Understanding The Political World A Comparative Introduction To Political Science 13th Edition By Ja

T E S T B A N K

UNDERSTANDING THE POLITICAL WORLD A COMPARATIVE INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE 13TH EDITION BY JAMES N DANZIGER, LINDSEY LUPO Contents

Chapter 1 Politics and Knowledge Chapter 2 Political Theory and Political Beliefs Chapter 3 Political Actions Chapter 4 Influences on Beliefs and Actions Chapter 5 Political Systems, States, and Nations Chapter 6 Political Institutions I: Institutional Structures Chapter 7 Political Institutions Ii: Institutional Arrangements Chapter 8 Political Economy Chapter 9 Public Policy, Power, and Decision Chapter 10 Change and Political Development Chapter 11 Politics Across Borders Chapter 12 Political Violence Chapter 13 The Developed Countries of the Global North Chapter 14 The Less Developed Countries of The Global South Chapter 15 The Partly Developed Countries

CHAPTER 1 POLITICS AND KNOWLEDGE MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Attempts to describe and explain the political world are known as .

A) conventional wisdom B) political analysis C) public opinion polling D) political philosophy Answer: B Learning Objective: 1.3: Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of different sources of political knowledge.

Topic: Science Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2. Among the many crucial themes related to politics, a central idea of politics includes the existence of .

A) competing interests and values B) alliances in society C) economic change D) universal logic Answer: A Learning Objective: 1.1: Define politics within a public context.

Topic: Toward a Definition of Politics Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a source of normative political knowledge?

A) the United States Constitution B) the Gallup Poll C) the writings of Karl Marx D) the platform of the German Green Party Answer: B Learning Objective: 1.2: Analyze three types of political knowledge. Topic: Prescription Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 4. Which of the following is one of the four characteristics of the scientific method?

A) searching for regularities B) the use of common sense 1

C) relying on commonly held beliefs D) consultation of government authorities for approval

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Answer: A Learning Objective: 1.3: Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of different sources of political knowledge.

Topic: Science Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 5. Science moves away from evidence and toward .

A) anecdotal; normative propositions B) empirical; searching for regularities C) empirical; testable hypotheses D) anecdotal; rigorous research Answer: D Learning Objective: 1.3: Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of different sources of political knowledge.

Topic: Science Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6. Anecdotal evidence typically involves .

A) telling a story to prove a point B) finding empirical regularities C) hypothesis testing D) rigorous research Answer: A Learning Objective: 1.3: Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of different sources of political knowledge.

Topic: Science Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 7. According to Thomas Kuhn, a necessary element of a “real” science includes A) values B) predictions C) theories D) assumption s Answer: C Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify techniques and approaches used to gain political knowledge and assess whether they constitute a science.

Topic: Political Science and Political Knowledge Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 8. Knowledge about politics based on authority may include a specific authority, a general authority, or .

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A) a foreign authority

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B) a power vacuum C) personal sources D) “everyone ” Answer: D Learning Objective: 1.3: Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of different sources of political knowledge.

Topic: Authority Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 9. Prescriptive positions that people select on political issues are associated with their .

A) national identities B) normative political knowledge C) empirical political knowledge D) anecdotal evidence Answer: B Learning Objective: 1.2: Analyze three types of political knowledge. Topic: Prescription Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 10. The notion that key aspects of political knowledge are self-evident is most associated with the .

A) scientific method B) method of rationality C) intuition method D) method of experience Answer: B Learning Objective: 1.3: Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of different sources of political knowledge.

Topic: Personal Thought Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 11. Donald Trump’s 2016 slogan “Make American Great Again” can be associated with which of the following sources of political knowledge?

A) authority B) personal thought C) science D) anecdotal evidence Answer: B Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify techniques and approaches used to gain political knowledge and assess whether they constitute a science.

Topic: Personal Thought 5

Difficulty Level: Moderate

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Skill Level: Remember the Facts 12. Which of the following is seldom an obstacle to the application of the scientific method to politics?

A) Not enough data points are available to serve as a basis for generalizations.

B) The evidence is so ambiguous that no clear conclusions can be reached.

C) The analyst cannot be objective because of the influence of his or her social reality.

D) It is impossible for others to evaluate the data and conclusions. Answer: D Learning Objective: 1.3: Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of different sources of political knowledge.

Topic: Science Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13. According to Thomas Kuhn, a theory is described as .

A) one scholar’s idea about how politics works B) a set of systematically linked generalizations C) the set of concepts that most people accept as true D) the most widely shared view about how a particular political process works Answer: B Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify techniques and approaches used to gain political knowledge and assess whether they constitute a science.

Topic: Political Science and Political Knowledge Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 14. If something “feels” right to you, it is most likely what type of personal thought?

A) intuition B) rationality C) personal experience D) personal preference Answer: A Learning Objective: 1.3: Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of different sources of political knowledge.

Topic: Personal Thought Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the concepts 15. Which of the following is one of the major subfields of political science?

A) political theory B) foreign policy C) urban politics D) political 7

history Answer: A

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Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify techniques and approaches used to gain political knowledge and assess whether they constitute a science.

Topic: The Subfields of Political Science Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 16. Which of the following is the subfield of political science that studies topics such as neocolonialism, causes of interstate conflict, globalization, or interstate conflict resolution?

A) political theory B) international relations C) public administration D) comparative politics Answer: B Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify techniques and approaches used to gain political knowledge and assess whether they constitute a science.

Topic: The Subfields of Political Science Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 17. A persuasive essay on the legalization of gay marriage in the U.S. would most likely contain what type of political knowledge?

A) prescriptive B) descriptive C) explanatory D) empirica l Answer: A Learning Objective: 1.2: Analyze three types of political knowledge. Topic: Prescription Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 18. A study that analyzes the causes of interstate violence would primarily produce knowledge.

A) prescriptive B) normative C) explanatory D) experienti al Answer: C Learning Objective: 1.2: Analyze three types of political knowledge. Topic: Explanation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 19. The main advantage of the comparative approach to political analysis is that it A) focuses on examples from the U.S. 9

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B) dismisses theoretical approaches

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C) enhances our understanding of politics D) does not require use of the scientific method Answer: C Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify techniques and approaches used to gain political knowledge and assess whether they constitute a science.

Topic: Doing Comparative Analysis Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 20. Which of the following is a key criticism of political science to convey that it fails to meet the requirement as a “real” science?

A) It employs the scientific method in a different manner.

B) Political scientists have not agreed on a coherent set of concepts and rules of interpretation.

C) Every country is vastly different.

D) It lacks statistical methods for analyzing data. Answer: B Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify techniques and approaches used to gain political knowledge and assess whether they constitute a science.

Topic: Political Science and Political Knowledge Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts ESSAY QUESTIONS 21. Detail the major points either for or against the view that there can be a science of politics, providing examples for each view.

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. A “real” science must utilize strong applications of the four elements of Thomas Kuhn’s book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions: central concepts, theories, rules of interpretation, and a list of issues that are worth solving.

2. For: Political scientists are able to identify key concepts, such as “war,” both broadly and specifically, and they provide many theories about the concepts that they study (include an example (diversionary war theory, war weariness hypothesis, etc.)); there are also methods of establishing the validity of these theories and many issues worth solving in the field.

3. Against: Few would claim that political science is fully developed on any of these four elements. Most importantly, analysis of politicians cannot be objective and unbiased (culture, individual experience, and other factors impact the analysis), and it defies generalizability. Finally, since Aristotle’s time, it has been accepted that the most crucial questions about politics are normative.

Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify techniques and approaches used to gain political knowledge and assess whether they constitute a science.

Topic: Political Science and Political Knowledge 11

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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22. Discuss the contention that it is often impossible to distinguish normative statements from empirical observations about politics.

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. While it is often true that it is difficult to distinguish normative statements from empirical observations in politics, ultimately it might not matter as “enhancing what we know about politics and what we value should make us more effective in knowing how to behave politically—as voters, political activists, and political decision makers.”

2. In other words, “even those who use the scientific method to study politics do not assume it can provide a compelling answer to every important normative question.

However, if it does provide more reliable knowledge, then it enhances our capacity to reason about the questions of what should be done.”

Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify techniques and approaches used to gain political knowledge and assess whether they constitute a science.

Topic: Political Science and Political Knowledge Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 23. How would you establish a truth score (beyond your own opinion) for one of the four statements about the political world on page 3? Describe your research strategy in some detail. What crucial questions would you attempt to answer?

What evidence would you employ? How would you gather this evidence?

Answer: The ideal answer should respond to every element of the previous question. There is a lot of leeway here. For example, to address “politics is the exercise of power and influence to allocate things that are valued,” the respondent would begin by clearly defining power, influence, and value. Then the response could take a case study of one country, focus on its top politicians, and assess the degree to which that country’s level of influence is linked to the resources that they can distribute.

Learning Objective: 1.1: Define politics within a public context.

Topic: Toward a Definition of Politics Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 24. Which of the three main sources of political knowledge seems to have the most powerful impact on the contemporary political world? Why is this the case?

Answer: The ideal answer should include description of political facts, explanations of how and why politics occurs as it does, or prescriptions of what should happen in the political world and then an explanation. For example, explanations of how and why politics occurs has the most powerful impact on the contemporary political world 13

because it is based on empirical political knowledge (description) that people, practitioners, and experts can then use to craft policies that make life better for the people in that country. Prescriptions are normative and,

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because they are based on value judgements, can be biased.

Learning Objective: 1.2: Analyze three types of political knowledge. Topic: On Political Knowledge Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25. What is political science? What are its subfields?

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Political science is one approach to political analysis. Political science applies a set of techniques, concepts, and approaches whose objective is to increase the clarity and accuracy of our understandings about the political world.

2. Political science is composed of the following subfields: comparative politics, American politics, international relations, and political theory. An ideal answer should explain what is studied in each of these subfields.

Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify techniques and approaches used to gain political knowledge and assess whether they constitute a science.

Topic: Political Science Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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CHAPTER 2 POLITICAL THEORY AND POLITICAL BELIEFS MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. refers to the assumptions and broad beliefs that guide political ideologies.

A) Normative political theory B) Empirical political theory C) A political belief system D) A world view Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.1: Compare conservatism, classical liberalism, and socialism.

Topic: Normative Political Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 2. Political ideologies are primarily which of the following?

A) descriptions of political reality B) descriptions of how politics is desired to be C) explanations of political conflict D) descriptions of political history Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.1: Compare conservatism, classical liberalism, and socialism.

Topic: Normative Political Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3. A comprehensive set of beliefs about the political world is .

A) a political culture B) the basis of national character C) a political ideology D) composed primarily of cognitive orientations Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.1: Compare conservatism, classical liberalism, and socialism.

Topic: Normative Political Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 4. Which of the following ideologies aims to protest traditional values and the existing social hierarchy?

A) socialism B) conservatism C) classical liberalism Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.1: Compare conservatism, classical liberalism, and socialism.

D) communism

Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.1: Compare conservatism, classical liberalism, and socialism.

Topic: Normative Political Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5. Which of the following statements is consistent with the writings of Thomas Hobbes?

A) Human beings are good and peaceful by nature.

B) Absence of government is likely to lead to interpersonal violence.

C) The people have the right to question the decisions of the ruler.

D) People are inherently social, which mitigates interpersonal conflicts. Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.1: Compare conservatism, classical liberalism, and socialism.

Topic: Normative Political Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 6. Which of the following ideologies advocates individual freedom, limited government, and laissez-faire economics?

A) democratic socialism B) conservatism C) fascism D) classical liberalism Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.1: Compare conservatism, classical liberalism, and socialism.

Topic: Normative Political Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 7. Which individual is usually identified as the “founding father” of classical liberalism?

A) Plato B) Franklin D. Roosevelt C) John Locke D) V.I. Lenin Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.1: Compare conservatism, classical liberalism, and socialism.

Topic: Normative Political Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 8. Adherents of classical liberalism particularly adhere to the belief that the role of government should be .

A) to mitigate social ills B) limited Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.1: Compare conservatism, classical liberalism, and socialism.

C) to support a strong and effective welfare state D) to ensure that taxes are fair

Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.1: Compare conservatism, classical liberalism, and socialism.

Topic: Normative Political Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9. Which of the following is one of the key distinctions between classical liberalism and conservatism?

A) The concept of the state of nature not important to conservative theorists.

B) Unlike conservatism, classical liberalism assumes that individuals are rational.

C) Unlike classical liberalism, conservatism supports laissez-faire economy.

D) Unlike conservatism, classical liberalism is supportive of absolute power of governments. Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.1: Compare conservatism, classical liberalism, and socialism.

Topic: Normative Political Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10. The ideas of the welfare state are most consistent with .

A) socialism B) fascism C) nationalism D) conservatis m Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.1: Compare conservatism, classical liberalism, and socialism.

Topic: Normative Political Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 11. The feelings or emotions evoked by seeing someone burn the national flag in a political protest are likely to trigger orientations.

A) cognitive B) affective C) primary D) evaluativ e Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.2: Distinguish cognitive, affective, and evaluative orientations. Topic: Individual Political Beliefs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It 12. One reason why public opinion polls need to be interpreted with caution is because .

A) survey researchers are almost always biased, therefore presenting the question in a biased way B) polls are unreliable because they place individuals on the spot, often resulting in inaccurate responses C) the sample polled may not be representative of the group to whom the opinion is attributed

D) the question posed may not reflect the sample’s affective orientations Answer: C

Learning Objective: 2.2: Distinguish cognitive, affective, and evaluative orientations. Topic: Individual Political Beliefs Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 13. Which of the following describes constraint knowledge?

A) a complex understanding of the dynamics that establish the linkages between ideas B) an important political fact C) personal beliefs about how politics ought to be D) knowledge of the sanctions that government can exercise on individual behavior Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare belief systems of the mass and the elite.

Topic: Belief Systems Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 14. Research on belief systems suggests that A) the vast majority of people possess significant constraint knowledge.

B) most people have well-developed political beliefs.

C) most people operate with minimal constraint knowledge.

D) most people possess coherent ideological beliefs. Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare belief systems of the mass and the elite.

Topic: Belief Systems Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 15. The concepts of mass and elite belief systems are associated with the studies of A) William Beveridge B) Philip Converse C) Sidney Verba D) Adam Smith Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare belief systems of the mass and the elite.

Topic: Belief Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 16. According to Philip Converse’s study from the 1950s, only about Americans possessed an “elite belief system.”

A) 5 B) 15 C) 25 D) 35 Answer: B

percent of

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Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare belief systems of the mass and the elite.

Topic: Belief Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 17. The political culture of a society may be defined as .

A) the social, economic, and ethnic characteristics of the society’s members B) the configuration of political orientations among people in that society C) the major political beliefs of the society’s top government officials D) the most popular political media of a society Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.4: Determine the extent to which political culture explains political behavior.

Topic: Political Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 18. A possible criticism of Huntington’s “civilizations” theory could be as follows: A) The decline of religious adherents worldwide makes Huntington’s theory now irrelevant.

B) There is absolutely no conclusive correlation between different countries, even neighboring ones.

C) Huntington’s generalizations are overly simplified and, therefore, cannot reflect the political culture of a country.

D) The lack of violence between Huntington’s “civilizations” proves his theory null and void. Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.4: Determine the extent to which political culture explains political behavior.

Topic: Political Culture Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 19. According to the analysis of the World Values Survey in Figure 2.1, the region characterized by the strongest association with survival values and traditional values is .

A) Africa B) Latin America C) Catholic Europe D) Confucian countries Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.4: Determine the extent to which political culture explains political behavior.

Topic: Political Culture Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 20. According to Samuel Huntington, future global wars are most likely to start over .

A) oil B) water

C) cultural and religious identities D) colonial competition Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.4: Determine the extent to which political culture explains political behavior.

Topic: Political Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts ESSAY QUESTIONS 21. Discuss socialism and its main ideology. How does socialism differ from democratic socialism?

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Socialism is a philosophy according to which the most important goal is to provide high- quality, relatively equal conditions of life for everyone, with an active state assisting in the achievement of this goal.

2. The ideology of socialism centers on a deep commitment to use the power and policies of the state to increase the material, social, and political equality of all its members.

3. Democratic socialism is a variation within socialist ideology. This variant also has egalitarianism as its primary goal, and it assumes that the changes can be affected by a government that comes to power and rules by democratic means.

Learning Objective: 2.1: Compare conservatism, classical liberalism, and socialism.

Topic: Normative Political Theory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 22. What is conservatism? What are its views about human nature?

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Conservatism attempts to prevent or slow the transition away from a society based on traditional values and the existing social hierarchy. As the word suggests, the essence of conservative ideology is to conserve the many valued elements of the system that already exist.

2. Conservatism makes two key assumptions about human nature. First, conservatism assumes individuals are not consistently rational. Second, conservatism assumes individuals are inherently unequal in intelligence, skills, and status.

Learning Objective: 2.1: Compare conservatism, classical liberalism, and socialism.

Topic: Normative Political Theory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

23. Describe the “clash of civilizations” argument. How was Huntington’s argument criticized?

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. According to Huntington, the world will be greatly impacted by the relationship between nine major civilizations in particular: African, Buddhist, Confucian, Hindu, Islamic, Japanese, Latin American, Eastern Orthodox, and Western. Huntington predicted that clashes among these civilizations would be the fundamental source of international political conflict and the most likely cause of the next global war.

2. Many analysts criticize Huntington’s argument as loaded with gross generalizations that greatly oversimplify political reality.

Learning Objective: 2.4: Determine the extent to which political culture explains political behavior.

Topic: Political Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 24. If the belief systems of the masses are full of inaccuracies and inconsistencies, can we learn anything about politics by studying those belief systems?

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Studying the beliefs of individual Americans in the 1950s, Converse concluded that only about 15 percent of the population had a sophisticated, “elite belief system” characterized by extensive political knowledge and abstract ideas that were well organized by constraint knowledge. The rest of the population lacked detailed political knowledge.

2. Other studies conclude that even those with a modest level of political knowledge are able to fashion reasonable political opinions and make good judgments about politics by using a variety of mental shortcuts.

Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare belief systems of the mass and the elite.

Topic: Belief Systems Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 25. What are national character studies? What are their advantages and disadvantages?

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. National character studies are studies of political culture. They attempt to capture the essence of a people’s political culture in terms of broad adjectives. Huntington’s “clash of civilizations” argument is a good examples of national character studies.

2. One advantage of national character studies is that they allow us to simplify reality. On the other hand, national character studies often are loaded with gross generalizations that greatly oversimplify political reality.

Learning Objective: 2.4 Determine the extent to which political culture explains political

behavior.

Topic: Political Culture

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

CHAPTER 3 POLITICAL ACTIONS MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Which of the following would be considered the most unconventional mode of individual political action?

A) going door-to-door to spread awareness B) getting elected to public office C) engaging in revolutionary acts D) acting as a single-issue activist Answer: C Learning Objective: 3.1: Classify the modes of conventional and less conventional individual political action.

Topic: Modes of Political Activity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 2. A person assisting political leadership in communicating with citizens, volunteering in a campaign, or regularly attending political rallies might be labeled .

A) a foot soldier B) a single-issue activist C) an extremist-activist D) a political leader Answer: A Learning Objective: 3.1: Classify the modes of conventional and less conventional individual political action.

Topic: Political Activists Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know are willing to engage in unconventional political action in pursuit of an ideal political outcome.

A) Foot soldiers B) Extremist-activists C) Political leaders D) Single-issue activists Answer: B Learning Objective: 3.1: Classify the modes of conventional and less conventional individual political action.

Topic: Political Activists Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 3.

4. Which of the following groups of activists is said to do the basic work of politics?

A) extremist-activists

B) leaders C) revolutionaries D) foot soldiers Answer: D Learning Objective: 3.1: Classify the modes of conventional and less conventional individual political action.

Topic: Modes of Political Activity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 5. Developing a taxonomy is often the stage in political analysis because it sorts cases into a small number of groups in order to reduce complexity, facilitates comparative analysis, and aids the development of generalizations.

A) first B) second C) third D) final Answer: A Learning Objective: 3.1: Classify the modes of conventional and less conventional individual political action.

Topic: Modes of Political Activity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6. A violent political demonstration led by revolutionaries is an example of .

A) an associational interest group in action B) the provision of material resources C) an unconventional political action D) the result of pragmatic political parties Answer: C Learning Objective: 3.1: Classify the modes of conventional and less conventional individual political action.

Topic: Modes of Political Activity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 7. Cross-national data on voting turnout suggests that voting rates are .

A) universally high, generally over 80 percent B) relatively consistent, in the 50- to 75-percent range C) highly variable, ranging from less than 30 percent to nearly 100 percent D) often below 50 percent Answer: C Learning Objective: 3.1: Classify the modes of conventional and less conventional individual political action.

Topic: Political Participation Studies

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Remember the Facts 8. An aggregation of individuals who interact in order to pursue a common interest is called .

A) a group B) a voting block C) the public D) a constituency Answer: A Learning Objective: 3.2: Distinguish between interest groups and political parties.

Topic: Group Political Actions Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 9. A political group enters the category of political party when it .

A) is able to exert political influence B) participates in partisan events C) seeks to place its members in actual government roles D) is able to influence public opinion Answer: C Learning Objective: 3.2: Distinguish between interest groups and political parties.

Topic: Group Political Actions Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10. Political interest groups are composed of people who .

A) work together to place their members in public office B) are members of the same occupational or class group C) work to achieve a shared policy goal D) feel incapable of influencing politics by themselves Answer: C Learning Objective: 3.3: Summarize interest group strategies, the constraints under which they operate, and the different types of groups.

Topic: Activities of Political Interest Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11. Which of the following activities by political interest groups would fall under the provision of material resources?

A) coordinating letter-writing campaigns regarding policy issues B) accepting donations from members C) publishing reports that analyze policy choices D) paying to send lobbyists to Washington D.C. Answer: D Learning Objective: 3.3: Summarize interest group strategies, the constraints under which

they operate, and the different types of groups.

Topic: Activities of Political Interest Groups Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 12. The boundaries of acceptable political action that constrain the behavior of political groups depend first and foremost on the .

A) effectiveness of the group’s leaders B) resources available to the group C) objectives of the group D) political environment Answer: D Learning Objective: 3.3: Summarize interest group strategies, the constraints under which they operate, and the different types of groups.

Topic: Constraints on a Group’s Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 13. A political interest group is most likely to exert more influence on the government when .

A) its members are single-issue activists B) it resists compromise C) it has greater political resources D) it adopts radical positions Answer: C Learning Objective: 3.3: Summarize interest group strategies, the constraints under which they operate, and the different types of groups.

Topic: Constraints on a Group’s Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 14. Political interest groups are likely to have the least amount of influence when .

A) the government is open and tolerant B) there are many political parties C) there are few political parties D) the government is repressive Answer: D Learning Objective: 3.3: Summarize interest group strategies, the constraints under which they operate, and the different types of groups.

Topic: Constraints on a Group’s Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 15. An interest group that emerges spontaneously and for a short duration to express opposition to or support for a particular policy is considered to be a(n) interest group.

A) associational B) anomic

C) non-associational D) institution al Answer: B Learning Objective: 3.3: Summarize interest group strategies, the constraints under which they operate, and the different types of groups.

Topic: Types of Interest Groups Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 16. Which of the following types of interest groups is organized specifically to further the political objectives of its members?

A) institutional B) non-associational C) anomic D) association al Answer: D Learning Objective: 3.3: Summarize interest group strategies, the constraints under which they operate, and the different types of groups.

Topic: Types of Interest Groups Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 17. The National Rifle Association (NRA) in the United States is an example of a(n) interest group.

A) associational B) institutional C) non-associational D) anomi c Answer: A Learning Objective: 3.3: Summarize interest group strategies, the constraints under which they operate, and the different types of groups.

Topic: Types of Interest Groups Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 18. An interest group is transformed into a political party when it A) is organized effectively B) seeks to place its members in political office C) has a large number of members throughout the country D) obtains substantial financial resources Answer: B Learning Objective: 3.4: Analyze the roles of political parties. Topic: Political Parties Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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19. When political parties simplify the political process by dramatically reducing its complexity and scale for the decision maker (i.e., voter), they are functioning as A) brokers of ideas B) facilitators of political socialization C) ideologues D) recruiters of political activists Answer: A Learning Objective: 3.4: Analyze the roles of political parties. Topic: Activities of Political Parties Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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20. Political parties characterized by holding flexible goals and their orientation toward moderate or incremental change are referred to as .

A) ideological parties B) niche parties C) pragmatic parties D) center-right parties Answer: C Learning Objective: 3.4: Analyze the roles of political parties. Topic: Activities of Political Parties Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts ESSAY QUESTIONS 21. Who are political activists? Discuss the different types of political activists.

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Political activists are people who engage in non-routine modes of political action.

Political activists seem to “live” politics. Political activists might hold government office or spend many hours furthering a political goal or even risk their freedom and life in the pursuit of a political objective.

2. There are four different types of political activists: foot soldiers (who do the basic work of politics), single-issue activists (who engage in political behavior more sporadically), extremist-activists (who are willing to engage in extensive and unconventional political action), and political leaders (who have succeeded in capturing political power). The answer should include a description of each of these types.

Learning Objective: 3.1: Classify the modes of conventional and less conventional individual political action.

Topic: Individual Political Actions Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

22. What are political participation studies, and what facts can we learn from them? Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Political participation studies are studies that aim to answer to questions of how many people participate in political activities and how do they participate.

2. They provide comparative empirical data on political participation across many countries: - They reveal huge variations in voting levels.

- They consistently find that high levels of persistent political activity tend to be uncommon.

- They reveal that some citizens are willing to engage occasionally in more activist modes of political participation.

- They show that protest activity seems to be on the rise.

Learning Objective: 3.1: Classify the modes of conventional and less conventional individual political action.

Topic: Individual Political Actions Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 23. Compare and contrast a political interest group and a political party. Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. A group can be defined as an aggregation of individuals who interact in order to pursue a common interest. If the group in question pursues a political interest, that makes it a political interest group.

2. A political interest group can be any coalition that forms and interacts politically.

3. A political group enters the special category of political party when the group seeks not only to influence political decisions but also to place its members in the actual roles of government, such as chief executives and legislators.

Learning Objective: 3.2: Distinguish between interest groups and political parties.

Topic: Group Political Actions Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 24. What factors might account for the different impact on politics of particular interest groups within a specific country? Why? Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. An interest group’s behavior and impact depend on the kinds of resources it has available and its decision to use a particular mix of those resources.

2. The objectives that interest groups pursue also matter when it comes to the impact that interest groups produce. In general, an interest group has an advantage to the extent that its objective (1) is similar to existing policy and (2) is a decision that the political system has the capacity and motivation to make.

3. Most importantly, groups’ impact will depend on the political environment, which

sets boundaries of acceptable behavior.

Learning Objective: 3.3: Summarize interest group strategies, the constraints under which they operate, and the different types of groups.

Topic: Political Interest Groups Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25. Political scientist E. E. Schnattschneider observed that “democracy is unthinkable in the absence of political parties.” Why? Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Political parties in most countries engage in six broad activities, functioning to (1) broker policy ideas, (2) engage in political socialization, (3) link individuals and the political system, (4) mobilize and recruit activists, (5) coordinate governmental activities, and (6) organize opposition to the governing group.

2. The activities of political parties facilitate collective action, which is the very root of democracy. In other words, political parties allow us to coordinate and overcome collective action problems.

Learning Objective: 3.4: Analyze the roles of political parties. Topic: Political Parties Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

CHAPTER 4 INFLUENCES ON BELIEFS AND ACTIONS MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Unlike in the US, voting in countries such as Vietnam is an obligatory act, resulting in high rates of voter turnout. In other words, this higher voter turnout stems from differences in .

A) the agents of political socialization B) the political environment C) the international political scene D) the economic order Answer: B Learning Objective: 4.1: Assess how the context in which individuals live impacts their political beliefs and actions.

Topic: The Environment Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 2. Political socialization can be defined as the .

A) interactions that occur among people with similar political beliefs B) processes through which an individual acquires his or her orientation toward the political world C) decisions of politically-motivated individuals to interact with each other D) development of political groups in a given society Answer: B Learning Objective: 4.2: Characterize the different agents of political socialization.

Topic: Agents of Political Socialization Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 3. The family, school, religion, or social networks are discussed in the chapter as A) agents of political socialization B) socioeconomic variables of influence C) agents of communication flow D) sources of political information Answer: A Learning Objective: 4.2: Characterize the different agents of political socialization.

Topic: Agents of Political Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 4. Which of the following is most likely to be the most valuable agent for political 1

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socialization?

A) family B) the media C) schools

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D) social networks Answer: A Learning Objective: 4.2: Characterize the different agents of political socialization.

Topic: Agents of Political Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 5. Which of the following was viewed by Mao Zedong as a chief obstacle to effective political socialization in China?

A) the media B) illiteracy C) schools D) family Answer: D Learning Objective: 4.2: Characterize the different agents of political socialization.

Topic: Agents of Political Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 6. In modern societies, the major source of political information for most adults is A) the media B) peer groups C) schools D) political parties Answer: A Learning Objective: 4.2: Characterize the different agents of political socialization.

Topic: Agents of Political Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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7. A person’s social networks include .

A) social media, such as Facebook or Twitter B) friends and colleagues from peer groups C) frequented clubs and formal organizations D) politically “subversive” institutions Answer: B Learning Objective: 4.2: Characterize the different agents of political socialization.

Topic: Agents of Political Socialization Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8. There exists considerable evidence that the media play an important role in A) agenda setting 3

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B) political education C) executive oversight D) interest aggregation

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Answer: A Learning Objective: 4.2: Characterize the different agents of political socialization.

Topic: Agents of Political Socialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 9. Empirical research on the media concludes that absorb(s) media information in a way that significantly changes most of their political attitudes or actions.

A) almost no one B) few people C) most people D) the vast majority of people Answer: B Learning Objective: 4.2: Characterize the different agents of political socialization.

Topic: Agents of Political Socialization Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 10. According to Table 4.1, which analyzes voters in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, the personal characteristics that were most associated with voting for Donald Trump were A) being male with higher levels of education B) being female, over 60 years old, and with lower levels of education C) being male, Christian, over 50 years old, and with lower levels of education D) having an annual family income greater than $100,000 Answer: C Learning Objective: 4.3: Illustrate how an individual’s demographic characteristics are linked to political beliefs and actions.

Topic: Demographic Characteristics Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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11. A substantially higher propensity to vote is associated with which of the following individual traits?

A) identification with a political party B) education level C) gender D) income level Answer: A Learning Objective: 4.3: Illustrate how an individual’s demographic characteristics are linked to political beliefs and actions.

Topic: Demographic Characteristics Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5

12. The biographies of Gandhi and Osama bin Laden reveal that .

A) people with different backgrounds can choose similar forms of political action

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B) extremist-activists are not different from other people C) people with similar backgrounds can choose different forms of political action D) religion encourages political activism Answer: C Learning Objective: 4.3: Illustrate how an individual’s demographic characteristics are linked to political beliefs and actions.

Topic: Demographic Characteristics Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 13. Although some clear associations between demographic variables and voting behavior exists, .

A) these statistical findings do not help us understand voting behavior B) these associations tend to be statistically insignificant C) we cannot analyze them without running multivariate regression analyses D) we cannot conclude that demographic characteristics have actually caused someone to vote in a particular way Answer: D Learning Objective: 4.3: Illustrate how an individual’s demographic characteristics are linked to political beliefs and actions.

Topic: Demographic Characteristics Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 14. One reason that terrorists may be motivated to commit violent attacks is that A) their brain biology is predisposed to terrorism B) they believe that their social network is alienated C) their religion promotes and precipitates violence D) their low income level is a predisposition to violence Answer: B Learning Objective: 4.2: Characterize the different agents of political socialization.

Topic: Agents of Political Socialization Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 15. Political psychology can be broadly defined as .

A) one’s concrete set of political likes and dislikes B) the psychological factors influencing political activism C) propensities within an individual to respond in certain ways to political stimuli D) a tendency toward interpersonal involvement Answer: C Learning Objective: 4.4: Consider how approaches from political psychology help us understand politics and political processes.

Topic: Political Psychology Difficulty Level: Difficult 7

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Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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16. For rational choice theorists, the “paradox of participation” is that, while many people vote, .

A) some people who are very interested in politics have low levels of participation B) people often do not understand the implications of their political actions C) the costs associated with political participation often outweigh the likely benefits D) many people vote for candidates and policies contrary to their selfinterest Answer: C Learning Objective: 4.4: Consider how approaches from political psychology help us understand politics and political processes.

Topic: Political Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 17. In many countries, which of the following is one of the key cognitive shortcuts guiding political behavior?

A) ethnicity B) political party C) income level D) education level Answer: B Learning Objective: 4.4: Consider how approaches from political psychology help us understand politics and political processes.

Topic: Political Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 18. Neuroscience has a place in political psychology by suggesting that .

A) a person’s genetic factors and brain biology can predict his or her ideology B) genetics are not a factor in political psychology C) a person’s willingness to participate stems mainly from environmental factors D) neuroscience has no correlation to political psychology Answer: A Learning Objective: 4.4: Consider how approaches from political psychology help us understand politics and political processes.

Topic: Political Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 19. When the agents of political socialization are ineffective or provide contradictory messages, an individual’s political behavior will tend toward .

A) apathy B) dependence on peers C) independent inquiry 9

D) activism

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Answer: A Learning Objective: 4.4: Consider how approaches from political psychology help us understand politics and political processes.

Topic: Political Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 20. Rational choice approaches assume that .

A) people have relatively stable preferences and that they try to achieve outcomes consistent with those preferences B) people have complete information and, therefore, can make rational choices C) people are completely rational and able to choose the “correct” actions D) biological processes are irrelevant for decisionmaking Answer: A Learning Objective: 4.4: Consider how approaches from political psychology help us understand politics and political processes.

Topic: Political Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts ESSAY QUESTIONS 21. Discuss how the political environment can powerfully influence political behavior.

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Political environment refers to the broad context in which an individual lives.

2. For any particular political belief or action, there are various possible effects from an environmental stimulus. An element of the environment might activate, repress, transform, or amplify a person’s political behavior.

3. For example, in North Korea, the government strictly limits the information available about politics, so many citizens have minimal knowledge of the current politics—even of their own country.

Learning Objective: 4.1: Assess how the context in which individuals live impacts their political beliefs and actions.

Topic: The Environment Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 22. How does an individual acquire his or her political beliefs and values about politics?

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Political socialization can be defined as the processes through which individuals acquire their beliefs and values about the political world.

2. The agents of political socialization represent the major sources of political training 11

and indoctrination shaping an individual’s political beliefs and values. Those agents include: the

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family, school, social networks, the media, religion, culture, and events.

Learning Objective: 4.2: Characterize the different agents of political socialization.

Topic: Agents of Political Socialization Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 23. Which agent of political socialization is the most powerful? Why? Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Political socialization can be defined as the processes through which individuals acquire their beliefs and values about the political world.

2. The family is the first—and often most powerful and lasting—agent of political socialization. The political orientations of most individuals are deeply influenced by the behaviors and beliefs that they experience in the family environment.

3. Before individuals are capable of making judgments for themselves, they have absorbed perceptions about the political world from conversations overheard within the family.

Learning Objective: 4.2: Characterize the different agents of political socialization.

Topic: Agents of Political Socialization Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 24. What are demographic characteristics, and how are they linked to political beliefs and actions?

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Demographic characteristics, sometimes called personal characteristics, include both visible characteristics, such as age, gender, and ethnicity, and less visible ones, such as education, income, social class, and occupation. These characteristics, when taken together, might be thought of as an individual’s identity.

2. Demographic characteristics can be thought of as filters that influence how the environment and the agents of political socialization affect an individual’s political behavior.

Learning Objective: 4.3: Illustrate how an individual’s demographic characteristics are linked to political beliefs and actions.

Topic: Demographic Characteristics Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25. Can personality and psychodynamics approaches provide much explanatory value in the attempt to explain political behavior? Why? 13

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Personality and psychodynamics approaches explore aspects of the formation and effects of personality. Work in psychobiography explains adult political behavior on the basis of formative childhood experiences or critical life experiences.

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2. Generally, these approaches can help us understand political behavior of individuals.

For example, recently, there has been particular interest in analyzing the psychology of those who engage in terrorist acts. While the backgrounds and even the personalities of terrorists vary, it has been suggested that many share some traits. They can be troubled by high levels of loneliness, alienation, and isolation and a sense that their identity group is not respected. Consequently, they can seek to overcome this through the sense of belonging provided by a small, strong network of friends.

Learning Objective: 4.4: Consider how approaches from political psychology help us understand politics and political processes.

Topic: Political Psychology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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CHAPTER 5 POLITICAL SYSTEMS, STATES, AND NATIONS MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. The term “sovereignty” refers to .

A) rule by a monarch B) a state’s historical, political, and cultural boundaries C) the premise that each state is the ultimate source of law within its own boundaries D) the belief that the needs of the state are more important than the needs of its citizens Answer: C Learning Objective: 5.1: Characterize the alternative definitions and goals of the state. Topic: The State Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 2. Which is an example of a nation of people who do not have their own state, as discussed in the text?

A) the Turks B) the Slovaks C) the Afghans D) the Kurds Answer: D Learning Objective: 5.1: Characterize the alternative definitions and goals of the state. Topic: The State Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 3. Which of the following is an alternative definition of “the state”?

A) an organized authoritative form of government B) a territorially-bound sovereign entity C) the population that makes up a particular territorial region D) a deeply shared identification among a group of people Answer: B Learning Objective: 5.1: Characterize the alternative definitions and goals of the state. Topic: The State Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4. The doctrine of territorial integrity holds that: A) a state has the right to invade another state.

B) a nation cannot exist across the boundaries of two states.

C) the boundaries of a state must be clearly defined.

D) the state has the right to resist any aggression or intervention within its boundaries. Answer: D

Learning Objective: 5.1: Characterize the alternative definitions and goals of the state.

Topic: The State Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 5. According to Max Weber, the state is distinguished from all other organizations by its .

A) monopoly on the legitimate use of force B) use of bureaucratic procedures in making policy decisions C) ability to communicate political information via the media D) dependence on culture to define social life Answer: A Learning Objective: 5.1: Characterize the alternative definitions and goals of the state. Topic: The State Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 6. Which of the following might be seen as undermining or clashing with the principle of sovereignty?

A) the ever-increasing interdependence B) the notion of humanitarian intervention C) the notion that states have a monopoly on the use of force in the society D) the notion of territorial integrity Answer: B Learning Objective: 5.1: Characterize the alternative definitions and goals of the state. Topic: The State Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 7. The most important goal of a state is .

A) autonomy B) prosperity C) security D) stabilit y Answer: C Learning Objective: 5.1: Characterize the alternative definitions and goals of the state. Topic: The State Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 8. Res publica refers to .

A) a citizen’s right to privacy B) a citizen’s responsibility to support the government C) the appropriate domain of state activity D) the right of the state to protect its territory Answer: C

Learning Objective: 5.1: Characterize the alternative definitions and goals of the state. Topic: The State

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 9. The international community might become less inclined to respect a state’s sovereignty when the state in question .

A) stops being a democracy B) engages in electoral fraud C) is committing human rights abuses D) does not have well-defined borders Answer: C Learning Objective: 5.1: Characterize the alternative definitions and goals of the state. Topic: The State Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 10. The concept of the nation usually denotes .

A) a territorially-bound sovereign entity B) a large collectivity composed of many individuals and groups C) the highest governmental level within a country D) a group with a deeply shared fundamental identification Answer: D Learning Objective: 5.2: Contrast the concept of nation from that of the state. Topic: The Nation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 11. Which of the following can currently best be described as a nation-state?

A) Japan B) Kurdistan C) Czechoslovakia D) The United States Answer: A Learning Objective: 5.2: Contrast the concept of nation from that of the state. Topic: The Nation Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 12. Scholars predict that will be the basis of the majority of world violence.

A) terrorism B) nation-based conflicts C) coups d’état D) class-based conflict Answer: B Learning Objective: 5.2: Contrast the concept of nation from that of the state. Topic: The Nation

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts 13. A powerful commitment to the advancement of the interests of an individual’s own nation is referred to as .

A) nationalism B) ethnonationalism C) multinationalism D) fascis m Answer: A Learning Objective: 5.2: Contrast the concept of nation from that of the state. Topic: The Nation Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 14. Which of the following is the best example of a multinational state?

A) the United States B) Japan C) Poland D) Scotlan d Answer: A Learning Objective: 5.2: Contrast the concept of nation from that of the state. Topic: The Nation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 15. According to the Focus in Chapter 5, the major cause of the partition of the Indian subcontinent into India and Pakistan was .

A) ethnicity B) language C) religion D) regional identity Answer: C Learning Objective: 5.3: Outline the key components of the political system.

Topic: The Political System Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 16. Liberty, equality, freedom, and justice are examples of .

A) inputs B) requisite functions of the state C) values D) tradition s Answer: C Learning Objective: 5.3: Outline the key components of the political system.

Topic: The Political System Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts 17. When decisions are accepted as binding by the people affected, the decisions may be described as .

A) consensual B) judicial C) authoritative D) rationa l Answer: C Learning Objective: 5.3: Outline the key components of the political system.

Topic: The Political System Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 18. A key difference between authority and power is that .

A) the exercise of authority does not require the application of power.

B) individuals can resist authority but not power.

C) the state relies more on power than authority to gain compliance.

D) authority relies on the threat of force while power relies on the application of force. Answer: A Learning Objective: 5.3: Outline the key components of the political system.

Topic: The Political System Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 19. Which of the following is the best example of the exercise of coercive power?

A) A’s threat persuades B to do something that B does not want to do.

B) B does something that A wants in exchange for benefits from A. C) A persuades B to do something that harms B’s interests.

D) B does something in order to gain favor with A. Answer: A Learning Objective: 5.3: Outline the key components of the political system.

Topic: The Political System Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 20. Which of the following actions is a “support” input to a political system?

A) abstaining from a local election B) obeying local traffic laws C) signing a petition D) requesting a government service Answer: B Learning Objective: 5.3: Outline the key components of the political system.

Topic: The Political System Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

ESSAY QUESTIONS 21. Compare and contrast power and authority and other ways in which the state controls the behavior of individuals and groups.

Answer: The ideal answer includes the following concepts and their definitions: 1. Power is exercised when A’s action causes B to behave in a manner in which B would not otherwise behave. A’s power is considered coercive power when it is based on the use of force or the threat of force.

2. The answer should include differentiation between economic power (A alters B’s behavior by manipulating resources that B wants or needs) and soft power (when B is persuaded to accept what A wants because B greatly admires A’s virtue and qualities and because B believes that it shares important values with A).

3. Authority is voluntaristic. If A is an authority figure to B, then B accepts the decision or demand of A because it is “the right thing to do,” not because of coercive, economic, or soft power. The judgment of B that A’s authority is legitimate might be grounded in one or more of the following: law, tradition, charisma, and/or contract.

4. Differentiate between law, tradition, charisma, and contract.

Learning Objective: 5.3: Outline the key components of the political system.

Topic: The Political System Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 22. Analyze why the misunderstanding between state and nation can produce severe challenges for the state’s achievement of some of its major goals.

Answer: The ideal answer includes the following concepts and their definitions: 1. State: can be defined as a territorially bound sovereign entity; or the term usually refers to the “set of organizational units and people that performs the political functions for an entire territorial entity.”

2. Nation: group of people with a powerful shared sense of identity.

3. Sovereignty is the premise that each state has complete authority and is the ultimate source of power within its own boundaries; however, when nation and state do not overlap, this can make it difficult for a state to pursue security, stability, and prosperity. The ideal answer will also give examples.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Contrast the concept of nation from that of the state. Topic: The Nation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

23. Do humanitarian interventions undermine state sovereignty? Is there potential for abuse when countries engage in humanitarian interventions? Explain why.

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. The definitions of sovereignty and humanitarian intervention.

2. Sovereignty is the premise that each state has complete authority and is the ultimate source of law within its own boundaries.

3. “The United Nations General Assembly (in 2005) and Security Council (in 2011) explicitly asserted a collective “responsibility to protect” (R2P) people by humanitarian intervention when a government does not safeguard its own peoples’ lives, particularly in cases of large- scale state violence against its population, such as ethnic cleansing, violent repression of peaceful protest, or extensive use of imprisonment without due process (Evans 2009).”

4. Humanitarian interventions may undermine state sovereignty since state sovereignty and territorial integrity are central premises of international law. If a state interferes in the internal activities of another state without that state’s consent, that is a violation of exclusive internal jurisdiction.

5. “Humanitarian intervention, when associated with severe economic sanctions and military invasion, can cause more harm to the population than the human rights violations that prompted these actions. Military intervention can produce disproportionate levels of violence, and the situation after intervention can be highly unstable and dangerous (Pattison 2012).”

Learning Objective: 5.1: Characterize the alternative definitions and goals of the state. Topic: The State Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 24. Identify one currently stateless nation, and explore the components of what constitutes a nation with regard to the selected nation. Make an argument if this stateless nation should constitute a state based on your findings.

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. A stateless nation: example, the Kurds 2. The Kurds share a primary national identity: they are kin-based nomads who have their own language, distinctive culture, and shared identity.

3. They inhabit 74,00 square miles, living in Turkey, Iraq, and Iran, but they do not constitute a state because they lack the territory and sovereignty.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Contrast the concept of nation from that of the state. Topic: The Nation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 25. What is power, and what forms of power are there?

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Power is the ability to alter behavior. We can distinguish between coercive power,

economic power, and soft power.

2. Coercive power relies on the use of, or the threat of, force. Economic power entails a state using its economic resources to offer carrots or sticks. Lastly, soft power can be thought of as attraction. That is, when one state sees another as attractive and shares its values, the latter will not have to use power in the first place.

Learning Objective: 5.3: Outline the key components of the political system.

Topic: The Political System Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

CHAPTER 6 POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS I: INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. As the head of state, the chief executive .

A) manages the administration B) represents the governing party coalition C) embodies the national identity D) takes the lead on major legislation Answer: C Learning Objective: 6.1: Analyze the structure and roles of political executives. Topic: Executives Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2. Which of the following is usually a role of the executive?

A) functioning as a spiritual and political leader B) unilaterally creating policies and laws C) interpreting the constitutionality of laws D) supervising military and foreign affairs Answer: D Learning Objective: 6.1: Analyze the structure and roles of political executives. Topic: Executives Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3. Which of the following is most responsible for the state’s relations with other countries?

A) the legislature B) the head of state C) the executive D) the judiciary Answer: C Learning Objective: 6.1: Analyze the structure and roles of political executives. Topic: Executives Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 4. In a political system with a fused executive, A) one actor carries out ceremonial aspects of the executive role while another carries out more political aspects.

B) a small number of people exercise collective executive leadership.

C) the ceremonial and political functions of the top executive both reside within the same actor.

D) the actor is mostly insulated from daily struggles and the grind of

politics. Answer: C Learning Objective: 6.1: Analyze the structure and roles of political executives.

Topic: Executives Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 5. Which of the following states has a fused executive system?

A) Japan B) Denmark C) the United Kingdom D) the United States Answer: D Learning Objective: 6.1: Analyze the structure and roles of political executives. Topic: Executives Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 6. In comparison to legislatures, executive structures tend to be .

A) less capable of decisive action B) more capable of decisive action C) less unified D) less streamlined Answer: B Learning Objective: 6.1: Analyze the structure and roles of political executives. Topic: Executives Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 7. Given the state’s monopoly over the legitimate use of force, the top political executive A) usually has direct control over the military.

B) usually is barred from interfering with military operations.

C) is barred from representing the state in dealings with other states, to prevent a conflict of interests.

D) usually is an active-duty general in the military. Answer: A Learning Objective: 6.1: Analyze the structure and roles of political executives. Topic: Executives Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 8. Which of the following is NOT a major role of the legislature?

A) oversight of the executive branch B) interpretation of laws C) representation of citizens D) enactment of legislation Answer: B

.

Learning Objective: 6.2: Summarize the roles of the legislature.

Topic: Legislatures

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 9. Which of the following is an important area of legislative oversight?

A) approving major executive appointments B) enacting regulatory legislation C) committee hearings on legislation D) control of the agenda by the legislative majority Answer: A Learning Objective: 6.2: Summarize the roles of the legislature.

Topic: Legislatures Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 10. According to Edmund Burke, a legislator should .

A) attempt to represent the majority view of his or her constituency B) should make policy decisions on the basis of his or her intellect and conscience C) should represent and support his or her political party D) should attempt to represent the members of the constituency who voted for him or her Answer: B Learning Objective: 6.2: Summarize the roles of the legislature.

Topic: Legislatures Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 11. A legislative ombudsman is an independent agency that assists in A) judicial review B) legislative oversight of the administration C) policy implementation D) supervision of the military Answer: B Learning Objective: 6.2: Summarize the roles of the legislature.

Topic: Legislatures Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 12. In the majority of states with legislatures, the national legislature A) has one influential house and one less influential house B) has two relatively powerful houses C) has only one house D) is unitary Answer: C Learning Objective: 6.2: Summarize the roles of the legislature.

Topic: Legislatures Difficulty Level: Moderate

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Skill Level: Remember the Facts

13. Which of the following is a potential drawback of a bicameral legislature?

A) proliferation of elections B) less effective representation C) stalemates in policymaking D) proliferation of political parties Answer: C Learning Objective: 6.2: Summarize the roles of the legislature.

Topic: Legislatures Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 14. Many observers claim that during the twentieth century, the power of legislatures A) increased steadily B) declined significantly C) remained the same D) increased relative to the executive, but declined relative to the judiciary Answer: B Learning Objective: 6.2: Summarize the roles of the legislature.

Topic: Legislatures Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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15. Which of the following is a reason for the decline in the power of most legislatures?

A) Legislatures have a strict coherent structure within which power can be concentrated.

B) Legislatures have slow and cumbersome procedures.

C) Legislatures do not meet often enough for effective leadership to emerge.

D) Legislatures drain the support services that are there for them. Answer: B Learning Objective: 6.2: Summarize the roles of the legislature.

Topic: Legislatures Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 16. Which of the following is an example of a service that the administrative system may provide?

A) Distribute food to those affected after an incident of bad weather.

B) Declare a state of emergency after a terrorist attack.

C) Enact a mandatory maternity leave bill.

D) Declare a law unconstitutional in response to public outrage. Answer: A Learning Objective: 6.3: Compare the functions and powers of political administrative systems. Topic: Administrative Systems Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

17. Why does the term “bureaucratic” have a negative connotation?

A) Bureaucracies are an extension of the judicial system.

B) Bureaucracies often favor a specific group of people.

C) Bureaucracies are large, impersonal, and slow.

D) Bureaucracies are notoriously corrupt. Answer: C Learning Objective: 6.3: Compare the functions and powers of political administrative systems. Topic: Administrative Systems Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 18. A bureaucracy in which those in authority not only apply the rules but also try to understand your personal circumstances and adjust their actions to be responsive to your particular situation is known as .

A) Weberian bureaucracy B) arbitrary administration C) discriminatory administration D) humane administration Answer: D Learning Objective: 6.3: Compare the functions and powers of political administrative systems. Topic: Administrative Systems Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 19. At the heart of the adjudication function is the attempt to .

A) interpret and apply the laws to a given situation B) regulate the proper implementation of new laws C) ensure that the laws are fair D) enact the laws for the state Answer: A Learning Objective: 6.4: Outline the major elements within judicial systems.

Topic: Judiciaries Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 20. The concept of an independent judiciary means that judicial actors .

A) are not representative of the population B) are not elected C) are not under the direct control of either the executive or legislature D) control their ideological preferences Answer: C Learning Objective: 6.4: Outline the major elements within judicial systems.

Topic: Judiciaries Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

ESSAY QUESTIONS 21. Explain why executives seem to be increasingly dominant relative to legislatures.

Do you believe this dominance should be limited? If so, how might the power of the executive be limited? Should the legislature or another political actor (which one?) be empowered to balance executive power?

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Some analysts call the twentieth century the “age of the executive.” This label reflects the apparent concentration of power in executives and the relative decline of legislatures’ powers. Recently we saw the rise of “strongman leaders” worldwide.

2. The reduced capacity of many legislatures to take coherent and decisive state action is linked to the emergence of more coherent and decisive executives. Also, in many cases, the legislature may delegate tasks to the executive.

3. Should this trend be limited? Answers may vary.

Learning Objective: 6.1: Analyze the structure and roles of political executives. Topic: Executives Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 22. What are the roles of the legislature? Do contemporary legislatures play a dominant role in policymaking?

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Most modern legislatures have three broad roles: (1) enacting legislation, (2) representing the citizenry, and (3) overseeing the executive.

2. Most contemporary legislatures do not play the dominant role in policymaking; this role has passed to the executive and the administration. Although executives often set the policy course, most legislatures retain the right to investigate, legislate, and appropriate.

Learning Objective: 6.2: Summarize the roles of the legislature.

Topic: Legislatures Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 23. What are the advantages and disadvantages of bureaucracy as it exists in contemporary political systems? Under what conditions would a non-bureaucratic form of administration be desirable?

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. A bureaucracy is a particular structure and set of processes through which the administration can operate.

2. Advantages: A well-structured bureaucracy can help citizens navigate their government and can act as a deterrent to corruption. A well-functioning bureaucracy (Weberian bureaucracy) provides predictability, fairness, and standardization.

3. Disadvantages: But there are also many contemporary political systems, and even more

examples historically, in which public administrators treat people unpredictably or with clear biases. Some criticisms of bureaucracy are really directed at all large administrative structures that exercise increasing control over people’s lives and that seem too large and too powerful. Fundamentally, the bureaucracy label has come to connote a system that is too inflexible and impersonal.

4. Despite criticisms of its occasional excesses in practice, most people conclude that they would prefer a Weberian bureaucracy to one that is arbitrary, discriminatory, or corrupt.

Learning Objective: 6.3: Compare the functions and powers of political administrative systems. Topic: Administrative Systems Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 24. Is judicial review democratic? Discuss both the democratic and undemocratic aspects of judicial review.

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Judicial review entails judicial structures establishing the final interpretation of what the constitution and the laws mean, including the right to reinterpret, revoke, or overrule the policy decisions of the other political structures, including the executive, legislature, and administrative branches.

2. Research has revealed that judicial structures in many advanced democracies have exercised increasing power to redefine and overturn the actions of the other branches.

That can potentially be undemocratic since judges are not usually elected or accountable to the people. This is troubling since crucial interpretations and decisions can hinge on a bare majority vote by a tiny number of people.

3. On the other hand, even in countries where top judicial officials are appointed, their authority is derived directly from the elected officials, whose power is based on popular consent. Thus, empowering appointed judges is fully consistent with democratic principles.

Learning Objective: 6.4: Outline the major elements within judicial systems.

Topic: Judiciaries Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25. Explain the differences between common law and civil law, and then discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each.

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. The common law tradition is grounded in the general laws and rules that have been enacted by legislatures and have evolved over time. The key goal of the legal system is to interpret existing precedents from previous judicial rulings. Innocence is presumed until evidence indicates guilt. The court system is adversarial, with the disputing sides making their points and the judge acting as a referee to ensure that the proceedings are fair. Possibly, flexibility could be seen as a strength of the common law tradition. Often

this can be associated with greater judicial discursion. On the other hand, flexibility and discretion as well as adversarial proceedings can be sources of inconsistent outcomes and unfair treatment.

2. In the civil law tradition, the key goal is the precise application of extremely detailed legal documents to the specific case. The court system is more inquisitional, with the judge asking critical questions under the assumption that the party on trial is guilty of violating the law unless innocence can be proven. While some could complain about small judicial discretion, the precision of civil law promised greater fairness.

Learning Objective: 6.4: Outline the major elements within judicial systems.

Topic: Styles of Adjudication Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

CHAPTER 7 POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS II: INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. A key feature of a constitution is that it .

A) is rarely modified B) limits the powers of the rulers C) is written with clarity D) specifies the role of political parties Answer: B Learning Objective: 7.1: Assess the impact of written constitutions on regimes.

Topic: Constitutions and Constitutional Regimes Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 2. Which of the following delineates the fundamental rules of the political system?

A) a constitution B) res publica C) a party platform D) a parliamentary directive Answer: A Learning Objective: 7.1: Assess the impact of written constitutions on regimes.

Topic: Constitutions and Constitutional Regimes Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 3. A key element of representative democracy is having .

A) 3 or more political parties B) a strong president C) universal adult suffrage D) a federal structure Answer: C Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish between democratic and nondemocratic political systems.

Topic: Defining Democracy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4. The limited mandate means that the authority to govern is A) granted for a short, fixed period of time B) limited by the constitution C) limited by the Bill of Rights D) limited by an efficient bureaucracy Answer: A

.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish between democratic and nondemocratic political systems.

Topic: Defining Democracy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5. A state in which severe restrictions are placed on the activities of individuals and groups who want to participate in the political system would most appropriately be characterized as .

A) a republic B) constitutional C) authoritarian D) dictatori al Answer: C Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish between democratic and nondemocratic political systems.

Topic: Defining Nondemocracy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 6. Which of the following is characteristic of an illiberal democracy?

A) There are periodic elections, but political rights are substantially limited.

B) The political leaders are indifferent to the needs of the people.

C) Elections are often rigged, but political rights are guaranteed.

D) People are required to vote by law. Answer: A Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish between democratic and nondemocratic political systems.

Topic: Defining Democracy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 7. Which of the following is discussed in the chapter as at risk of becoming an illiberal democracy?

A) the Philippines B) Japan C) Israel D) Syria Answer: A Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish between democratic and nondemocratic political systems.

Topic: Defining Democracy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

8. A dictatorship is distinguished by which of the following characteristics?

A) the absence of a supreme court B) state control of the major means of production C) a corrupt bureaucracy D) the absence of a limited mandate for the government Answer: D Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish between democratic and nondemocratic political systems.

Topic: Defining Nondemocracy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 9. The defining feature of participatory democracy is .

A) that citizens often vote on policy choices B) direct involvement of the citizens in the enactment of policy C) that citizens are encouraged to participate actively in policy discussions D) that virtually all citizens vote in elections Answer: B Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish between democratic and nondemocratic political systems.

Topic: Defining Democracy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 10. Another term for representative democracy is a(n) .

A) hybrid system B) illiberal democracy C) republic D) confederatio n Answer: C Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish between democratic and nondemocratic political systems.

Topic: Defining Democracy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 11. A liberal democracy is distinguished from other forms of democracy in that there is .

A) a more limited level of government regulation B) a stronger pattern of civil liberties exercised by the citizens C) more party competition in the electoral process D) a more extensive level of welfare services Answer: B Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish between democratic and nondemocratic political systems.

Topic: Defining Democracy

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 12. The European Union (EU) is an example of a .

A) nongovernmental organization B) confederation C) unitary state D) multinational state Answer: B Learning Objective: 7.3: Compare and contrast unitary, federal, and confederal systems.

Topic: Confederation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 13. A potential strength of a confederation is .

A) decisive authority B) elimination of stalemates between center and periphery C) that it facilitates cooperation among member states D) its balance between executive and legislative branches Answer: C Learning Objective: 7.3: Compare and contrast unitary, federal, and confederal systems.

Topic: Confederation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 14. A state featuring a strong central government can be described as .

A) unitary B) illiberal C) confederate D) federa l Answer: A Learning Objective: 7.3: Compare and contrast unitary, federal, and confederal systems.

Topic: Unitary State Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 15. The crucial feature of presidential government is .

A) the fusion of executive and judicial power.

B) legislative control of the budget.

C) constitutional limits on executive power.

D) the separation of executive and legislative power. Answer: D Learning Objective: 7.4: Differentiate between parliamentary, presidential, and other types of executive-legislative systems.

Topic: Presidential Government Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

16. A political system that has both a President and Prime Minister would most likely be characterized as a(n) system.

A) hybrid B) council C) assembly D) presidenti al Answer: A Learning Objective: 7.4: Differentiate between parliamentary, presidential, and other types of executive-legislative systems.

Topic: Hybrid Systems Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 17. A military group that rules a country after forcefully removing the country’s top leader is called a .

A) junta B) confederacy C) dictatorship D) council system collective Answer: A Learning Objective: 7.4: Differentiate between parliamentary, presidential, and other types of executive-legislative systems.

Topic: Council Systems Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts 18. In theory, most communist states would be considered systems.

A) assembly B) cabinet C) presidential D) hybrid Answer: A Learning Objective: 7.4: Differentiate between parliamentary, presidential, and other types of executive-legislative systems.

Topic: Assembly Systems Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts 19. What would likely be indicative of an unstable multiparty system?

A) the existence of between four and seven viable parties B) low voter turnout C) frequent need for the formation of coalitions D) one party holding a clear majority in parliament Answer: C Learning Objective: 7.5: Characterize the different types of political party systems.

Topic: Multiparty Systems Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 20. Which of the following is a potential problem with a two-party system?

A) It is very difficult for non-incumbents to be elected.

B) Party positions are not responsive to changes in public opinion.

C) Voters lack a sufficient array of alternatives.

D) Voters rarely shift from one party to another. Answer: C Learning Objective: 7.5: Characterize the different types of political party systems. Topic: Two-Party Systems Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know ESSAY QUESTIONS 21. Contrast the defining characteristics of democracy with those of dictatorships, giving examples of each. Assess whether “dictatorship” is synonymous with “nondemocracy.”

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Democracies can be seen as governments of and by the people. They feature government officials being accountable to citizens, periodic elections, universal adult suffrage, and voters’ genuine ability to reject those serving as political leaders. Citizens in a democracy enjoy substantial political rights and civil liberties regarding participation, personal freedoms, and opposition. Examples include Canada and New Zealand.

2. Dictatorships refer to systems in which sovereignty is vested in a single individual (or a small group) who possesses nearly unlimited power. Under dictatorships, citizens are subjects of the state, with limited rights and freedoms. Examples include Algeria and Zimbabwe.

3. Thus, dictatorships can be viewed as opposites of democracy. Therefore, a dictatorship is a nondemocracy.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish between democratic and nondemocratic political systems.

Topic: Democracies and Nondemocracies Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 22. What are totalitarian regimes? What distinguishes them from authoritarian regimes?

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Under totalitarianism, the political system’s decisions and its control penetrate into almost every aspect of its people’s lives. The distinguishing characteristic of

totalitarian regimes is that totalitarian systems aim to control almost all aspects of people’s lives –

personal, political, economic, etc. It is quite common for totalitarian systems to restrict people’s personal freedoms severely and feature a command economy. Authoritarian systems usually do not go that far.

2. Authoritarian regimes, such as dictatorships, leave citizens with very little personal freedom, limiting their civil rights and liberties. However, the nonpolitical aspects of people’s lives, such as their occupation, religion, and social life, are not generally under the direct control of the authoritarian political system.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish between democratic and nondemocratic political systems.

Topic: Democracies and Nondemocracies Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 23. Specify the key features of each of the three major types of political systems that are distinguished by the areal distribution of power. What are the best reasons to select each type, based on characteristics of countries that you identify?

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. In a unitary state, a central government holds all legitimate power. The central government has indivisible sovereignty, although it usually delegates some power to regional units, such as provinces, departments, or counties. Unitary systems provide clear and hierarchical authority. They make it easier for the states to control the territory and reduce regionalism.

2. A federation has a constitutional division of power and functions between a central government and the set of regional governments. A federation requires a complex balancing of the power between the central government and the regional governments. Federations are especially appropriate in large and diverse states.

3. A confederation is an association in which states delegate some power to a supranational central government but retain primary power. Confederations facilitate cooperation, while retaining subunits. Although confederations can serve many useful functions for member states, their activities and even their very survival are always contingent on the members’ continuing support.

Learning Objective: 7.3: Compare and contrast unitary, federal, and confederal systems.

Topic: Areal Distribution of Power Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 24. Compare presidential government and parliamentary government. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each?

Answer: The ideal answer should include:

1. The crucial feature of presidential government is the separation of executive and legislative structures. In separate electoral decisions, the citizens select the chief executive (usually called the president) and the members of the national legislature.

This ensures checks and balances and separation of powers, which may increase stability and prevent abuses of power.

2. In contrast to the presidential system, the crucial element of parliamentary government is the fusion of executive and legislative functions and structures.

This means that the people elect the legislature (the parliament), whose majority empowers a cabinet, which then empowers one of its members to be the chief executive, typically called a prime minister or premier. This fusion of power may allow for quicker passage and implementation of legislation and increases accountability while avoiding concentrations of power.

Learning Objective: 7.4: Differentiate between parliamentary, presidential, and other types of executive–legislative systems.

Topic: Forms of Executive–Legislative Relations Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25. The United States was founded as a federation with a presidential system. Do you think these institutional forms are still the most appropriate ones for the country after more than 200 years of evolution? Why or why not?

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. A federation has a constitutional division of power and functions between a central government and the set of regional governments. A federation requires a complex balancing of the power between the central government and the regional governments. Federations are especially appropriate in large and diverse states.

The United States fits this description, which makes federalism more than appropriate.

2. Having a presidential system entails checks and balances and separation of powers, which may increase stability and prevent abuses of power. Having a president chosen by the Electoral College empowers smaller states (especially “swing” states), giving them a political voice. As such, one can argue that a presidential system is still appropriate for the US. Learning Objective: 7.5: Characterize the different types of political party systems. Topic: Political Party Systems Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

CHAPTER 8 POLITICAL ECONOMY MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Which of the following statements about the relationship between politics and the economy is correct?

A) Government actions constrict economic growth.

B) The government has significant impact on the economy while economic actors are unlikely to have major impact on the political system.

C) The government has significant impact on the economy and economic actors can have major impact on the political system.

D) Politics and economics are “divorced from each other.” Answer: C Learning Objective: 8.1: Explain the role of the state in a nation’s economy. Topic: Politics and the Economy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 2. Which of the following is a major factor of production?

A) quotas B) exports C) imports D) capital Answer: D Learning Objective: 8.2: Determine the relationship among the separate elements that make up the political economy.

Topic: Factors, Firms, and Households/Consumers Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 3. The basic economic principle in which price is determined by how much consumers want a given product relative to its availability is known as .

A) the efficiency principle B) the circular-flow model C) supply and demand D) the factors of production balance Answer: C Learning Objective: 8.2: Determine the relationship among the separate elements that make up the political economy.

Topic: Factors, Firms, and Households/Consumers Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 1

4. When a firm’s production of a product requires it to purchase items from another firm to complete the production, these purchased items are called .

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A) intermediate goods B) equilibrium points C) good-for-good exchanges D) indirect goods Answer: A Learning Objective: 8.2: Determine the relationship among the separate elements that make up the political economy.

Topic: Factors, Firms, and Households/Consumers Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 5. Tariffs and quotas are .

A) policies adopted by states that are committed to free trade B) attempts to ensure that only high-quality goods enter the market C) strategic policies aimed at stimulating demand D) efforts to limit foreign competition Answer: D Learning Objective: 8.2: Determine the relationship among the separate elements that make up the political economy.

Topic: The World Joins In Difficulty Level: Medium Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6. Which of the following represents a nonhuman productive input?

A) capital B) labor C) workforce D) deman d Answer: A Learning Objective: 8.2: Determine the relationship among the separate elements that make up the political economy.

Topic: Factors, Firms, and Households/Consumers Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 7. Which of are the three major factors of production?

A) land, labor, and capital B) labor, production, and sales C) capital, entrepreneurship, and sales D) supply, demand, and production Answer: A Learning Objective: 8.2: Determine the relationship among the separate elements that make up the political economy.

Topic: Factors, Firms, and Households/Consumers 3

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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8. Which group of economic actors often can force governments to adopt major financial reforms, even when those reforms are deeply unpopular with their citizens?

A) large corporations B) interest groups C) small businesses D) international financial institutions Answer: D Learning Objective: 8.2: Determine the relationship among the separate elements that make up the political economy.

Topic: The Economy Strikes Back Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9. A benefit of using “purchasing power parity” (PPP) is that it .

A) considers the size of the population in comparing countries’ relative wealth B) controls for the value of a country’s currency in the world market C) improves between-country comparisons of the monetary value that a bundle of standard goods costs consumers D) takes into account the value of goods produced by all workers within the country’s economy, not just citizens Answer: C Learning Objective: 8.3: Assess the different measures of economic prosperity.

Topic: Measuring Economic Prosperity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 10. The gross domestic product is the total value of all final goods and services A) produced by all the citizens of the state B) exported by a state C) produced or purchased by the government D) produced within a state’s territorial boundaries Answer: D Learning Objective: 8.3: Assess the different measures of economic prosperity.

Topic: Measuring Economic Prosperity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 11. Which of the following is a significant problem associated with using GDP and GNI to measure the prosperity of a country’s population?

A) Different countries produce different kinds of goods, making accurate comparisons impossible.

B) They do not account for an economy’s exports and imports when determining the total value of goods produced.

C) Some countries have a substantial number of citizens who work abroad while 5

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other countries do not.

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D) Only the goods that actually enter the society’s monetary sector are measured, while the goods produced in the “underground economy” are ignored.

Answer: D Learning Objective: 8.3: Assess the different measures of economic prosperity.

Topic: Measuring Economic Prosperity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 12. In a market economy, the factors of production are controlled primarily by .

A) the state B) private economic actors C) a balance of state and private actors D) banks and other financial institutions Answer: B Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare the ideal-type political economies.

Topic: The Market Economy: Total Private Control Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13. Adam Smith’s concept of the “invisible hand” describes the .

A) large corporations that control the market economy B) indirect means through which the state controls the market economy C) culmination of all the actions of households and firms regarding the uses of factors of production D) economic impact of the policy decisions of a country’s political leaders Answer: C Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare the ideal-type political economies.

Topic: The Market Economy: Total Private Control Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 14. In a command economy, the value of goods and services is determined by A) the level of demand B) the costs of production C) the amount that some other actor is willing to pay D) what the state deems appropriate Answer: D Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare the ideal-type political economies.

Topic: The Command Economy: Total State Control Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 15. “Opportunity cost” refers to .

A) the resources that someone will give up in order to acquire a good B) the monetary loss suffered if there is oversupply 7

.

C) the tax that a business must pay to enter a new market D) a government tax used to redistribute resources Answer: A Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare the ideal-type political economies.

Topic: The Market Economy: Total Private Control Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 16. Which of the following is a characteristic of a command economy?

A) The value of most goods is established by supply and demand.

B) The state owns the economy’s major factors of production.

C) The state holds up property rights as paramount.

D) The state purchases important goods for the economy from private actors. Answer: B Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare the ideal-type political economies.

Topic: The Command Economy: Total State Control Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 17. The state’s role in a command economy is , while in a market economy the state’s role is .

A) indirect; proactive B) dominant; passive C) reliable; unpredictable D) demand-oriented; supplyoriented Answer: B Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare the ideal-type political economies.

Topic: Two Ideal-Type Political Economies Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 18. Which of the following is most likely to be a shortcoming of a market economy?

A) production of poor-quality goods B) inadequate capital for investment C) substantial inequality in the distribution of resources D) over-centralization and inflexibility Answer: C Learning Objective: 8.5: Identify the challenges faced by market, command, and mixed economies.

Topic: Market Economy Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 19. Which of the following statements is true of a mixed economy?

A) Nearly all key infrastructure systems and financial resources are owned by 8

private economic actors.

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B) Production decisions are set forth in a detailed economic plan.

C) Value is determined primarily by the state.

D) The state attempts to balance competition and state control. Answer: D Learning Objective: 8.5: Identify the challenges faced by market, command, and mixed economies.

Topic: The Mixed Economy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 20. Which approach is most committed to ensuring that major firms and a country’s most valuable resources are used to empower the political leaders of the state?

A) capitalism B) liberalism C) socialism D) state capitalism Answer: D Learning Objective: 8.6: Contrast political economy “isms,” real-world examples, and ideal-type political economies.

Topic: The Three-Plus “isms” Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know ESSAY QUESTIONS 21. Give two significant examples to illustrate each of the ways in which the federal government affects the political economy of the United States.

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Example 1: In 2017, the Trump administration signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. It cut individual income tax rates, doubled the standard deduction, and eliminated personal exemptions. The Act cut the corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% beginning in 2018. This was done in order to stimulate corporate investment and, to a lesser extent, individual investment and spending.

2. Example 2: The Federal Reserve sets interest rates in response to inflation.

When the Fed is concerned about prices rising too fast, it will raise rates. And when inflation is “anemic,” it will lower them to prompt more borrowing activity. In general, adjusting the interest rates represents one way in which the government responds to economic conditions such as economic downturns, market crashes, or high inflation.

Learning Objective: 8.1: Explain the role of the state in a nation’s economy. Topic: Politics and the Economy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10

22. Compare GDP and GNI. What do these statistics measure?

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Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. GDP and GNI are indicators that allow us to assess the levels of economic prosperity.

2. Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total value of all final goods produced by all people within a state’s boundaries, whether or not they are citizens. Gross national income (GNI) includes the production of all citizens of the state, whether or not they are inside the state’s boundaries.

3. The key difference between GDP and GNI is that GNI measures national incomes, defining a nation as a group of citizens. GDP measures incomes of people who reside in a given state, regardless of whether they are citizens.

Learning Objective: 8.3: Assess the different measures of economic prosperity.

Topic: Measuring Economic Prosperity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 23. Compare the two ideal-type political economies in terms of control of factors of production, production decisions, determination of value, distribution decisions, and the role of the state.

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. We can distinguish two ideal-type political economies: market economy and command economy. These can be thought of as two ends of a spectrum.

2. Market economy is characterized by the following: a) factors of production are controlled by private individuals, b) productions decisions are made by private actors who try to maximize their utilities, c) the market determines the value of goods and services, d) distribution is based on a summation of the actions of all consumers and producers in the market, and e) the state is minimally engaged in the political economy.

3. Command economy is characterized by the following: a) the state owns all significant factors of production and creates a plan that specifies what will be produced, b) the state determines the value of goods and services and decides who will receive these goods and in what amount, and c) the state dominates the political economy.

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare the ideal-type political economies.

Topic: Two Ideal-Type Political Economies Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 24. Is there a middle ground between the two ideal-type political economics (a market economy and a command economy)? If a middle ground exists, give examples of countries with that type of economic system.

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 12

1. We can distinguish two ideal-type political economies: market economy and command economy. These can be thought of as two ends of a spectrum. There exists a middle

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ground between the two – a mixed or hybrid economic system.

2. A mixed system features the following: a) both state and private actors control factors of production, b) the system is mainly demand -oriented, but some sectors are state- controlled, c) the market sets the value of goods, but the state can engage in regulation of key sectors, d) the market is the main decision-maker, but the state may intervene in some cases to ensure that certain actors have access to particular goods, and e) the state attempts to strike balance between market economy and command economy.

3. Examples of a mixed or hybrid economic system: Sweden, Finland, and France.

Learning Objective: 8.4: Compare the ideal-type political economies.

Topic: Two Ideal-Type Political Economies Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 25. Identify and explain the distinguishing features of socialism, communism, and capitalism. Are they best understood as points on a single continuum?

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Capitalism is a system in which private economic actors are quite free from state constraints, private property rights are fundamental, and the state engages in few actions that might shift resources among private actors. It is founded on the philosophy of laissez-faire economics.

2. Communism has as its centerpiece the socialization of resources—the notion that the state must actively control society’s land, labor, and capital to achieve substantial equality for all citizens. Consistent with the command political economy model, the state guides the utilization of all these major means of production with a central plan so that the production and distribution of goods serve the best interests of the entire population.

3. Socialism is in the middle of the three “isms,” and, thus, it is not precisely differentiated from the other two. It seeks a complex balance between state involvement and private control of the economy, and a key policy goal is a relatively equitable distribution of benefits to all citizens.

Learning Objective: 8.6: Contrast political economy “isms,” real-world examples, and ideal-type political economies.

Topic: Politics and Political Economy: The Other “isms” Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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CHAPTER 9 PUBLIC POLICY, POWER, AND DECISION MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. For which type of policies is the main objective to limit actions?

A) distributive policies B) extractive policies C) regulatory policies D) symbolic policies Answer: C Learning Objective: 9.1: Differentiate among the types of public policy and outline the stages of public policy.

Topic: Types of Public Policies Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 2. A bill introduced in a state legislature appropriating funds to erect a statue in commemoration of a war hero would be an example of what type of policy?

A) distributive B) regulatory C) extractive D) symboli c Answer: D Learning Objective: 9.1: Differentiate among the types of public policy and outline the stages of public policy.

Topic: Types of Public Policies Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 3. In which stage of the public policy process is the emphasis on the actual delivery of the valued good or service?

A) implementation B) problem definition C) evaluation D) issue identification Answer: A Learning Objective: 9.1: Differentiate among the types of public policy and outline the stages of public policy.

Topic: Analysis of the Stages of the Policy Process Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

4. In which stage of the public policy process is the major emphasis on determining what condition in the environment requires a policy response?

A) implementation

B) problem definition C) evaluation D) problem identification Answer: D Learning Objective: 9.1: Differentiate among the types of public policy and outline the stages of public policy.

Topic: Analysis of the Stages of the Policy Process Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 5. In which stage of the public policy process would a cost-benefit analysis be performed?

A) policy selection B) problem definition C) specification of alternatives D) issue identification Answer: C Learning Objective: 9.1: Differentiate among the types of public policy and outline the stages of public policy.

Topic: Analysis of the Stages of the Policy Process Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 6. If you stated your belief that healthcare ought to be offered to all people as part of a single-payer system, your statement would be .

A) problem identification B) emphasizing class divisions in society C) focused on understanding the impacts of policy D) a prescriptive statement Answer: D Learning Objective: 9.1: Differentiate among the types of public policy and outline the stages of public policy.

Topic: Public Policy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 7. Political stratification refers to the segmentation of the groups that hold varying degrees of A) population; intellect B) political elite; influence C) population; power D) government; authority Answer: C Learning Objective: 9.3: Characterize the elite approach.

Topic: The Class Approach

into separate .

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

8. In the elite approach, the term “understructure” refers to the A) government B) mass C) economic system D) ruling elite Answer: A Learning Objective: 9.3: Characterize the elite approach.

Topic: The Elite Approach Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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9. Which major theorist argued that the power elite in the United States consists primarily of top military officials, industry leaders, and government officials?

A) Karl Marx B) Robert Dahl C) Gaetano Mosca D) C. Wright Mills Answer: D Learning Objective: 9.3: Characterize the elite approach.

Topic: The Elite Approach Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 10. Which of the following types of evidence would most seriously undermine the elite approach?

A) The mass accepts nearly all policy decisions by the government.

B) The elite wins on major policy decisions of concern to its members.

C) Subgroups within the elite compete for benefits.

D) The elite loses on major policy decisions of concern to its members. Answer: D Learning Objective: 9.3: Characterize the elite approach.

Topic: The Elite Approach Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11. Swaziland, in which real power is concentrated in the hands of the king and his group of advisers, known as the National Council, is an example of a society best explained by .

A) Marxism B) the elite approach C) pluralism D) the class approach Answer: B

Learning Objective: 9.3: Characterize the elite approach.

Topic: The Elite Approach

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 12. The idea that classes are differentiated primarily on the basis of a group’s relationship to the major factors of production in the economic system is most consistent with the writings of .

A) Robert Dahl B) Karl Marx C) Wright Mills D) Vilfredo Pareto Answer: B Learning Objective: 9.4: Characterize the class approach. Topic: The Class Approach Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13. The term “class” used in the class approach denotes groups of individuals .

A) with a similar level of political sophistication B) who are similar in their possession of some fundamental value C) who have common life experiences D) with similar political views Answer: B Learning Objective: 9.4: Characterize the class approach. Topic: The Class Approach Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 14. At its most basic level, Marx’s characterization of society is that it is divided between the capitalist class and the .

A) government B) elite class C) proletariat class D) bureaucrac y Answer: C Learning Objective: 9.4: Characterize the class approach. Topic: The Class Approach Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 15. The most important shared concept between the elite approach and the class approach is acknowledgment of throughout and between societies.

A) structured inequality B) extensive competition C) ignorant masses D) polarization

Answer: A Learning Objective: 9.4: Characterize the class approach. Topic: The Class Approach Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 16. Robert Dahl, the key figure associated with the development and defense of pluralism, also called his theory .

A) stratification B) polyandry C) prescription D) polyarch y Answer: D Learning Objective: 9.5: Characterize the pluralist approach.

Topic: The Pluralist Approach Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 17. The assumption that many politically different resources can influence policy decisions is central to .

A) the pluralist approach B) the class approach C) regulatory policies D) the stratification approach Answer: A Learning Objective: 9.5: Characterize the pluralist approach.

Topic: The Pluralist Approach Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 18. In the pluralist approach, the government is viewed as a A) manager of interactions between competing groups B) compliant understructure C) complex set of political interest groups D) set of actors who dominate the political process Answer: A Learning Objective: 9.5: Characterize the pluralist approach.

Topic: The Pluralist Approach Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

.

19. Regarding the elite, class, and pluralist approaches to explain policymaking, political scientists tend to .

A) agree that elite theory now most accurately describes most national political systems B) conclude that the group approach characterizes the policy process in most contemporary political systems

C) reject the claim that most societies are characterized by political stratification D) disagree about which of the three approaches is most accurate Answer: D Learning Objective: 9.6: Evaluate the similarities, differences, and usefulness of the three major approaches to public policymaking.

Topic: Which Approach Is Correct?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 20. While the class approach sees the masses as , the elite approach views them as .

A) apathetic; competitive B) satisfied; inactive C) dynamic; passive D) educated; ignorant Answer: C Learning Objective: 9.6: Evaluate the similarities, differences, and usefulness of the three major approaches to public policymaking.

Topic: Which Approach Is Correct?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concept ESSAY QUESTIONS 21. What is public policy? What are the stages of the policy process?

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. A public policy is any decision or action by a governmental authority that results in the allocation of something that is valued.

2. The stages of the policy process describe the sequence of actions from the inception of an idea for policy to the point at which the policy ceases to exist.

3. These stages include: problem identification, problem definition, specification of alternatives, policy selection, implementation, and evaluation.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Differentiate among the types of public policy and outline the stages of public policy.

Topic: Public Policy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 22. It could be argued that the elite approach is correct, because every society is run by the elite and most people have little impact on political decisions. Do you agree with this argument? Why or why not?

Answer: The ideal answer should include:

1. Two key concepts are central to the elite approach. First, politics is defined as the

struggle for power to control policy. Second, the political world is characterized by political stratification. This means that the population consists of two groups – the masses and the elites, with the elite being dominant.

2. How many countries have elitist political systems? More than half of all countries have nondemocratic systems. It seems reasonable to infer that most of these systems are dominated by an elite in the manner described by the elite approach.

3. When it comes to democracies, there is no conclusive answer for whether every democratic society is run by elites. Answers are inherently subjective and will vary.

Learning Objective: 9.3: Characterize the elite approach.

Topic: The Elite Approach Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 23. What is the class approach, and how does it differ from the elite approach?

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. The class approach shares certain fundamental concepts with the elite approach, but it offers a very different explanation of the continuing dynamic processes of politics. The most important shared concept is stratification, the basic fact of structured inequality in the distribution of values in society.

2. The elite approach distinguished between the masses and the elite whereas the strata identified in the class approach are called classes (a large group of individuals who are similar in their possession of or control over some fundamental value). The most fundamental value that distinguishes classes differs for different class theorists.

3. The class approach usually emphasizes class conflict. It is assumed that classes lower in the class system can increase their share of key values only at the expense of the classes above them. The elite system does not make such radical claims. It simply argues that there exists structured inequality in most societies.

Learning Objective: 9.4: Characterize the class approach. Topic: The Class Approach Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 24. What are the main tenets of Karl Marx’s class approach?

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Marx argued that there exists structured inequality in the distribution of values in society. Karl Marx (1818–1883), the best-known class theorist, differentiates classes primarily on the basis of a group’s relationship to the major factors of production in the economic system.

2. At the simplest level, Marx divides society into two classes: (1) the capitalist

class, which includes those who own significant amounts of the major factors of production; and (2) the proletariat class, which includes those who own little more than their own labor.

3. The proletariat can increase their share of key values only at the expense of the classes above them. Given the fundamental inequalities in the distribution of values, struggle between classes is inevitable.

Learning Objective: 9.4: Characterize the class approach. Topic: The Class Approach Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25. What is pluralism? Is pluralism compatible with democracy? Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. The pluralist approach views public policies as outcomes of group competition.

The pluralist approach is grounded in the concept of the group, which is defined as any aggregate of individuals who interact to pursue a common interest.

2. Pluralism begins with the assumption that an individual’s group memberships are multiple and nonoverlapping. The second important assumption is that many different political resources might influence those who make public policy decisions. In pluralism, politics can be understood as the interaction among groups that are pursuing their political interests.

3. In theory, pluralism is compatible with democracy as long as every individual can join or form a group and pursue his or her interests. The practical compatibility with democracy is debatable.

Learning Objective: 9.5: Characterize the pluralist approach.

Topic: The Pluralist Approach Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It

CHAPTER 10 CHANGE AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. The erosion of the environment is an example of the negative effects of change; which one of the following individuals would agree with this statement?

A) Heraclitus B) Plato C) Isaac Newton D) Charles Darwin Answer: B Learning Objective: 10.1: Compare alternative perspectives on social, political, and economic change.

Topic: Change Difficulty Level: Medium Skill Level: Remember the Facts 2. The process through which key dimensions become more pronounced is known as .

A) development B) modernization C) economization D) Westernizatio n Answer: A Learning Objective: 10.2: Identify the attributes of development and summarize economic development strategies.

Topic: Characteristics of “More Developed” Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 3. In many of the more traditional countries, one of the side effects of development that causes the greatest concern to leaders who value stability is usually referred to as .

A) materialism B) Westernization C) individualism D) degradatio n Answer: B Learning Objective: 10.2: Identify the attributes of development and summarize economic development strategies.

Topic: Characteristics of “More Developed” Systems Difficulty Level: Easy 1

Skill Level: Remember the Facts 4. Which of the following scholars argued that development would occur in six stages?

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A) Karl Marx B) Walt Rostow C) Samuel Huntington D) Immanuel Kant Answer: A Learning Objective: 10.2: Identify the attributes of development and summarize economic development strategies.

Topic: The Process of Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 5. Marx proposed a stage taxonomy of development in which the initial stage is labeled .

A) primitive communism B) the state of nature C) feudalism D) anarch y Answer: A Learning Objective: 10.2: Identify the attributes of development and summarize economic development strategies.

Topic: The Process of Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 6. According to Barrington Moore, development almost always comes from A) one strong leader B) a small minority at the top C) the masses D) the educated middle class Answer: B Learning Objective: 10.2: Identify the attributes of development and summarize economic development strategies.

Topic: The Process of Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 7. Countries that have erected modern government structures and institutions alongside traditional decision-making bodies as a means of dealing with modernization as known as .

A) compromised civil societies B) shifting-value entities C) dual polities D) bicameral polities Answer: C Learning Objective: 10.2: Identify the attributes of development and summarize 3

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economic development strategies.

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Topic: The Process of Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 8. In emphasizing the importance of culture in the processes of change, Max Weber .

A) drew a linkage between the Protestant religion and the rise of capitalism B) analyzed the influence of families on political values C) studied the impact of modern technologies on values D) argued that the economic system had limited impacts on change Answer: A Learning Objective: 10.2: Identify the attributes of development and summarize economic development strategies.

Topic: The Process of Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 9. According to the textbook, cultural factors have been particularly prominent in explaining .

A) uneven development in Eastern Europe B) the growing power of multinational corporations in Latin America C) developmental success in East Asian states D) the appeal of Marxism in Asia Answer: C Learning Objective: 10.2: Identify the attributes of development and summarize economic development strategies.

Topic: The Process of Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10. Classification based on the developmental characteristics of states is A) a very reliable way to categorize states.

B) not fully satisfactory, given the complex nature of countries.

C) mostly accurate when looking at a state’s GDP. D) inaccurate every time. Answer: B Learning Objective: 10.3: Classify states by developmental characteristics. Topic: A Development-Based Taxonomy of States Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11. South Korea and Singapore are classified as A) countries on the periphery B) transitional countries C) more developed countries D) developing countries 5

.

.

Answer: C Learning Objective: 10.3: Classify states by developmental characteristics. Topic: The Developed Countries of the Global North Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 12. Countries, such as Malaysia, are difficult to classify in standard development categories. Current levels of economic and social development put them “in the middle,” and scholars refer to them as A) countries on the periphery B) transitional countries C) partly developed countries D) less developed countries Answer: C Learning Objective: 10.3: Classify states by developmental characteristics. Topic: The Developed Countries of the Global North Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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13. A core principle of neoliberalism as an approach to development is A) that the state must actively regulate the actions of most firms B) government support of the agrarian sector C) to maximize the economic freedom of firms, households, and individuals D) support for neoMarxism Answer: C Learning Objective: 10.3: Classify states by developmental characteristics. Topic: The Dynamics of Economic Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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14. According to the descriptive version of the dependency approach, the actors on the periphery are important suppliers of which resource?

A) manufactured goods B) capital C) raw materials D) skilled labor Answer: C Learning Objective: 10.3: Classify states by developmental characteristics. Topic: The Dynamics of Economic Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 15. The dependency approach assumes that .

A) development will occur much more rapidly in developing countries than in developed countries 6

B) developing countries are not exploited by the developed countries but are

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undeveloped due to reasons of their own doing C) rapid development is undesired in most developing countries D) underdevelopment is a direct result of the activities of the more developed countries and the transnational institutions that they control Answer: D Learning Objective: 10.3: Classify states by developmental characteristics. Topic: The Dynamics of Economic Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 16. Which of the following is a key characteristic of the higher development of a political system?

A) power decentralized in the state B) broad political structures C) extensive state capabilities D) citizens indifferent to the political processes Answer: C Learning Objective: 10.4: Outline the characteristics and stages of political development.

Topic: Characteristics of Political Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 17. “Seek ye first the political kingdom…” is a statement associated with which of the following?

A) Kemal Atatürk, founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey B) Deng Xiaoping, the leader of China in the 1980s C) King Sihanouk, the former King of Cambodia D) Kwame Nkrumah, the first president of Ghana Answer: D Learning Objective: 10.4: Outline the characteristics and stages of political development. Topic: The Process of Political Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 18. According to Samuel Huntington, how many waves of democratization have there been among modern states?

A) none B) one C) three D) six Answer: D Learning Objective: 10.4: Outline the characteristics and stages of political development.

Topic: Political Development as Democratization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 8

19. If the idea of “waves of democracy” is correct, then the proportion of democratic countries will .

A) sometimes increase and sometimes decrease.

B) stabilize.

C) increase slowly.

D) increase rapidly.

Answer: A Learning Objective: 10.4: Outline the characteristics and stages of political development.

Topic: Political Development as Democratization Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 20. Which of the following is the most likely outcome in cases of serious political decay?

A) The military intervenes in politics to restore order.

B) The government is forced to hold an election.

C) The government requests economic aid from a foreign government.

D) War is declared against a neighboring country. Answer: A Learning Objective: 10.5: Analyze how political systems respond to environmental challenges through political institutionalization and system transformation.

Topic: World of Changes Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts ESSAY QUESTIONS 21. When we refer to countries as “more developed,” what do we mean? How do we distinguish the more developed countries from less developed ones?

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Development refers to the processes through which certain key dimensions become more pronounced. There are no agreed-upon measures for distinguishing sharply between systems that are developed/modern and those that are not. Broadly, a more developed human system exhibits relatively high levels on three key dimensions that tap social, cultural, economic, political, and personal characteristics.

2. We can look at three key dimensions of development to distinguish between countries: 1) organizational dimension, which features behaviors that are based on specialization and interdependence, which translate to high social development, 2) technological dimension, which is the core driver of economic development, and 3) the attitudinal dimension, which has to do with cognitive, affective, and evaluative orientations that are dominated by scientific knowledge, rationality, secular values, and individualism.

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Learning Objective: 10.2: Identify the attributes of development and summarize economic development strategies.

Topic: Development

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Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 22. What is the dependency approach? How does it explain the developmental difficulties of the Global South?

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. The dependency approach is a school of thought that argues that the “late developers” face specific challenges because of their subordination to and dependence on the more developed countries and the transnational institutions that those more developed countries control in the current world.

2. According to the ideological framing of the dependency approach, the key problem for current developers is a long history of exploitation by the more developed capitalist imperialist states.

3. The descriptive version of the dependency approach provides a similar analysis but without heaping blame exclusively on the advanced states. It posits an economic hierarchy in which economic actors at every level take advantage of those below them in the global economic system.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Classify states by developmental characteristics. Topic: A Development-Based Taxonomy of States Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 23. What is social development? Why should researchers study social development in addition to economic development?

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Social development should be studied to capture the broader conception of the dimensions of development. Scholars typically study social development by looking at such variables as greater urbanization, expanded communications, more extensive social networks, improved efficiency, higher education levels, higher literacy rates, and greater social mobility.

2. Studying social development allows researchers to understand the organizational and attitudinal dimensions of development. This is important because the various aspects or dimensions of development are intertwined.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Classify states by developmental characteristics. Topic: A Development-Based Taxonomy of States Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 24. Despite the recent rise in authoritarianism, the world is more democratic today than it was before the 1970s. Discuss the explanations for this broad expansion of democracy around the world.

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Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Despite the rise in authoritarianism, today’s world is quite democratic. One reason for it has to do with economic development, which can facilitate democratization. Whatever the reason for it, the empirical data seem to support the claim that there is at least a correlation between economic development and democracy.

2. Second, external actors have been an important force in the shift toward democracy. Global actors, such as the World Bank, the EU, and the United Nations, among others, have insisted that countries introduce democratic reforms as a condition for economic assistance. And external actors sometimes intervene directly in activities in another country with the stated purpose of promoting democracy.

3. Third, the breakdown of authoritarian and totalitarian regimes at the end of the twentieth century provided a window of opportunity for democratization.

4. Fourth, changing norms favoring democracy is often a factor. As citizens perceive that democracy is a positive value and that other countries are making the transition to democracy, they become more insistent that their leaders implement democratic reforms 5. Fifth, nonviolent “people power” movements have become a crucial force for change in almost three-fourths of the countries that have democratized. These movements may facilitate democratization.

6. Lastly, many countries have leaders who are committed to democracy. In fact, many of these leaders have gained power because of the promise to pursue democratization.

Learning Objective: 10.4: Outline the characteristics and stages of political development. Topic: Political Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 25. What is political decay, and what are its causes?

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Samuel Huntington (1968) has described how some political systems that appear to have achieved a reasonable level of political development then experience a substantial deterioration of political structures, processes, and roles. He calls this situation political decay—a significant decline in the capabilities of the political system and its level of political institutionalization, especially in its capacity to maintain order. Political decay is evident in high levels of civil disorder—strikes, violent crime, riots, nation-based conflict, and rebellion.

2. Political decay can have multiple causes. The following could potentially lead to political decay: The development process is inherently destabilizing. Economic growth produces new resources over which to compete. Urbanization concentrates heterogeneous groups into large, densely packed, and volatile 12

masses. Expanded, globalized communications make the people aware of the many resources and values that they do not currently enjoy.

Learning Objective: 10.5: Analyze how political systems respond to environmental

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challenges through political institutionalization and system transformation. Topic: World of Changes Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It

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CHAPTER 11 POLITICS ACROSS BORDERS MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS assumes that states’ location, physical characteristics, as well as natural resources might have profound influence on their internal and external politics.

A) Realism B) Liberalism C) Constructivism D) Geopolitic s Answer: D Learning Objective: 11.1: Compare realist, liberal, and constructivist perspectives of the state.

Topic: Perspectives on States’ Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 1.

2. The security dilemma that all states face is the result of countries being part of an international system that is generally assumed to be .

A) anarchic B) democratic C) stable D) corrup t Answer: A Learning Objective: 11.1: Compare realist, liberal, and constructivist perspectives of the state.

Topic: Perspectives on States’ Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 3. “Since politics is socially constructed, anarchy does not have to imply insecurity.”

The speaker is a .

A) neoconservative B) constructivist C) realist D) colonialis t Answer: B Learning Objective: 11.1: Compare realist, liberal, and constructivist perspectives of the state.

Topic: Perspectives on States’ Behavior Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

4. Which of the following is a key assumption of political realism?

A) A state’s security depends on its culture and national heritage.

B) Self-interest is at the heart of state behavior.

C) Political institutions can promote cooperative relations among states.

D) Corrupt leaders are the cause of most wars. Answer: B Learning Objective: 11.1: Compare realist, liberal, and constructivist perspectives of the state.

Topic: Perspectives on States’ Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 5. Which of the following statements describes a key difference between realism and liberalism?

A) Unlike realism, liberalism sees anarchy as the defining characteristic of the international system.

B) Unlike realism, liberalism argues that states can mitigate the effects of anarchy.

C) Unlike realism, liberalism does not pay attention to domestic politics.

D) Unlike realism, liberalism assumes that reality is socially constructed. Answer: B Learning Objective: 11.1: Compare realist, liberal, and constructivist perspectives of the state.

Topic: Perspectives on States’ Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6. One of the most widely used mechanisms for coordinating interactions and facilitating cooperation between states is (are) .

A) alliances B) diplomacy C) low-intensity conflict D) the European Union Answer: B Learning Objective: 11.2: Classify the main actors in the global system and characterize the mechanisms of cooperation between states.

Topic: Diplomacy and Interstate Agreements Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 7. The purpose of the Helsinki Agreement was to .

A) adjudicate geographic boundaries between states B) regulate states’ use of environmental resources C) define unacceptable behavior by combatants during war D) negotiate currency exchange rates. Answer: C Learning Objective: 11.2: Classify the main actors in the global system and characterize the mechanisms of cooperation between states.

Topic: International Law

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 8. In its mission of maintaining global peace, the United Nations has over the past 70 years.

A) failed substantially in its efforts to keep the peace B) generally improved the political climate C) prevented most potential wars D) actually caused an increase in the frequency of wars Answer: B Learning Objective: 11.2: Classify the main actors in the global system and characterize the mechanisms of cooperation between states.

Topic: International Organizations Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 9. A central problem with the International Court of Justice (ICJ) is that .

A) international laws must come from the UN only B) the Court is not impartial C) one or both disputing countries often do not accept the Court’s jurisdiction D) there are no sentencing guidelines Answer: C Learning Objective: 11.2: Classify the main actors in the global system and characterize the mechanisms of cooperation between states.

Topic: International Law Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 10. The formal attempt to institutionalize and constrain the interactions among states is known as .

A) international law B) diplomacy C) international regimes D) coercio n Answer: A Learning Objective: 11.2: Classify the main actors in the global system and characterize the mechanisms of cooperation between states.

Topic: International Law Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 11. Which international organization adjudicates violations of positivist international law and offers advisory opinions on issues of international law?

A) the International Court of Justice (ICJ) B) the International Criminal Court (ICC)

C) the War Crimes Tribunal

D) the Geneva Convention (GC) Answer: A Learning Objective: 11.2: Classify the main actors in the global system and characterize the mechanisms of cooperation between states.

Topic: International Law Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 12. Nongovernmental organizations are different from intergovernmental organizations in that nongovernmental organizations .

A) are comprised primarily of sovereign states B) link together people and not states C) are transnational entities D) deliver services in more than one country Answer: B Learning Objective: 11.2: Classify the main actors in the global system and characterize the mechanisms of cooperation between states.

Topic: International Organizations Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 13. The classical notion of balance of power .

A) describes an approach for maintaining stability in the relations among states B) explains that peace can be assured only when states disarm militarily C) holds that war is not inevitable D) states that resource disputes are the underlying cause of all conflict Answer: A Learning Objective: 11.3: Analyze the types of power politics between actors in the international system and evaluate leverage as a means of dominating in the international system.

Topic: Transnational Systems of Power Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 14. The concept of soft power can be understood as .

A) attraction B) dominance C) coercion D) reciprocit y Answer: A Learning Objective: 11.3: Analyze the types of power politics between actors in the international system and evaluate leverage as a means of dominating in the international system.

Topic: Power Politics across Borders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It

15. Which type of colonial domination involves an attempt to transform a colonial state into an extension of the dominant state?

A) segregationist colonialism B) neoliberalism C) indirect rule D) assimilationist colonialism Answer: D Learning Objective: 11.3: Analyze the types of power politics between actors in the international system and evaluate leverage as a means of dominating in the international system.

Topic: Domination and Dependence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 16. Which type of colonial domination is characterized by an official withdrawal of the dominant state but with domination maintained, usually by economic leverage?

A) segregationist colonialism B) neoliberalism C) indirect rule D) neocolonialis m Answer: D Learning Objective: 11.3: Analyze the types of power politics between actors in the international system and evaluate leverage as a means of dominating in the international system.

Topic: Domination and Dependence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 17. Which balance of power system emerged shortly after World War II? A) hegemony B) multipolarity C) bipolarity D) segregationist colonialism Answer: C Learning Objective: 11.3: Analyze the types of power politics between actors in the international system and evaluate leverage as a means of dominating in the international system.

Topic: Transnational Systems of Power Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 18. If a government makes it illegal for banks to do business with companies from a specific country, this would be an example of the imposition of .

A) treaties

B) altruism

C) regimes D) sanction s Answer: D Learning Objective: 11.3: Analyze the types of power politics between actors in the international system and evaluate leverage as a means of dominating in the international system.

Topic: Power Politics across Borders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 19. When a group of states cooperates to withhold valued resources from another state in order to pressure that state to comply without using violence, the strategy employs the use of .

A) alliance politics B) sanctions C) diplomacy D) gunboat diplomacy Answer: B Learning Objective: 11.3: Analyze the types of power politics between actors in the international system and evaluate leverage as a means of dominating in the international system.

Topic: Power Politics across Borders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 20. The increasing international integration of markets and technologies leading to more interdependence of people and nations is referred to as .

A) colonialism B) constructivism C) multilateralism D) globalizatio n Answer: D Learning Objective: 11.4: Evaluate the impacts of globalization. Topic: Globalization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts ESSAY QUESTIONS 21. Describe realism and neorealism. How do the two perspectives differ?

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Realism and neorealism are paradigms of international politics. Realism assumes that states, like people, are naturally disposed to base their behavior on selfinterest, and the core of this interest is survival. Realism focuses on the security

dilemma: There is no supreme authority, no transborder institution, and no international rules that will necessarily protect the state from predatory behavior by other actors in the international

system.

2. Neorealism agrees with realism on the assumptions noted above. Where it differs is in its emphasis of structural factors and anarchy as key variables. It is these factors that drive states’ behavior as opposed to states’ nature, which is emphasized by (classical) realists. Neorealism also takes a broader view of power, paying attention to all types of power (economic, diplomatic etc.).

Learning Objective: 11.1: Compare realist, liberal, and constructivist perspectives of the state.

Topic: States’ Motives from Alternative Perspectives: Realism, Liberalism, and Constructivism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 22. Discuss realism and liberalism. Which perspective provides a more complete account of international politics?

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Realism and liberalism are paradigms of international politics. Realism assumes that states, like people, are naturally disposed to base their behavior on selfinterest, and the core of this interest is survival. Realism focuses on the security dilemma: There is no supreme authority, no transborder institution, and no international rules that will necessarily protect the state from predatory behavior by other actors in the international system. As such, states muse pursue power and rely on self-help. This makes cooperation rare.

2. Liberalism sees cooperation as not only possible but also natural. From the perspective of liberalism, states can have multiple goals, and aggressive, powermaximizing behavior is not inevitable. While every state wants to survive, states also might take actions in the politics across borders that support other values, such as economic prosperity, political stability, peace, or the spread of democracy.

In other words, a realist world is a zero-sum game where, for someone to win, somebody else has to lose. Liberalism views the world as a positive-sum game, where multiple actors can win at the same time.

3. Which perspective provides a more complete account of international politics?

Answers will vary. For example, one could argue that during times of war, realism will explain the events better, whereas during peace, liberalism might prove more useful.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Compare realist, liberal, and constructivist perspectives of the state.

Topic: States’ Motives from Alternative Perspectives: Realism, Liberalism, and Constructivism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

23. What are international organizations? Make sure to discuss the types of international organizations and provide examples.

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. “International organizations” is a broad term for many of the transnational institutions whose core objectives include actions to influence the behavior and policies of states and other transborder actors. International organizations (IO) can focus on many different issue areas. Research has shown that IO facilitate cooperation and may contribute to peaceful conflict resolution. There are three major types of IOs: a. Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) are political institutions whose members are states, not private groups or individuals. They serve a variety of purposes. Examples include the UN, the EU, NATO, NAFTA, etc. b. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are composed on nonstate actors who pursue some common interest. Once again, these organizations are involved in many issue areas (there is no single pattern). Examples include Amnesty International and Greenpeace. c. Multinational corporations (MNCs) have significant impacts on the politics within and between states by virtue of their international operation, their money, and the products they sell. Many international corporations have budgets that are larger than some countries; that makes them important players. Examples include Apple, Microsoft, Exxon, Samsung, and many others.

Learning Objective: 11.2: Classify the main actors in the global system and characterize the mechanisms of cooperation between states.

Topic: International Organizations Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 24. What is balance of power? Discuss how the balance of power system evolved following WWII. Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. A balance of power system is characterized by a rough equality in the power resources (political, economic, and, especially, military) that can be exercised by sets of competing states. An actor is prevented from taking advantage of others because of the power of other actors to retaliate. Many argue that this leads to international peace and stability.

2. After WWII, the classic balance of power system was replaced by bipolarity. This meant that two centers of power – the Soviet Union and the United States – dominated world politics. Despite animosity, the formidable military power on each side deterred them from fighting each other directly during a 40-year “cold” war.

3. From the early 1970s until the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, the international system of power became increasingly multipolar. This meant that power was concentrated in multiple sources. Despite this, the two superpowers still were dominant. What’s more, they engaged in an arms race and adopted the strategy of mutually assured destruction.

4. Today’s international system can be characterized as unipolar with the US as a hegemonic power. The system also has some elements of multipolarity.

Learning Objective: 11.3: Analyze the types of power politics between actors in the international system and evaluate leverage as a means of dominating in the international system.

Topic: Transnational Systems of Power Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 25. What is soft power? Could soft power be considered the least costly type of power?

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Soft power is an ideational type of power, which stems from a country’s culture, history of behavior, etc. It can be thought of as attraction. This is a variation on the power/influence theme, positing that one state so admires another state’s values, its policies, or even its culture, that the first state agrees to go along with the demands of the admired state. For example, it is argued that the soft power of the United States (e.g., its political institutions, music, values) has penetrated some other countries so deeply that it gives the United States leverage in interstate dealings with those countries.

2. One can argue that soft power is, indeed, the least costly type of power. This is because if one state can get another to want the outcomes that it wants, it will not have to use other types of power, such as military power or economic power (which can be quite costly), to achieve the desired outcome.

Learning Objective: 11.3: Analyze the types of power politics between actors in the international system and evaluate leverage as a means of dominating in the international system.

Topic: Power Politics across Borders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It

CHAPTER 12 POLITICAL VIOLENCE MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Political violence can be defined as the use of physical violence or o achieve political goals.

A) threat of violence B) balkanization C) persuasion D) systematic deprivation Answer: A Learning Objective: 12.1: Define political violence.

Topic: Violence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

t

2. Thomas Hobbes believed that individuals submitted to the social contract in an attempt to ensure that .

A) power would be the first principle of governance B) rules would be made rationally C) violent behavior would be punished D) force would be the final resort for resolving disagreement Answer: D Learning Objective: 12.2: Relate the use of violence to the formation and maintenance of political society.

Topic: Political Society Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 3. Living in a political society entails .

A) giving the state a monopoly over the legitimate use of violence B) participating in elections and other political events C) punishing violent behavior D) rejecting anarchy Answer: A Learning Objective: 12.2: Relate the use of violence to the formation and maintenance of political society.

Topic: Political Society Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4. Which of the following would be a likely instrument of a state intending to carry out establishment violence?

A) a citizen-led agency to oversee police conduct

B) a paramilitary unit loyal to the state

C) local judges up for reelection by their community D) media outlets known for in-depth investigations of government corruption Answer: B Learning Objective: 12.3: Classify the major types of political and nonpolitical violence.

Topic: State Violence against Individuals or Groups Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 5. What is the likely form of political violence when a significant proportion of the population in a region actively supports a separatist movement resulting in large-scale political violence?

A) revolution B) terrorism C) class war D) civil war Answer: D Learning Objective: 12.3: Classify the major types of political and nonpolitical violence.

Topic: Individual or Group Violence against the State Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 6. Class theorists argue that the actual drivers of intergroup violence in what otherwise appears to be nation-based violence is .

A) religion and extremism B) ethnicity and language C) stratification and inequality D) ideology and polarization Answer: C Learning Objective: 12.3: Classify the major types of political and nonpolitical violence.

Topic: Group Violence against a Group Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 7. The murder of many members of one ethnic group by members of another is increasingly referred to as .

A) genocide B) establishment violence C) low-intensity conflict D) rebellio n Answer: A Learning Objective: 12.3: Classify the major types of political and nonpolitical violence.

Topic: Group Violence against a Group Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

8. Which of the following is a key characteristic of a coup?

A) Armed uprisings primarily in the countryside eventually take the capital and execute a turnover of political power.

B) It is a response to excessive use of force by the existing regime against a marginalized group.

C) The top leader or part of the leadership is removed from power by force or by the threat of force.

D) It is conducted by members of the military elite. Answer: C Learning Objective: 12.3: Classify the major types of political and nonpolitical violence.

Topic: Individual or Group Violence against the State Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 9. As a revolutionary strategy, terrorism usually centers on .

A) selective acts of violence by small, organized cells of political activists B) a prolonged, direct struggle against the military forces of the existing regime C) widespread and often spontaneous group violence against the property and agents of the political system D) the systematic murder of members of a particular ethnic group Answer: A Learning Objective: 12.3: Classify the major types of political and nonpolitical violence.

Topic: Individual or Group Violence against the State Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 10. What is the ultimate goal of a revolution?

A) to replace the top leadership B) to assume control of existing political institutions while safeguarding the current class structure C) to radically transform the existing political system and class structure D) to equalize resources and political influence among the public Answer: C Learning Objective: 12.3: Classify the major types of political and nonpolitical violence.

Topic: Individual or Group Violence against the State Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 11. Which of the following is most likely to occur in a political system that does not have institutionalized procedures for leadership succession?

A) revolution B) rebellion C) coup D) democratic revolution Answer: C Learning Objective: 12.3: Classify the major types of political and nonpolitical violence.

Topic: Individual or Group Violence against the State Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 12. A aims to achieve fundamental transformation of the political system by relying on legal and nonviolent political action.

A) revolution from above B) revolution from below C) democratic revolution D) coup Answer: C Learning Objective: 12.3: Classify the major types of political and nonpolitical violence.

Topic: Individual or Group Violence against the State Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13. When riots become more frequent, organized, and involve more people, they can be referred to as .

A) revolution B) civil war C) guerrilla warfare D) rebellio n Answer: D Learning Objective: 12.3: Classify the major types of political and nonpolitical violence.

Topic: Individual or Group Violence against the State Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 14. In 1994, in Rwanda, a mass slaughter of the Tutsi minority was conducted and directed by members of the Hutu majority government, resulting in mass murder of an estimated 70% of the Tutsi population. This type of violence is consistent with .

A) genocide B) establishment violence C) class conflict D) rebellio n Answer: A Learning Objective: 12.3: Classify the major types of political and nonpolitical violence.

Topic: Group Violence against a Group Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply It 15. In the wars since World Wars I and II, the ratio of civilian deaths to military deaths has .

A) increased substantially B) decreased slightly C) increased slightly

D) stayed about the same Answer: A Learning Objective: 12.4: Analyze the nature and causes of war. Topic: War Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 16. Which of the following states would likely have the lowest propensity to engage in war?

A) A state with a highly nationalistic culture B) A state with a relatively short history of independence C) A state with a relatively poor economy but experiencing rising prosperity D) A state with an economy well-linked to the global economy Answer: D Learning Objective: 12.4: Analyze the nature and causes of war. Topic: What Causes War? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 17. When contending groups engage in sporadic and prolonged armed struggle that does not involve full-scale military conflict, such a struggle could be labeled .

A) a low-intensity conflict B) guerrilla warfare C) a rebellion D) asymmetric war Answer: A Learning Objective: 12.4: Analyze the nature and causes of war. Topic: Use of Force between States Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 18. Eldridge Cleaver’s comment that “a slave who dies of natural causes will not balance two dead flies on the scales of eternity” would most likely be endorsed by .

A) a candidate for public office B) a pacifist C) a revolutionary D) an environmentalist Answer: C Learning Objective: 12.4: Analyze the nature and causes of war. Topic: What Causes War? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 19. Which of the following argued that wars can be fought in defense of universal

moral principles?

A) Augustine

B) Thomas Hobbes C) Ambrose D) John Locke Answer: C Learning Objective: 12.5: Evaluate the normative implications of political violence. Topic: Evaluating Political Violence: Means and Ends Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 20. Edmund Burke and John Locke strongly differed with each other over the question of whether .

A) states could agree on a set of universal principles by which to abide B) a viable world government could ever be formed C) political violence is ever justified D) establishment violence is ever justifiable Answer: C Learning Objective: 12.5: Evaluate the normative implications of political violence. Topic: Evaluating Political Violence: Means and Ends Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts ESSAY QUESTIONS 21. What is terrorism? Whom does it target? What does it aim to accomplish?

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Terrorism is premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents.

2. Terrorism targets noncombatants, which includes not only civilians but also those associated with the military who are not directly engaged in fighting.

3. The goals of various terrorist groups differ, but they are generally political, such as addressing perceived grievances, regime change, promoting a revolution, etc.

Learning Objective: 12.3: Classify the major types of political and nonpolitical violence.

Topic: Types of Political Violence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 22. Research suggests that 21st century terrorism is different from that of previous centuries. How is terrorism changing?

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Terrorism is premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents. Research

suggests that terrorism is undergoing at least three ominous changes in the 21st century: a) Terrorists have an increased capacity to inflict massive damage and disruption.

Terrorists’ ability to move people, information, and weapons is enhanced by globalization—permeable national borders, extensive cross-border travel, and potential to foster resentment. Terrorists also benefit from the rapid expansion of technologies that provide them with far greater destructive capabilities, ranging from digital networks (cyberterrorism) to chemical and biological weapons (bioterrorism) as well as weapons of mass destruction (WMDs). b) A second change is that many terrorists are now operating in very small cells (3 to 10 people) that are only loosely connected with one another, making penetration and destruction of terrorist networks almost impossible. c) A third change is that some groups, especially religiously motivated terrorists, now seem less constrained regarding the scale of death and destruction they are willing to inflict, even on those who are noncombatants.

Learning Objective: 12.3: Classify the major types of political and nonpolitical violence.

Topic: Types of Political Violence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 23. What is a coup? Are coup attempts usually successful? What are the consequences of coups?

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. A coup occurs when the top leader or part of the leadership group is replaced by violent means or the explicit threat of violence. Coups are most common in political systems that have no institutionalized procedures for leadership succession. Typically, political violence against the top leadership group is organized by other members of the political leadership, by a rival political group, or by the military.

2. Most coup attempts fail, and the number of successful coups per year has dropped from about 12 to 6 in the past two decades.

3. Typically, a coup is followed by a period of extremely autocratic rule, but the period until there is turnover to competitive elections has shortened, particularly due to international pressure for democratic processes.

Learning Objective: 12.3: Classify the major types of political and nonpolitical violence.

Topic: Types of Political Violence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 24. Compare the different types of revolution, including a discussion of the principal actors involved and the strategies employed. Under what conditions is revolution most likely?

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. A revolution is a rapid and fundamental transformation of the state

organization and the class structure. There are four basic strategies to achieve a revolution: a. Terrorism: Terrorism involves selective acts of violence, usually by small, organized cells of political activists that lack sufficient membership and

resources to sustain a direct struggle against the existing state. Violence is used to disrupt public life and to provoke repressive responses from the state and, thus, to foster political decay and undermine support for the state. b. Revolution from above: In a revolution from above (Johnson 1983), violent resistance to the regime occurs primarily in urban centers, especially the capital city. Typically, the final collapse of the old regime is rapid because its leaders are killed or flee. c. Guerrilla war: The essence of guerrilla war is a long, protracted campaign of political violence against the state from rural bases, although the fighting can be in both rural and urban areas. It is a direct struggle against the military because the guerrilla forces persistently harass the regime’s military and authorities by fighting in a hit-and-run style, suddenly attacking an exposed point and then disappearing into the population and the countryside. d. Democratic revolution: Democratic revolution occurs when legal, generally nonviolent political action is effectively mounted to achieve a fundamental transformation of the political system.

2. There are many factors that make revolutions more likely. The most important include the following: substantial inequality, unfulfilled expectations of the population, vulnerable state structures, existence of organized opposition, political opportunities, and many others.

Learning Objective: 12.3: Classify the major types of political and nonpolitical violence.

Topic: Individual or Group Violence against the State Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25. What is war? What are the causes of war?

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. War is interstate violence that is sustained and organized and (usually) involves hostilities between the regular military forces of the states.

2. Entire books have been written on the causes of war. The findings are inconclusive, but we can identify some factors that increase the likelihood of wars. These include: a. newer countries are more war-prone; b. war is more likely in states that have effectively socialized their citizens to accept the government’s actions on national security; c. the most warlike states have rising prosperity but are relatively poor, though they are not the very poorest states; d. countries with desirable geopolitical features have a higher probability of warfare; e. countries not well linked to the global economy are more likely to engage in war; f. states that are the most highly militarized, and especially those that are

rapidly expanding their military power, are more warlike; and g. a high degree of nationalism makes states more war-prone.

Learning Objective: 12.4: Analyze the nature and causes of war. Topic: Use of Force between States Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

CHAPTER 13 THE DEVELOPED COUNTRIES OF THE GLOBAL NORTH MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Developed countries with some of the highest GDPs per capita .

A) are not found outside of Europe or North America.

B) tend to be Global North countries.

C) rank low in the Human Development Index.

D) have few economic ties with the United States. Answer: B Learning Objective: 13.1: Characterize the types of markets in the Global North and assess their challenges and achievements regarding the goal of prosperity.

Topic: Goal: Prosperity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 2. Nearly all of the developed countries of the Global North have .

A) strong social market systems B) mixed economies C) export economies D) low rankings in the Human Development Index Answer: B Learning Objective: 13.1: Characterize the types of markets in the Global North and assess their challenges and achievements regarding the goal of prosperity.

Topic: Mixed Economy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 3. The distinguishing feature of those developed countries with a mixed political economy is .

A) a balance in the production of both “guns and butter” B) the balance between private and state control of production C) their emphasis on growth over welfare D) their reliance on the manufacturing sector Answer: B Learning Objective: 13.1: Characterize the types of markets in the Global North and assess their challenges and achievements regarding the goal of prosperity.

Topic: Mixed Economy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 4. “Social market” systems in the developed Global North countries include which of the following?

A) Canada, Spain, and Sweden B) France, Italy, and the Netherlands

C) Canada, France, and the United States D) Japan, Norway, and the United Kingdom Answer: B Learning Objective: 13.1: Characterize the types of markets in the Global North and assess their challenges and achievements regarding the goal of prosperity.

Topic: Mixed Economy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 5. If a state were to have an extensive free market but also be committed to social welfare distribution and economic regulation, this would indicate the existence of a(n) .

A) minimal social “safety net” B) underdeveloped economy C) privatized economy D) social market system Answer: D Learning Objective: 13.1: Characterize the types of markets in the Global North and assess their challenges and achievements regarding the goal of prosperity.

Topic: Mixed Economy Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 6. The concept of privatization involves .

A) protecting individual privacy B) encouraging private investment C) using private firms to administer public services D) reducing state regulation of the economy Answer: C Learning Objective: 13.1: Characterize the types of markets in the Global North and assess their challenges and achievements regarding the goal of prosperity.

Topic: Mixed Economy Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 7. is a policy aim that often accompanies privatization.

A) Nationalization B) Equalitization C) Forced sustainability D) Deregulatio n Answer: D Learning Objective: 13.1: Characterize the types of markets in the Global North and assess their challenges and achievements regarding the goal of prosperity.

Topic: Mixed Economy Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

8. Which of the following would be least likely to be included in a measure of quality of life, such as the Human Development Index?

A) education spending per capita B) life expectancy C) voter turnout D) unemployment rate Answer: C Learning Objective: 13.1: Characterize the types of markets in the Global North and assess their challenges and achievements regarding the goal of prosperity.

Topic: Performance Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 9. The Human Development Index is particularly meant to measure which of the following?

A) the distribution of income B) citizen satisfaction C) quality of life D) attitudinal modernization Answer: C Learning Objective: 13.1: Characterize the types of markets in the Global North and assess their challenges and achievements regarding the goal of prosperity.

Topic: Performance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 10. A serious problem for the mixed economies in many countries of the Global North is .

A) insufficient technological knowledge B) labor shortages C) an increasingly competitive international economic system D) hyperinflatio n Answer: C Learning Objective: 13.1: Characterize the types of markets in the Global North and assess their challenges and achievements regarding the goal of prosperity.

Topic: Mixed Economy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 11. Developed countries assess their prosperity primarily in terms of A) their deficit B) levels of privately-held debt C) GDP per capita D) the unemployment rate Answer: C

.

Learning Objective: 13.1: Characterize the types of markets in the Global North and assess

their challenges and achievements regarding the goal of prosperity.

Topic: Performance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 12. Developed countries with market economies often have a relatively high level of income inequality, which often produces .

A) erratic economic growth B) violent revolutions C) an underclass D) a better overall record of satisfaction Answer: C Learning Objective: 13.1: Characterize the types of markets in the Global North and assess their challenges and achievements regarding the goal of prosperity.

Topic: Challenges to Prosperity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 13. Which of the following countries is known for strict order maintenance policies?

A) Denmark B) Singapore C) Sweden D) German y Answer: B Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify the strengths of and obstacles to political stability in the Global North.

Topic: Liberal Democracies Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 14. Hyperpluralism is furthered by polarization and occurs when .

A) too many groups make strong demands on government B) certain groups have too much political power C) government prevents groups from exerting influence D) there are too few political parties Answer: A Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify the strengths of and obstacles to political stability in the Global North.

Topic: Challenges to Stability Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 15. All of the Global North countries are and their leaders A) constitutional democracies; are constrained by the rule of law

.

B) illiberal democracies; have authoritarian tendencies C) autocracies; have popular sovereignty

D) developing; are constrained by parliamentary procedures Answer: A Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify the strengths of and obstacles to political stability in the Global North.

Topic: Liberal Democracies Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 16. Many Global North countries have recently witnessed a rise in support for leaders who often embrace .

A) authoritarian; the rule of law B) socialist; communism C) authoritarian; populism D) totalitarian; fascism Answer: C Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify the strengths of and obstacles to political stability in the Global North.

Topic: Challenges to Stability Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 17. In liberal democracies, political power .

A) is concentrated rather than distributed B) is distributed rather than concentrated C) resides in the hands of a small and privileged group of people D) resides in the hands of the most wealthy Answer: B Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify the strengths of and obstacles to political stability in the Global North.

Topic: Liberal Democracies Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 18. Currently, the United States accounts for about percent of total worldwide military spending.

A) 13 B) 21 C) 36 D) 54 Answer: C Learning Objective: 13.3: Trace the development of security challenges to the Global North.

Topic: The Cold War Period Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

19. The greatest victory for Global North countries during the twentieth century was .

A) the collapse in 1990 of the Soviet Union B) the start of globalization C) the creation of social democracy D) preventing major interstate wars Answer: A Learning Objective: 13.3: Trace the development of security challenges to the Global North.

Topic: The More Developed Countries of the Global North Overall Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 20. The concept of détente involves .

A) the initiation of conflict between countries B) a rapid growth in military spending C) the relaxing of tensions between countries D) the submission of one country to another Answer: C Learning Objective: 13.3: Trace the development of security challenges to the Global North.

Topic: The Cold War Period Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts ESSAY QUESTIONS 21. What do Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Human Development Index (HDI) measure? Which measure is more accurate?

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Both GDP and HDI are measures of countries’ prosperity. GDP is an economic measure, measuring the market value of all the final goods and services produced in a period of time. GDP per capita measures the market value of all the final goods and services produced in a period of time, divided by population. In other words, GDP per capita measures average incomes.

2. HDI is a more holistic measure of prosperity as it takes into consideration different variables, such as life expectancy at birth, adult literacy rates, and standard of living, as measured by GDP per capita (PPP).

3. Since HDI effectively includes GDP per capita while aiming to capture more nuance, it could be argued that HDI is more accurate.

Learning Objective: 13.1: Characterize the types of markets in the Global North and assess their challenges and achievements regarding the goal of prosperity.

Topic: Goal: Prosperity Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 22. Compare and contrast mixed economies with market economies. Which system strikes you as better for the average citizen?

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Market economies are economies in which most economic activity is in the private sector, and the government has a limited role in regulatory and redistributive policies. Examples include the US, Australia, or Switzerland.

2. Mixed economies also feature considerable private ownership and control of productive resources. Yet, the free market is regulated in these economies, and there is quite a bit of income redistribution, mainly to the less advantaged individuals in the society. These countries tend to have free higher education, a government-run healthcare system, maternity leave programs, and many others. Examples include France, Sweden, Denmark, or Norway.

3. Which system is better? Answers are subjective and will vary. For example, it could be argued that mixed economies are better for the average citizen as market economies tend to have very high income inequality and, sometimes, high levels of poverty.

Learning Objective: 13.1: Characterize the types of markets in the Global North and assess their challenges and achievements regarding the goal of prosperity.

Topic: Goal: Prosperity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 23. The developed countries of the Global North have mostly achieved high levels of stability. What characteristics are said to make a country stable?

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Most countries in the Global North have achieved their stability goals.

This is associated with them scoring highly on the following variables: a. Democratization: All the Global North countries are constitutional democracies, and, thus, leaders and policies are constrained by the rule of law. They tend to be parliamentary democracies with a distributed power structure. b. Political institutionalization: The more developed countries have high levels of political institutionalization – that is, substantial capabilities, value, and stability support their political structures and processes. c. Order maintenance: The more developed countries have had varying levels of success in meeting the stability goal of order maintenance. This goal can be interpreted as the absence of disorder in the political, social, and personal domains.

Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify the strengths of and obstacles to political stability in the Global North.

Topic: Goal: Stability

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 24. Identify the major threats to stability of the developed countries. Which one strikes you as most serious?

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Developed countries face stability challenges that stem from four areas: value conflicts and disputes, internal debates about multiculturalism and immigration, political polarization, and increased support for authoritarianism.

2. Of the above-mentioned sources of instability, increased support for authoritarianism seems the most serious. The reason for this is that we have actually seen a rise in support for authoritarianism in recent years worldwide.

Authoritarian leaders and tendencies undermine the very system – democracy – that made the North stable and prosperous. This is particularity worrisome because, historically, authoritarianism and the associated populism have preceded periods of violence and unrest.

Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify the strengths of and obstacles to political stability in the Global North.

Topic: Goal: Stability Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 25. It is difficult to imagine a major military conflict among any countries of the Global North. Yet, security challenges of the Global South can spill over.

Discuss these dynamics.

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. The Global North faces a number of security challenges that can potentially originate in the Global South. These include the following: a. Disorder in the rest of the world: violence and unrest does not necessarily stop at countries’ borders. Consequently, the Global North may be either directly affected by such disorder or its interest may necessitate an intervention. b. Globalization of terrorism: the individuals perceived to represent Global North institutions are attractive targets for terrorist violence. As recent terrorist attacks by the Islamic State reveal, protecting the residents of the more developed countries from such attacks is difficult. c. Proliferation of weapons: various weapons, including weapons of mass destruction, can easily proliferate, creating great uncertainly and risk.

This is particularly worrisome because of global terrorism and rogue countries. d. Competition for markets and resources: the global economic competition for markets and control of the earth’s resources has become a source of

increasing conflict. The countries of the Global North compete not only with one another but also with an increasing number of other countries.

Learning Objective: 13.3: Trace the development of security challenges to the Global North.

Topic: Challenges to Security Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

CHAPTER 14 THE LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES OF THE GLOBAL SOUTH MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Which of the following is the poorest and least economically developed region in the world?

A) Central America B) Southeast Asia C) Sub-Saharan Africa D) North Africa Answer: C Learning Objective: 14.1: Group the Global South into distinct geographic and political regions. Topic: Regional Classification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 2. Which region of the Global South has countries that are characterized by features of neocolonialism?

A) Middle East and North Africa B) Sub-Saharan Africa C) Latin America D) South Asia and Central Asia Answer: B Learning Objective: 14.1: Group the Global South into distinct geographic and political regions. Topic: Regional Classification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 3. When a country has limited control over its own resources and is dependent on other countries for financial and technological assistance, such as arrangement is referred to as .

A) hegemony B) neocolonialism C) corruption D) geopolitical vulnerability Answer: B Learning Objective: 14.1: Group the Global South into distinct geographic and political regions. Topic: Regional Classification Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 4. In which region did European values and structures penetrate LEAST during colonialism?

A) Latin America

B) Asia C) North Africa and the Middle East D) Sub-Saharan Africa Answer: C

Learning Objective: 14.1: Group the Global South into distinct geographic and political regions. Topic: Regional Classification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 5. What group of countries is characterized by localized power bases with weak central authority and political systems socialized in the social order of the Soviet Union?

A) the Middle East B) the Caribbean C) the South Asian group D) the “Stans” Answer: D Learning Objective: 14.1: Group the Global South into distinct geographic and political regions. Topic: Regional Classification Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 6. Achieving development in the Global South may prove difficult due to , which results in ever-increasing demands on existing resources.

A) corruption B) political vulnerability C) neocolonialism D) high fertility rates Answer: D Learning Objective: 14.2: Identify the main obstacles to development faced by those in the Global South.

Topic: Achieving Development in the Global South: Some Obstacles Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 7. One reason why the Global South continues to experience hardship with economic development is that, despite having increased crop yields to export, .

A) farmers in the Global North are more cost-effective at producing agricultural products than their Global South counterparts B) the world economy’s ability to transport these more substantial yields for export is lacking, resulting in tons of crops being left to rot in port C) the Global North spends a substantial amount of money per year subsidizing their own farmers D) the persistent state of instability within the Global South results in an unstable market for commodities, such as agricultural goods Answer: C Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the strategies the Global South has used to achieve economic development.

Topic: The Quest for Prosperity: Strategic Choices

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

8. Which trade policy has been used heavily by countries in Asia and Latin America?

A) trade protectionism B) state capitalism C) import substitution D) export promotion Answer: D Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the strategies the Global South has used to achieve economic development.

Topic: The Quest for Prosperity: Strategic Choices Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 9. A notable feature of the microcredit loans by the Grameen Bank is .

A) more than 90 percent of the loans are to women B) most of the loans target farming strategies C) the lender cannot discriminate based on ethnicity, religion, or gender D) the borrower pays no interest Answer: A Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the strategies the Global South has used to achieve economic development.

Topic: The Quest for Prosperity: Strategic Choices Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts is a consortium of financial institutions that sets economic policy and monitors the behavior of global lenders and debtors.

A) The International Monetary Fund B) The World Bank C) ASEAN D) NAFTA Answer: A Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the strategies the Global South has used to achieve economic development.

Topic: The Quest for Prosperity: Strategic Choices Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 10.

11. What is one reason the policy option of import substitution and its use of trade protectionism has seen a decline in use by countries of the Global South?

A) The tendency for far greater inequality in wealth to result inside the country B) The pressure put on a country who uses it by powerful economic actors like the World Bank or IMF C) The greater likelihood the developing country who uses it to experience a military intervention by members of the Global North

D) The tendency of this policy to lead to greater calls for democratization

Answer: B Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the strategies the Global South has used to achieve economic development.

Topic: The Quest for Prosperity: Strategic Choices Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 12. By the late 1980s, what was a key economic strategy of most developing countries?

A) Emphasis on agricultural self-sufficiency B) Market-oriented development C) Preventing further investment by multinational corporations D) Import substitution Answer: B Learning Objective: 14.3 Outline the strategies the Global South has used to achieve economic development.

Topic: The Quest for Prosperity: Strategic Choices Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13. Microcredit in developing countries has .

A) enabled banks to resist pressure from the International Monetary Fund B) increased the level of debt of developing countries to Western banks C) enabled many poor people to start small businesses D) increased the pressure to import goods Answer: C Learning Objective: 14.3 Outline the strategies the Global South has used to achieve economic development.

Topic: The Quest for Prosperity: Strategic Choices Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 14. Wars between nonadjacent countries very often involve a developing country and a(n) .

A) fellow developing country from the same region B) country from the Global North C) country sharing the same ethnic groups engaged in conflict D) international organization, such as the United Nations Answer: B Learning Objective: 14.4: Assess the level of interstate violence and economic security within the Global South.

Topic: Interstate Violence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 15. “Conditionalities” is a term used to describe

.

A) conditions put forth by developing countries for foreign investors to have access to their

economies B) import quotas and tariffs imposed on developing countries by powerful members of the Global North.

C) policies that developing countries are required to implement in return for loans or a reschedule of payments for existing loans from the IMF D) economic theory showing that a developing country’s economy largely depends on the quality of its export products Answer: C Learning Objective: 14.4: Assess the level of interstate violence and economic security within the Global South.

Topic: Economic Security Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 16. According to the Freedom House (2018) analysis, the year 2017 featured in the world levels of democracy, with the biggest changes taking place in the Global .

A) increases; South B) increases; North C) decreases; South D) decreases; North Answer: C Learning Objective: 14.5: Identify factors that lead to political stability in the Global South.

Topic: Democratization Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 17. Almost all recent United Nations peacekeeping actions in developing countries have been .

A) to limit interstate wars B) in sub-Saharan Africa C) attempts to maintain internal stability D) attempts to replace dictatorial leaders Answer: C Learning Objective: 14.5: Identify factors that lead to political stability in the Global South.

Topic: The Decline of Order Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 18. If a state’s political institutions stop working, resulting in protracted chaos and an inability to maintain order, such a state can be labeled a(an) .

A) fragile state B) failed state C) unstable state D) decaying state Answer: B

Learning Objective: 14.5: Identify factors that lead to political stability in the Global South.

Topic: The Decline of Order Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 19. Which of the following is one reason why the military often emerges during periods of political decay?

A) The military is often perceived as a trusted ally by a country’s political elite suffering from public disapproval.

B) The military often has a strong relationship with a country’s police force, resulting in it intervening to reinforce the police during bouts of instability.

C) The military normally has a monopoly over the tools of violence.

D) It is often written into countries’ constitutions that the military can intervene politically when its leadership deems it necessary.

Answer: C Learning Objective: 14.5: Identify factors that lead to political stability in the Global South.

Topic: The Decline of Order Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 20. The Global South countries have attained a economic growth rate than the Global North Countries for more than years.

A) higher; 15 B) lower; 15 C) higher; 30 D) lower; 30 Answer: A Learning Objective: 14.6: Evaluate the reported “rise of the South.” Topic: The Rise of the Global South?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts ESSAY QUESTIONS 21. Why do high fertility rates and overpopulation represent obstacles to development?

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. The countries with the highest total fertility rate are disproportionately located in the Global South, with Niger (7.2 children), Chad (6.4 children), and Democratic Republic of Congo (6.3 children) topping the list.

2. At an average fertility rate of 4, a country’s population doubles every generation or so.

That is something that countries cannot accommodate. Of course, fertility rates of 5, 6, or 7 make matters even worse.

3. The population of the less developed countries is expected to double between 2017

and 2050—from 1 billion to almost 2 billion—with much of this growth occurring in Africa. More people results in even greater demands on existing resources, such as land, fuel, and

water. These increased demands make it very difficult for countries to escape poverty because development can occur only when resources expand more quickly than the population to which they are distributed.

Learning Objective: 14.2: Identify the main obstacles to development faced by those in the Global South.

Topic: Achieving Development in the Global South: Some Obstacles Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 22. What causes poverty? Discuss the obstacles to prosperity in many countries of the Global South?

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Poverty is caused by a confluence of variables, and there exists no single cause or explanation of poverty that can singlehandedly account for all of international poverty.

What may cause poverty in one country may not be true of the country next door.

Hence, poverty has many causes. The most important variables that prevent countries from developing include: - Overpopulation and high fertility rates impose great strain on existing resources, preventing economic development.

- Corruption and economic inefficiency, which characterize many countries of the Global South, hinder economic growth. Both corruption and inefficiency demoralize the population and drain resources, making economic growth difficult.

- Geopolitical factors, such as countries’ geographic location and resources. For example, just under 50 percent of the merchandise exports coming from the less developed countries are primary commodities. Such reliance of commodity exports makes less developed countries susceptible to price fluctuations.

- Internal disorder and violence that hinder investment and lead to problems, such as refugee crises and many others.

- Neocolonialism that creates dependency situations in which external actors effectively control local resources.

Learning Objective: 14.2: Identify the main obstacles to development faced by those in the Global South.

Topic: Achieving Development in the Global South: Some Obstacles Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 23. What is meant by neocolonialism? Does the evidence suggest that relations between the developed countries and the developing countries constitute neocolonialism?

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Neocolonialism can be defined as the informal and indirect, but still significant, control of the resources, the economic system, and even the political system of a less developed country by powerful external actors. Many argue that the end of the colonial era did not

end subordination of many countries in the Global South. This is because countries of the Global

South are dependent on those of the Global North.

2. The more developed countries, international financial institutions, and multinational corporations are the major sources of the financial capital, advanced technologies, and even the security that many actors in developing countries need to survive in the global system. Many countries of the Global South also rely on exporting commodities, such as oil or diamonds, which furthers their dependency. For example, just under 50 percent of the merchandise exports coming from the less developed countries are primary commodities. This is consistent with the notion of neocolonialism.

Learning Objective: 14.2: Identify the main obstacles to development faced by those in the Global South.

Topic: Achieving Development in the Global South: Some Obstacles Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 24. Interstate violence disproportionately affects countries of the Global South.

Discuss the reasons for why this might be the case.

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Most wars since 1950 and most major armed conflicts occur in the Global South, often between neighboring states. The reasons may be as follows: - The geographic boundaries between some states do not correspond to the boundaries of historically established nations, and conflict develops in conjunction with attempts to realign states with nations.

- Cultural differences between states, especially when combined with strong feelings of nationalism, can result in violence.

- States look covetously at valuable resources in neighboring states and sometimes attempt to gain control of those resources by force.

- States with severe internal problems can use neighboring states as scapegoats, redirecting internal frustration into violence against those states.

- Conflict between states can be encouraged by the actions of other states that are attempting to serve their own national interests.

2. Most interstate conflicts between adjacent less developed countries happen for a combination of reasons.

Learning Objective: 14.4: Assess the level of interstate violence and economic security within the Global South.

Topic: Goal: Security Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 25. Discuss three key reasons why the military has often ruled in Global South countries.

Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Until recently, the new political leadership that restored order in many less developed countries often came from the military. There are three reasons the

military emerges under

conditions of political decay. a. First, a key norm within the military is a commitment to order, a norm that induces the military to act when the existing leadership has failed to maintain social order. b. Second, the military has the capabilities to function effectively because it is the most highly institutionalized and disciplined organizational structure in most developing countries. c. Third, the military has the capacity to subdue disorder because it usually controls the greatest concentration of force and violence in the society.

Learning Objective: 14.5: Identify factors that lead to political stability in the Global South.

Topic: The Decline of Order Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

CHAPTER 15 THE PARTLY DEVELOPED COUNTRIES MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Which of the following are examples of post-communist partly developed countries?

A) Afghanistan and Austria B) Kygyzstan and Vietnam C) Hungary and Poland D) Albania and France Answer: C Learning Objective: 15.1: Evaluate the attempts by the partly developed countries to achieve prosperity.

Topic: The Partly Developed Countries: Some Regional Groups Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 2. Since the early 1990s, some of the partly developed countries, such as the postcommunist countries, have attempted to achieve rapid economic transition to a economy .

A) market political B) command political C) socialist D) mixed Answer: A Learning Objective: 15.1: Evaluate the attempts by the partly developed countries to achieve prosperity.

Topic: Strategy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3. One characteristic of a partly developed country is that its GDP per capita (PPP) is between .

A) $5,000 and $15,000 B) $10,000 and $20,000 C) $12,000 and $35,000 D) $20,000 and $40,000 Answer: C Learning Objective: 15.1: Evaluate the attempts by the partly developed countries to achieve prosperity.

Topic: Performance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

4. Partly developed countries seek stability by either pursuing This has led to a freedom divide.

A) free trade; command political economy

or

.

B) free trade; protectionism C) higher levels of democratic freedom; more authoritarian restrictions D) higher level of government involvement in the economy; laissez-faire capitalism Answer: C Learning Objective: 15.2: Assess the efforts by partly developed countries to achieve political stability.

Topic: Strategies Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5. The Economist Intelligence Unit’s (2018) Democracy Index classified such partly developed countries as Poland, Hungary, and Brazil as .

A) politically free B) full democracies C) flawed democracies D) illiberal democracies Answer: C Learning Objective: 15.2: Assess the efforts by partly developed countries to achieve political stability.

Topic: Strategies Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 6. Which of the following countries was discussed in the chapter as having witnessed the rise of authoritarian populism?

A) Germany B) Mexico C) Hungary D) France Answer: C Learning Objective: 15.2: Assess the efforts by partly developed countries to achieve political stability.

Topic: Challenges Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 7. Which of the following had the largest arsenal of nuclear weapons?

A) The Unites States B) Russia C) China D) The United Kingdom Answer: B

Learning Objective: 15.3: Analyze the security strategies and challenges at work in the partly developed countries.

Topic: Strategies Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts 8. Some partly developed countries are not expanding their militaries as they rely on A) multilateral defense treaties B) nuclear deterrence C) their weapons of mass destruction D) international institutions to diffuse conflict Answer: A Learning Objective: 15.3: Analyze the security strategies and challenges at work in the partly developed countries.

Topic: Strategies Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9. Which of the following experienced violent protests and demonstrations since 2014, with the government’s harsh crackdowns resulting in hundreds of deaths?

A) Venezuela B) Hungary C) Poland D) Peru Answer: A Learning Objective: 15.3: Analyze the security strategies and challenges at work in the partly developed countries.

Topic: Challenges Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 10. Which of the BRICS countries is most concerned about the potential for conflict in its region and a flood of refugees across its border?

A) Brazil B) South Africa C) Russia D) China Answer: B Learning Objective: 15.4: Explain the BRICS concept.

Topic: Goal: Security Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11. The governments of the BRICS have emphasized their partnership with to facilitate oriented growth.

A) unions; import

-

.

B) the UN; banking C) NGOs; tourism D) firms; export Answer: D

Learning Objective: 15.4: Explain the BRICS concept.

Topic: Goal: Prosperity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 12. The BRICS countries have embraced .

A) a market- and trade-based economic strategy B) the command economic model and isolationism C) social democracy as their system of government D) supply-side economics Answer: A Learning Objective: 15.4: Explain the BRICS concept.

Topic: Goal: Prosperity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13. Which of the BRICS countries has no serious military enemies on its continent?

A) Russia B) China C) Brazil D) India Answer: C Learning Objective: 15.4: Explain the BRICS concept.

Topic: Goal: Prosperity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 14. What do the BRICS countries have in common?

A) They are expected to substantially shape the global economy.

B) They possess nuclear weapons.

C) They are major oil exporters.

D) They are liberal democracies. Answer: A Learning Objective: 15.4: Explain the BRICS concept.

Topic: The BRICS Countries Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 15. An outlier country .

A) does not neatly fit into one of the three categories of development B) scores low on social and economic development C) is a fragile state D) is not a part of the United Nations Answer: A Learning Objective: 15.5: Explain the concept of an “outlier” country in terms of development. Topic: The Outlier Countries

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 16. Indonesia is an outlier country that is characterized by social development and economic development.

A) low; high B) low; mid-level C) high; low D) high; midlevel Answer: B Learning Objective: 15.5: Explain the concept of an “outlier” country in terms of development. Topic: Low Social Development/Mid-Level Economic Development: Indonesia Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 17. Imagine a country that has low GDP per capita. Despite this, it has managed to urbanize and develop quality systems for education, healthcare, and infrastructure.

This country would measure on economic development and on social development.

A) high; low B) low; high C) mid-level; high D) poorly; well Answer: B Learning Objective: 15.5: Explain the concept of an “outlier” country in terms of development. Topic: The Outlier Countries Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 18. Which of the following was discussed in the chapter as an outlier country?

A) Germany B) France C) Japan D) Argentin a Answer: D Learning Objective: 15.5: Explain the concept of an “outlier” country in terms of development. Topic: The Outlier Countries Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 19. Why might improvements in social development be difficult for countries to attain?

A) Much of social development stems from social capital and community identity as opposed to government policy.

B) Social development is culturally relative.

C) Economic development is a prerequisite to social development.

D) There is domestic instability that is inherent to the Global South. Answer: A

Learning Objective: 15.6: Identify the factors associated with the prospects for further development in the partly developed countries.

Topic: The Future of the Partly Developed Countries Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 20. Which of the following aspects of development can be particularly difficult for states to control?

A) political B) economic C) social D) infrastructur al Answer: C Learning Objective: 15.6: Identify the factors associated with the prospects for further development in the partly developed countries.

Topic: The Future of the Partly Developed Countries Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts ESSAY QUESTIONS 21. Partly developed countries, like all countries, are seeking to grow their economies.

Discuss at least one example of a country that tries a rapid transition to a market political economy and one that transitioned slowly, and what methods they took.

Answer: An ideal answer should include: 1) Rapid transitioning countries include: Turkey (rapid transition to a market political economy, with the strong support of the IMF and World Bank; implemented neoliberal economic reforms, such as reducing or eliminating subsidies for certain key sectors (such as agriculture), ending import substitution policies, and focusing on export promotion and free markets), Albania, Poland, and Russia (in these countries, central planning was abandoned, and most state-owned enterprises were sold to private actors (privatized) or shut down).

2) Slowly transitioning countries include: Malaysia, Chile, and China. The strategy to achieve prosperity was to move their economies slowly in the direction of neoliberal economic policies, such as: investing in education and technology development, growing public-sector employment, and investing in entrepreneurial training, as well as selling off state enterprises, privatization of government services, and deregulation.

Learning Objective: 15.1: Evaluate the attempts by the partly developed countries to achieve prosperity.

Topic: Strategy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 22. Discuss the two distinct paths that partly developed countries can take to achieve

political stability.

Answer: An ideal answer should include: 1) In order to achieve political stability, some countries have focused on ensuring higher levels of democratic freedoms. These countries have chosen democracy: elections are fair, open, and very competitive; multiple parties hold seats in the legislature; and there are smooth leadership turnovers. The citizens’ political rights and civil liberties are extensive.

There is a vigorous political discourse and a press that is free to report honestly and impartially on the government and political elites. There is a participatory political culture that encourages an engaged civil society. Finally, there are alternative sources of information that provide a variety of perspectives on political events and issues.

2) Other countries have chosen to accept more authoritarian restrictions. Many of these countries experimented with democracy but have grown more authoritarian. There, elections may occur, but they are rigged or mismanaged, opposition groups are threatened (or worse), journalists who report negatively on the government are sanctioned (or worse), and social freedoms (e.g., freedom from discrimination based on gender or sexual orientation) are limited. The regime’s justification is that order maintenance is possible only through extensive limitations on individual and group freedoms.

Learning Objective: 15.2: Assess the efforts by partly developed countries to achieve political stability.

Topic: Strategies Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 23. What are flawed democracies? What factors are responsible for some countries embracing authoritarian characteristics?

Answer: An ideal answer should include: 1) The Democracy Index (2018) does not rate any partly developed country as a “full democracy”; many are classified as “flawed democracies.”

2) The reasons for this classification vary and can include: high levels of inequality, poverty, and violence (South Africa); persistent corruption (Brazil); and/or increasingly authoritarian tactics used by government leaders (Hungary).

3) Factors that some countries are embracing authoritarian characteristics include: the regime’s justification is that order maintenance is possible only through extensive limitations on individual and group freedoms, regression to traditional “strong man” leadership norms, and rapid increases in frustration/dissatisfaction with democracy.

Learning Objective: 15.2: Assess the efforts by partly developed countries to achieve political stability.

Topic: Strategies Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 24. Discuss the ways in which the partly developed countries address their security challenges. Be sure to provide specific examples.

Answer: An ideal answer should include: 1) The security of many partly developed countries is threatened by some combination of conditions, such as the problematic movement of people across their borders, economic globalization, increased militarization, terrorism, and instability within and beyond their borders. These states have undertaken a variety of methods to deal with these security challenges and these approaches include: a. The most assertive strategy in the pursuit of security is to build military power.

Two partly developed countries, China and Russia, have chosen to build an extensive military capacity in order to achieve the goal of security; they are the second- and third-highest military spenders in the world. Among other partly developed countries, Brazil is the world’s eleventh-highest military spender, and Turkey is fifteenth. However, most of the partly developed countries do not have notably large militaries or defense expenditures. b. In contrast, some partly developed countries are not expanding their military to achieve security. South Africa, for example, has recently begun slightly decreasing its military budget. Mexico has also decreased its defense expenditures in recent years. Many of the partly developed countries rely primarily on multilateral mutual defense treaties, such as NATO in Europe and the Rio Pact in Central and South America (although Cuba, Mexico, and Venezuela have withdrawn from this pact).

Learning Objective: 15.3: Analyze the security strategies and challenges at work in the partly developed countries.

Topic: Goal: Security Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25. What are the BRICS countries? What factors make them important players in world politics?

Answer: An ideal answer should include: 1) The BRICS countries include: Brazil, China, South Africa, Russia, and India.

2) In the first few years of the twenty-first century, senior analysts at Goldman Sachs, a global investment firm, attempted to predict the worldwide distribution of power in 2050. They posited that a small set of countries outside the Global North would have a huge impact on the global system.

3) The factors that make the BRICS so important for global politics include: population (about 40% of the World’s population with 3.1 billion people), GDP (1/3 of the world’s economic output), size, extensive resources, and geostrategic locations.

Learning Objective: 15.4: Explain the BRICS concept.

Topic: The BRICS Countries Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts