3:31 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:13 AM 62. Explain Functional Family Therapy (FFT) and describe its effectiveness, its impact on recidivism, and how it works as an intervention for juveniles.

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

The effectiveness of FFT depends on adherence to the model. Researchers compared the effectiveness of FFT to that of probation services in a community juvenile justice setting 12 months after treatment. FFT was effective in reducing youth behavioral problems—but only when the therapists adhered to the treatment model. High-adherent therapists delivering FFT had a statistically significant reduction of felony reoffending (35%) and violent reoffending (30%) when compared to the control condition. The low-adherent therapists, however, had significantly higher recidivism rates than either the FFT high-adherent or the control groups.

There is some evidence that FFT is effective in reducing the risk of substance abuse (which itself is a risk factor for criminal offending). Runaway adolescents with alcohol problems receiving FFT showed decreased alcohol use when compared with others provided treatment as usual. Other adolescents with substance abuse problems receiving either FFT or a combination of FFT and cognitive behavior therapy showed favorable outcomes for reduced marijuana use three months after treatment. While neither of these studies included criminal offending as an outcome, the evidence that they improved problems with substance abuse is encouraging with respect to their potential to reduce re-offense risk by addressing drug and alcohol problems. These and other studies indicate that FFT is associated with a significant reduction in recidivism when compared with “treatment as usual” and no treatment. The Washington State Institute for Public Policy report, which described the cost and savings associated with MST and OTFC, indicated that FFT had an average cost of $2,161 per participant, saved an average of $14,149 in costs for intervention compared with standard treatment in the juvenile justice system, and saved another $45,000 in victim costs per participant.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 21

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Juvenile Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Community-Based Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:08 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:13 AM 63. Explain drug courts as a diversion from the standard “prosecution/conviction/incarceration” process. What are the two forms of diversion in drug courts and explain them?

ANSWER: Answers may vary.

Drug courts provide judicially supervised drug abuse treatment and case management services to nonviolent drug-involved offenders, taking them out of the standard “prosecution/conviction/incarceration” process. Participation is voluntary, and whether a defendant is eligible may be at the discretion of the prosecutor. San Francisco’s “Back on Track” program is one such service. First-time, nonviolent, non–gang-affiliated drug offenders undergo a mandatory “personal responsibility program” that may include GED classes, community-based job training, parenting workshops, and close court supervision to break the revolving door cycle of drug offending. Recidivism rates are less than 10 percent in a population in which recidivism typically tops 50 percent. Diversion in drug courts comes in two forms. First, those charged with a crime may be diverted entirely from prosecution, with the stipulation that they successfully complete the requirements imposed in drug court or face reinstatement of prosecution. Second, those who are convicted of a crime may be diverted to drug court to avoid prison or modify their probation conditions.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Adult Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Community-Based Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:08 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:12 AM 64. Explain and describe the roles psychologists generally play in jails and prisons. (Adult Corrections) ANSWER: Answers may vary.

The Role of Psychologists in Jails: There is a much higher rate of severe mental illness in jail than in the general population. Given these numbers, we might expect that many of the psychological services provided to jail inmates would focus on those with mental disorders.

Such services, described in a national survey of U.S. jails, include • Screening, evaluation, classification • Diversion (helping to determine whether a pretrial inmate might meet criteria for a community-based program such as drug court or mental health court) • Suicide prevention • Crisis intervention • Case management services/reentry (liaison with community treatment providers, planning for release, assistance with housing and transportation) • Coordinating volunteers (teaching, mentoring, tutoring, guiding release) Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 22

• Teaching life skills • Group therapy for inmates and their families Larger jails with more resources might be able to offer most or all of these services, so a psychologist’s role in such jails would be more varied. Smaller jails, by contrast, might be limited to screening, suicide prevention, and crisis intervention.

POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Adult Corrections QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic TOPICS: Institutional Interventions DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:09 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:17 AM 65. There is now more emphasis on diversion and reentry (returning from incarceration to the community) as well as increased specialization in the nature of parole and probation and the rehabilitative services delivered a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:19 AM 66. Interventions for adjudicated delinquents involve delivering services designed to reduce the risk of future offending and improve or eliminate deficits that are relevant to such risk. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:20 AM 67. Andrews, Bonta, and Hoge (1990) described three separate considerations, which they termed risk, need, and regeneration (RNR). a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:18 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 23

DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:20 AM 68. Needs are the deficits (such as substance abuse, family problems, educational problems, and procriminal attitudes) that increase the risk of re-offending. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:20 AM 69. A variation on the standard conditions of probation involves school-based probation, in which the youth’s attendance, performance, and behavior in school are monitored through the probation officer’s personal visits to the school. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:21 AM 70. Probation may also vary in intensity, with extensive probation involving more frequent monitoring contact. Juvenile probation can be guided by developmental and behavioral science in some important ways. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:22 AM 71. Naomi Goldstein (Stoneleigh Foundation, 2022) has worked on developing graduated response, a scientifically informed approach to probation case management for juveniles. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:22 AM 72. Probation may vary in intensity, with which of the following probations involving more frequent monitoring contact?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 24

a. Intensive b. Prospective c. Extensive d. None of these ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:22 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:25 AM 73. Which of the following uses a range of responses—positive reinforcement, incentives, constructive feedback, and sanctions—to guide probation officers in assisting youth on their caseloads to comply with probation condition? a. Attenuated response b. Graduated response c. Incremental response d. Prospective response ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:23 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:25 AM 74. The focus on treatment integrity has been important—particularly since studies have supported the link between which of the following? a. The link between community treatments and favorable outcomes b. The link between cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) treatment and favorable outcomes c. The link between adherence to MST treatment principles and favorable outcomes d. None of these ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:23 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:28 AM 75. Which of the following focuses on the individual, family, peer, school, and social networks as they relate to identified problems and risk factors for offending? a. Multisystemic Therapy b. Multimodal therapy c. CBT d. Rational emotive therapy Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 25

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:23 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:28 AM 76. There is evidence that the MST is effective with juveniles with personal histories of which of the following? a. Sexual abuse b. Physical abuse c. Drug abuse d. None of these ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:23 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:29 AM 77. Which of the following is a treatment intervention based in the community, developed in the 1980s as an alternative to “treatment as usual” (typically out-of-home placement) for juveniles charged with serious offenses? a. CBT b. Functional therapy c. Treatment Foster Care Oregon d. Therapeutic incarceration ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:24 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:29 AM 78. Which of the following is a community-based intervention for juvenile offenders that has been used for almost 35 years? a. CBT b. Treatment Foster Care Oregon c. Therapeutic incarceration d. Functional Family Therapy ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 26

DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:24 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:31 AM 79. Residential programs face specific challenges to effective rehabilitation of youth. These include which of the following? a. Mental health disorders b. Deviancy c. Attitudes toward rehabilitation d. All of these ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:24 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:32 AM 80. The process of reentry into the community for juveniles should include which of the following? a. Drug testing b. Probation c. Aftercare services d. None of these ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:32 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:34 AM 81. The risk of reoffending and the needs related to such risk are important for the vast majority of offenders who will be which of the following? a. Released from prison and return to the community following completion of their sentences or on parole b. Released from prison and put into halfway houses following completion of their sentences or on parole c. Released from prison and put into work programs following completion of their sentences or on parole d. None of these ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:32 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:34 AM 82. Which of the following has been strongly emphasized in the United States during the period from the 1970s through the early 2000s—and particularly since 9/11, when concerns about terrorism were added to societal attention to criminal offending?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 27

a. Retribution b. Vengeance c. Moral outrage d. Distributive sentencing ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:35 AM 83. Probation for adult offenders remains a frequent form of disposition of criminal charges, with the court placing the convicted offender on which of the following? a. Incarceration instead of therapy b. Community supervision in lieu of incarceration c. Incarceration instead of community supervision d. None of these ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:36 AM 84. After 1980, in part because of the “War on Drugs” that began in the United States in the 1970s and expanded into the 1980s, the number of those charged with and convicted of drug offenses did which of the following? a. Decreased b. Increased c. Went into rehabilitation d. Increased only among minority offenders ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:36 AM 85. Consistent with the legal philosophy of therapeutic jurisprudence (Wexler & Winick, 1996), courts consider how laws and legal decision makers can do which of the following? a. Improve lives and solve problems and are designed to promote recidivism b. Improve lives and solve problems and are designed to decrease recidivism c. Improve lives and solve problems and are designed to promote rehabilitation d. None of these Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 28

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:37 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:38 AM 86. Brea is a judge who considers how laws and legal decision makers can improve lives and solve problems and are designed to promote rehabilitation. Which of the following does Brea agree with? a. Moral outrage b. Community policing c. Therapeutic jurisprudence d. Equity ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:42 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:45 AM 87. Drevontae is a judge who uses an approach in which the staff, other clients, and physical setting are all part of the therapeutic environment. What approach does he believe works? a. Community policing b. Therapeutic jurisprudence c. Therapeutic community d. Equity ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:42 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:46 AM 88. Sociologist Donald Clemmer defined which of the following as “the taking on in greater or less degree of the folkways, mores, customs, and general culture of the penitentiary”? a. Prisonization b. Incarceration effect c. Punitive Internalization d. None of these ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 29

HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:46 AM 89. Colton is a criminologist who believes needs are the deficits (such as substance abuse, family problems, educational problems, and procriminal attitudes) that increase the risk of re-offending. Which of the following does he study? a. Criminogenic needs b. Comparison bias c. Criminal cognition d. Inequitable distribution ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:47 AM 90. Syndrea is a volunteer for a program in which the youth’s attendance, performance, and behavior in school are monitored through the probation officer’s personal visits to the school. What sort of program does she volunteer with? a. Community probation b. General probation c. School-based probation d. After-school probation ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:47 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:48 AM 91. Jaron believes in an approach that uses a range of responses—positive reinforcement, incentives, constructive feedback, and sanctions—to guide probation officers in assisting youth on their caseloads to comply with probation conditions. Which of the following approaches does Jaron espouse? a. Intensive probation b. Graduated response c. Therapeutic response d. Equitable probation ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:47 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:49 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 30

92. Explain the components of Multisystemic Therapy (MST).

ANSWER: MST focuses on multiple “systems”: the individual, family, peer, school, and social networks as they relate to identified problems and risk factors for offending. It delivers services based in the home, school, or elsewhere in the community, with three to four therapists working in a team. This increases the frequency of participation well beyond what would be expected from having juveniles and their families come to the program or individual therapist’s office.

The training of therapists and supervisors in MST is highly standardized (Henggeler & Schoenwald, 1999), and the MST procedures are very clearly specified (Henggeler et al., 1998).

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:51 AM 93. Explain the TFCO program and what makes it similar to and different from MST. ANSWER: Treatment Foster Care Oregon (formerly called Multisystemic Treatment Foster Care and Oregon Treatment Foster Care) is another treatment intervention based in the community, developed in the 1980s as an alternative to “treatment as usual” (typically out-of-home placement) for juveniles charged with serious offenses. The procedures for delivering this intervention are described in a treatment manual (Chamberlain & Mihalic, 1998), which increases TFCO’s treatment integrity. It involves placing juveniles with specially trained foster parents rather than in residential placement. Like MST, this intervention uses a team approach. The TFCO team includes a case manager and therapists, as well as foster parents who are available 24/7 over the 6–12 months usually needed. TFCO is designed to provide close supervision (including supportive relationships with adult mentors and reduced exposure to negative peers) within consistent limits.

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:52 AM 94. Explain reentry with juvenile offenders, including the six areas of importance.

ANSWER: Behavioral treatments for delinquent youth provided in residential facilities frequently do not generalize to the community after discharge (Quinsey et al., 2006). The process of reentry into the community should include planning for aftercare services (in some states, called juvenile parole) that are important to ensure ongoing treatment in the community and reduced recidivism risk. There are six areas in particular that are important in the reentry planning process: family functioning, housing (if not living with the family), school or job, mental health and/or substance abuse services, monitoring, and social support. Addressing each of these areas can help provide a smoother, safer transition from the youth’s placement back to the community. Promising approaches to such relevant aftercare include the intensive aftercare program, wraparound services, and several of the community interventions already discussed (MST, FFT).

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 31

STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:51 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:52 AM 95. Explain the RNR model as pertains to juvenile and adult offenders.

ANSWER: The risk–need–responsivity (RNR) model applies as well to adult corrections as it does to juveniles. Offenders who are convicted of criminal offenses (or charged with offenses but diverted from standard prosecution) will be assessed at some time, either as part of the legal proceeding or postsentencing, to gauge their risk and rehabilitation needs. In the prison system, this is called classification. Following the offender’s commitment to the state department of corrections, they typically are evaluated at a classification center before being placed in a particular prison. The “risk” assessed at that stage is typically the risk of escape or misconduct within the prison, as these have direct implications for the security level of the prison to which this individual is assigned.

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:52 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:53 AM 96. What do the statistics say about how well mental health courts work?

ANSWER: Mental health courts handle both felony and misdemeanor offenders (Redlich et al., 2005), although some courts exclude those charged with felonies. Juvenile mental health courts have also been developed (Cocozza & Shufelt, 2006). Mental health services that include psychotropic medication, case management, and individual and group therapy are among those delivered through such specialized courts, with progress monitored by the court. Despite local differences, most mental health courts feature (1) a specialized docket for selected offenders, (2) judicial supervision of clients, (3) regularly scheduled hearings, and (4) specific criteria that must be met if an individual is to remain in, and complete, the program (Thompson et al., 2007). Mental health courts provide adjudication and monitoring for a particular group of defendants. In the context of corrections, how well do they work? There is less empirical evidence for the effectiveness of mental health courts than for drug courts. There are also fewer well-designed studies (particularly randomized controlled trials), and the operation of mental health courts varies more widely across different courts. Consequently, it is more difficult to draw conclusions about the operation of mental health courts (Heilbrun et al., 2011).

POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Basic DATE CREATED: 6/7/2023 4:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 6/7/2023 4:54 AM

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 32

This Page is Intentionally Left Blank

This Page is Intentionally Left Blank