Macionis Gerber Sociology 9th Canadian Edition By John J. Macionis, Linda M. Gerber TEST BANK

Test Bank for Macionis/Gerber, Sociology, Ninth Canadian Edition Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Multiple Choice Questions 1) What might a sociologist say about people's selection of marriage partners? a. People marry because they fall in love. b. When it comes to romance, it’s all a matter of personal taste. c. Typically, a person marries someone of similar social position. d. When it comes to love, opposites attract.

Answer: c Page Reference: 5 Skill: Applied 2) The idea that the social world guides our actions and life choices just as the seasons influence activities and choice of clothing describes a. the basis of what philosophy calls “free will.” b. the essential wisdom of the discipline of sociology. c. the fact that people everywhere have “common sense.” d. the fact that people from countries all around the world make mostly identical choices about how to live.

Answer: b Page Reference: 3 Skill: Conceptual 3) Which discipline defines itself as “the systematic study of human society”? a. sociology b. psychology c. economics d. history Answer: a Page Reference: 3 Skill: Factual 4) Peter Berger described using the sociological perspective as seeing the ______ in the _______. a. good; worst tragedies b. new; old c. specific; general d. general; particular Answer: d Page Reference: 3 Skill: Conceptual 5) By stating that the sociological perspective shows us “the strange in the familiar,” the text argues that sociologists a. focus on the bizarre elements of society. b. reject the familiar idea that people simply decide how to act in favour of the initially strange idea that society shapes our lives. c. believe that people often behave in strange ways. d. believe that even people who are most familiar to us have some very strange habits.

Answer: b Page Reference: 4–5 Skill: Conceptual 6) Three campus roommates are talking about why they are in college. A sociological view of going to college highlights the effect of a. nationality, because most countries outside of the West don’t have colleges.

b. gender, because women don’t generally attend college. c. our place in history, because a century ago going to college was not an option for most people. d. intelligence, because it’s smarter to go to college than trade school.

Answer: c Page Reference: 5 Skill: Applied 7) A sociological analysis of childbearing around the world suggests that the number of children born to a woman reflects a. her preference for family size. b. how many children she can afford. c. whether she herself was born into a poor or rich society. d. the desires of her husband.

Answer: c Page Reference: 5 Skill: Applied 8) According to Emile Durkheim, a category of people with a higher suicide rate typically has a. more clinical depression. b. less money, power, and other resources. c. lower social integration. d. greater self-esteem.

Answer: c Page Reference: 5–6 Skill: Factual 9) The pioneering sociologist who studied patterns of suicide in Europe was a. Robert K. Merton. b. Auguste Comte. c. Emile Durkheim. d. Karl Marx.

Answer: c Page Reference: 5 Skill: Factual 10) In Canada today, the suicide rate is highest for which category of people listed below? a. White males b. Black males c. White females d. Black females Answer: a Page Reference: 6 Skill: Factual 11) Because there is more social isolation in rural areas of Canada than in urban areas, we would expect suicide rates to be a. higher in urban areas. b. higher in rural areas. c. high in both urban and rural areas. d. low in both urban and rural areas.

Answer: b Page Reference: 6–7 Skill: Applied 12) Sociologists use the term “social marginality” to refer to

a. people who have little understanding of sociology. b. having special social skills. c. being defined by others as an “outsider.” d. people who are especially sensitive about their family background.

Answer: c Page Reference: 7 Skill: Conceptual 13) If marginality encourages sociological thinking, we would expect people in which category listed below to make the most use of the sociological perspective? a. the wealthy b. disabled persons or people who are a racial minority c. politicians d. the middle class Answer: b Page Reference: 7–8 Skill: Applied 14) Following the thinking of C. Wright Mills, we would have expected the sociological imagination to be more widespread a. during times of peace and prosperity. b. among the very rich. c. among very religious people. d. during times of social crisis.

Answer: d Page Reference: 7–8 Skill: Applied 15) C. Wright Mills claimed that the “sociological imagination” transformed a. common sense into laws of society. b. people into supporters of the status quo. c. personal problems into public issues. d. scientific research into common sense.

Answer: c Page Reference: 8 Skill: Conceptual 16) Canada falls within which category of the world’s nations? a. low-income nations b. middle-income nations c. high-income nations d. variable-income nations Answer: c Page Reference: 9 Skill: Factual 17) Which of the following categories contains countries in which average income is typical for the world as a whole and in which people are as likely to live in a rural area as in an urban area? a. low-income nations b. middle-income nations c. high-income nations d. variable-income nations Answer: b Page Reference: 9–11 Skill: Conceptual

18) The nations of Europe, Israel, Japan, and Australia fall into which of the following categories of countries? a. low-income nations b. middle-income nations c. high-income nations d. each belongs to a different category Answer: c Page Reference: 9 Skill: Conceptual 19) Almost all of Latin America and Asia falls within which of the following categories? a. low-income nations b. middle-income nations c. high-income nations d. very rich nations Answer: b Page Reference: 9 Skill: Factual 20) Which of the following is a reason that it is important to understand the world beyond our own borders? a. Nations of the world are increasingly interconnected. b. So we can see how much better our country is than other countries. c. Because of an international agreement mandated by the United Nations. d. It isn’t important.

Answer: a Page Reference: 9 Skill: Factual 21) Sarah is spending a summer living in another country where people have a way of life that differs from her own. A sociologist might expect that this experience would lead her to a. end up with a greater understanding of both a new way of life and her own way of life. b. accept what people in Canada call “common sense.” c. assume that people’s lives reflect the choices they make. d. want to move to that other country, because their way of life is clearly superior.

Answer: a Page Reference: 12 Skill: Applied 22) Making use of the sociological perspective encourages a. challenging commonly held beliefs. b. accepting conventional wisdom. c. the belief that society is mysterious. d. people to be happier with their lives as they are.

Answer: a Page Reference: 12 Skill: Factual 23) Learning more sociology helps us to a. realize that common sense is universal. b. assess the opportunities and constraints in our lives. c. understand why it’s better to live in high-income countries than low-income countries. d. conform to social expectations and fit in better.

Answer: b

Page Reference: 12 Skill: Factual 24) Sociology provides an advantage to students preparing for later careers by preparing them for work a. only as teaching sociologists. b. only in criminal justice or social work. c. only as clinical sociologists. d. in all of the above careers and many others, including business, education, law enforcement, and social work.

Answer: d Page Reference: 12 Skill: Factual 25) Examples of people applying their knowledge of sociology at work include people in a. law enforcement understanding which categories of people are most likely to commit crimes. b. law enforcement understanding which categories of people are at high risk of becoming victims of crime. c. resource-extraction industries that seek to remove ancestral lands from indigenous inhabitants for profit. d. people in the clergy who want to weed out undesirable elements in their congregations.

Answer: b Page Reference: 12 Skill: Applied 26) Which of the following historical changes is among the factors that stimulated the development of sociology as a discipline? a. the founding of the Roman Catholic Church b. the rise of industrial factories and cities c. the power of tradition d. a belief that our futures are defined by “fate” Answer: b Page Reference: 13 Skill: Factual 27) We would expect the sociological perspective to be most likely to develop in a place that was a. very traditional. b. experiencing many social changes. c. very poor. d. small and socially isolated.

Answer: b Page Reference: 13 Skill: Applied 28) In which of the countries noted below did sociology as a formal discipline appear first? a. the United States b. Japan c. France d. China Answer: c Page Reference: 13 Skill: Factual 29) The term sociology was coined in 1838 by a. Karl Marx. b. Herbert Spencer.

c. Adam Smith. d. Auguste Comte.

Answer: d Page Reference: 13 Skill: Factual 30) Sociology differs from the older discipline of philosophy by focusing on a. what the ideal society should be. b. human nature. c. the place of God in shaping human events. d. how society actually operates.

Answer: d Page Reference: 13 Skill: Factual 31) The major goal of sociology’s pioneers, including Comte and Durkheim, was a. to change social patterns and events. b. to help build an “ideal society.” c. to discover how society actually operates. d. to prevent disruptive social change.

Answer: c Page Reference: 13 Skill: Factual 32) Comte described the earliest human societies as being at which stage of societal development? a. theological stage b. metaphysical stage c. scientific stage d. post-scientific stage Answer: a Page Reference: 13–14 Skill: Conceptual 33) The ancient Romans saw the stars as gods. Comte would classify Roman society as which of the following types? a. scientific stage b. metaphysical stage c. theological stage d. post-scientific stage Answer: c Page Reference: 13–14 Skill: Applied 34) According to Comte, people begin to see society as a natural—rather than a supernatural— phenomenon as their society enters which stage of development? a. theological stage b. metaphysical stage c. scientific stage d. post-scientific stage Answer: b Page Reference: 13–14 Skill: Conceptual 35) Thomas Hobbes’s idea that society reflects a selfish human nature illustrates the thinking common at which of Comte’s stages of societal development?

a. theological stage b. metaphysical stage c. scientific stage d. sociological stage Answer: b Page Reference: 13–14 Skill: Applied 36) According to Comte, people living in Europe during the Middle Ages thought of society as a. a system operating according to its own laws. b. chaotic and having little form. c. an expression of God’s will. d. operating precisely as nature intended.

Answer: c Page Reference: 13–14 Skill: Factual 37) According to Comte’s approach, the kind of thinking favoured by people such as Thomas Edison, the inventor of the light bulb, becomes common in a society at which stage of societal development? a. theological stage b. metaphysical stage c. scientific stage d. positivist stage.

Answer: c Page Reference: 13–14 Skill: Applied 38) _____ is a way of understanding the world based on science. a. Theology b. Positivism c. Metaphysics d. Free will Answer: b Page Reference: 14 Skill: Conceptual 39) When did sociology become established as an academic discipline in North America? a. during the Middle Ages b. about 1800 c. about 1900 d. about 1975 Answer: c Page Reference: 13 Skill: Factual 40) Most of today’s sociologists agree with Auguste Comte that science is a crucial part of sociology, but most also recognize that a. human beings are orderly and always accepting of structure and definition. b. human behaviour is far less complex than natural phenomena. c. no rigid “laws of society” hold everywhere and at all times. d. the framework of society is a naturally occurring phenomenon which will play out the same across the world.

Answer: c Page Reference: 14 Skill: Factual

41) Sociologists cannot identify “laws of society” that allow us to predict individual human behaviour a. because human behaviour is patterned but also spontaneous. b. because sociology is still very young. c. because no sociologist ever tried to discover such laws. d. because society is modelled after God’s will, which is beyond the understanding of sociology.

Answer: a Page Reference: 14 Skill: Factual 42) French-Canadian sociology was influenced, initially, by a. sociology in France. b. August Comte. c. the Roman Catholic Church. d. Harriet Martineau.

Answer: c Page Reference: 14 Skill: Factual 43) Canadian sociology, as distinct from American sociology, contains a. a unique anglophone component. b. a unique francophone component. c. a reflection of four major cultures. d. an Aboriginal component.

Answer: b Page Reference: 14 Skill: Conceptual 44) With whom do we associate the “staples thesis”? a. Auguste Comte b. Harold Innis c. John Porter d. Dorothy Smith Answer: b Page Reference: 14 Skill: Factual 45) Who said “the medium is the message”? a. Harold Innis b. John Porter c. Dorothy Smith d. Marshal McLuhan Answer: d Page Reference: 15 Skill: Factual 46) Who coined the term “institutional completeness”? a. John Porter b. Dorothy Smith c. Harold Innis d. Raymond Breton Answer: d Page Reference: 17 Skill: Factual

47) Which of the following does NOT contribute to Canadian sociology’s concern with questions of unity, political movements, regionalism, environment, identity, diversity, and cultural expression? a. Canada’s massive size b. Canada’s distance from Europe c. Canada’s sparse but diverse population d. Canada’s proximity to the United States Answer: b Page Reference: 14–17 Skill: Conceptual 48) A statement of how and why specific facts are related is called a(n) a. approach. b. precept. c. concept. d. theory.

Answer: d Page Reference: 17 Skill: Conceptual 49) To evaluate a theory, sociologists a. gather data or facts. b. follow the conventional wisdom of their society. c. are guided by what they personally want to be true. d. ask their sociology professors if it sounds right.

Answer: a Page Reference: 17–18 Skill: Factual 50) If we state that children raised in single-parent families are at high risk of being single parents themselves, we have constructed a(n) _____ of family life. a. approach b. precept c. concept d. theory Answer: d Page Reference: 17 Skill: Conceptual 51) In deciding what kinds of questions to ask in their research, sociologists are guided by a. one or more theoretical approaches. b. their own common sense. c. our society’s traditional wisdom. d. sheer chance.

Answer: a Page Reference: 17 Skill: Conceptual 52) Which theoretical approach was used by early sociologists Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim? a. the structural-functional approach b. the social-conflict approach c. the symbolic-interaction approach d. the deviance and social control approach Answer: a Page Reference: 17

Skill: Conceptual 53) The theoretical approach in sociology that assumes society is a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability is the a. structural-functional approach. b. social-conflict approach. c. symbolic-interaction approach. d. None of the above is correct.

Answer: a Page Reference: 17–18 Skill: Conceptual 54) Which term is used to describe relatively stable patterns of social behaviour? a. social structure b. eufunctions c. social functions d. social dysfunctions Answer: a Page Reference: 17 Skill: Conceptual 55) Which of the following best describes the focus of the structural-functional approach? a. the meaning people attach to their behaviour b. patterns of social inequality c. the consequences of social patterns for the operation of society d. the conflicts which arise between genders or ethnicities.

Answer: c Page Reference: 17 Skill: Conceptual 56) Using the structural-functional approach, which of the following questions might you ask about marriage? a. What do people think marriage means? b. How does marriage benefit women and men unequally? c. What are the consequences of marriage for the operation of society? d. How can we help people find more pleasure in their marriages?

Answer: c Page Reference: 18 Skill: Applied 57) Social structures sometimes have negative consequences for the operation of society as a whole.

What is the term for these negative consequences? a. social structure b. eufunctions c. social functions d. social dysfunctions Answer: d Page Reference: 18 Skill: Conceptual 58) Identify the three sociologists who played a part in the development of sociology’s structural-functional approach. a. Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, W.E.B. Du Bois b. Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim c. Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Auguste Comte

d. Harriet Martineau, Robert Merton, W.E.B. Du Bois Answer: b Page Reference: 17 Skill: Factual 59) Herbert Spencer described human society as having much in common with a. animal societies. b. planets and stars. c. the human brain. d. the human body.

Answer: d Page Reference: 17 Skill: Factual 60) Who was the sociologist who distinguished between the manifest functions and the latent functions of social patterns? a. Robert K. Merton b. William Graham Sumner c. Talcott Parsons d. C. Wright Mills Answer: a Page Reference: 18 Skill: Factual 61) The recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern are referred to as a. latent functions. b. manifest functions. c. eufunctions. d. dysfunctions.

Answer: b Page Reference: 18 Skill: Conceptual 62) Unrecognized and unintended consequences of a social pattern are called a. latent functions. b. manifest functions. c. eufunctions. d. dysfunctions.

Answer: a Page Reference: 18 Skill: Conceptual 63) Which of the following is the best example of a latent function of going to college? a. providing skills needed for later jobs b. keeping young people out of the labour force, which may not have jobs for them yet c. gaining the knowledge required to be an active and thoughtful citizen d. giving young people experience living on their own Answer: b Page Reference: 18 Skill: Applied 64) Robert Merton explained that what is functional for one category of a society’s population a. is functional for everyone. b. may not be functional for another category. c. is unlikely to change over time.

d. may not be functional in the future.

Answer: b Page Reference: 18 Skill: Factual 65) The main characteristic of the _____ approach is its view of society as orderly and stable. a. structural-functional b. social-conflict c. social-interaction d. deviance and social control Answer: a Page Reference: 17–18 Skill: Factual 66) Which of the following is an accurate criticism of the structural-functional approach? a. It ignores inequality that can generate tension and conflict. b. It focuses too much on social dysfunction. c. It focuses too much on power divisions in society. d. It is a politically liberal view of society.

Answer: a Page Reference: 18 Skill: Factual 67) The “framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change” is the a. structural-functional approach. b. social-conflict approach. c. symbolic-interaction approach. d. feminist approach.

Answer: b Page Reference: 18 Skill: Conceptual 68) The social-conflict approach draws attention to a. how elements contribute to the overall operation of society. b. how people construct meaning in their interactions. c. patterns of social inequality. d. the stable aspects of society.

Answer: c Page Reference: 18 Skill: Factual 69) Looking at the operation of Canadian schools, the social-conflict approach might lead a sociologist to conclude that a. the function of schools is to teach needed skills. b. the meaning of schooling varies from child to child. c. schools have been a major path to social advancement. d. tracking provides some students with far better schooling than others.

Answer: d Page Reference: 18–19 Skill: Applied 70) Which of the following statements might be made by a sociologist using the gender-conflict approach? a. Men and women share in the joys of family life. b. Men earn more than women in the workplace.

c. Gender functions in an important way to keep society operating. d. The glass ceiling is a myth.

Answer: b Page Reference: 19 Skill: Applied 71) Which woman helped launch the discipline of sociology by studying the evils of slavery and also by translating the writings of Auguste Comte? a. Harriet Martineau b. Jane Addams c. Elizabeth Cady Stanton d. Dorothea Dix Answer: a Page Reference: 19 Skill: Factual 72) Which pioneering sociologist founded Chicago’s Hull House to assist immigrants and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize? a. Jane Addams b. Harriet Martineau c. W.E.B. Du Bois d. Herbert Spencer Answer: a Page Reference: 19 Skill: Factual 73) Karl Marx, speaking for the social-conflict approach, argued that the point of studying society was a. to understand how society really operates. b. to compare U.S. society to others. c. to foster support for a nation’s government. d. to bring about needed change.

Answer: d Page Reference: 19 Skill: Factual 74) Which of the following early sociologists had an important influence on the development of the socialconflict approach? a. Karl Marx b. Talcott Parsons c. Emile Durkheim d. Herbert Spencer Answer: a Page Reference: 19 Skill: Factual 75) Which early sociologist received the first doctorate ever awarded by Harvard University to a person of colour? a. Jane Addams b. Harriet Martineau c. W.E.B. Du Bois d. Herbert Spencer Answer: c Page Reference: 20 Skill: Factual

76) Which early U.S. sociologist studied the Black community and served as a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)? a. Jane Addams b. Harriet Martineau c. W.E.B. Du Bois d. Herbert Spencer Answer: c Page Reference: 20 Skill: Factual 77) Which theoretical approach would highlight the fact that, on average, Aboriginal families have less income than White families? a. the race-conflict approach b. the gender-conflict approach c. the structural-functional approach d. the symbolic-interaction approach Answer: a Page Reference: 20 Skill: Conceptual 78) Using the social-conflict approach, a sociologist might highlight which of the following? a. the standard of fairness all students receive in the public education system b. the importance of gender roles in a well-ordered society c. racial inequality in a company’s hiring and promotion practices d. the positive function of inequality in the workplace Answer: d Page Reference: 18–19 Skill: Applied 79) W.E.B. Du Bois claimed that _____ was the major problem facing the United States during the twentieth century. a. class b. race c. gender d. ethnicity Answer: b Page Reference: 20 Skill: Factual 80) The social-conflict approach sometimes receives criticism for a. focusing on values that everyone shares. b. being openly political. c. promoting the status quo. d. condemning the free flow of ideas and information.

Answer: b Page Reference: 20 Skill: Factual 81) The _____ approaches are macro-level, describing societies in broad terms. a. structural-functional and social-conflict b. structural-functional and symbolic-interaction c. social-conflict and symbolic-interaction d. social conflict and social control Answer: a Page Reference: 17–20

Skill: Conceptual 82) Which of the following examples illustrates a micro-level focus? a. the operation of the U.S. economy b. patterns of global terrorism c. two people on an airplane getting to know one another d. class inequality in the armed forces Answer: c Page Reference: 20–21 Skill: Applied 83) The basic idea of the symbolic-interaction approach is that society is a. an arena of conflict between categories of people. b. the product of people interacting in everyday situations. c. a system that operates to benefit people. d. an accident of chaos which we don’t understand.

Answer: b Page Reference: 20–21 Skill: Conceptual 84) Which theoretical approach claims that it is not so much what people do that matters as much as what meaning they attach to their behaviour? a. structural-functional approach b. social-conflict approach c. symbolic-interaction approach d. social-exchange approach Answer: c Page Reference: 20–21 Skill: Conceptual 85) Who, of the following, had a wife named Marianne who was a prominent German feminist, politician, and prolific writer on social and women’s issues? a. Karl Marx b. Emile Durkheim c. Max Weber d. Erving Goffman Answer: c Page Reference: 22 Skill: Factual 86) Which of the following founding sociologists urged sociologists to understand a social setting from the point of view of the people in it? a. Karl Marx b. Emile Durkheim c. Auguste Comte d. Max Weber Answer: d Page Reference: 21 Skill: Factual 87) Which of the following statements reflects a social-exchange analysis? a. People typically seek mates who offer as much as they do. b. Class differences are reflected in favoured sports. c. People build reality as they introduce themselves. d. People who do more important work usually earn more pay.

Answer: a Page Reference: 21 Skill: Applied 88) A criticism of the symbolic-interaction approach is that it a. calls attention to major social institutions. b. ignores how structural factors such as class affect people’s experiences. c. paints a very positive picture of society. d. cannot be verified by observable data.

Answer: b Page Reference: 21 Skill: Factual 89) Which of the following questions is the focus of the symbolic-interaction approach? a. How is society held together? b. How is society divided? c. How do people experience society? d. How do some people protect their privileges?

Answer: c Page Reference: 21 Skill: Conceptual 90) Which of the following is a manifest function of sports? a. providing recreation and physical conditioning b. fostering social relationships c. generating jobs d. teaching a society’s way of life Answer: a Page Reference: 23 Skill: Factual 91) Encouraging people to compete and strive for success are two of the _____ of sports. a. manifest functions b. latent functions c. dysfunctions d. controlled variables Answer: b Page Reference: 23 Skill: Factual 92) Who, of the following, would be most likely to ask how shared symbols precipitate Canadians’ pride in their Olympic hockey team? a. a structural functionalist b. a social-conflict theorist c. a symbolic interactionist d. a social-control theorist Answer: c Page Reference: 24–25 Skill: Conceptual 93) Who, of the following would be most likely to ask “how is society held together”? a. a structural functionalist b. a social-conflict theorist c. a symbolic interactionist d. a social-control theorist

Answer: a Page Reference: 23 Skill: Conceptual 94) Who, of the following would be most likely to ask “what factors give rise to social inequality”? a. a structural functionalist b. a social-conflict theorist c. a symbolic interactionist d. a social-control theorist Answer: a Page Reference: 23 Skill: Conceptual 95) Which of the following would be the focus of a social-conflict analysis of sports? a. the way in which sports help encourage competition b. the importance of physical ability in success c. how sports reflect social inequality d. the different meanings people attach to games Answer: c Page Reference: 24 Skill: Applied 96) Racial discrimination in professional sports is evident today in a. the positions typically played by White and Black players. b. the exclusion of Black players from professional sports. c. the fact that most managers and team owners are Black. d. There is no racial discrimination in professional sports.

Answer: a Page Reference: 24 Skill: Factual 97) Which of the following statements is based on a symbolic-interaction analysis of sports? a. Winning at sports means different things to different people. b. Some categories of people benefit more than others from sports. c. Sports help develop important cultural values. d. “Stacking” is a type of racial inequality in sports.

Answer: a Page Reference: 24–25 Skill: Conceptual 98) Using the symbolic-interaction approach, sports becomes a. a structure that contributes to the functioning of society. b. a matter of social inequality. c. less a system than an ongoing process. d. an accurate means of measuring social cohesion.

Answer: c Page Reference: 24–25 Skill: Conceptual True/False Questions 99) According to sociologists, human behaviour reflects our personal “free will.” a. True Incorrect

b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 3 Skill: Factual 100) Sociology is defined as the systematic study of human society. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 3 Skill: Conceptual 101) Sociologists focus only on unusual patterns of behaviour. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 3 Skill: Factual 102) The sociological perspective reveals that people’s lives are mostly a result of what they decide to do. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 3 Skill: Factual 103) Durkheim documented that categories of people with weaker social ties have lower suicide rates. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 5 Skill: Factual 104) In Canada, Aboriginal peoples have a higher suicide rate than other Canadians. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 6 Skill: Factual 105) People with lower social standing are usually more likely to see the world sociologically than people who are well off. a. True Correct

b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 7 Skill: Applied 106) In Canada, men have a higher suicide rate than women a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 5 Skill: Factual 107) Gays and lesbians are aware of social patterns that heterosexual people rarely think about. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 7 Skill: Conceptual 108) A global perspective has little in common with a sociological perspective. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 9–11 Skill: Factual 109) Sociologist C. Wright Mills argued that times of social crisis foster widespread sociological thinking. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 8 Skill: Factual 110) C. Wright Mills claimed that, most of the time, people were responsible for their own problems. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 8 Skill: Factual 111) Studying other societies is a good way to learn about our own way of life. a. True Correct b. False

Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 9–11 Skill: Factual 112) Societies around the world are more interconnected than ever before. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 9 Skill: Factual 113) Sociological research may be interesting, but it is of little use in shaping public policy, including legislation. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 11–12 Skill: Applied 114) The sociological perspective reveals the truth of the “common sense” beliefs we tend to take for granted. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 12 Skill: Conceptual 115) Understanding how society operates offers little benefit to anyone but the most privileged people. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 12 Skill: Factual 116) Sociology is useful training for any job that involves working with people. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 12 Skill: Applied 117) Revolutionary changes in European societies sparked the development of sociology. a. True Correct

b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 13 Skill: Factual 118) The term sociology was coined by Emile Durkheim in 1898. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 13 Skill: Conceptual 119) As a discipline, sociology first took root in France, Germany, and England. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 13 Skill: Factual 120) Ancient philosophers, including Plato, were more interested in imagining the “ideal” society than in studying society as it really is. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 13 Skill: Factual 121) The last of Comte’s “three stages” is the metaphysical stage in which people know the world in terms of God’s will a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 14 Skill: Conceptual 122) Among all academic disciplines, sociology is one of the youngest. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 13 Skill: Factual 123) Auguste Comte was a positivist who believed that there were laws of society, like the laws of physics that describe the operation of the natural world.

a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 14 Skill: Factual 124) The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes believed that society reflected the basic goodness of human nature. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 14 Skill: Factual 125) Erving Goffman pioneered macro-analysis. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 16 Skill: Factual 126) Sociology had its own department at the University of Toronto in 1902. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 14 Skill: Factual 127) John Porter compared Canada and the United States in his book The Vertical Mosaic: An Analysis of Social Class and Power in Canada. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 15 Skill: Factual 128) W.E.B. Du Bois translated the writings of Auguste Comte from French into English. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 20 Skill: Factual

129) Sociologists test their theories by gathering facts in order to confirm, reject, or modify them. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 17 Skill: Applied 130) The structural-functional, social-conflict, and symbolic-interaction approaches are three basic theoretical approaches in sociology. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 17–21 Skill: Conceptual 131) According to Robert K. Merton, social patterns are always good, and have the same effect on all members of a society. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 18 Skill: Factual 132) People rarely recognize all of the functions of social structure. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 17–18 Skill: Factual 133) To say that a social pattern is “dysfunctional” means that it has more than one function for the operation of society. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 18 Skill: Factual 134) Keeping young people out of the labour market is one latent function of higher education. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 18

Skill: Applied 135) The manifest functions of our society’s reliance on personal automobiles include tens of thousands of deaths each year in traffic accidents. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 18 Skill: Applied 136) The goal of the structural-functional approach is not simply to understand how society operates but to reduce social inequality. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 17–18 Skill: Factual 137) In Canada, secondary schools place students in college preparatory tracks partly reflecting the social background of their families. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 18–19 Skill: Factual 138) Both Karl Marx and W.E.B. Du Bois carried out their work following the structural-functional approach a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 19, 20 Skill: Factual 139) Feminism and the gender-conflict approach highlight ways in which women are unequal to men. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 19–20 Skill: Conceptual 140) Both Jane Addams and Harriet Martineau are remembered today because they were married to important sociologists. a. True Incorrect

b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 19 Skill: Factual 141) Like the gender-conflict approach, the race-conflict approach is concerned with social inequality. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 19–20 Skill: Conceptual 142) The symbolic-interaction approach is a micro-level orientation. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 20–21 Skill: Conceptual 143) The focus of the symbolic-interaction approach is how society is divided by class, race, and gender. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 20–21 Skill: Conceptual 144) Social-exchange analysis is one micro-level approach to understanding social interaction. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 21 Skill: Conceptual 145) Sociological research shows that all categories of people have had the same opportunities to participate in sports. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 24 Skill: Factual 146) A social-conflict analysis of sports points out that the games people play reflect their social standing. a. True Correct

b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 24 Skill: Factual 147) The meaning people find in competitive sports would be one focus of a symbolic-interaction approach. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 24–25 Skill: Conceptual 148) A symbolic-interaction analysis focuses not on how individuals perceive a social setting but how what happens in that setting involves social inequality. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 24–25 Skill: Factual Short Answer Questions 149) In several sentences, what is the essential wisdom of sociology?

Page Reference: 3–5 Skill: Conceptual 150) What did Peter Berger mean when he said the sociological perspective is “seeing the general in the particular”?

Page Reference: 3–4 Skill: Conceptual 151) Why, in individualistic North America, can the sociological perspective be described as “seeing the strange in the familiar”?

Page Reference: 4–5 Skill: Conceptual 152) Explain why the power of society is evident in the decision to bear a child or even in the act of committing suicide.

Page Reference: 5 Skill: Applied 153) Why is a global approach a logical extension of the sociological perspective?

Page Reference: 9–10 Skill: Conceptual 154) What did C. Wright Mills mean by “the sociological imagination”? How does this point of view change the way we see personal problems?

Page Reference: 8

Skill: Conceptual 155) Explain some of the personal benefits of learning to use the sociological perspective, including career advantages.

Page Reference: 12 Skill: Applied 156) Name the three social changes in European history that were especially important to the development of sociology.

Page Reference: 13 Skill: Factual 157) What can you say sociologically about why sociology arose when and where it did?

Page Reference: 13–14 158) Is, as McLuhan suggested, the “medium” the “message”?

Page Reference: 15 Skill: Conceptual 159) In several sentences, explain the focus of the structural-functional approach.

Page Reference: 17–18 Skill: Conceptual 160) Distinguish between the manifest and latent functions of any social pattern.

Page Reference: 18 Skill: Conceptual 161) What is social structure? How do the structural-functional and social-conflict approaches understand social structure differently?

Page Reference: 17–19 Skill: Conceptual 162) In several sentences, explain the focus of the social-conflict approach.

Page Reference: 18–19 Skill: Conceptual 163) Explain the focus of the gender-conflict or feminist approach. Compare and contrast this approach to the race-conflict approach.

Page Reference: 19–20 Skill: Conceptual 164) Briefly explain the difference between a macro-level and micro-level theoretical orientation.

Page Reference: 20 Skill: Conceptual 165) In several sentences, explain the focus of the symbolic-interaction approach.

Page Reference: 20–21 Skill: Conceptual 166) Discuss the early contributions of women to the development of the social sciences.

Page Reference: 22 Skill: Conceptual

Essay Questions 167) Explain the difference between sociological generalizations about categories of people and the simple stereotypes we hear in everyday life.

Skill: Conceptual 168) The sociological perspective helps us recognize that the lives of individuals are shaped by the forces of society. Explain, in a short essay, how the sociological perspective reveals “the general in the particular.” To illustrate, explain how society plays a part in your own decision to attend a post-secondary institution.

Skill: Applied 169) Sociologists increasingly focus on, not just Canadian society, but the world as a whole. Provide several reasons for this global focus. How is an awareness of global patterns such as immigration or social inequality very much a part of the sociological perspective?

Skill: Conceptual 170) Point out what the viewpoint of a sociologist who is influenced by the structural-functional approach (say, Emile Durkheim) has in common with that of a sociologist influenced by the social-conflict approach (say, Karl Marx). That is, how are they both sociological? At the same time, how does each represent a different assumption about the nature of the society? How is the purpose of sociological study different?

Skill: Conceptual 171) Develop the differences among the three theoretical approaches by applying each to the family. In each case, how do we understand a family and its operation?

Skill: Applied 172) Do you see any dangers in adopting the sociological perspective too intensely? For example, if we say that society is at work in all our choices about how to live, do we lose any sense of personal responsibility for our actions?

Skill: Conceptual 173) Explain how the structural-functional approach is more focused on understanding society as it is, and how the social-conflict approach (consider the gender-conflict or race-conflict approaches) is more focused on social change.

Skill: Conceptual 174) Since beginning this course in sociology, how has your view of the world changed? Provide one specific example of something in your life that you see differently now compared to before you started this course. Is this change a good thing? Explain.

Skill: Applied 175) How is Canadian sociology distinct from American sociology? Why is this the case?

Skill: Conceptual Quick Quiz: Multiple Choice Questions 1) According to Emile Durkheim, a category of people with a higher suicide rate typically has a. more clinical depression. b. less money, power, and other resources. c. lower social integration. d. greater self-esteem.

Answer: c

2) Canada falls within which category of the world’s nations? a. low-income nations b. middle-income nations c. high-income nations d. various parts of Canada fall within different categories Answer: c 3) Making use of the sociological perspective encourages a. challenging commonly held beliefs. b. accepting conventional wisdom. c. the belief that society is mysterious. d. people to be happier with their lives as they are.

Answer: a 4) The term “sociology” was coined in 1838 by a. Karl Marx. b. Herbert Spencer. c. Adam Smith. d. Auguste Comte.

Answer: d 5) Looking at Canada, high suicide rates are typical of people who a. live densely packed in cities. b. live spread apart in rural areas. c. have higher incomes. d. live in a warmer climate.

Answer: b 6) Herbert Spencer described human society as having much in common with a. animal societies. b. planets and stars. c. the human brain. d. the human body.

Answer: d 7) W.E.B. Du Bois claimed that _____ was the major problem facing the United States during the twentieth century. a. class b. race c. gender d. ethnicity Answer: b Quick Quiz: True/False Questions 8) Sociologists focus only on unusual patterns of behaviour. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b 9) As a discipline, sociology first took root in France, Germany, and England

a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Quick Quiz: Short Answer Question 10) Name the three social changes in European history that were especially important to the development of sociology.

Test Bank for Macionis/Gerber, Sociology, Ninth Canadian Edition Chapter 2: Sociological Investigation Multiple Choice Questions 1) Fundamental to sociological investigation are two requirements—applying the sociological perspective and ________________. a. a global perspective b. be curious and ask questions c. truth d. biases of the researcher Answer: b Page Reference: 33 Skill: Factual 2) Science can be defined as a. a logical system that bases knowledge on direct, systematic observation. b. belief based on faith in ultimate truth. c. belief based on a society’s traditions. d. a logical system that bases truth on political goals.

Answer: a Page Reference: 34 Skill: Conceptual 3) Sociologists use the term “empirical evidence” to refer to a. information that is based on a society’s traditions. b. information that squares with common sense. c. information we can verify with our senses. d. information that most people agree is true.

Answer: c Page Reference: 34 Skill: Conceptual 4) The sociological perspective reveals that a. “common sense” is usually pretty close to the truth. b. much of what passes for “common sense” in Canada turns out to be at least partly wrong. c. most people in Canada readily see how society shapes our lives. d. “common sense” is not very popular in Canada.

Answer: b Page Reference: 34 Skill: Factual

5) Which of the following terms is defined in the text as “a mental construct that represents some part of the world in a somewhat simplified form”? a. variable b. operationalization c. measurement d. concept Answer: d Page Reference: 35 Skill: Conceptual 6) Imagine that you were going to measure the age of a number of respondents taking part in a survey. As you record the data, you are using the concept “age” as a. a theory. b. a hypothesis. c. a variable. d. an axiom.

Answer: c Page Reference: 35 Skill: Applied 7) If you were trying to measure the “social class” of various people, you would have to keep in mind that a. it is necessary to specify exactly what you are measuring. b. you must measure this in every way possible. c. there is no way to measure “social class.” d. everyone agrees on what “social class” means.

Answer: a Page Reference: 35 Skill: Factual 8) What process involves deciding exactly what is to be measured when assigning value to a variable? a. operationalization b. reliability c. conceptualization d. validity Answer: a Page Reference: 35 Skill: Conceptual 9) Exposing a correlation as spurious is assisted by a technique called a. reliability. b. variability. c. correlation. d. control.

Answer: d Page Reference: 37 Skill: Conceptual 10) In the process of measurement, reliability refers to a. whether you are really measuring what you want to measure. b. how dependable the researcher is. c. whether or not everyone agrees with the study’s results. d. whether repeating the measurement yields consistent results.

Answer: d Page Reference: 36 Skill: Conceptual

11) What concept below refers to measuring exactly what one intends to measure? a. congruence b. validity c. repeatability d. reliability Answer: b Page Reference: 36 Skill: Conceptual 12) With regard to the process of measurement, which of the following statements is true? a. For measurement to be reliable, it must be valid. b. For measurement to be valid, it must be reliable. c. All measurement is both reliable and valid. d. Consistency does not guarantee validity.

Answer: d Page Reference: 36 Skill: Applied 13) A theory states that increasing a person’s formal education results in increased earnings over a lifetime. In this theory, “higher education” is the a. independent variable. b. dependent variable. c. correlation. d. effect.

Answer: a Page Reference: 36 Skill: Applied 14) Two variables are said to display correlation if a. they are caused by the same factor. b. one occurs before the other. c. both measure the same thing. d. they vary together.

Answer: d Page Reference: 36–37 Skill: Conceptual 15) An apparent, although false, association between two variables that is caused by some third variable is called a. a spurious correlation. b. an unproven correlation. c. an unreliable correlation. d. an invalid correlation.

Answer: a Page Reference: 37 Skill: Conceptual 16) The ability to neutralize the effect of one variable in order to assess the relationship between two other variables is called a. making the correlation spurious. b. making the correlation reliable. c. control. d. causing the correlation.

Answer: c

Page Reference: 37 Skill: Conceptual 17) Which of the following is true about cause-and-effect relationships in the social world? a. Most patterns of behaviour have a single cause. b. Most patterns of behaviour have no cause at all. c. Most patterns of behaviour are caused by many factors. d. It is impossible to determine the cause, if any, of any behaviour pattern.

Answer: c Page Reference: 37 Skill: Factual 18) Which of the following statements is NOT part of the definition of a cause-and-effect relationship? a. Both variables must be shown to be independent. b. The independent variable must come before the dependent variable in time. c. The two variables must display correlation. d. There must be no evidence that the correlation is spurious.

Answer: a Page Reference: 37 Skill: Conceptual 19) The ideal of objectivity means that a researcher a. must not care personally about the topic being studied. b. must try to adopt a stance of personal neutrality toward the outcome of the research. c. must study issues that have no value to society as a whole. d. must carry out research that will encourage desirable social change.

Answer: b Page Reference: 37–38 Skill: Conceptual 20) The sociologist who called on his colleagues to be value-free was a. Karl Marx. b. Emile Durkheim. c. Herbert Spencer. d. Max Weber.

Answer: d Page Reference: 38 Skill: Factual 21) Imagine that you are repeating research done by someone else in order to assess its accuracy. You are doing which of the following? a. replication b. objectification c. reliability d. scientific control Answer: a Page Reference: 38 Skill: Conceptual 22) Sociologists cannot precisely predict any person’s behaviour because a. everyone behaves in the same way, so there’s no need to predict. b. social patterns that are found in one time and place may not be found in others. c. humans do not like being observed. d. they can; that’s the whole point of sociology.

Answer: b

Page Reference: 39 Skill: Factual 23) Interpretive sociology is sociology that a. focuses on action. b. sees an objective reality “out there.” c. focuses on the meaning people attach to behaviour. d. seeks to bring about change.

Answer: c Page Reference: 39 Skill: Conceptual 24) Which of the following is true about scientific sociology? a. It focuses on the meaning people attach to behaviour. b. It seeks to bring about desirable social change. c. It favours qualitative data. d. It favours quantitative data.

Answer: d Page Reference: 38–39 Skill: Factual 25) Which of the following statements about critical sociology is true? a. Critical sociology focuses on the meaning people attach to behaviour. b. Critical sociology seeks to bring about desirable social change. c. Critical sociology endorses the principle of being value-free. d. Critical sociology opposes social change.

Answer: b Page Reference: 40 Skill: Factual 26) Critical sociology can best be described as a(n) ________ approach. a. activist b. scientific c. qualitative d. value-free Answer: a Page Reference: 40 Skill: Factual 27) Which of the following is one of the five ways that gender can shape research as identified by Eichler? a. sapphocentricity b. tunnel-vision c. correlation d. androcentricity Answer: d Page Reference: 41–42 Skill: Conceptual 28) In making judgments about how society should be improved, the ________ approach in sociology rejects Max Weber’s goal that researchers be value-free. a. interpretive b. critical c. scientific d. positivist Answer: b

Page Reference: 40 Skill: Factual 29) Which German word meaning “understanding” was used by Max Weber in describing his approach to sociological research? a. Gemeinschaft b. Gesellschaft c. Verstehen d. Verboten Answer: c Page Reference: 39 Skill: Conceptual 30) If you have been criticized for “androcentricity” in your research, you are being criticized for a. overgeneralizing your results. b. ignoring gender entirely. c. doing the research from a male perspective. d. using double standards in your research.

Answer: c Page Reference: 41 Skill: Applied 31) Drawing conclusions about all of humanity based on research using only males as subjects is the problem called a. androcentricity. b. overgeneralization. c. gender blindness. d. using double standards.

Answer: b Page Reference: 41 Skill: Conceptual 32) You are doing research and you never stop to think about the possible importance of gender at all.

Your work could be criticized for the problem called a. androcentricity. b. overgeneralization. c. gender blindness. d. employing double standards.

Answer: c Page Reference: 41 Skill: Conceptual 33) Who of the following notes the ways in which relations between men and women depend on economic conditions? a. Dorothy Smith b. Irene Murdock c. Susan Wendell d. Meg Luxton Answer: a Page Reference: 43 Skill: Factual 34) Which of the following statements about ethical research is included in the formal guidelines made by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council and the American Sociological Association? a. Researchers must always perform their research several times in order to ensure its accuracy.

b. Researchers must disclose their sources of funding for the research. c. Researchers must disregard the privacy of subjects taking part in a research project. d. Researchers must ensure the research goals take precedence over the safety of subjects taking part in a research project.

Answer: b Page Reference: 44 Skill: Factual 35) If you are conducting sociological research that very closely follows the logic of science, which research method are you most likely to be using? a. interviews b. the experiment c. questionnaires d. participant observation Answer: b Page Reference: 44 Skill: Applied 36) “A statement of a possible relationship between two or more variables” is the definition of which concept? a. theory b. correlation c. spurious correlation d. hypothesis Answer: d Page Reference: 44 Skill: Conceptual 37) Three researchers wish to test the effects of playing soft music during an exam on the test performance of their sociology students. They conduct an experiment in which one test-taking class hears music and another does not. In experimental terms, the class hearing the music is called a. the placebo. b. the control group. c. the experimental group. d. the dependent variable.

Answer: c Page Reference: 45 Skill: Applied 38) Which sociological research method is most likely to produce quantitative data that will identify causeand-effect relationships? a. the experiment b. the survey c. participant observation d. secondary analysis Answer: a Page Reference: 44 Skill: Applied 39) What term refers to any change in a subject’s behaviour caused by the awareness of being studied? a. invalid response b. unreliable response c. the Stanford effect d. the Hawthorne effect Answer: d

Page Reference: 46 Skill: Conceptual 40) What research method was used in Philip Zimbardo’s study, the Stanford County Prison? a. the experiment b. the survey c. participant observation d. secondary analysis Answer: a Page Reference: 46 Skill: Conceptual 41) Zimbardo’s Stanford County Prison experiment found that a. all post-secondary students have the innate ability to be cruel. b. prison violence is rooted in the social character of jails themselves. c. no reform is needed in our society’s prisons. d. harm to subjects is not possible in an experiment.

Answer: b Page Reference: 46 Skill: Conceptual 42) Which research method asks subjects to respond to a series of items in a questionnaire or an interview? a. secondary research b. participant observation c. the experiment d. the survey Answer: d Page Reference: 47 Skill: Conceptual 43) A smaller number of people used to represent an entire population is called a a. target group. b. sample. c. closed-format group. d. sampling frame.

Answer: b Page Reference: 47 Skill: Conceptual 44) In a questionnaire, asking respondents to identify their income level from a number of possible categories represents which of the following? a. a closed-ended format b. an open-ended format c. a self-administered format d. a qualitative survey.

Answer: a Page Reference: 48 Skill: Conceptual 45) In a questionnaire, the question, “Please state your opinions about the likelihood of another major terrorist attack at home.” is an example of which of the following? a. closed-ended format b. open-ended format c. experimental design

d. dependent variable Answer: b Page Reference: 48 Skill: Conceptual 46) Sniderman, in his attempt to answer questions about anti-Semitism in Canada, used which of the following research methods? a. an experiment b. surveys c. participant observation d. interviews Answer: b Page Reference: 49 Skill: Conceptual 47) In his research, Sniderman found thats a. French-speaking Quebeckers are more anti-Semitic than English-speaking Canadians. b. English-speaking Canadians are more anti-Semitic than French-speaking Quebeckers. c. Western Canadians are more anti-Semitic than Eastern Canadians. d. Northern Canadians are more anti-Semitic than Southern Canadians.

Answer: a Page Reference: 49–50 Skill: Factual 48) One disadvantage of conducting interviews is that this research method a. does not permit follow-up questions. b. does not allow subjects’ answers to be detailed. c. results in a very low response rate. d. may easily allow the researcher to influence subjects’ responses.

Answer: d Page Reference: 48–49 Skill: Factual 49) When you see a table in a journal article or book, the first thing you should read is the a. column on the far left. b. top row of information. c. title of the table. d. column on the far right.

Answer: c Page Reference: 53 Skill: Conceptual 50) William Foote Whyte’s study of Cornerville (Street Corner Society) used which sociological research method? a. experiment b. survey c. participant observation d. secondary analysis Answer: c Page Reference: 51 Skill: Factual 51) William Foote Whyte’s study of Cornerville (Street Corner Society) showed that a. Cornerville was a liberal community with many Harvard students. b. Cornerville was a chaotic and very dangerous slum.

c. Cornerville was a complex community that did not fit simple stereotypes. d. a Harvard sociologist was unable to work in a low-income community.

Answer: c Page Reference: 51–52 Skill: Factual 52) You wish to conduct an exploratory and descriptive study of people in a particular neighbourhood. You have plenty of time, but little money or other resources. What research method should you use? a. an experiment b. a survey c. participant observation d. secondary analysis Answer: c Page Reference: 50–51 Skill: Applied 53) ___________ is a form of secondary analysis that entails the counting or coding of the content of written, aural, or visual materials. a. Cultural analysis b. Content analysis c. Historical analysis d. Census data Answer: b Page Reference: 52 Skill: Conceptual 54) Your text notes that one of the best-known early content analyses of the twentieth century is a. Weber’s Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. b. Thomas and Znaniecki’s The Polish Peasant in Europe and America. c. Zimbardo’s Stanford County Prison. d. Whyte’s Street Corner Society.

Answer: b Page Reference: 52 Skill: Factual 55) Which sociological research method is best used to study what cannot be directly observed, such as attitudes and values, among large numbers of people? a. the experiment b. the survey c. participant observation d. secondary analysis Answer: b Page Reference: 47 Skill: Applied 56) Which sociological research method provides the best chance to understand social behaviour in a natural setting? a. the experiment b. the survey c. participant observation d. secondary analysis Answer: c Page Reference: 50–51 Skill: Applied

57) Which sociological research method is likely to be most difficult to replicate? a. the experiment b. the survey c. participant observation d. secondary analysis Answer: c Page Reference: 50–51 Skill: Applied 58) Which sociological research method saves the time and expense of data gathering, but the researcher has no control over possible data bias? a. the experiment b. the survey c. participant observation d. secondary analysis Answer: d Page Reference: 52 Skill: Applied 59) Once you have identified a topic for your research, what should you do next? a. choose a method of research b. review the literature on the same topic c. assess your financial needs d. collect data Answer: b Page Reference: 56 Skill: Conceptual 60) Inductive logical thought involves a. turning theories into hypotheses suitable for testing. b. selecting a research method based on available resources. c. doing research about the past. d. transforming specific observations into general theory.

Answer: d Page Reference: 55 Skill: Conceptual 61) Deductive logical thought involves a. turning theories into hypotheses suitable for testing. b. selecting a research method based on available resources. c. doing research about the past. d. transforming specific observations into general theory.

Answer: a Page Reference: 55–56 Skill: Conceptual 62) Which of the following is a way in which people can mislead others with statistics? a. The data presented is too confusing for anyone to understand, which is used to fool people into believing what is being said. b. People interpret the data to lead their readers to a desired conclusion. c. Graphs are often colourful and their images are distracting. d. They can’t. Statistics exist to prevent the use of data to mislead.

Answer: b Page Reference: 56 Skill: Factual

True/False Questions 63) Two simple requirements that underlie the process of sociological investigation are (1) looking at the world using the sociological perspective, and (2) becoming curious and asking questions. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 33 Skill: Factual 64) The sociologist recognizes that there are various kinds of “truth.” a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 33 Skill: Factual 65) Faith, accepted wisdom, and scientific knowledge are all equally valid forms of truth, sociologically speaking. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 33–34 Skill: Conceptual 66) Science is a logical system based on intuition and insight. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 34 Skill: Conceptual 67) Empirical evidence refers to what we can verify with our senses. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 34 Skill: Conceptual 68) Reliability refers to the quality of consistency in measurement. a. True Correct b. False

Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 36 Skill: Conceptual 69) Validity is the quality of measurement gained by actually measuring what you want to measure. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 36 Skill: Conceptual 70) A variable that is changed by another variable is called the “independent variable.” a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 36 Skill: Conceptual 71) The variable that causes change in another variable is called the “dependent variable.” a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 36 Skill: Conceptual 72) Any time two variables are statistically related, a cause-and-effect relationship exists. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 36–37 Skill: Conceptual 73) Replication is one way to assess the accuracy of existing research. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 38 Skill: Conceptual 74) A false correlation between two variables, caused by some third variable, is described as a “spurious” correlation. a. True Correct b. False

Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 37 Skill: Conceptual 75) Correlation is causation. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 36–37 Skill: Conceptual 76) Natural scientists often have an easier time than social scientists in identifying cause-and-effect relationships. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 37 Skill: Factual 77) Sociologists always achieve complete personal objectivity in their work a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 38 Skill: Factual 78) Max Weber urged sociologists to strive toward the goal of being value-free. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 38 Skill: Factual 79) The logic and methodology of science guarantee that sociological research will result in objective, absolute truth. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 38–39 Skill: Factual 80) Interpretive sociology focuses less on action itself and more on the meaning people attach to their actions. a. True

Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 39–40 Skill: Conceptual 81) Scientific sociologists make use of what Max Weber called Verstehen to make sense of their surroundings. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 39 Skill: Conceptual 82) Interpretive sociology considers subjective feelings to be a source of bias. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 39 Skill: Factual 83) Critical sociology both studies society and tries to bring about social change. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 40 Skill: Factual 84) The analysis of Karl Marx represents the critical approach in sociology. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 40 Skill: Factual 85) Gender blindness is the problem of failing to consider the importance of gender in sociological research. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 41 Skill: Factual 86) According to Dorothy Smith, women’s lives are significantly affected by capitalism or patriarchy.

a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 43 Skill: Conceptual 87) Causality is always determined mathematically. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 43 Skill: Conceptual 88) Sociological research can never be harmful to subjects. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 44 Skill: Factual 89) To identify cause-and-effect relationships, it is usually necessary to exercise experimental control of variables. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 44–45 Skill: Factual 90) The very fact of observing people may affect their behaviour. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 39 Skill: Factual 91) In Zimbardo’s Stanford County Prison research, “violence” was the independent variable. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 46–47 Skill: Applied 92) Zimbardo’s Stanford County Prison research lasted for a little over 6 months.

a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 46–47 Skill: Factual 93) A random sample is likely to represent the population from which it is drawn. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 47 Skill: Factual 94) Haphazardly selecting people as they walk down the street is a convenient and useful way to generate a random sample. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 47 Skill: Applied 95) A survey is a research method in which subjects respond to a series of items or questions. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 47 Skill: Conceptual 96) A closed-ended questionnaire format generally makes it easier to analyze results compared to an open-ended questionnaire format. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 48 Skill: Factual 97) Conducting interviews takes no more time than completing questionnaires and gives just as good results. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 48 Skill: Factual

98) Participant observation is a research method in which researchers stand back, watch, and carefully record the behaviour of others. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 50–52 Skill: Factual 99) Participant observation research is usually explanatory, identifying cause-and-effect relationships. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 50–52 Skill: Factual 100) The use of existing data and documents (secondary analysis) makes most historical research possible. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 52 Skill: Factual 101) Inductive logical thought turns theory into testable hypotheses. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 55–56 Skill: Conceptual 102) “Statistical evidence” may or may not be the same as truth. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 53–54 Skill: Factual Short Answer Questions 103) Discuss the idea that science is one form of truth.

Page Reference: 33–34 Skill: Conceptual 104) How does a researcher transform a concept into a variable?

Page Reference: 35 Skill: Conceptual 105) Thinking about measuring a variable, how is reliability different from validity? Which concept implies the other?

Page Reference: 36 Skill: Conceptual 106) List the three conditions required to establish cause and effect in social scientific research.

Page Reference: 37 Skill: Factual 107) What is a spurious correlation?

Page Reference: 37 Skill: Conceptual 108) What did Max Weber mean by “value-free” research?

Page Reference: 38 Skill: Conceptual 109) What are the essential differences between scientific sociology, interpretive sociology, and critical sociology?

Page Reference: 35–41 Skill: Conceptual 110) Provide one strength and one limitation of each of the major research methods described in this chapter: experiment, survey, participant observation, and secondary analysis.

Page Reference: 44–54 Skill: Applied 111) Discuss what you learned from Table 2-2, Labour-Force Participation and Income of Aboriginal Men and Women.

Page Reference: 53 Skill: Conceptual Essay Questions 112) What makes science a special “way of knowing”? What are important traits of scientific sociology?

How does interpretive sociology differ from scientific sociology?

Skill: Conceptual 113) How does critical sociology differ from scientific sociology? What are the differences in terms of the basic image of society as well as the goals of research?

Skill: Conceptual 114) None of the major methods of sociological research—experiment, survey, participant observation, and secondary research—is better than any other in an absolute sense, but each is suitable for addressing a certain type of question or situation. Explain why this is true, and provide illustrations along with your arguments.

Skill: Applied 115) How does inductive logical thought differ from deductive logical thought? How can a researcher benefit from using both kinds of thinking?

Skill: Conceptual 116) Outline the ten steps in the process of carrying out sociological investigation. You may use the format presented in the text; that is, what specific questions must be answered as a researcher moves along?

Skill: Factual 117) How and why is gender important in research? What are some of the problems in research that involve gender? How about race and ethnicity? How should a researcher take account of race and ethnicity when planning research?

Skill: Applied 118) Your friend has just given you an article to read that claims that AIDS was brought to Earth by aliens from another planet. Using the knowledge gained in Chapter 2 of the text on sociological investigation, how might you go about beginning the process of critiquing this article? Explain in as much detail as possible.

Skill: Applied 119) Why is it necessary for researchers to understand a good deal about the way of life of the people they are studying? What problems could arise if, say, a researcher started research on the Amish, Aboriginal peoples, or some distinctive other category of people and had no understanding of their way of life?

Skill: Applied Quick Quiz: Multiple Choice Questions 1) Critical sociology can best be described as a(n) ________ approach. a. activist b. scientific c. qualitative d. value-free Answer: a 2) Qualitative research has special appeal to investigators who favour which theoretical approach? a. the structural-functional approach b. the symbolic-interaction approach c. the social-conflict approach d. the social-control approach Answer: b 3) A researcher doing participant observation may “break in” to a setting more easily with the help of a(n) a. key informant. b. research assistant. c. bigger budget. d. official declaration from a scholarly authority.

Answer: a 4) The sociologist who called on his colleagues to be value-free was a. Karl Marx. b. Emile Durkheim. c. Herbert Spencer. d. Max Weber.

Answer: d

5) In making judgments about how society should be improved, the ________ approach in sociology rejects Max Weber’s goal that researchers be value-free. a. interpretive b. critical c. scientific d. positivist Answer: b 6) William Foote Whyte’s study of Cornerville (Street Corner Society) used which sociological research method? a. experiment b. survey c. participant observation d. secondary analysis Answer: c 7) Which German word meaning “understanding” was used by Max Weber in describing his approach to sociological research? a. Gemeinschaft b. Gesellschaft c. Verstehen d. Verboten Answer: c Quick Quiz: True/False Questions 8) A positivist approach assumes that reality exists “out there.” a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a 9) Natural scientists often have an easier time than social scientists in identifying cause-and-effect relationships. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Quick Quiz: Short Answer Question 10) List the three conditions required to establish cause and effect in social scientific research.

Test Bank for Macionis/Gerber, Sociology, Ninth Canadian Edition Chapter 3: Culture Multiple Choice Questions 1) Personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life is called a. nonmaterial culture. b. culture shock.

c. cultural surprise. d. freaking out.

Answer: b Page Reference: 65 Skill: Conceptual 2) As part of human culture, the Canadian constitution is an example of a. material culture. b. subculture. c. culture shock. d. nonmaterial culture.

Answer: d Page Reference: 64–65 Skill: Applied 3) As a part of human culture, religion is an example of a. material culture. b. nonmaterial culture. c. culture shock. d. human nature.

Answer: b Page Reference: 64–65 Skill: Applied 4) What is the term for the beliefs, values, behaviour, and material objects that together make up a people’s way of life? a. social structure b. social system c. culture d. society Answer: c Page Reference: 64 Skill: Conceptual 5) The intangible world of ideas created by members of a society is referred to as a. high culture. b. material culture. c. norms. d. nonmaterial culture.

Answer: d Page Reference: 64–65 Skill: Conceptual 6) Cars, computers, and iPhones are all examples of which of the following? a. high culture b. material culture c. norms d. nonmaterial culture Answer: b Page Reference: 64–65 Skill: Applied 7) Looking all around the world, what we find everywhere is a. the same ideas about what is right. b. that people enjoy the same sports.

c. that people create cultural systems. d. the same standards that define what is beautiful and ugly.

Answer: c Page Reference: 65–66 Skill: Factual 8) Among all forms of life, humans stand out as the only species that a. relies on culture to ensure survival. b. has patterned ways of living. c. has biological instincts. d. makes use of tools.

Answer: a Page Reference: 66 Skill: Factual 9) The term Homo sapiens, the name of our species, comes from Latin meaning a. “person of culture.” b. “thinking person.” c. “one who walks upright.” d. “person who evolves.”

Answer: b Page Reference: 66 Skill: Factual 10) According to scientists, Homo sapiens first appeared on Earth about how long ago? a. 2500 years b. 25 000 years c. 250 000 years d. 250 million years Answer: c Page Reference: 66 Skill: Factual 11) The term _____ refers to a shared way of life, and the term ____ refers to a political entity. a. culture; society b. country; nation c. nation; culture d. culture; nation Answer: d Page Reference: 66 Skill: Conceptual 12) Of the 60 Aboriginal languages spoken in Canada a hundred years ago, how many are NOT in danger of extinction today? a. 4 b. 18 c. 30 d. 55 Answer: a Page Reference: 67 Skill: Factual 13) Sociologists define a symbol as a. anything that carries meaning to people who share a culture. b. any material cultural trait.

c. any gesture that conveys insult to others. d. social patterns that cause culture shock.

Answer: a Page Reference: 67 Skill: Conceptual 14) The fact that instant messaging is based on a new set of symbols shows us that a. today’s young people don’t understand the sacred quality of symbols. b. there are many ways to use symbols to communicate. c. culture is immutable. d. symbols hold no real meaning.

Answer: b Page Reference: 69 Skill: Applied 15) Cultural transmission refers to the process of a. cultural patterns moving from one society to another. b. using the oral tradition. c. passing cultural patterns from one generation to another. d. using writing to enshrine cultural patterns.

Answer: c Page Reference: 70 Skill: Conceptual 16) The language widely spoken by people in more nations of the world than any other is a. Spanish. b. Chinese. c. English. d. Hindi.

Answer: c Page Reference: 70 Skill: Factual 17) Which of the following most closely conveys the point of the Sapir-Whorf thesis? a. Language involves attaching labels to the real world. b. People see the world through the cultural lens of their language. c. Most words have the same meaning if spoken in different languages. d. Every word exists in all known languages.

Answer: b Page Reference: 71 Skill: Applied 18) Standards by which people who share culture define what is desirable, good, and beautiful are called a. folkways. b. norms. c. mores. d. values.

Answer: d Page Reference: 71 Skill: Conceptual 19) Values are broad principles that support ____________. a. beliefs b. norms c. folkways

d. language Answer: a Page Reference: 71 Skill: Conceptual 20) One tradition that is central to the Canadian winter and the elusive Canadian identity is a. skating. b. tobogganing. c. skiing. d. hockey.

Answer: d Page Reference: 72 Skill: Applied 21) According to Seymour Martin Lipset, the traditional differences between Canadian and American values are a. rooted in the past. b. insignificant. c. rooted in religion. d. based on the languages spoken in each country.

Answer: a Page Reference: 73 Skill: Applied 22) Low-income countries have cultures that value which of the following? a. economic survival b. equal standing for women and men c. self-expression d. secular practices Answer: a Page Reference: 72, 74 Skill: Conceptual 23) __________ are rules about everyday, casual living; __________ are rules with great moral significance. a. Mores; folkways b. Folkways; mores c. Proscriptive norms; prescriptive norms d. Proscriptive norms; prescriptive norms Answer: b Page Reference: 74 Skill: Conceptual 24) Wrong-doing, such as an adult forcing a child to engage in sexual activity, is an example of violating cultural a. mores. b. symbols. c. folkways. d. control.

Answer: a Page Reference: 74 Skill: Applied 25) The early U.S. sociologist who described the difference between folkways and mores was a. Emile Durkheim.

b. William Graham Sumner. c. Harriett Martineau. d. George Herbert Mead.

Answer: b Page Reference: 74 Skill: Factual 26) _____ distinguish between right and wrong; _____ distinguish between right and rude. a. Mores; folkways b. Taboos; mores c. Folkways; mores d. Prescriptive norms; proscriptive norms Answer: a Page Reference: 74 Skill: Conceptual 27) An act of kindness, such as opening the door for an elderly man, illustrates conforming to a. mores. b. taboos. c. folkways. d. proscriptive norms.

Answer: c Page Reference: 74 Skill: Applied 28) Elements of social control in everyday life include a. police surveillance. b. imprisonment. c. sanctions, including the response of other people. d. trade sanctions.

Answer: c Page Reference: 74 Skill: Applied 29) The fact that some married men and married women are sexually unfaithful to their spouses is an example of _____ culture, while the fact that most adults say they support the idea of sexual fidelity is an example of _____ culture. a. high; low b. low; high c. ideal; real d. real; ideal Answer: d Page Reference: 74 Skill: Applied 30) Sociologists refer to tangible or physical human creations as a. nonmaterial culture. b. artifacts. c. technology. d. values.

Answer: b Page Reference: 74 Skill: Conceptual 31) What is the term for the application of cultural knowledge to the task of living in an environment?

a. real culture b. ideal culture c. cultural transmission d. technology Answer: d Page Reference: 75 Skill: Conceptual 32) Which of the following statements about technology is true? a. Nations with more advanced technology are always superior to nations with less advanced technology. b. Advanced technology improves life in some ways but also threatens it in other ways. c. Access to technology is evenly distributed across any society’s population. d. Technology does not contribute to or detract from everyday life.

Answer: b Page Reference: 75 Skill: Factual 33) As our society has entered a post-industrial, computer-based phase, which of the following have become more important? a. gaining symbolic skills, including speaking, writing and computing b. gaining mechanical skills using industrial machinery c. knowing more about the past d. gaining proficiency in resource extraction (primary industries) Answer: a Page Reference: 76 Skill: Factual 34) Canada is very culturally diverse, compared to ______, whose historic isolation made it the most monocultural of industrial nations. a. England b. the United States c. Japan d. Iraq Answer: c Page Reference: 76 Skill: Factual 35) The distinction between high culture and popular culture is based mostly on a. how advanced the cultural pattern is. b. how long the cultural pattern has existed. c. the social standing of the people who display the cultural pattern. d. There is no distinction; they overlap in most areas.

Answer: c Page Reference: 76–77 Skill: Conceptual 36) Cultural patterns that are widespread among a society’s population are referred to as a. high culture. b. popular culture. c. elite culture. d. established culture.

Answer: b Page Reference: 77 Skill: Conceptual

37) If you were to attend the opera, you would be experiencing a. high culture. b. popular culture. c. cultural transmission. d. virtual culture.

Answer: a Page Reference: 77 Skill: Applied 38) Between 1991 and 2001, more than half of immigrants to Canada came from a. Europe. b. the United States. c. Asia and the Middle East. d. Africa.

Answer: c Page Reference: 78 Skill: Factual 39) Subculture refers to a. a part of the population lacking culture. b. people who embrace popular culture. c. cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society’s population. d. people who embrace high culture.

Answer: c Page Reference: 77 Skill: Conceptual 40) Hockey fans, homeless people, computer nerds, and jazz musicians all display _____ patterns. a. high cultural b. popular cultural c. virtual cultural d. subcultural Answer: d Page Reference: 77 Skill: Applied 41) Multiculturalism is defined as a. efforts to encourage immigration to Canada. b. efforts to establish English as the only official language of Canada. c. social policy designed to encourage ethnic or cultural heterogeneity. d. the idea that Canada should have a single one dominant culture.

Answer: c Page Reference: 78 Skill: Conceptual 42) The claim that Canadian culture is dominated by European, and especially English, ways of life states that our culture is a. ethnocentric. b. Afrocentric. c. Eurocentric. d. culturally relative.

Answer: c Page Reference: 78 Skill: Conceptual

43) Counterculture refers to a. people who differ in some small way. b. popular culture. c. high culture. d. cultural patterns that oppose those that are widely held.

Answer: d Page Reference: 79 Skill: Conceptual 44) Cultural integration refers to the fact that a. Canadian society contains many cultural patterns. b. European cultural patterns dominate Canadian society. c. change in one cultural pattern is usually linked to changes in others. d. everyone in Canada shares most cultural values.

Answer: c Page Reference: 79 Skill: Conceptual 45) The term cultural lag refers to the fact that a. the rate of cultural change has been slowing. b. some societies advance faster than others do. c. some people are more cultured than others. d. some cultural elements change more quickly than others.

Answer: d Page Reference: 79 Skill: Conceptual 46) Which of the following statements is a good example of cultural lag? a. gaining the ability to modify genetic patterns before understanding the possible social consequences of this kind of work b. a slowing in the rate of invention in the computer industry c. older people trying to make younger people respect tradition d. virtual culture replacing traditional culture Answer: a Page Reference: 79 Skill: Applied 47) Cultural change is set in motion in three general ways. What are they? a. invention, discovery, and diffusion b. invasion, invention, and experiment c. immigration, imagination, and innovation d. adaptation, integration, and immigration Answer: a Page Reference: 80 Skill: Factual 48) The spread of cultural traits from one society to another is called a. immigration. b. cultural transmission. c. popular culture. d. diffusion.

Answer: d Page Reference: 80 Skill: Conceptual

49) Ethnocentrism refers to a. people taking pride in their ethnicity. b. claiming that another culture is better than your own. c. judging another culture using the standards of your own culture. d. understanding another culture using its own standards and values.

Answer: c Page Reference: 80 Skill: Conceptual 50) A person who criticizes the Amish farmer as “backward” for tilling his fields with horses and a plow instead of using a tractor is displaying a. ethnocentrism. b. cultural relativism. c. cultural diffusion. d. cultural integration.

Answer: a Page Reference: 80 Skill: Applied 51) The practice of understanding another culture on its own terms and using its own standards is called a. ethnocentrism. b. cultural relativism. c. cultural diffusion. d. cultural integration.

Answer: b Page Reference: 80 Skill: Conceptual 52) About what percentage of people in Canada were born elsewhere? a. 21 b. 39 c. 51 d. 80 Answer: a Page Reference: 82 Skill: Factual 53) Which of the following adds to the creation of a global culture? a. the flow of goods from country to country b. the Winter and Summer Olympic Games c. cultural appropriation in mainstream media d. European colonialism Answer: a Page Reference: 81–82 Skill: Factual 54) Which theoretical approach states that the stability of Old Order Mennonite society rests on core values shared by most people? a. the structural-functional approach b. the social-conflict approach c. the symbolic-interaction approach d. the sociobiology approach Answer: a Page Reference: 82 Skill: Conceptual

55) Cultural universals are elements of culture that a. have always been part of Canadian culture. b. have diffused from the United States to other countries. c. have come to Canada from elsewhere. d. are part of every known culture.

Answer: d Page Reference: 82 Skill: Conceptual 56) George Murdock pointed to many cultural universals. Which of the following is NOT an example of a cultural universal? a. belief in a heavenly afterlife b. funeral rites c. the family d. telling jokes Answer: a Page Reference: 82 Skill: Factual 57) Which theoretical approach is linked to the philosophical doctrine of materialism? a. the structural-functional approach b. the social-conflict approach c. the symbolic-interaction approach d. the sociobiology approach Answer: b Page Reference: 83 Skill: Conceptual 58) A Marxist analysis of Canadian culture suggests that our competitive and individualistic values reflect a. the values of the “founding fathers.” b. trends in Western European history. c. this nation’s capitalist economy. d. this nation’s family system.

Answer: c Page Reference: 83 Skill: Factual 59) The theoretical approach that highlights the link between culture and social inequality is the a. structural-functional approach. b. social-conflict approach. c. symbolic-interaction approach. d. sociobiology approach.

Answer: b Page Reference: 83 Skill: Factual 60) Which theoretical approach explains why the sexual “double standard” is found around the world? a. the structural-functional approach b. the social-conflict approach c. the symbolic-interaction approach d. the sociobiology approach Answer: d Page Reference: 84 Skill: Factual

61) Culture acts as a constraint, limiting human freedom because a. much culture is habit, which people repeat again and again. b. humans cannot create new culture for themselves. c. culture always discourages change. d. cultural universals prevent any kind of excessive deviation.

Answer: a Page Reference: 85 Skill: Conceptual 62) Culture is a source of human freedom because a. culture does not guide behaviour. b. all culture changes very quickly. c. as cultural creatures, humans make and remake the world for themselves. d. all humans are able to choose their own subculture.

Answer: c Page Reference: 85 Skill: Conceptual 63) Who, of the following, would be most likely to say that “cultural patterns are rooted in a society’s system of economic production”? a. a structural functionalist b. a conflict theorist c. a sociobiologist d. a symbolic interactionist Answer: b Page Reference: 83 Skill: Conceptual 64) Who, of the following, would be most likely to say that “cultural patterns are rooted in a society’s core values and beliefs”? a. a structural functionalist b. a conflict theorist c. a sociobiologist d. a symbolic interactionist Answer: a Page Reference: 82 Skill: Conceptual 65) Who, of the following, would be most likely to say that “culture is a system of behaviour that is partly shaped by human biology”? a. a structural functionalist b. a conflict theorist c. a sociobiologist d. a symbolic interactionist Answer: c Page Reference: 84 Skill: Conceptual True/False Questions 66) People around the world have much the same outward appearance, wearing the same clothing and bodily decoration. a. True

Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 64–65 Skill: Factual 67) Culture refers to values, beliefs, behaviour, and material things that form a way of life. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 64 Skill: Conceptual 68) An example of nonmaterial culture would be the types of vehicles people use to get around. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 64 Skill: Factual 69) Experiencing an unfamiliar culture can generate culture shock. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 65 Skill: Conceptual 70) Certain ways of life are biologically “natural” to humans everywhere. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 65–66 Skill: Factual 71) For at least 12 000 years, humans have used culture as a strategy for survival. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 66 Skill: Factual 72) Symbols refer to anything that carries meaning recognized by people who share culture. a. True Correct

b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 67 Skill: Conceptual 73) All cultures have some common elements. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 67 Skill: Conceptual 74) Only four Aboriginal languages spoken in Canada are not on the brink of extinction. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 67 Skill: Factual 75) The emergence of computer-based instant messaging shows how new symbols are being created all the time. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 69 Skill: Applied 76) Symbols allow people to make sense of their surroundings. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 68 Skill: Conceptual 77) Gestures such as “thumbs up” are used in most societies of the world to signify that something is very good. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 68 Skill: Factual 78) Cultural transmission cannot take place unless people have a written language. a. True

Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 70 Skill: Factual 79) English is the official language of about 5 percent of humanity, and it has become the preferred second language in most of the world. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 70 Skill: Factual 80) The Sapir-Whorf thesis states that the language we use shapes the reality we perceive. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 71 Skill: Conceptual 81) Values are standards that serve as broad guidelines for living. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 71 Skill: Conceptual 82) Cultural values in Canada always go together—they are all consistent with one another. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 71–73 Skill: Factual 83) Cultural values in high-income nations tend to be secular-rational, giving greater importance to personal self-expression. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 74 Skill: Factual 84) In general, low-income nations have cultures that value individualism and personal self-expression.

a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 74 Skill: Factual 85) Mores are norms that have great moral significance. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 74 Skill: Conceptual 86) Across Canada, mores vary more than folkways. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 74 Skill: Factual 87) Values and norms help to define a society’s “ideal culture.” a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 74 Skill: Conceptual 88) Technology refers to knowledge people use to make a way of life in their surroundings. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 75 Skill: Conceptual 89) The Old Order Mennonite way of life accepts most of this country’s popular culture. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 75 Skill: Applied 90) Japan is more multicultural than Canada. a. True

Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 76 Skill: Factual 91) Canada has a popular culture but not a high culture. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 76–77 Skill: Factual 92) Most people participate in numerous subcultures without necessarily becoming very committed to any of them. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 77 Skill: Factual 93) Eurocentrism refers to the dominance of European cultural patterns. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 78 Skill: Conceptual 94) Subculture is more at odds with dominant culture than counterculture. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 77, 79 Skill: Conceptual 95) Cultural lag refers to the fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others do. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 79 Skill: Conceptual 96) Cultural change results from invention, discovery, and diffusion. a. True

Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 79 Skill: Factual 97) Cultural relativism means using your own cultural standards to evaluate another culture. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 80 Skill: Conceptual 98) The structural-functional approach sees culture as a relatively stable system of integrated patterns people use to meet their needs. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 82 Skill: Conceptual 99) Cultural universals refer to patterns that are held by everyone in a society. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 82 Skill: Conceptual 100) Karl Marx argued that a society’s economic system was shaped by its value system. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 83 Skill: Factual 101) Sociobiology explores how human biology—and especially our evolutionary past—has shaped today’s culture. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 84 Skill: Conceptual 102) It is fair to say that humans are prisoners of our existing culture.

a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 85 Skill: Factual 103) Sociobiology employs a micro-level of analysis of culture. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 85 Skill: Conceptual 104) Sociobiologists claim that the existence of a large number of cultural universals reflects the fact that all humans are members of a single biological species. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 84 Skill: Conceptual 105) Human beings are cultural creatures. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 85 Skill: Factual 106) Culture forces us to choose as we make and remake a world for ourselves a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 85 Skill: Conceptual Short Answer Questions 107) What is the difference between material and nonmaterial culture?

Page Reference: 64–65 Skill: Conceptual 108) What causes culture shock?

Page Reference: 65–66 Skill: Conceptual

109) Explain the importance of the five common components of all human culture: symbols, language, values, beliefs, and norms.

Page Reference: 67-74 Skill: Conceptual 110) Describe Canada in six words or less (i.e., create a Canadian motto). Why did you choose the words you did?

Page Reference: 72–73 Skill: Applied 111) What makes Canadians and Americans different?

Page Reference: 73 Skill: Conceptual 112) How does Lipset first describe and then explain the differences between Canadians and Americans?

Page Reference: 73 Skill: Applied 113) Give an example of each of the following: (a) folkways, (b) mores, (c) a prescriptive norm, and (d) a proscriptive norm.

Page Reference: 74 Skill: Applied 114) What is the difference between “ideal” and “real” culture?

Page Reference: 74 Skill: Conceptual 115) What is the difference between high culture and popular culture?

Page Reference: 77 Skill: Conceptual 116) What is the difference between subculture and counterculture? Define your terms carefully.

Page Reference: 77, 79 Skill: Conceptual 117) Discuss how societies in the world have more contact with one another than ever before.

Page Reference: 81–82 Skill: Conceptual 118) What is ethnocentrism? What is cultural relativism? Identify a problem with each.

Page Reference: 80–81 Skill: Conceptual 119) What basic view of culture underlies the structural-functional approach? Explain.

Page Reference: 82 Skill: Factual 120) What basic view of culture underlies the social-conflict approach? Explain.

Page Reference: 83 Skill: Factual 121) What does the sociobiology approach tell us about human culture? Explain.

Page Reference: 84 Skill: Factual Essay Questions 122) How does ideal culture differ from real culture? Illustrate your essay using three examples of how ideal and real cultures differ in Canadian society.

Skill: Applied 123) “Human nature is the development of culture.” Explain how human beings came to be the only creatures to make use of culture as a strategy for survival.

Skill: Applied 124) Write an essay that highlights the different insights about culture that come from the structuralfunctional approach, the social-conflict approach, and the sociobiology approach. Is one theoretical approach more right than another? Or does each approach offer insights that are complementary?

Explain your position.

Skill: Conceptual 125) Identify at least one positive and one negative consequence of declaring English as the only “official” language of Canada. Why do some people strongly support this goal? Why do others strongly oppose it?

Skill: Applied 126) How do cultural values differ in low-income nations and in high-income nations? What reasons can you provide for this difference?

Skill: Applied 127) How different are Canadians and Americans in the twenty-first century? Discuss BOTH our similarities and our differences, as well as where these similarities and differences have their roots.

Skill: Applied Quick Quiz: Multiple Choice Questions 1) Canada is the most _______ of all countries. a. multicultural b. culturally uniform c. slowly changing d. nonmaterial Answer: a 2) Key values of Canadian culture a. always fit together easily. b. change quickly, even from year to year. c. are shared by absolutely everyone in a society. d. are sometimes in conflict with one another.

Answer: d 3) Other than English, which is the most widely-spoken language in Canada? a. French b. Ukrainian c. German d. Chinese Answer: a

4) George Murdock pointed to many cultural universals. Which of the following is NOT an example of a cultural universal? a. belief in a heavenly afterlife b. funeral rites c. the family d. telling jokes Answer: a 5) Among all forms of life, humans stand out as the only species that a. relies on culture to ensure survival. b. has patterned ways of living. c. has biological instincts. d. makes use of tools.

Answer: a 6) The term Homo sapiens, the name of our species, comes from Latin meaning a. “person of culture.” b. “thinking person.” c. “one who walks upright.” d. “person who evolves.”

Answer: b 7) _____________ described the difference between folkways and mores. a. Emile Durkheim b. William Graham Sumner c. Harriett Martineau d. George Herbert Mead Answer: b Quick Quiz: True/False Questions 8) Culture refers to values, beliefs, behaviour, and material things that form a way of life. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a 9) An example of nonmaterial culture would be the types of vehicles people use to get around. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Quick Quiz: Short Answer Question 10) What makes Canadians and Americans different?

Test Bank for Macionis/Gerber, Sociology, Ninth Canadian Edition Chapter 4: Society Multiple Choice Questions

1) Who, of the following, would be most likely to argue that the power of ideas shapes society? a. the Lenskis b. Marx c. Weber d. Durkheim Answer: c Page Reference: 92 Skill: Conceptual 2) Which of the following concepts refers to people who interact in a defined territory and share culture? a. culture b. society c. nation d. state Answer: b Page Reference: 92 Skill: Conceptual 3) Gerhard Lenski claimed that which of the following has the greatest power to shape a society? a. technology b. social conflict c. human ideas d. human desire for change Answer: a Page Reference: 93 Skill: Conceptual 4) According to Lenski, the term socio-cultural evolution refers to a. changes brought about by new ways of thinking. b. changes created by ideas coming from other societies. c. change that results from social conflict. d. changes that occur as a society acquires new technology.

Answer: d Page Reference: 93 Skill: Conceptual 5) Which of the following factors would the Lenskis’ approach highlight as bringing about change in society? a. the telephone b. conflict between workers and factory owners c. new religious movements d. the extent to which people share moral values Answer: a Page Reference: 93 Skill: Applied 6) Hunting and gathering societies were the only kind on the Earth from the origins of the human species some 3 million years ago until about a. 250 000 years ago. b. 100 000 years ago. c. 12 000 years ago. d. 2 500 years ago.

Answer: c Page Reference: 93 Skill: Factual

7) Today, hunting and gathering societies a. are quickly spreading around the world. b. represent about half the world’s population. c. are few in number but are found on every continent. d. are close to disappearing from the world.

Answer: d Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 8) Which of the following is true of hunting and gathering societies? a. Population is small; they are nomadic. b. Population is large; they live in villages. c. Population is small; they raise crops and animals. d. Population is large; most people are farmers.

Answer: a Page Reference: 93–94 Skill: Factual 9) In hunting and gathering societies, a. men and women do almost entirely the same tasks. b. men hunt animals while women gather vegetation. c. women hunt animals while men gather vegetation. d. men and women work together as hunters.

Answer: b Page Reference: 93 Skill: Factual 10) The social standing of women and men in hunting and gathering societies is a. unequal, with men controlling farming. b. fairly equal, with men and women making a vital contribution to survival. c. unequal, with women raising the young while men secure food. d. equal, because both men and women perform the same tasks.

Answer: b Page Reference: 93 Skill: Factual 11) A great danger to hunting and gathering societies is a. warfare. b. growing more food than they can carry. c. the forces of nature, including storms and droughts. d. dangerous animals.

Answer: c Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 12) Horticultural societies are those in which a. people are nomadic. b. people hunt animals and gather vegetation. c. people have learned to raise animals. d. people use simple hand tools to raise crops.

Answer: d Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual

13) Humans first planted gardens in which region of the world? a. Africa b. Asia c. Latin America d. the Middle East Answer: d Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 14) The first type of society to generate a material surplus was a. hunting and gathering. b. horticultural and pastoral. c. agrarian. d. industrial.

Answer: b Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 15) Christianity, Islam, and Judaism all began in _____________ societies. a. hunting and gathering b. pastoral c. agrarian d. industrial Answer: b Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 16) As societies generate a greater productive surplus, their people generally a. become more socially equal. b. gain more productive specialization. c. become less warlike. d. develop feelings of anomie.

Answer: b Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 17) What type of society engages in large-scale farming based on the use of plows drawn by animals or more powerful energy sources? a. hunting and gathering b. horticultural c. pastoral d. agrarian Answer: d Page Reference: 94–95 Skill: Factual 18) Where in the world did large-scale cultivation or farming first develop? a. Southeast Asia b. the Middle East c. North America d. Africa Answer: b Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual

19) Agrarian technology developed based on the use of a. the plow. b. the internal-combustion engine. c. slave labour. d. irrigation.

Answer: a Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 20) The Roman Empire at its peak power was what type of society? a. hunting and gathering b. horticultural and pastoral c. agrarian d. industrial Answer: c Page Reference: 95 Skill: Factual 21) Gerhard Lenski claims that the development of more complex technology a. is entirely positive. b. has both positive and negative effects. c. is entirely negative in its effect. d. has no effect on the quality of human life.

Answer: b Page Reference: 93 Skill: Conceptual 22) Assume you are studying a society that has just invented cities, has increasing specialization, and has just started using money to buy and sell goods and services. It is likely that the society is at which stage of socio-cultural evolution? a. hunting and gathering b. horticultural and pastoral c. agrarian d. industrial Answer: c Page Reference: 94–95 Skill: Applied 23) Many people have marvelled at the Great Wall in China and the Great Pyramids in Egypt. These monuments stand as evidence of the productive power of which type of society? a. hunting and gathering b. horticultural and pastoral c. agrarian d. industrial Answer: c Page Reference: 94–95 Skill: Applied 24) In terms of social inequality, agrarian societies generally a. have much more inequality than less productive societal types. b. have about the same amount of social inequality as less productive societal types. c. have less social inequality than less productive societal types. d. come very close to being egalitarian societies.

Answer: a

Page Reference: 94–95 Skill: Factual 25) Which of the following types of society has the most productive specialization? a. hunting and gathering b. horticultural and pastoral c. agrarian d. industrial Answer: c Page Reference: 94–95 Skill: Factual 26) The birth of the discipline of sociology took place during the development of which type of society? a. pastoral b. horticultural c. industrial d. agrarian Answer: c Page Reference: 96 Skill: Factual 27) Films about advancing technology, including Frankenstein, make the point that advancing technology a. not only solves some problems but creates new ones. b. is the solution to all human problems. c. will never do anything good for humanity. d. reveals problems we didn’t know we already had.

Answer: a Page Reference: 98 Skill: Applied 28) Industrialization changes societies in many ways. Which of the following is NOT a change brought on by industrialization? a. A larger share of a society’s people lives in cities. b. There are fewer types of jobs and fewer people now work for income. c. The rate of social change increases. d. Advances in communication and transportation make society seem smaller.

Answer: b Page Reference: 96 Skill: Factual 29) Compared to an industrial society, a post-industrial society is based on a. an information-based economy. b. a factory-based economy. c. an immigrant labour force. d. a less productive economy.

Answer: a Page Reference: 96–97 Skill: Factual 30) Karl Marx believed that the industrial-capitalist system was a. going to last forever. b. the best economic system possible. c. giving rise to two great classes: capitalists and proletarians. d. not important to understanding society and conflict.

Answer: c

Page Reference: 98–99 Skill: Factual 31) The driving force of social change, according to Marx, is a. advancing technology. b. social conflict between classes. c. dominant ideas. d. the way in which society is held together.

Answer: b Page Reference: 98 Skill: Factual 32) Karl Marx argued that the dominant social institution is a. the family. b. religion. c. politics. d. the economy.

Answer: d Page Reference: 99 Skill: Factual 33) Marx described the widespread beliefs that supported the capitalist economic system as a. false consciousness. b. class consciousness. c. cultural awareness. d. revolutionary politics Answer: a Page Reference: 99 Skill: Conceptual 34) Marx called those who own and operate factories and other businesses in pursuit of profits a. proletarians. b. peasants. c. capitalists. d. burghers.

Answer: c Page Reference: 98 Skill: Conceptual 35) As the suffering of workers became worse, Marx predicted that they would a. eventually starve to death. b. rise up against the capitalist system. c. go into business for themselves. d. demand that women as well as men join the labour force.

Answer: b Page Reference: 100 Skill: Factual 36) As Marx used the concept, alienation means a. the sense of not knowing right from wrong. b. that most people do not want to work at all. c. that people object to highly specialized work. d. the experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness.

Answer: d Page Reference: 102

Skill: Conceptual 37) Marx described alienation as involving which of the following? a. alienation from the government b. alienation from the products of work c. alienation from social clubs d. alienation from the upper classes Answer: b Page Reference: 103 Skill: Conceptual 38) Marx noted four ways in which capitalism alienates workers. Which of the following is NOT one of these four ways? a. alienation from the act of working b. alienation from human potential c. alienation from the family d. alienation from the product of work Answer: c Page Reference: 103 Skill: Conceptual 39) In the socialist society Marx hoped to see, which of the following would be true? a. Capitalists would pay fair wages to workers. b. Class conflict would no longer exist. c. All people would do the same work. d. Factory technology would be abolished.

Answer: b Page Reference: 103 Skill: Conceptual 40) Which of the following is TRUE? a. “Canadian society” is problematic. b. Quebec wants to be recognized as a “special society.” c. All ethnic groups have the characteristics of a “society.” d. A “society” need not be aware of itself to be an independent entity.

Answer: a Page Reference: 101–102 Skill: Applied 41) Karl Marx used a philosophical approach called _____. Max Weber followed an approach called _____. a. tradition; rationality b. rationality; tradition c. materialism; idealism d. idealism; materialism Answer: c Page Reference: 99, 104 Skill: Conceptual 42) To compare societies at different times in history, Max Weber made use of a. ideal types. b. stereotypes. c. statistical rates. d. rationality tests.

Answer: a

Page Reference: 104 Skill: Conceptual 43) What Lenski called the industrial society and Marx called the capitalist society, Weber considered a. a technological society. b. an ideal society. c. a traditional society. d. a rational society.

Answer: d Page Reference: 104 Skill: Conceptual 44) How did Weber describe traditional societies? a. People look open-mindedly to the future. b. People pass the same values and beliefs from generation to generation. c. People live in the present, paying little attention to the past or the future. d. People strive to be more and more productive.

Answer: c Page Reference: 104 Skill: Conceptual 45) When Weber used the concept “rationality,” he had in mind a. a concern with what’s good for the entire community. b. a respect for tradition. c. deliberate, matter-of-fact calculation of the most efficient way to accomplish any task. d. limiting the extent of class conflict.

Answer: c Page Reference: 104 Skill: Conceptual 46) Karl Marx considered capitalism to be _____, but Max Weber argued that capitalism was very _____. a. irrational; rational b. rational; irrational c. unproductive; productive d. productive; unproductive Answer: a Page Reference: 105 Skill: Conceptual 47) In describing the rationalization of society, Max Weber claimed that modern society had become a. more religious. b. disenchanted. c. full of anomie. d. less productive.

Answer: b Page Reference: 104 Skill: Conceptual 48) __________ considered industrial capitalism to be highly rational. a. Marx b. Weber c. Durkheim d. The Lenskis Answer: b Page Reference: 104

Skill: Factual 49) Weber traced the origins of the capitalist economy in Europe to a. colonialism. b. feudal monarchy. c. the Protestant Reformation. d. technological innovation.

Answer: c Page Reference: 105 Skill: Factual 50) According to Max Weber, early Calvinists were a. deeply religious and highly disciplined. b. eager to enjoy what money could buy. c. people who respected the past. d. not interested in business.

Answer: a Page Reference: 105 Skill: Factual 51) Max Weber’s analysis of the rise of capitalism provides strong evidence of a. the results of class conflict. b. the effects of increasing specialization. c. the importance of advancing technology. d. the power of ideas to change society.

Answer: d Page Reference: 106 Skill: Factual 52) Which of the following is NOT one of the seven characteristics of a rational organization as identified

by Weber? a. specialized tasks b. technical competence c. awareness of time d. personality Answer: d Page Reference: 106 Skill: Conceptual 53) Comparing and contrasting the ideas of Karl Marx and Max Weber, which of the following statements is TRUE? a. Marx thought modern society was alienating; Weber did not. b. Weber thought modern society was alienating; Marx did not. c. Both Marx and Weber thought modern society was alienating, although for different reasons. d. Neither Marx nor Weber thought modern society was alienating.

Answer: c Page Reference: 107 Skill: Conceptual 54) Max Weber described the features of rational social organization, pointing to all but one of the following. Which one is NOT part of his analysis? a. Organizations become large-scale. b. Self-discipline is important. c. People in the workplace share highly personal relationships. d. Technical competence is the key to getting jobs.

Answer: c Page Reference: 106 Skill: Conceptual 55) Weber could see the advantages of industrial capitalism, a. and he was optimistic about the future. b. but he thought it would never actually develop. c. but he thought workers would soon overthrow the system. d. but he was pessimistic about the future.

Answer: d Page Reference: 107 Skill: Factual 56) Emile Durkheim saw society as a system “beyond us” with the power to guide our lives. Therefore, he described elements of society, including cultural norms, values, and beliefs as a. social facts. b. ideal types. c. false consciousness. d. forms of rationality.

Answer: a Page Reference: 107 Skill: Conceptual 57) It would be correct to say that Durkheim thought of society as a. existing only in the human mind. b. an objective reality. c. changing from moment to moment. d. having no clear existence at all.

Answer: b Page Reference: 107 Skill: Conceptual 58) _____________ argued that society was here long before we were born. a. Marx b. Weber c. Durkheim d. The Lenskis Answer: c Page Reference: 107 Skill: Factual 59) How would Durkheim describe the importance of a social structure such as family? a. Family is one important source of inequality. b. Family exists only in the meaning it has for a particular person. c. Family plays a part in the operation of society. d. Family is the result of humanity’s biological evolution.

Answer: c Page Reference: 107–108 Skill: Conceptual 60) Durkheim claimed that, for each of us as individuals, society a. maintains the highest level of personal privacy. b. helps free people from human culture. c. helps people “be all they can be.” d. regulates individuals, reining in their desires and passions.

Answer: d Page Reference: 108 Skill: Conceptual 61) Which of the following would likely be a question Emile Durkheim would ask about the 2001 terrorist attacks? a. How did these attacks unite people across North America? b. Which class benefits most from the war on terror? c. What new kinds of technology will come out of this crisis? d. How might the attacks increase bureaucracy and the power of government?

Answer: a Page Reference: 108 Skill: Applied 62) Which of the following would likely be a question Emile Durkheim would ask about computer technology and the Information Revolution? a. Does computer technology contribute or detract from inner-worldly asceticism? b. Do computers provide an example of mechanical solidarity? c. Might access to unlimited information on the internet increase the danger of anomie? d. What role will computers play in the Proletariat Revolution?

Answer: c Page Reference: 108 Skill: Applied 63) Which of the following concepts was used by Durkheim to name a condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individuals? a. division of labour b. false consciousness c. anomie d. alienation Answer: c Page Reference: 108 Skill: Conceptual 64) Looking over the long course of history, Durkheim claimed that societies change as _____ gives way to _____. a. Gesellschaft; Gemeinschaft b. individualism; collective conscience c. mechanical solidarity; organic solidarity d. organic solidarity; mechanical solidarity Answer: c Page Reference: 108 Skill: Conceptual 65) What concept did Durkheim use to refer to social bonds, which are strong among members of industrial society and are based on specialization and mutual interdependence? a. Gesellschaft b. mechanical solidarity c. collective conscience d. organic solidarity Answer: d Page Reference: 108 Skill: Conceptual 66) Durkheim explained that organic solidarity is based on

a. specialization and interdependence. b. collective conscience. c. shared moral values. d. common cultural heritage.

Answer: a Page Reference: 108 Skill: Conceptual 67) “Anomie” refers to a. alienation. b. distinctiveness. c. normlessness. d. self-destruction.

Answer: c Page Reference: 108 Skill: Conceptual 68) Of the three founding sociologists considered in Chapter 4 of the text, who held the most optimistic view of modern society? a. Karl Marx b. Max Weber c. Emile Durkheim d. Gerhard Lenski Answer: c Page Reference: 109 Skill: Factual 69) Of the following sociologists, which one might you most expect to be having a conversation about the question of what holds society together? a. Gerhard Lenski b. Karl Marx c. Max Weber d. Emile Durkheim Answer: d Page Reference: 110 Skill: Applied 70) Of the following sociologists, which one was most interested in how society is divided? a. Gerhard Lenski b. Karl Marx c. Max Weber d. Emile Durkheim Answer: b Page Reference: 98–99 Skill: Applied 71) If you were to hear a sociologist speaking of class conflict as the “engine of history,” which of the following would it most likely be? a. Gerhard Lenski b. Karl Marx c. Max Weber d. Emile Durkheim Answer: b Page Reference: 98 Skill: Applied

72) If you wanted to learn more about a society’s worldview to be a powerful force causing change, to which of the following sociologists would you turn? a. Gerhard Lenski b. Karl Marx c. Max Weber d. Emile Durkheim Answer: c Page Reference: 104 Skill: Applied 73) __________ might point out that the internet threatens to increase the problem of anomie. a. Marx b. Weber c. Durkheim d. Goffman Answer: c Page Reference: 110 Skill: Applied 74) Today, __________ would likely be concerned about the emergence of a new symbolic elite. a. Marx b. Weber c. Durkheim d. the Lenskis Answer: a Page Reference: 110 Skill: Applied True/False Questions 75) Gerhard Lenski dismissed technology as of little importance in shaping cultural patterns. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 92–93 Skill: Factual 76) Gerhard Lenski used the concept “socio-cultural evolution” to refer to how technological innovation changes the shape of societies. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 93 Skill: Conceptual 77) Hunting and gathering societies generate a productive surplus. a. True Incorrect b. False

Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 93 Skill: Factual 78) Hunting and gathering societies are nomadic. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 93 Skill: Factual 79) Hunting and gathering societies have elected leaders. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 93 Skill: Factual 80) Forces of nature have the greatest effect on societies with the simplest technology. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 93–94 Skill: Factual 81) Hunting and gathering societies around the world contain a large and increasing share of global population a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 82) Many pastoral societies are nomadic. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 83) Horticultural societies typically form permanent settlements. a. True Correct b. False

Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 84) Pastoral and horticultural societies are not capable of a productive surplus. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 85) Compared to hunting and gathering societies, horticultural and pastoral societies have more productive specialization and greater social inequality. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 86) Gerhard Lenski claims that the invention of horticultural or pastoral technology is a clear case of societal progress toward a better way of life. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 94 Skill: Factual 87) Agrarian societies typically have dramatic social inequality. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 94–95 Skill: Factual 88) Agriculture differs from horticulture by making use of the animal-drawn plow that can cultivate much more land. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 94–95 Skill: Factual 89) The subordination of women by men is clearly evident in hunting and gathering societies. a. True

Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 93 Skill: Factual 90) Huge empires—such as the Roman Empire that included tens of millions of people and several million square miles—were based on agrarian technology. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 95 Skill: Factual 91) Agrarian societies are more alike than hunting and gathering societies are. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 95 Skill: Fact 92) Industrial societies use powerful sources of energy to drive large machinery. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 96 Skill: Factual 93) The Industrial Revolution was underway in parts of Europe by the time the explorer Christopher Columbus reached the Americas in 1492. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 96 Skill: Factual 94) Industrial technology tends to weaken the family, making it less the centre of people’s lives. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 96 Skill: Factual 95) Industrial technology has raised living standards in a number of societies.

a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 96 Skill: Factual 96) In general, industrialization results in less schooling and a sharp increase in the share of the population that is illiterate. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 96 Skill: Factual 97) A post-industrial society uses computers and other information technology to operate much of the economy. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 96 Skill: Factual 98) The Information Revolution has been most evident in the poor nations of the world. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 97 Skill: Factual 99) Gerhard Lenski argues that, eventually, we can expect technological invention to solve problems of peace and justice around the world. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 98 Skill: Factual 100) Karl Marx claimed that societies were defined by patterns of social conflict. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 98 Skill: Factual

101) Marx argued that industrial-capitalist societies had two main social classes: capitalists and proletarians. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 98 Skill: Factual 102) According to Karl Marx, the foundation of society is the family. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 99 Skill: Factual 103) Karl Marx argued that society’s infrastructure and superstructure are always in conflict. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 99 Skill: Conceptual 104) Marx thought capitalism would bring class conflict more out in the open. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 100 Skill: Factual 105) Marx believed that proletarians could never overcome their false consciousness. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 100 Skill: Factual 106) Marx claimed that capitalism alienated workers from their work, and also from each other. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 102–103 Skill: Conceptual

107) Marx viewed alienation as an aid to social change. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 103 Skill: Conceptual 108) Marx looked forward to the transformation of capitalism into a more equal and humane society that he called socialism. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 103 Skill: Factual 109) For Max Weber, an “ideal type” meant something that is the very best of its kind. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 104 Skill: Conceptual 110) Weber believed that people living in pre-industrial societies hold strongly to rationality, while members of industrial societies celebrate tradition. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 104 Skill: Factual 111) Max Weber used the concept “rationalization of society” to point to historical change from tradition to rationality as the dominant mode of human thought. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 103–104 Skill: Conceptual 112) Marx viewed industrial capitalism as highly rational and Weber did not. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b

Page Reference: 105 Skill: Conceptual 113) Weber argued that the development of industrial capitalism had its roots in a set of religious ideas linked to Calvinism. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 105–106 Skill: Conceptual 114) In hopes of salvation, Calvinists were quick to share their wealth with the poor. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 105–106 Skill: Factual 115) According to Weber, capitalism, bureaucracy, and science are all expressions of rationality. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 106–107 Skill: Conceptual 116) Rational, modern societies, according to Weber, were becoming more personal. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 107 Skill: Factual 117) Karl Marx and Max Weber agreed that modern society generates alienation, although for different reasons. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 107 Skill: Applied 118) Weber viewed rationality as a liberating force that would free the human spirit. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct

Answer: b Page Reference: 107 Skill: Factual 119) Emile Durkheim viewed society as an external, objective reality. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 107 Skill: Factual 120) Durkheim pointed to the functions of social patterns for the operation of society as a whole. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 108 Skill: Conceptual 121) Durkheim claimed that, in modern societies such as Canada, people with the strongest social bonds had the highest rates of suicide. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 108 Skill: Applied 122) Modern societies provide individuals with less moral regulation than traditional societies do. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 108 Skill: Conceptual 123) Durkheim used the concept “anomie” to mean the same thing as Marx’s concept of “alienation.” a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 108 Skill: Conceptual 124) Modern societies differ from traditional societies by having more productive specialization—that is, a more complex division of labour. a. True Correct b. False

Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 108–109 Skill: Conceptual 125) Modern societies are held together mostly by shared moral sentiments. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 109 Skill: Factual 126) For Durkheim, the key to change in a society is an expanding division of labour. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 109 Skill: Conceptual 127) Both Marx and the Lenskis saw the struggle between classes as the engine for change. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 111 Skill: Conceptual Short Answer Questions 128) What does Gerhard Lenski mean by “socio-cultural evolution”? Why does he argue that technology shapes all of society?

Page Reference: 93 Skill: Conceptual 129) Briefly describe societies based on hunting and gathering, pastoralism, horticulture, agriculture, and industry.

Page Reference: 93–96 Skill: Factual 130) What importance did Karl Marx attach to social conflict between classes?

Page Reference: 98–103 Skill: Conceptual 131) Explain why Karl Marx believed capitalist society was irrational, while Max Weber believed it was very rational.

Page Reference: 103–105 Skill: Conceptual

132) With regard to Global Map 4-1, High Technology in Global Perspective, describe the relationship between technology and type of society.

Page Reference: 105 Skill: Applied 133) Identify the seven traits that define rational social organization, according to Max Weber.

Page Reference: 106 Skill: Conceptual 134) Explain how Marx and Weber held somewhat different ideas about the cause of alienation in modern society.

Page Reference: 107 Skill: Conceptual 135) Briefly explain Durkheim’s belief that studying individuals alone can never capture the essence of society.

Page Reference: 107–108 Skill: Conceptual 136) What did Durkheim mean by “anomie”? How does modern society cause anomie?

Page Reference: 108 Skill: Conceptual 137) What is “mechanical solidarity”? How does it differ from “organic solidarity”?

Page Reference: 108 Skill: Conceptual Essay Questions 138) Describe Gerhard Lenski’s model of sociocultural evolution, summarizing several key traits of each stage. What major technological revolutions have reshaped human societies in the past?

Skill: Factual 139) According to Karl Marx, what is one good thing about capitalism? At the same time, in his view, why does capitalism fail as an economic system?

Skill: Conceptual 140) Why do some analysts describe Max Weber’s approach to explaining the rise of modern society as a “debate with the ghost of Karl Marx”?

Skill: Applied 141) How does Durkheim’s concept of anomie differ from (1) Marx’s concept of alienation and (2) Weber’s concept of alienation?

Skill: Conceptual 142) Drawing on the ideas of Lenski, Marx, Weber, and Durkheim, cite ways in which one might claim modern society is better than societies in the past. In what ways might any of these thinkers see modern society as getting worse?

Skill: Applied 143) About one hundred years has passed since Marx, Weber, and Durkheim were writing about modern society. Point to at least one change in Canadian society over that period of time that appears to confirm

the correctness of each theorist’s analysis. Can you point to a change that, in each case, seems at odds with his theory?

Skill: Applied 144) What makes Quebec a “distinct society”?

Skill: Applied Quick Quiz: Multiple Choice Questions 1) Gerhard Lenski claimed that which of the following has the greatest power to shape a society? a. technology b. human ideas c. social conflict d. human desire for change Answer: a 2) The first type of society to generate a material surplus was a. hunting and gathering. b. horticultural and pastoral. c. agrarian. d. industrial.

Answer: b 3) Gerhard Lenski claims that the development of more complex technology a. is entirely positive. b. has both positive and negative effects. c. is entirely negative in its effect. d. has no effect on the quality of human life.

Answer: b 4) The birth of the discipline of sociology took place during the development of which type of society? a. pastoral b. horticultural c. industrial d. agrarian Answer: c 5) The driving force of social change, according to Marx, is a. advancing technology. b. social conflict between classes. c. dominant ideas. d. the way in which society is held together.

Answer: b 6) Karl Marx considered capitalism to be _____, but Max Weber argued that capitalism was very _____. a. irrational; rational b. rational; irrational c. unproductive; productive d. productive; unproductive Answer: a 7) It would be correct to say that Durkheim thought of society as a. existing only in the human mind. b. an objective reality.

c. changing from moment to moment. d. having no clear existence at all.

Answer: b Quick Quiz: True/False Questions 8) Hunting and gathering societies generate a productive surplus. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b 9) Huge empires—such as the Roman Empire that included tens of millions of people and several million square miles—were based on agrarian technology. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Quick Quiz: Short Answer Question 10) Identify the seven traits that define rational social organization, according to Max Weber.

Test Bank for Macionis/Gerber, Sociology, Ninth Canadian Edition Chapter 5: Socialization Multiple Choice Questions 1) The tragic case of Anna, the isolated girl studied by Kingsley Davis, shows that a. humans have most of the same instincts found in other animal species. b. without social experience, a child is incapable of thought or meaningful action. c. personality is present in humans at birth. d. many human instincts disappear after the first few years of life.

Answer: b Page Reference: 120 Skill: Factual 2) What concept refers to the lifelong social experience by which human beings develop their potential and learn culture? a. socialization b. personality c. human nature d. behaviourism Answer: a Page Reference: 118 Skill: Conceptual 3) What concept refers to a person’s fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking, and feeling? a. socialization b. behaviour c. human nature d. personality

Answer: d Page Reference: 118 Skill: Conceptual 4) The social sciences, including sociology, make the claim that a. humans have instincts that guide our lives. b. biological forces underlie human culture. c. as humans, to nurture is our nature. d. Darwin’s model of biological evolution explains patterns of human culture.

Answer: c Page Reference: 119 Skill: Conceptual 5) Which theory developed by the psychologist John B. Watson claims human behaviour is not instinctive but learned within a social environment? a. behaviourism b. biological psychology c. evolutionary psychology d. naturalism Answer: a Page Reference: 119 Skill: Conceptual 6) In the nature versus nurture debate, sociologists claim that a. nature is far more important than nurture. b. nurture is far more important than nature. c. nature and nurture have equal importance. d. neither nature nor nurture creates the essence of our humanity.

Answer: b Page Reference: 119 Skill: Conceptual 7) The Harlow experiments to discover the effects of social isolation on rhesus monkeys showed that a. monkeys isolated for six months were highly fearful when returned to others of their kind. b. isolated monkeys able to cuddle artificial mothers developed normally. c. even several days of social isolation permanently damaged infant monkeys. d. monkeys are unable to tell the difference between an authentic and an artificial mother.

Answer: a Page Reference: 119 Skill: Factual 8) Based on both the Harlows’ research with rhesus monkeys and the case of Anna, the isolated child, one might reasonably conclude that a. the two species react differently to social isolation. b. both monkeys and humans “bounce back” from long-term isolation. c. even a few days of social isolation permanently damages both monkeys and humans. d. long-term social isolation leads to permanent developmental damage in both monkeys and humans.

Answer: d Page Reference: 119–120 Skill: Applied 9) If you were to put together the lessons learned from the cases of Anna, Isabelle, and Genie, you would correctly conclude that a. social experience plays a crucial part in forming human personality. b. both social experience and the presence of the birth mother are crucial to early development.

c. the effect of long-term social isolation can be overcome in a relatively short time. d. once social isolation sets in, its effects are irreversible.

Answer: a Page Reference: 120 Skill: Applied 10) Our basic drives or needs as humans are reflected in Freud’s concept of a. superego. b. ego. c. id. d. generalized other.

Answer: c Page Reference: 120 Skill: Conceptual 11) In Freud’s model of personality, which element of the personality represents a person’s efforts to balance the demands of society and innate pleasure-seeking drives? a. id b. ego c. superego d. generalized other Answer: b Page Reference: 120 Skill: Conceptual 12) In Freud’s model of personality, what represents the presence of culture within the individual? a. id b. ego c. superego d. thanatos Answer: c Page Reference: 120 Skill: Conceptual 13) Applying Freud’s thinking to a sociological analysis of personality development, you would conclude that a. human behaviour is basically random. b. humans have basic, self-centred drives that must be controlled by learning the ways of society. c. societies encourage people to become self-centred. d. humans can never become cultural creatures.

Answer: b Page Reference: 121 Skill: Applied 14) Jean Piaget’s focus was on a. how children develop their motor skills. b. how children are stimulated by their environment. c. the role of heredity in shaping human behaviour. d. cognition, or how people think and understand.

Answer: d Page Reference: 121 Skill: Factual 15) According to Piaget, in what stage of human development do individuals experience the world only through sensory contact?

a. sensorimotor stage b. pre-operational stage c. concrete operational stage d. formal operational stage Answer: a Page Reference: 121–122 Skill: Conceptual 16) For Jean Piaget, at which stage of development do individuals first use language and other cultural symbols? a. sensorimotor stage b. pre-operational stage c. concrete operational stage d. formal operational stage Answer: b Page Reference: 121–122 Skill: Conceptual 17) The focus of Lawrence Kohlberg's research was a. cognition. b. the importance of gender in socialization. c. moral reasoning. d. isolation.

Answer: c Page Reference: 122 Skill: Factual 18) Carol Gilligan extended Kohlberg’s research, showing that a. girls and boys typically assess situations as right and wrong using different standards. b. girls are more interested in right and wrong than boys are. c. boys are more interested in right and wrong than girls are. d. the ability to assess situations as right and wrong typically develops only as young people enter the teenage years.

Answer: a Page Reference: 122–123 Skill: Factual 19) Carol Gilligan’s work on the issue of self-esteem in girls showed that a. girls begin with low self-esteem, but it gradually increases as they progress through adolescence. b. at all ages, girls have higher self-esteem than boys. c. at all ages, boys have higher self-esteem than girls. d. girls begin with high levels of self-esteem, which gradually decrease as they go through adolescence.

Answer: d Page Reference: 123 Skill: Conceptual 20) George Herbert Mead considered the self to be a. that part of an individual’s personality composed of self-awareness and self-image. b. the presence of culture within the individual. c. basic drives that are self-centred. d. present in infants at the time of their birth.

Answer: a Page Reference: 123 Skill: Conceptual

21) Mead placed the origin of the self in a. biological drives. b. genetics. c. social experience. d. the functioning of the brain.

Answer: c Page Reference: 123 Skill: Conceptual 22) According to Mead, social experience involves a. understanding the world in terms of our senses. b. the exchange of symbols. c. a mix of biological instinct and learning. d. acting but not thinking.

Answer: b Page Reference: 123 Skill: Factual 23) By “taking the role of the other,” Mead had in mind a. imagining a situation in terms of past experience. b. recognizing that people have different views of most situations. c. imagining a situation from another person’s point of view. d. trading self-centredness for a focus on helping other people.

Answer: c Page Reference: 124 Skill: Conceptual 24) When Cooley used the concept “looking-glass self,” he meant to say that a. people are self-centred. b. people see themselves as they think others see them. c. people see things only from their own point of view. d. our actions are a reflection of our values.

Answer: b Page Reference: 124 Skill: Conceptual 25) According to Mead, children learn to take the role of the other as they model themselves on important people in their lives, such as parents. Mead referred to these people as a. role models. b. looking-glass models. c. significant others. d. the generalized other.

Answer: c Page Reference: 124 Skill: Conceptual 26) In Mead’s model, which sequence correctly orders stages of the developing self? a. imitation, play, game, generalized other b. imitation, generalized other, play, game c. imitation, game, play, generalized other d. imitation, generalized other, play, game Answer: a Page Reference: 124 Skill: Conceptual

27) Mead considered the “generalized other” to be a. important individuals in the child’s life. b. a person who provides complete care for a child. c. any “significant other.” d. widespread cultural norms and values people take as their own.

Answer: d Page Reference: 124 Skill: Conceptual 28) Mead would agree with only one of the following statements. Which one is it? a. Socialization ends with the development of self. b. If you win $100 million in a lottery, your self might change. c. People are puppets with little control over their lives. d. Human behaviour reflects both nature and nurture.

Answer: b Page Reference: 123–124 Skill: Applied 29) Which of the following statements comes closest to describing Erik H. Erikson’s view of socialization? a. Personality develops over the entire life course in patterned stages. b. Personality involves tensions between the forces of biology and forces of culture. c. We come to see ourselves as we think others see us. d. Most of our personality development takes place in childhood.

Answer: a Page Reference: 125 Skill: Factual 30) Who wrote “No hard-and-fast line can be drawn between ourselves and the selves of others”? a. Gilligan b. Kohlberg c. Mead d. Freud Answer: c Page Reference: 125 Skill: Factual 31) Erikson’s theory of personality development states that a. everyone confronts the stages of development in random order. b. we develop according to challenges throughout our lives, delineated by eight observable stages. c. personality development is secondary to the development of the id, ego, and the superego. d. the looking-glass self is the primary determining factor in this development.

Answer: b Page Reference: 125 Skill: Conceptual 32) Family is important to the socialization process because a. family members are often what Mead called “generalized others.” b. families pass along to children social identity in terms of class, ethnicity, and religion. c. extended family has a greater impact than immediate family. d. It is not actually important.

Answer: b Page Reference: 125–127 Skill: Factual

33) Thinking about how patterns of child rearing vary by class, lower-class parents generally stress _____, while well-to-do parents typically stress _____. a. independence; protecting children b. independence; dependence c. obedience; creativity d. creativity; obedience Answer: c Page Reference: 126 Skill: Factual 34) On the basis of Melvin Kohn’s study of what parents expect of their children, high-income parents are likely to be most concerned when their child a. is given a “tardy slip” for being late to school. b. needs to be told what he should draw during free art time. c. is labelled a “non-conformist.” d. is said to have an “active imagination.”

Answer: b Page Reference: 126 Skill: Applied 35) The special contribution of schooling to the socialization process includes a. exposing the child to a bureaucratic setting. b. exposing the child to people of similar social backgrounds. c. teaching children to be highly flexible and to express their individuality. d. helping children break free of gender roles.

Answer: a Page Reference: 129 Skill: Factual 36) Today, the factor people most commonly use in deciding if a person has reached adulthood is noting if the young woman or young man a. has completed all schooling. b. has a full-time job, with the ability to support a family. c. is married and has a child. d. has a good relationship with their parents.

Answer: a Page Reference: 129 Skill: Factual 37) The special importance of the peer group is the fact that it a. has a greater effect than parents on children’s long-term goals. b. lets children escape the direct supervision of parents. c. gives children experience in an impersonal setting. d. shelters children from social negativity.

Answer: b Page Reference: 129 Skill: Factual 38) When people model themselves after the members of peer groups they would like to join, they are engaging in a. group conformity. b. future directedness. c. anticipatory socialization. d. group rejection.

Answer: c

Page Reference: 129 Skill: Conceptual 39) In historical perspective, the importance of the mass media to the socialization process has a. increased over time. b. been about the same over the last century. c. decreased over time. d. The mass media have never played a large part in the socialization process.

Answer: a Page Reference: 130 Skill: Factual 40) By 2001, approximately _______% of Canadian households had colour televisions. a. 22 b. 44 c. 66 d. 99 Answer: d Page Reference: 130 Skill: Factual 41) According to Table 5-1, after “Canadian/Canadien,” what is the largest ethnic or racial category in Canada? a. French b. North American Indian c. Chinese d. English Answer: d Page Reference: 127 Skill: Factual 42) About _________ million of the world’s children work in factories instead of going to school. a. 1 b. 12 c. 38 d. 250 Answer: d Page Reference: 134 Skill: Factual 43) Looking at childhood in global perspective, we find that a. childhood is a time of play and learning everywhere. b. rich societies extend childhood much longer than poor societies do. c. poor societies extend childhood much longer than rich societies do. d. biological immaturity is the main factor that defines childhood.

Answer: b Page Reference: 134 Skill: Factual 44) Based on what you have read in this chapter, how would sociologists explain the fact that many young people in Canada experience adolescence as a time of confusion? a. There are cultural inconsistencies in the definition of this stage of life as partly childlike and partly adultlike. b. Hormones greatly affect young people as they mature. c. Growth always involves change, and change is confusing.

d. Adolescence is supposed to be a time of carefree play, but most adolescents are forced to work.

Answer: a Page Reference: 134 Skill: Applied 45) Industrial societies typically define people in old age as a. the most wise. b. the most knowledgeable about current fashion and trends. c. more out of touch and less socially important than younger adults. d. the most valued members of society.

Answer: c Page Reference: 135 Skill: Factual 46) Based on the text’s survey of the life course, you might conclude that a. life-course stages are shaped by society and have nothing to do with biology. b. life-course stages are much the same throughout the world. c. while life-course stages are linked to biology, they are largely a social construction. d. life-course stages have changed little over recent centuries.

Answer: c Page Reference: 136 Skill: Applied 47) In her research, Elisabeth Kübler-Ross found that death a. is defined in much the same way in every society. b. is an orderly transition involving specific stages. c. is a topic that people in the United States have always been comfortable discussing. d. is a chaotic mess which defies categorization.

Answer: b Page Reference: 135–136 Skill: Factual 48) Which of the following is NOT one of the five stages of death and dying identified by Kubler-Ross? a. denial b. anger c. resignation d. exuberance Answer: d Page Reference: 135–136 Skill: Conceptual 49) What is the term sociologists give to a category of people with a common characteristic, usually their age? a. age subculture b. generation c. age group d. cohort Answer: d Page Reference: 136 Skill: Conceptual 50) Which of the following concepts refers to a setting where a staff tries to radically change someone’s personality through carefully controlling the environment? a. anticipatory social centre b. cohort community

c. a total institution d. a degradation ceremony Answer: c Page Reference: 136 Skill: Conceptual 51) According to Erving Goffman, the goal of a total institution is a. to help integrate a troubled patient into the outside world. b. to give a person greater choices about how to live. c. to radically alter a person’s personality or behaviour. d. to encourage lifelong learning in a supervised context.

Answer: c Page Reference: 136 Skill: Conceptual 52) Which of the following traits linked to a total institution is NOT correct? a. Staff members supervise all the daily life of inmates. b. Staff members encourage the individual growth and creativity of inmates. c. Inmates have standardized food, clothing, and activities. d. Formal rules direct people’s daily routines.

Answer: b Page Reference: 136 Skill: Conceptual 53) Which of the following best sums up Goffman’s idea of the resocialization process? a. break down an old identity, then build up a new identity b. reward inmates for being creative c. help integrate inmates into the larger society d. establish dominance in the hierarchy of a new social class.

Answer: a Page Reference: 136 Skill: Conceptual 54) Resocialization is a two-part process—first, the existing identity is broken down and, second a. a new self is built. b. the existing self is thoroughly analyzed. c. the individual is asked how they would like to change. d. the old self is restructured to be more workable.

Answer: a Page Reference: 136 Skill: Conceptual 55) A “cohort” is a. a part of a person’s personality. b. a category of people with something in common. c. a group that has special importance for socialization. d. the term for human basic drives.

Answer: b Page Reference: 135 Skill: Conceptual 56) An inmate who loses the capacity for independent living is described as a. unsocialized. b. integrated. c. institutionalized.

d. dissociated.

Answer: c Page Reference: 136 Skill: Conceptual 57) The “Controversy and Debate Box” in Chapter 5 discusses which of the following total institutions? a. a prison b. a psychiatric hospital c. a boot camp d. a boarding school Answer: c Page Reference: 137 Skill: Factual 58) Based on what you have read in this chapter, you would correctly conclude that a. the way we think and act has no effect on how society operates. b. human beings are defined and predictable, preventing them from changing society. c. human beings have the capacity to overcome even great challenges. d. once a human being becomes an inmate, they can never be reintroduced to society.

Answer: c Page Reference: 118–137 Skill: Applied True/False Questions 59) Psychologist John B. Watson claimed that specific patterns of behaviour are not instinctive, but learned. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 119 Skill: Factual 60) The Harlow studies found that six months of social isolation was sufficient to permanently damage infant rhesus monkeys. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 119 Skill: Factual 61) The tragic case of Anna shows how, without adequate nutrition, a human being cannot develop a healthy personality. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 120 Skill: Factual

62) What we know of the later lives of socially isolated children squares with the finding of the Harlows’ research. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 119–120 Skill: Applied 63) Even years of social isolation in infancy may not cause permanent and irreversible developmental damage. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 119–120 Skill: Factual 64) The “id” in Freud’s work represents the human being’s basic needs, which are unconscious and demand immediate satisfaction. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 120 Skill: Conceptual 65) The “ego” in Freud’s model of personality is the same as “conscience.” a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 120 Skill: Conceptual 66) In Freud’s model of personality, the superego manages the opposing forces of the id and the ego. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 121–122 Skill: Conceptual 67) According to Jean Piaget, language and other symbols are first used in the pre-operational stage. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a

Page Reference: 121 Skill: Factual 68) According to Piaget, people think abstractly and critically in the concrete operational stage. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 121–122 Skill: Conceptual 69) Lawrence Kohlberg claims that individuals develop the capacity for moral reasoning in stages as they grow older. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 122 Skill: Factual 70) According to Carol Gilligan, the self-esteem of girls steadily increases through the teenage years. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 123 Skill: Factual 71) While many researchers have studied outward behaviour, George Herbert Mead focused on symbolic meaning—specifically the meaning people attach to behaviour. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 123–124 Skill: Factual 72) Cooley’s term for self-image based on how we think others see us is “mirrored image.” a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 124 Skill: Conceptual 73) Mead’s theory of the self is completely social; he recognized no role for biology in personality development. a. True Correct b. False

Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 123–124 Skill: Factual 74) Mead’s concepts of the “I” and the “me” are close parallels of Freud’s concepts of the id and the superego. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 124 Skill: Conceptual 75) Erik H. Erikson emphasized that almost all important socialization takes place in childhood. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 125 Skill: Factual 76) Of all social institutions, the family has the greatest impact on socialization. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 125–126 Skill: Factual 77) Socialization within the family is always intentional. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 126 Skill: Factual 78) Mass media is the means for delivering impersonal communication to a vast audience. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 130–131 Skill: Factual 79) Schools provide children with early experience of bureaucracy. a. True Correct b. False

Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 129 Skill: Factual 80) During adolescence, the family’s influence on children virtually stops. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 129 Skill: Factual 81) Members of a peer group share common interests, social position, and a similar age. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 129 Skill: Conceptual 82) Anticipatory socialization refers to trying to avoid unpleasant social experiences. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 129 Skill: Conceptual 83) During the last century, the mass media have had a declining influence on people in North America. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 130 Skill: Factual 84) Childhood and other stages of the life course are defined in much the same way in all societies. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 134 Skill: Factual 85) Industrialization brings with it a rise in the social standing of old people. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct

Answer: b Page Reference: 135 Skill: Factual 86) Anti-elderly bias in Canada will probably decrease as the share of older people rises. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 135 Skill: Factual 87) Every stage of life is socially constructed in ways that vary from society to society. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 136 Skill: Conceptual 88) As the proportion of women and men in old age increases, we can expect Canadian culture to become more comfortable with the reality of death. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 136 Skill: Factual 89) A cohort is a category of people with something important in common, usually their age. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 136 Skill: Conceptual 90) A college is a good example of a total institution. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 136 Skill: Applied 91) Total institutions operate with the goal of resocializing inmates. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect

Answer: a Page Reference: 136 Skill: Conceptual Short Answer Questions 92) Discuss socialization as a lifelong process.

Page Reference: 120–125 Skill: Conceptual 93) Why are the cases of Anna, Isabelle, and Genie important to social scientists?

Page Reference: 120 Skill: Applied 94) Why did Sigmund Freud see human culture (superego) as a necessary source of repression?

Page Reference: 120–121 Skill: Conceptual 95) Outline Freud’s three-part model of the human personality.

Page Reference: 120–121 Skill: Conceptual 96) Summarize Jean Piaget’s contribution to our understanding of socialization.

Page Reference: 121–122 Skill: Conceptual 97) What differences did Carol Gilligan find in how males and females make moral judgments?

Page Reference: 122–123 Skill: Conceptual 98) What did George Herbert Mead mean by “self”? What are the steps in the development of the self?

Page Reference: 123–124 Skill: Conceptual 99) Explain Erik Erikson’s theory of socialization as a lifelong process.

Page Reference: 125 Skill: Conceptual 100) Cite several ways in which the family is central to the process of socialization.

Page Reference: 125–127 Skill: Conceptual 101) Explain how a family’s social class position shapes the process of socialization.

Page Reference: 126–127 Skill: Conceptual 102) Provide evidence in support of the position that stages of the life course are socially constructed.

Page Reference: 133–136 Skill: Applied 103) According to Erving Goffman, what key traits define a total institution?

Page Reference: 136 Skill: Conceptual

Essay Questions 104) Explain the nature-nurture debate. How did Sigmund Freud and George Herbert Mead take different positions in this debate?

Skill: Applied 105) Summarize Freud’s theory of human personality, Piaget’s approach to human development, and Mead’s view of the development of the self. What do all the theories have in common? What are the main differences among them?

Skill: Applied 106) What are the specific contributions to human development made by family, school, peer group, and mass media? Do these agents of socialization always convey the same lessons to people? In your response, provide several specific examples.

Skill: Applied 107) Describe the various stages of the human life course: childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age. What characteristics do most people in Canada associate with each? How do we know that these stages, although linked to biological changes, are mostly a social construction?

Skill: Applied 108) Based on the material in this chapter of the text, address the issue of human freedom in a socially structured world. That is, to what extent do you think people are free to think and act as they wish? In answering this question, consider the theories presented in the chapter—for example, why does Mead’s theory point to greater human freedom than Freud’s theory?

Skill: Applied 109) Why is the definition of “growing up” more difficult than it used to be? What are the achievements that lead people to say that someone has become an adult? Why is adolescence longer than it was several generations ago? What difference does social class position make in the time frame for “growing up”?

Skill: Factual 110) Based on everything you have read in this chapter, what are some of the ways in which girls and boys differ in their socialization experience? Provide specific examples in your response.

Skill: Applied 111) Discuss in detail how boot camps function as total institutions. How do you explain the lower recidivism rate at such institutions?

Skill: Conceptual 112) Using examples from your own life, discuss how the agents of socialization can reinforce values, beliefs, behaviours, etc. and also how they can conflict with one another. Identify two reinforcing effects and two examples where the agents conflict with one another.

Skill: Applied Quick Quiz: Multiple Choice Questions 1) The focus of Lawrence Kohlberg’s research was a. cognition. b. the importance of gender in socialization. c. moral reasoning.

d. racial segregation.

Answer: c 2) Mead placed the origin of the self in a. biological drives. b. culture. c. social experience. d. the functioning of the brain.

Answer: c 3) Thinking about how patterns of child rearing vary by class, lower-class parents generally stress _____, while well-to-do parents typically stress _____. a. independence; protecting children b. independence; dependence c. obedience; creativity d. creativity; obedience Answer: c 4) In historical perspective, the importance of the mass media to the socialization process has a. increased over time. b. been about the same over the last century. c. decreased over time. d. The mass media have never played a large role in socialization.

Answer: a 5) Jean Piaget’s focus was on a. how children develop their motor skills. b. how children are stimulated by their environment. c. the role of heredity in shaping human behaviour. d. cognition, or how people think and understand.

Answer: d 6) In Mead’s model, which sequence correctly orders stages of the developing self? a. imitation, play, game, generalized other b. imitation, generalized other, play, game c. imitation, game, play, generalized other d. imitation, generalized other, play, game Answer: a 7) On average, a Canadian watches television for ______ hours per week. a. 2 b. 22 c. 58 d. over 100 Answer: b Quick Quiz: True/False Questions 8) While many researchers have studied outward behaviour, George Herbert Mead focused on symbolic meaning—specifically the meaning people attach to behaviour. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect

Answer: a 9) Melvin Kohn demonstrated that parents of all social classes have much the same expectations of their children. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Quick Quiz: Short Answer Question 10) What differences did Carol Gilligan find in how males and females make moral judgments?

Test Bank for Macionis/Gerber, Sociology, Ninth Canadian Edition Chapter 6: Social Interaction in Everyday Life Multiple Choice Questions 1) Dianne and Matt are lost while driving to some friends’ house. Matt will not stop to ask for directions as Dianne wants him to. This chapter-opening story illustrates the pattern that a. social interaction is actually mostly random. b. men and women may have disagreements about who should drive. c. men avoid asking for directions because it makes them dependent on someone else. d. men are more interested in connectedness than women are.

Answer: c Page Reference: 144 Skill: Applied 2) The process by which people act and react in relation to others is called a. social connectedness. b. social construction. c. social dynamics. d. social interaction.

Answer: d Page Reference: 144 Skill: Conceptual 3) Which of the following concepts defines a social position that a person holds? a. role b. status c. role set d. culture Answer: b Page Reference: 145 Skill: Conceptual 4) At a given time you occupy a number of statuses. These statuses make up your a. master status. b. role set. c. achieved statuses. d. status set.

Answer: d Page Reference: 145

Skill: Conceptual 5) What concept refers to a social position that is received at birth or involuntarily assumed later in life? a. passive role b. master status c. ascribed status d. achieved status Answer: c Page Reference: 145 Skill: Conceptual 6) Which concept refers to a social position that is assumed voluntarily and that reflects a significant measure of personal ability and effort? a. active role b. master status c. ascribed status d. achieved status Answer: d Page Reference: 145 Skill: Conceptual 7) Which concept refers to a status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person’s entire life? a. social status b. master status c. ascribed status d. achieved status Answer: b Page Reference: 146 Skill: Conceptual 8) Julie is a police officer who finds that, wherever she goes in her small town, people seem to think of her as a cop. Julie is experiencing the effects of which of the following? a. role exit b. master status c. ascribed status d. status conflict Answer: b Page Reference: 146 Skill: Applied 9) Akbar is an honours student. In sociological terms, being an honours student is an example of which of the following? a. role conflict b. master status c. ascribed status d. achieved status Answer: d Page Reference: 145 Skill: Applied 10) Which item in the following list might serve as a master status? a. handedness b. hair colour c. hometown

d. physical or mental disability Answer: d Page Reference: 146 Skill: Applied 11) Sociologists use what concept to refer to behaviour people expect of someone who holds a particular status? a. role b. master status c. status set d. role set Answer: a Page Reference: 146 Skill: Conceptual 12) A role set refers to a. all the roles found in a society. b. a number of roles attached to a single status. c. all the roles that are similar in function. d. a number of roles within any particular organization.

Answer: b Page Reference: 146 Skill: Conceptual 13) What is the concept that refers to the conflict among roles corresponding to two or more statuses? a. role conflict b. role strain c. role set d. role exit Answer: a Page Reference: 147 Skill: Conceptual 14) Shawna is an excellent artist but, as a mother, finds she cannot devote enough time to her family. She is experiencing a. role conflict. b. role strain. c. role ambiguity. d. role exit.

Answer: a Page Reference: 147 Skill: Applied 15) Which concept refers to the tension among roles connected to a single status? a. role conflict b. role strain c. role ambiguity d. role exit Answer: b Page Reference: 147 Skill: Conceptual 16) Which of the following is involved when a surgeon chooses not to operate on her own son because the personal involvement of motherhood could impair her professional objectivity as a physician? a. role conflict

b. role strain c. role ambiguity d. role exit Answer: a Page Reference: 147 Skill: Applied 17) Which of the following is involved when a plant supervisor wishes to be a good friend and confidant to the workers but must remain distant to rate the workers’ performances? a. role conflict b. role strain c. role ambiguity d. role exit Answer: b Page Reference: 147 Skill: Applied 18) What is the term for the process by which people disengage from important social roles? a. role rejection b. role reversal c. role loss d. role exit Answer: d Page Reference: 148 Skill: Conceptual 19) Rebuilding relationships with people who knew you in an earlier period of life is a common experience for those who are undergoing which of the following? a. role conflict b. role strain c. role ambiguity d. role exit Answer: d Page Reference: 148 Skill: Conceptual 20) Which concept is used to designate the process by which people creatively shape reality as they interact? a. status interaction b. social construction of reality c. interactive reality d. role reality Answer: b Page Reference: 148 Skill: Conceptual 21) Flirting is a way of seeing if someone is interested in you without risking rejection. From this point of view, flirting illustrates a. the Thomas theorem. b. the process of role exit. c. the social construction of reality. d. gender status.

Answer: c Page Reference: 149 Skill: Applied

22) The Thomas theorem states that a. a role is as a role does. b. people rise to their level of incompetence. c. situations defined as real are real in their consequences. d. people know the world only through their language.

Answer: c Page Reference: 149 Skill: Conceptual 23) Garfinkel’s research, called ethnomethodology, involves a. studying the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings. b. tracking people’s roles over the life course. c. the study of interaction in terms of theatrical performance. d. studying unfamiliar cultural systems.

Answer: a Page Reference: 149–150 Skill: Conceptual 24) Which of the following is an example of a personal decision having an effect on the reality we construct through social interaction? a. choosing to skip the first day of classes b. choosing to exercise and eat right c. choosing to live common-law rather than getting married d. choosing to pay bills on time Answer: c Page Reference: 148 Skill: Applied 25) The study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance is referred to as a. ethnomethodology. b. dramaturgical analysis. c. the Thomas theorem. d. the social construction of reality.

Answer: b Page Reference: 150 Skill: Conceptual 26) Which sociologist developed the approach called dramaturgical analysis? a. George Herbert Mead b. Harold Garfinkel c. Erving Goffman d. W. I. Thomas Answer: c Page Reference: 150 Skill: Factual 27) What does the term “presentation of self” mean? a. efforts to create specific impressions in the minds of others b. being very self-conscious c. interaction that is highly formal d. trying to take attention away from others Answer: a Page Reference: 150 Skill: Conceptual

28) According to Erving Goffman, we engage in a _____ when we use costumes, props, tone of voice, and gestures to convey information to others. a. role b. performance c. status d. self Answer: b Page Reference: 150–151 Skill: Factual 29) Which of the following might be part of the classroom performance of a professor? a. notes and PowerPoint projections b. hairstyle and clothing c. camaraderie with students d. make and model of vehicle Answer: a Page Reference: 150–151 Skill: Applied 30) The power relationship between physician and patient is immediately evident when the patient enters the doctor’s office because a. it is up to patients to decide when they will see the doctor. b. the physician is there to greet the patient. c. patients must wait until a “gatekeeper” admits them to see the doctor in the office’s “back region.” d. the doctor keeps her degree framed on the wall in public view.

Answer: c Page Reference: 151–152 Skill: Factual 31) “Presentation of self” is also known as a. non-verbal communication. b. impression management. c. performance. d. body language.

Answer: b Page Reference: 150 Skill: Factual 32) Non-verbal communication refers to a. body movements, gestures, and facial expressions. b. instant messaging and other e-communication. c. written language. d. beliefs assumed to be true by everyone.

Answer: a Page Reference: 152 Skill: Conceptual 33) Which of the following is an important element of non-verbal communication? a. tone of voice b. willingness to listen c. body language d. interest in the conversation Answer: c Page Reference: 152

Skill: Factual 34) The careful observer can notice clues indicating that someone is telling a lie. People give off these clues because a. our culture defines specific gestures to convey dishonesty. b. non-verbal communication is hard for most people to control. c. few people ever intend to lie. d. research shows most criminals really want to be caught.

Answer: b Page Reference: 153 Skill: Factual 35) The way we act and carry ourselves is referred to as a. demeanour. b. non-verbal communication. c. impressions. d. idealization.

Answer: a Page Reference: 153 Skill: Factual 36) “Personal space” refers to a. owned property, such as a house or land. b. unowned space in a public place. c. the surrounding area over which an individual makes some claim to privacy. d. a feeling of needing isolation from others.

Answer: c Page Reference: 153 Skill: Conceptual 37) In Canada, people stand farther away from one another when speaking than do people in a Middle Eastern nation. This pattern reveals differences in meaning attached to a. personal hygiene. b. personal space. c. facial gestures. d. the rights of women compared to men.

Answer: b Page Reference: 153 Skill: Applied 38) According to Erving Goffman, people usually make efforts to _____ their intentions. a. idealize b. reveal c. hide d. contradict Answer: a Page Reference: 154–155 Skill: Conceptual 39) Smiling and making polite remarks to people we do not like is an example of a. making another feel embarrassment. b. exercising power over another. c. idealizing a personal performance. d. losing face.

Answer: c

Page Reference: 154–155 Skill: Conceptual 40) Which of the following phrases was used by Erving Goffman to refer to being embarrassed in a social situation? a. “breaking” a role b. “idealizing” a performance c. “exiting” a role d. “losing face” Answer: d Page Reference: 155 Skill: Factual 41) In terms of dramaturgical analysis, another term for helping a person to “save face,” or avoid embarrassment, is a. role exit. b. tact. c. idealization. d. creating personal space.

Answer: b Page Reference: 155 Skill: Conceptual 42) Tact is a common response in potentially embarrassing situations because a. we like most people with whom we interact. b. our cultural norms demand looking out for others. c. everyone feels discomfort when a constructed reality breaks down. d. most people are unsure how to act in most situations.

Answer: c Page Reference: 155 Skill: Factual 43) Based on research around the world, Paul Ekman concludes that people everywhere have how many basic emotions? a. six b. three c. one d. nine Answer: a Page Reference: 156 Skill: Factual 44) Ekman claims that a major function of emotions is to a. let us be “ourselves.” b. support group life by forging connections with others. c. limit the power of society over us. d. give people a feeling of independence from others.

Answer: b Page Reference: 156 Skill: Factual 45) Cultures differ in terms of a. the number of emotions that are socially recognized. b. the authenticity of their emotions. c. how emotional we expect people to be.

d. when emotions develop biologically.

Answer: c Page Reference: 157 Skill: Factual 46) Arlie Hochschild explains that companies a. try to regulate the emotions of workers. b. focus on behaviour rather than emotions. c. encourage the free expression of emotions. d. are only interested in a worker’s productivity.

Answer: a Page Reference: 157 Skill: Factual 47) In which province is there a law requiring women to keep their birth names upon marriage? a. B.C. b. Alberta c. New Brunswick d. Quebec Answer: d Page Reference: 157 Skill: Factual 48) Women often take the family name of men upon marriage. In sociological terms, this is an example of how language can be used to convey a. power over others. b. personal knowledge of others. c. the importance of others. d. marital norms in society.

Answer: a Page Reference: 157 Skill: Applied 49) The English language often treats as ______ whatever has greater value, power, or importance. a. gender-free b. feminine c. masculine d. humorous Answer: c Page Reference: 157 Skill: Factual 50) Humour is created when people a. set up double meanings that are conventional and unconventional. b. say things that have no meaning at all. c. speak with great clarity. d. say things that offend others.

Answer: a Page Reference: 158 Skill: Conceptual 51) Which of the following best describes a “well-told” joke? a. The unconventional and conventional definitions of reality are given so quickly that people will not understand the difference. b. There is a very sharp contrast between the conventional and unconventional definitions of reality.

c. The conventional and unconventional definitions of reality are virtually the same. d. The unconventional definition of reality told in the joke is not well-understood, except by the highly educated.

Answer: a Page Reference: 158 Skill: Conceptual 52) The idea of “getting” a joke, according to the text, depends on a. knowing the joke teller well. b. having a different social background than the joke teller. c. understanding the two realities involved and appreciating their difference. d. understanding exactly why someone is telling a joke.

Answer: c Page Reference: 158–159 Skill: Factual 53) In general, an important foundation of humour is a. incongruity—differences in meaning. b. differences in social standing. c. gender differences. d. differences in culture.

Answer: a Page Reference: 158 Skill: Applied 54) When interacting with people of an unfamiliar cultural background, a. telling jokes is a good way to “break the ice.” b. we find people everywhere enjoy many of the same jokes. c. we find that some cultures do not have humour. d. it is important to understand that what is funny to people in one society may not be funny to those from another society.

Answer: d Page Reference: 161 Skill: Factual 55) Looking at humour from a structural-functional viewpoint, jokes a. are often used to safely express potentially disruptive sentiments. b. operate best when they offend someone. c. form a universal bond, regardless of culture. d. are mostly nonsense and don’t really help sociologists understand social interaction.

Answer: a Page Reference: 159 Skill: Factual 56) From a social-conflict point of view, jokes a. tend to bring people together. b. can be a way of making one category of people feel good at the expense of another. c. are a good way of reducing conflict in society. d. shouldn’t be taken too seriously to avoid conflict.

Answer: b Page Reference: 161 Skill: Factual 57) Which of the following is FALSE regarding the functions of humour? a. Humour works as a safety valve for potentially disruptive sentiments.

b. Humour expresses common identity. c. Humour relieves tension in uncomfortable situations. d. Humour acts as a mechanism to bond people from many different cultures all at once.

Answer: d Page Reference: 161 Skill: Conceptual 58) Which of the following is TRUE? a. Canadian Aboriginal humour has never become popular with non-Aboriginal Canadians. b. The Québécois believe they exist on an island of French in an English-speaking ocean. c. Canada, has, per capita, less comedians than any other country in the Western hemisphere. d. Humour creates a “prison of reality” for disadvantaged people.

Answer: b Page Reference: 161 Skill: Conceptual 59) What can we potentially learn from a person’s Facebook page? a. educational level of the person b. how much they know about the people visiting their page c. how many close friends a person has d. whether or not a person is honest Answer: a Page Reference: 162 Skill: Applied True/False Questions 60) People generate reality in their social interaction. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 148 Skill: Factual 61) Social structure, including status and role, provides a guide for everyday living. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 144 Skill: Conceptual 62) Sociologists use the concept “status” to mean someone’s importance. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 145 Skill: Conceptual

63) Only a few statuses we hold figure into our social identity. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 145 Skill: Factual 64) A status set refers to the roles people have over the course of their lifetimes. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 145 Skill: Conceptual 65) Being an Olympic athlete is mostly an achieved status. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 145 Skill: Applied 66) A person’s racial or ethnic identity is an ascribed status. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 145 Skill: Conceptual 67) The concept “master status” refers to being the best in one’s occupational field. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: a Page Reference: 146 Skill: Conceptual 68) Having a terminal illness may operate as a master status insofar as people react to the disease as much as to the person. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 146 Skill: Applied

69) A “role set” refers to all the roles a person has over the course of a lifetime. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 146 Skill: Conceptual 70) Typically, each status is linked to several roles. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 146 Skill: Factual 71) Only those who retire from their occupation experience role exit. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 148 Skill: Conceptual 72) “Role conflict” refers to the conflict or incompatibility among the roles linked to two or more statuses. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 146–147 Skill: Conceptual 73) “Role strain” refers to differences between the same roles when performed by two different people. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 147 Skill: Conceptual 74) A father who wants to be both a friend and a role model to his son might experience role strain. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 147 Skill: Applied 75) The process by which people disengage from important social roles is termed “role exit.”

a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 148 Skill: Conceptual 76) Global Map 6-1, housework in a Global Perspective, shows that, in general, the lower a nation’s average income, the greater the share of housework that is done by women. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 147 Skill: Factual 77) People usually have more statuses than they have roles. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 146 Skill: Factual 78) The idea that reality is socially constructed means that nothing is real to most people at all. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 148–149 Skill: Conceptual 79) The Thomas theorem states that situations that are defined as real become real in their consequences. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference:149 Skill: Conceptual 80) Ethnomethodology is the study of how people present themselves to others. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 149 Skill: Conceptual

81) People around the world create the same realities in their everyday interaction. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 149–150 Skill: Factual 82) The reality people build in their interaction depends only on the actors themselves, not on the larger culture they live in. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 149 Skill: Factual 83) Erving Goffman is the sociologist who developed the approach known as dramaturgical analysis. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 150 Skill: Factual 84) A person’s effort to foster certain impressions in the minds of others is called the “presentation of self.” a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 150 Skill: Conceptual 85) Hollywood’s portrayal of persons with disabilities has not significantly changed in the last 20 years. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 151 Skill: Factual 86) According to dramaturgical analysis, a role operates like a part in a play, and a status serves as a script. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 150 Skill: Conceptual

87) In dramaturgical analysis, a restricted area in some settings is called a “back region.” a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 152 Skill: Factual 88) Non-verbal communication is communication using, not speech, but body movements, gestures, and facial expressions. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 152 Skill: Conceptual 89) People with less power typically have greater personal discretion in terms of how they act in the presence of others. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 153 Skill: Factual 90) In general, how much power someone has little to do with that person’s claims regarding personal space. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 153 Skill: Factual 91) Hand gestures vary widely from culture to culture. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 152 Skill: Factual 92) Because men typically have more power in everyday interaction than women, they are more likely to intrude on the personal space of women. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect

Answer: a Page Reference: 153 Skill: Applied 93) In everyday conversation, men tend to maintain more eye contact than women do. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 153 Skill: Factual 94) Dramaturgical analysis treats embarrassment as the “loss of face.” a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 155 Skill: Conceptual 95) Tact is common because embarrassment causes discomfort for both the presenter and members of the audience. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 155 Skill: Factual 96) Emotions have both a biological and cultural foundation. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 156–157 Skill: Factual 97) Employers rarely concern themselves with the emotions of employees. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 157 Skill: Factual 98) Because emotions are biologically based, it is incorrect to say they are “socially constructed.” a. True Incorrect b. False Correct

Answer: b Page Reference: 156–157 Skill: Factual 99) Ending words with “ette” and “ess” denotes femininity, which generally reduces the value of something. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 157 Skill: Factual 100) The weaker the perceived incongruity between conventional and unconventional social definitions of reality, the greater the potential for humour. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 158 Skill: Applied 101) Comedians can travel all over the world, because humour “travels well.” a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 159 Skill: Factual 102) People sometimes use jokes to “put down” others—a basic form of social conflict. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 161 Skill: Factual 103) Canadian and American humour are indistinguishable from each other. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 160–161 Skill: Conceptual 104) Disadvantaged people make fun of the powerful discreetly. a. True Correct b. False

Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 161 Skill: Factual Short Answer Questions 105) Describe how status and role operate as two building blocks of everyday social interaction.

Page Reference: 145–148 Skill: Applied 106) Explain the difference between an ascribed status and an achieved status. Give examples of statuses that are mostly ascribed and those that are mostly achieved.

Page Reference: 145 Skill: Applied 107) Explain the concepts of status set and role set. Provide examples of each concept.

Page Reference: 145–146 Skill: Conceptual 108) Explain the idea of socially constructing reality with examples from everyday life.

Page Reference: 148–150 Skill: Applied 109) What is the Thomas theorem? Provide an illustration of how it works.

Page Reference: 149 Skill: Conceptual 110) Explain the basic approach called dramaturgical analysis. From this point of view, explain how we engage in the “presentation of self.”

Page Reference: 150–152 Skill: Conceptual 111) What is non-verbal communication? How do people use it in everyday life?

Page Reference: 152–153 Skill: Conceptual 112) Identify several ways in which gender affects personal performances.

Page Reference: 153 Skill: Applied 113) Explain how emotions are guided by both biology and culture.

Page Reference: 156–157 Skill: Factual 114) What is it about Canada that nurtures comedic talent? Give two examples.

Page Reference: 160–161 Skill: Applied 115) Are ethnic jokes funny to the group who is the topic of the joke? Why or why not?

Page Reference: 161 Skill: Applied

Essay Questions 116) In a short essay, identify a number of your own statuses. What roles correspond to each? Do any operate as master statuses? How? Identify which statuses are mostly ascribed and which are mostly achieved. Use one or more examples to explain why many statuses are both ascribed and achieved.

Skill: Applied 117) Language helps create social reality, beginning with the division of people into worlds of “maleness” and “femaleness.” Write an essay in which you explain how language involving gender creates different worlds for women and men. Think of specific ways in which everyday language places the genders in different and unequal social positions.

Skill: Applied 118) Thinking about Global Map 6-1, Housework in Global Perspective (on page 147), describe the relationship between a nation’s average income and the social position of women. Explain why this is the case.

Skill: Applied 119) Explain Erving Goffman’s ideas on the presentation of self. What are the elements of “presentations?” How, for example, does a college professor engage in a scripted presentation of self to a class? What about a professor’s office? What features of the office are used to convey information to an observer?

Skill: Conceptual 120) Explain ways in which human emotions are the same everywhere, and ways in which they are different. In your essay, note both the biological and the cultural foundations of human emotions.

Skill: Factual 121) What makes something funny? Explain the foundation of humour, and what is involved in “getting” a joke.

Skill: Applied 122) Will virtual learning and virtual universities/colleges eliminate the campus as we know it? Identify two to three positive and negative aspects of virtual learning.

Skill: Applied 123) Using one of your parents as a subject, discuss two examples of role strain and two examples of role conflict.

Skill: Applied Quick Quiz: Multiple Choice Questions 1) Which of the following is a major contributor to the creation of humour? a. taking social issues very lightly when joking about them b. utilizing culturally universal content to formulate a joke c. putting down an ethnic group different from our own d. setting up double meanings that are conventional and unconventional Answer: d 2) Which sociologist developed the approach called dramaturgical analysis? a. George Herbert Mead b. Harold Garfinkel c. Erving Goffman d. W. I. Thomas

Answer: c 3) Which of the following is an important element of non-verbal communication? a. sign language b. clothing and jewellery worn c. body language d. tone of voice Answer: c 4) Based on research around the world, Paul Ekman concludes that people everywhere have how many basic emotions? a. six b. three c. one d. seven Answer: a 5) How does culture play a role in guiding human emotions? a. It doesn’t; emotions are biological imperatives. b. Culture unifies everyone in the world in defining how humans express emotion. c. Culture tells us how emotional we expect people to be. d. It doesn’t; culture is constructed when groups agree on how to express emotions.

Answer: c 6) The English language often treats as ______ whatever has greater value, power, or importance. a. gender-free b. feminine c. masculine d. humorous Answer: c 7) Which of the following phrases was used by Erving Goffman to refer to being embarrassed in a social situation? a. “breaking” a role b. “idealizing” a performance c. “exiting” a role d. “losing face” Answer: d Quick Quiz: True/False Questions 8) Typically, each status is linked to several roles. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a 9) In dramaturgical analysis, a restricted area in some setting is called a “back region.” a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a

Quick Quiz: Short Answer Question 10) Explain how emotions are guided by both biology and culture.

Test Bank for Macionis/Gerber, Sociology, Ninth Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Groups and Organizations Multiple Choice Questions 1) The chapter-opening story of the McDonald’s organization explains a. that “fast food” is really not served very efficiently. b. that the McDonald’s idea never caught on abroad. c. why so many small businesses do not succeed. d. that the guiding principles of McDonald’s have come to dominate our social life.

Answer: d Page Reference: 168 Skill: Conceptual 2) What do sociologists call two or more people who identify and interact with one another? a. a dyad b. a social group c. a network d. a crowd Answer: b Page Reference: 168 Skill: Conceptual 3) What is the correct sociological term for all people with a common status, such as “college students”? a. a crowd b. a group c. a category d. a network Answer: c Page Reference: 169 Skill: Conceptual 4) A temporary, loosely formed collection of people who may or may not interact is a a. crowd. b. group. c. category. d. population.

Answer: a Page Reference: 169 Skill: Conceptual 5) Social groups fall into one of two types, depending on a. how large they are. b. their members’ degree of personal concern for one another. c. how much the members interact with one another. d. how often they gather together.

Answer: b Page Reference: 169 Skill: Conceptual

6) Imagine you are watching several dozen passengers sitting in an airport gate area waiting to board a plane. These people are an example of a a. crowd. b. group. c. category. d. network.

Answer: a Page Reference: 169 Skill: Applied 7) Charles Cooley referred to a small social group whose members share personal and enduring relationships as a. an instrumental group. b. an expressive group. c. a primary group. d. a secondary group.

Answer: c Page Reference: 169 Skill: Conceptual 8) Why did Cooley refer to some groups as “primary groups”? a. They hold the highest status in society. b. They have our concerns primarily in mind. c. They contain the people most important in our lives. d. They are formed in primary school.

Answer: c Page Reference: 169 Skill: Conceptual 9) Which of the following is every society's most important primary group? a. the peer group b. the work group c. the family d. the play group Answer: c Page Reference: 169 Skill: Conceptual 10) Assume you are one of many people assembled at a university graduation ceremony. The term that best describes this gathering is a a. peer group. b. category. c. primary group. d. secondary group.

Answer: d Page Reference: 169–170 Skill: Applied 11) A secondary group is a social group that a. we experience late in life. b. is impersonal and engages in some specific activity. c. engages in many, very important activities. d. is generally much smaller than a primary group.

Answer: b

Page Reference: 169 Skill: Conceptual 12) Which of the following traits is NOT a characteristic of secondary groups? a. large size b. weak emotional ties c. personal orientation d. often short-term duration Answer: c Page Reference: 169–170 Skill: Conceptual 13) Which of the following is the best example of a primary group? a. a family that has gathered to celebrate a religious holiday b. carpenters gathering at a work site c. a student government meeting d. a reunion of the graduating class of 1977 Answer: a Page Reference: 169 Skill: Applied 14) Which of the following is the best example of a secondary group? a. a fraternity chapter meeting on campus b. a Microsoft Corporation awards banquet c. parents meeting with their daughter and her coach d. girl scouts at a cookout Answer: b Page Reference: 169 Skill: Applied 15) In general, we see the _______ as a means to an end; we see the _____ as an end in itself. a. expressive group; instrumental group b. crowd; category c. secondary group; primary group d. primary group; secondary group Answer: c Page Reference: 169–170 Skill: Conceptual 16) Hans and Theo Bakker studied the social world of club DJs from which of the following perspectives? a. structural-functionalist b. social conflict c. symbolic interactionist d. ethnomethodology Answer: c Page Reference: 171 Skill: Factual 17) What is the term for group leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks? a. democratic leadership b. authoritarian leadership c. expressive leadership d. instrumental leadership Answer: d Page Reference: 170

Skill: Conceptual 18) Which concept refers to group leadership that emphasizes collective well-being? a. democratic leadership b. authoritarian leadership c. expressive leadership d. instrumental leadership Answer: c Page Reference: 170 Skill: Conceptual 19) You are part of a task force with a group leader who has a distant relationship with group members and who is concerned with getting the job done. Which type of leader does your task force have? a. a laissez-fair group leader b. a democratic leader c. an expressive leader d. an instrumental leader Answer: d Page Reference: 170 Skill: Applied 20) In your group, the leader is skillful at using humour to reduce tension and to lighten serious moments.

Which type of leader does your group have? a. a democratic leader b. a laissez-faire leader c. an expressive leader d. an instrumental leader Answer: c Page Reference: 170 Skill: Applied 21) Which type of leadership style takes charge of making decisions and makes sure people do what they are told? a. authoritarian leadership b. democratic leadership c. laissez-faire leadership d. expressive leadership Answer: a Page Reference: 170 Skill: Conceptual 22) Which type of leader encourages everyone in a group to have a say in what happens? a. authoritarian leader b. democratic leader c. laissez-faire leader d. expressive leader Answer: b Page Reference: 170 Skill: Conceptual 23) What type of leader downplays their own power, letting the group function more or less on its own? a. authoritarian leaders b. democratic leaders c. laissez-faire leaders d. instrumental leaders

Answer: c Page Reference: 170 Skill: Conceptual 24) Solomon Asch’s research, in which subjects were asked to match lines, showed a. people seek out friends with whom they tend to agree. b. people defined as “leaders” have great power over their subjects. c. people tend to see most things differently. d. group membership has the power to generate conformity.

Answer: d Page Reference: 172 Skill: Factual 25) Which of the following statements is consistent with the findings of Solomon Asch? a. Many people are willing to compromise their own judgment to avoid being seen as different by others. b. Many people have weak self-images and seek social approval. c. Ordinary people are often not truthful to people who are in power. d. People with strong conviction can overcome social pressure.

Answer: a Page Reference: 172 Skill: Factual 26) Stanley Milgram’s research, in which subjects used a “shock generator,” showed a. people become angry when others disagree with them. b. the ability to withstand pain varies with cultural background. c. people are surprisingly likely to follow the orders of not only real authority figures but also groups of ordinary individuals. d. that ordinary people are surprisingly independent in their judgments.

Answer: c Page Reference: 172 Skill: Factual 27) Which of the following is used in your text as a Canadian example of groupthink? a. the election of a minority federal government led by Stephen Harper b. the bid for the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics c. the inability of the federalists to see they were in difficulty with respect to the 1995 Quebec sovereignty referendum d. the growth of Facebook as a social network in Canada Answer: c Page Reference: 173 Skill: Factual 28) Which of the following illustrates the operation of groupthink? a. A group shares information widely and makes an effective policy decision. b. A group leader makes a decision without consulting anyone, and the decision turns out to be a bad one. c. Group members seek consensus, discouraging people from speaking freely, and end up making a decision based on limited information. d. A group gets different ideas from everyone and is unable to come up with any decision at all.

Answer: c Page Reference: 173 Skill: Applied 29) What is the sociological term coined by Irving Janis for a limited understanding of some issue resulting from group conformity?

a. reference group consciousness b. groupthink c. in-group thinking d. tunnel vision Answer: b Page Reference: 173 Skill: Conceptual 30) Here are four statements describing group dynamics. Which of them is NOT an expression of groupthink? a. Group members quickly settle on a position, then they treat other possibilities as oppositional. b. Group members encourage each other to see the issue from only one point of view. c. Group members treat reaching consensus as more important than encouraging everyone to speak up openly. d. The group seeks diverse members and ends up being unable to reach a consensus.

Answer: d Page Reference: 175 Skill: Applied 31) Which of the following concepts refers to a social group that people use as a point of reference in making evaluations or decisions? a. peer group b. reference group c. out-group d. dyad Answer: b Page Reference: 173 Skill: Conceptual 32) Samuel Stouffer’s study of soldier morale during World War II led to what conclusion? a. The greater the chances of getting ahead, the happier people are. b. Happiness is a matter of personal values and standards. c. Whatever their situation in absolute terms, people evaluate themselves by making comparisons to others in specific reference groups. d. The less chance for promotion, the higher soldiers’ morale.

Answer: c Page Reference: 173 Skill: Factual 33) Which type of social group commands a member’s esteem and loyalty? a. an in-group b. an out-group c. a reference group d. a social network Answer: a Page Reference: 173–174 Skill: Conceptual 34) A social group toward which a person feels competition or opposition is which of the following? a. an in-group b. an out-group c. a reference group d. a social network Answer: b Page Reference: 173–174

Skill: Conceptual 35) Which concept refers to a social group with only two members? a. a primary group b. a dyad c. a triad d. a bond Answer: b Page Reference: 174 Skill: Conceptual 36) Which statement correctly reflects Simmel’s understanding of the dyad? a. Dyads are less stable than groups with many members. b. Typically, dyads involve less intense interaction. c. Most people find dyads less meaningful than triads. d. Dyads are more stable than groups with many members.

Answer: a Page Reference: 174 Skill: Conceptual 37) The concept “triad” refers to which of the following? a. any pyramid-shaped organization b. a trial marriage c. a social group with three members d. a temporary social group Answer: c Page Reference: 174–175 Skill: Conceptual 38) According to Peter Blau, which of the following plays a part in group dynamics? a. occupation b. class c. political affiliation d. age Answer: b Page Reference: 175 Skill: Factual 39) Blau notes three ways in which social diversity influences intergroup contact. Which of the following is NOT one of these three? a. large groups turn inward b. homogeneous groups turn outward c. physical boundaries create social boundaries d. heterogeneous groups turn outward Answer: b Page Reference: 175 Skill: Conceptual 40) If you want your social group to be open to any and all people as new members, which of the following policies would you support? a. Members should be socially diverse. b. The group should be large. c. The group should not be physically segregated. d. The group should have a strong leader.

Answer: a

Page Reference: 175 Skill: Applied 41) Which sociological concept refers to a number of weak social ties among persons who have little common identity and little interaction? a. primary group b. triad c. network d. dyad Answer: c Page Reference: 177 Skill: Conceptual 42) Which of the following is typically true of a social network? a. Networks are built on primary relationships. b. Networks are “fuzzy” groups made up of people we “know of” rather than those we know well. c. Networks encourage a strong sense of membership. d. Networks have clear boundaries defining membership.

Answer: b Page Reference: 177 Skill: Conceptual 43) In general, which of the following categories of people are “well-connected” in terms of social networks? a. the elderly b. poorly educated people c. people living in cities d. nomadic peoples Answer: c Page Reference: 177 Skill: Factual 44) The “Sociology and the Media” box explains that a recent and popular example of social networking is the use of a. websites such as Facebook. b. social service projects involving dorm residents. c. computers to track people’s personal tastes and interests. d. shared bicycles on campus.

Answer: a Page Reference: 178 Skill: Factual 45) Formal organizations are a. small groups with elected leaders. b. large secondary groups with a goal orientation. c. networks that have many members. d. only agencies that are part of the government.

Answer: b Page Reference: 178 Skill: Conceptual 46) Which type of formal organization is sometimes called a “voluntary association”? a. normative organizations b. coercive organizations c. utilitarian organizations

d. punitive organizations Answer: a Page Reference: 179 Skill: Conceptual 47) If you were a prisoner, a maximum-security prison would be which of the following types of organizations from your point of view? a. a normative organization b. a coercive organization c. a utilitarian organization d. a voluntary organization Answer: b Page Reference: 180 Skill: Applied 48) Which type of formal organization do people join to obtain money and other material benefits? a. normative organization b. coercive organization c. utilitarian organization d. voluntary organization Answer: c Page Reference: 179 Skill: Conceptual 49) Assume you are a parent of a child in school. From your point of view, what type of organization is a school’s Parent–Teacher Association (PTA)? a. a normative organization b. a coercive organization c. a utilitarian organization d. a punitive organization Answer: a Page Reference: 179 Skill: Applied 50) From the point of view of anyone considered an “inmate,” what type of formal organization is the person in? a. a normative organization b. a coercive organization c. a utilitarian organization d. a voluntary organization Answer: b Page Reference: 180 Skill: Applied 51) The Industrial Revolution ushered in a new structure for formal organizations concerned with efficiency that Weber called a. groupthink. b. networks. c. bureaucracy. d. triads.

Answer: c Page Reference: 181 Skill: Conceptual 52) In most high-income nations at least ______ of the population uses the internet.

a. 1/10 b. 1/2 c. 3/4 d. 9/10 Answer: b Page Reference: 179 Skill: Factual 53) The concept “bureaucracy” refers to a. a large, normative organization. b. any source of inefficiency in organizational operation. c. an organizational model that operates informally. d. an organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently.

Answer: d Page Reference: 181 Skill: Conceptual 54) Max Weber noted many traits of bureaucracy. Which of the following list is NOT one of them? a. favouring family members over strangers b. arranging offices in a hierarchy c. enacting many rules and regulations d. providing workers with highly specialized jobs Answer: a Page Reference: 181 Skill: Factual 55) In principle, bureaucratic organizations pay little attention to a. formal policies. b. completing tasks efficiently. c. tradition. d. the technical competence of members.

Answer: c Page Reference: 181 Skill: Conceptual 56) What concept refers to all factors outside an organization that affect the organization’s operation? a. oligarchy b. organizational environment c. secondary environment d. competition Answer: b Page Reference: 182 Skill: Conceptual 57) Max Weber argued that formal organizations were efficient, but he cautioned that they can have harmful effects on people. What is the danger? a. Organizations create social inequality. b. Organizations create conflict among workers. c. Organizations create alienation. d. Organizations create conformity.

Answer: c Page Reference: 183 Skill: Conceptual

58) What is Robert Merton’s term for a preoccupation with rules and regulations to the point of keeping an organization from accomplishing its goals? a. bureaucratic ritualism b. bureaucratic alienation c. bureaucratic innovation d. bureaucratic inertia Answer: a Page Reference: 183 Skill: Conceptual 59) The emergency room clerk who keeps a bleeding patient waiting while filling out lots of paperwork is a classic example of a. bureaucratic ritualism. b. bureaucratic alienation. c. bureaucratic innovation. d. bureaucratic inertia.

Answer: a Page Reference: 183 Skill: Applied 60) The tendency of bureaucratic organizations to perpetuate themselves—to keep themselves going—is called: a. bureaucratic retreatism. b. bureaucratic ritualism. c. bureaucratic innovation. d. bureaucratic inertia.

Answer: d Page Reference: 183 Skill: Conceptual 61) Which of these concepts was used by Robert Michels to refer to the rule of the many by the few? a. bureaucracy b. formal organization c. oligarchy d. authoritarian leadership Answer: c Page Reference: 183–184 Skill: Conceptual 62) In the “iron law of oligarchy,” Robert Michels stated a. bureaucracy always means inefficiency. b. bureaucracy always means the few rule the many. c. bureaucracy always means formal rules and regulations. d. bureaucracy always means alienation.

Answer: b Page Reference: 184 Skill: Conceptual 63) The basic idea behind scientific management is that a. both science and formal organizations are rational. b. organizations benefit from employees with scientific knowledge. c. applying scientific principles can make a business more efficient. d. companies chaired by scientists are more successful.

Answer: c Page Reference: 184

Skill: Conceptual 64) The scientific management approach was developed by a. Frederick Taylor. b. Robert Merton. c. Robert Michels. d. Rosabeth Moss Kanter.

Answer: a Page Reference: 184 Skill: Factual 65) In brief, what does Rosabeth Moss Kanter’s research show? a. Organizations must “open up” their structure to bring out the best in their employees. b. Employees who hustle are the ones who get ahead. c. Organizational structure has little to do with employee performance. d. Formal organizations typically become oligarchies.

Answer: a Page Reference: 184 Skill: Factual 66) According to Deborah Tannen, what traits make up a “female advantage”? a. placing greater emphasis on policy b. placing greater emphasis on communication c. rigid leadership structures d. compartmentalization Answer: b Page Reference: 185 Skill: Factual 67) During the last fifty years, Japanese formal organizations have differed from those in Canada by being a. less efficient. b. less profitable. c. more collective in their orientation. d. more hierarchical.

Answer: c Page Reference: 185 Skill: Factual 68) Which of the following is NOT a way in which today’s Canadian business organizations differ from those a century ago? a. Today, there is more creative autonomy. b. Today, we find more use of competitive work teams. c. Today’s organizations have a steeper, pyramid shape. d. Today’s organizations have more flexibility.

Answer: c Page Reference: 186 Skill: Factual 69) Looking at the list below, all but one of the traits is correctly linked to McDonaldization. Which is NOT a trait of McDonaldization? a. efficiency b. creativity c. ability to calculate results d. control through automation

Answer: b Page Reference: 187–188 Skill: Factual 70) The concept “McDonaldization of society” refers to a. McDonald’s organizational principles coming to dominate all of society. b. the spread of McDonald’s restaurants around the world. c. society becoming more filled with red tape and inefficiency. d. the less and less predictable nature of today’s society.

Answer: a Page Reference: 187 Skill: Conceptual 71) Which of the following statements is NOT evidence of the process called the “McDonaldization of society”? a. Bank tellers are being replaced with automatic teller machines (ATMs). b. People shop in carefully designed, climate-controlled malls. c. Colleges select students in terms of applicants’ grades and test scores. d. Many new jobs demand creativity and imagination.

Answer: d Page Reference: 187–188 Skill: Applied 72) Weber believed that rational systems were efficient but _________________. a. ineffective overall b. anomic c. unsustainable d. dehumanizing Answer: d Page Reference: 188 Skill: Factual 73) The text speaks of “opposing trends” in today’s world of formal organizations because a. some organizations are getting smaller, but most are getting bigger. b. men dominate formal organizations, but women are gaining fast. c. some organizations have evolved toward flatter, more flexible forms, but others remain rigid organizations patterned on McDonald’s. d. most organizations are getting bigger, but some are getting smaller.

Answer: c Page Reference: 188 Skill: Factual True/False Questions 74) People riding together on a subway are correctly called a social group. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 168–169 Skill: Applied 75) Members of a social group usually think of themselves as a special “us.”

a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 168–169 Skill: Conceptual 76) The sociologist who explored the primary group was Charles Horton Cooley. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 169 Skill: Factual 77) The boundary that distinguishes members from non-members is clearer in secondary groups than in primary groups. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 169 Skill: Conceptual 78) Generally, people in secondary relationships think of others as a means to some end. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 169–170 Skill: Conceptual 79) In general, people in secondary groups are more likely than people in primary groups to “keep score” in terms of who owes what to whom. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 169–170 Skill: Factual 80) Expressive leaders are more likely than instrumental leaders to enjoy more personal affection from group members. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 170 Skill: Conceptual

81) Secondary groups are more likely than primary groups to be goal-oriented. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 169–170 Skill: Conceptual 82) Your circle of friends is an example of a secondary group. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 169–170 Skill: Conceptual 83) Expressive leadership emphasizes the completion of tasks. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 170 Skill: Factual 84) The leadership style that allows group members the most autonomy is “laissez-faire.” a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 171 Skill: Conceptual 85) Asch’s experiment in group conformity shows most people would not compromise their personal judgment to avoid being seen as different. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 172 Skill: Factual 86) Milgram’s experiment showed that people are easily influenced by both “ordinary people” and legitimate authority figures. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 172

Skill: Factual 87) Irving Janis demonstrated how discussion always improves decision making in a social group. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 173 Skill: Factual 88) “Groupthink” is a form of social conformity in groups. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 173 Skill: Conceptual 89) Reference groups can be primary groups but never secondary groups. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 173 Skill: Conceptual 90) In the process of anticipatory socialization, people use social groups they wish to join as reference groups. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 173 Skill: Conceptual 91) One person’s in-group may well be another person’s out-group. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 173–174 Skill: Applied 92) As the number of members in a group goes up, the number of possible relationships among them goes up much faster. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a

Page Reference: 174 Skill: Factual 93) The number of people in a group does not affect how the members interact with one another. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 174 Skill: Factual 94) As groups grow larger, they become less stable. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 174–175 Skill: Factual 95) As groups increase in size, interaction between members becomes more intense and more personal. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 174–175 Skill: Factual 96) Simmel referred to a group of three as a dyad. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 174 Skill: Conceptual 97) A social network is really a web of weak social ties. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 177 Skill: Conceptual 98) Sites such as Facebook help people create vast social networks. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 178

Skill: Applied 99) Typically, the people with the largest social networks are young, well-educated, and live in big cities. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 177 Skill: Conceptual 100) Formal organizations are designed to meet the personal needs of participants. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 179–180 Skill: Conceptual 101) A psychiatric hospital can be a coercive organization for a patient, a utilitarian organization for a psychiatrist, and a normative organization for a part-time volunteer. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 179–180 Skill: Applied 102) Bureaucracy places more importance on personal ties than on technical competence. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 181 Skill: Conceptual 103) Max Weber believed that the spread of bureaucracy would greatly improve the quality of life for modern people. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 181 Skill: Factual 104) The tendency of bureaucratic organizations to perpetuate themselves is referred to as “bureaucratic alienation.” a. True Incorrect b. False Correct

Answer: b Page Reference: 183 Skill: Conceptual 105) Oligarchy refers to the rule of the many by the few. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 183–184 Skill: Conceptual 106) Scientific management was an effort to humanize the workplace. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 184 Skill: Conceptual 107) Rosabeth Moss Kanter’s research shows that clear rules, firmly and uniformly applied, increase a business organization’s profitability. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 184 Skill: Factual 108) Compared to Canadian organizations, many formal organizations in Japan have had more qualities of primary groups. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 185 Skill: Factual 109) Today’s business organizations make greater use of competitive work teams. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 186 Skill: Factual 110) Today’s more competitive organizations have a more hierarchical, pyramid shape. a. True Incorrect b. False

Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 186 Skill: Factual 111) Frederick Taylor, the creator of “scientific management,” would have favoured a flatter organizational shape and more organizational flexibility. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 186 Skill: Applied 112) The “McDonaldization of society” thesis echoes Weber’s belief that rational systems are efficient but dehumanizing. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 186–188 Skill: Conceptual 113) As large organizations have expanded in Canada, privacy has increased. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 188–189 Skill: Factual 114) The post-industrial economy has created more routine service jobs than highly skilled jobs. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 188 Skill: Conceptual 115) Formal organizations are relatively new, dating back to the mid-1850s. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 180 Skill: Factual Short Answer Questions

116) What are the differences between categories and social groups?

Page Reference: 168–169 Skill: Conceptual 117) What are the important differences between primary and secondary groups?

Page Reference: 169–170 Skill: Conceptual 118) What does the research by Solomon Asch and Stanley Milgram show us about the ability social groups to affect the opinions and behaviour of group members?

Page Reference: 172 Skill: Factual 119) What is the meaning of “in-group” and “out-group”? How do they both affect the opinions and behaviour of individuals?

Page Reference: 173–174 Skill: Conceptual 120) List the traits that Max Weber used to describe bureaucratic social organization. How do these traits promote organizational efficiency?

Page Reference: 181 Skill: Conceptual 121) What is the “McDonaldization of society”? List the four principles that define this organizational pattern.

Page Reference: 186–188 Skill: Conceptual 122) Discuss and provide an example of bureaucratic inefficiency.

Page Reference: 183 Skill: Applied 123) Using a specific example, discuss bureaucratic inertia.

Page Reference: 183 Skill: Applied Essay Questions 124) Based on your understanding of this chapter, discuss (1) how group size affects the behaviour of group members, and (2) how diversity in group membership affects the behaviour of group members.

Illustrate your responses with examples from everyday life.

Skill: Applied 125) In this essay, list the key characteristics of bureaucracy. What was it about bureaucracy that Max Weber saw as positive? What did he see as negative?

Skill: Conceptual 126) How have formal organizations changed over the course of the twentieth century? Describe the ideal formal organization in the eyes of scientific management analyst Frederick Taylor, who wrote his business principles a century ago. How and why do today’s more flexible organizations strive to be different from those described by Taylor?

Skill: Conceptual

127) Discuss the “McDonaldization of society” thesis. What, exactly, does this phrase mean? How might this thesis, assuming it is correct, affect your own life in college and after?

Skill: Applied 128) Why do many analysts claim that the spread of formal organizations threatens personal privacy?

What do you think can be done about the erosion of personal privacy?

Skill: Applied 129) Explain the “opposing trends” that are shaping the future of organizations in Canada. Why are workers in some large organizations rewarded for developing their creativity and imagination, whereas those in other organizations are prevented from doing anything other than what they are told?

Skill: Conceptual 130) Explain the operation of sites such as Facebook as a way to create social networks. What do people who use Facebook gain? What might they lose?

Skill: Applied 131) Compare and contrast Canadian and Japanese work organization. Be as specific in your answer as possible.

Skill: Applied Quick Quiz: Multiple Choice Questions 1) Which of the following is every society’s most important primary group? a. the peer group b. the work group c. the family d. the play group Answer: c 2) Which of the following traits is NOT a characteristic of secondary groups? a. large size b. weak emotional ties c. personal orientation d. often short-term duration Answer: c 3) In general, which of the following categories of people are “well-connected” in terms of social networks? a. the elderly b. poorly educated people c. people living in cities d. nomadic peoples Answer: c 4) In principle, bureaucratic organizations pay little attention to a. formal policies. b. completing tasks efficiently. c. tradition. d. the technical competence of members.

Answer: c 5) The scientific management approach was developed by a. Frederick Taylor.

b. Robert Merton. c. Robert Michels. d. Rosabeth Moss Kanter.

Answer: a 6) During the last fifty years, Japanese formal organizations have differed from those in the United States by being a. less efficient. b. less profitable. c. more collective in their orientation. d. more hierarchical.

Answer: c 7) Think about the process of McDonaldization. Which of the following is NOT a trait of McDonaldization? a. efficiency b. creativity c. ability to calculate results d. control through automation Answer: b Quick Quiz: True/False Questions 8) The sociologist who explored the primary group was Charles Horton Cooley. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a 9) Asch’s experiment in group conformity shows most people would not compromise their personal judgment to avoid being seen as different. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Quick Quiz: Short Answer Question 10) List the traits that Max Weber used to describe bureaucratic social organization. How do these traits promote organizational efficiency?

Test Bank for Macionis/Gerber, Sociology, Ninth Canadian Edition Chapter 8: Sexuality and Society Multiple Choice Questions 1) A reason to study sexuality from the sociological perspective is a. sexuality is the source of most social issues. b. sexuality is completely understood by most people, especially sociologists. c. sexuality plays a part in many areas of social life. d. There isn’t one; sexuality is biological and has nothing to do with sociology.

Answer: c Page Reference: 196–197 Skill: Conceptual

2) Which concept refers to the biological distinction between males and females? a. sex b. primary sex characteristics c. gender d. gender roles Answer: a Page Reference: 197 Skill: Conceptual 3) The development of breasts in females and deeper voices in males are examples of a. gender norms. b. primary sex characteristics. c. secondary sex characteristics. d. tertiary sex characteristics.

Answer: c Page Reference: 197 Skill: Conceptual 4) Which concept refers to genitals that distinguish females and males? a. gender b. primary sex characteristics c. secondary sex characteristics d. sexual chromosomes Answer: b Page Reference: 197 Skill: Conceptual 5) Which concept refers to humans who have some combination of female and male sexual characteristics? a. multi-sexed b. bisexual c. transsexual d. intersexual Answer: d Page Reference: 197 Skill: Conceptual 6) If you often had the feeling of being “trapped in the wrong body,” you might well be a. a hermaphrodite. b. a homosexual. c. a transsexual. d. a bisexual.

Answer: c Page Reference: 197–198 Skill: Applied 7) Comparative research indicates that a. although sex has a biological foundation, sexual practices vary from place to place as an element of culture. b. people throughout the world engage in the same sexual practices. c. sex is a not permitted in some societies, but it is encouraged in others. d. sexuality is defined entirely by a biological “sex drive.”

Answer: a Page Reference: 199

Skill: Factual 8) One norm found everywhere is the incest taboo, which refers to a. norms forbidding young children from engaging in sex. b. norms forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives. c. norms forbidding women from becoming sexually active before marriage. d. norms forbidding sex except for the purpose of having children.

Answer: b Page Reference: 199 Skill: Conceptual 9) Sociologists offer several explanations for the fact that the incest taboo is found everywhere. Look at the statements below and identify the statement that is NOT a claim made by sociologists. a. The incest taboo limits sexual competition within families. b. The incest taboo helps define people’s rights and obligations toward each other. c. The incest taboo helps clarify the kinship system. d. The incest taboo discourages contact of family members with the larger society.

Answer: d Page Reference: 199 Skill: Conceptual 10) The Sociology and the Media Box called “The Boy Who was Raised as a Girl” describes traits that females and males, guided by their culture, incorporate into their personalities or a. sex. b. primary sex characteristics. c. gender identity. d. transsexuality.

Answer: c Page Reference: 198 Skill: Conceptual 11) When did the sexual revolution begin? a. It began in the colonial era. b. It began during the Great Depression of the 1930s. c. It began in 1920s and grew quickly in the late 1960s. d. It began about 1980.

Answer: c Page Reference: 201–202 Skill: Factual 12) The importance of Alfred Kinsey’s research on sexuality in the United States was a. making sexuality a focus of scientific study. b. describing how out-of-date the incest taboo was. c. proving that, despite cultural differences, we all have sex the same way. d. illustrating the standard way all Americans engage in sexual activity.

Answer: a Page Reference: 202 Skill: Factual 13) When it comes to sexuality, are Canadians restrictive or permissive? a. restrictive b. permissive c. both d. neither Answer: c

Page Reference: 201 Skill: Factual 14) Which of the following has been TRUE of Canadians over time? a. We are less permissive of non-marital sex. b. We are more permissive of homosexuality. c. We have been increasingly viewing extramarital sex as acceptable for women but not men. d. We believe, in increasing proportions of the population, that premarital sex is fine for those over the age of 21.

Answer: b Page Reference: 201 Skill: Factual 15) The sexual counter-revolution began in the United States in a. 1920. b. 1960. c. 1980. d. 1995.

Answer: c Page Reference: 203 Skill: Factual 16) The effect of the sexual counter-revolution was a. to keep sex only within marriage. b. to encourage people to limit their number of sexual partners or, in some cases, to abstain from sex entirely. c. to finally close the historical “double standard.” d. to discourage the use of birth control technology.

Answer: b Page Reference: 203 Skill: Factual 17) Survey research on attitudes towards premarital sex tells us that a. the public is more accepting of premarital sex than it was a generation ago. b. there has been little or no change in public attitudes towards premarital sex in recent decades. c. the public is less accepting of premarital sex than it was a generation ago. d. almost no one today claims that premarital sex is wrong.

Answer: a Page Reference: 204 Skill: Factual 18) Research on extramarital sex shows that about _____ of married men and about _____ of married women remain faithful to their spouse throughout their married lives. a. 25 percent; 40 percent b. 25 percent; 75 percent c. 75 percent; 50 percent d. 75 percent; 90 percent Answer: d Page Reference: 205 Skill: Factual 19) Which of the following concepts refers to a person’s romantic and emotional attraction to another person? a. sex role b. sexual orientation

c. sexual experience d. personal transsexuality Answer: b Page Reference: 205 Skill: Conceptual 20) Sexual attraction to someone of the same sex is called a. heterosexuality. b. bisexuality. c. homosexuality. d. asexuality.

Answer: c Page Reference: 205–206 Skill: Conceptual 21) Sexual attraction to people of both sexes is called a. heterosexuality. b. bisexuality. c. homosexuality. d. asexuality.

Answer: b Page Reference: 206 Skill: Conceptual 22) Little or no sexual attraction to people of either sex is called a. heterosexuality. b. bisexuality. c. homosexuality. d. asexuality.

Answer: d Page Reference: 206 Skill: Conceptual 23) The weight of evidence indicates that sexual orientation is rooted in a. human biology, although social experience plays some role. b. how societies construct sexuality. c. individual choice. d. the way young children are raised.

Answer: a Page Reference: 206–207 Skill: Factual 24) There are ______ major sexual orientations. a. two b. three c. four d. five Answer: c Page Reference: 206 Skill: Factual 25) The concept “homophobia” refers to a. fear of pregnancy. b. fear of one’s own sexuality. c. fear of close personal interaction with people thought to be gay, lesbian, or bisexual.

d. fear of attracting sexual interest from another person.

Answer: c Page Reference: 208, 210 Skill: Conceptual 26) Which of the following categories of teenagers would you correctly place at highest probability of pregnancy? a. teenage women with low incomes and weak families b. teenage women with high incomes c. teenage women with little sexual experience d. teenage women with proper access to education Answer: a Page Reference: 210 Skill: Conceptual 27) People who oppose pornography would NOT argue that a. they oppose it on moral grounds. b. it may contribute to violence against women. c.it unfairly depicts women as the playthings of men. d. it is a potential solution to violence against women.

Answer: d Page Reference: 212–213 Skill: Conceptual 28) In global perspective, prostitution is most common in a. high-income nations, where women are free to choose their profession. b. poor nations, where women have fewer economic opportunities. c. all nations: prostitution is found in every country to about the same extent. d. Middle Eastern countries such as Saudi Arabia and Iran, where women have fewer choices about their lives.

Answer: b Page Reference: 213 Skill: Factual 29) Elite prostitutes—young, attractive, and well-educated—are widely referred to as _____. a. streetwalkers b. brothel workers c. call girls or escorts d. companions Answer: c Page Reference: 213 Skill: Conceptual 30) Prostitution is regarded by many people in Canada as a a. victimless crime. b. corporate crime. c. crime against the person. d. white-collar crime.

Answer: a Page Reference: 213 Skill: Factual 31) A reason NOT to view prostitution as simply a matter of personal choice involving adults is that a. prostitution subjects many women to outright violence. b. prostitution plays a part in spreading sexually transmitted diseases, including AIDS.

c. many poor women become trapped in a life of selling sex. d. prostitution is always morally wrong, regardless of culture or society.

Answer: a Page Reference: 213 Skill: Factual 32) Which one of the following statements about sexual assault is NOT true? a. Many rapes are not reported to the police. b. Official rape statistics include only victims who are women. c. In most cases of rape, the victim does not know the attacker. d. Most men who rape men are not homosexual.

Answer: c Page Reference: 215 Skill: Factual 33) In Canada, rape is officially recorded as a. a victimless crime. b. sexual assault. c. battery. d. theft under $1000.00.

Answer: b Page Reference: 214 Skill: Factual 34) Which of the following statements is a widespread—but false—idea about rape? a. Many rapes take place in the home. b. Women who are raped must have encouraged their attackers. c. Men who rape are interested in power rather than sex. d. “Date rape” is a common problem on college campuses.

Answer: b Page Reference: 215 Skill: Factual 35) Which theoretical approach rests on the idea that society needs to regulate human sexuality? a. the structural-functional approach b. the symbolic-interaction approach c. the social-conflict approach d. queer theory Answer: a Page Reference: 214 Skill: Conceptual 36) Based on what you know about the history of human sexuality, once a society gains birth-control technology a. social control of sexuality becomes stricter. b. families, rather than individuals, make choices about sexual partners. c. social norms regarding sexuality become more permissive. d. the incest taboo no longer is observed.

Answer: c Page Reference: 214 Skill: Applied 37) Assume you are investigating the consequences of the incest taboo for kinship organization in a number of societies. Which theoretical approach are you using? a. the structural-functional approach

b. the symbolic-interaction approach c. the social-conflict approach d. queer theory Answer: a Page Reference: 214 Skill: Applied 38) The more global our view of sexuality, a. the more variety we see in the meanings people attach to sexuality. b. the greater the evidence that biology defines sexuality. c. the clearer we see that sexual practices are mostly the same all around the world. d. the less we know about it.

Answer: a Page Reference: 216 Skill: Conceptual 39) If you were to study the changing meaning of virginity over the last century in our society, you would discover that the norm stating that people remain virgins until marriage a. has changed little. b. has become stronger with regard to women. c. has become stronger with regard to men. d. has become weaker.

Answer: d Page Reference: 216 Skill: Factual 40) If you were teaching a class about the symbolic-interaction approach to sexuality, on which of the following topics would you likely focus? a. understanding men’s power over women b. raising public concern about sexual harassment c. how individuals in various settings engage in different sexual behaviour and attach different meanings to sexual activity d. understanding why society must regulate with whom and when people reproduce Answer: c Page Reference: 216 Skill: Applied 41) Which theoretical approach points to the ways in which sexuality is linked to social inequality? a. the structural-functional approach b. the symbolic-interaction approach c. the social-conflict approach d. the social-control approach Answer: c Page Reference: 216–217 Skill: Factual 42) Which of the following statements is NOT consistent with the social-conflict approach? a. The process of reality construction is highly variable, so that one group’s views of sexuality may well differ from another’s. b. Defining women in sexual terms devalues them, making women into objects of men’s interest. c. U.S. culture often depicts sexuality in terms of sport and violence, such as when we speak of men “scoring” with women, and men “hitting on” women. d. When police enforce laws against prostitution, the person most likely to be arrested is the female prostitute, not her male “client.”

Answer: a

Page Reference: 216–217 Skill: Conceptual 43) Queer theory is a growing body of knowledge asserting that a. sex has always seemed strange to most people. b. no sexual practice should be considered wrong. c. people fear discovering their homosexuality. d. there is a heterosexual bias in U.S. society.

Answer: d Page Reference: 217 Skill: Conceptual 44) ____________ refers to a growing body of research findings that challenges the heterosexual bias in Western society. a. Homophobia b. Queer theory c. Heterosexism d. Sexual orientation Answer: b Page Reference: 217 Skill: Conceptual 45) Which of the following concepts refers to stigmatizing anyone who is not heterosexual as “queer”? a. homophobia b. heterosexism c. heterophilia d. homophilia Answer: b Page Reference: 217 Skill: Conceptual 46) Criticism of the social-conflict approach’s view of sexuality would include the fact that a. sexuality is not a power issue for women. b. North American society is uniform in the way it views sexuality and gender equality. c. gay people have made great strides toward greater opportunity and social acceptance. d. sexuality is biological, so there isn’t really a conflict at work.

Answer: c Page Reference: 217 Skill: Conceptual 47) Who would be most likely to say that the meanings that people attach to virginity are socially constructed and subject to change? a. a structural functionalist b. a social-conflict theorist c. a symbolic interactionist d. an exchange analyst Answer: c Page Reference: 216 Skill: Conceptual 48) “Society uses the incest taboo to control sexuality in order to maintain social order” would be noted by someone who employs the _____________ approach. a. structural-functional b. social-conflict c. feminist

d. symbolic-interactionist Answer: a Page Reference: 214 Skill: Conceptual True/False Questions 49) Durand and Cousens, in the chapter-opening story, are transsexuals. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 196 Skill: Factual 50) There are few areas of life in which sexuality does not play some part. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 196–197 Skill: Factual 51) Researchers did not begin to study sexuality until the middle of the twentieth century. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 197 Skill: Factual 52) Sociologists point out that human sexual behaviour is very similar across all cultures. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 199 Skill: Factual 53) Modesty is culturally variable. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 199 Skill: Factual 54) Gender is an element of culture. a. True

Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 197 Skill: Conceptual 55) People in all cultures respond to intersexual people with confusion or even disgust. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 197 Skill: Conceptual 56) Primary sex characteristics refer to reproductive organs. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 197 Skill: Conceptual 57) Although there is a human “sex drive,” our biology does not dictate any specific ways of being sexual. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 199 Skill: Factual 58) No sexual practice—not even the incest taboo—is found everywhere in the world. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 199 Skill: Conceptual 59) Gender reassignment is always voluntary. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 198 Skill: Conceptual 60) Historically, public attitudes towards sexuality in North America have been inconsistent, mixing cultural repression with individual choice. a. True

Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 200–201 Skill: Factual 61) During the twentieth century, Canadian society experienced profound changes in sexual attitudes and practices. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 201–202 Skill: Factual 62) The publication of Alfred Kinsey’s first book in 1948 caused a stir, first of all, because scientists were actually studying sex. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 201–202 Skill: Factual 63) The baby boom generation—people born between 1946 and 1964—became the first cohort in U.S. history to grow up with the idea that sex was part of everyone’s life, married or not. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 202 Skill: Factual 64) While the sexual revolution increased sexual activity overall, it changed behaviour among men more than among women. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 201–203 Skill: Factual 65) The region of the world where people make the least use of birth control is North America. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 203 Skill: Factual

66) It appears, from research done, that Canadian adults are more sexually active than American adults. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 205 Skill: Factual 67) Most married adults in Canada are sexually unfaithful to their spouses at some point in their marriages. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 205 Skill: Factual 68) The fact that many people are bisexual demonstrates that sexual orientation is often not clear-cut. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 206 Skill: Conceptual 69) Homosexuality and heterosexuality are mutually exclusive, meaning that all people fall into one category or the other. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 205–206 Skill: Conceptual 70) There was no distinct category of “homosexual” people until about a century ago. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 206 Skill: Factual 71) Most societies tolerate homosexuality. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 206

Skill: Factual 72) In recent decades, the public attitude toward homosexuality in Canada has been moving toward greater acceptance. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 208 Skill: Factual 73) Estimates are that 20% of the Canadian population is gay. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 207 Skill: Factual 74) Homophobia refers to a fear of sexuality. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 208, 210 Skill: Conceptual 75) Becoming pregnant as a teenager raises the risk of not finishing school and becoming poor. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 210 Skill: Factual 76) The Canadian rate of teenage pregnancy was actually higher in the 1960s than it is today. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 210 Skill: Factual 77) The sexual revolution raised the level of teenage pregnancy in Canada. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 210

Skill: Factual 78) Pornography is a moral issue for some people and a political issue for others. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 212–213 Skill: Factual 79) Prostitution is greatest in poor nations, where women have fewer economic opportunities. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 213 Skill: Factual 80) What is and is not pornographic has long been a matter of debate. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 212–213 Skill: Factual 81) In Canada, prostitution is not a crime. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 213 Skill: Factual 82) The abortion debate is about nothing other than the question of when life begins. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 211 Skill: Factual 83) Although some people think is a form of sex, it is an expression of power. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 215 Skill: Conceptual

84) The structural-functional approach highlights patterns of inequality linked to sexuality. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 214 Skill: Conceptual 85) The symbolic-interaction approach highlights the various meanings people attach to sexuality. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 216 Skill: Conceptual 86) The social-conflict approach highlights the ways sexual attitudes and practices benefit some and disadvantage others. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 216–217 Skill: Conceptual 87) Heterosexism refers to rejecting or stigmatizing anyone who is not heterosexual. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 217 Skill: Conceptual Short Answer Questions 88) Distinguish between primary sex characteristics and secondary sex characteristics.

Page Reference: 197 Skill: Conceptual 89) What are several functions of the incest taboo for society as a whole?

Page Reference: 199 Skill: Conceptual 90) What significant changes took place during the sexual revolution? What about during the sexual counter-revolution?

Page Reference: 201–203 Skill: Factual

91) In what regions of the world do people make the most and least use of birth control technology? Can you explain this pattern?

Page Reference: 203 Skill: Applied 92) Define the following terms: heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality, and asexuality.

Page Reference: 205–206 Skill: Conceptual 93) What makes it difficult to assess what proportion of Canada’s population is homosexual? Cite more than two reasons.

Page Reference: 207–208 Skill: Conceptual 94) Why do some people consider prostitution to be a victimless crime? Can you provide arguments against this position?

Page Reference: 213–214 Skill: Conceptual 95) State two common myths about rape. Explain why these beliefs are wrong.

Page Reference: 215 Skill: Factual 96) Explain why it takes latent functions to explain why prostitution is so widespread.

Page Reference: 214 Skill: Conceptual 97) Why would societies seek to control human sexuality? Why would some societies be more permissive than others?

Page Reference: 214 Skill: Applied 98) How is sexuality socially constructed?

Page Reference: 216 Skill: Conceptual 99) What is the basic assertion of queer theory?

Page Reference: 217 Skill: Conceptual Essay Questions 100) Many people think of sexuality as a biological matter. Yet, sexuality is largely cultural. Explain the biological foundation of sex—how people become female and male—and then go on to explain why sexuality as a dimension of social life is mostly cultural. Consider as evidence of the cultural character of sexuality variation in attitudes and behaviour over time and from society to society.

Skill: Conceptual 101) Explain the significance of the sexual revolution and the sexual counter-revolution. What changed in each case? How do these opposing trends show that Canadian society is of two minds—permissive and restrictive—about matters of sexuality?

Skill: Conceptual

102) Apply the three theoretical approaches to the topic of sexuality. What are important insights provided by the structural-functional, symbolic-interaction, and social-conflict approaches?

Skill: Conceptual 103) Consider the issue of rape. Why have most cases of rape gone unreported? Why is this pattern now changing? What factors make date rape an important issue on the university or college campus? What strategies for change might reduce this problem?

Skill: Applied 104) How does sexuality play a part in social inequality? Consider factors including prostitution and pornography and their effects on women. Also, consider heterosexism and its effects on the social standing of gay and intersexual people.

Skill: Conceptual 105) Explain how sexuality both reflects and creates social inequality.

Skill: Conceptual Quick Quiz: Multiple Choice Questions 1) The sexual counter-revolution began in the United States in a. 1920. b. 1960. c. 1980. d. 1995.

Answer: c 2) Research on extramarital sex shows that about _____ of married men and about _____ of married women remain faithful to their spouse throughout their married lives. a. 25 percent; 40 percent b. 25 percent; 75 percent c. 75 percent; 50 percent d. 75 percent; 90 percent Answer: d 3) In 2004, about what share of U.S. adults claimed homosexuality is “always wrong” or “almost always wrong”? a. almost 100 percent b. about 55 percent c. 20 percent d. 5 percent Answer: b 4) Prostitution is regarded by many people in Canada as a a. victimless crime. b. corporate crime. c. crime against the person. d. white-collar crime.

Answer: a 5) Which theoretical approach rests on the idea that society needs to regulate human sexuality? a. the structural-functional approach b. the symbolic-interaction approach c. the social-conflict approach d. queer theory

Answer: a 6) The text suggests that probably the most hotly contested issue involving sexuality in Canada in recent years has been a. homosexuality and gay rights. b. abortion. c. prostitution. d. teen pregnancy.

Answer: b 7) Which theoretical approach points to the ways in which sexuality is linked to social inequality? a. the structural-functional approach b. the symbolic-interaction approach c. the social-conflict approach d. class-struggle theory Answer: c Quick Quiz: True/False Questions 8) Sociobiologists point out that, in every society on Earth, people are attracted to youthfulness. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a 9) A majority of adults in Canada report at least some homosexual experience. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Quick Quiz: Short Answer Question 10) State two common myths about rape. Explain why these beliefs are wrong.

Test Bank for Macionis/Gerber, Sociology, Ninth Canadian Edition Chapter 9: Deviance Multiple Choice Questions 1) William Sheldon linked criminality to a. muscular, athletic builds. b. race. c. class position. d. gender.

Answer: a Page Reference: 225 Skill: Factual 2) Which of the following concepts refers to “the recognized violation of cultural norms”? a. deviance b. crime

c. legal infraction d. juvenile delinquency Answer: a Page Reference: 224 Skill: Conceptual 3) “Crime” differs from “deviance” in that crime a. is always more serious. b. is usually less serious. c. refers to a violation of norms enacted into law. d. involves a larger share of the population.

Answer: c Page Reference: 224 Skill: Conceptual 4) Every society tries to regulate the behaviour of individuals; this general process is called ______. a. neighbourhood watch b. self-control c. social control d. the legal system Answer: c Page Reference: 224–225 Skill: Conceptual 5) What concept refers to the formal system that responds to alleged violations of the law using police, courts, and prison officials? a. the normative system b. social control c. civil law d. the criminal justice system Answer: d Page Reference: 225 Skill: Conceptual 6) Based on your reading, it would be correct to say that biological approaches offer a. a very limited understanding of crime. b. a good explanation of most crimes. c. a good explanation of violent crime. d. a good explanation of property crime.

Answer: a Page Reference: 225 Skill: Factual 7) Which of the following statements comes closest to the correct view of the role of biology in causing people to commit crimes? a. Males with certain body types commit the most serious crimes. b. Lombroso proved a century ago that biological factors are the major cause of crime. c. Biological factors may have a real but small effect in causing some people to commit crimes. d. Genetics research has succeeded in explaining most criminality.

Answer: c Page Reference: 225 Skill: Factual 8) Walter Reckless and Simon Dinitz claimed that “good boys” have the ability to rein in deviant impulses.

They called their analysis

a. differential opportunity theory. b. containment theory. c. libido theory. d. differential association theory.

Answer: b Page Reference: 225–226 Skill: Conceptual 9) The value of psychological theories of deviance is limited because a. very few people experience an “unsuccessful socialization.” b. there has been very little research of this kind. c. there is no way to distinguish “normal” from “abnormal” people. d. most people who commit crimes have normal personalities.

Answer: d Page Reference: 225–226 Skill: Factual 10) Read the following four statements about the social foundations of deviance. Select the one statement that is FALSE. a. Deviance exists only in relation to cultural norms. b. There are many acts that are always and everywhere deviant. c. People become deviant as others define them that way. d. What the norms are and how people apply them involve social power.

Answer: b Page Reference: 226 Skill: Conceptual 11) Assume you were listening to a lecture on Durkheim’s approach to deviance. Which of the following statements might well be the focus of the lecture? a. Deviance is a normal element of social organization. b. Deviance is a dysfunctional element of social organization. c. Deviance is less common in modern societies. d. Deviance is defined by the rich and used against the poor.

Answer: a Page Reference: 227 Skill: Conceptual 12) Which of the following are functions of deviance as noted by Emile Durkheim? a. Deviance forces us to reconsider cultural values and norms. b. Fear is an important part of a society. c. Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries. d. Without deviance, the police wouldn’t have a job to do.

Answer: c Page Reference: 227 Skill: Conceptual 13) In his study of New England’s Puritans, Kai Erikson concluded that a. people everywhere define mostly the same things as deviant. b. very religious people create very little deviance. c. even this disciplined and highly religious group created deviance to clarify the moral boundaries of their community. d. the proportion of people in the population that the Puritans defined as deviant kept rising over time.

Answer: c Page Reference: 227 Skill: Factual

14) In Robert Merton’s strain theory of deviance, which of the following concepts refers to the process of seeking conventional goals but rejecting the conventional means to achieve them? a. innovation b. ritualism c. retreatism d. rebellion Answer: a Page Reference: 227 Skill: Conceptual 15) Using the terms of Robert Merton’s strain theory, which of the following terms would correctly describe a gangster like Al Capone who made a lot of money breaking the law? a. innovator b. ritualist c. retreatist d. rebel Answer: a Page Reference: 227 Skill: Applied 16) Using the terms of Robert Merton’s strain theory, which of the following concepts correctly describes the behaviour of a school “dropout” who rejects both cultural goals and the conventional means to reach them? a. innovator b. ritualist c. retreatist d. rebel Answer: c Page Reference: 229 Skill: Applied 17) Using the terms in Robert Merton’s strain theory, which of the following concepts correctly describes the behaviour of a radical activist who rejects just about everything in the existing society in favour of some alternative system? a. innovator b. ritualist c. retreatist d. rebel Answer: d Page Reference: 229 Skill: Applied 18) Using Robert Merton’s strain theory, how would you classify a low-paid, yet compulsively conforming bank teller, who never seems to want to get ahead but never seems to do anything wrong? a. innovator b. ritualist c. retreatist d. rebel Answer: b Page Reference: 229 Skill: Applied 19) Suicide is a particularly serious problem among Aboriginal(s) a. elders.

b. women. c. on urban reserves. d. youth.

Answer: d Page Reference: 228 Skill: Factual 20) Cloward and Ohlin extended Merton’s theory of deviance, stating that crime a. reflects both limited legitimate opportunity as well as accessible illegitimate opportunity. b. is more common among the rich who have more opportunity. c. is defined in such a way as to overly criminalize the poor. d. is typically a result of drug dependence or other substance addiction.

Answer: a Page Reference: 229 Skill: Factual 21) Albert Cohen argues that deviance is most likely to arise among a. high-income males. b. middle-class men and women. c. low-income youths. d. all class levels.

Answer: c Page Reference: 229 Skill: Factual 22) Participating in the subculture that Elijah Anderson describes as “the code of the streets” raises the risk that young people will end up a. conforming to conventional morality. b. doing better than their parents. c. having a career in law enforcement. d. in jail or worse.

Answer: d Page Reference: 229 Skill: Factual 23) The basic idea behind labelling theory is that a. deviance is actually useful in a number of ways. b. deviance arises not so much from what people do as how others respond to what they do. c. power has much to do with how a society defines deviance. d. deviance exists because of the visible markers we see in people.

Answer: b Page Reference: 230 Skill: Conceptual 24) Edwin Lemert described “primary deviance” as a. the most serious episodes of deviance. b. actions that parents define as deviant. c. a passing episode of deviance that has little effect on the person’s self-concept. d. the experience of deviance early in life.

Answer: c Page Reference: 230 Skill: Conceptual

25) His friends begin to criticize Marco as a “juice-head,” pushing him out of their social circle. Marco begins to drink even more, becomes bitter, and joins a new group of friends who also are heavy drinkers.

According to Lemert, Marco’s situation illustrates a. the onset of primary deviance. b. the onset of secondary deviance. c. the formation of a deviant subculture. d. the onset of retreatism.

Answer: b Page Reference: 230 Skill: Applied 26) What concept did Erving Goffman use to refer to a powerful and negative label that greatly changes a person’s self-concept and social identity? a. a deviant ritual b. a degradation ceremony c. a secondary identity d. stigma Answer: d Page Reference: 231 Skill: Conceptual 27) The concept “retrospective labelling” refers to the process of a. interpreting someone’s past in light of present deviance. b. defining someone as deviant for things done long before. c. criminal adults encouraging their children to become deviant. d. young people assuming those of earlier generations exhibited deviant behaviour.

Answer: a Page Reference: 231 Skill: Conceptual 28) Thomas Szasz made the controversial assertion that a. deviance is only what people label as deviant. b. most people in the United States will become insane for some period during their lives. c. mental illness is a myth so that “insanity” is only “differences” that bother other people. d. our society does not do nearly enough to treat the mentally ill.

Answer: c Page Reference: 231 Skill: Factual 29) Which of the following statements illustrates the “medicalization of deviance”? a. unwanted sexual advances being redefined as sexual assault b. drinking too much being redefined as “alcoholism” c. the practice of “conversion therapy” applied to homosexuals in religious communities d. an individual with a criminal record of drug abuse stealing prescription medication from a pharmacy Answer: b Page Reference: 231–232 Skill: Conceptual 30) Whether people respond to deviance as a moral issue or a medical matter affects which of the following? a. who responds; police or medical personnel b. the parents of the perpetrator c. perceptions of the victim; people are far more willing to forgive a behavioural condition than a medical one d. the perpetrator themself; self-image is a direct result of deviance

Answer: a Page Reference: 232 Skill: Factual 31) Edwin Sutherland’s differential association theory links deviance to a. how others respond to the behaviour in question. b. the amount of contact a person has with others who encourage or discourage conventional behaviour. c. how well a person can contain deviant impulses. d. how others respond to the race, ethnicity, gender, and class of the individual.

Answer: b Page Reference: 232 Skill: Factual 32) Travis Hirschi’s control theory suggests which of the following categories of people would be most likely to engage in deviance? a. students enrolled in college b. teenagers on sports teams with after-school jobs c. youngsters who “hang out” waiting for something to happen d. young people with respect for their parents Answer: c Page Reference: 232 Skill: Applied 33) According to the social-conflict approach, what a society labels as deviant is based primarily on a. how often the act occurs. b. the moral foundation of the culture. c. how harmful the act is to the public as a whole. d. differences in power between various categories of people.

Answer: d Page Reference: 233 Skill: Conceptual 34) Alexander Liazos speaks for the social-conflict approach when he states that a. powerless people are at the highest risk of being defined as deviant. b. deviance has both functions and dysfunctions. c. deviance exists only in the eye of the beholder. d. society should ignore victimless crime.

Answer: a Page Reference: 233 Skill: Factual 35) Using a Marxist approach, Steven Spitzer claims that prime targets for deviant labelling include a. people who try to rent property to others. b. the bourgeoisie. c. radicals who call for basic change in society itself. d. the middle class.

Answer: c Page Reference: 233 Skill: Factual 36) Which of the following concepts refers to crime committed by persons of high social position in the course of their occupations? a. victimless crime b. white-collar crime c. organized crime

d. street crime Answer: b Page Reference: 233–234 Skill: Conceptual 37) Edwin Sutherland stated that white-collar crime a. almost always leads to a criminal conviction. b. provokes a strong response from the community. c. is usually resolved in a civil rather than a criminal court. d. rarely involves serious harm to the public as a whole.

Answer: c Page Reference: 234 Skill: Factual 38) Which of the following refers to the illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf? a. corporate crime b. organized crime c. victimless crime d. secondary deviance Answer: a Page Reference: 234 Skill: Conceptual 39) Organized crime refers to a. illegal actions by people with white-collar jobs. b. illegal actions on the part of a corporation or large business. c. crime involving the cooperation of two or more businesses. d. any business that supplies illegal goods or services.

Answer: d Page Reference: 234, 236 Skill: Conceptual 40) The Sociology and the Media box, Crime in High Places, notes a notorious example of corporate crime involving gold. Which of the following Alberta companies was the source of this hoax? a. Enron b. ImClone c. Bre-X d. WorldCom Answer: c Page Reference: 235–236 Skill: Factual 41) A hate crime is defined as a. any crime against a person who is a minority. b. any crime involving anger or other powerful emotion. c. a criminal act motivated by racial or other bias. d. any violation of antidiscrimination laws.

Answer: c Page Reference: 236 Skill: Conceptual 42) Gender figures into the study of deviance because a. women account for most arrests for serious crimes in the United States. b. every society in the world applies stronger normative controls to females than to males. c. most researchers in this area are women.

d. women are the victims of crime more often than men.

Answer: b Page Reference: 237 Skill: Factual 43) Violent crimes include all of the following, except a. fraud. b. infanticide. c. manslaughter. d. abduction.

Answer: a Page Reference: 239 Skill: Factual 44) In legal terms, a crime is composed of which two components? a. the act and criminal intent b. a criminal and a victim c. the act and the social harm d. the law and the violation Answer: a Page Reference: 229 Skill: Conceptual 45) Property crimes do NOT include a. theft under $5000.00. b. breaking and entering. c. fraud. d. robbery.

Answer: d Page Reference: 239 Skill: Conceptual 46) Mike reports the theft of his dirt bike from the front yard of his house. The police would record this as which of the following types of crime? a. violent crime b. property crime c. robbery d. auto-theft Answer: b Page Reference: 239 Skill: Applied 47) Prostitution is widely regarded as which of the following types of crime? a. crime against the person b. crime against property c. victimless crime d. corporate crime Answer: c Page Reference: 239 Skill: Factual 48) Why should one always read crime statistics with caution? a. People lie about being a victim of crime when they are not. b. Most criminals never go to prison. c. Crime statistics only include those crimes known to the police.

d. Date rape statistics are believed to be inflated due to the nature of the woman knowing the man.

Answer: c Page Reference: 239–241 Skill: Applied 49) The likelihood a person will be arrested for a street crime rises sharply a. during the late teenage years. b. in the late 20s. c. during the middle 30s. d. over age 40.

Answer: a Page Reference: 242 Skill: Factual 50) Men, who represent less than half of the Canadian population, account for about _____ of all arrests for property crime. a. 37 percent b. 51 percent c. 67 percent d. 85–90 percent Answer: d Page Reference: 242 Skill: Factual 51) While Aboriginal people in Canada make up 2% of the Canadian population, they represent approximately _____ of the prison inmates. a. 1% b. 11% c. 41% d. 98% Answer: b Page Reference: 242 Skill: Factual 52) Research suggests that, with regard to social class, arrest for violent and property crime a. is about the same for people of all class levels. b. is higher for people in higher class levels. c. is higher for people in lower class levels. d. almost always involves middle-class people.

Answer: c Page Reference: 242 Skill: Factual 53) In terms of gender and racial/ethnic categories, we find that _____ are over-represented in Canadian prisons and more likely to be over-classified, leading to their ending up in maximum security prisons. a. White men b. Aboriginal women c. French women d. Chinese men Answer: b Page Reference: 242–243 Skill: Factual 54) According to Elliot Currie, factors that explain the high crime rate in the United States by world standards include

a. cultural homogeneity. b. a lack of interest in punishing offenders. c. the high level of immigration. d. emphasis on individual economic success, which weakens the social fabric.

Answer: d Page Reference: 243 Skill: Factual 55) Who is the primary point of contact between society and the criminal justice system? a. the courts b. parole officers c. lawyers d. the police Answer: d Page Reference: 245 Skill: Factual 56) Society’s formal response to crime is a. the criminal justice system. b. revenge. c. total institutions. d. retribution.

Answer: a Page Reference: 245 Skill: Conceptual 57) The oldest justification for punishing an offender is a. deterrence. b. retribution. c. social protection. d. rehabilitation.

Answer: b Page Reference: 249 Skill: Factual 58) An act of moral vengeance by which society makes an offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime is referred to as a. deterrence. b. rehabilitation. c. societal protection. d. retribution.

Answer: d Page Reference: 249 Skill: Conceptual 59) If a parent threatens a child with punishment in order to discourage wrongdoing, the parent is using punishment to accomplish which of the following? a. deterrence b. retribution c. social protection d. rehabilitation Answer: a Page Reference: 249 Skill: Applied

60) A judge sentences a young man who has committed several crimes to counselling and places him in a supportive foster home. Which of the following concepts describes these efforts to prevent further wrongdoing? a. retribution b. deterrence c. social protection d. rehabilitation Answer: d Page Reference: 249 Skill: Applied 61) The concept of criminal recidivism refers to a. young people growing up in a criminal environment. b. efforts by police to enlist help from people in a local community. c. later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes. d. the idea that crime does “pay.”

Answer: c Page Reference: 249 Skill: Conceptual 62) Which of the following are advantages of community-based corrections? a. better prison organization b. peace of mind for the victims of crime c. avoiding the hardships of prison life, including the stigma attached to being incarcerated d. weaker sentencing of offenders Answer: c Page Reference: 250 Skill: Factual 63) Which of the following is a unique form of community-based corrections with which Canada is experimenting? a. parole b. probation c. sentencing circles d. total institutions Answer: c Page Reference: 250 Skill: Factual 64) Which of the following justifications for punishment is linked to the development of the social sciences? a. retribution b. rehabilitation c. deterrence d. societal protection Answer: b Page Reference: 249 Skill: Conceptual True/False Questions 65) Crime is only one type of deviance. a. True Correct b. False

Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 224 Skill: Conceptual 66) Cesare Lombroso, an Italian physician and criminologist, claimed that most criminals were people who had been mistreated by society. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 225 Skill: Factual 67) Biological factors, including genetics, explain most criminal behaviour. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 225 Skill: Factual 68) Walter Reckless and Simon Dinitz developed containment theory, which claims that a strong superego helps boys stay out of trouble. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 225–226 Skill: Conceptual 69) What is considered deviant is mostly the same behaviour all around the world. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 226 Skill: Factual 70) Emile Durkheim’s analysis suggests it would be impossible for a society to completely eliminate deviance. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 227 Skill: Conceptual 71) Robert Merton claimed that the “strains of masculinity” are one important cause of crime. a. True

Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 227–229 Skill: Conceptual 72) A poor person who has little chance to go to college and who sells illegal drugs to make money is one example of a deviant “innovator.” a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 228 Skill: Applied 73) Albert Cohen suggested that lower-class youths form delinquent subcultures to gain the self-respect society as a whole denies them. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 229 Skill: Factual 74) Labelling theory stresses that some actions are always wrong and others are always right. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 230 Skill: Conceptual 75) “Primary deviance” refers to the most serious offenses. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 230 Skill: Conceptual 76) The stigma of deviance can encourage an individual to engage in further deviance. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 231 Skill: Factual

77) Psychiatrist Thomas Szasz charges that the label of “insanity” is widely applied to behaviour that is actually only “different.” a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 231 Skill: Factual 78) The medicalization of deviance idea points to the fact that most crimes are committed by people under the influence of an illegal drug. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 231–232 Skill: Conceptual 79) Travis Hirschi’s control theory makes the point that people who commit crime typically have little concern about the consequences of their behaviour. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 232 Skill: Conceptual 80) According to the social-conflict approach, deviance has a number of functions for the operation of society as a whole. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 233 Skill: Conceptual 81) Corporate crime refers to stealing or other crimes committed against a corporation or other large business. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 234 Skill: Conceptual 82) Organized crime refers to supplying legal goods and services at below market prices. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect

Answer: a Page Reference: 234, 236 Skill: Conceptual 83) The only Canadian prime minister who was never involved in a financial scandal was the first one, John A. Macdonald. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 235 Skill: Factual 84) Both violent and property crimes peaked in Canada and the U.S. in the early 1990s. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 239 Skill: Factual 85) Frideres and Godacz note that Aboriginals are less likely than Whites to be homicide suspects in most major Canadian cities. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 242–243 Skill: Factual 86) Today in Canada, women are arrested for serious street crime as often as men are. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 242 Skill: Factual 87) Where Aboriginal peoples represent 2% of the Canadian population, 15.4% of female prisoners are Aboriginal. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 242 Skill: Factual 88) In general, people of higher social class position are less likely to be arrested for street crimes than people of lower class position. a. True

Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 242 Skill: Factual 89) In the prairie provinces, 47% of female prisoners in federal prisons are Aboriginal. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 242 Skill: Factual 90) People of Arabic, Asian, and East Indian origin are less likely than Whites to be imprisoned. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 245 Skill: Factual 91) The use of the death penalty differs across countries, but not time. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 246 Skill: Factual 92) The old saying, “An eye for an eye,” expresses the essence of rehabilitation. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 249 Skill: Conceptual 93) Probation and parole are two types of community-based corrections. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 250 Skill: Conceptual Short Answer Questions

94) State four ways in which, according to Emile Durkheim, deviance is functional for society as a whole.

Page Reference: 227 Skill: Conceptual 95) Explain the difference between primary and secondary deviance.

Page Reference: 230 Skill: Conceptual 96) What is the medicalization of deviance?

Page Reference: 231–232 Skill: Conceptual 97) Define each of the following: white-collar crime, corporate crime, organized crime, and hate crime.

Page Reference: 233–237 Skill: Conceptual 98) Discuss Atkinson’s research in the world of hockey. What is dangerous masculinity?

Page Reference: 238 Skill: Conceptual 99) Regarding Global Map 9-1 Capital Punishment in Global Perspective, discuss the general pattern seen on this map. How would you explain the exceptions?

Page Reference: 248 Skill: Applied 100) Briefly discuss the key elements of the Canadian criminal justice system.

Page Reference: 245–246 Skill: Conceptual 101) Compare and contrast crime in Canada and the United States.

Page Reference: 243–245 Skill: Factual 102) Identify four justifications for punishment.

Page Reference: 249 Skill: Factual 103) What is criminal recidivism?

Page Reference: 249 Skill: Conceptual Essay Questions 104) Explain the value and also the limitations of biological and psychological explanations of crime.

Expand the essay by explaining the strengths of a sociological approach to understanding crime.

Skill: Conceptual 105) Emile Durkheim made the surprising statement that crime is actually useful and perhaps even necessary for all social organization. Write an essay in which you explain Durkheim’s approach and point to a number of specific ways in which crime (or, more broadly, deviance) is functional for society as a whole.

Skill: Applied

106) Describe the labelling theory of deviance. What basic insight about deviance is offered by this approach? How does labelling figure into the difference between primary deviance and secondary deviance? What is the importance of stigma in labelling analysis?

Skill: Conceptual 107) Many researchers agree that, in Canada, most arrests for street crime involve people of lower class position. Why, according to Robert Merton, Albert Cohen, Walter Miller, and Elijah Anderson, would this be the case? How would a broader definition of crime (to include more white-collar and corporate offenses) change the profile of the typical criminal?

Skill: Applied 108) What can we say about the “typical street criminal” in terms of age, gender, social class, and race and ethnicity? In each case, what can you say to explain the pattern? Finally, point to several reasons that we must treat criminal statistics with caution.

Skill: Factual 109) Every society punishes offenders. Write an essay in which you explain four justifications for punishment. Point out how each has come to the fore at different times in history, and explain this pattern as best you can. What evidence is there that punishment actually accomplishes what we say it does?

Skill: Conceptual 110) What is meant by “community-based corrections”? What are the advantages of this approach compared to sending convicted offenders to prison? What are some of the limitations of this approach?

On balance, do you favour or oppose expanding community-based corrections? Why? Skill: Conceptual 111) Compare and contrast the structural-functionalist, social-conflict, and symbolic-interactionist analyses of deviance. Which is best, in your opinion? Why? Skill: Conceptual 112) Thinking about Canada Map 9-1 about homicide rates in Canada, first describe the patterns shown on this map and then, using the information in this chapter, explain why we see the patterns we do.

Skill: Conceptual 113) How do the media contribute to the public perception that any city is a dangerous place? Drawing on your knowledge of the Controversy and Debate Box titled Homicide in Toronto by Method and Region: Surprising Findings, discuss the city in which are you currently attending school in terms of how safe the city is and the role of the media in your perception.

Skill: Applied Quick Quiz: Multiple Choice Questions 1) Both Albert Cohen and Walter Miller argue that deviance is most likely to arise among a. high-income males. b. middle-class men and women. c. low-income youths. d. high-income women.

Answer: c 2) In legal terms, a crime is composed of which two components? a. the act and criminal intent b. a criminal and a victim c. the act and the social harm d. the law and the violation

Answer: a 3) In Robert Merton’s strain theory of deviance, which of the following concepts refers to the process of seeking conventional goals but rejecting the conventional means to achieve them? a. innovation b. ritualism c. retreatism d. rebellion Answer: a 4) The likelihood a person will be arrested for a street crime rises sharply a. during the late teenage years. b. in the late 20s. c. during the middle 30s. d. over age 40.

Answer: a 5) In terms of racial/ethnic categories, most people arrested for a violent crime in Canada are _____. a. White b. Aboriginal c. French d. Chinese Answer: a 6) The oldest justification for punishing an offender is a. deterrence. b. retribution. c. social protection. d. rehabilitation.

Answer: b 7) According to Elliot Currie, factors that explain the high crime rate in the United States by world standards include a. cultural homogeneity. b. a lack of interest in punishing offenders. c. the high level of immigration. d. emphasis on individual economic success, which weakens the social fabric.

Answer: d Quick Quiz: True/False Questions 8) Biological factors, including genetics, explain most criminal behaviour. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b 9) The United States is the only Western, high-income nation that routinely imposes the death penalty on convicted offenders. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect

Answer: a Quick Quiz: Short Answer Question 10) State four ways in which, according to Emile Durkheim, deviance is functional for society as a whole.

Chapter 10: Social Stratification 1) The point of the chapter-opening story of passenger deaths that accompanied the sinking of the ocean liner Titanic is that a. advanced technology cannot prevent tragedy. b. all people have the same right to life. c. social stratification matters and can sometimes be a matter of life and death. d. social stratification often has little to do with everyday life.

2) Social stratification is a concept that refers to a. specialization in productive work. b. ranking categories of people in a hierarchy. c. the idea that some people are more talented than others. d. the idea that more talented people tend to work in high-rise office buildings.

3) Using the sociological perspective, we see that social stratification a. gives some people more privileges and opportunities than others. b. places everyone at birth on a level playing field. c. ensures that hard work will lead people to become wealthy. d. means that what people get out of life is pretty much what they put into it.

4) Which of the following statements about stratification is NOT true? a. Social stratification is a trait of society. b. Social stratification is universal and also variable. c. A family’s social standing typically changes a great deal from generation to generation. d. Social stratification is a matter of inequality and also beliefs about why people should be unequal.

5) A __________ system is based primarily on ascription. a. class b. caste c. value d. merchant 6) Comparing societies in history and around the world, we see that social stratification may involve differences in a. biological make-up. b. birth place. c. why people are unequal. d. why people deserve their circumstances.

7) What concept describes a person who moves from one occupation to another that provides about the same level of rewards? a. upward social mobility b. downward social mobility c. horizontal social mobility d. diagonal social mobility

8) In all societies, kinship plays a part in social stratification because a. children determine their own social position based on their personal talents and efforts. b. parents pass their social position on to their children. c. children usually end up with a social position higher than that of their parents. d. all children begin life with about the same social standing.

9) A caste system is defined as a. social stratification based on ascription or birth. b. social stratification based on personal achievement. c. a meritocracy. d. any social system in which categories of people are unequal.

10) Ravi was born into a caste system in a small village in Sri Lanka. He can expect to a. earn his social position through his own efforts. b. change his social position many times during his life. c. have the same social standing as his parents. d. choose his life’s work for himself after finishing college.

11) In general, societies that have caste systems have economies that are a. based on hunting and gathering. b. industrial. c. agrarian. d. post-industrial.

12) If you lived in a society with a traditional caste system, you would expect your marriage to be a. polygamous. b. exogamous. c. based on romantic love. d. endogamous.

13) Which of the following types of work was open to everyone in the former Indian caste system? a. soldier b. priest c. sweeper d. farmer 14) If you were born into a traditional caste system, you would expect that, based on birth, you would be a. educated generally so you could select your own job. b. required to marry someone of your own social category. c. encouraged to socialize with other people outside of your own category. d. capable of bettering your family’s position through merit.

15) Indian culture is built on the ______ tradition that doing the caste’s life work and accepting an arranged marriage are moral duties. a. Christian b. Hindu c. Buddhist d. Confucian 16) The historical replacement of caste systems with class systems a. brings an end to most social inequality. b. replaces one kind of inequality with another. c. means that individuals experience less social mobility. d. means that categories of people become more clearly unequal.

17) The concept “meritocracy” refers to social stratification a. with no social mobility. b. in which people “know their place.” c. based entirely on personal merit. d. as found in the United States.

18) Why do societies with class systems keep some elements of caste (such as the inheritance of wealth) rather than becoming complete meritocracies? a. because too many people would be poor if society were based only on merit b. because some caste elements increase productivity c. because a pure meritocracy would eliminate families and other social loyalties that tie a society together d. because some caste elements increase social mobility 19) The degree of status consistency is a. greater in caste than class systems. b. the same in all types of social stratification. c. greater in class than caste systems. d. greater the more productive a society is.

20) A college professor with advanced degrees, moderate salary, and little power to shape national events can be described as having a. high status consistency. b. horizontal social mobility. c. downward social mobility. d. low status consistency.

21) Who was typically referred to as the first estate in France and other European countries in the Middle Ages? a. politicians b. church leaders c. lords and earls d. the royal family 22) In English history, the aristocracy included a. the hereditary nobility. b. serfs and peasants who worked the land. c. the retainers of royalty. d. military leaders.

23) England’s aristocracy contained about what share of the entire country’s population? a. 50 percent b. 25 percent c. 5 percent d. half of one percent 24) Which of the following concepts refers to the historical practice in England of passing on property to only the first-born male descendant? a. the law of the estates b. the law of meritocracy c. the law of status consistency d. the law of primogeniture

25) Half of all the people in Great Britain today consider themselves to be in the a. upper class. b. middle class. c. working class. d. lower class.

26) One good indication that caste still operates in Great Britain is the importance people attach to a. graduating from college. b. social mobility. c. money. d. accent in speech.

27) By the fifth century CE, Japan was an agrarian society that operated with a a. class system. b. meritocracy. c. caste system. d. large middle class.

28) At the lowest level of social stratification in ancient Japan were the a. shogun. b. burakumin or “outcasts.” c. samurai or “warriors.” d. Shudra.

29) Below the nobility in aristocratic Japan were the _________, a warrior caste. a. shogun b. shudra c. samurai d. burakumin 30) In Japan, as in other societies with a long history of caste, people today may not always discuss _____ openly, but it is never far from the surface when people size up one another socially. a. family background b. personal talent c. educational degree d. physical size 31) In 1917, the Russian Revolution placed productive property under the control of _____. a. the capitalists b. a meritocracy c. the nobility d. the state 32) At the top of the system of inequality in the former Soviet Union were the a. industrial capitalists. b. intelligentsia, or educated professionals. c. apparatchiks, or high government officials. d. hereditary nobility.

33) The concept of structural social mobility refers to a. cultural beliefs that justify social stratification. b. change in social position due to people’s own efforts. c. change in the social position of many people due to changes in society itself. d. change in a family’s social position from one generation to the next.

34) Which of the following statements accurately describes the People’s Republic of China? a. A new set of social classes is gradually emerging. b. There is no longer any social inequality. c. Social standing reflects only a person’s position in the Communist Party. d. China has the same social stratification that is found in Japan.

35) Ideology, or beliefs that support social stratification, is found in a. caste systems. b. class systems. c. both class and caste systems. d. only U.S. society.

36) The common ideology of a class system states that success and wealth typically result from a. sheer luck. b. family background. c. flaws in society. d. personal talent and effort.

37) _____________ criticized capitalist societies for defending wealth and power in the hands of a few as “a law of the marketplace.” a. Plato b. Marx c. Davis and Moore d. Aristotle 38) According to the Davis-Moore thesis a. equality is functional for society. b. the more inequality a society has, the more productive it is. c. more important jobs must provide enough rewards to attract the talent necessary to perform them. d. meritocracy is less productive than a caste system.

39) Davis and Moore point out that an egalitarian society a. could never exist. b. could exist but only if people are willing to allow anyone to perform any job. c. would be more productive than a stratified society. d. has existed in many societies at various times in history.

40) According to Davis and Moore, a system of unequal rewards increases productivity by a. encouraging people to want an important job. b. motivating people to work longer, harder, or better. c. encouraging people to gain the schooling and skills needed to perform more important jobs. d. making people afraid to fail in their occupational endeavours.

41) Who argued that society is a “jungle” with the “fittest" people rising to wealth and the “failures” sinking into miserable poverty? a. Charles Darwin b. Karl Marx c. Herbert Spencer d. Max Weber 42) In Karl Marx’s analysis, another name for the capitalist class is the a. nobility.

b. aristocracy. c. proletariat. d. bourgeoisie.

43) When Marx argued that capitalism “reproduces the class structure,” he meant that a. it is really ordinary people who create social inequality. b. society operates so that class differences are carried from one generation to the next. c. class differences are the same throughout history. d. society could never abolish class inequality.

44) If you have a job that involves manual labour, you are doing a. blue-collar work. b. white-collar work. c. service work. d. farming.

45) According to Karl Marx, social stratification in a capitalist society always involves a. class conflict. b. negotiation and compromise leading to stability. c. the abolition of work itself. d. equal work and rewards to all citizens.

46) While the Davis and Moore thesis suggests “to each according to the importance of one’s work,” Karl Marx supported the idea a. “to each the same, from each the same.” b. “to each according to the degree of schooling.” c. “from each according to ability, to each according to needs.” d. “to each equally, from each according to personal choice.”

47) Work involving mostly mental activity is called a. blue-collar work. b. white-collar work. c. pink-collar work. d. agrarian work.

48) Which of the following statements is NOT a reason given in the text that a socialist revolution never took place in capitalist societies as Marx predicted? a. Stock places ownership of companies in the hands of tens of millions of people. b. Living standards for the majority have gone up. c. Wealth is no longer concentrated in the hands of a few. d. The law affords workers far more legal protections.

49) Olga works as a district sales manager for a small corporation. Which of the following categories correctly describes her work? a. blue-collar b. white-collar c. capitalist d. agrarian 50) Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Living standards in the United States have risen since Marx’s lifetime. b. More workers have unions to represent them than in Marx’s lifetime. c. There are now laws about workplace safety and minimum wages that did not exist in Marx’s lifetime.

d. Today, ordinary working people no longer experience the effects of the social inequality that Marx described.

51) In Canada, who of the following is likely to have the highest annual earnings? a. engineers b. university professors c. physicians d. the prime minister 52) Who identified four reasons why no Marxist revolution has taken place? a. Weber b. Spencer c. Dahrendorf d. Durkheim 53) Max Weber claimed that social position was partially based on a person’s a. political beliefs. b. degree of social status or prestige. c. gender. d. religious affiliation.

54) Marx thought of inequality in terms of two main classes; by contrast, Weber envisioned inequality in terms of a. a socioeconomic status hierarchy. b. three main classes. c. everyone gradually sinking into poverty. d. society as one large middle class.

55) Max Weber claimed that agrarian societies give special importance to which dimension of social inequality? a. economic class b. social prestige or honour c. power d. control of information 56) Marx claimed social stratification would end with the creation of a socialist economy. What was Weber’s view? a. Weber thought socialism would reduce economic differences but also create a political elite, increasing differences in power. b. Weber thought capitalism could not be changed. c. Weber thought socialism would create a new high-prestige nobility. d. Weber agreed with Marx.

57) A common micro-level pattern involving social interaction is that a. social stratification is not usually evident in everyday life. b. most people live and work in socially diverse settings in terms of social stratification. c. people tend to socialize with others of about the same social position. d. social position has little to do with the friends people have.

58) To impress her friends, Laura wears an expensive dress to a party. A sociologist might say she is engaging in a. structural social mobility. b. relative deprivation. c. reference group behaviour.

d. conspicuous consumption.

59) The idea that social inequality benefits society is associated with the a. structural-functional approach. b. social-conflict approach. c. symbolic-interaction approach. d. social-exchange approach.

60) The idea that social inequality is harmful and divides society is associated with the a. structural-functional approach. b. social-conflict approach. c. symbolic-interaction approach. d. social-exchange approach.

61) Which of the following types of societies comes closest to being egalitarian? a. hunting and gathering b. horticultural/pastoral c. industrial d. post-industrial 62) According to Simon Kuznets, in which type of society is the extent of social stratification greatest? a. hunting and gathering b. horticultural/pastoral c. agrarian d. industrial 63) Looking around the world today, income inequality is greatest in which of the following regions? a. North America b. Latin America c. Europe d. China 64) Based on what you have read, as North America develops a post-industrial economy, economic inequality has been a. likely to disappear. b. decreasing. c. holding at about the same level. d. increasing.

65) Which country stands out among high-income countries as having greater income inequality? a. Japan b. Sweden c. United States d. Canada 66) The study of social stratification at all levels involves a mix of facts and _______ about the shape of a just society. a. figures b. values c. politics d. debates 67) Canada exists at which end of the global income inequality spectrum? a. extreme

b. severe c. moderate d. low True/False Questions 68) The concept of social mobility refers to changes in people’s positions in the social hierarchy.

True 69) For most people in Canada, social standing remains much the same over a lifetime.

True 70) In Canada, social inequality is only a matter of people’s talents and abilities.

False 71) Social stratification is found in most—but not all—societies.

False 72) Social stratification is a matter of not only inequality but also beliefs about fairness.

True 73) Caste systems are typical of high-income societies.

False 74) Caste systems encourage the commitment to long-term labour required by agriculture.

True 75) In class systems, social categories are more clearly and rigidly defined than they are in caste systems.

False 76) Caste systems encourage romantic love and personal choice as the basis of marriage.

False 77) Class systems assign social position based on both birth and individual achievement.

True 78) Individuals in class systems typically exhibit more status inconsistency than people in caste systems.

True 79) People living in societies with class systems, compared with those living in societies with caste systems, tend to think of others not as individuals but in terms of social categories.

False 80) The more a society is a meritocracy, the greater the society’s level of social mobility.

True 81) Compared with people in Canada, people in Great Britain are more likely to experience social mobility.

False

82) Most British people consider themselves middle class.

False 83) Great Britain has eliminated all aspects of its historic aristocracy.

False 84) Compared to Canadian society, Japanese society exhibits more caste elements.

True 85) The former Soviet Union was a classless society without social stratification.

False 86) Structural social mobility refers to a person’s upward or downward social movement due to personal effort or, in some cases, good or bad luck.

False

87) China stands out as a country without any social classes.

False 88) Ideology refers to ideas that support social stratification.

True 89) The Davis-Moore thesis states that social stratification has beneficial consequences for society.

True 90) Davis and Moore base their claim that stratification is not inevitable on the fact that it does not exist in every society.

False 91) The Davis-Moore thesis implies that societies without social inequality would be the most productive.

False 92) Karl Marx claimed that social stratification in high-income nations such as the United Kingdom and Canada reflected a capitalist economy.

True 93) The socialist revolution Karl Marx predicted took place in most industrial-capitalist societies about a century ago.

False 94) Today, Canadian workers have far fewer legal protections than U.S. workers had a century ago, when the industrial age was just beginning.

False 95) Weber described stratification as a complex socioeconomic status hierarchy.

True

96) Max Weber said social stratification involved three distinct dimensions: economic class, social prestige, and political power.

True 97) Weber agreed with Marx that a socialist revolution would result in complete social equality.

False 98) Social stratification shapes our patterns of interaction by encouraging people to socialize with others of similar social position.

True 99) Conspicuous consumption refers to the fact that rich people and poor people generally shop for different products, such as foods and clothing.

False 100) The Kuznets curve shows that industrial societies have the greatest social stratification.

False 101) In general, income disparity is greater in lower-income nations than it is in higher-income nations.

True 102) Canada exhibits greater income inequality than the United States of America.

False 103) Values are not involved in the study of social stratification.

False 104) Marx believed that social stratification springs from injustice and greed.

True 105) Weber argued that social stratification is necessary to make society highly productive.

False 106) In the United States, wealth inequality is about the same now as it was in the 1920s.

True Quick Quiz: Multiple Choice Questions 1) Using the sociological perspective, we see that social stratification a. gives some people more privileges and opportunities than others. b. places everyone on a level playing field at birth. c. ensures that hard work will allow people to become wealthy. d. means that what people get out of life is pretty much what they put into it.

2) In general, societies that have caste systems have economies that are a. based on hunting and gathering. b. industrial. c. agrarian. d. post-industrial.

3) Half of all the people in Great Britain today consider themselves to be in the

a. upper class. b. middle class. c. working class. d. lower class.

4) At the lowest level of social stratification in ancient Japan were the a. shogun. b. burakumin or “outcasts.” c. samurai or “warriors.” d. Shudra.

5) The common ideology of a class system states that success and wealth typically result from a. sheer luck. b. family background. c. flaws in society. d. personal talent and effort.

6) According to Karl Marx, social stratification in a capitalist society always involves a. class conflict. b. negotiation and compromise leading to stability. c. the abolition of work itself. d. the acceptance of a subservient role to a dominant one.

7) Max Weber claimed that agrarian societies give special importance to which dimension of social inequality? a. economic class b. social prestige or honour c. power d. control of information 8) In Canada, social inequality is a matter of only people’s talents and abilities.

9) Individuals in class systems typically exhibit more status inconsistency than people in caste systems.

Test Bank for Macionis/Gerber, Sociology, Ninth Canadian Edition Chapter 11: Social Class in Canada Multiple Choice Questions 1) Which of the following is NOT defined in your text as a dimension of social inequality? a. wealth b. power c. occupational prestige d. birth order Answer: d Page Reference: 280–286 Skill: Conceptual 2) Which of the following concepts refers to earnings from work or any investments? a. income b. personal property c. wealth d. power Answer: a Page Reference: 281

Skill: Conceptual 3) Based on the statistics in the textbook, it is correct to say that in Canada the richest 20 percent of the population earn about _____ times as much as the poorest 20 percent. a. two b. twelve c. forty-four d. eighty-five Answer: c Page Reference: 281–282 Skill: Factual 4) The total amount of financial assets, minus any debts, is referred to as a. income. b. personal property. c. wealth. d. power.

Answer: c Page Reference: 282–283 Skill: Conceptual 5) The richest 20 percent of U.S. families owns about what share of all wealth? a. 6 percent b. 20 percent c. 52 percent d. 85 percent Answer: d Page Reference: 283 Skill: Factual 6) Which of the following provinces/territories has the highest median income in Canada? a. Nunavut b. Ontario c. Alberta d. the Yukon Answer: c Page Reference: 283 Skill: Factual 7) Based on what you know about occupational prestige, which of the following statements is correct? a. Most of the highest-ranked occupations in Canada are dominated by women. b. Occupational rankings are much the same in all high-income nations. c. White-collar work and blue-collar work have about the same social prestige. d. In Canada, occupation has little to do with social standing.

Answer: b Page Reference: 284 Skill: Applied 8) Among the following, which has the lowest median income? a. British Columbia b. Quebec c. the Yukon d. Newfoundland Answer: d Page Reference: 283

Skill: Factual 9) Education is an important determinant of _______ in industrial societies. a. meritocracy b. endogamy c. labour force participation d. gender identity and roles Answer: c Page Reference: 285 Skill: Conceptual 10) Nothing affects social standing in Canada as much as a. ancestry. b. schooling. c. gender. d. ethnicity.

Answer: a Page Reference: 286 Skill: Factual 11) Which of the following factors affects social position in Canada? a. a person’s perceived socio-economic status b. a person’s race c. a person’s religious affiliation d. a person’s political affiliation Answer: b Page Reference: 286–288 Skill: Factual 12) Which of the following contributes to a blurred line between social classes? a. social mobility b. an ineffective social welfare and unemployment insurance program c. use of a relative definition of poverty that changes by geographical area d. inflation and an increasing cost of living for all Canadians Answer: a Page Reference: 289 Skill: Conceptual 13) If you followed the lead of Max Weber, you would think of social stratification in terms of a. a multidimensional status hierarchy. b. two major social classes. c. a middle-class society. d. six different social classes.

Answer: a Page Reference: 289 Skill: Conceptual 14) Statistics Canada has recently found that differences in household access to the internet is best explained by education level of household head and _____________. a. age of household head b. number of children in the home c. Blishen score of female parent d. ages of children Answer: a Page Reference: 289–290

Skill: Factual 15) The upper-upper class is often referred to as a. elitist society. b. popular society. c. high society. d. ideal society.

Answer: a Page Reference: 290–291 Skill: Factual 16) Women of the upper-upper class often a. remain at home because of no financial need for employment. b. maintain a full schedule of volunteer work for charitable organizations. c. gain employment through their husbands’ “network.” d. have a clearly altruistic motive when engaging in volunteer community services.

Answer: b Page Reference: 291 Skill: Factual 17) Being in the upper-upper class is usually the result of _____; being in the lower-upper class is more a matter of _____. a. birth; achievement b. business success; birth c. gender; birth d. high-income; low-income Answer: a Page Reference: 290–291 Skill: Factual 18) The lower-upper class a. can enjoy the same levels of prestige enjoyed by those with rich and famous grandparents. b. depend on wealth, as much as earnings, as their primary source of income. c. can readily join prestigious clubs because they can afford high initiation and yearly fees. d. are often referred to as the “nouveau riche.”

Answer: d Page Reference: 291 Skill: Conceptual 19) A professional Canadian hockey player has just signed his first million-dollar contract to play in the NHL. He has just entered the _______________ class. a. upper-upper b. lower-upper c. upper-middle d. elite Answer: b Page Reference: 291 Skill: Applied 20) The family of actor Will Smith and actress Jada Pinkett Smith would best be described as a. working class. b. middle class. c. “old money.” d. lower-upper class.

Answer: d

Page Reference: 291 Skill: Applied 21) A good example of a person in the upper-upper class is a. J. K. Rowling, author of the Harry Potter books. b. Elizabeth II, the Queen of England. c. anyone who is part of the “working rich.” d. the president of the United States.

Answer: b Page Reference: 291 Skill: Applied 22) Which of the following class levels contains the least amount of racial and ethnic diversity? a. the upper-upper class b. the middle class c. the working class d. the lower class Answer: a Page Reference: 291 Skill: Factual 23) According to your text, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a person from the top half of the middle class? a. the accumulation of considerable property b. a comfortable house in a fairly expensive area c. several automobiles d. limited involvement in local political affairs Answer: d Page Reference: 292 Skill: Factual 24) In Canada, the middle class encompasses about _____ percent of the population. a. 10–20 b. 20–30 c. 40–50 d. 80–90 Answer: c Page Reference: 291–292 Skill: Factual 25) According to your textbook, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the average middle-class person? a. They work in less prestigious white-collar occupations. b. They work in highly skilled blue-collar occupations. c. Few of them own their own houses. d. Their children often go to university close to home.

Answer: c Page Reference: 292 Skill: Factual 26) Working class people might also be described as _____. a. lower-middle class b. lower-upper class c. lower class d. upper-middle class

Answer: a Page Reference: 292 Skill: Factual 27) According to Karl Marx, which class forms the core of the industrial proletariat? a. the upper-middle class b. the middle class c. the upper class d. the working class Answer: d Page Reference: 292 Skill: Factual 28) Many working-class jobs require ____, but rarely, _____________. a. intelligence; creativity b. continual supervision; discipline c. imagination; intelligence d. discipline; imagination Answer: d Page Reference: 292 Skill: Conceptual 29) The lower class makes up ________ percent of the Canadian population. a. 20 b. 30 c. 45 d. 55 Answer: a Page Reference: 292 Skill: Factual 30) The working poor a. live primarily on welfare. b. often work two or three jobs to make ends meet. c. have average levels of literacy. d. are mostly optimistic about the future.

Answer: b Page Reference: 293 Skill: Factual 31) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of lower-class families? a. They typically work in low-prestige jobs that provide minimal income and little intrinsic satisfaction. b. They are widely dispersed into neighbourhoods with the middle class. c. They are most often found in cities, where large numbers of poor families live in rental housing and may be shunned by other social classes. d. The children learn that many people consider them only marginal members of society.

Answer: b Page Reference: 292–293 Skill: Factual 32) Richer people live longer for several reasons. Which of the following is NOT one of these reasons? a. They eat more nutritious foods. b. They live in safer environments. c. They have been shown by biologists to have fewer genetic anomalies. d. They receive better health care.

Answer: c Page Reference: 293–294 Skill: Conceptual 33) In general, people of lower-class position a. live in safer and less stressful environments. b. are more likely to describe their own health as “excellent.” c. live fewer years overall. d. live more years overall.

Answer: c Page Reference: 294 Skill: Factual 34) The concept “conspicuous consumption” refers to a. buying things that are popular with the most people. b. buying more than what you need for the moment. c. the practice of buying things to make a statement about one’s social position. d. acting as if one had a lower social position than is really the case.

Answer: c Page Reference: 294 Skill: Conceptual 35) Which of the following categories of people are most likely to be tolerant on controversial behaviours such as homosexuality? a. rich, highly-educated people b. average, middle-class people c. less-educated, working class people d. the working poor Answer: a Page Reference: 294 Skill: Factual 36) The concept of “intergenerational social mobility” refers to change in social position a. over a person’s lifetime. b. when moving from one type of job to another. c. in a downward direction. d. by children in relation to their parents.

Answer: d Page Reference: 294 Skill: Conceptual 37) Which of the following concepts refers to change in social position during a person’s lifetime? a. intragenerational social mobility b. intergenerational social mobility c. structural social mobility d. horizontal social mobility Answer: a Page Reference: 294 Skill: Conceptual 38) The higher the level of education and occupation of _________________, the more years of schooling one is likely to complete. a. one’s peers b. one’s mother c. one’s father

d. one’s grandparents Answer: c Page Reference: 295 Skill: Factual 39) Relative poverty a. is found everywhere. b. is life threatening. c. is not found in Canada. d. is more dire than absolute poverty.

Answer: a Page Reference: 295 Skill: Conceptual 40) According to your text, _____________ is the key to occupational mobility in Canada. a. networking b. wealth c. personality d. education Answer: d Page Reference: 295 Skill: Conceptual 41) A deprivation of resources that is life-threatening is called a. comparable poverty. b. analogous poverty. c. absolute poverty. d. relative poverty.

Answer: c Page Reference: 295 Skill: Conceptual 42) Who, of the following, would be most likely to be poor? a. an urban male b. a rural male c. an urban woman d. a rural woman Answer: d Page Reference: 296–299 Skill: Applied 43) The lowest level of poverty in Canada is found in which of the following educational groups? a. some high school b. some post-secondary c. diploma completion d. degree completion Answer: d Page Reference: 297 Skill: Conceptual 44) Which of the following ethnic or racial categories rank in the bottom fifteen (of sixty) for average male income? a. French b. Scottish c. West Indian

d. Jewish Answer: c Page Reference: 297 Skill: Factual 45) The concept “feminization of poverty” refers to the fact that, in the United States, a. more and more women are becoming poor. b. today’s women have fewer legal rights. c. women make up an increasing share of the poor. d. fewer women now work for income.

Answer: c Page Reference: 298 Skill: Conceptual 46) Edward Banfield (1974), in his description of a distinctive lower-class subculture, suggests that a. poor people live largely for the future. b. poor people are not responsible for their poverty. c. poor people who live largely for the moment are basically irresponsible. d. the poor deserve better than what they get in our society.

Answer: c Page Reference: 299 Skill: Conceptual 47) William Ryan (1976) argues that a. the poor are responsible for their own situation. b. poverty is inevitable. c. lack of ambition on the part of poor people is a cause of their unfortunate situation. d. society is responsible for the existence of poverty.

Answer: d Page Reference: 299 Skill: Conceptual 48) The societal factors which contribute to homelessness include a. a lack of low-income housing. b. lower levels of ambition among the poor. c. the trend toward high-tech jobs. d. increased welfare payments.

Answer: a Page Reference: 301–302 Skill: Conceptual 49) The fastest growing category of the homeless is a. mentally ill individuals. b. divorced females. c. drug addicts. d. children.

Answer: d Page Reference: 301 Skill: Factual 50) The anthropologist Oscar Lewis suggested the cause of poverty lies in a. a lower-class culture of poverty. b. lack of government action. c. too few available jobs. d. bad public schools.

Answer: a Page Reference: 299 Skill: Factual 51) Which of the following statements about homelessness is TRUE? a. Most homeless adults are mentally ill. b. Most homeless adults are substance abusers. c. The elderly is the fastest-growing category of the homeless. d. One-third of all homeless people are entire families.

Answer: d Page Reference: 301 Skill: Factual True/False Questions 52) Social inequality in Canada is not easily recognized because our primary groups typically have the same social standing as we do. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 280 Skill: Conceptual 53) Canadian society is not highly stratified. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 280 Skill: Factual 54) Canada does not measure or tax wealth. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 283 Skill: Factual 55) In Canadian society, wealth stands as an important source of power. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 282–284 Skill: Conceptual 56) The richest 20 percent of U.S. families earn almost 49 percent of all income and own 89 percent of all wealth.

a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 283 Skill: Factual 57) In Canada, wealth is distributed more equally than income. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 282–283 Skill: Factual 58) Occupation is a major determinant of wealth, income, power, and prestige. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 284 Skill: Conceptual 59) Without exception, white-collar work confers greater prestige than blue-collar work. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 284 Skill: Conceptual 60) Jobs typically performed by women carry more prestige than those typically performed by men. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 284 Skill: Factual 61) Education is an important determinant of labour force participation. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 285 Skill: Conceptual 62) Because education is a right in Canada, there is very little inequality in schooling. a. True

Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 285 Skill: Factual 63) In Canada, social class, race, and ethnicity are clearly associated. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 287 Skill: Factual 64) Aboriginal businesses are new and generally smaller than their mainstream counterparts, but many are multimillion-dollar ventures. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 288 Skill: Factual 65) People in the lower-upper class are sometimes said to have “old money.” a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 291 Skill: Conceptual 66) Big houses are an example of conspicuous consumption. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 294 Skill: Conceptual 67) The working class is sometimes called the “lower-middle class.” a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 292 Skill: Conceptual 68) In Canada, about 15 percent of people are officially counted among the poor. a. True

Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 292 Skill: Factual 69) Health is closely related to social standing. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 293–294 Skill: Conceptual 70) As surprising as it may seem, in Canada, poor people typically have better health than rich people. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 293–294 Skill: Factual 71) Intergenerational mobility refers to changes in social position within an individual’s lifetime. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 294 Skill: Conceptual 72) Historically, though not as much today, women have had less opportunity for upward social mobility than men. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 294–295 Skill: Conceptual 73) Canadian women working full-time earn approximately 71 percent as much as comparable men. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 298 Skill: Factual 74) The age category of the Canadian population most likely to be poor is children. a. True

Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 296 Skill: Factual 75) Non-immigrants have higher low-income rates than immigrants. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 297 Skill: Conceptual 76) The feminization of poverty refers to the trend by which women represent an increasing proportion of the poor. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 298 Skill: Conceptual 77) Approximately 59% of children living in female-headed lone-parent families live in poverty. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 298 Skill: Factual 78) The primary cause of poverty is society, not individual character traits. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 301 Skill: Conceptual 79) Societal factors that contribute to homelessness include low wages and a lack of low-income housing. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 301–302 Skill: Factual 80) Explanations of poverty given in the text also apply to homelessness. a. True

Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 299–302 Skill: Conceptual Short Answer Questions 81) Using what you know about the distribution of income in Canada, why is it incorrect to say that we live in a “middle-class society”?

Page Reference: 280 Skill: Applied 82) What is the difference between income and wealth?

Page Reference: 281–283 Skill: Conceptual 83) How is the wealth of the rich different from the wealth of ordinary people?

Page Reference: 282–283 Skill: Conceptual 84) Give three examples each of blue-collar jobs and white-collar jobs. Defend your choices.

Page Reference: 284 Skill: Applied 85) How does the upper-upper class differ from the lower-upper class?

Page Reference: 290–291 Skill: Conceptual 86) What traits define the “working class” in Canada?

Page Reference: 292 Skill: Conceptual 87) Define the concepts “intragenerational mobility” and “intergenerational mobility.”

Page Reference: 294 Skill: Conceptual 88) Explain what factors affect upward social mobility in Canada. Do the same with downward social mobility.

Page Reference: 295 Skill: Conceptual 89) Point to evidence that helps you assess whether or not the responsibility for poverty lies with the poor or with society as a whole.

Page Reference: 299 Skill: Conceptual 90) What is the meaning of the phrase “blaming the victim” in the debate over the causes of poverty?

Page Reference: 299 Skill: Conceptual 91) Outline William Ryan’s position with respect to responsibility for poverty.

Page Reference: 299 Skill: Conceptual 92) Who are the working poor?

Page Reference: 301 Skill: Conceptual 93) Discuss Toronto’s efforts to count the homeless, noting methods, problems encountered, and solutions to these problems.

Page Reference: 302 Skill: Applied Essay Questions 94) Describe the major social classes in Canada: upper class, middle class, working class, and lower class. Consider the size of each class, as well as the income levels, typical schooling, and type of work that characterize people at each level.

Skill: Factual 95) Many people consider Canada to be a “middle-class society.” Based on the material in this chapter, explain why people think this way, and also explain how correct you think this claim is.

Skill: Applied 96) Discuss poverty trends in Canada in recent decades with regard to (a) share of the population that is poor; (b) children; (c) the elderly; and (d) women.

Skill: Applied 97) Poverty is more pronounced among certain segments of the Canadian population. Explain.

Skill: Conceptual 98) Discuss homelessness in Canada. Be sure to address the causes of homelessness, characteristics of the homeless, and how we might solve the problem.

Skill: Applied 99) Who are the working poor? Give specific examples of causes and consequences of people working hard and not earning enough to get over the poverty line in your province or territory.

Skill: Applied 100) Explain the debate over the causes of poverty in Canada. What evidence suggests that the poor are responsible for poverty? What evidence suggests that society as a whole is responsible for poverty?

Which side of the debate do you find more convincing? Why? Skill: Applied 101) With reference to the discussion of the features of different social classes in the text, what social class are you? Explain why you chose this particular class.

Skill: Applied 102) Describe and explain the relationship between family income and family structure (thinking about Figure 11-7 and other information in the text).

Skill: Factual 103) Is it enough that most people think they are middle class? What are the consequences of believing you are in one class, when realistically, you are in another? Discuss in detail.

Skill: Conceptual 104) Think about your drive or ride to school this morning. What evidence of conspicuous consumption did you see? Discuss.

Skill: Applied Quick Quiz: Multiple Choice Questions 1) Which of the following is NOT defined in your text as a dimension of social inequality? a. wealth b. power c. occupational prestige d. birth order Answer: d 2) Which of the following class levels contains the least amount of racial and ethnic diversity? a. the upper-upper class b. the middle class c. the working class d. the lower class Answer: a 3) According to Karl Marx, which class forms the core of the industrial proletariat? a. the upper-middle class b. the middle class c. the upper class d. the working class Answer: d 4) People of low social position are more liberal on _____ issues and more conservative on _____ issues. a. social; economic b. economic; social c. very few; almost all d. almost all; almost no Answer: b 5) Which of the following factors tends to raise your social standing? a. divorce b. leave school to get a job c. marry and stay married d. have children at a young age Answer: c 6) Sociologist William Julius Wilson suggests the cause of poverty lies in a. a lower-class culture of poverty. b. lack of government action. c. too few available good jobs. d. bad public schools.

Answer: c 7) In Canada, an increasing share of the poor are a. single women and their children. b. married couples with children. c. single men.

d. working people.

Answer: a Quick Quiz: True/False Questions 8) In Canadian society, wealth stands as an important source of power. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a 9) The working class is sometimes called the “lower-middle class.” a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Quick Quiz: Short Answer Question 10) What is the difference between income and wealth?

Test Bank for Macionis/Gerber, Sociology, Ninth Canadian Edition Chapter 12: Global Stratification Multiple Choice Questions 1) The death of 52 garment workers in a Bangladeshi sweatshop shows that a. the lives of the world’s poor are far worse than many people in Canada realize. b. workers have greater power in poor countries than they do in the United States. c. workplace regulations are very strict in low-income nations. d. working conditions are similar across the world.

Answer: a Page Reference: 309 Skill: Factual 2) The wealthiest 20 percent of the global population receives about what percentage of all global income? a. 28 percent b. 35 percent c. 50 percent d. 77 percent Answer: d Page Reference: 310 Skill: Factual 3) The poorest 20 percent of the global population receives only about what percentage of all global income? a. 2 percent b. 5 percent c. 10 percent

d. 15 percent Answer: a Page Reference: 310 Skill: Factual 4) Currently, how many nations are there in the world? a. 57 b. 195 c. 341 d. 2190 Answer: b Page Reference: 310 Skill: Factual 5) Which of the following has the greatest number of countries, at 72? a. high-income b. middle-income c. low-income d. second world Answer: a Page Reference: 311 Skill: Factual 6) Japan, Canada, and the nations of Western Europe are all classified as a. low-income countries. b. middle-income countries. c. high-income countries. d. third world countries.

Answer: c Page Reference: 312 Skill: Conceptual 7) The people of the high-income countries, who represent 23 percent of the world’s population, enjoy about how much of the world’s income? a. 27 percent b. 43 percent c. 65 percent d. 59 percent Answer: d Page Reference: 313 Skill: Factual 8) One of the countries listed below is NOT a high-income nation. Which one is it? a. Canada b. South Africa c. Israel d. Venezuela Answer: b Page Reference: 313 Skill: Factual 9) High-income nations a. lie mostly in the southern hemisphere. b. are frequently the sites of foreign-owned factories and call-centres. c. contain almost all the world’s financial markets.

d. are largely pastoral.

Answer: c Page Reference: 311–313 Skill: Factual 10) In middle-income nations, average personal income is in the range of a. $250 and $1000. b. $1000 and $2500. c. $2500 and $12 500. d. $10 000 and $25 000.

Answer: c Page Reference: 313 Skill: Factual 11) Macionis writes of his trip to ___________________ and refers to a young girl he saw in “one of the poorest neighbourhoods in the entire world.” a. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil b. Manila, Philippines c. Phnom Pen, Cambodia d. Mexico City, Mexico Answer: b Page Reference: 314 Skill: Factual 12) If you wanted to visit the world’s low-income nations, where would you travel? a. Africa and Asia b. Latin America c. Eastern Europe d. North America Answer: a Page Reference: 313 Skill: Applied 13) In poor nations, poverty is_____ than in Canada. a. more likely to involve men b. more widespread and severe c. addressed more effectively d. less serious a problem Answer: b Page Reference: 314 Skill: Factual 14) A majority of the world’s people live in a. low-income nations. b. middle-income nations. c. high-income nations. d. second world nations.

Answer: b Page Reference: 313 Skill: Factual 15) In global perspective, economic productivity is lowest in precisely the regions where a. population growth is highest. b. most people live in cities. c. technology is most advanced.

d. there was once the greatest prosperity.

Answer: a Page Reference: 314 Skill: Factual 16) ______________ has the lowest Q.L.I. on Table 12-1, Wealth and Well-Being in Global Perspective. a. Pakistan b. Kenya c. Bangladesh d. Democratic Republic of the Congo Answer: d Page Reference: 315 Skill: Factual 17) ________________ has the highest Q.L.I. on Table 12-1, Wealth and Well-Being in Global Perspective. a. The United States b. Canada c. Japan d. Norway Answer: d Page Reference: 315 Skill: Factual 18) In the world’s low- and middle-income nations, what proportion of all children do not receive enough nutrition to be healthy? a. 10% b. 25% c. 50% d. 75% Answer: b Page Reference: 316 Skill: Factual 19) For the world as a whole, about how many people suffer from chronic hunger that leaves them less able to work and places them at high risk of disease? a. almost 1 million b. almost 10 million c. almost 100 million d. almost 900 million Answer: d Page Reference: 316 Skill: Factual 20) Absolute poverty is a. most common in large nations such as the United States. b. the same as relative poverty. c. life-threatening. d. found only in low-income nations.

Answer: c Page Reference: 315 Skill: Conceptual 21) The typical adult in a rich nation like Canada consumes about _____ calories per day. a. 1000

b. 1250 c. 2000 d. 3750 Answer: d Page Reference: 316 Skill: Factual 22) Estimates are that at least ________________ children living in cities in poor countries beg, steal, sell sex, or work for drug gangs to provide income for their families. a. 1 million b. 10 million c. 100 million d. 1 billion Answer: c Page Reference: 316 Skill: Factual 23) Which world region contains the largest share of the world’s street children? a. Asia b. Latin America c. Africa d. Europe Answer: b Page Reference: 316–317 Skill: Factual 24) In poor countries, the disadvantages women face relative to men are a. about the same as in rich nations. b. smaller than in rich nations. c. greater than in rich nations. d. nonexistent; in poor countries, women and men have the same social standing.

Answer: c Page Reference: 317 Skill: Factual 25) Of the roughly one billion people in the world who are living in absolute poverty, what share are women? a. 20 percent b. 35 percent c. 50 percent d. 70 percent Answer: d Page Reference: 317 Skill: Factual 26) According to Anti-Slavery International, about how many men, women, and children live today in conditions that amount to slavery? a. 20 000 b. 200 000 c. 20 million d. 2 billion Answer: c Page Reference: 317 Skill: Factual

27) Which type of slavery refers to one person owning another? a. chattel slavery b. child slavery c. debt bondage d. servile forms of marriage Answer: a Page Reference: 317 Skill: Conceptual 28) Which type of slavery consists of employers holding workers by paying them too little to cover their debts? a. chattel slavery b. child slavery c. debt bondage d. servile forms of marriage Answer: c Page Reference: 318 Skill: Conceptual 29) If you were to apply modernization theory to the problem of global poverty, you might point to which of the following traits of low-income nations? a. the use of relatively little advanced technology b. low levels of population increase c. cultural approval of innovation d. the abundant use of advanced technology Answer: a Page Reference: 319 Skill: Applied 30) The concept of “colonialism” refers to the process by which a. rich nations share advanced technology with poor countries. b. some nations enrich themselves through political and economic control of others. c. poor nations shake off control by other nations. d. immigration helps to spark economic development.

Answer: b Page Reference: 319 Skill: Conceptual 31) The concept of “neocolonialism” refers to the process by which a. countries gain new colonies to replace older ones. b. countries rid themselves of former colonies. c. multinational corporations dominate the economy of a poor country. d. companies operate in many countries at one time.

Answer: c Page Reference: 319 Skill: Conceptual 32) What concept refers to a global economy in which multinational corporations exploit people in lowincome nations? a. colonialism b. corporate slavery c. neocolonialism d. international bondage Answer: c Page Reference: 319

Skill: Conceptual 33) Because, until a few centuries ago, the entire world was poor, _____________ claims that what requires explanation is affluence. a. modernization theory b. dependency theory c. social control theory d. post-modernization theory Answer: a Page Reference: 320 Skill: Conceptual 34) Modernization theory claims that a. poor nations can never become rich in today’s world. b. the main causes of poverty involve culture and technology. c. the main causes of poverty involve multinational corporations. d. most poor nations were richer in the past.

Answer: b Page Reference: 3219–320 Skill: Conceptual 35) Modernization theory identifies which of the following as the greatest barrier to economic development? a. technology b. multinational corporations c. capitalism d. tradition Answer: d Page Reference: 320 Skill: Conceptual 36) Which of the following social theorists is identified with modernization theory? a. Max Weber b. Karl Marx c. George Herbert Mead d. Immanuel Wallerstein Answer: a Page Reference: 320 Skill: Factual 37) Which of the following is TRUE? a. With the Industrial Revolution, the standard of living in high-income countries jumped fourfold during the twentieth century. b. With the Industrial Revolution, the standard of living in middle-income countries jumped fourfold during the twentieth century. c. With the Industrial Revolution, the standard of living in low-income countries jumped fourfold during the twentieth century. d. With the Industrial Revolution, the standard of living in all countries remained the same as it had previously.

Answer: a Page Reference: 320 Skill: Conceptual 38) According to W.W. Rostow, nations begin at the _____ stage of development and may eventually reach the stage of _____.

a. drive to technological maturity; takeoff b. traditional; high mass consumption c. high mass consumption; takeoff d. takeoff; drive to technological maturity Answer: b Page Reference: 320 Skill: Factual 39) If you were applying modernization theory to the problem of global poverty, you might expect rich nations to aid the economic development of poor nations by a. assisting in population growth. b. increasing food consumption. c. increasing industrial production. d. decreasing industrial production.

Answer: c Page Reference: 321 Skill: Applied 40) Some critics claim that modernization theory a. ignores how rich nations prevent the economic development of poor nations. b. amounts to an attack on capitalism. c. treats rich and poor societies as linked. d. doesn’t consider the ease with which globally weak nations achieve modernization.

Answer: a Page Reference: 323 Skill: Factual 41) Dependency theory differs from modernization theory by a. making poor nations responsible for their own fate. b. supporting capitalism as a path to development. c. explaining global inequality in terms of the exploitation of poor countries by rich countries. d. claiming that economic development is not a desirable goal.

Answer: c Page Reference: 323 Skill: Conceptual 42) André Gunder Frank states that poor nations a. are responsible for their own poverty. b. were “underdeveloped,” or made poor, by rich nations. c. suffer from traditional culture. d. need to gain more productive technology.

Answer: b Page Reference: 323 Skill: Factual 43) In past centuries, European nations colonized a. Liberia. b. Africa. c. Japan. d. Iran.

Answer: b Page Reference: 323 Skill: Factual

44) A social theorist who contributed to the development of dependency theory by tracing the growth of the capitalist world economy is a. Max Weber. b. Emile Durkheim. c. W.W. Rostow. d. Immanuel Wallerstein.

Answer: d Page Reference: 324 Skill: Factual 45) While modernization theory focuses on _____, dependency theory focuses on _____. a. poor nations; rich nations b. the future; the past c. production of wealth; distribution of wealth d. ownership of property; means of production Answer: c Page Reference: 326 Skill: Conceptual 46) According to Immanuel Wallerstein’s theory of global capitalism, which nations are at the “core” of the world economy? a. high-income nations b. middle-income nations c. low-income nations d. all nations form the “core” Answer: a Page Reference: 324 Skill: Factual 47) What is Wallerstein’s term for the middle-income countries of the world? a. core b. semiperiphery c. periphery d. outsider nations Answer: b Page Reference: 324 Skill: Conceptual 48) Wallerstein pointed to several factors that cause dependency among low-income nations. Which of the following is a factor that Wallerstein did NOT consider to be a cause of dependency? a. narrow, export-oriented economies b. lack of integration into the world economy c. lack of industrial capacity d. foreign debt Answer: b Page Reference: 324–325 Skill: Factual 49) According to dependency theory, poor countries have become dependent on rich nations because a. they sell raw materials to rich nations. b. rich countries bring tourism dollars. c. rich nations buy their manufactured goods. d. the professionals of poor countries move to rich countries instead of staying local.

Answer: a Page Reference: 324

Skill: Conceptual 50) Which theoretical approach claims that rich nations of the world are “overdeveloped” while poor nations are “underdeveloped”? a. modernization theory b. dependency theory c. both modernization theory and dependency theory d. neither modernization theory nor dependency theory Answer: b Page Reference: 323–325 Skill: Conceptual 51) With regard to the role of rich nations, dependency theory a. agrees with modernization theory. b. urges rich nations to invest in poor countries. c. claims rich nations are to blame for global poverty. d. claims rich nations prevent poor countries from “growing for export.”

Answer: c Page Reference: 325 Skill: Conceptual 52) One criticism of dependency theory is a. that it lacks a historical focus. b. that it has little to say about the role of rich countries. c. that it blames poor countries for their own poverty. d. that it offers only vague solutions to global poverty.

Answer: d Page Reference: 326 Skill: Conceptual 53) Most Canadian aid to low-income countries is distributed through the a. U.N. b. I.M.F. c. World Bank. d. CIDA. Answer: d Page Reference: 326 Skill: Factual 54) Over the course of the last century, the extent of global economic inequality has a. decreased sharply. b. stayed about the same. c. increased. d. become smaller, but not by much.

Answer: c Page Reference: 328 Skill: Factual 55) The global region that has made the greatest strides out of poverty is a. Asia. b. Africa. c. Latin America. d. Australia.

Answer: a Page Reference: 328

Skill: Factual 56) Taken together, the sociological approaches to global poverty show us that poverty is a. largely because some nations don’t work as hard as others. b. not a result of political circumstance. c. a problem that threatens world peace. d. becoming a bigger problem in developed nations than in underdeveloped ones.

Answer: c Page Reference: 328–329 Skill: Applied 57) Which of the following is TRUE? a. The world’s relative poverty is increasing. b. The world’s relative poverty is decreasing. c. The world’s relative poverty is much the same as it was 100 years ago. d. The world’s relative poverty cannot be accurately measured.

Answer: a Page Reference: 328 Skill: Factual True/False Questions 58) Each of the world’s richest three individuals has personal wealth equal to the total economic output of more than 100 of the world’s poorest countries. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 310 Skill: Factual 59) There is less income inequality between nations than there is within Canada. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 310 Skill: Factual 60) Even people with income at our country’s poverty line live better than a majority of the world’s people. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 310 Skill: Factual 61) The poorest fifth of the world’s people live on just 2 percent of the world’s income. a. True Correct b. False

Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 310 Skill: Factual 62) The richest 20 percent of the world’s people receive less than 50 percent of the world’s income. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 310 Skill: Factual 63) Global wealth is more unequally distributed than global income. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 310 Skill: Conceptual 64) Japan and Australia are examples of middle-income nations. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 312 Skill: Factual 65) High-income countries are found on five different continents. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 312 Skill: Factual 66) The text defines middle-income nations as having per capita income between $2500 and $12 500 per year. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 313 Skill: Factual 67) Globally, middle-income countries have an “average” standard of living by North American standards. a. True Incorrect b. False

Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 313 Skill: Conceptual 68) The former Soviet Union and the nations of Eastern Europe are low-income countries. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 312 Skill: Factual 69) Low-income countries are home to more than half of the world’s people. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 313 Skill: Factual 70) In low-income nations, most people live in villages and small towns where farming is the most common way to make a living. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 313 Skill: Factual 71) In poor countries, about two-tirds of the people live in or near cities. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 313 Skill: Factual 72) Compared to poverty in Canada, poverty in the world as a whole is both more widespread and more severe. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 314–315 Skill: Factual 73) A recent United Nations report shows that, in general, high-income nations have a higher quality of life than low-income nations. a. True

Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 315 Skill: Factual 74) Although Africa is a poor region of the world, people live almost as long as in the United States. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 316 Skill: Factual 75) Typically, people in low-income countries do more physical labour yet consume fewer calories than people in rich nations. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 316 Skill: Factual 76) The world region with the greatest number of poor “street children” is Latin America. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 316–317 Skill: Factual 77) In low-income nations, inequality between men and women is greater than it is in high-income countries. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 317 Skill: Factual 78) Although poverty continues, the world has ended the practice of slavery. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 317–319 Skill: Factual 79) Some forms of marriage in the world amount to slavery.

a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 318 Skill: Factual 80) In low-income nations, population growth is generally very high. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 319 Skill: Factual 81) Colonialism and neocolonialism both refer to a situation where one country politically rules or controls another country. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 319 Skill: Conceptual 82) Huge businesses that operate in many different countries are called multinational corporations. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 319 Skill: Conceptual 83) Modernization theory was created as a criticism of U.S. foreign policy. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 319–320 Skill: Conceptual 84) Modernization theory claims that what we need to explain in human history is not poverty but affluence. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 319–320 Skill: Conceptual

85) During the twentieth century, the standard of living in high-income countries, where the Industrial Revolution took place, increased dramatically. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 320 Skill: Factual 86) Modernization theory identifies tradition as the greatest barrier to economic development. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 320 Skill: Conceptual 87) In W.W. Rostow’s model of economic development, the first level is called the “take-off stage.” a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 320 Skill: Conceptual 88) Modernization theory claims that rich nations can and do help solve the world’s poverty problem. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 321 Skill: Conceptual 89) Dependency theory claims that the economic positions of the rich and poor nations of the globe are linked. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 323 Skill: Conceptual 90) Dependency theory claims that the widespread poverty in low-income countries has little to do with great affluence in high-income countries. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 323

Skill: Conceptual 91) Dependency theory states that high-income nations have narrow, export-oriented economies. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 324 Skill: Conceptual 92) Because they buy so many raw materials, rich nations are now in debt to low-income nations. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 325 Skill: Factual 93) Modernization theory focuses on the production of wealth, while dependency theory focuses on the distribution of wealth. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 319–325 Skill: Conceptual 94) Dependency theory claims that poverty results from natural processes, such as people having too many children. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 323–324 Skill: Conceptual 95) Critics say that dependency theory wrongly treats wealth as a zero-sum, ignoring how the world has become much richer over time. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 325 Skill: Conceptual 96) CIDA has made the involvement of women in development a priority. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect

Answer: a Page Reference: 326 Skill: Factual 97) Twelve million people die each year from treatable, preventable diseases. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 327 Skill: Factual 98) Global inequality is partly a problem of technology, and it is also a political issue. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 329 Skill: Factual 99) There is less economic inequality in the world today than a century ago; but since about 1970, the degree of economic inequality in the world has increased. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 328 Skill: Factual 100) Global inequality puts everyone at risk of war and terrorism. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 329 Skill: Conceptual 101) “Guest workers” make up 85% of the population of the United Arab Emirates. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 330 Skill: Factual Short Answer Questions 102) Describe the distribution of income for the world as a whole.

Page Reference: 310

Skill: Factual 103) What is the difference between relative poverty and absolute poverty?

Page Reference: 315 Skill: Conceptual 104) How does global poverty differ from poverty in Canada?

Page Reference: 314–315 Skill: Applied 105) Regarding Global Map 12-2, The Odds of Surviving to the Age of Sixty-Five in Global Perspective, what does this map tell us about global inequality?

Page Reference: 316 Skill: Applied 106) What are four types of slavery found in today’s world? Describe each type.

Page Reference: 317–318 Skill: Conceptual 107) How does neocolonialism differ from colonialism?

Page Reference: 319 Skill: Conceptual 108) How does tradition play a part in keeping some people in slavery?

Page Reference: 317–319 Skill: Conceptual 109) What are four explanations for global poverty?

Page Reference: 319 Skill: Conceptual 110) What are the four stages of W.W. Rostow’s modernization theory? Explain each stage.

Page Reference: 320–321 Skill: Conceptual 111) According to modernization theory, what are the four ways in which rich nations assist poor nations in economic development?

Page Reference: 321 Skill: Conceptual 112) With regard to dependency theory, exactly how are poor nations dependent on rich nations?

Page Reference: 323–325 Skill: Conceptual Essay Questions 113) In an essay, describe the differences that distinguish high-income nations, middle-income nations, and low-income nations. Consider population size, land area, typical patterns of work, urban and rural residence, gender equality, and the extent of poverty.

Skill: Conceptual 114) Explain Rostow’s stages of modernization theory. Explain the history of Canada in these terms, being as specific as you can about when this country entered each stage of development.

Skill: Conceptual 115) Describe the problem of slavery in the world. What is the extent of the problem? What different kinds of slavery are there? What part does poverty play in causing and perpetuating slavery?

Skill: Factual 116) Write an essay in which you describe an approach to ending world hunger drawing first on the modernization approach and second on the dependency approach. That is, what lessons can we learn from each approach? Be as specific as you can as to what policies poor countries should enact. Consider, too, the role of rich nations.

Skill: Applied 117) Describe the trend in global inequality over the course of the last century, and especially since 1970.

Based on where we have been and where we are now, predict where the world may be a century from now. What prediction would modernization theory support? What about dependency theory? What do you think will happen? Why? Skill: Applied 118) In global perspective, how does poverty combine with gender to disadvantage women? Compared to Canada and the United States, is there more or less gender inequality in low income societies? Why? Skill: Applied 119) Discuss the relationship between Canada and low-income countries. What is our approach to development? How would you classify our approach in theoretical terms (i.e., modernization or dependency theory)?

Skill: Conceptual Quick Quiz: Multiple Choice Questions 1) In middle-income nations, average personal income is in the range of a. $250 and $1000. b. $1000 and $2500. c. $2500 and $12 500. d. $10 000 and $25 000.

Answer: c 2) Which world region contains the largest share of the world’s street children? a. Asia b. Latin America c. Africa d. Europe Answer: b 3) According to Anti-Slavery International, about how many men, women, and children live today in conditions that amount to slavery? a. 20 000 b. 200 000 c. 20 million d. 2 billion Answer: c 4) Modernization theory identifies which of the following as the greatest barrier to economic development? a. technology b. multinational corporations

c. capitalism d. tradition Answer: d 5) A social theorist who contributed to the development of dependency theory by tracing the growth of the capitalist world economy is a. Max Weber. b. Emile Durkheim. c. W.W. Rostow. d. Immanuel Wallerstein.

Answer: d 6) Over the course of the last century, the extent of global economic inequality has a. decreased sharply. b. stayed about the same. c. increased. d. become smaller, but not by much.

Answer: c 7) The poorest fifth of the global population receives only about what percentage of all global income? a. 2% b. 8% c. 15% d. 25% Answer: a Quick Quiz: True/False Questions 8) Low-income countries are home to more than half of the world’s people. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b 9) Typically, people in low-income countries do more physical labour yet consume fewer calories than people in rich nations. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Quick Quiz: Short Answer Question 10) Describe the distribution of income for the world as a whole.

Test Bank for Macionis/Gerber, Sociology, Ninth Canadian Edition Chapter 13: Gender Stratification Multiple Choice Questions 1) The Persons Case was taken to Canada’s Supreme Court by the Famous Five in order to have women recognized as “persons” so that they could

a. vote. b. join the military. c. go to university. d. be eligible for appointment to the Senate.

Answer: d Page Reference: 336 Skill: Factual 2) Who originally asked the Supreme Court to recognize women as “persons”? a. the Sassy Seven b. the Famous Five c. the Infamous Four d. the Valiant Six Answer: b Page Reference: 336 Skill: Factual 3) Which province was the last to grant women the right to vote in 1940? a. Ontario b. Manitoba c. Quebec d. B.C. Answer: c Page Reference: 336 Skill: Factual 4) The concept of gender refers to a. the degree of inequality between men and women in a society. b. the secondary sex characteristics of individuals. c. the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male. d. patterns of sexual orientation.

Answer: c Page Reference: 337 Skill: Conceptual 5) The personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male are called a. orientation. b. title. c. sex. d. gender.

Answer: d Page Reference: 337 Skill: Conceptual 6) Which of the following statements is most accurate? a. Men and women differ physically in some limited ways. b. Overall, men are physically superior to women. c. Overall, women are physically superior to men. d. There are no physical differences between men and women.

Answer: a Page Reference: 337 Skill: Factual 7) The unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women is called

a. sexism. b. gender equality. c. gender stratification. d. gender bias.

Answer: c Page Reference: 337 Skill: Conceptual 8) Comparing the performances of female and male athletes over time shows a. little or no change in female-male differences in performance. b. male performances are improving faster than female performances. c. women have been closing the gap with men in most athletic performances. d. No comparison of athletes has ever been made in a systematic way.

Answer: c Page Reference: 337 Skill: Factual 9) Which of the following characteristics is typical of the kibbutzim? a. Differential workloads are assigned for men and women. b. Sex domination favours women over men. c. Gender is irrelevant to much of everyday life. d. Boys and girls are raised with their families.

Answer: c Page Reference: 337–338 Skill: Conceptual 10) On average, young men show greater ____ ability than young women; young women show greater _____ ability than young men. a. intellectual; sensory b. mathematical; verbal c. verbal; mathematical d. sensory; intellectual Answer: b Page Reference: 337 Skill: Factual 11) Which of the following statements is corrects about the average lifespan of men and women? a. On average, men outlive women by about one year. b. On average, women outlive men by about one year. c. On average, men outlive women by about five years. d. On average, women outlive men by about five years.

Answer: d Page Reference: 337 Skill: Factual 12) Which anthropologist is noted in the text as carrying out groundbreaking research on gender? a. Emile Durkheim b. Beverley McLachlin c. Margaret Mead d. Anna Porter Answer: c Page Reference: 338 Skill: Factual 13) The point of describing gender in the Israeli kibbutzim is to show that

a. gender is rooted in biology. b. women can dominate men. c. cultures define gender in different ways. d. boys and girls must be raised by their biological parents.

Answer: c Page Reference: 337–338 Skill: Factual 14) Margaret Mead’s research on gender in three societies in New Guinea illustrates that a. all societies define masculinity in much the same way. b. all societies define femininity in much the same way. c. some societies recognize gender differences; some do not. d. what is feminine to one society may be masculine to another.

Answer: d Page Reference: 338 Skill: Factual 15) In his global study of gender, George Murdock found a. no agreement as to feminine and masculine tasks. b. men were more likely to be engaged in farming than women. c. many tasks were considered masculine by some societies and feminine by others. d. household chores typically fell to women.

Answer: c Page Reference: 338 Skill: Factual 16) Which of the following concepts refers to social organization in which males dominate females? a. patriarchy b. matriarchy c. monarchy d. oligarchy Answer: a Page Reference: 339 Skill: Conceptual 17) What is the form of social organization in which females dominate males? a. patriarchy b. matriarchy c. monarchy d. oligarchy Answer: b Page Reference: 339 Skill: Conceptual 18) Based on the map and discussion in the text, where would you go to find societies in which women’s social power is lowest compared to that of men? a. Europe b. North America c. Africa d. South America Answer: c Page Reference: 339 Skill: Factual 19) The belief that one sex is innately superior to the other is known as

a. patriarchy. b. matriarchy. c. gender stratification. d. sexism.

Answer: d Page Reference: 339 Skill: Conceptual 20) Which concept refers to attitudes and activities that a society links to people of each sex? a. primary sex characteristics b. sexual orientation c. gender roles d. secondary sex characteristics Answer: c Page Reference: 340 Skill: Conceptual 21) Which sociologist suggested that infants are ushered into the “pink world” of girls or the “blue world” of boys? a. Janet Lever b. Carol Gilligan c. Jessie Bernard d. Dorothy Smith Answer: c Page Reference: 340–341 Skill: Factual 22) Which of the following is NOT a skill commonly associated with female peer groups of school-age children? a. communication b. co-operation c. aggression d. nurturing Answer: c Page Reference: 341 Skill: Factual 23) Drawing on Janet Lever’s observations of children at play, which of the following would you conclude to be true? a. Gender has little effect on young children. b. Girls spend much more time at play than boys do. c. Boys favour games with clear winners and losers. d. Boys favour games that develop communication and co-operation.

Answer: c Page Reference: 341 Skill: Applied 24) Which of the following is NOT true about gender and schooling in Canada? a. A generation ago school texts portrayed versatile characters who were invariably male. b. Gender stereotyping is less common in contemporary school tests. c. In university, the gender typing ends with males and females taking similar majors. d. Gender studies courses attract more women than men.

Answer: c Page Reference: 341 Skill: Conceptual

25) Where would you look in Canadian schools to find courses in which men outnumber women? a. the fine arts b. the sciences c. the social sciences d. any and all subjects Answer: b Page Reference: 341 Skill: Applied 26) Which of the following is a characteristic of gender division in advertising? a. Voice-overs are typically female. b. Women predominate in ads for cars and alcoholic beverages. c. Men predominate in ads for new appliances. d. Women predominate in ads for cleaning products.

Answer: d Page Reference: 342 Skill: Conceptual 27) Which of the following helps explain the rising share of women in the paid labour force during the last century? a. the increase in the number of people working on farms b. a high divorce rate c. the increasing size of Canadian families d. the fact that working women earn more than working men Answer: b Page Reference: 343 Skill: Factual 28) In today’s Canadian work force, a. men and women have the same types of jobs. b. women and men receive the same pay. c. women are concentrated in several categories of jobs. d. a majority of working women hold “pink collar” jobs.

Answer: c Page Reference: 343 Skill: Factual 29) “Pink-collar” work refers to what type of jobs? a. clerical b. professional c. housework d. medical Answer: a Page Reference: 343 Skill: Conceptual 30) The concept “glass ceiling” refers to a. the barrier that prevents women from reaching the top. b. the fact that women’s dreams are easily broken. c. the fact that cleaning the home is all most women do. d. the phenomenon where women are seen performing domestic chores in advertising.

Answer: a Page Reference: 343 Skill: Conceptual

31) Which of the following job categories has mostly women as workers? a. physicians b. corporate managers c. college professors d. elementary school teachers Answer: d Page Reference: 345 Skill: Factual 32) The housework that women do after returning from the workplace is referred to by sociologists as a. shared responsibility. b. a cultural liability. c. second shift. d. women’s “lot.”

Answer: c Page Reference: 343 Skill: Conceptual 33) What percentage of Canadian degrees, diplomas, and certificates did women receive between 1999 and 2003? a. 58% b. 30% c. 45% d. 72% Answer: a Page Reference: 343 Skill: Factual 34) Currently in Canada, the largest proportion of women politicians is found in a. municipal politics. b. provincial politics. c. federal politics. d. international politics.

Answer: a Page Reference: 349 Skill: Factual 35) Until 1929, in Canada, a. women could vote in federal elections. b. women could not sit in the House of Commons. c. women could not sit in the Senate. d. women could not do anything that had to do with politics.

Answer: c Page Reference: 349 Skill: Factual 36) Which of the following is NOT one of the six explanations put forth for women in Canada earning 71 cents on the male dollar? a. Women choose occupations that are poorly paid. b. Women take time out from their jobs to have children. c. Women are less likely to be promoted. d. Women have less post-secondary education that men.

Answer: d Page Reference: 344

Skill: Conceptual 37) In Canada, women in the labour force working full-time earned _____ as much as men working fulltime. a. 97 percent b. 87 percent c. 71 percent d. 57 percent Answer: c Page Reference: 344 Skill: Factual 38) Which of the following is NOT an occupation commonly dominated by women? a. registered nurse b. administrative assistant c. middle manager d. early childhood educator Answer: c Page Reference: 344 Skill: Factual 39) Which of the following statements is a correct reason to see women as a minority in Canada? a. At every class level, women have less income, wealth, education, and power than men do. b. Almost all women see themselves as a minority. c. In Canada, men outnumber women. d. Women are not equally represented in any level of government.

Answer: a Page Reference: 350–351 Skill: Factual 40) Intersection theory explains that which of the following is a source of social disadvantage? a. gender b. political affiliation c. religion d. occupation.

Answer: a Page Reference: 359 Skill: Conceptual 41) In 1989, which of Canada’s major federal political parties became the first to elect a woman leader? a. Conservative b. Liberal c. NDP d. Reform Party Answer: c Page Reference: 350 Skill: Factual 42) In 1993, _____________ became Canada’s first, and only thus far, female Prime Minister. a. Kim Campbell b. Alexa McDonough c. Audrey McLaughlin d. Jessie Bernard Answer: a Page Reference: 350

Skill: Factual 43) What would a social researcher conclude about the status of women as a minority? a. Women are a minority because patriarchy makes women dependent for much of their social standing on men. b. Women are a minority because they see themselves as a minority. c. Women as a whole are not a minority because gender does not match the importance of racial or cultural differences. d. Women in Canada are not a minority because discrimination against them is marginal.

Answer: a Page Reference: 350–351 Skill: Conceptual 44) If you could end violence against women in one setting, which of the following would reduce this type of violence the most? a. the workplace b. the home c. public places d. college campuses Answer: b Page Reference: 351 Skill: Applied 45) Sexual harassment became an issue in Canada in a. the 1990s. b. the 1960s. c. the 1890s. d. the 1780s.

Answer: a Page Reference: 355 Skill: Factual 46) What is the term for comments, gestures, or physical contact of a sexual nature that are deliberate, repeated, and unwelcome? a. discrimination b. sexual harassment c. acquaintance assault d. sexual innuendo Answer: b Page Reference: 355 Skill: Conceptual 47) What is TRUE about sexual harassment? a. It happens to men and women. b. It has had little impact on the workplace. c. It is always blatant and direct. d. It never happens to men.

Answer: a Page Reference: 355 Skill: Factual1 48) Who was Canada’s first female Governor-General? a. Adrienne Clarkson b. Kim Campbell c. Jeanne Sauvé

d. Cairine Wilson Answer: c Page Reference: 350 Skill: Factual 49) Which of the following statements about pornography is FALSE? a. Pornography is unrelated to sexual violence. b. Pornography constitutes a multi-million dollar a year industry. c. Pornography is a moral issue. d. Pornography is a power issue.

Answer: a Page Reference: 355–356 Skill: Conceptual 50) Structural-functional analysis points out that industrialization encourages a. men to take control of the workplace. b. growing gender equality. c. women to have more children. d. growing gender inequality.

Answer: b Page Reference: 356 Skill: Factual 51) Talcott Parsons described gender in terms of a. power differences. b. complementarity. c. violence. d. the sexual objectification of women.

Answer: b Page Reference: 356 Skill: Factual 52) Talcott Parsons explained that males tend toward _____ behaviour, while females are more _____. a. instrumental; expressive b. expressive; instrumental c. egalitarian; hierarchical d. rational; emotional Answer: a Page Reference: 356–357 Skill: Conceptual 53) Friedrich Engels claimed that capitalism a. reduced all forms of inequality. b. reduced patriarchy. c. had little effect on patriarchy. d. increased patriarchy.

Answer: d Page Reference: 358 Skill: Factual 54) Engels claimed that men’s desire to control their property brought about a. educational reform. b. widespread use of birth control. c. monogamous marriage. d. the rise of industry.

Answer: c Page Reference: 358 Skill: Factual 55) Which of the following does the social-conflict perspective believe to be true? a. Gender involves similarity in power, but difference in behaviour. b. In hunting and gathering times, the activities of men were more important than the activities of women. c. A productive surplus led to a concern by men to control the behaviour of women. d. According to Engels, capitalism reduces male domination.

Answer: c Page Reference: 358 Skill: Conceptual 56) When did feminism as a social movement in Canada begin? a. in the mid-1700s b. in the mid-1800s c. in the mid- 1900s d. in 1918 Answer: b Page Reference: 359 Skill: Factual 57) Which of the following do feminists NOT support? a. ending gender stratification b. ending sexual violence c. weakening the importance of gender in people’s lives d. limiting sexual freedom Answer: d Page Reference: 359–360 Skill: Factual 58) Which type of feminism accepts the basic organization of Canadian society, but seeks to give women the same rights and opportunities as men? a. liberal feminism b. socialist feminism c. radical feminism d. guerilla feminism Answer: a Page Reference: 361 Skill: Conceptual 59) Which type of feminism links the social disadvantages of women to the capitalist economic system? a. liberal feminism b. socialist feminism c. radical feminism d. guerilla feminism Answer: b Page Reference: 361 Skill: Conceptual 60) Which type of feminism seeks to end patriarchy by eliminating the idea of gender itself? a. liberal feminism b. socialist feminism c. radical feminism d. guerilla feminism

Answer: c Page Reference: 361 Skill: Conceptual 61) Which branch of feminism rejects all statements of claim made by other branches of feminism? a. Marxist b. inclusive c. postmodernist d. radical Answer: c Page Reference: 361 Skill: Conceptual 62) Opposition to feminism is a. expressed by a majority of people in the United States. b. directed mostly at socialist and radical feminism. c. now just about gone in the United States. d. increasing over time.

Answer: b Page Reference: 362 Skill: Factual 63) Looking back over Canadian history, we see a general trend by which women a. have gained opportunities and power. b. have made little movement toward equality with men. c. are steadily losing ground and becoming less equal to men. d. have retained their position of dominance over men.

Answer: a Page Reference: 362 Skill: Factual 64) Women’s hockey in Canada a. was played at the turn of the 20th century. b. had a team in the 1930s that possessed a win-loss record of 348 to 2. c. won a gold medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics. d. requires less skill than men’s hockey.

Answer: b Page Reference: 363 Skill: Factual True/False Questions 65) None of the Famous Five was made a senator. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 336 Skill: Factual 66) Gender refers simply to whether people are female or male. a. True Incorrect

b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 337 Skill: Conceptual 67) Like race or social class, gender is a major dimension of social stratification. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 337 Skill: Factual 68) Gender affects the opportunities and constraints each of us encounters throughout our lives. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 337 Skill: Factual 69) In athletics, the performance gap between male and female athletes is increasing. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 337 Skill: Factual 70) Research shows that young males have less mathematical ability but greater verbal ability than young females. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 337 Skill: Factual 71) On average, males are both taller and heavier than females. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 337 Skill: Factual 72) In Canada, on average, males live longer than females. a. True Incorrect

b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 337 Skill: Factual 73) Evidence from the Israeli kibbutzim suggests that cultures have the ability to define what is masculine and feminine in various ways. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 337–338 Skill: Applied 74) Margaret Mead argued that gender was mostly a matter of biology rather than culture. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 338 Skill: Factual 75) In her famous study, Margaret Mead investigated gender in three African societies. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 338 Skill: Factual 76) George Murdock found that, in the case of most tasks, what one society considers “masculine” another may consider “feminine.” a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 338 Skill: Factual 77) Sexism is the assertion that one sex is innately superior to the other. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 339 Skill: Conceptual 78) Patriarchy provides advantages, but not disadvantages, to males. a. True

Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 339–340 Skill: Conceptual 79) In global perspective, the region in which women have the least social power is North America. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 339 Skill: Factual 80) Since very few societies have existed without patriarchy, we must conclude that it is inevitable. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 340 Skill: Factual 81) Most sociological research suggests that gender is socially constructed and thus is subject to change. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 340 Skill: Factual 82) Traditional conceptions paint masculine and feminine in opposing terms. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 340 Skill: Conceptual 83) Gender socialization begins in childhood and ends as we approach adulthood. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 340–341 Skill: Conceptual 84) Gender roles are defined as attitudes and activities that a society links to each sex. a. True Correct

b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 340 Skill: Conceptual 85) Voice-overs on TV commercials are almost always male. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 342 Skill: Factual 86) While playing in peer groups, girls tend to avoid the “win-lose” games favoured by boys. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 341 Skill: Factual 87) Today in Canada, a larger share of women than men are in the labour force. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 343 Skill: Factual 88) In Canada, working women are concentrated in administrative support jobs and in service jobs. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 343 Skill: Factual 89) In Canada today, women working for income is the rule rather than the exception. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 343 Skill: Factual 90) In Canada today, two-thirds of specialist physicians are women. a. True Incorrect b. False

Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 345 Skill: Factual 91) In Canada, most engineers, judges, and college presidents are men. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 345 Skill: Factual 92) Most nurses today are male. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 345 Skill: Factual 93) In Canada, a majority of bachelor’s degrees are earned by men. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 347 Skill: Factual 94) In Canada, women gained the right to vote in 1820. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 349 Skill: Factual 95) Canadian women earn 71 cents for every one dollar earned by men. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 344 Skill: Factual 96) Most white women in Canada think of themselves as a minority. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct

Answer: b Page Reference: 350–351 Skill: Factual 97) Minority women are more economically disadvantaged than white women. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 359 Skill: Factual 98) Intersection theory holds true in the United States, but not in Canada. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 359 Skill: Conceptual 99) Pornography dehumanizes women as the sexual playthings of men. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 355–356 Skill: Factual 100) Talcott Parsons described gender in terms of power relationships. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 356–357 Skill: Conceptual 101) A social-conflict account of the history of gender stratification was developed by Friedrich Engels. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 358 Skill: Factual 102) Liberal feminism seeks the elimination of gender itself. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b

Page Reference: 361 Skill: Conceptual 103) In Canada, the first wave of the feminist movement began in the mid-1700s. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 359 Skill: Factual 104) Feminist thinking is strongly political. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 359 Skill: Conceptual 105) Feminism supports women’s control over their sexuality and reproduction. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 359–360 Skill: Conceptual 106) Feminists argue that patriarchy distorts the relationships between men and women. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 360 Skill: Conceptual 107) The Equal Rights Amendment in the United States became law in 2005. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 360 Skill: Factual Short Answer Questions 108) Briefly describe the extent of male-female differences in mental and physical abilities.

Page Reference: 337 Skill: Factual

109) Based on her research in New Guinea, what did Margaret Mead conclude about gender?

Page Reference: 338 Skill: Factual 110) Define briefly the terms “patriarchy” and “sexism” and discuss some of the costs of sexism to both women and men in Canadian society.

Page Reference: 339–340 Skill: Conceptual 111) Why is “earning an income” no longer a man’s role in Canada?

Page Reference: 342–343 Skill: Factual 112) What is the importance of the term “glass ceiling?”

Page Reference: 343 Skill: Conceptual 113) What six explanations are put forth in your text for women earning 71% of male income?

Page Reference: 344 Skill: Conceptual 114) What is the major insight of intersection theory?

Page Reference: 359 Skill: Conceptual 115) Visible minority women confront a “double disadvantage.” Explain.

Page Reference: 359 Skill: Conceptual 116) Discuss why the pressure to restrict pornography has increased in recent decades.

Page Reference: 355–356 Skill: Conceptual Essay Questions 1117) Look around your sociology class. What is the approximate proportion of men and women in the class? Why are you seeing the split that you are? Explain at length, noting all relevant factors at play.

Skill: Applied 118) Discuss two main theoretical perspectives on gender inequality—structural functionalism and socialconflict theory. What are the general arguments of each perspective? What does each theory claim about gender inequality? If you were a structural functionalist, what would you say should be done, if anything, about gender inequality in Canada? As a conflict theorist, what would you say, if anything, should be done? What do you personally feel should be done regarding gender inequality in Canada?

Skill: Applied 119) The socialization process links gender to personal identity (gender identity) and to distinctive behaviour and activities (gender roles). In this essay, describe the importance of gender to socialization across the life course from birth through early adulthood. Begin by addressing the fact that people are quick to ask about the sex of a newborn child. Consider parental expectations, peer group activity, and school life.

Skill: Applied

120) In a short essay, answer the following questions: Is social class or gender more important in shaping the life of an individual born in Canada today? How does each factor matter? Provide reasons for your choice. Consider how social class and gender interact.

Skill: Applied 121) Apply the structural-functional and social-conflict approaches to the issue of gender. What are key insights offered by each theoretical approach? How does each approach view gender differences and gender inequality? How does each respond to the changes in gender across the twentieth century?

Skill: Conceptual 122) Define feminism. Describe the three main types of feminist thinking in Canada today. What do the approaches have in common? How do they differ? Also suggest reasons for resistance to feminism. What is your view of the various types of feminism? Why? Skill: Conceptual 123) Make the case that gender is or is not a central dimension of social stratification in Canada.

Consider issues such as income and wealth, work, schooling, and power. In other words, to what extent do males represent a privileged category of people in this country today? Provide specific evidence to support your position.

Skill: Applied 124) What six explanations are put forth for women earning 71% of the male dollar in Canada? Clearly identify each explanation and discuss each fully.

Skill: Conceptual 125) Discuss how your own gender might influence your reaction to the reading of the box Powerful Canadian Women. How might this differ from the other gender’s reaction?

Skill: Applied 126) Consider the general message and trends shown in Figure 13-3, Employment Rates of Men and Women (35 to 44 Years of Age) in Canada, 1971 to 2011. Describe what this figure tells you about gender inequality. Overall, how does the information in this figure make you feel about the gap between the genders? Is the information presented predominantly negative, positive, or both, do you think? Explain.

Skill: Applied Quick Quiz: Multiple Choice Questions 1) The concept of gender refers to a. the degree of inequality between men and women in a society. b. the secondary sex characteristics of individuals. c. the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male. d. patterns of sexual orientation.

Answer: c 2) The belief that one sex is innately superior to the other is known as a. patriarchy. b. matriarchy. c. gender stratification. d. sexism.

Answer: d 3) Which of the following job categories has mostly women as workers? a. physicians b. corporate managers

c. college professors d. elementary school teachers Answer: d 4) Which of the following is NOT an occupation commonly dominated by women? a. registered nurse b. administrative assistant c. middle manager d. early childhood educator Answer: c 5) Structural-functional analysis points out that industrialization encourages a. men to take control of the workplace. b. growing gender equality. c. women to have more children. d. a need to keep gender roles traditional.

Answer: b 6) Friedrich Engels claimed that capitalism a. reduced all forms of inequality. b. reduced patriarchy. c. had little effect on patriarchy. d. increased patriarchy.

Answer: d 7) When did feminism as a social movement in Canada begin? a. in the mid-1700s b. in the mid-1800s c. in the 1940s d. in the 1980s Answer: b Quick Quiz: True/False Questions 8) Like race or social class, gender is a major dimension of social stratification. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a 9) Since very few societies have existed without patriarchy, we must conclude that it is inevitable. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Quick Quiz: Short Answer Question 10) What six explanations are put forth to account for the income disparity between women and men?

Test Bank for Macionis/Gerber, Sociology, Ninth Canadian Edition

Chapter 14: Race and Ethnicity Multiple Choice Questions 1) Human beings are all a. members of a single biological species. b. members of various species, depending on colour. c. members of various species, depending on cultural background. d. members of various species, depending on where in the world they live.

Answer: a Page Reference: 371 Skill: Factual 2) The concept of “race” refers to a. people who fall into any minority category. b. a person’s skin colour. c. a cultural heritage shared by a category of people. d. a socially constructed category composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important.

Answer: d Page Reference: 371 Skill: Conceptual 3) Typically, people who live in _____ perceive fewer racial categories than people who live in _____. a. Canada; Brazil b. Brazil; Canada c. Brazil; the United States d. the West; the East Answer: a Page Reference: 372 Skill: Factual 4) What is one reason sociologists consider the “scientific” racial types of Caucasian, Mongoloid, and Negroid to be misleading and even harmful? a. Every society’s population is homogenous. b. Various racial categories are genetically very dissimilar. c. The skin colour of many different races ranges from very light to very dark. d. Mongoloid is no longer an acceptable term to use.

Answer: c Page Reference: 372 Skill: Factual 5) Which of the following concepts refers to a shared cultural heritage? a. race b. minority c. ethnicity d. stereotype Answer: c Page Reference: 374–375 Skill: Conceptual 6) Race refers to _____ considered important by a society; ethnicity refers to _____. a. cultural traits; biological traits b. biological traits; cultural traits c. differences; what we have in common d. what we have in common; differences

Answer: b Page Reference: 371, 374 Skill: Conceptual 7) A family leaves Russia and takes up residence in Canada, where they gradually lose cultural traditions.

Doing so, these people have modified their a. race. b. ethnicity. c. ancestry. d. religion.

Answer: b Page Reference: 374–375 Skill: Applied 8) Which of the following concepts refers to a category of people, distinguished by physical or cultural traits, who are socially disadvantaged? a. minority b. ethnic category c. racial category d. out-group Answer: a Page Reference: 375 Skill: Conceptual 9) In Canada, minorities typically have less a. trouble integrating. b. occupational prestige. c. desire to attain status. d. need to attend post-secondary.

Answer: b Page Reference: 376 Skill: Factual 10) A minority is defined as a category of people who are a. small in numbers and disadvantaged. b. less than half the society’s total population. c. set apart by that society and disadvantaged. d. born in some other country.

Answer: c Page Reference: 375 Skill: Conceptual 11) Which of the following statements about prejudice is true? a. Prejudice involves accurate judgments. b. Prejudice treats everyone in some category in the same way. c. Prejudice can only be negative. d. Prejudice is a natural, healthy, first impression in most societies.

Answer: b Page Reference: 376 Skill: Conceptual 12) You would be expressing a “stereotype” if you a. made any generalization about people. b. stated an exaggerated description and applied it to everyone in some category. c. held an opinion about someone based on personal experience.

d. treated everybody in an unkind way.

Answer: b Page Reference: 376 Skill: Applied 13) With whom do we associate authoritarian personality theory? a. Adorno b. Bogardus c. Marx d. Durkheim Answer: a Page Reference: 377 Skill: Factual 14) Scapegoat theory states that prejudice is created by a. culture beliefs. b. high levels of immigration. c. frustration among disadvantaged people. d. people with rigid personalities.

Answer: c Page Reference: 377 Skill: Conceptual 15) Authoritarian personality theory states that extreme prejudice is a. built into culture itself. b. a trait of certain individuals. c. found among poor and disadvantaged people. d. found among most people in all societies.

Answer: b Page Reference: 377 Skill: Conceptual 16) According to T.W. Adorno’s authoritarian personality theory, prejudiced people a. view society as naturally hierarchical. b. reject ethnocentrism. c. cannot easily see actions as either right or wrong. d. tend to reject any conventional cultural values.

Answer: a Page Reference: 377 Skill: Conceptual 17) A good example of the culture theory of prejudice is a. T.W. Adorno’s research on prejudiced people. b. Emory Bogardus’s research on social distance. c. W.I. Thomas’s vicious cycle theory. d. Jeremy Bentham’s Panopticon theory.

Answer: b Page Reference: 377 Skill: Applied 18) Conflict theory states that prejudice is a. used by powerful people to justify oppressing others. b. built into culture itself. c. common among immigrants. d. common among certain people with rigid personalities.

Answer: a Page Reference: 377–378 Skill: Conceptual 19) While prejudice is a matter of _____, discrimination is a matter of _____. a. biology; culture b. attitudes; action c. choice; social structure d. abnormality; what a society considers normal Answer: b Page Reference: 376–378 Skill: Conceptual 20) Institutional prejudice and discrimination refers to the fact that a. some people hold rigid and unfair attitudes. b. bias was more pronounced in this nation’s history. c. bias is built into the operation of social institutions. d. many people still hold prejudiced opinions.

Answer: c Page Reference: 378 Skill: Conceptual 21) The complexity of community organizations that meet the needs of ethnic minorities is called a. institutional comprehensiveness. b. institutional inclusiveness. c. institutional thoroughness. d. institutional completeness.

Answer: d Page Reference: 379 Skill: Conceptual 22) The policies of multiculturalism in Canada a. support the goal of full participation by melting into the majority. b. promote unity through diversity. c. were officially adopted in the Multiculturalism Act of 1968. d. discourage the French and the English from accepting new immigrants.

Answer: b Page Reference: 379 Skill: Conceptual 23) The idea that prejudice and discrimination form a vicious cycle means that a. prejudice is more common than actual discrimination. b. it is easy to prove that most stereotypes are wrong. c. most people will act on their prejudices. d. bias is easily continued over time.

Answer: d Page Reference: 378 Skill: Applied 24) The claim that defining members of some minority as inferior will make them inferior is one application of a. social distance research. b. the iron law of oligarchy. c. the Thomas theorem. d. authoritarian personality theory.

Answer: c Page Reference: 378 Skill: Factual 25) Which of the following concepts refers to a state in which racial and ethnic minorities are distinct but have social parity? a. genocide b. segregation c. assimilation d. pluralism Answer: d Page Reference: 379 Skill: Conceptual 26) Critics of multiculturalism in Canada suggest that a. it encourages immigrant adaptation. b. it is supportive of the development of a shared Canadian identity. c. ethnic identification weakens the social fabric of Canada. d. no one in Canada desires to live in a multicultural country.

Answer: c Page Reference: 379 Skill: Conceptual 27) Canada is not truly pluralistic because a. some people live in “ethnic enclaves.” b. many people value ethnic diversity. c. racial and ethnic categories do not have roughly equal social standing. d. some races are obviously superior.

Answer: c Page Reference: 379 Skill: Conceptual 28) Assimilation refers to the pattern by which a. people become more tolerant of minorities. b. minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant category. c. all minority categories become more equal in social standing. d. people regain their lost cultural heritage.

Answer: b Page Reference: 380 Skill: Conceptual 29) The adoption of the English or French language by African immigrants to Canada is an example of a. genocide. b. segregation. c. assimilation. d. pluralism.

Answer: c Page Reference: 380 Skill: Applied 30) The Matsui family came to Canada from Japan 30 years ago. They now speak English at home and the Matsui children date non-Japanese students at college. This family’s story is closest to which of the following concepts? a. pluralism b. segregation

c. assimilation d. miscegenation Answer: c Page Reference: 380 Skill: Applied 31) Which of the following concepts refers to the physical and social separation of categories of people? a. assimilation b. racial typology c. ethnic enclaves d. segregation Answer: d Page Reference: 380 Skill: Conceptual 32) Reitz and Breton suggest that the “cultural mosaic” of Canada and the “melting pot” of the U.S. result in a. a multicultural Canadian society and an assimilated American society. b. low rates of criminal activity in Canada and high rates in the U.S. c. minimal differences in assimilation or economic integration. d. the maintenance of diverse languages in Canada and their disappearance in the U.S. Answer: c Page Reference: 379–380 Skill: Conceptual 33) The existence of Africville in Halifax is an example of a. assimilation. b. segregation. c. pluralism. d. miscegenation.

Answer: b Page Reference: 380 Skill: Applied 34) The adoption of the English language by Iranian immigrants to Canada is an example of a. genocide. b. segregation. c. assimilation. d. pluralism.

Answer: c Page Reference: 380 Skill: Applied 35) Which of the following is NOT one of the three urban centres in Canada with significant Black populations? a. Halifax b. Vancouver c. Toronto d. Montreal Answer: b Page Reference: 381 Skill: Factual 36) More than half of Nova Scotians who belong to visible minorities identify themselves as a. “old stock” Canadians.

b. “from away.” c. French-Canadians. d. Aboriginals.

Answer: a Page Reference: 381 Skill: Conceptual 37) Which of the following statements about Canada is accurate? a. Segregation has been practiced in the past, but rarely occurs at the moment. b. Segregation has been practiced historically, as well as currently. c. Most segregation that occurs in Canada is voluntary. d. Segregation in Canada is primarily an urban phenomenon.

Answer: b Page Reference: 380–381 Skill: Conceptual 38) According to your text, the clearest example of segregation in Canada is found in our treatment of a. Loyalists in Nova Scotia. b. Aboriginal peoples. c. the Chinese. d. the English.

Answer: b Page Reference: 380 Skill: Conceptual 39) The killing of the Tutsis by the Hutus in Rwanda is a recent example of a. assimilation. b. genocide. c. miscegenation. d. hypersegregation.

Answer: b Page Reference: 382 Skill: Conceptual 40) The ancestors of which of the following groups first settled the lands of the Western Hemisphere? a. WASPs b. European Canadians c. African Americans d. Aboriginal peoples Answer: d Page Reference: 382–383 Skill: Factual 41) When the first Europeans arrived in the Americas in the 15th century, Aboriginal peoples a. followed shortly thereafter. b. had just migrated to North America from Asia. c. came with them from Europe. d. were already here.

Answer: d Page Reference: 382 Skill: Factual 42) In what was then Yugoslavia in the spring of 1999, 10 000 ethnic Albanians were victims of _____________ by their Serbian neighbours. a. assimilation

b. ethnic cleansing c. fratricide d. cultural cleansing Answer: b Page Reference: 382 Skill: Conceptual 43) The first recorded slave trade in Canada was in a. 1492. b. 1629. c. 1867. d. No slaves were ever bought or sold in Canada.

Answer: b Page Reference: 381 Skill: Factual 44) Which is TRUE of slavery in Canada? a. The only slaves in Canada came from the American South. b. Slavery was essentially unsuited to Canadian agriculture. c. The Canadian government abolished slavery shortly after the American government did the same. d. Slavery was abolished in Western Canada before it was abolished in Eastern Canada.

Answer: b Page Reference: 381 Skill: Factual 45) In 2001, _____% of Canada’s population claimed Canadian ethnicity as a single-origin response. a. 9 b. 18 c. 39 d. 85 Answer: c Page Reference: 383 Skill: Factual 46) After “Canadian” ancestry, which of the following is most claimed as ethnic origin by Canadians? a. English b. German c. Italian d. American Answer: a Page Reference: 383 Skill: Factual 47) Which of the following is the province with the lowest visible minority population, according to Figure 14-2? a. British Columbia b. Alberta c. Nova Scotia d. Newfoundland Answer: d Page Reference: 383 Skill: Factual 48) In which of the following provinces is the presence of visible minorities the highest? a. Newfoundland

b. New Brunswick c. Ontario d. British Columbia Answer: d Page Reference: 383 Skill: Factual 49) Which of the following statements about Aboriginals is TRUE? a. They have lower levels of educational attainment. b. Because of federal transfers, they have higher incomes than Asian Canadians. c. They have high levels of labour force participation. d. They have half the unemployment rate of Black Canadians.

Answer: a Page Reference: 385 Skill: Factual 50) _____________ is the diversity capital of Canada. a. Toronto b. Vancouver c. Montreal d. Winnipeg Answer: a Page Reference: 384 Skill: Factual 51) There are approximately _______ people in Canada with Aboriginal roots. a. 500 000 b. 1 million c. 2.5 million d. 3.5 million Answer: c Page Reference: 386 Skill: Factual 52) The relationship between Aboriginals and Ottawa can be described as a. respectful. b. reciprocal. c. non-bureaucratic. d. paternalistic and bureaucratic.

Answer: d Page Reference: 386 Skill: Conceptual 53) Which of the following is TRUE? a. Canada has an essentially “European” parliamentary system with some British, some French, some German, and some components from several other countries. b. The dominant culture in Canada is Anglo-Saxon. c. The majority of Canadians speak French. d. In the past, admission to Canada was controlled primarily by the government of Quebec.

Answer: b Page Reference: 386 Skill: Conceptual 54) The removal of Aboriginal children from reserves so they could attend boarding schools a. was accompanied by a system of regular visits with their parents.

b. was accompanied by programs of economic development on the reserves, in preparation for the return of these children. c. resulted in a lack of preparation to live effectively in either Aboriginal or non-Aboriginal worlds. d. was not accompanied by attempts at conversion to Christianity.

Answer: c Page Reference: 386–387 Skill: Conceptual 55) The Inuit of Canada’s far north have experienced gradual erosion of traditional patterns of life because of a. a degraded environment due to exploratory and drilling activities. b. their desire to abandon tradition. c. the addition of other cultures into their families, changing their ways of life. d. weak cultural ties eventually degrading and disappearing.

Answer: a Page Reference: 387 Skill: Factual 56) Currently in Canada, a. there is little public support for greater self-determination for Aboriginal peoples. b. urban migration and assimilation are effectively alleviating problems for Aboriginal peoples. c. Aboriginal communities on reserves and elsewhere are surviving and growing. d. the inherent right to Aboriginal self-government is recognized legally and constitutionally.

Answer: c Page Reference: 387 Skill: Conceptual 57) The APTN headquarters are in a. Toronto. b. Iqaluit. c. Winnipeg. d. Regina.

Answer: c Page Reference: 388 Skill: Factual 58) The Quiet Revolution in Quebec in the 1960s a. greatly diminished the political power and social influence of the Catholic Church. b. expanded the role of the federal government in economic affairs of the province. c. privatized Hydro-Quebec. d. established a department of education that encouraged a liberal arts education.

Answer: a Page Reference: 389–390 Skill: Factual 59) The election of the Parti Quebecois in 1976 paved the way for which of the following changes in the province of Quebec? a. children of immigrants would be educated in French b. large federal transfer payments to improve the French educational system c. an increase in inter-provincial migration into Quebec d. increased interest, on the part of corporations, in investment in the primary sector of economy Answer: a Page Reference: 390 Skill: Factual

60) In which of the following ten-year periods was immigration to Canada highest? a. 1895–1904 b. 1905–1914 c. 1945–1954 d. 1985–1994 Answer: b Page Reference: 392 Skill: Factual 61) Canada currently admits about ________ immigrants per year. a. 100 000 b. 175 000 c. 225 000 d. 300 000 Answer: c Page Reference: 392 Skill: Factual 62) What is the concept, which Quebec would like included in the Canadian Constitution, which has provoked major concern in the rest of Canada? a. special society b. unique characteristics c. distinct society d. devolution Answer: c Page Reference: 390 Skill: Conceptual 63) In 1962, Ellen Fairclough, Canada’s first woman federal cabinet minister a. put an end to White Canada immigration policy. b. campaigned to retain national origin as an important criterion for entrance into Canada. c. opposed the development of a point system for immigration. d. campaigned for a nationwide system of classes that teach English to non-English speaking immigrants.

Answer: a Page Reference: 393 Skill: Factual 64) The major source of immigrants to Canada for the period 2006–2011 was a. Europe. b. the Philippines. c. China. d. South America.

Answer: b Page Reference: 393 Skill: Factual 65) Which of the following is among the three classes of people eligible for landed immigrant status, according to the Immigration Act of 1976? a. handicapped class b. dependent adult class c. humanitarian class d. refugee class Answer: c Page Reference: 393 Skill: Factual

66) Most of the immigrants who have come to Canada in recent decades have gone to a. Alberta and Ontario. b. Ontario and British Columbia. c. Alberta, B.C., and Manitoba. d. Ontario and Quebec.

Answer: b Page Reference: 393 Skill: Factual 67) Your text refers to Canada as an experiment in a. mosaical assimilation. b. new age melting pot theory. c. miscegenation. d. multi-layered pluralism.

Answer: d Page Reference: 394 Skill: Conceptual 68) According to the text, if Canada is to survive as a nation, it will be because a. the number of immigrants is gradually reduced over at least the next ten years. b. economic independence becomes the prime criterion for admission to Canada as an immigrant. c. we have forged an identity out of diversity. d. we have forged an identity by emphasizing our similarities.

Answer: c Page Reference: 394 Skill: Conceptual 69) From which world regions do most of today’s immigrants come? a. Asia b. Africa c. Latin America d. Europe Answer: a Page Reference: 393 Skill: Factual True/False Questions 70) Although based on physical traits like skin colour, the concept of “race” is constructed by society. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 371 Skill: Conceptual 71) In the Canadian pavilion in Disney World, a movie about Canada is shown that has no white people in it. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct

Answer: b Page Reference: 371 Skill: Factual 72) Scientific research shows that there are three biologically pure races. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 372 Skill: Factual 73) In most cases, race and ethnicity refer to the same thing. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 371, 374 Skill: Conceptual 74) Being Greek, Italian, or Vietnamese involves a distinctive ethnicity. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 374–375 Skill: Applied 75) Ethnicity is harder to change than racial identity. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 374–375 Skill: Conceptual 76) The ethnicity of a person can be changed. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 374–375 Skill: Conceptual 77) All members of a minority category are poor. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b

Page Reference: 375–376 Skill: Conceptual 78) “Minority” populations can sometimes constitute a numerical majority. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 376 Skill: Conceptual 79) At least some prejudice is found in everyone. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 376 Skill: Factual 80) Race or ethnicity often serves as a master status. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 376 Skill: Conceptual 81) All members of a minority are disadvantaged. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 376 Skill: Conceptual 82) All members of a minority typically share a distinctive identity. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 375–376 Skill: Conceptual 83) Sociologically speaking, a minority is any category that is numerically less than half of a society’s population. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b

Page Reference: 375 Skill: Conceptual 84) Prejudice is a rigid and unfair generalization about an entire category of people. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 376 Skill: Conceptual 85) Scapegoat theory holds that the most powerful people in a society are the most likely to be prejudiced. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 377 Skill: Conceptual 86) T.W. Adorno linked extreme prejudice to a certain personality type. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 377 Skill: Conceptual 87) Culture theory states that prejudice remains widespread despite the fact that our culture defines all prejudice as wrong. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 377 Skill: Conceptual 88) Discrimination is an unfair belief about an entire category of people. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 378 Skill: Conceptual 89) Prejudice and discrimination can be either positive or negative. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect

Answer: a Page Reference: 378 Skill: Conceptual 90) Prejudice and discrimination are found in not just individuals but in the operation of society’s institutions. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 378 Skill: Conceptual 91) Prejudice and discrimination can reinforce one another. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 378 Skill: Conceptual 92) Pluralism is the idea that people should live with their own kind. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 379 Skill: Conceptual 93) Assimilation refers to all people shedding their traditions and “melting” into a new population with a new way of life. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 380 Skill: Conceptual 94) Segregation refers to the physical and social separation of categories of people. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 380 Skill: Conceptual 95) The Toronto Metropolitan Area has the largest immigrant component in Canada. a. True Correct b. False

Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 384 Skill: Factual 96) There are likely three million Canadians who have Aboriginal roots. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 386 Skill: Factual 97) In the 2006–2011 period, the largest group of immigrants to Canada was from India. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 393 Skill: Factual Short Answer Questions 98) Define race and ethnicity. How do they differ?

Page Reference: 371, 374 Skill: Conceptual 99) What evidence is there that race is a socially constructed concept?

Page Reference: 372 Skill: Factual 100) According to the text, what factors define a minority?

Page Reference: 375 Skill: Conceptual 101) What is a stereotype?

Page Reference: 376 Skill: Conceptual 102) What is the Bogardus social distance scale? What does research using the scale tell us about changing attitudes towards racial and ethnic minorities?

Page Reference: 377 Skill: Conceptual 103) What is racism? Provide examples of racism in history.

Page Reference: 376 Skill: Applied 104) What is the scapegoat theory of prejudice? What is the conflict theory of prejudice?

Page Reference: 377–378 Skill: Conceptual

105) List and define four patterns of minority and majority interaction.

Page Reference: 379–382 Skill: Conceptual 106) Discuss the social standing of Aboriginal peoples in Canada.

Page Reference: 385–386 Skill: Applied 107) Describe Canada’s history of slavery, including reasons for its eventual abolition.

Page Reference: 381 Skill: Factual 108) What are “special status societies?”

Page Reference: 386 Skill: Conceptual 109) Discuss the diversity of Canada’s Aboriginal peoples.

Page Reference: 386–389 Skill: Conceptual 110) Discuss the impact of the existence of APTN on the lives of Aboriginal people.

Page Reference: 388–389 Skill: Applied 111) Should Quebec be sovereign? Support your answer.

Page Reference: 389–391 Skill: Applied 112) What does it mean to call Quebec “a distinct society?”

Page Reference: 390 Skill: Conceptual 113) From which areas of the world are most of today’s immigrants arriving? How is this different from the pattern a century ago?

Page Reference: 392–393 Skill: Factual Essay Questions 114) Explain the assertion made in the text that race is socially constructed. That is, explain what biological traits may be used in defining race, but why a biological definition cannot explain the reality of race in Canada. Provide examples to illustrate your arguments.

Skill: Conceptual 115) Describe the concepts of race and ethnicity in Canada. First, define “race” and discuss the biological components of race. Explain what is meant when it is said, “There are no pure races.” Next, define “ethnicity” and describe how ethnicity differs from race. Finally, discuss your agreement or disagreement with the following statement: Race and ethnicity are no longer important in Canada.

Skill: Conceptual 116) How are race and ethnicity dimensions of social stratification in Canada? Provide evidence that many racial and ethnic categories of people are minorities—both visible and socially disadvantaged.

Consider ways in which race and ethnicity combine with gender and class.

Skill: Applied 117) Outline several positive and several negative consequences of allowing people in Canada to declare “Canadian/Canadien” as their ethnic origin on the Census.

Skill: Applied 118) Briefly describe the last 100 years of immigration to Canada.

Skill: Factual 119) Why do various racial and ethnic categories of the Canadian population have different social standing? Why do some categories surpass the national average in income, while others do not?

Consider both cultural patterns linked to a category as well as the operation of the Canadian economy.

Skill: Applied 120) To what degree is your city/town racially or ethnically segregated? What groups are there and in roughly what proportion? Where does each live (i.e., explain how, exactly, the groups of people are organized)? Describe differences and similarities between the communities. How might we encourage greater dispersion of racial and ethnic groups?

Skill: Applied 121) Canada is a land of immigrants. According to some analysts, communities gather strength and people gain social confidence through emphasizing racial and ethnic identity. From another point of view, however, these processes heighten divisions within our society and fuel social conflict. Discuss these divergent points of view, with Canadian examples.

Skill: Conceptual Quick Quiz: Multiple Choice Questions 1) With whom do we associate authoritarian personality theory? a. Adorno b. Bogardus c. Marx d. Durkheim Answer: a 2) The claim that defining members of some minority as inferior will make them inferior is one application of a. social distance research. b. the iron law of oligarchy. c. the Thomas theorem. d. authoritarian personality theory.

Answer: c 3) The ancestors of which of the following groups first settled the lands of the Western Hemisphere? a. Italian Canadians b. European Canadians c. African Americans d. Aboriginal people Answer: d 4) Which of the following concepts refers to a state in which racial and ethnic minorities are distinct but have social parity? a. genocide b. segregation

c. assimilation d. pluralism Answer: d 5) The existence of Africville in Halifax is an example of a. assimilation. b. segregation. c. pluralism. d. miscegenation.

Answer: b 6) From which world regions do most of today’s immigrants come? a. Asia b. Africa c. South America d. Europe Answer: a 7) _____________ is the diversity capital of Canada. a. Toronto b. Vancouver c. Montreal d. Winnipeg Answer: a Quick Quiz: True/False Questions 8) Scientific research shows that there are three biologically pure races. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b 9) Discrimination is an unfair belief about an entire category of people. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Quick Quiz: Short Answer Questions 10) Discuss slavery in Canada and note when and why it was abolished.

Test Bank for Macionis/Gerber, Sociology, Ninth Canadian Edition Chapter 15: Aging and the Elderly Multiple Choice Questions 1) What is the sociological term for the very high rate of increase in the elderly population of Canada? a. the aged Canada b. the greying of Canada c. the Geritol generation

d. the aging of Canada Answer: b Page Reference: 401 Skill: Conceptual 2) Across Canada, there is a generally higher percentage of people who are elderly in which of the following regions? a. the parts of Canada where there is a large Aboriginal population b. the east coast c. the North d. Alberta Answer: b Page Reference: 401 Skill: Factual 3) The share of the elderly population is increasing quickly in a. the world’s poorest nations. b. all the world’s nations. c. the world’s high-income nations. d. Canada, but not elsewhere.

Answer: c Page Reference: 407 Skill: Factual 4) Causes for the increase in the elderly population include a. increases in both the birth rate and life expectancy. b. decreases in both the birth rate and life expectancy. c. a decreasing birth rate and increasing life expectancy. d. an increasing birth rate and decreasing life expectancy.

Answer: c Page Reference: 402–403 Skill: Factual 5) Elderly people of the future will tend to have a. more family responsibilities. b. less savings. c. higher levels of education. d. less real work experience.

Answer: c Page Reference: 403 Skill: Factual 6) Assume you have a business that provides products to older people. Looking ahead, you have reason to expect a. a bright future, because your target population is increasing in size. b. a dim future, because your target population is getting smaller. c. little change, because your target population will remain stable. d. that your target population will, more and more, be men.

Answer: a Page Reference: 403 Skill: Applied 7) The concept “old-age dependency ratio” refers to a. the ratio of children to elderly people. b. the ratio of elderly women to elderly men.

c. the ratio of working-age adults to non-working elderly people. d. the ratio of people over age 65 to those under 40.

Answer: c Page Reference: 403 Skill: Conceptual 8) What effect did industrialization have on life expectancy in high-income countries? a. Life expectancy went up about 30 years. b. There was little effect on life expectancy. c. Life expectancy went down by about 10 years. d. Life expectancy rose for women but fell for men.

Answer: a Page Reference: 402 Skill: Conceptual 9) In the future, Japan’s population will a. become larger. b. grow younger, on average. c. be supported by a smaller labour force. d. be supported by a larger labour force.

Answer: c Page Reference: 410 Skill: Factual 10) Which of the following provinces has the highest portion of the elderly in its population? a. B.C. b. Saskatchewan c. Prince Edward Island d. Alberta Answer: c Page Reference: 402 Skill: Factual 11) Compared to the “young old,” the “old old” in Canada a. contains a larger share of women. b. is richer. c. has better health. d. contains a larger share of men.

Answer: a Page Reference: 405 Skill: Factual 12) One of the most troublesome problems of old age is a group of illnesses called a. bacterial infections. b. osteo-arthritic conditions. c. cardiovascular conditions. d. dementias.

Answer: d Page Reference: 405 Skill: Factual 13) The concept “gerontology” refers to a. estimating people’s life expectancy. b. a medical specialty dealing with old people. c. the study of aging and the elderly.

d. a treatment that restores vitality to seniors.

Answer: c Page Reference: 405 Skill: Factual 14) Biological changes that accompany growing old include a. keener senses. b. greater mental faculties. c. wrinkles in the skin and greying of the hair. d. vigorous physical prowess.

Answer: Page Reference: 405 Skill: Factual 15) A majority of people over the age of 55 in Canada a. consider their health “good” or “excellent.” b. report having trouble walking. c. are bedridden. d. require intensive care in a hospital or nursing home.

Answer: a Page Reference: 405 Skill: Factual 16) In general, seniors with higher incomes a. have more health problems than people with lower incomes. b. are very happy. c. have the same level of happiness as people with lower incomes. d. are extremely lonely.

Answer: b Page Reference: 406 Skill: Factual 17) With advancing age, older people notice a. increased weight. b. less keen sensory abilities, including taste, sight, and hearing. c. that minor injuries take less time to heal. d. keener sensory abilities, including taste, sight, and hearing.

Answer: b Page Reference: 405 Skill: Factual 18) Research suggests that, by and large, people reaching old age a. become more positive about life. b. become more negative about life. c. think and feel much the same about life as they did when they were younger. d. have high levels of depression.

Answer: c Page Reference: 406 Skill: Factual 19) How well and how long people live depends, first, on a. a society’s values and traditions. b. global economic trends.

c. a society’s technology. d. individual health habits.

Answer: c Page Reference: 407 Skill: Conceptual 20) Who, of the following, died the youngest? a. Mozart b. Shakespeare c. Edgar Allen Poe d. Oscar Wilde Answer: a Page Reference: 407 Skill: Factual 21) What effect did industrialization have on life expectancy in the United States and Western Europe? a. Life expectancy went up about 30 years. b. There was little effect on life expectancy. c. Life expectancy went down by about 10 years. d. Life expectancy rose for women but fell for men.

Answer: a Page Reference: 407 Skill: Factual 22) In global terms, life expectancy is a. highest in the lowest-income countries. b. about the same everywhere, but higher for women than for men. c. about the same everywhere, but higher for men than for women. d. highest in the highest-income countries.

Answer: d Page Reference: 407 Skill: Factual 23) In general, industrialization has what effect on the social standing of the elderly relative to younger people? a. It reduces the social standing of seniors. b. There is little or no effect. c. It raises the social standing of seniors. d. It raises the social standing of older men but reduces it for women.

Answer: a Page Reference: 408 Skill: Factual 24) How does industrialization change patterns of working for income for people over the age of 65? a. People continue working for as long as they can. b. People begin to retire from paid work, often by about age 65. c. People come to see retirement from paid work as a sign of weakness. d. The peak earning years shift later into the sixties and seventies.

Answer: b Page Reference: 408 Skill: Factual 25) The concept “gerontocracy” refers to a society in which a. there is a pronounced “youth culture.” b. the richest people have most of the power and prestige.

c. religious leaders have the most power. d. the oldest people have the most wealth, power, and prestige.

Answer: d Page Reference: 407 Skill: Conceptual 26) The type of society that typically operates as a gerontocracy is a. hunting and gathering. b. industrial. c. pastoral, horticultural, or agrarian. d. post-industrial.

Answer: c Page Reference: 407 Skill: Conceptual 27) In which type of society is a gerontocracy unlikely to form? a. hunting and gathering b. horticultural c. industrial d. pastoral Answer: a Page Reference: 407 Skill: Conceptual 28) Bernice Neugarten claimed that people who experience old age most successfully are those with a. disintegrated and disorganized personalities. b. passive-dependent personalities. c. defended personalities. d. integrated personalities.

Answer: d Page Reference: 410 Skill: Conceptual 29) Which of the following appears to be particularly advantageous to maintaining a positive outlook on life for the elderly, according to Nett? a. marriage b. wealth c. place of birth d. religious affiliation Answer: a Page Reference: 410 Skill: Factual 30) Social isolation is most commonly a problem for a. elderly men. b. elderly women. c. elderly men and women living with their children. d. elderly men and women living with spouses.

Answer: b Page Reference: 410–411 Skill: Factual 31) The practice of older people retiring from work a. is as old as society itself. b. emerged along with the spread of agriculture.

c. developed about a century ago along with industrialization. d. emerged only in post-industrial societies.

Answer: c Page Reference: 413 Skill: Factual 32) The poverty rate among people over the age of 65 is a. above the national average. b. the same as the national average. c. below the national average. d. almost zero, since they receive Old Age Security.

Answer: c Page Reference: 413–414 Skill: Factual 33) Most caregiving to older people in Canada is provided by a. the staff at nursing homes. b. hospital staff. c. women, typically daughters and also wives. d. senior friends and neighbours.

Answer: c Page Reference: 415 Skill: Factual 34) Causing emotional harm, financial harm, or physical neglect to an elder describes which of the following? a. elder abuse b. age stratification c. gerontocracy d. ageism Answer: a Page Reference: 415 Skill: Conceptual 35) Who argued that ageism is deeply rooted in our culture? a. Betty Friedan b. Max Weber c. Daniel Callahan d. Sue Rodriguez Answer: a Page Reference: 415 Skill: Factual 36) The concept “ageism” refers to a. failing to provide necessary care for the elderly. b. the reality that we all grow old. c. prejudice and discrimination against the elderly. d. forcing elderly people to retire from paid work.

Answer: c Page Reference: 415 Skill: Conceptual 37) Gordon Streib concludes that older people a. are not a minority as, say, Aboriginal people are. b. are more disadvantaged than other minorities.

c. are an advantaged segment of the population. d. have the highest risk of any age category of becoming poor.

Answer: a Page Reference: 416 Skill: Factual 38) Disengagement theory is guided by which theoretical approach? a. the social-conflict approach b. the structural-functional approach c. the symbolic-interaction approach d. the sociobiology approach Answer: b Page Reference: 416 Skill: Conceptual 39) The main point of disengagement theory is that a. seniors want to be independent like everyone else. b. society remains orderly by disengaging aging people from positions of responsibility. c. seniors do not require as much care as most people think they do. d. seniors want to remain active.

Answer: b Page Reference: 416 Skill: Conceptual 40) One criticism of disengagement theory is that a. few seniors ever want to disengage. b. seniors have little to contribute to society. c. many older people do not have the money to permit disengaging from work. d. many older people are not physically or mentally able to work.

Answer: c Page Reference: 417 Skill: Conceptual 41) Activity theory draws on a. the social-conflict approach. b. the structural-functional approach. c. the symbolic-interaction approach. d. the sociobiology approach.

Answer: c Page Reference: 417 Skill: Conceptual 42) The main point of activity theory is that a. a high level of activity enhances personal satisfaction in old age. b. seniors should not try to do more than they feel they can. c. seniors should retire knowing they have earned the right to relax. d. some seniors have far more wealth than others do.

Answer: a Page Reference: 417 Skill: Conceptual 43) Compared to disengagement theory’s focus on _____, activity theory has more of a focus on _____. a. staying active; the value of retirement b. the operation of society; the needs of elders themselves c. society as a whole; patterns of inequality

d. the negative aspects of aging; the positive aspects of aging Answer: b Page Reference: 416–417 Skill: Conceptual 44) Following the ideas of Karl Marx, Steven Spitzer suggests that capitalist societies a. care more about the elderly than about children. b. ensure that seniors have the most wealth. c. treat the elderly as being the wisest. d. devalue the elderly as less productive.

Answer: d Page Reference: 417 Skill: Factual 45) In centuries past a. people avoided discussing death. b. people refused to accept the reality of their own death. c. people were more familiar with death than they are today. d. people actively sought to discuss death.

Answer: c Page Reference: 418 Skill: Factual 46) Today, in Canada, what share of people die after reaching the age of 55? a. 20 percent b. 35 percent c. 50 percent d. 85 percent Answer: d Page Reference: 418 Skill: Factual 47) In today’s society, most deaths occur in a. impersonal settings such as hospitals and nursing homes. b. the homes of people’s children. c. a person’s own home. d. a hospice.

Answer: a Page Reference: 4218 Skill: Factual 48) The right-to-die debate is mostly about a. whether people should die before their time. b. whether doctors have the ability to delay death. c. how much control people have over their own death. d. whether poor people have the same quality of life as rich people.

Answer: c Page Reference: 419 Skill: Factual 49) What document specifies medical procedures an individual wants and does not want under specific conditions? a. a living will b. an insurance policy c. a death wish

d. a living trust Answer: a Page Reference: 419 Skill: Factual 50) Which country has the most permissive law involving physician-assisted suicide in the world? a. the United States b. the Netherlands c. Russia d. Japan Answer: b Page Reference: 419 Skill: Factual 51) Which concept refers to assisting in the death of a person suffering from an incurable disease? a. Hippocratic assistance b. euthanasia c. gerontocracy d. bereavement Answer: b Page Reference: 419 Skill: Conceptual 52) What is the term for a facility that provides care and comfort for people as they approach death? a. hospital b. elder hostel c. nursing home d. hospice Answer: d Page Reference: 420 Skill: Conceptual 53) Which of the following terms is NOT one of the stages in the dying process used by Elisabeth KüblerRoss? a. denial b. rejoicing c. negotiation d. acceptance Answer: b Page Reference: 420 Skill: Conceptual 54) Why can we expect the number of elders in our society to rise to new levels in the years to come? a. Immigration is bringing more elderly people to this country. b. Government benefits to the elderly are going up. c. The country’s large baby boomer cohort is now entering old age. d. An increasing number of people are dying at a young age.

Answer: c Page Reference: 421 Skill: Factual 55) The first province in Canada to pass assisted-dying legislation was a. British Columbia. b. Saskatchewan. c. Nova Scotia.

d. Quebec.

Answer: d Page Reference: 419–420 Skill: Factual 56) By the year 2050, in Canada, a. the elderly population will exceed the population of the entire country in 1950. b. one-half of all seniors will be over the age of 85. c. one-fourth of all seniors will be over the age of 85. d. careers in gerontology fields will be taken largely by the elderly members of the work-force.

Answer: c Page Reference: 420 Skill: Factual 57) Which of the following is FALSE regarding baby boomers in Canada? a. They are the generation that brought sex out into the open. b. They have redefined every stage of life as they aged. c. They are defining sex as part of growing old. d. They have little interest in politics.

Answer: d Page Reference: 422 Skill: Conceptual True/False Questions 58) The elderly population of Canada has been increasing rapidly. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 401 Skill: Factual 59) Rising birth rates is a major factor driving up the elderly population. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 401 Skill: Factual 60) In general, higher-income nations have the largest share of elderly people in their populations. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 402 Skill: Factual 61) Increasing longevity is a major factor driving up the elderly population. a. True

Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 401 Skill: Factual 62) In Canada, males typically outlive females. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 402–403 Skill: Factual 63) The “old-age dependency ratio” refers to the ratio of elderly people to working adults. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 403 Skill: Conceptual 64) As the elderly population of Canada increases, the physical and social segregation of the elderly will almost certainly decline. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 404 Skill: Factual 65) The “young old” refers to people under the age of 55. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 405 Skill: Conceptual 66) Gerontology is the study of aging and the elderly. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 405 Skill: Conceptual 67) Older people typically report a loss of sensory abilities, such as hearing. a. True

Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 405 Skill: Factual 68) As people get older, their personalities change so that people who knew them years before would say they are not the same person. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 406 Skill: Factual 69) Seniors with higher incomes assess their own health as better compared to seniors with lower income. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 406 Skill: Factual 70) The greatest proportion of very happy elderly people fell into the lowest income category. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 406 Skill: Factual 71) Societies around the world define their oldest members in the same way. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 407 Skill: Conceptual 72) Societies the world over define their oldest members in negative terms. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 407–408 Skill: Factual 73) Life expectancy is about 50 years in the lowest-income countries today.

a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 408 Skill: Factual 74) Age stratification refers to inequality among elderly people. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 407 Skill: Conceptual 75) In hunting and gathering societies, older members are considered a valuable resource to the group. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 407 Skill: Factual 76) Gerontocracy is a form of social organization in which the oldest members of a society have the greatest wealth and power. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 407 Skill: Conceptual 77) In general, industrialization raises the relative social standing of the elderly. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 408 Skill: Factual 78) Aging often leads to fear and self-doubt, because our culture places such a high value on youthfulness. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 410 Skill: Factual

79) In Canada, most elderly men, but not most elderly women, live alone. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 411 Skill: Factual 80) Social isolation is a greater problem for elderly women than for elderly men. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 410–411 Skill: Factual 81) Elderly people were more likely to retire a century ago than they are today. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 411, 413 Skill: Factual 82) Poverty rates among the Canadian elderly have increased in recent decades. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 413–414 Skill: Factual 83) Of all age categories, people over the age of 65 have the highest poverty rate. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 413–414 Skill: Factual 84) Women are more likely than men to visit and care for their elderly parents. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 415 Skill: Factual 85) Elder abuse is a form of family violence that often goes unreported to police.

a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 415 Skill: Factual 86) Ageism is the belief that the oldest people are the wisest and should have the most power. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 415 Skill: Conceptual 87) Disengagement theory is guided by the symbolic-interaction approach. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 416 Skill: Conceptual 88) Activity theory states that a high level of activity enhances personal satisfaction in old age. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 417 Skill: Conceptual 89) Social-conflict analysis points to ways in which the elderly are socially disadvantaged. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 417 Skill: Conceptual 90) Modern, high-income societies tend to separate death from living. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 418 Skill: Factual 91) Euthanasia refers to providing comfort and care to a person who has a terminal illness. a. True

Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 419 Skill: Conceptual 92) As Gordon Streib sees it, it is not so much that the old grow poor as that the poor grow old. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 416 Skill: Conceptual 93) Today in Canada, 85% of our population dies after the age of 75. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 418 Skill: Factual 94) Careers relating to gerontology are increasingly important in Canada. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 420 Skill: Factual 95) By 2050, the elderly population of Canada will exceed the population of the entire country in 1900. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 420 Skill: Factual 96) Daniel Callahan argues that we need to reconsider our view of death as an enemy to be conquered at all costs. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 421 Skill: Conceptual Short Answer Questions

97) What do sociologists mean by the “greying of the Canada”?

Page Reference: 401 Skill: Conceptual 98) What share of the Canadian population is now over the age of 65? What is the trend over time?

Page Reference: 401–402 Skill: Factual 99) How is the increasing share of our population over the age of 65 likely to change our way of life?

Page Reference: 403–405 Skill: Conceptual 100) What does industrialization do for life expectancy? What does it do to the relative social standing of the oldest people in a society?

Page Reference: 408–409 Skill: Factual 101) What is age stratification?

Page Reference: 407 Skill: Conceptual 102) How does Japan differ from Canada in its cultural attitude toward old people?

Page Reference: 410 Skill: Factual 103) Why is social isolation a greater problem for aging women than aging men?

Page Reference: 410–411 Skill: Conceptual 104) What is the poverty rate among elderly people in Canada? How has it changed in recent decades?

Page Reference: 413–414 Skill: Factual 105) What is caregiving? Who provides most caregiving to elderly people in Canada?

Page Reference: 414–415 Skill: Factual 106) How might nursing homes and retirement homes more successfully accommodate gay residents?

Page Reference: 413–414 Skill: Applied 107) What is the debate about whether or not elderly people should be considered a minority?

Page Reference: 416 Skill: Conceptual 108) What are the basic ideas behind disengagement theory and activity theory?

Page Reference: 416–417 Skill: Conceptual 109) What are the basic ideas behind a social-conflict theory of aging?

Page Reference: 417 Skill: Conceptual

110) How do modern societies separate death from life?

Page Reference: 418 Skill: Conceptual 111) How is death handled in your family? Are life and death separate? Or is death a familiar part of life?

Page Reference: 418 Skill: Applied 112) What is bereavement? Note the stages most people experience when facing their own death.

Page Reference: 420 Skill: Conceptual 113) How are older Canadians changing today’s society?

Page Reference: 422 Skill: Applied Essay Questions 114) What are the biological changes associated with growing old? In light of these changes, why do sociologists claim that aging is just as much a cultural issue as a biological issue? In describing the cultural dimensions of the aging process, consider the effects of industrialization on the social standing of the elderly. In your essay, point out differences between Japan and Canada today.

Skill: Factual 115) Is euthanasia likely to be legalized in the future in Canada? What would be the consequences for our society if euthanasia became a common practice?

Skill: Applied 116) Are the elderly in Canada disadvantaged? Provide data on income that relate to this question. Also consider cultural patterns that contribute to ageism. In this discussion, discuss the points of view that suggest the elderly should—and should not—be considered a minority.

Skill: Conceptual 117) Explain the insights offered by sociology’s three major theoretical approaches on growing old. What is the argument made by (structural-functionalist) disengagement theory? How does (symbolicinteractionist) activity theory differ? Lastly, what does social-conflict theory have to add to our understanding?

Skill: Applied 118) In what ways does Canadian society separate death from life? Why do we do this? What approach to death and dying would be more beneficial? Why? Consider the work of Elisabeth Kübler-Ross in developing answers to these questions.

Skill: Applied 119) How will the greying of Canada impact you? Be sure to include both positive and negative consequences.

Skill: Applied 120) How can older people help younger people with their problems? Make reference to the specific case of Aboriginal elders here.

Skill: Applied

121) Should doctors give more complete care to younger patients than older patients? Might your feelings change on this as your parents approach old age? As you approach old age?

Skill: Applied 122) Discuss how society changes (both positively and negatively) when a nation’s average age is 50.

Skill: Factual Quick Quiz: Multiple Choice Questions 1) The share of the elderly population is increasing quickly in a. the world’s poorest nations. b. all the world’s nations. c. the world’s high-income nations. d. Canada, but not elsewhere.

Answer: c 2) Compared to the “young old,” the “old old” in Canada a. contains a larger share of women. b. is richer. c. has better health. d. contains a larger share of men.

Answer: a 3) Biological changes that accompany growing old include a. keener senses. b. increase in weight. c. wrinkles in the skin and greying of the hair. d. sharpening mental faculties.

Answer: c 4) Social isolation is most commonly a problem for a. elderly men. b. elderly women. c. elderly men and women living with their children. d. elderly men and women living with spouses.

Answer: b 5) Who, of the following, died the youngest? a. Mozart b. Shakespeare c. Edgar Allen Poe d. Oscar Wilde Answer: a 6) Since 1960, the poverty rate among the Canadian elderly a. has dropped sharply. b. has fluctuated up and down. c. has remained stable. d. has gone up.

Answer: a 7) In today’s society, most deaths occur in a. impersonal settings such as nursing homes. b. the homes of people’s children.

c. a person’s own home. d. a hospice.

Answer: a Quick Quiz: True/False Questions 8) In Canada, males typically outlive females. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b 9) In hunting and gathering societies, older members are considered a valuable resource to the group. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Quick Quiz: Short Answer Question 10) What is the poverty rate among elderly people in Canada? How has it changed in recent decades?

Test Bank for Macionis/Gerber, Sociology, Ninth Canadian Edition Chapter 16: The Economy and Work Multiple Choice Questions 1) As a social institution, the economy a. is the system by which goods and services are taxed. b. discourages the consumption of goods and services. c. operates in a relatively predictable manner. d. operates in an unpredictable and chaotic manner.

Answer: c Page Reference: 428 Skill: Factual 2) Which social institution is widely considered to have the greatest effect on society as a whole? a. the family b. the economy c. the political system d. religion Answer: b Page Reference: 428 Skill: Factual 3) Over the course of human history, changes in which of the following have brought the greatest changes to the economy? a. productive technology b. the family c. population size d. natural resources Answer: a

Page Reference: 429 Skill: Factual 4) The text describes three technological revolutions that transformed all of social life. Which of the following is NOT one of them? a. the Agricultural Revolution b. the Industrial Revolution c. the Immigration Revolution d. the Information Revolution Answer: c Page Reference: 428–429 Skill: Factual 5) The development of agriculture was set in motion by a. changes in the church. b. hitching animals to the plough. c. the discovery of writing. d. the discovery of oil.

Answer: b Page Reference: 429 Skill: Factual 6) The economy first became a distinct social institution during which historical era of societal development? a. hunting and gathering societies b. agrarian societies c. industrial societies d. post-industrial societies Answer: b Page Reference: 429 Skill: Factual 7) As societies industrialize, a smaller share of the population works in which of the following locations? a. farms b. factories c. assembly lines d. dockyards Answer: a Page Reference: 429–430 Skill: Factual 8) The Industrial Revolution was based on a. the spread of cottage industry. b. people beginning to work in their homes. c. a decrease in productive specialization. d. new sources of energy.

Answer: d Page Reference: 429 Skill: Factual 9) The Industrial Revolution accelerated with the development of which of the following new sources of energy? a. the gasoline engine b. the steam engine c. wind power

d. electricity Answer: b Page Reference: 429 Skill: Factual 10) Which of the following is NOT one of the ways that industrialization changed the economy? a. concentration of work into factories b. new sources of energy c. decreased specialization d. wage labour Answer: c Page Reference: 429 Skill: Factual 11) The post-industrial economy is defined by a. the spread of factories. b. mass production of goods and services. c. manufacturing of raw materials. d. service work and computer technology.

Answer: d Page Reference: 429 Skill: Conceptual 12) Which of the following concepts refers to an economy based on computer technology? a. post-industrial economy b. industrial economy c. technological economy d. agrarian economy Answer: a Page Reference: 429–430 Skill: Conceptual 13) Which of the following statements about the Information Revolution is NOT correct? a. There was a shift from making tangible products to generating ideas. b. There was a shift from mechanical skills to literacy skills. c. There was a shift from farming to turning raw materials into products. d. There was a shift from working in factories to working almost anywhere.

Answer: c Page Reference: 429–430 Skill: Factual 14) What sector of the economy generates raw materials directly from the natural environment? a. primary sector b. secondary sector c. tertiary sector d. quaternary sector Answer: a Page Reference: 430–431 Skill: Conceptual 15) Turning metals into automobiles is work that falls within the a. primary sector. b. secondary sector. c. tertiary sector. d. quaternary sector.

Answer: b Page Reference: 431 Skill: Applied 16) Looking at economies around the world, the primary sector is the largest in a. high-income nations. b. middle-income nations. c. low-income nations. d. It is the same size in all nations.

Answer: c Page Reference: 431 Skill: Factual 17) The expansion of office work marks the growth of the economy’s a. primary sector. b. secondary sector. c. tertiary sector. d. quaternary sector.

Answer: c Page Reference: 431, 433 Skill: Factual 18) In Canada, about what share of the labour force performs service (tertiary) sector work? a. 18 percent b. 38 percent c. 58 percent d. 75 percent Answer: d Page Reference: 433 Skill: Factual 19) The concept “global economy” refers to a. expanding economic activity that moves across national borders. b. the fact that only a few countries now contribute to the global economy. c. the fact that economic output is under the control of global political leadership. d. the way colonial powers shaped the economies of subordinate populations.

Answer: a Page Reference: 433 Skill: Conceptual 20) In which Canadian province do we find the highest percentage of the labour force employed in manufacturing industries? a. Quebec b. Alberta c. Manitoba d. B.C. Answer: a Page Reference: 432 Skill: Factual 21) In which of the following Canadian provinces do we find the lowest percentage of the labour market employed in manufacturing industries? a. Ontario b. Quebec c. Saskatchewan

d. Manitoba Answer: c Page Reference: 432 Skill: Factual 22) What is the explanation provided in the text for why Alberta has a smaller manufacturing sector than that of Canada on the whole? a. It is cheaper for Alberta to have other provinces manufacture their goods. b. Most Albertans lack the skills to manufacture products. c. Alberta’s tertiary sector is so large. d. Alberta’s primary sector is so large.

Answer: d Page Reference: 432 Skill: Factual 23) Globalization of the economy means that a. world regions fulfill their own economic needs domestically. b. the wealth of every nation in the world increases because of fair trade deals. c. a small number of businesses represent a large share of the planet’s economic output. d. a large number of businesses represent a small share of the planet’s economic output.

Answer: c Page Reference: 433–434 Skill: Factual 24) Which of the following is FALSE? a. As a nation’s income level rises, its tertiary sector of the economy becomes smaller. b. The least developed nations have the largest primary sectors of the economy. c. The most economically developed countries have a very low percentage of their workforce in agriculture. d. In Canada, about two-thirds of the labour force performs service work.

Answer: a Page Reference: 433–434 Skill: Conceptual 25) Capitalism is an economic system in which there is a. government control of production. b. private ownership of property. c. pursuit of collective interests. d. abolition of wage labour.

Answer: b Page Reference: 435 Skill: Conceptual 26) In a capitalist economic system, “justice” amounts to a. doing what is best for society’s poorest members. b. everyone being more or less socially equal. c. freedom of the marketplace where a person can follow self-interest. d. government regulation of the marketplace for the benefit of all.

Answer: c Page Reference: 435 Skill: Conceptual 27) The social thinker whose ideas most supported the operation of a free-market economy was a. Torstein Veblen. b. Adam Smith.

c. Karl Marx. d. Max Weber.

Answer: b Page Reference: 435 Skill: Factual 28) Socialism is an economic system in which there is a. collective control of production. b. private ownership of property. c. pursuit of individual profit. d. considerable competition between businesses.

Answer: a Page Reference: 435 Skill: Conceptual 29) Which of the following do NOT describe the operation of a socialist economy? a. collective orientation b. government control of production c. laissez-faire economy d. command economy Answer: c Page Reference: 435–436 Skill: Applied 30) In a socialist economic system, “justice” amounts to a. trying to meet the basic needs of all in an equal manner. b. doing whatever helps boost company earnings. c. freedom of the marketplace. d. exploitation of wage-labourers to promote profit.

Answer: a Page Reference: 435 Skill: Conceptual 31) What is the hypothetical economic and political system in which all people in society are socially equal? a. capitalism b. socialism c. welfare capitalism d. communism Answer: d Page Reference: 436 Skill: Conceptual 32) Which of the following concepts refers to a political and economic system that combines a mostly market-based economy with extensive social welfare programs? a. capitalism b. socialism c. welfare capitalism d. communism Answer: c Page Reference: 436 Skill: Conceptual 33) An example of a country with a mostly private economy and extensive social welfare programs is a. the United States.

b. Sweden. c. Japan. d. Singapore.

Answer: b Page Reference: 436 Skill: Factual 34) The concept “state capitalism” refers to a system in which a. the government owns and operates most economic enterprises. b. privately-owned companies co-operate closely with the government. c. the government owns but does not operate most economic enterprises. d. large businesses control the government.

Answer: b Page Reference: 437 Skill: Conceptual 35) Which of the following countries best exemplifies a system of state capitalism? a. the United States b. Great Britain c. Australia d. Japan Answer: d Page Reference: 437 Skill: Factual 36) Contrasted to socialist economic systems, capitalist economic systems are typically a. equally productive. b. more productive. c. less productive. d. not concerned with productivity.

Answer: b Page Reference: 437 Skill: Factual 37) Which of the following is TRUE of Tax Freedom Day in Canada and the United States? a. Tax Freedom Day is roughly two months later in Canada than in the U.S. b. There is no Tax Freedom Day in the U.S. as there is in Canada. c. Tax Freedom Day is roughly two months later in the U.S. than in Canada. d. Tax Freedom Day is earlier every year in both Canada and the U.S. Answer: a Page Reference: 437 Skill: Factual 38) Concerning the issue of personal freedom, capitalist systems emphasize people’s _____, while socialist systems emphasize people’s _____. a. collective needs; personal needs b. freedom from basic want; freedom to pursue their self-interest c. freedom to pursue their self-interest; freedom from basic want d. social needs; material needs Answer: c Page Reference: 438 Skill: Conceptual 39) In Canada about what share of the population aged 16 and older is in the paid labour force? a. one-fifth

b. one-third c. two-thirds d. nine-tenths Answer: c Page Reference: 439 Skill: Factual 40) About what percentage of men and women are employed in Canada, respectively? a. 90%; 85% b. 45%; 55% c. 70%; 60% d. 60%; 70% Answer: c Page Reference: 439 Skill: Factual 41) Which of the following groups had the lowest level of labour force participation in Canada in 2006? a. English b. Aboriginal c. Chinese d. French Answer: b Page Reference: 439 Skill: Factual 42) Which of the following groups has the highest level of labour force participation in Canada? a. English b. Aboriginal c. Chinese d. Japanese Answer: a Page Reference: 439 Skill: Factual 43) Over the course of the last century, the number of people involved in agricultural work a. has remained about the same. b. has declined steadily. c. has increased dramatically. d. has stayed the same, although a larger share of workers are immigrants.

Answer: b Page Reference: 439, 441 Skill: Factual 44) By about 1950, most of the people in the Canadian labour force had which type of jobs? a. white-collar b. blue-collar c. pink-collar d. farming Answer: a Page Reference: 441 Skill: Factual 45) Today one farmer can feed how many people? a. 5 b. 14

c. 75 d. 10 000 Answer: c Page Reference: 439 Skill: Factual 46) The concept “primary labour market” refers to a. jobs that provide extensive benefits to workers. b. jobs typically taken by teenagers. c. jobs that require no particular training or experience. d. jobs that offer little pay and low security.

Answer: a Page Reference: 441 Skill: Conceptual 47) In recent decades, union membership a. has risen in Canada and other high-income nations. b. has risen in Canada but not in other high-income nations. c. has declined in Canada but not in other high-income nations. d. has been stable in Canada at just over one-third of the labour force.

Answer: d Page Reference: 442 Skill: Factual 48) Which of the following descriptions does NOT apply to a profession? a. having theoretical knowledge of a field b. working for a large, well-established company c. having authority over clients d. professing a community rather than individual orientation Answer: b Page Reference: 442–443 Skill: Applied 49) About what percentage of today’s Canadian workers are self-employed? a. 11.7 percent b. 27.3 percent c. 47.6 percent d. 67.5 percent Answer: a Page Reference: 446 Skill: Factual 50) Which of the following would be included in the operation of the underground economy? a. a teacher who is on disability leave for a long time b. an executive who illegally “borrows” funds from the company c. a taxi driver who fails to report most of her income d. food servers who are paid less than the minimum wage Answer: c Page Reference: 449 Skill: Applied 51) ______________ is economic activity involving income or the exchange of goods and services that is not reported to the government. a. Socialism b. Underground economy

c. State capitalism d. Conglomerate Answer: b Page Reference: 449 Skill: Conceptual 52) Computers are having which of the following effects on the workplace? a. Computers are increasing skilled labour. b. Computers are promoting workplace interaction. c. Computers enhance employers’ control of workers. d. Computers are making work less abstract.

Answer: c Page Reference: 449–450 Skill: Factual 53) A conglomerate is a. a giant corporation composed of many smaller corporations. b. a corporation in the manufacturing sector. c. a corporation engaged in both legal and illegal activity. d. any company that completely dominates a market.

Answer: a Page Reference: 452 Skill: Conceptual 54) Modernization theorists see large corporations as a. offering little to poor nations seeking to develop. b. unleashing the productive power of capitalism to speed development in poor nations. c. responsible for the debt crisis in many poor nations. d. needing the technology currently available in poor nations.

Answer: b Page Reference: 454 Skill: Conceptual 55) Dependency theorists see large corporations as a. the key to meeting the needs of people in poor nations. b. helping poor nations to develop local industries. c. a major source of foreign investment for poor nations d. intensifying global inequality.

Answer: d Page Reference: 454 Skill: Conceptual True/False Questions 56) The economy organizes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 428 Skill: Conceptual 57) The economy did not emerge as a distinct social institution until the Industrial Revolution.

a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 429 Skill: Factual 58) One key to industrialization was creating new sources of energy. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 429 Skill: Factual 59) Compared to agricultural work, industrial jobs involve less specialization. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 429 Skill: Factual 60) The invention of the corporation is generally taken as the point at which a post-industrial society emerged. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 429–430 Skill: Factual 61) The Information Revolution requires workers to gain literacy skills instead of the mechanical skills that were important during the Industrial Revolution. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 429–430 Skill: Conceptual 62) The Information Revolution has concentrated workers in offices, drawing people from a wide region into dense, central cities. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 430 Skill: Conceptual

63) Agricultural production is part of the primary sector of the economy. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 430–431 Skill: Factual 64) The concepts “primary sector,” “secondary sector,” and “tertiary sector” refer to how productive a sector is in terms of economic value. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 430–433 Skill: Conceptual 65) The global economy pays little regard to national borders. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 433–434 Skill: Factual 66) Adam Smith’s idea was that, in a capitalist system, government tells businesses what to produce and tells consumers what to buy. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 435 Skill: Factual 67) Taken together, provincial/territorial, municipal, and federal governments employ about 7% of Canada’s labour force in public administration. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 435 Skill: Factual 68) Canada is a capitalist society with socialist leanings. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a

Page Reference: 435 Skill: Conceptual 69) Socialism is also called a “laissez-faire” economic system. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 435 Skill: Conceptual 70) Socialism is spreading around the world to the point that, today, a majority of the world’s nations have a socialist economic system. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 435–436 Skill: Factual 71) Combining market production and extensive social welfare programs yields what is called “welfare capitalism.” a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 436 Skill: Conceptual 72) Capitalism is more productive than socialism and capitalism also creates greater economic inequality. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 437–438 Skill: Factual 73) The concept “state capitalism” refers all productive enterprises in a country being owned by the government. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 437 Skill: Conceptual 74) Socialist economies create greater economic equality than capitalist economies, but with a lower overall living standard. a. True Correct

b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 437–438 Skill: Factual 75) Less than 2 percent of today’s Canadian labour force works in agriculture. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 439 Skill: Factual 76) Most people with jobs in the primary labour market would probably rather have jobs in the secondary labour market. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 441 Skill: Applied 77) In Canada, union membership is higher today than ever before. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 442 Skill: Factual 78) Organic farming is a response to both pesticide proliferation and genetic modification. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 441 Skill: Factual 79) By 2011, almost 80% of the Canadian labour force worked in the service sector. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 441 Skill: Factual 80) Primary labour market jobs provide more benefits to workers than secondary labour market jobs. a. True Correct

b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 441 Skill: Factual 81) Most self-employed persons are professionals. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 443 Skill: Factual 82) The self-employed are more likely to have blue-collar jobs than white-collar jobs. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 444, 446 Skill: Factual 83) Underemployment is a serious problem in Canada. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 446 Skill: Factual 84) Almost 80% of university graduates in Canada are underemployed. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 446 Skill: Factual 85) In recent years, the lowest unemployment rates in Canada have been among Chinese Canadians. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 449 Skill: Factual 86) Prostitution and sale of illegal drugs are typically part of the underground economy. a. True Correct b. False

Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 449 Skill: Conceptual 87) One effect of computer technology is giving workers greater power over their employers. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 449–450 Skill: Factual 88) The use of computers by workers tends to limit workplace interaction. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 450 Skill: Factual 89) A corporation is an organization with a legal existence apart from that of its members. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 451 Skill: Conceptual 90) Conglomerates are giant corporations composed of many smaller corporations. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 452 Skill: Conceptual 91) Large corporations dominate the planet’s economy. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 453–454 Skill: Factual Short Answer Questions 92) What is a social institution? What is the economy?

Page Reference: 428

Skill: Conceptual 93) Why is the economy important?

Page Reference: 428 Skill: Conceptual 94) When in the history of human societies did the economy become a social institution distinct from the family and other institutions?

Page Reference: 429 Skill: Factual 95) Name three technological revolutions that reorganized societal production and resulted in broad changes to many other dimensions of social life.

Page Reference: 429 Skill: Factual 96) What important changes in production defined the coming of the Industrial Revolution?

Page Reference: 429 Skill: Factual 97) Name the three sectors of the economy. Give an example of production in each sector.

Page Reference: 430–433 Skill: Applied 98) What are the three defining traits of capitalism?

Page Reference: 435 Skill: Conceptual 99) How does living within a capitalist system shape everyday life?

Page Reference: 435 Skill: Applied 100) What are the three defining traits of socialism?

Page Reference: 435 Skill: Conceptual 101) How does living within a socialist system shape everyday life?

Page Reference: 435–436 Skill: Applied 102) What is welfare capitalism?

Page Reference: 436 Skill: Conceptual 103) How do capitalism and socialism differ in overall productivity? What about economic inequality?

Page Reference: 437–438 Skill: Factual 104) What are the primary labour market and the secondary labour market?

Page Reference: 440 Skill: Conceptual 105) What is a profession? What are four characteristics of professional work?

Page Reference: 441–442 Skill: Conceptual 106) What is underemployment? How might it affect you in the future? What steps can you take to prevent underemployment?

Page Reference: 446–447 Skill: Conceptual 107) Explain the terms “brain drain” and “brain gain.”

Page Reference: 444–445 Skill: Conceptual 108) What is the underground economy?

Page Reference: 449 Skill: Conceptual Essay Questions 109) Compare and contrast three kinds of societies according to their economic technology: agrarian, industrial, and post-industrial. What are the characteristics of production in each? In what ways does each type of economy shape society as a whole?

Skill: Applied 110) State the defining characteristics of two economic models: capitalism and socialism. How do these models compare in terms of (a) overall productivity; (b) level of economic inequality; and (c) extent of political freedom? How is welfare capitalism an effort to combine benefits of both systems?

Skill: Conceptual 111) Describe trends in the Canadian labour force over the course of the last century. What technological changes have accompanied the shift from agricultural work to blue-collar work and then to white-collar service jobs? What changes in other social patterns have accompanied this shift? Consider rural-urban residential patterns, family patterns, and the relationship between work and home.

Skill: Factual 112) Explain how corporations operate as the core of the Canadian economy. How has the globalization of the economy made many corporations much larger? What are conglomerates? Look ahead to the world’s economy at mid-century: Do you think large multinational corporations will dominate the world more than they do now? Is this good for the world’s people? Why or why not?

Skill: Applied 113) What arguments are made in favour of a free-market economy? What are the arguments made by those who favour a large regulatory role for government? Consider issues such as economic productivity, economic inequality, and the extent of corporate welfare. Also, how do the recent corporate scandals, beginning with the collapse of the Enron energy trading company, play in to this debate?

Skill: Applied 114) How has the nature of work in Canada changed over the last 100 years? Answer this question referring to the three sectors of the economy. Include in your answer the changing share of self-employed people as well as the changing importance of labour unions.

Skill: Factual 115) Identify specific positive and negative changes that would have to be made if you moved from a country with a capitalist economy to a country with a socialist economy. Clearly identify how you would handle these changes.

Skill: Applied Quick Quiz: Multiple Choice Questions 1) Which social institution is widely considered to have the greatest effect on society as a whole? a. the family b. the economy c. the political system d. religion Answer: b 2) The development of agriculture was set in motion by a. changes in the church. b. hitching animals to the plough. c. the discovery of writing. d. the discovery of oil.

Answer: b 3) The expansion of office work marks the growth of the economy’s a. primary sector. b. secondary sector. c. tertiary sector. d. quaternary sector.

Answer: c 4) The social thinker whose ideas most supported the operation of a free-market economy was a. Thorstein Veblen. b. Adam Smith. c. Karl Marx. d. Max Weber.

Answer: b 5) An example of a country with a mostly private economy and extensive social welfare programs is a. the United States. b. Sweden. c. Japan. d. Spain.

Answer: b 6) The Industrial Revolution was based on a. the spread of cottage industry. b. a decrease in productive specialization. c. people beginning to work in their homes. d. new sources of energy.

Answer: d 7) By about 1950, most of the people in the Canadian labour force had which type of jobs? a. white-collar b. blue-collar c. pink-collar d. farming Answer: a Quick Quiz: True/False Questions

8) The invention of the corporation is generally taken as the point at which a post-industrial society emerged. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b 9) The global economy pays little regard to national borders. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Quick Quiz: Short Answer Question 10) How do capitalism and socialism differ in overall productivity? What about economic inequality?

Test Bank for Macionis/Gerber, Sociology, Ninth Canadian Edition Chapter 17: Politics and Government Multiple Choice Questions 1) Politics is a social institution that is defined in terms of a society’s a. distribution of power, goals, and decision making. b. system of elections. c. income distribution. d. types of authority.

Answer: a Page Reference: 463 Skill: Conceptual 2) Max Weber defined power as a. simply a reflection of wealth. b. the ability to achieve desired ends, despite resistance. c. the operation of a government. d. the source of all bureaucracy.

Answer: b Page Reference: 463 Skill: Conceptual 3) Which of the following concepts refers to the formal organization that directs the political life of a society? a. the political system b. rational-legal authority c. the power elite d. government Answer: d Page Reference: 463 Skill: Conceptual 4) Pre-industrial societies, explained Max Weber, are characterized by having

a. mostly traditional authority. b. mostly rational-legal authority. c. mostly charismatic authority. d. no authority at all.

Answer: a Page Reference: 464 Skill: Conceptual 5) Industrialization increases the importance of which type of authority? a. traditional authority b. rational-legal authority c. charismatic authority d. no authority at all Answer: b Page Reference: 464 Skill: Conceptual 6) As Max Weber saw it, the essential difference between power and authority is that a. authority is more rational. b. people perceive authority as legitimate rather than coercive. c. raw power is always the foundation of justice. d. power is more efficient in getting the job done.

Answer: b Page Reference: 463 Skill: Conceptual 7) Which of Weber’s types of authority rests on extraordinary personal abilities that inspire devotion in followers? a. traditional authority b. rational-legal authority c. charismatic authority d. militant authority.

Answer: c Page Reference: 464–465 Skill: Conceptual 8) People who attract followers, including Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King, display a. traditional authority. b. rational-legal authority. c. charismatic authority. d. power rather than authority.

Answer: c Page Reference: 464–465 Skill: Applied 9) Max Weber said that a crisis of charismatic authority results from a. the death of the leader. b. the fact that few people follow a charismatic leader. c. the fact that charisma existed only in the ancient world. d. moments when a charismatic leader behaves in ways contrary to popular opinion.

Answer: a Page Reference: 465 Skill: Conceptual 10) What Weber called the routinization of charisma involves charismatic authority

a. disappearing entirely. b. becoming a reflection of a leader’s unique personality. c. becoming sheer force. d. transforming into some combination of traditional authority and rational-legal authority.

Answer: d Page Reference: 465 Skill: Conceptual 11) Which of the following concepts refers to a political system in which a single family rules from generation to generation? a. democracy b. monarchy c. totalitarianism d. aristocracy Answer: b Page Reference: 465–466 Skill: Conceptual 12) In which of the following types of societies would you expect to find monarchy as the political system? a. hunting and gathering b. industrial c. agrarian d. post-industrial Answer: c Page Reference: 465 Skill: Applied 13) In Max Weber’s view, monarchy claims legitimacy based on a. traditional authority. b. charismatic authority. c. rational-legal authority. d. sheer force.

Answer: a Page Reference: 465 Skill: Factual 14) Canada is a _______________ monarchy. a. political b. constitutional c. traditional d. postmodern Answer: b Page Reference: 466 Skill: Applied 15) Canada’s democracy is a capitalist system tinged with a. communism. b. totalitarianism. c. socialism. d. evangelism.

Answer: c Page Reference: 467 Skill: Factual

16) Which of the following concepts refers to a political system in which power resides in the hands of the people as a whole? a. democracy b. monarchy c. totalitarianism d. aristocracy Answer: a Page Reference: 466 Skill: Conceptual 17) Which nations in the world today claim to be democratic? a. all low-income nations b. only middle-income nations c. most high-income nations d. all nations Answer: c Page Reference: 466 Skill: Factual 18) For which of the following reasons might you argue that Canada is not truly democratic? a. There is little economic inequality. b. Millions of bureaucratic officials are not elected. c. Most Canadian adults have never voted. d. Voting is mandatory after the age of 18.

Answer: b Page Reference: 466 Skill: Factual 19) In 2015, about what share of the world’s people lived in countries that can be considered politically “free”? a. 6% b. 26% c. 40% d. 66% Answer: c Page Reference: 466 Skill: Factual 20) Capitalist societies base their claim to democracy on a. people having personal liberty. b. meeting the basic needs of all. c. maintaining public order. d. their high living standards.

Answer: a Page Reference: 467 Skill: Conceptual 21) Socialist societies base their claim to democracy on a. people having personal liberty. b. meeting the basic needs of all. c. maintaining public order. d. their high living standards.

Answer: b Page Reference: 467 Skill: Conceptual

22) The concept “authoritarianism” refers to a political system that a. is well-legitimated. b. relies on more than one kind of authority. c. denies most people participation in government. d. has free elections.

Answer: c Page Reference: 468 Skill: Conceptual 23) A totalitarian political system a. mixes politics with religion. b. is completely democratic. c. is government without any bureaucracy. d. concentrates power and closely regulates people’s lives.

Answer: d Page Reference: 468 Skill: Conceptual 24) Which of the following nations comes closest to having a political system that is “totalitarian”? a. Mexico b. France c. North Korea d. Japan Answer: c Page Reference: 468 Skill: Factual 25) According to Lipset (1991), the difference between the United States and Canada is a. the United States is the country of counter-revolution. b. Canadians place more emphasis on “individualism.” c. “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” are the primary goals of Canadians. d. “peace, order, and good government” are the primary goals of Canadians.

Answer: d Page Reference: 469 Skill: Conceptual 26) Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Quebec entered Canadian Confederation in a. 1776. b. 1867. c. 1899. d. 1903.

Answer: b Page Reference: 469 Skill: Factual 27) Which of the following regions of Canada entered Confederation most recently? a. Newfoundland and Labrador b. Nunavut c. Saskatchewan d. B.C. Answer: b Page Reference: 469 Skill: Factual

28) Which of the following statements accurately describes events surrounding Confederation in Canada? a. The impetus was strictly political. b. The impetus involved fear of economic absorption and possible military conquest by the United States. c. Canada, as we know it today, was formed in 1867. d. Various parts of Canada came together eagerly.

Answer: b Page Reference: 469 Skill: Conceptual 29) Quebec and Ontario elect _______ percent of the members of the House of Commons. a. 40 b. 57 c. 68 d. 75 Answer: b Page Reference: 469 Skill: Factual 30) The impetus behind the demand for a Triple-E Senate is a. satisfaction with the political clout of central Canada in the House of Commons. b. unhappiness with the political clout of central Canada in the Senate. c. a desire for a decrease in the number of senators. d. the west wanted less power in the Senate and more in the House of Commons.

Answer: b Page Reference: 470 Skill: Factual 31) According to Lipset (1991), the Canadian Charter of Rights, as compared to the American Bill of Rights a. places more emphasis on the individual. b. discourages litigious action. c. preserves the principle of parliamentary supremacy. d. does not constitute a due-process bill.

Answer: c Page Reference: 470 Skill: Conceptual 32) Organizations operating within the political system that seek control of the government are called a. state parties. b. state factions. c. political parties. d. political factions.

Answer: c Page Reference: 472 Skill: Conceptual 33) An analysis of the history of Canadian political parties shows that a. Tories have always been “anti-protectionist.” b. Grits have always been expansionist and pro-business. c. of the minor parties that appeared on the scene since World War I, the CCF-NDP is the most longlived. d. in 1999, the Reform Party entered the political arena.

Answer: c Page Reference: 473

Skill: Factual 34) Which of the following is NOT considered a function of a political party? a. promoting political pluralism b. increasing political involvement c. selection of political candidates d. undermining political coalitions Answer: d Page Reference: 473 Skill: Conceptual 35) Those on the political left can be described as being a. concerned with “family values.” b. pro-big business. c. supportive of social welfare programs. d. in favour of privatizing Crown corporations.

Answer: c Page Reference: 473 Skill: Conceptual 36) Which of the following is TRUE? a. In both Canada and the U.S., citizens are less likely to vote today than they were a century ago. b. In both Canada and the U.S., citizens are more likely to vote today than they were a century ago. c. Canadians are more likely to vote than they were a century ago and Americans are less likely. d. Americans are more likely to vote than they were a century ago and Canadians are less likely.

Answer: a Page Reference: 474 Skill: Conceptual 37) Political sociologists have discerned that Canadians a. tend to vote for the same party at both the provincial and federal level. b. want the party system introduced into municipal politics. c. show no observable patterns in party support. d. commonly vote for different parties at federal and provincial levels.

Answer: d Page Reference: 475 Skill: Conceptual 38) Which of the following is TRUE of political socialization? a. Most elementary school students know that Queen Elizabeth is Canada’s head of state. b. Our political socialization is more formal than that of the United States. c. Canadian school children do not learn what the Canadian flag looks like. d. Very few Canadian schools offer formal civics classes.

Answer: d Page Reference: 479 Skill: Conceptual 39) Which of the following is TRUE? a. Canadian politicians are more likely to emphasize their religiousness during an election than American politicians. b. Both American and Canadian politicians seldom mention their religious affiliation during an election. c. American politicians are more likely to emphasize their religiousness during an election than Canadian politicians. d. During an election, politicians in most countries discuss their religiousness fairly regularly.

Answer: c

Page Reference: 481 Skill: Conceptual 40) Which of the following categories of voters is most likely to support the Liberal Party of Canada? a. blue-collar workers b. high-income citizens c. immigrants and visible minorities d. women Answer: c Page Reference: 478 Skill: Factual 41) Which of the following serves as the earliest influencing factor on political socialization? a. the family b. school c. the media d. clubs and extracurricular organizations Answer: a Page Reference: 479 Skill: Conceptual 42) The first female cabinet minister in Canada was a. Kim Campbell. b. Alexa McDonough. c. Agnes McPhail. d. Ellen Fairclough.

Answer: d Page Reference: 482 Skill: Factual 43) In Canadian politics today a. women are given only portfolios deemed “suitable” for women. b. overall, women are under-represented. c. the Conservative Party has been most persistent, over the long-term, in the promotion of women. d. the proportion of females among those running for office and winning is greatest at the provincial level.

Answer: b Page Reference: 482 Skill: Factual 44) A pluralist approach to political systems suggests that a. power is concentrated in the hands of a few. b. an anti-democratic bias exists in the capitalist system. c. power is widely dispersed throughout society. d. many people do not vote because they are alienated from the political system.

Answer: c Page Reference: 483 Skill: Conceptual 45) A power-elite model is an analysis of politics that which of the following views? a. Power is concentrated among the rich. b. An anti-democratic bias exists in the capitalist system. c. Power is widely dispersed throughout society. d. Many people do not vote because they are alienated from the political system.

Answer: a Page Reference: 483–484

Skill: Conceptual 46) Which of the following concepts refers to the use of violence by governments often against their own people? a. authoritarianism b. state terrorism c. totalitarianism d. counter-terrorism Answer: b Page Reference: 486 Skill: Conceptual 47) Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. The difference between a “terrorist” and a “freedom fighter” is clearly defined. b. Democratic societies are especially vulnerable to terrorism. c. Identifying and effectively targeting terrorists is fairly simple, given their visibility. d. Any use of violence against the citizenry is an example of authoritative power, and is accepted as legitimate by society.

Answer: b Page Reference: 486 Skill: Factual 48) Which of all U.S. wars was the deadliest in terms of loss of Canadian lives? a. the Korean War b. World War I c. World War II d. the Vietnam War Answer: b Page Reference: 487 Skill: Factual 49) The text explains that a. human beings are naturally eager to engage in war. b. there is nothing in our human biology that makes it natural to go to war. c. nations usually fight wars simply over wealth. d. Canadian military efforts are highly regarded across the world.

Answer: c Page Reference: 487–488 Skill: Conceptual 50) Which of the following is NOT one of the five factors that promote war? a. perceived threats b. political objectives c. moral objectives d. attacking an internal enemy Answer: d Page Reference: 487–488 Skill: Conceptual 51) Terrorism has been called a new kind of warfare because a. it is less violent. b. it is “symmetrical,” involving two opponents of roughly equal power. c. it lacks clearly stated objectives and is not about controlling territory. d. advances in technology means that most combat takes place in the virtual world.

Answer: c

Page Reference: 488 Skill: Factual 52) About what percentage of federal spending goes to military defense in the United States? a. 25 b. 50 c. 15 d. 20 Answer: d Page Reference: 488 Skill: Factual 53) The military-industrial complex refers to a. the fact that war often destroys a country’s economic infrastructure. b. the close link between the government, defense contractors, and the military. c. the fact that the post-industrial economy is increasingly dominated by war production. d. the fact that the military is the world’s largest industrial corporation.

Answer: b Page Reference: 488 Skill: Conceptual 54) For almost fifty years, what strategy has kept the peace between the world’s nuclear superpowers? a. deterrence b. high-technology defense c. disarmament d. resolving underlying differences Answer: a Page Reference: 489 Skill: Factual True/False Questions 55) The concept “government” refers to the formal organization that directs the political life of a society. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 463 Skill: Conceptual 56) According to Max Weber, authority is just another word for power. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 463 Skill: Conceptual 57) Traditional authority gains importance as a society becomes industrialized. a. True Incorrect b. False

Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 464 Skill: Conceptual 58) Authority refers to power that people perceive as coercive. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 463 Skill: Conceptual 59) Traditional authority is one source of strength for patriarchy. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 464 Skill: Conceptual 60) Charismatic authority is based on extraordinary personal abilities. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 464–465 Skill: Conceptual 61) Rational-legal authority is also called “bureaucratic authority” because it usually is rooted in formal offices. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 464 Skill: Conceptual 62) Weber’s idea of the routinization of charisma states that charisma does not exist in the modern world. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 465 Skill: Conceptual 63) In absolute monarchies, hereditary rulers claim a virtual monopoly of power based on divine right. a. True Correct b. False

Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 465–466 Skill: Factual 64) Democracy and rational-legal authority are linked just as monarchy and traditional authority are. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 464–466 Skill: Conceptual 65) A large majority of the world’s people live in nations that are considered to be politically free. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 466 Skill: Factual 66) An examination of socialist and capitalist systems suggests that political liberty and economic equality almost always go together. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 466–468 Skill: Conceptual 67) Authoritarian governments give people little voice in politics. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 468 Skill: Conceptual 68) In a totalitarian political system, one political organization claims total control of society. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 468 Skill: Conceptual 69) Just as the economy is becoming more and more global, so is the world developing a single global political system. a. True Incorrect

b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 468–469 Skill: Factual 70) In the 2015 federal election in Canada, Alberta was the province where a majority of people voted Liberal. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 477 Skill: Factual 71) The Canadian prime minister can have more power in decision-making than the American president. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 480 Skill: Factual 72) Canadians are highly concerned with the religiosity of our political leaders, with less emphasis on physical fitness or athletic ability. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 481 Skill: Factual 73) The pluralist model states that the United States is far less democratic than most people would like to think. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 483 Skill: Conceptual 74) The sociologist closely associated with the power-elite model is C. Wright Mills. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 483 Skill: Factual

75) The Marxist political-economy model suggests that capitalist societies are democratic, giving some political voice to everyone. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 484 Skill: Conceptual 76) Political revolutions tend to occur when and where living standards are the lowest. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 485–486 Skill: Factual 77) Extensive civil liberties make democratic societies very vulnerable to terrorism. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 486 Skill: Factual 78) Terrorism is considered to be a new form of asymmetrical warfare. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 488 Skill: Conceptual 79) The concept “military-industrial complex” refers to the close association among the federal government, the military, and defense industries. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 488 Skill: Conceptual 80) Nuclear proliferation is the process by which the two super-powers engage in an arms race. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 489 Skill: Conceptual

Short Answer Questions 81) What is the difference between power and authority?

Page Reference: 463 Skill: Conceptual 82) What are the three types of authority identified by Weber?

Page Reference: 464–465 Skill: Conceptual 83) What are the key differences between monarchy and democracy?

Page Reference: 465–466 Skill: Conceptual 84) What is the difference in the approaches to political freedom taken by capitalism and socialism?

Page Reference: 466–468 Skill: Conceptual 85) Define both authoritarianism and totalitarianism.

Page Reference: 468 Skill: Conceptual 86) Discuss four societal functions of political parties with examples of each.

Page Reference: 472 Skill: Conceptual 87) Discuss the historical reasons presented in your text for distinctive treatment of Aboriginal peoples in Canada.

Page Reference: 470–471 Skill: Factual 88) Who is and who is not likely to vote in Canada? How has Elections Canada tried to facilitate voting?

Page Reference: 474–479 Skill: Factual 89) Provide a short description of the Canadian political system following the pluralist model, the powerelite model, and the Marxist political-economy model.

Page Reference: 483–484 Skill: Conceptual 90) Identify four factors that encourage political revolution.

Page Reference: 485–486 Skill: Factual 91) What is terrorism? What is state terrorism?

Page Reference: 486 Skill: Conceptual 92) What is the military-industrial complex?

Page Reference: 488 Skill: Conceptual

93) What is nuclear proliferation? Why is this a concern?

Page Reference: 489 Skill: Conceptual 94) Outline the four most recent approaches to peace. Which holds the most promise of reducing the dangers of war and why?

Page Reference: 489 Skill: Conceptual 95) How important are young people to the political process?

Page Reference: 490 Skill: Factual 96) How would you encourage young people to vote? Outline clear and specific strategies.

Page Reference: 490 Skill: Applied Essay Questions 97) According to Max Weber, why does society need to transform power into authority? In what three ways does this transformation take place? What is the link between traditional authority and pre-industrial production? How are rational-legal authority and industrial/post-industrial production linked?

Skill: Conceptual 98) Describe the political spectrum. Distinguish between social issues and economic issues and explain what categories of the Canadian population tend to be liberal and conservative with regard to each type of issue. Where do the major political parties fall on the political spectrum?

Skill: Factual 99) Summarize the major arguments of the three theoretical models of political power. What do the three models have in common? What are their major differences? To what extent does each assess Canadian society as democratic? Why? Skill: Conceptual 100) What have sociologists learned about the causes and character of war? That is, why do nations go to war? What strategies seem able to prevent war? Finally, how is terrorism a new form of 21 century warfare?

Skill: Conceptual st

101) If he were the U.S. president at the time, how might Barack Obama’s first actions after 9/11 been different than George Bush’s? How might Canada’s actions have been different, as a result?

Skill: Applied 102) Young people in Canada, who are eligible to vote, do not often exercise this right. Why do you suppose this is? What can we do to increase voter participation among the young (i.e., 18- to 25-yearolds) at every level of government? Develop a clear strategy for all levels of government and explain why you think your strategies are the most appropriate actions to take.

Skill: Applied 103) Discuss differential political party support by region/province/territory in Canada. Outline several positive and several negative consequences of the patterns you note for people within the regions, and for Canada as a whole.

Skill: Conceptual

104) What is the “democracy gap”? How does this concept relate to events in the Middle East in the 21 century? What has the role of Canada been in these events? Predict how these events will reshape our world, in Canada and globally.

Skill: Conceptual

st

Quick Quiz: Multiple Choice Questions 1) Pre-industrial societies, explained Max Weber, are characterized by having a. mostly traditional authority. b. mostly rational-legal authority. c. mostly charismatic authority. d. mostly military-industrial authority.

Answer: a 2) Which nations in the world today claim to be democratic? a. all low-income nations b. most mid-income nations c. most high-income nations d. an equal number of low- and high-income nations Answer: c 3) In 2015, about what share of the world’s people lived in countries that can be considered politically “free”? a. 6 percent b. 26 percent c. 40 percent d. 66 percent Answer: c 4) Socialist societies base their claim to democracy on a. people having personal liberty. b. meeting the basic needs of all. c. maintaining public order. d. their high living standards.

Answer: b 5) Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Quebec entered Canadian Confederation in a. 1776. b. 1867. c. 1899. d. 1903.

Answer: b 6) Which of the following nations comes closest to having a political system that is “totalitarian”? a. Mexico b. France c. North Korea d. Japan Answer: c 7) While candidates running for U.S. president often demonstrate their religiosity, candidates running for Canadian prime minister are more likely to emphasize a. intellectualism.

b. emotional sensitivity. c. fitness. d. maturity.

Answer: c Quick Quiz: True/False Questions 8) Traditional authority gains importance as a society becomes industrialized. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b 9) The sociologist closely associated with the power-elite model is C. Wright Mills. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Quick Quiz: Short Answer Question 10) Identify four factors that encourage political revolution.

Test Bank for Macionis/Gerber, Sociology, Ninth Canadian Edition Chapter 18: Family Multiple Choice Questions 1) Which of the following is TRUE? a. Canada has changed its formal definition of marriage to include same-sex relationships. b. Approximately 20% of Canadian women are lesbians. c. All children raised by lesbian mothers, thus far, have grown up to be gay or lesbian. d. In the past, lesbians who left heterosexual relationships had no trouble gaining custody of their children.

Answer: a Page Reference: 499 Skill: Factual 2) The family is a social institution that is found in a. most but not all societies. b. about half of human societies in the world today. c. high-income nations but not in most low-income nations. d. every society.

Answer: d Page Reference: 499 Skill: Factual 3) Which of the following is NOT part of the definition of “marriage?” a. sexual activity b. love c. a legal relationship d. economic cooperation

Answer: b Page Reference: 499–500 Skill: Conceptual 4) Which of the following is NOT a basis for kinship? a. having the same ancestors b. marriage c. adoption. d. informal but close friendships Answer: d Page Reference: 499 Skill: Conceptual 5) Which of the following are traits of marriage? a. a legally approved relationship b. sexual activity and child-bearing c. economic co-operation d. political co-operation Answer: a Page Reference: 499 Skill: Conceptual 6) A family that includes parents and children as well as other kin is called a. a nuclear family. b. an extended family. c. a family of affinity. d. a conjugal family.

Answer: b Page Reference: 500 Skill: Conceptual 7) A family composed of one or two parents and their children is called a. a nuclear family. b. an extended family. c. a family of affinity. d. a consanguine family.

Answer: a Page Reference: 500 Skill: Conceptual 8) Celebrity couples that we see in the mass media illustrate the fact that a. nuclear families have changed little in recent decades. b. most people live in extended families. c. families take many, diverse forms. d. fewer and fewer people want to live in families.

Answer: c Page Reference: 502 Skill: Applied 9) The concept “endogamy” refers to marriage between a. people of the same sex. b. people of different social categories. c. people of the same social category. d. people related by birth.

Answer: c

Page Reference: 500 Skill: Conceptual 10) A system of marriage that unites two partners is called a. polygyny. b. polygamy. c. polyandry. d. monogamy.

Answer: d Page Reference: 500 Skill: Conceptual 11) A system of marriage that unites one woman with two or more men is called a. polygyny. b. polygamy. c. polyandry. d. polyamory.

Answer: c Page Reference: 500 Skill: Conceptual 12) To which region of the world would you travel if you wanted to visit many countries where the law permits polygamy? a. both Africa and Asia b. North America c. South America d. Scandinavia Answer: a Page Reference: 500 Skill: Applied 13) The concept “patrilocality” refers to a. rule of men over women. b. a residential pattern by which a married couple lives near the husband’s family. c. a system of tracing descent through males. d. a family composed of only males.

Answer: b Page Reference: 500 Skill: Conceptual 14) Assume you were visiting a society in which people traced family ties only through women. This society would correctly be called a. patrilocal. b. matrilineal. c. matrilocal. d. polygynous.

Answer: b Page Reference: 502 Skill: Applied 15) Typically, high-income societies make use of which of the following systems to trace ancestry? a. bilateral descent b. matrilineal descent c. patrilineal descent d. unilateral descent

Answer: a Page Reference: 502 Skill: Factual 16) Matrilineal descent is typically found in which type of societies? a. hunting and gathering, where women gather vegetation b. horticultural, where women are the main food producers c. industrial, where women enter the workplace d. post-industrial, where women dominate intellectual fields of work Answer: b Page Reference: 502 Skill: Factual 17) Which of the following are NOT counted among the functions of the family? a. socialization of the young b. regulation of sexual activity c. social placement d. job placement Answer: d Page Reference: 502–504 Skill: Factual 18) The incest taboo a. exists only in industrial societies. b. is found in all societies. c. is found among all living species. d. has a different meaning in every society.

Answer: b Page Reference: 502 Skill: Conceptual 19) Following the structural-functional approach, the family a. operates to perpetuate social inequality. b. is important enough to be called the backbone of society. c. encourages patriarchy. d. diminishes personal freedoms.

Answer: b Page Reference: 502 Skill: Factual 20) A social-exchange analysis of family life is likely to consider a. how families keep society as a whole operating. b. how families perpetuate social inequality. c. how individuals select partners who offer about as much as they do. d. how families regulate sexual activity.

Answer: c Page Reference: 504–505 Skill: Conceptual 21) Social-conflict and feminist analysis explain that families perpetuate social inequality in U.S. society through several means. Which of the following is NOT one of them? a. inheritance of private property b. encouraging patriarchy c. passing on racial and ethnic inequality d. programs of social equality that undermine male authority

Answer: d Page Reference: 504 Skill: Applied 22) In traditional regions of many lower-income countries, such as Sri Lanka, marriage a. has little to do with romantic love. b. is unknown. c. is delayed until the people reach their thirties. d. almost always ends in divorce.

Answer: a Page Reference: 505–507 Skill: Factual 23) The concept “homogamy” means that a. people marry because they benefit from being married. b. women usually marry older men. c. people marry others who are socially like themselves. d. most marriages are based on romantic love.

Answer: c Page Reference: 507 Skill: Conceptual 24) In Canada, romantic love a. is rarely the reason most people expect to marry. b. is a very stable foundation for marriage. c. rarely contributes to a high divorce rate. d. is not a very stable foundation for marriage.

Answer: d Page Reference: 506–507 Skill: Factual 25) What is the effect of industrialization on the number of children in a typical family? a. Families have more children. b. Families have the same number of children. c. Families have fewer children. d. Families no longer care about how many children they have.

Answer: c Page Reference: 508 Skill: Factual 26) In today’s high-income nations, children are a. an economic asset. b. an economic liability. c. able to earn more than what parents spend to raise them. d. leaving home to go to work earlier in life than ever before.

Answer: b Page Reference: 508 Skill: Factual 27) In Canada, a recent trend involving parenting is that a. women are having more children. b. women are marrying earlier in life. c. more adults are delaying having children or choosing to remain childless. d. most men are now marrying before age 20.

Answer: c

Page Reference: 508 Skill: Factual 28) An important consideration leading many Canadian parents to limit the number of children they have is a. the fear of an “empty nest” later on. b. the high cost of raising children. c. the approval of extended family members. d. overpopulation.

Answer: b Page Reference: 508 Skill: Factual 29) The term “empty nest” refers to a. families whose children have grown and left home. b. women who choose to remain single. c. women who marry but choose to remain childless. d. couples who are unable to have a child.

Answer: a Page Reference: 508 Skill: Conceptual 30) The most difficult transition in married life is typically a. the birth of a first child. b. the death of a spouse. c. the last child leaving home. d. retirement.

Answer: b Page Reference: 511 Skill: Factual 31) Today’s baby boomers are often called the “sandwich generation” because a. of their love of fast food. b. they do not easily mix family and work responsibilities. c. their families rarely eat meals together. d. they spend time caring for both children and aging parents.

Answer: d Page Reference: 511 Skill: Conceptual 32) Describing the lives of working-class women, Lillian Rubin reported that the typical woman in her study said she wanted a husband who a. would confide in her. b. was handsome. c. had a steady job and was not violent. d. was rich.

Answer: c Page Reference: 511 Skill: Factual 33) According to your text, social class determines a family’s financial security and a. chance of relationship success. b. range of opportunities. c. amount of personal contact with grown children. d. rate of infidelity.

Answer: b Page Reference: 511 Skill: Conceptual 34) There are approximately ______ Aboriginal communities in Canada. a. 100 b. 450 c. 700 d. 1525 Answer: c Page Reference: 512 Skill: Factual 35) About _________ of the Canadian Aboriginal population lives off-reserve. a. 10% b. 30% c. 50% d. 85% Answer: c Page Reference: 512 Skill: Factual 36) When did the federal government formally apologize to Aboriginal people for the “tragedy of residential schools”? a. 1940 b. 1986 c. 2008 d. 2015 Answer: c Page Reference: 512 Skill: Factual 37) Over the past century, ____________ has mattered less and less to those choosing a marriage partner. a. class b. race c. gender d. ethnicity Answer: d Page Reference: 513 Skill: Conceptual 38) Jessie Bernard claimed that marriage a. benefits women more than men. b. benefits both women and men equally. c. benefits men more than women. d. is harmful to both women and men.

Answer: c Page Reference: 513 Skill: Factual 39) Which country has the highest divorce rate in the world? a. Canada b. Sweden c. Germany

d. United States Answer: d Page Reference: 514 Skill: Factual 40) Which of the following is NOT a reason for the rise in divorce rates in Canada? a. rising individualism b. romantic love often fades c. more women are less economically dependent on men d. human beings are not biologically predisposed to marriage Answer: d Page Reference: 514–515 Skill: Factual 41) Based on the text, which of the following categories of people would you expect to have the highest risk of divorce? a. young people who marry after a short courtship b. a couple facing a wanted and expected pregnancy c. a couple whose parents never experienced divorce d. a couple in an arranged marriage Answer: a Page Reference: 515 Skill: Applied 42) Richard J. Gelles calls the ______________ “the most violent group in society with the exception of the police and the military.” a. government b. educational system c. state d. family Answer: d Page Reference: 517 Skill: Conceptual 43) Almost all adults who abuse children typically have what in common? a. They are middle class. b. They are women. c. They were abused themselves as children. d. They were married at a very young age.

Answer: c Page Reference: 518–519 Skill: Factual 44) Research shows that growing up in a single-parent family a. is beneficial to children. b. has no effect on children. c. can disadvantage children. d. is beneficial to boys, but harmful to girls.

Answer: c Page Reference: 520 Skill: Factual 45) Mounting research suggests that cohabitation a. strengthens a couple’s commitment to one another. b. may actually discourage marriage.

c. increases the financial security of children. d. decreases the financial security of children.

Answer: b Page Reference: 520 Skill: Factual 46) In 1989, which country became the first to permit legal same-sex partnerships with many of the benefits of marriage? a. Denmark b. Canada c. Sweden d. the United States Answer: a Page Reference: 520–521 Skill: Factual 47) Looking for evidence about how much the traditional family is eroding, you might point to the fact that a. singlehood is down. b. the divorce rate is up. c. fewer children are born to single mothers. d. there is less interest in young adults to have a family.

Answer: b Page Reference: 523–524 Skill: Applied 48) Looking ahead twenty years in Canada, we can predict with confidence that a. the divorce rate will drop dramatically. b. most people will not marry. c. family life will be diverse. d. women will play an ever-smaller role in child rearing.

Answer: c Page Reference: 524 Skill: Factual 49) The “golden age of families” in the mass media was in the a. 1930s. b. 1950s. c. 1980s. d. 1990s.

Answer: b Page Reference: 525 Skill: Factual True/False Questions 50) Kinship is based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 499 Skill: Conceptual

51) Parents and children form an extended family. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 500 Skill: Conceptual 52) Another name for the extended family is the conjugal family. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 500 Skill: Conceptual 53) Endogamy refers to the pattern of people marrying partners socially like themselves. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 500 Skill: Conceptual 54) Exogamy means that parents of similar social position pass on their standing to their children. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 500 Skill: Conceptual 55) The dominant residential form in Canada is neolocality. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 501 Skill: Conceptual 56) Around the world, most marriages have been polygamous. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 500 Skill: Conceptual 57) Polyandry unites one female with two or more males in marriage.

a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 500 Skill: Conceptual 58) Bilateral descent is found in societies that have a relatively high level of gender equality. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 502 Skill: Conceptual 59) In many African nations, the law permits a man to have more than one wife. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 500 Skill: Factual 60) The structural-functional approach points out how family perpetuates social inequality. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 504 Skill: Conceptual 61) Feminist analysis links the operation of the family to patriarchy. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 504 Skill: Conceptual 62) According to David Popenoe, Sweden has the weakest families on earth. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 506 Skill: Factual 63) In traditional societies, parents may arrange the marriages of their very young children. a. True

Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 505–506 Skill: Factual 64) Romantic love is the basis of marriage in pre-industrial societies. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 506–507 Skill: Factual 65) Sexual activity outside marriage is called infidelity. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 507 Skill: Conceptual 66) Canada’s total fertility rate as of 2012 fell below the replacement rate (2.1 children per woman). a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 508 Skill: Factual 67) “Latchkey kids” is the name given to children who go to daycare after school. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 508 Skill: Conceptual 68) Social class affects what women expect in a husband. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 511 Skill: Factual 69) Increasing numbers of First Nations members are living off-reserve. a. True Correct

b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 512 Skill: Factual 70) Native residential schools are largely responsible for Aboriginal elders losing their authority in families. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 512 Skill: Factual 71) Jessie Bernard claimed that women would be happier in marriage if men did not expect them to do almost all the housework. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 513–514 Skill: Factual 72) One reason for today’s high divorce rate in Canada is that women are more economically dependent on men. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 514 Skill: Factual 73) People in Canada today are more accepting of divorce than they were a century ago. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 515 Skill: Factual 74) Many people in Canada who divorce will remarry at some point. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 515 Skill: Factual 75) Most cases of family violence involve men as both victims and offenders. a. True

Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 517 Skill: Conceptual 76) Most research suggests that growing up in a one-parent family disadvantages children. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 520 Skill: Factual 77) The most serious problem among families with one parent is poverty. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 520 Skill: Factual 78) The proportion of couples cohabiting in Canada more than doubled from 1981 to 2011. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 520 Skill: Factual 79) In recent years, same-sex marriage has become legal throughout the United States. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 520–522 Skill: Factual 80) New reproductive technologies complicate the issue of biological parentage. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 523 Skill: Conceptual 81) In vitro fertilization refers to conception by an unmarried couple. a. True Incorrect

b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 523 Skill: Conceptual Short Answer Questions 82) Define the following terms so that you clearly distinguish each from the others: family, kinship, and marriage.

Page Reference: 499 Skill: Conceptual 83) How does the nuclear family differ from the extended family?

Page Reference: 500 Skill: Conceptual 84) What are rules of exogamy and endogamy? Give example of each. Why do societies have such rules?

Page Reference: 500 Skill: Conceptual 85) Define patrilocality, matrilocality, and neolocality. Which pattern is favoured in Canada? Why? Page Reference: 500–501 Skill: Conceptual 86) Define patrilineal descent, matrilineal descent, and bilateral descent. Which pattern is favoured in Canada? Why? Page Reference: 501–502 Skill: Conceptual 87) What are three social functions of the family?

Page Reference: 502–504 Skill: Conceptual 88) How does the family perpetuate social inequality with regard to class, gender, and race?

Page Reference: 504 Skill: Conceptual 89) What does social-exchange analysis have to say about the process of courtship?

Page Reference: 504–505 Skill: Conceptual 90) Identify at least one important issue involved in each of the following stages in family life: courtship, settling in, child rearing, later life.

Page Reference: 505–508, 511 Skill: Conceptual 91) In what specific ways does social class affect families and family life?

Page Reference: 511 Skill: Applied 92) How did residential schools impact Aboriginal communities and families?

Page Reference: 512 Skill: Factual 93) What does Jessie Bernard mean when she says that every marriage is two different relationships?

Page Reference: 513–514 Skill: Conceptual 94) Identify at least four factors that are related to the high divorce rate in Canada.

Page Reference: 514–515 Skill: Factual 95) What is family violence? What laws have been enacted in order to address this problem?

Page Reference: 517–519 Skill: Conceptual 96) What is cohabitation? What advantages does this type of relationship have for those who choose it?

What disadvantages can you identify?

Page Reference: 520 Skill: Conceptual 97) What is the trend in public acceptance of gay and lesbian marriage in the United States? What are several significant events in this regard?

Page Reference: 520–522 Skill: Factual 98) Why do more Canadian households contain a single person?

Page Reference: 522 Skill: Factual 99) What specific ethical issues are raised by new reproductive technologies? Outline two specific issues and provide solutions for them.

Page Reference: 523 Skill: Applied 100) Your text states that “the traditional family is threatened.” Identify and discuss the five reasons given for this assertion.

Page Reference: 523–524 Skill: Conceptual Essay Questions 101) Why do some analysts (especially those guided by the structural-functional approach) describe the family as “the backbone of society”? That is, what important things do families do for society? To what degree could other social institutions (including government) perform these tasks in place of the family?

Skill: Conceptual 102) Why do some analysts (especially those guided by the social-conflict approach) describe the family as a system that perpetuates social inequality? Consider (a) class stratification; (b) gender stratification; and (c) racial and ethnic stratification. Does family encourage or discourage meritocracy? Why? Can you imagine a family form that would not play a part in supporting social inequality? Explain.

Skill: Conceptual

103) Sociologists tell us that families in Canada are diverse. Exactly how are they diverse? Describe differences in marriage and family life that are linked to (a) class; (b) gender; (c) race and ethnicity; and (d) personal choice. Why are families becoming more diverse? Do you view this trend as positive or negative? Why? Skill: Applied 104) Any family is really many families as it changes over time. Consider how families typically change as people move through the life course. What are the major traits of family life beginning with courtship, settling in to marriage, child rearing, and later life? What special opportunities and challenges can you see in each stage?

Skill: Applied 105) Looking ahead fifty years, predict the state of the Canadian family. As you see it, how will families differ from how they are today? In what ways will they be the same? Consider factors such as the popularity of marriage, the likelihood of divorce, the number of children people will have, gender differences in marriage, and the need for caregiving (especially of the old).

Skill: Applied 106) Explain how new reproductive technology is a good example of “cultural lag.” That is, how do changes in technology outpace our ability to comprehend and assess the possible uses of this new technology?

Skill: Applied 107) Outline the characteristics of those most likely to divorce. Given these, how can you reduce your risk of divorce? Explain fully.

Skill: Applied Quick Quiz: Multiple Choice Questions 1) The family is a social institution that is found in a. most but not all societies. b. about half of human societies in the world today. c. only high-income nations d. every society.

Answer: d 2) A system of marriage that unites two partners is called a. polygyny. b. polygamy. c. polyandry. d. monogamy.

Answer: d 3) Which of the following is NOT counted among the functions of the family? a. socialization of the young b. regulation of sexual activity c. social placement d. political affiliation Answer: d 4) In today’s high-income nations, children are a. an economic asset. b. an economic liability. c. able to earn more than what parents spend to raise them.

d. leaving home to go to work earlier in life than ever before.

Answer: b 5) The most difficult transition in married life is typically a. the birth of a first child. b. the death of a spouse. c. the last child leaving home. d. retirement.

Answer: b 6) Regardless of race, families headed by single women are a. at high risk for poverty. b. much larger than other family types. c. much smaller than other family types. d. likely to experience greater upward social mobility.

Answer: a 7) Almost all adults who abuse children typically have what in common? a. They are middle class. b. They are women. c. They were abused themselves as children. d. They were married at a very young age.

Answer: c Quick Quiz: True/False Questions 8) Exogamy means that parents of similar social position pass on their standing to their children. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b 9) In traditional societies, parents may arrange the marriages of their very young children. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Quick Quiz: Short Answer Question 10) Identify and briefly discuss at least four factors that are related to the high divorce rate in Canada.

Test Bank for Macionis/Gerber, Sociology, Ninth Canadian Edition Chapter 19: Religion Multiple Choice Questions 1) According to Emile Durkheim, the ordinary elements of everyday life are correctly considered to be a. sacred. b. profane. c. religion. d. ritual.

Answer: b Page Reference: 531 Skill: Conceptual 2) The concept of “sacred” refers to what is a. common to everyday life. b. found in every culture. c. seen as set apart from everyday life and extraordinary. d. no longer found in today’s world.

Answer: c Page Reference: 531 Skill: Conceptual 3) Religion is a social institution that is best defined as involving a. beliefs and practices concerning what is sacred. b. ideas about good and evil. c. a series of beliefs about creation. d. norms about how to live.

Answer: a Page Reference: 531 Skill: Conceptual 4) According to Emile Durkheim, we would define things as profane when we understand them a. in terms of the past. b. as set apart as “forbidden.” c. in terms of ultimate meanings. d. in terms of their everyday usefulness.

Answer: d Page Reference: 531 Skill: Conceptual 5) Ritual is a matter of a. formal, ceremonial behaviour. b. who people socialize with. c. beliefs about truth. d. everyday practices repeated often.

Answer: a Page Reference: 532 Skill: Conceptual 6) Faith is a way of knowing based on a. scientific research. b. human senses. c. cultural common sense. d. conviction or belief in things unseen.

Answer: d Page Reference: 532 Skill: Conceptual 7) Sociological analysis of religion is concerned with a. understanding patterns of religious activity and their effect on society. b. which religions are true and which are false. c. the purpose of life. d. discerning the will of God. Answer: a

Page Reference: 532 Skill: Conceptual 8) Which of the following concepts was used by Emile Durkheim to refer to an object in the natural world collectively defined as sacred? a. totem b. idol c. profanity d. symbol Answer: a Page Reference: 532 Skill: Conceptual 9) Durkheim pointed to three functions of religion for society. Which of the following is NOT one of them? a. fostering social cohesion b. fostering social conflict c. providing social control d. providing meaning and purpose Answer: b Page Reference: 532–533 Skill: Conceptual 10) Which of the following is a correct criticism of the structural-functional approach to religion? a. It ignores the effects of religion in everyday life. b. It ignores how religion provides meaning in everyday life. c. It ignores religion’s ability to generate social conflict. d. It ignores the positive consequences of religion for society.

Answer: c Page Reference: 533 Skill: Conceptual 11) Guided by the symbolic-interaction approach, sociologists examine a. how daily rituals blur the boundary between the sacred and profane. b. how religion separates us from one another, leading to conflict. c. the use of ritual and religious meaning to strengthen social ties such as marriage. d. inequality between men and women, and how religion plays a part in that.

Answer: c Page Reference: 533 Skill: Conceptual 12) Who, of the following, would be most likely to say that, through religion, people deal with their own mortality by becoming essentially immortal? a. Durkheim b. Marx c. Weber d. Berger Answer: d Page Reference: 533 Skill: Applied 13) Karl Marx believed that religion a. focuses life on the present rather than the future. b. supports social inequality. c. treats existing society as secular. d. threatens the power of the state.

Answer: b Page Reference: 533 Skill: Factual 14) An analysis of how religion supports the interests of a society’s elites would fall under which of the following theoretical approaches? a. structural-functional approach b. symbolic-interaction approach c. social-conflict approach d. social-exchange approach Answer: c Page Reference: 533 Skill: Applied 15) Who, of the following, would be most likely to argue that religion can, and has, promoted social change? a. Weber b. Marx c. Durkheim d. Berger Answer: a Page Reference: 534 Skill: Factual 16) In his analysis of Protestantism and the rise of capitalism, Max Weber stated that Protestantism a. held back the development of capitalism. b. supported the status quo. c. encouraged greater gender equality. d. stressed duty and hard work, boosting economic production and fostering the rise of capitalism.

Answer: d Page Reference: 534–535 Skill: Conceptual 17) Following Max Weber’s analysis of religion, we could say industrial capitalism is a. disenchanted religion. b. enchanted religion. c. support for patriarchy. d. the opium of the people.

Answer: a Page Reference: 535 Skill: Conceptual 18) Which of the following concepts refers to the fusion of Christian principles with political activism, often Marxist in character? a. evangelism b. liberal Christianity c. liberation theology d. fundamentalism Answer: c Page Reference: 535 Skill: Conceptual 19) Supporters of liberation theology hope that this social movement will achieve which of the following goals? a. keeping politics out of the church

b. helping people endure their suffering c. encouraging personal growth d. reducing social inequality and, especially, poverty Answer: d Page Reference: 535 Skill: Applied 20) A religious organization that is well-integrated into the larger society is called a a. church. b. sect. c. cult. d. monastic order.

Answer: a Page Reference: 535 Skill: Conceptual 21) Over the course of its history, the Roman Catholic Church has existed in various forms, EXCEPT as a a. state church. b. church. c. denomination. d. cult.

Answer: d Page Reference: 535–536 Skill: Applied 22) As the official Church of England, the Anglican Church, is correctly described as which of the following? a. sect b. state church c. cult d. denomination Answer: b Page Reference: 535 Skill: Factual 23) In Canada, Hutterites would be an example of a a. state church. b. cult. c. sect. d. denomination.

Answer: c Page Reference: 536 Skill: Applied 24) A sect is a type of religious organization that a. supports the political state. b. is tightly linked to the larger society. c. is highly structured, with a formally trained leader. d. stands apart from the larger society.

Answer: d Page Reference: 536 Skill: Conceptual 25) Which of the following typically forms as a breakaway group from some established religious organization?

a. sect b. church c. cult d. state church Answer: a Page Reference: 536 Skill: Conceptual 26) A charismatic leader is most likely to be found in which of the following? a. church b. cult c. denomination d. state church Answer: b Page Reference: 537 Skill: Applied 27) Which of the following concepts refers to a religious organization that is largely outside a society’s cultural traditions? a. church b. sect c. cult d. denomination Answer: c Page Reference: 537 Skill: Conceptual 28) Which of the following religious organizations did NOT begin as a cult? a. Islam b. Christianity c. Judaism d. Hinduism Answer: d Page Reference: 537 Skill: Factual 29) Which of the following would you expect to be the least stable type of religious organization? a. cult b. church c. denomination d. state church Answer: a Page Reference: 537 Skill: Applied 30) Animism is the belief that a. God has a plan for the entire world. b. everything in the world is a conscious, living force that is able to affect us. c. nothing is sacred. d. people can find little meaning in their everyday lives.

Answer: b Page Reference: 537 Skill: Conceptual 31) Animism is closely associated with which of the following societies?

a. industrial b. European c. Native American d. agrarian Answer: c Page Reference: 537 Skill: Factual 32) The priesthood, a specialized occupation in charge of a large religious organization, first developed in which type of societies? a. hunting and gathering b. horticultural c. agrarian d. industrial Answer: c Page Reference: 537 Skill: Factual 33) Christianity is one example of which of the following types of religions? a. monotheism b. polytheism c. animism d. atheism Answer: a Page Reference: 538 Skill: Conceptual 34) Polytheism refers to a. acceptance of many religions as true. b. belief that all things in the world are sacred. c. belief in many gods. d. openness to new religious experience.

Answer: c Page Reference: 538–539 Skill: Conceptual 35) A majority of people in which global region are Muslims? a. North America b. South America c. the Middle East d. Asia Answer: c Page Reference: 539 Skill: Factual 36) The world’s largest concentration of Jews (over 5 million) is found in a. Europe. b. North America. c. Africa. d. Asia.

Answer: b Page Reference: 540 Skill: Factual 37) Which of the following is the oldest of the world religions discussed in the text?

a. Hinduism b. Judaism c. Christianity d. Islam Answer: a Page Reference: 541–542 Skill: Factual 38) The concept “karma” refers to a. the Christian belief in salvation. b. the Hindu belief in the progress of the human soul. c. the Muslim desire to do God’s will. d. the first five books of the Jewish Bible.

Answer: b Page Reference: 542 Skill: Conceptual 39) Hinduism is closely linked to the culture of ____________. a. China b. Japan c. Korea d. India Answer: d Page Reference: 541–542 Skill: Factual 40) Buddhists are the majority of people in which of the following countries? a. India b. Saudi Arabia c. Japan d. Canada Answer: c Page Reference: 543 Skill: Factual 41) The founder of Buddhism was which of the following people? a. Siddhartha Gautama b. Muhammad c. Confucius d. Moses Answer: a Page Reference: 544 Skill: Factual 42) Confucianism is closely linked to the traditional culture of a. India. b. China. c. Japan. d. Iran.

Answer: b Page Reference: 544 Skill: Factual 43) In general, compared to Eastern religions, Western religions a. are deity-based.

b. operate by more ethical codes of conduct. c. are less clear about what is sacred and what is profane. d. make less sense overall.

Answer: a Page Reference: 544 Skill: Applied 44) On national surveys, about what share of people in Canada claim to believe in God? a. 26 percent b. 46 percent c. 66 percent d. 84 percent Answer: d Page Reference: 544 Skill: Factual 45) In Canada, more people are ____________ than any other religion. a. Roman Catholic b. Jewish c. Protestant d. Muslim Answer: a Page Reference: 545 Skill: Factual 46) Of the following, which religious group has the highest percentage of immigrants in Canada? a. Roman Catholics b. Jews c. Lutherans d. Anglicans Answer: b Page Reference: 545 Skill: Factual 47) Often a religion stands out in specific countries or geographic regions. Which of the following does not follow this pattern? a. Islam b. Confucianism c. Hinduism d. Judaism Answer: d Page Reference: 540–541 Skill: Factual 48) Reginald Bibby notes that, in Canada, weekly attendance at religious services dropped from 60% in 1945 to ________ % in 1995. a. 5 b. 18 c. 25 d. 40 Answer: c Page Reference: 546 Skill: Factual 49) Secularization refers to which of the following?

a. the historical importance of religion in people’s lives b. the historical increase in the importance of the sacred c. the historical decline in the importance of the sacred d. the historical concern of the church with social change Answer: c Page Reference: 550 Skill: Conceptual 50) The claim that Canada is a post-denomination society is based on a movement a. away from religion. b. supporting spiritualism but away from established denominations. c. toward greater church attendance. d. favouring rigid conformity to church doctrine.

Answer: b Page Reference: 551 Skill: Conceptual 51) Which of the following statements is NOT a trait of religious fundamentalism? a. endorsing conservative political goals b. seeking the personal experience of God’s presence c. interpreting religious texts literally d. accepting religious pluralism Answer: d Page Reference: 552 Skill: Factual 52) The majority of people who watch religious programs on television are also a. fundamentalists. b. New Age seekers. c. looking for God online. d. regular churchgoers.

Answer: c Page Reference: 554 Skill: Conceptual 53) Which of the following is NOT one of the five core values of New Age seekers? a. Seekers believe in a spirit world. b. Seekers do not believe in a higher power. c. Seekers believe we are all connected. d. Seekers pursue transcendence.

Answer: b Page Reference: 551 Skill: Factual True/False Questions 54) The concept “sacred” refers to the familiar, everyday elements of life. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 531 Skill: Conceptual

55) Religion is a social institution involving beliefs and practices based on what is sacred. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 531 Skill: Conceptual 56) The same elements of life are defined as sacred throughout the world. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 531 Skill: Factual 57) Ritual refers to activity in which the sacred is embodied into ceremonial behaviour. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 532 Skill: Conceptual 58) Faith refers to what we know to be true based on what our five senses tell us. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 532 Skill: Conceptual 59) Emile Durkheim claimed that, in religious life, people celebrate the awesome power of their society. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 532 Skill: Factual 60) A totem is any object defined by members of a society as profane. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 532 Skill: Conceptual

61) One of the functions of religion for society is to operate as a system of social control. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 533 Skill: Conceptual 62) The symbolic-interaction approach treats religion as socially constructed meaning that provides greater certainty and security for our lives. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 533 Skill: Conceptual 63) Karl Marx investigated the positive functions of religion for social life. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 533 Skill: Conceptual 64) All world religions define women as more morally worthy than men. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 533–534 Skill: Factual 65) Max Weber linked the rise of industrial capitalism to Calvinist religious doctrine. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 534–535 Skill: Conceptual 66) A church is a type of social organization that is well-integrated into the larger society. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 535 Skill: Conceptual

67) State churches are found in societies that hold to the “separation of church and state.” a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 535 Skill: Factual 68) Members of denominations typically accept religious pluralism. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 536 Skill: Factual 69) Charisma is a personal quality that lets someone draw others as followers. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 536 Skill: Conceptual 70) Members of a sect accept the surrounding society as good. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 536 Skill: Factual 71) Churches place greater importance on the personal experience of conversion than sects do. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 535–536 Skill: Factual 72) A cult is a religious organization that is well outside of a society’s cultural traditions. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 537 Skill: Conceptual

73) Animism refers to the belief that God is an active force in the world. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 537 Skill: Conceptual 74) Both Christianity and Islam are monotheistic. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 5438–539 Skill: Factual 75) In global perspective, most Muslims are not Arabs. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 539 Skill: Factual 76) Polytheism refers to accepting many religions as true. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 538–539 Skill: Conceptual 77) Christianity is one religion that has never experienced internal divisions. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 538–539 Skill: Factual 78) To Muslims, Muhammad was not a divine being but Allah’s messenger. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 539 Skill: Factual

79) Judaism has the most followers of all world religions. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 540–541 Skill: Factual 80) Hinduism is closely linked to the culture of India. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 541–543 Skill: Factual 81) Confucianism is closely linked to the culture of the Middle East. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 544 Skill: Factual 82) Eastern religions may be correctly described as ethical codes of conduct. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 544 Skill: Factual 83) Compared to Eastern religions, Western religions make a clearer distinction between the sacred and profane. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 544 Skill: Applied 84) Americans are more private about their faith than Canadians. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 548 Skill: Factual

85) In Canada, some religion denominations (such as Anglicans) have higher average social standing than others (such as Catholics). a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 548 Skill: Factual 86) It was only after the death of Pierre Elliott Trudeau that we learned he was a devout Roman Catholic. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 548 Skill: Factual 87) Secularization refers to the historical rise in the importance of religion. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 550 Skill: Conceptual 88) Only some social institutions evolve over time—others, like religion, do not. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 550 Skill: Conceptual 89) “Seekers” who pursue “New Age” spirituality believe that everything and everyone is connected by a divine force or plan. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 551 Skill: Factual 90) Most spiritual “seekers” are closely tied to established denominations. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 551

Skill: Factual 91) Fundamentalists read sacred texts literally. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 552 Skill: Factual 92) Fundamentalists reject religious pluralism. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 552 Skill: Factual 93) Many fundamentalists oppose conservative political goals. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 552 Skill: Conceptual 94) The term “fundamental” is most correctly applied to conservative Christian organizations. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 552–553 Skill: Conceptual Short Answer Questions 95) What is the distinction between the sacred and the profane?

Page Reference: 531 Skill: Conceptual 96) What are three societal functions of religion pointed out by Emile Durkheim?

Page Reference: 532–533 Skill: Conceptual 97) In one sentence, what was Karl Marx’s concern about the effects of religion on society?

Page Reference: 532–533 Skill: Conceptual 98) What is Max Weber’s thesis regarding Protestantism and capitalism?

Page Reference: 534–535

Skill: Conceptual 99) Using examples, explain how each of these types of religious organizations is distinctive: (a) church, (b) sect, and (c) cult.

Page Reference: 535–537 Skill: Conceptual 100) Identify six major world religions and briefly describe each in one or two sentences. Which is the largest in terms of number of followers?

Page Reference: 538–544 Skill: Factual 101) What are two ways in which Eastern and Western religions differ?

Page Reference: 544 Skill: Applied 102) Why do researchers have difficulty measuring religiosity?

Page Reference: 548 Skill: Conceptual 103) What is secularization?

Page Reference: 550–551 Skill: conceptual 104) How do spiritual “seekers” differ from members of established churches?

Page Reference: 551 Skill: Conceptual 105) Is religion getting weaker in Canadian society? Explain briefly.

Page Reference: 554–555 Skill: Conceptual 106) What is the significance of “prime-time preachers?”

Page Reference: 554–555 Skill: Conceptual 107) How is religious fundamentalism distinct?

Page Reference: 552–553 Skill: Conceptual 108) Does science threaten religion? Explain.

Page Reference: 553 Skill: Applied 109) How do you see the internet and other technologies impacting religion in the 21 century?

Page Reference: 554 Skill: Applied st

Essay Questions 110) Based on the ideas of Emile Durkheim, identify three functions of religion for society. In light of these functions, do you think that a decline in the importance of religion might threaten Canadian society? If so, how? Could the family and, perhaps, the school “take over” some of religion’s functions? Why or why not?

Skill: Applied 111) Discuss the various types of religious organizations: church (and its two sub-types, state church and denomination), sect, and cult. Exactly how are they different? Is one kind of organization “better” than another? If so, how and why? Do they come into being for the same reasons? What evidence is there that they appeal to different categories of people?

Skill: Conceptual 112) Construct a 7 to 10 question survey to measure the religiosity of your classmates. Critique your questions.

Skill: Applied 113) Compare and contrast the six world religions surveyed in the chapter. What do they have in common? How do they differ? What are the general differences between Western and Eastern religions?

Skill: Factual 114) How strong is religiosity in Canada? Obviously, the answer to this question depends on precisely how one measures “religiosity.” Discuss various ways to do this and how they yield somewhat different pictures of religiosity.

Skill: Conceptual 115) What is secularization? Is secularization a reality in Canada? That is, is religion getting weaker, stronger, or simply changing its character? Provide evidence to support your arguments.

Skill: Conceptual 116) What factors lead some analysts to characterize Canada as a “post-denominational” society? How do “seekers” pursue spirituality without being connected to traditional religious organizations?

Skill: Conceptual 117) Develop a religious program for television and/or some other form of media that would reach out to young people. Be creative here. Specify how your ideas would specifically capture the attention of young people. How are your ideas different from the types of programming out there right now? What types of media might you utilize here? Why? Skill: Applied 118) Compare and contrast two Western and two Eastern religions.

Skill: Applied 119) Discuss the relationship between religion and technology. Will technology help or hinder religion in the future? Will it change the face and/or nature of religion in the future? What will be the impact on the religious individual? Explain, using specific examples.

Skill: Applied Quick Quiz: Multiple Choice Questions 1) Durkheim pointed to three functions of religion for society. Which of the following is NOT one of them? a. fostering social cohesion b. fostering social conflict c. providing social control d. providing meaning and purpose Answer: b 2) What do the sacred texts of Christianity, Judaism, and Islam have in common?

a. support for patriarchy b. belief in multiple deities c. the same sacred symbols d. support for secularization Answer: a 3) Following Max Weber’s analysis of religion, we could say industrial capitalism is a. disenchanted religion. b. a traditional religion. c. support for patriarchy. d. unconcerned with religion entirely.

Answer: a 4) Which of the following religious organizations did NOT begin as a cult? a. Islam b. Christianity c. Judaism d. Hinduism Answer: d 5) The priesthood, a specialized occupation in charge of a large religious organization, first developed in which type of societies? a. hunting and gathering b. horticultural c. agrarian d. industrial Answer: c 6) Confucianism is closely linked to the traditional culture of a. India. b. China. c. Japan. d. Iran.

Answer: b 7) In Canada, Hutterites would be an example of a a. state church. b. cult. c. sect. d. denomination.

Answer: c Quick Quiz: True/False Questions 8) The same elements of life are defined as sacred throughout the world. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b 9) Karl Marx investigated the positive functions of religion for social life. a. True Incorrect

b. False Correct Answer: b Quick Quiz: Short Answer Question 10) Identify six major world religions. Which is the largest in terms of number of followers?

Test Bank for Macionis/Gerber, Sociology, Ninth Canadian Edition Chapter 20: Education Multiple Choice Questions 1) The social institution by which society provides people with important knowledge, including basic facts and information, job skills, and cultural norms and values is a. the family. b. the church. c. the peer group. d. education.

Answer: d Page Reference: 562 Skill: Conceptual 2) In low-income nations, most education is a matter of a. formal schooling and then college. b. what parents and other community members teach their children. c. what children can teach themselves. d. teaching by religious leaders.

Answer: b Page Reference: 562–563 Skill: Factual 3) The fact that, historically, schooling has been mostly for elites is evident in the fact that the word “school” has the same root as the Greek word for a. “learning.” b. “wisdom.” c. “leisure.” d. “elder.”

Answer: c Page Reference: 563 Skill: Factual 4) If you were to enter a school in ancient Greece or China, the students you would find there would be mainly a. women. b. soldiers. c. the rich. d. foreigners.

Answer: c Page Reference: 563 Skill: Factual

5) Of the following, which country has the highest illiteracy rate? a. Canada b. Afghanistan c. Egypt d. Peru Answer: b Page Reference: 564 Skill: Factual 6) Formal instruction under the direction of specially trained teachers is called a. instruction. b. education. c. schooling. d. learning.

Answer: c Page Reference: 562 Skill: Conceptual 7) What social force spurred the creation of mandatory education laws in Japan? a. industrialization b. militarization c. family socialization d. the church Answer: a Page Reference: 563 Skill: Factual 8) What percentage of Canadians have some kind of post-secondary education? a. 23% b. 64% c. 77% d. 91% Answer: b Page Reference: 565 Skill: Factual 9) Public schools in Britain teach a. only two or three academic subjects. b. the special patterns of speech of the British upper class. c. predominantly trades like electrician, roofer, etc. d. only those from working class backgrounds.

Answer: b Page Reference: 564 Skill: Factual 10) British law requires every child to attend school until age _____. a. 12 b. 14 c. 16 d. 18 Answer: c Page Reference: 564 Skill: Factual

11) The percentage of the population aged 15 and older with university degrees rose from ______ percent in 1976 to ______ percent in 2011. a. 4; 35 b. 6; 21 c. 0; 29 d. 18; 30 Answer: b Page Reference: 565 Skill: Factual 12) The major reason that schooling is limited in lower-income nations is that a. there is a lack of teachers. b. religion forbids formal schooling. c. most children become soldiers. d. many poor children must work for income.

Answer: d Page Reference: 563 Skill: Factual 13) On which of the following continents do we find the most countries with high rates of illiteracy? a. Africa b. Europe c. South America d. North America Answer: a Page Reference: 564 Skill: Factual 14) Getting into college in Japan, compared to the United States, is more a matter of a. athletic ability. b. performance on achievement tests. c. family ties. d. being rich.

Answer: b Page Reference: 563 Skill: Factual 15) In Great Britain, regardless of their scores on achievement examinations, the children of well-to-do families a. generally do not go to college. b. must go to state universities like everyone else. c. typically go to high-prestige private universities, including Oxford or Cambridge. d. go to trade schools, but only if they are males.

Answer: c Page Reference: 564 Skill: Factual 16) Which of the following is NOT true of schooling in Great Britain? a. During the Middle Ages, schooling was a privilege of the nobility. b. The Industrial Revolution created a need for an educated labour force. c. Working class people demanded access to schools during the Industrial Revolution. d. Law now requires every British child to attend school until age 18.

Answer: d Page Reference: 564 Skill: Factual

17) Which of the following is TRUE of British education? a. University entrance exams are as crucial as those of Japan. b. For those who score high on the entrance exams, the government pays most university costs. c. Traditional social distinctions have been removed from education. d. Education is mandatory until age 14.

Answer: b Page Reference: 564 Skill: Factual 18) The national elite in Britain will most likely have attended a. an American university. b. home-schooling facilities. c. “Oxbridge.” d. the equivalent of American public schools.

Answer: c Page Reference: 564 Skill: Factual 19) Which Canadian university was started in 1636 by the Jesuits, and, therefore, claims to be North America’s oldest institution of higher education? a. McGill b. McMaster c. St. Mary’s d. Laval Answer: d Page Reference: 565 Skill: Factual 20) A separate Catholic and Protestant school system in Canada a. violates the principle of mass education. b. was established prior to Confederation. c. was established several years after Confederation. d. interfered with adequate fulfillment of educational requirements associated with the Industrial Revolution.

Answer: b Page Reference: 565 Skill: Factual 21) Educational development in Canada included a. kindergarten in the Toronto schools in 1783. b. compulsory education to age 21 in 1920. c. mass education as a response to the need for a literate and skilled workforce. d. secondary schools across the country by 1900.

Answer: c Page Reference: 565 Skill: Conceptual 22) The percentage of women currently involved in the fields of engineering and applied science is a. 15. b. 10. c. 33. d. 25.

Answer: d Page Reference: 566

Skill: Factual 23) The problem of functional illiteracy means that a. many young people leave school without learning basic skills. b. many older people have forgotten the lessons they learned in school. c. a significant share of Canadian children never attended school. d. many teachers in Canadian schools do not know how to teach.

Answer: a Page Reference: 566 Skill: Conceptual 24) A report based on the Pan-Canadian Assessment Program concluded that ___________ came in significantly above the Canadian average in reading, math, and science. a. Alberta b. B.C. c. Ontario d. Quebec Answer: d Page Reference: 566 Skill: Factual 25) Which Canadian province scored highest in science according to the Pan-Canadian Assessment Program? a. Alberta b. B.C. c. Ontario d. Quebec Answer: a Page Reference: 566 Skill: Factual 26) Jacque Demers is discussed in your text because a. he was the first Quebecois to coach an NHL hockey team. b. he never learned to read and write. c. his on-ice injury left him unable to read and this changed his life dramatically. d. he never graduated from high school and yet has a graduate degree from McGill.

Answer: b Page Reference: 567 Skill: Factual 27) _____________ directs attention to the ways in which formal education enhances the operation and stability of society. a. Structural-functional theory b. Social-conflict theory c. Symbolic interactionism d. Ethnomethodology Answer: a Page Reference: 566 Skill: Conceptual 28) In Canada, as compared to the United States, there is more emphasis in the classroom on a. competitive individualism. b. activities that promote co-operation and sharing. c. a political component. d. obedience.

Answer: b Page Reference: 568 Skill: Conceptual 29) Competitiveness is discouraged in many Canadian classrooms because a. we don’t want to be like Americans. b. Canadians are raised in their families to avoid competition. c. the cultural mosaic of Canada is simply not compatible with competitiveness. d. of the potential damaging effects on self-esteem.

Answer: d Page Reference: 568 Skill: Conceptual 30) Canada, as compared to the United States, has an education system that a. places more emphasis on the history of the country. b. places more emphasis on the workings of our political system. c. includes frequent and varied expressions of patriotism. d. encourages respect for the cultural mosaic.

Answer: d Page Reference: 568 Skill: Conceptual 31) Which of the following is NOT a component of social integration in the Canadian educational system? a. Canada has had a long experience with the challenges of multiculturalism. b. There has been an attempt made to foster Canadian nationalism while accommodating a wide variety of interest groups. c. Our educational policies have been sensitive to the problems of maintaining equality of access and unity in the face of diversity. d. We have been eager to push a national identity because of Quebec’s sensitivities.

Answer: d Page Reference: 568 Skill: Conceptual 32) The Hutterites have their children taught in schools within their own colonies. This is an example of a. resistance to social integration. b. response to religious persecution. c. geography making social integration difficult. d. resistance to cultural innovation.

Answer: a Page Reference: 568 Skill: Conceptual 33) The striking cultural diversity of Canada a. indicates the need for a strong “heritage” school system. b. increases the need for the teaching of French in the schools in non-francophone areas. c. increases the importance of formal education as a path to social integration. d. indicates the need for cultural segregation.

Answer: c Page Reference: 568 Skill: Conceptual 34) The functions of schooling do NOT include a. socializing the young. b. creating new culture. c. helping to integrate a diverse society.

d. contributing to downward social mobility.

Answer: d Page Reference: 568–569 Skill: Conceptual 35) Which of the following is a latent function of schooling? a. ensuring some common culture b. teaching about the American way of life c. providing child care d. teaching job skills Answer: c Page Reference: 569 Skill: Conceptual 36) By definition, which of the following is NOT a latent function of schooling, according to structuralfunctionalist analysis? a. child care b. inculcation of skills c. consumes the time and energy of teenagers d. helps establish lasting relationships Answer: b Page Reference: 569 Skill: Conceptual 37) When schoolteacher Jane Elliot performed an experiment about students who were taught to perceive their abilities positively or negatively, she was investigating which concept? a. social stratification b. cultural innovation c. self-fulfilling prophecy d. the dropout phenomenon Answer: c Page Reference: 569–570 Skill: Applied 38) A symbolic-interaction approach to schooling would include which of the following ideas? a. If teachers think some category of students is superior, those same students may end up doing superior work. b. Teachers convey specialized knowledge that children are not likely to learn at home. c. Some categories of students are tracked into better classes than others. d. Schools are intended for learning, but they are also places where many people meet their eventual partners.

Answer: a Page Reference: 569–570 Skill: Conceptual 39) Which of the following statements applies to the structural-functionalist approach to schooling? a. If teachers think some category of students is superior, those same students may end up doing superior work. b. Teachers convey specialized knowledge that children are not likely to learn at home. c. Some categories of students are tracked into better classes than others. d. Schools are intended for learning, but they also are places where many people meet their eventual partners.

Answer: d Page Reference: 568 Skill: Conceptual

40) Which sociological theory describes how schooling both causes and perpetuates social inequality? a. social conflict b. structural functionalism c. post-modernism d. symbolic interactionism Answer: a Page Reference: 570 Skill: Conceptual 41) Along with gender, ________ is a strong predictor of aspirations to attend university. a. age b. race c. high school performance d. social class Answer: d Page Reference: 570 Skill: Conceptual 42) Which province has the highest percentage of university degrees? a. B.C. b. Nova Scotia c. Manitoba d. Ontario Answer: d Page Reference: 571 Skill: Factual 43) A social-conflict analysis suggests that schooling developed in the late nineteenth century because that was the time that a. factory owners needed an obedient and disciplined workforce. b. immigrants had to learn English in order to work in factories. c. the country had to teach immigrants that its way of life was right and good. d. there were more well-to-do citizens eager to earn an education.

Answer: a Page Reference: 571–572 Skill: Factual 44) The perspective that asserts that schooling acts as a means of social control is a. structural-functional theory. b. social-conflict theory. c. symbolic interaction theory. d. ethnomethodology.

Answer: b Page Reference: 571–572 Skill: Conceptual 45) Which of the following is NOT part of the hidden curriculum in Canadian schools? a. the teaching of compliance b. the teaching of punctuality c. the teaching of skills d. the teaching of discipline Answer: c Page Reference: 572 Skill: Conceptual

46) The subtle presentation of political or cultural ideas in the classroom is termed a. the hidden curriculum. b. the undiscovered curriculum. c. the missing curriculum. d. the ideal curriculum.

Answer: a Page Reference: 572 Skill: Conceptual 47) Social-conflict analysis uses the term ___________ to refer to the categorical assigning of students to different types of education programs. a. ability placement b. streaming c. differential placement d. hierarchical education Answer: b Page Reference: 572 Skill: Conceptual 48) One result of tracking in schools is that a. the brightest students get the worst teachers. b. students do not get to study what they are interested in. c. the students who get the best schooling are usually those who are more privileged to begin with. d. students from disadvantaged backgrounds end up in higher tracks where they cannot do the work.

Answer: c Page Reference: 572 Skill: Factual 49) Which of the following is TRUE about streaming, according to social-conflict analysis? a. It is the only option when performance must be evaluated. b. It is biased in favour of students from affluent backgrounds. c. It integrates students. d. It does not have any relationship to social background.

Answer: b Page Reference: 572 Skill: Conceptual 50) Which of the following types of theorists would emphasize that streaming advantages the rich and disadvantages the poor? a. structural functionalist b. symbolic interactionist c. social-conflict theorist d. post-modernist Answer: c Page Reference: 570–572 Skill: Conceptual 51) Which of the following remains the most formidable barrier to enrollment in university? a. low or moderate family income b. difficulty in getting good grades as high schools are attempting to curtail grade inflation c. lack of parental moral support d. geographic distance from a post-secondary institution Answer: a Page Reference: 573

Skill: Factual 52) What policy decision in Aboriginal education had devastating consequences for the children and their communities? a. reservation schools b. trade schools c. residential schools d. secular schools Answer: c Page Reference: 577–578 Skill: Factual 53) The discipline problems presenting themselves in Canadian schools include primarily a. the carrying of weapons. b. daily assaults on students and teachers. c. a disdain for learning. d. the emphasis on political correctness.

Answer: c Page Reference: 581 Skill: Conceptual 54) Which of the following does the text NOT assert about the concept of education in Canada? a. It is involved with change as a catalyst. b. It is a force for maintaining tradition and continuity. c. It is an adaptive mechanism. d. It is the weakest of the social institutions Canadians experience.

Answer: d Page Reference: 585 Skill: Conceptual True/False Questions 55) Education is the social institution providing members of a society with important knowledge. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 562 Skill: Conceptual 56) The extent of schooling in a society is closely tied to its level of economic development. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 562–563 Skill: Factual 57) Historically, the poorest people in every society have been the most likely to go to school, so that they could learn what they needed to know to earn a living. a. True Incorrect

b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 562–563 Skill: Factual 58) In low-income nations today, the vast majority of young people reach secondary school. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 563 Skill: Factual 59) What is taught in schools around the world reflects local cultures. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 563 Skill: Factual 60) In India, fewer boys than girls reach secondary school. a. True Incorrect b. False Incorrect Answer: b Page Reference: 563 61) The Japanese place greater importance on achievement test scores than we do in Canada in selecting students to attend colleges and universities. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 563 Skill: Factual 62) In Japan, a larger share of students graduate from high school than in Canada or the United States. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 563 Skill: Factual 63) Wealthy British families send their children to “public schools” that are the same as private boarding schools in Canada. a. True Correct

b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 564–565 Skill: Factual 64) One latent function of schooling is establishing social relationships and networks. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 569 Skill: Conceptual 65) In Canada, schooling is an important path to upward social mobility. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 565–566 Skill: Factual 66) If school officials consider some children to be gifted, teachers may treat them accordingly and create a self-fulfilling prophecy. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 569 Skill: Factual 67) Following a social-conflict approach, schooling helps to eliminate social inequality. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 570 Skill: Conceptual 68) Social-conflict theory supports the policy of tracking to give all students instruction geared to their abilities. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 572 Skill: Conceptual 69) Prior to Confederation, governments in Canada had created separate Catholic and Protestant school systems.

a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 565 Skill: Factual 70) The concept of “functionally illiteracy” refers to people who leave school before graduating. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 567 Skill: Conceptual 71) Functional illiteracy is a complex social problem, not an issue of individuals. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 567 Skill: Conceptual 72) In Canada, there is more of an emphasis on activities that encourage co-operation, sharing, and team effort than competition. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 568 Skill: Conceptual 73) A unified cultural identity, “Canadian,” is emphasized in Canadian public schools, but not in Canadian private schools. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 568 Skill: Conceptual 74) One latent function of schooling is establishing social relationships and networks. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 569 Skill: Conceptual

75) Jane Elliott’s experiment with elementary school children demonstrated the effects of tracking and streaming. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: a Page Reference: 569 Skill: Applied 76) Critics argue that some bias based on class, race, or ethnicity is inherent in any formal testing. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 572 Skill: Conceptual 77) Social-conflict theory urges more use of tracking to give all students instruction geared to their abilities. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 572 Skill: Conceptual 78) Student loans and bursaries in Canada provide the opportunity for everyone to attend a postsecondary institution. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 573 Skill: Conceptual 79) From a social-conflict perspective, schooling in Canada transforms social privilege into personal merit. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 579 Skill: Applied 80) Aboriginal children in residential schools were told that their native language and religion were treasures that should be maintained. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b

Page Reference: 577–578 Skill: Factual 81) Aboriginal students who finish high school have the same post-secondary completion rates as the general population. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 577–578 Skill: Factual 82) Dropping out of high school has little to do with one’s rate of pay later in their career. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: b Page Reference: 581 Skill: Factual 83) Only about 2 percent of young people in North America are home schooled. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 582–583 Skill: Factual 84) Home schooling is more popular in Canada than in the United States. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 582–583 Skill: Factual Short Answer Questions 85) Define “education” and “schooling.”

Page Reference: 562 Skill: Conceptual 86) How is the development of schooling linked to economic development?

Page Reference: 562–563 Skill: Factual 87) In low-income nations, why do girls receive less schooling than boys?

Page Reference: 562–563 Skill: Factual

88) What are four societal functions of schooling?

Page Reference: 568–569 Skill: Conceptual 89) Identify four manifest and four latent functions of schooling.

Page Reference: 566–569 Skill: Conceptual 90) What is “functional illiteracy”? How extensive is this problem in Canada?

Page Reference: 567 Skill: Conceptual 91) How does schooling advance the goal of socially integrating a large, diverse population?

Page Reference: 568 Skill: Applied 92) How can identifying students as “deficient” or “gifted” generate a self-fulfilling prophecy?

Page Reference: 569–570 Skill: Conceptual 93) What is streaming?

Page Reference: 572 Skill: Conceptual 94) Identify several characteristics of the person who is MOST likely to attend a post-secondary institution.

Page Reference: 572–574 Skill: Factual 95) Discuss two of the problems that are currently found in Canadian schools.

Page Reference: 580–582 Skill: Conceptual 96) What is home schooling? How does it differ from public schooling?

Page Reference: 582–583 Skill: Conceptual 97) What are the benefits of home schooling?

Page Reference: 582–583 Skill: Applied 98) What compromises would a parent have to make in order to home school their children?

Page Reference: 582–583 Skill: Applied 99) Identify one advantage and one disadvantage of a virtual university.

Page Reference: 584 Skill: Applied 100) Why is the enrollment of men at the post-secondary level a problem today?

Page Reference: 578–579 Skill: Factual

Essay Questions 101) Write an essay in which you demonstrate that schooling (or lack of it) around the world is linked to: (a) level of economic development; and (b) national cultural patterns. Include Canada in your comparative analysis.

Skill: Applied 102) Following the social-conflict approach, what are the problems in the Canadian educational system?

Consider quality of public schooling, inequality among schools, and access to higher education. Consider class, gender, race, and ethnicity in your essay.

Skill: Conceptual 103) What impact on education would you predict as a result of changing information technologies?

Skill: Applied 104) Although Canadians have long debated the value of quality of education, the debate has intensified over the past decade or two. Discuss some of the major areas of concern regarding the educational system today. Using examples, discuss such issues as school discipline, dropping out, value for our money, and academic standards.

Skill: Applied 105) What are the manifest and latent functions of schooling, according to structural-functional analysis?

Prepare a list of these functions for your essay, and then explain why the Canadian educational system attempts to ensure all these functions are fulfilled. Why, for example, does schooling assume latent functions of child care and the forging of lasting personal relationships? What is it about industrial society that places this role in the hands of our schooling system?

Skill: Conceptual Quick Quiz: Multiple Choice Questions 1) The fact that, historically, schooling has been mostly for elites is evident in the fact that the word “school” has the same root as the Greek word for a. “learning.” b. “wisdom.” c. “leisure.” d. “elder.”

Answer: c 2) Getting into college in Japan, compared to Canada, is more a matter of a. athletic ability. b. performance on achievement tests. c. family ties. d. being rich.

Answer: b 3) All of the following are functions of schooling, EXCEPT a. socializing the young. b. creating new culture. c. helping to integrate a diverse society. d. promoting normlessness.

Answer: d 4) Which Canadian university was started in 1636 by the Jesuits, and, therefore, claims to be North America’s oldest institution of higher education?

a. McGill b. McMaster c. St. Mary’s d. Laval Answer: d 5) What percentage of Canadians has some kind of post-secondary education? a. 23% b. 64% c. 77% d. 91% Answer: b 6) A report based on the Pan-Canadian Assessment Program concluded that ___________ came in significantly above the Canadian average in reading and math. a. Alberta b. B.C. c. Ontario d. Quebec Answer: d 7) Which of the following is a latent function of schooling? a. ensuring some common culture b. teaching about the Canadian way of life c. providing child care d. teaching job skills Answer: c Quick Quiz: True/False Questions 8) What is taught in schools around the world reflects local cultures. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a 9) Schooling in Canada has always favoured theoretical learning over practical learning. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Quick Quiz: Short Answer Question 10) Identify four manifest and four latent functions of schooling.

Test Bank for Macionis/Gerber, Sociology, Ninth Canadian Edition Chapter 21: Health and Medicine Multiple Choice Questions 1) Applying the sociological perspective, we see that the high rate of obesity in Canada reflects a. bad personal choices people make about their lives.

b. cultural forces that encourage people to eat large amounts of unhealthy fast food. c. our long history as a nation of people with poor health. d. the steadily changing biology of the human body.

Answer: b Page Reference: 592 Skill: Factual 2) In North America, the majority of adults and about ______ of children are overweight. a. one-sixth b. half c. three-quarters d. two-thirds Answer: a Page Reference: 592 Skill: Factual 3) Which of the following does NOT indicate that society shapes human health? a. Cultural patterns define what is or is not healthy. b. Social inequality affects a population’s health. c. Society’s technology affects people’s health. d. Overweight people tend to make poor choices.

Answer: d Page Reference: 592–593 Skill: Factual 4) Ideas about health can serve as a type of social control, as illustrated by the notion that a. women would risk their health by going to college. b. a competitive way of life is “healthy.” c. homosexuality is “sick,” even though it is biologically natural. d. we look to doctors to tell us what is healthy and what is unhealthy.

Answer: c Page Reference: 592 Skill: Factual 5) In the world’s poorest nations today, almost one in four people die before reaching a. the age of 20. b. the age of 30. c. the age of 50. d. the age of 70.

Answer: b Page Reference: 593 Skill: Factual 6) According to the World Health Organization, about how many of the world’s people suffer from serious illness caused by poverty? a. 1 million b. 10 million c. 1 billion d. 10 billion Answer: c Page Reference: 593 Skill: Factual 7) If you were to visit a low-income nation to study its high death rates, what would you suspect to be the most common causes of death?

a. cancer and heart disease b. infectious diseases c. accidents d. old age Answer: b Page Reference: 593 Skill: Applied 8) Poor health in low-income nations reflects all of the following factors, EXCEPT a. the lack of safe drinking water. b. the lack of access to medical personnel. c. the lack of a nutritious diet. d. the lack of desire to care for one’s family.

Answer: d Page Reference: 593 Skill: Factual 9) In poor nations around the world, about what share of all children die before they reach their first birthday? a. 1 percent b. 10 percent c. 50 percent d. 90 percent Answer: b Page Reference: 593 Skill: Factual 10) In Western Europe and North America, scientists began to understand the causes of infectious diseases at about what point in history? a. 1700 b. 1775 c. 1850 d. 1950 Answer: c Page Reference: 593 Skill: Factual 11) Advancing medical technology has attacked infectious disease in poor countries with what result? a. Almost nothing: this technology has had little effect. b. Populations have increased rapidly. c. Death rates have dropped to near zero. d. More children die earlier in life than ever before.

Answer: b Page Reference: 593 Skill: Factual 12) During the early decades of the Industrial Revolution a. rapidly growing cities developed good sanitation. b. factory owners did their best to keep pollutants out of the air. c. workplace accidents were common. d. medical technology kept pace with ongoing health issues.

Answer: c Page Reference: 593 Skill: Factual

13) Which of the following diseases is the biggest killer in today’s high-income nations? a. heart disease b. influenza c. pneumonia d. cholera Answer: a Page Reference: 593 Skill: Factual 14) After the Industrial Revolution, there was an increase in the share of deaths caused by which of the following types of diseases? a. influenza and pneumonia b. heart disease and cancer c. cholera and tuberculosis d. dementia and Alzheimer’s Answer: b Page Reference: 593 Skill: Factual 15) Which of the following is an example of a chronic illness? a. influenza b. cancer c. accidents d. pneumonia Answer: b Page Reference: 593 Skill: Factual 16) Social epidemiology is the study of a. the biological basis of disease. b. the availability of doctors around the world. c. the age at which people die. d. the distribution of health and illness in a population.

Answer: d Page Reference: 593, 595 Skill: Conceptual 17) Research shows that masculinity is linked to health because a. our culture’s definition of masculinity encourages stress and heart disease. b. men learn to be strong and avoid illness. c. men avoid many of the lifestyle dangers common to women. d. the jobs men typically perform often deal with physical exertion and dangerous substances.

Answer: a Page Reference: 595 Skill: Conceptual 18) Which of the following had the highest reported death toll on Canadian citizens? a. avian flu b. swine flu c. mad cow disease d. severe acute respiratory syndrome Answer: b Page Reference: 594 Skill: Factual

19) Which of the following factors does NOT have a strong link to life expectancy? a. race b. gender c. social class d. height Answer: d Page Reference: 595–596 Skill: Factual 20) Looking across the life course, which of the following statements is correct? a. Women have higher suicide rates than men. b. Men have fewer accidents than women. c. Women generally have better health than men. d. Old people generally have better health than young people.

Answer: c Page Reference: 595 Skill: Factual 21) Read the following statements about health in Canada. Which statement is incorrect? a. The children of rich families have the best health in the world. b. Children in poor families are as vulnerable as children in some low-income nations. c. High-income people assess their own health more positively than low-income people. d. All Canadians share a standard of health that is greater than that of other nations.

Answer: d Page Reference: 595–596 Skill: Factual 22) The country in the world hit hardest by H1N1 was a. United States. b. Canada. c. Sweden. d. Mexico.

Answer: b Page Reference: 594 Skill: Factual 23) Which of the following is NOT a poverty-related chronic disease that affects Aboriginal people in Canada? a. obesity b. asthma c. diabetes d. swine flu Answer: d Page Reference: 595 Skill: Factual 24) Gender is linked to all of the following except a. visits to the physician. b. major causes of death. c. susceptibility to viral infections. d. life expectancy.

Answer: c Page Reference: 595 Skill: Factual

25) The greatest preventable cause of death in Canada is a. sexually transmitted diseases. b. automobile accidents. c. cigarette smoking. d. drinking alcohol.

Answer: c Page Reference: 596–598 Skill: Factual 26) Which of the following categories of people is especially likely to smoke cigarettes? a. married people b. divorced people c. people with college degrees d. people in the labour force Answer: b Page Reference: 596 Skill: Factual 27) Research shows that college women believe that a. physical looks are less important than “what’s inside.” b. being thin is key to being attractive. c. they are thinner than men would like them to be. d. the opinions of men are irrelevant.

Answer: b Page Reference: 598 Skill: Factual 28) What percentage of those who have eating disorders are women? a. 25% b. 48% c. 93% d. 100% Answer: c Page Reference: 598 Skill: Factual 29) The biggest eating related problem in North America is a. anorexia nervosa. b. bulimia. c. compulsive dieting. d. obesity.

Answer: d Page Reference: 598–599 Skill: Factual 30) Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to widespread obesity in Canadian society? a. Fewer of today’s jobs involve the physical labour common in the past. b. More work around the house is done by machines. c. The typical diet involves both more food and more salty and fatty food. d. It is becoming more acceptable in the media for men and women to be larger.

Answer: d Page Reference: 598–599 Skill: Factual 31) Which sexually transmitted disease infects 45 million U.S. adults and adolescents (about one in five)?

a. syphilis b. genital herpes c. gonorrhea d. AIDS Answer: b Page Reference: 600 Skill: Factual 32) An exception to the general decline of infectious diseases in the United States is the increase in ______ after 1960. a. cancer b. obesity c. flu d. sexually transmitted diseases Answer: d Page Reference: 599 Skill: Factual 33) Which of the following world regions is experiencing the most severe epidemic of AIDS? a. Latin America b. sub-Saharan Africa c. the Middle East d. eastern Asia Answer: b Page Reference: 601 Skill: Factual 34) Upon infection, people with HIV a. display obvious symptoms. b. get very sick right away. c. display no symptoms at all. d. get mildly sick from time to time.

Answer: c Page Reference: 602 Skill: Factual 35) Which of the following is NOT considered a behaviour placing people at high risk of HIV infection? a. anal sex b. sharing needles c. using drugs that impair judgment d. kissing Answer: d Page Reference: 602 Skill: Factual 36) The concept “euthanasia” refers to a. assisting in the death of a person suffering from a terminal illness. b. people’s legal “right to die.” c. providing medical treatment to seriously ill people. d. providing medical assistance to those who cannot afford it.

Answer: a Page Reference: 604 Skill: Conceptual 37) The Canadian Medical Association was established in

a. 1776. b. 1867. c. 1914. d. 1888.

Answer: b Page Reference: 605 Skill: Factual 38) Scientific medicine typically develops in a. pastoral societies. b. agrarian societies. c. industrial societies. d. post-industrial societies.

Answer: c Page Reference: 604–605 Skill: Conceptual 39) The rise of scientific medicine in Canada began about when? a. 1960, with advances in computer technology b. 1917, about the time of World War I c. 1890, as the rate immigration increased d. 1865, with the establishment of the General Council of Medical Education and Registration Answer: d Page Reference: 605 Skill: Factual 40) It is correct to say that the medical establishment in Canada is oriented towards which of the following? a. holistic treatment b. herbal healing c. traditional healing arts d. scientific medicine Answer: d Page Reference: 605 Skill: Factual 41) Holistic medicine asserts that a. the most important task is treating symptoms of disease. b. patients should rely on themselves—not just physicians—to ensure their own health. c. treatment of patients should be impersonal. d. medicine should be administered regularly, establishing a healthy dependency.

Answer: b Page Reference: 605–606 Skill: Conceptual 42) In which of the following nations is almost all medical care under the control of the government? a. China b. Great Britain c. Japan d. the United States Answer: a Page Reference: 606 Skill: Factual

43) Of all high-income nations, which country relies the most on a direct-fee market system to pay for medical treatment? a. Great Britain b. Sweden c. the United States d. Japan Answer: c Page Reference: 606 Skill: Factual 44) The concept “socialized medicine” refers to which of the following? a. government insurance programs that pay for medical care b. a medical system mostly owned and operated by the government c. programs to improve health by giving people support groups d. the gathering of similarly afflicted patients for group therapy Answer: b Page Reference: 606 Skill: Conceptual 45) Which of the following is NOT true of Obama’s plan for health care insurance in the United States? a. Insurance companies can legally refuse to provide coverage to those with a pre-existing condition. b. All families will pay an insurance tax. c. Parents can use their health care plans to include children up to age 26. d. Insurance companies cannot set caps on the amount of money they will pay to an individual for medical expenses over a lifetime.

Answer: a Page Reference: 607 Skill: Factual 46) In North America, an important medical issue is a. a surplus of nurses. b. a shortage of nurses. c. the fact that many hospitals are going bankrupt. d. doctors making less and less money.

Answer: b Page Reference: 610 Skill: Factual 47) Who was voted the “Greatest Canadian” for his role in bringing universal health care to Canada? a. Pierre Elliott Trudeau b. Sir John A. Macdonald c. Emmett M. Hall d. Tommy Douglas Answer: d Page Reference: 608 Skill: Factual 48) In his structural-functional analysis, Talcott Parsons claimed that society responds to illness by a. punishing ill people. b. withholding treatment to those who need it most. c. using the “sick role” to relieve ill people of many daily responsibilities. d. forcing people, sick or not, to perform important work.

Answer: c Page Reference: 611 Skill: Conceptual

49) Talcott Parsons described the physician-patient relationship as which of the following? a. permanent b. egalitarian c. unpleasant d. dysfunctional Answer: d Page Reference: 611 Skill: Conceptual 50) All of the following are criticisms of Talcott Parsons’s approach to health and medicine EXCEPT? a. It says little about the issue of prevention. b. It places doctors rather than people in charge of health. c. It assumes sick people can afford to take time off from work. d. It implies that there are no objective standards of well-being.

Answer: d Page Reference: 611–612 Skill: Conceptual 51) A symbolic-interaction approach to health and medicine emphasizes a. the meanings people attach to health and illness. b. social inequality in terms of health. c. how societies must excuse ill people from most responsibilities. d. the responsibilities of health care practitioners to their patients.

Answer: a Page Reference: 612 Skill: Conceptual 52) The topic of psychosomatic disorders is of greatest interest to sociologists guided by which theoretical approach? a. the structural-functional approach b. the symbolic-interaction approach c. the social-conflict approach d. the sociobiological approach Answer: b Page Reference: 612 Skill: Conceptual 53) From a social-conflict point of view, capitalism fails to support human health because a. it does not encourage development of new medical techniques and technologies. b. physicians have little financial incentive to work. c. it makes quality of care dependent on income. d. seeking sick pay, most workers don’t try to get better.

Answer: c Page Reference: 613 Skill: Conceptual 54) Following the social-conflict approach, patterns of health and illness are seen largely as a product of a. technology. b. how people define the situation they experience. c. how culture defines health and illness. d. social inequality.

Answer: d Page Reference: 613 Skill: Conceptual

55) Current research on human genetics promises all except which of the following? a. to not just treat disease, but stop it before it develops b. to give people information about their future medical condition c. to allow parents to assess the health profile of a future child d. to accomplish a great deal, except the eradication of genetic diseases like Huntington’s or cystic fibrosis Answer: d Page Reference: 614 Skill: Factual 56) Which of the following occupations is NOT noted in the text as among the most dangerous jobs in Canada? a. farming b. coal mining c. truck driving d. electrician Answer: d Page Reference: 616 Skill: Factual True/False Questions 57) Cultural patterns define what is or is not healthy. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 592 Skill: Conceptual 58) From a sociological point of view, health may be a matter of having the same diseases as one’s neighbours. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 592 Skill: Factual 59) Fifty years ago, on average, few people in North America understood the dangers of cigarette smoking or excessive sun exposure. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 592 Skill: Factual 60) Social inequality affects a society’s patterns of health. a. True

Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 593 Skill: Factual 61) The World Health Organization claims half of all humanity suffers from illnesses caused by poverty. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 593 Skill: Factual 62) Diseases such as heart disease and cancer are the leading killers in low-income nations. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 593 Skill: Factual 63) In much of the world, illness and poverty form a vicious circle, with each increasing the other. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 593 Skill: Factual 64) Industrialization gradually led to dramatic improvements in human health. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 593 Skill: Factual 65) Over the course of the last century, an important health trend in North America has been a rising death rate from infectious diseases. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 593 Skill: Factual 66) Social epidemiology is the study of how health and disease are distributed throughout a society’s population.

a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 593, 595 Skill: Conceptual 67) Because of so many auto accidents, death rates among young people are much higher than they were a century ago. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 595 Skill: Factual 68) Per capita, Canada was hardest hit by H1N1. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 595 Skill: Factual 69) In Canada, people with higher incomes have a more positive assessment of their personal health than people with low incomes. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 595 Skill: Factual 70) General health and life expectancy tend to be lower for immigrants than for those born in Canada. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: b Page Reference: 596 Skill: Factual 71) Social factors have little to do with cigarette smoking. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 596–598 Skill: Factual

72) Tobacco companies are increasing their sales in low-income nations, which lack strict regulations on the sale of cigarettes. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 598 Skill: Factual 73) Eating disorders have much to do with how our society defines femininity. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 598 Skill: Factual 74) Worldwide, more than three billion adults smoke cigarettes. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 598 Skill: Factual 75) People with more money to spend are more likely to become obese. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 598–599 Skill: Factual 76) Genital herpes is a curable sexually transmitted disease. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 600 Skill: Factual 77) About one month after being infected, most people with HIV begin to display symptoms. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 600 Skill: Factual

78) Anal sex is a behaviour that places people at higher risk for transmitting HIV. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 602 Skill: Factual 79) AIDS cannot be spread through sneezing. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 602 Skill: Factual 80) The world region with the highest rate of HIV infection is the Middle East. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 602 Skill: Factual 81) Heterosexual sex cannot transmit AIDS. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 601 Skill: Factual 82) Today’s advanced medical technology has made the definition of death much clearer. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 602 Skill: Factual 83) Active euthanasia refers to using a physician’s services to bring about a patient’s death. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 604 Skill: Conceptual

84) The rise of scientific medicine in Canada began with the founding of the Canadian Medical Association in 1847. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 605 Skill: Factual 85) Holistic medicine seeks to change the focus of medical practice from treating symptoms of disease to preventing disease and promoting health. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 605–606 Skill: Conceptual 86) About half of all physicians in Canada are women. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 611 Skill: Factual 87) The role of government in providing medical care is greater in the United States than in other highincome nations. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 611 Skill: Factual 88) The U.S. health care system is one example of the model called socialized medicine. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 606 Skill: Factual 89) Talcott Parsons developed the concept of the “sick role.” a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 611

Skill: Factual 90) Parsons claimed that, to qualify for the sick role, a person must want to become healthy and act in ways to restore health. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 611 Skill: Conceptual 91) Social definitions have little to do with health and illness, which are medical conditions involving human biology. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 612 Skill: Conceptual 92) Social-conflict analysis claims the profit motive enhances the quality of medical care in the United States. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 613 Skill: Conceptual 93) One criticism of the social-conflict analysis is that it minimizes the improvements in health care brought about by scientific medicine. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 613–614 Skill: Conceptual 94) Advances in human genetics hold out promise to prevent disease but also raise ethical issues about how this technology should be used. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 614 Skill: Factual Short Answer Questions

95) List four reasons sociologists claim that health is a societal as well as medical issue.

Page Reference: 592–593 Skill: Conceptual 96) What would you argue are the most serious threats to the health of Canadians? Explain your choices.

Page Reference: 595–598 Skill: Applied 97) What is social epidemiology? How can this study improve human health?

Page Reference: 593, 595 Skill: Conceptual 98) How does social class affect human health?

Page Reference: 595–596 Skill: Factual 99) In the event of a pandemic influenza in Canada, how should we decide who receives antivirals first, second, and third? Justify your choices.

Page Reference: 614 Skill: Applied 100) Why do many people consider cigarette smoking a major health problem in Canada?

Page Reference: 596–598 Skill: Factual 101) What do we know about the problem of obesity in North America that shows this to be a social and cultural issue?

Page Reference: 598–599 Skill: Factual 102) Discuss methods of HIV transmission in Canada and in the world as a whole.

Page Reference: 600–601 Skill: Factual 103) Define euthanasia. What is active euthanasia?

Page Reference: 604 Skill: Conceptual 104) How does holistic medicine differ from scientific medicine?

Page Reference: 605–606 Skill: Conceptual 105) What is socialized medicine? How does it differ from a direct-fee medical care system?

Page Reference: 606 Skill: Conceptual 106) Describe the shortage of nurses in North America. What are several reasons for this shortage?

Page Reference: 610 Skill: Factual 107) How might we encourage more men to go into the field of nursing?

Page Reference: 610 Skill: Applied

108) Discuss the idea that 30 years from now, the stereotypical physician may well be female.

Page Reference: 611 Skill: Applied 109) What is the “sick role”?

Page Reference: 611 Skill: Conceptual 110) Discuss how certain occupations put people at higher-than-average risk of accident or death.

Page Reference: 616 Skill: Conceptual Essay Questions 111) Describe patterns of health in low-income countries. What are the most common diseases and causes of death? How do such patterns differ in high-income nations?

Skill: Factual 112) What is social epidemiology? Answer by sketching patterns of health for the Canadian population, taking account of (a) gender, (b) social class, and (c) race.

Skill: Conceptual 113) Why is cigarette smoking considered the leading preventable cause of death in Canada? Describe the health consequences of smoking cigarettes. What categories of people are most and least likely to smoke? Has the smoking hazard always been recognized? Why, in your opinion, is cigarette smoking still common, especially among college students?

Skill: Applied 114) Use the case of obesity as the focus of an essay that explains why health and illness are as much societal and cultural issues as they are a medical issue.

Skill: Applied 115) What is the contribution to understanding health and medicine made by each of sociology’s three major theoretical approaches? Consider the structural-functional, symbolic-interaction, and social-conflict approaches in turn. Do they agree on any points?

Skill: Conceptual 116) Discuss the “right to die” debate. How has modern technology created this debate in the first place?

What are the arguments for legal euthanasia? What are the arguments against it? Which side do you find more convincing? Why? Skill: Conceptual 117) Write an essay that explains the importance of social class to human health. How does people’s income affect the extent and quality of treatment they receive? Do you think the inequality described here is a serious problem or not? Why? Skill: Factual 118) What is “two-tiered health care”? Identify the positive and negative consequences of such a system.

Overall, do you think we should have such a system in Canada? Why or why not?

Skill: Conceptual

119) Compare and contrast structural functionalism, symbolic interactionism, and social-conflict theory in terms of how each can help us organize and interpret facts and issues concerning human health.

Skill: Conceptual 120) How important are the social dimensions of medical care? Discuss in terms of social versus biological dimensions.

Skill: Conceptual 121) Compare and contrast health care in China, Russia, Sweden, the United States, and Canada. Which has the best health care? Why? Skill: Factual Quick Quiz: Multiple Choice Questions 1) In the world’s poorest nations today, most people die before reaching a. the age of 20. b. the age of 30. c. the age of 50. d. the age of 70.

Answer: b 2) In Western Europe and North America, scientists began to understand the causes of infectious diseases at about what point in history? a. 1700 b. 1775 c. 1850 d. 1950 Answer: c 3) Which of the following is an example of a chronic illness? a. influenza b. cancer c. accidents d. pneumonia Answer: b 4) Which of the following diseases is the biggest killer in today’s high-income nations? a. heart disease b. influenza c. pneumonia d. cholera Answer: a 5) Which sexually transmitted disease infects 45 million U.S. adults (about one in five)? a. syphilis b. genital herpes c. gonorrhea d. AIDS Answer: b 6) Talcott Parsons described the physician-patient relationship as which of the following? a. permanent b. egalitarian c. unpleasant

d. dysfunctional Answer: d 7) Following the social-conflict approach, patterns of health and illness are seen largely as a product of a. technology. b. how people define the situation they experience. c. how culture defines health and illness. d. social inequality.

Answer: d Skill: Conceptual Quick Quiz: True/False Questions 8) In much of the world, illness and poverty form a vicious circle, with each increasing the other. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a 9) Eating disorders have much to do with how our society defines femininity. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Quick Quiz: Short Answer Question 10) Describe the shortage of nurses in North America. What are several reasons for this shortage?

Test Bank for Macionis/Gerber, Sociology, Ninth Canadian Edition Chapter 22: Population, Urbanization, and Environment Multiple Choice Questions 1) Currently, about how many people are added to the world’s population each year? a. 740 000 b. 7.4 million c. over 80 million d. over 840 million Answer: c Page Reference: 626 Skill: Factual 2) In 2012, the world was home to about how many people? a. 7 billion b. 6 billion c. 900 million d. 160 million Answer: a Page Reference: 626 Skill: Factual

3) Demography is defined as the study of a. democratic political systems. b. human population. c. changes in human culture. d. the natural environment.

Answer: b Page Reference: 622 Skill: Conceptual 4) Fertility refers to a. life expectancy for a nation’s population. b. norms that encourage people to have children. c. the maximum number of children a woman can have. d. the incidence of child-bearing in a nation’s population.

Answer: d Page Reference: 622 Skill: Conceptual 5) Assume a country has a population of 400 million people and in a given year has 4 million births. What is this country’s current crude birth rate? a. 0.1 b. 1 c. 10 d. 4 million Answer: c Page Reference: 622–623 Skill: Applied 6) Which of the following concepts refers to the maximum possible child-bearing for women? a. the crude birth rate b. fertility c. fecundity d. the refined birth rate Answer: c Page Reference: 622 Skill: Conceptual 7) Which of the following concepts refers to the number of live births in a given year for every thousand people in a population? a. fertility b. refined birth rate c. crude birth rate d. fecundity Answer: c Page Reference: 622 Skill: Conceptual 8) The crude birth rate of North America is roughly _____ of Africa’s. a. 1/2 b. 1/3 c. 1/4 d. 5/6 Answer: b Page Reference: 623 Skill: Factual

9) In global perspective, the crude birth rate of high-income nations such as Canada is a. much higher than average. b. slightly higher than average. c. about equal to the average. d. below average.

Answer: d Page Reference: 623 Skill: Factual 10) If you were studying countries with very low infant mortality, in which of the following global regions would you be most likely to look? a. Latin America b. Africa c. Europe d. Asia Answer: c Page Reference: 623–624 Skill: Applied 11) Which of the following regions of Canada has the highest birth rate? a. the North b. the Prairies c. the Maritimes d. Ontario and Quebec Answer: a Page Reference: 624 Skill: Factual 12) Which of the following four statements about migration is NOT true? a. Migration can be voluntary or involuntary. b. Movement into a territory is called immigration. c. Movement out of a territory is called emigration. d. Migration has little or no effect on population size.

Answer: d Page Reference: 625 Skill: Conceptual 13) Canada is a high-income country; therefore, its population growth is likely to result from which of the following? a. both immigration and natural increase b. natural increase only c. immigration only d. emigration only Answer: a Page Reference: 625 Skill: Factual 14) Looking at countries around the world, what is the relationship between average income level and rate of population increase? a. The lower the average income, the greater the population increase. b. All nations are increasing at about the same rate. c. The higher the average income, the greater the population increase. d. Poor nations are holding steady; rich nations are decreasing.

Answer: a

Page Reference: 625 Skill: Factual 15) The demographic measure called the “sex ratio” refers to a. how easily couples conceive children. b. the number of males for every 100 females in the population. c. the number of females for every 100 males in the population. d. the ratio of children to adults in a population.

Answer: b Page Reference: 625 Skill: Conceptual 16) Why are sex ratios usually below 100? a. Many societies abort male fetuses. b. More females than males are born. c. Women typically outlive men. d. Men typically outlive women.

Answer: c Page Reference: 625 Skill: Factual 17) If you were to examine an age-sex pyramid for a low-income nation, you would expect to see which of the following patterns? a. a wide base, indicating a high birth rate b. a square shape, indicating a low birth rate c. a bulge in the middle, indicating a “baby boom” d. a wide apex, indicating long lifespans Answer: a Page Reference: 625 Skill: Applied 18) If a nation has a sex ratio of 106, as India does, it is very likely that parents there a. value sons more than daughters. b. value daughters more than sons. c. value children of both sexes equally. d. place little value on children.

Answer: a Page Reference: 625 Skill: Applied 19) Through most of human history, families had many children because a. children were a source of needed labour. b. they were able to determine that most of their children would be male. c. food was more plentiful, so nations could support a larger population. d. parents sought the large dowries that marrying off their daughters would produce.

Answer: a Page Reference: 626 Skill: Factual 20) When in history did global population begin to spike upward? a. 1500 b. 1750 c. 1900 d. 1975 Answer: b

Page Reference: 626 Skill: Factual 21) When did the world’s population reach 1 billion? a. 1600 b. 1700 c. 1800 d. 1900 Answer: c Page Reference: 626 Skill: Factual 22) How did the world’s population change during the twentieth century? a. it decreased by a quarter b. it doubled c. it tripled d. it quadrupled Answer: d Page Reference: 626 Skill: Factual 23) Currently, about how much of the global population increase is taking place in low-income nations? a. 33 percent b. 50 percent c. 75 percent d. 98 percent Answer: d Page Reference: 626 Skill: Factual 24) Thomas Robert Malthus claimed that a. the world could sustain an ever-larger population. b. population increase would eventually bring chaos to the world. c. industrialization would reduce the birth rate. d. population decrease threatened the world in the future.

Answer: b Page Reference: 627 Skill: Conceptual 25) Malthus argued that a. population would decrease in geometric progression. b. food and other resources would increase in arithmetic progression. c. people would reproduce to a sustainable point, then plateau. d. food and other resources would increase in a geometric progression.

Answer: b Page Reference: 627 Skill: Conceptual 26) The basic idea behind demographic transition theory is a. population patterns reflect a society’s level of technological development. b. population increase will outstrip the planet’s ability to support us. c. population increase is now mostly in high-income nations. d. technological development is happening at a slower rate than previous decades.

Answer: a Page Reference: 628

Skill: Conceptual 27) In the pre-industrial stage of economic development, population a. increases very slowly, with a high birth rate offset by a high death rate. b. increases rapidly due mostly to natural increase. c. increases rapidly due entirely to immigration. d. decreases very rapidly.

Answer: a Page Reference: 628 Skill: Factual 28) Which of the following statements correctly describes societies at the post-industrial level of economic development? a. birth rates are low b. death rates are high c. birth rates are high d. both birth and death rates remain nominal Answer: a Page Reference: 628 Skill: Factual 29) In Canada, the birth rate is currently a. at the replacement level. b. below the replacement level. c. slightly above the replacement level. d. well above the replacement level.

Answer: b Page Reference: 629 Skill: Factual 30) The concept “zero population growth” refers to the level of reproduction that a. produces a perfect age-sex pyramid. b. keeps the sex ratio steady at 100. c. maintains population at a steady state. d. will take the population steadily downward to zero.

Answer: c Page Reference: 629 Skill: Conceptual 31) Which of the following nations would you expect to be most concerned about declining population? a. a landlocked country such as Chad b. a large country such as Brazil c. a high-income country such as Japan d. a low-income country such as Bangladesh Answer: c Page Reference: 629 Skill: Applied 32) In poor nations of the world today, what is the average number of children born to a woman? a. ten b. eight c. six d. three Answer: d Page Reference: 629

Skill: Factual 33) In low-income countries, increasing opportunities available to women is likely to a. stagnate the economy. b. lower the birth rate. c. result in less schooling for men. d. increase the birth rate.

Answer: b Page Reference: 629 Skill: Factual 34) About how long ago in history did the first cities emerge? a. 12 000 years ago b. 4000 years ago c. 2000 years ago d. 1000 years ago Answer: a Page Reference: 630 Skill: Factual 35) Most historians agree that the first city was a. Ur. b. Uruk. c. Jericho. d. London.

Answer: c Page Reference: 630 Skill: Factual 36) In medieval cities of Europe, what was found at the city’s centre? a. a central business district b. the ghetto c. government buildings d. the cathedral Answer: d Page Reference: 630 Skill: Factual 37) With the Industrial Revolution, how did the physical design of cities change? a. Cities took on a new focus on religion. b. Straight boulevards gave way to winding streets. c. Urban populations became much smaller. d. Cities took on a new focus on business.

Answer: d Page Reference: 630 Skill: Factual 38) In what year was half the Canadian population living in urban places for the first time? a. 1880 b. 1920 c. 1931 d. 1985 Answer: c Page Reference: 632 Skill: Factual

39) Canada has ____ CMAs. a. 775 b. 400 c. 100 d. 33 Answer: d Page Reference: 632 Skill: Factual 40) In 1975, in which city would we have found the world’s tallest free-standing structure on land? a. New York City b. Chicago c. Toronto d. Montreal Answer: c Page Reference: 632 Skill: Factual 41) The concept “megalopolis” refers to which of the following? a. a vast urban region containing many cities and suburbs b. the largest city in any country c. a dense, central city d. the “rural rebound” Answer: a Page Reference: 633 Skill: Conceptual 42) Which of the following concepts was used by Ferdinand Tönnies to refer to a type of social organization in which people come together only on the basis of individual self-interest? a. Gemeinschaft b. Gesellschaft c. mechanical solidarity d. organic solidarity Answer: b Page Reference: 634 Skill: Conceptual 43) Which of the following concepts, used by Emile Durkheim, means about the same thing as Tönnies’s concept, Gesellschaft? a. mechanical solidarity b. organic solidarity c. Gemeinschaft d. anomie Answer: b Page Reference: 634 Skill: Conceptual 44) According to Emile Durkheim, while traditional, rural societies are held together by _____, modern urban societies are held together by _____. a. likeness; difference b. difference; likeness c. money; morals d. choice; conformity Answer: a

Page Reference: 634 Skill: Conceptual 45) The study of the link between the physical and social dimensions of cities is referred to as a. urbanism. b. urban ecology. c. mechanical solidarity. d. urbanization.

Answer: b Page Reference: 637 Skill: Conceptual 46) A third urban revolution is now taking place in a. the United States. b. high-income nations. c. middle-income nations. d. low-income nations.

Answer: d Page Reference: 639 Skill: Factual 47) Which of the following concepts refers to the study of the interaction of living organisms and the natural environment? a. sociobiology b. ecology c. demography d. urban studies Answer: b Page Reference: 639 Skill: Conceptual 48) The concept “environmental deficit” refers to a. long-term harm to the environment caused by a short-sighted focus on material affluence. b. the fact that too few people are engaged in the study of the natural environment. c. the fact that natural scientists ignore the social dimensions of environmental problems. d. efforts to protect the environment to benefit future generations.

Answer: a Page Reference: 640 Skill: Conceptual 49) Which of the following concepts refers to the optimistic approach to environmental issues that claims science can promote progress and solve environmental problems? a. the sustainability thesis b. the Malthusian thesis c. the limits to growth d. the logic of growth Answer: d Page Reference: 640–641 Skill: Conceptual 50) Which of the following statements expresses the “logic of growth”? a. Material affluence is dangerous to humanity. b. Technology and human ingenuity will continue to improve our lives. c. Quality of life on the Earth is declining. d. Growth makes no sense because we cannot sustain it indefinitely.

Answer: b Page Reference: 640–641 Skill: Conceptual 51) Which of the following statements expresses the “limits to growth” thesis? a. We are rapidly consuming the Earth’s finite resources. b. Whatever problems technology creates, technology can solve. c. Quality of life on the Earth is now improving. d. Growth makes sense because it raises living standards.

Answer: a Page Reference: 641 Skill: Conceptual 52) As a rich nation that values consumption and convenience, we can be described as a. a “Malthusian society.” b. a “recycling society.” c. a “disposable society.” d. a “Marxist society.”

Answer: c Page Reference: 641–642 Skill: Conceptual 53) Environmentalists argue that we should address the problem of solid waste by a. using less. b. burning it. c. burying it. d. chemically breaking it down.

Answer: a Page Reference: 641 Skill: Conceptual 54) What percentage of the earth’s water is in the oceans? a. 10 b. 37 c. 60 d. 97 Answer: d Page Reference: 642 Skill: Factual 55) Less than 1 percent of the earth’s water is suitable for a. irrigation. b. manufacturing use. c. swimming. d. drinking.

Answer: d Page Reference: 642 Skill: Factual 56) Which of the following accounts for most water use in the world today? a. industry b. agriculture c. households d. water parks, golf courses, and other recreational settings Answer: b

Page Reference: 643 Skill: Factual 57) Which Canadian prime minister was declared the “greenest prime minister” in history? a. Pierre Elliott Trudeau b. Jean Chretien c. Stephen Harper d. Brian Mulroney Answer: d Page Reference: 643 Skill: Factual 58) Which of the following is evidence of the shortage of fresh water now found around the world? a. China’s supply of ground water is increasing, while everywhere else it’s declining rapidly. b. Water supply in the Middle East is at a sustainable level, while everywhere else it’s declining rapidly. c. Mexico City has pumped so much water from the ground that the city continues to sink about two inches per year. d. The use of bottled water is required in most first-world countries.

Answer: c Page Reference: 642–643 Skill: Factual 59) Why is the gradual loss of the world’s rainforests an important environmental concern? a. Rainforests are vital to maintaining the planet’s biodiversity and climate. b. Rainforests are necessary grazing lands. c. Rainforests are a vital source of hardwoods and other raw materials. d. Rainforests are a source of carbon monoxide.

Answer: a Page Reference: 646 Skill: Factual 60) Mounting evidence suggests that the average temperature of the planet is a. now steady. b. rising. c. falling. d. lower than it has ever been.

Answer: b Page Reference: 646–647 Skill: Factual 61) The environmental racism thesis falls within which theoretical approach? a. the structural-functional approach b. the sociobiology approach c. the symbolic-interaction approach d. the social-conflict approach Answer: d Page Reference: 647–648 Skill: Conceptual 62) Which of the following is NOT one of the three strategies on which sustainable living depends? a. bring population growth under control b. reduce waste c. conserve finite resources d. reduce urbanization Answer: d

Page Reference: 648–649 Skill: Conceptual True/False Questions 63) Demography is the study of the size and composition of a society’s population. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 622 Skill: Conceptual 64) Fecundity is a simple and useful way to measure population increase. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 622 Skill: Conceptual 65) To calculate a crude birth rate, divide the number of live births in a year into the total population and multiply the result by 1000. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 622–623 Skill: Factual 66) The crude birth rate in North America is lower than that for Asia. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 623 Skill: Factual 67) The crude death rate is a good measure of a society’s population decline. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 623 Skill: Conceptual 68) The crude death rate for Canada is very high by world standards. a. True Incorrect

b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 624 Skill: Factual 69) The infant mortality rate for Aboriginal people in Canada is higher than the Canadian national average. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 624 Skill: Factual 70) The average life expectancy for Canadian females born today is about sixty years. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 624 Skill: Factual 71) People’s movement out of a territory is called immigration. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 624–625 Skill: Conceptual 72) The forced transport of 10 million slaves from Africa to the western hemisphere is an example of involuntary migration. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 625 Skill: Conceptual 73) Most people migrate due to a combination of “push” and “pull” factors. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 625 Skill: Factual 74) In general, low-income countries grow as much from immigration as from natural increase. a. True

Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 625 Skill: Factual 75) An annual growth rate of about 2 percent will cause a society’s population to double in about 35 years. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 625 Skill: Factual 76) Sex ratios are usually greater than 100 because men typically outlive women. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 625 Skill: Factual 77) In many low-income nations, parents value sons more than daughters, which explains why the agesex ratio in these nations may be higher than 100. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 625 Skill: Factual 78) An age-sex pyramid is useful, in part, because it helps predict the demographic future of a society. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 625, 627 Skill: Factual 79) The planet’s population first reached 1 billion about the year 1500. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 626 Skill: Factual 80) Thomas Robert Malthus expected population to increase according to an arithmetic progression.

a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 627 Skill: Factual 81) It would be fair to say that Malthus was a pessimist about the future of the world. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 627 Skill: Factual 82) Demographic transition theory states that humanity must act now to reduce fertility if we are to save the planet. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 628 Skill: Conceptual 83) More than sixty nations, including Canada, have a birth rate below the zero population growth point. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 629 Skill: Factual 84) Expanding opportunities for women around the world is one important strategy that will help limit global population increase. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 629 Skill: Factual 85) “Zero population growth” refers to cases in which no more people are born. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 629 Skill: Conceptual

86) Today, the three or four largest cities contain as many people as did the entire world some 12 000 years ago. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 630 Skill: Factual 87) A metropolis is a large city that socially and economically dominates an urban area. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 632 Skill: Conceptual 88) Durkheim’s concept of mechanical solidarity parallels Tönnies’s concept of Gemeinschaft. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 633–634 Skill: Conceptual 89) Georg Simmel claimed that urbanites are so interested in each other’s lives that there is little privacy in cities. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 634 Skill: Conceptual 90) An early focus on cities and urban life was found at the University of Chicago’s sociology department. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 634–635 Skill: Factual 91) Urban political economy is influenced by the thinking of Karl Marx. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 637–638 Skill: Factual

92) More than half of the world’s cities with populations over five million are in less developed countries. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 639 Skill: Factual 93) In general, people living in low-income nations cause much more harm to the environment than people living in high-income nations do. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 639 Skill: Factual 94) The limits to growth thesis states that humans can expect to solve whatever environmental problems come along. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 641 Skill: Factual 95) Because our planet that is mostly covered with oceans, there is no shortage of fresh water. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 642–643 Skill: Factual 96) At the present rate of loss, almost all of the rainforests will be gone by the end of this century. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 646 Skill: Factual 97) Global warming could cause the oceans to fall by two to three feet during this century. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 646–647

Skill: Factual 98) Protecting the rainforests is vital to maintaining the Earth’s biodiversity. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 647 Skill: Factual 99) Environmental racism is a pattern by which environmental hazards are greatest for the poor, especially poor minorities. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 647 Skill: Conceptual 100) Sustainable living depends, in part, on conserving finite resources. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 648–649 Skill: Conceptual 101) Mumbai, India is a megacity. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 648 Skill: Factual 102) The high level of consumption in rich countries is not an issue in terms of the environment. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 648 Skill: Conceptual Short Answer Questions 103) Why is the crude birth rate “crude?”

Page Reference: 622–623 Skill: Conceptual

104) Compared to world standards, how would you describe the Canadian crude birth rate, crude death rate, and infant mortality rate?

Page Reference: 623 Skill: Factual 105) What is a net migration rate? How is it calculated?

Page Reference: 625 Skill: Conceptual 106) What is an “age-sex pyramid”? Why is it useful in the study of population?

Page Reference: 625 Skill: Conceptual 107) What two assertions about population and resources were made by Thomas Robert Malthus?

Page Reference: 627 Skill: Conceptual 108) What are the four stages in demographic transition theory?

Page Reference: 628 Skill: Conceptual 109) How do population patterns differ in the northern and southern hemispheres?

Page Reference: 629 Skill: Factual 110) Why is empowering women important to controlling global population?

Page Reference: 629 Skill: Factual 111) What three urban revolutions have reshaped human societies?

Page Reference: 630 Skill: Factual 112) State the basic idea of the “logic of growth” thesis.

Page Reference: 640–641 Skill: Conceptual 113) State the basic idea of the “limits to growth” thesis.

Page Reference: 641 Skill: Conceptual 114) Why are environmentalists concerned about the loss of the planet’s rainforests?

Page Reference: 646 Skill: Factual 115) What is “environmental racism”?

Page Reference: 647–648 Skill: Conceptual 116) What is the debate about global warming?

Page Reference: 646–647 Skill: Conceptual

117) Sustainable living depends on three strategies. What are these strategies? Explain.

Page Reference: 648–649 Skill: Conceptual Essay Questions 118) Clearly state the warning given to the world by Thomas Robert Malthus. How does demographic transition theory respond to this warning? Provide data on the history of global population increase, and indicate whether or not you think it provides evidence that supports Malthus’s view. What about demographic transition theory? Which position do you find more convincing? Why? Skill: Conceptual 119) Examine the four age-sex pyramids on page 627 of the text. Write an essay in which you analyze these pyramids showing how they provide information about the past, present, and future of Canada’s population.

Skill: Applied 120) What is “urbanism as a way of life”? Develop a description of urbanism drawing on ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Simmel, and Wirth. In what ways do they agree? Also note points of disagreement.

Skill: Conceptual 121) Describe the state of the natural environment in Canada. Consider solid waste, water supply, water pollution, and air pollution. Do you think the environment is getting better or worse? Why? Skill: Factual 122) What do we learn from the urban political economy approach? How does this approach differ from the “urbanism as a way of life” theory developed by Louis Wirth and others? (Consider whether cities are self-defining on the basis of population size, density, and diversity, or whether cities reflect larger economic forces such as capitalism.)

Skill: Conceptual 123) What are the qualities of urbanism that attract people to cities? What would Tönnies, Durkheim, and Simmel say are the attractions of cities? What would they say are the disadvantages of city life?

Skill: Conceptual 124) 97% of current population growth is in poor countries. What does this mean for the future of poor nations? Of rich nations?

Skill: Factual 125) What do you think of the one-child policy implemented by China to control population growth?

Should other countries adopt such a policy? Which ones? Why did you choose the ones you did? Explain fully.

Skill: Applied Quick Quiz: Multiple Choice Questions 1) Which region of the world has both the highest birth rate and the highest infant mortality rate? a. Latin America b. Africa c. Europe d. Asia Answer: b

2) How much did the world’s population increase during the twentieth century? a. not at all—it stayed about the same b. it doubled c. it tripled d. it quadrupled Answer: d 3) Canada is a high-income country; therefore, its population growth is likely to result from which of the following? a. both immigration and natural increase b. natural increase only c. immigration only d. emigration only Answer: a 4) In Canada, the birth rate is currently a. at the replacement level. b. below the replacement level. c. slightly above the replacement level. d. well above the replacement level.

Answer: b 5) Most historians agree that the first city was a. Ur. b. Uruk. c. Jericho. d. London.

Answer: c 6) Urban decentralization has led to all of the following EXCEPT? a. an expansion of suburbs b. the development of vast urban regions c. the growth of edge cities d. the growth of farming communities Answer: d 7) According to Emile Durkheim, while traditional, rural societies are held together by _____, modern urban societies are held together by _____. a. likeness; difference b. difference; likeness c. money; morals d. choice; conformity Answer: a Quick Quiz: True/False Questions 8) To calculate a crude birth rate, divide the number of live births in a year into the total. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a 9) Sex ratios are usually greater than 100 because men typically outlive women.

a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Quick Quiz: Short Answer Question 10) What three urban revolutions have reshaped human societies?

Test Bank for Macionis/Gerber, Sociology, Ninth Canadian Edition Chapter 23: Collective Behaviour and Social Movements Multiple Choice Questions 1) Collective behaviour involves action that often a. is planned. b. involves a large number of people. c. is commonly accepted. d. involves individuals more than large groups.

Answer: b Page Reference: 657 Skill: Conceptual 2) Collective behaviour is difficult to study because a. it involves only one particular kind of behaviour. b. it is often transitory—that is, it is brief and passing. c. it is always violent. d. people object to being watched.

Answer: b Page Reference: 657–658 Skill: Conceptual 3) Which of the following is NOT a form of collective behaviour? a. a fad b. mass hysteria c. a deviant subculture d. public opinion Answer: c Page Reference: 657 Skill: Applied 4) A collectivity involves a large number of people a. with minimal interaction and few well-defined norms. b. who know each other well. c. who interact in a formal setting such as a college classroom. d. who are members of a well-defined social group.

Answer: a Page Reference: 658 Skill: Conceptual 5) Which of the following is an example of a local collectivity? a. family members quietly reading in their living room b. excited soccer fans throwing bottles as they leave a stadium

c. two people holding hands as they walk through the woods d. groups of people discussing the issues of the day on an internet forum Answer: b Page Reference: 658 Skill: Applied 6) Which of the following is a good example of a crowd? a. many people walking on a city street who stop to observe an auto accident b. many people who are graduates of the same college c. a few people who gather at a city park every Saturday to play tennis d. a few people who live in the same college dorm Answer: a Page Reference: 658–659 Skill: Applied 7) Which of the following is NOT one of the types of crowds discussed in the text? a. casual crowd b. acting crowd c. lasting crowd d. conventional crowd Answer: c Page Reference: 659 Skill: Conceptual 8) A New Year’s Eve celebration in a public nightclub is an example of which kind of crowd? a. protest crowd b. conventional crowd c. expressive crowd d. casual crowd Answer: c Page Reference: 659 Skill: Applied 9) Because of their intense emotion, mobs a. can be violent and destructive. b. tend to last a long time. c. include people who get to know one another. d. are usually passive and observe basic social norms.

Answer: a Page Reference: 659 Skill: Conceptual 10) A riot differs from a mob in that the riot a. is not usually violent. b. typically has little focus or no clear goal. c. involves fewer people. d. is not as common in Canadian history.

Answer: b Page Reference: 659–660 Skill: Conceptual 11) A highly emotional crowd that pursues a violent or destructive goal is a a. riot. b. acting crowd. c. fad.

d. mob.

Answer: d Page Reference: 659 Skill: Conceptual 12) Almost all of the 100 known lynchings of women involved a. Asian women. b. Mexican women. c. White women. d. Black women.

Answer: d Page Reference: 659 Skill: Factual 13) Ordinary people can gain __________ by acting collectively. a. wealth b. power c. absolutely nothing d. fame Answer: b Page Reference: 660 Skill: Conceptual 14) According to contagion theory, crowds have a(n) ______________ effect on their members. a. calming b. hypnotic c. enraging d. emotional Answer: b Page Reference: 660 Skill: Conceptual 15) Contagion theory states that people in crowds a. make their own rules as they go along. b. carry a plan for their behaviour into the crowd. c. behave in surprisingly “normal” ways. d. are taken over by the spreading emotions of the crowd.

Answer: d Page Reference: 660 Skill: Conceptual 16) Convergence theory states that people in crowds a. make their own rules as they go along. b. carry a plan for their behaviour into the crowd. c. behave in surprisingly “normal” ways. d. are taken over by the contagious emotions of the crowd.

Answer: b Page Reference: 661 Skill: Conceptual 17) Emergent-norm theory states that people in crowds a. make their own rules as they go along. b. carry a plan for their behaviour into the crowd. c. behave in surprisingly “normal” ways. d. are taken over by the contagious emotions of the crowd.

Answer: a Page Reference: 661 Skill: Conceptual 18) Mass behaviour is defined as collective behaviour a. in the form of a riot or a mob. b. involving people in a crowd. c. among people spread over a wide geographic area. d. involving powerful emotions.

Answer: c Page Reference: 662 Skill: Conceptual 19) Which of the following is an example of mass behaviour? a. a riot b. a rumour c. a mob d. a crowd Answer: b Page Reference: 662 Skill: Applied 20) The concept “gossip” refers to a. statements that are untrue. b. beliefs that are widespread. c. rumours about people’s personal affairs. d. widespread attitudes about controversial issues.

Answer: c Page Reference: 662 Skill: Conceptual 21) “Widespread attitudes about controversial issues” is the definition of which of the following concepts? a. public opinion b. gossip c. rumour d. propaganda Answer: a Page Reference: 662 Skill: Conceptual 22) Which of the following concepts refers to efforts to shape the public’s attitudes on some issue? a. fashion b. gossip c. mass behaviour d. propaganda Answer: d Page Reference: 662 Skill: Conceptual 23) Sociologists say that people in pre-industrial societies typically conform to a “style.” By contrast, they point out that members of modern societies conform to a. nothing at all. b. the same styles as in the past. c. fashion and fads. d. familiar throwbacks to their youth.

Answer: c Page Reference: 663–664 Skill: Conceptual 24) Hula hoops, streaking, and Pokemon cards are all examples of a. fads. b. fashion. c. style. d. social movements.

Answer: a Page Reference: 664 Skill: Applied 25) Fashion differs from a fad in that fashion a. is shorter lived. b. is less conventional. c. reflects established cultural values. d. denies established cultural values.

Answer: c Page Reference: 663–664 Skill: Factual 26) Thorstein Veblen used the concept “conspicuous consumption” to refer to which of the following? a. doing things in public instead of in private b. consuming expensive things to show off one’s wealth c. boycotting certain products as a form of protest d. trying to look more socially disadvantaged than you really are Answer: b Page Reference: 663 Skill: Conceptual 27) The fears about the possibility of a meteor hitting the earth could easily give rise to which of the following? a. a conventional crowd b. a moral panic c. a protest crowd d. a fad Answer: b Page Reference: 664 Skill: Conceptual 28) “Mass hysteria” is another name for a. acting crowd. b. casual crowd. c. moral panic. d. fashion.

Answer: c Page Reference: 664 Skill: Conceptual 29) The War of the Worlds broadcast in 1938 created an example of which phenomena? a. mass hysteria b. collective effervescence c. propaganda d. gossip

Answer: a Page Reference: 664 Skill: Applied 30) The enormous oil spill by the tanker Exxon Valdez in 1989 is an example of which of the following types of disasters? a. natural disaster b. technological disaster c. intentional disaster d. supernatural disaster Answer: b Page Reference: 665 Skill: Applied 31) Hurricane Katrina, the storm that devastated the Gulf Coast in 2005, is best thought of as an example of which of the following types of disasters? a. natural disaster b. technological disaster c. intentional disaster d. supernatural disaster Answer: a Page Reference: 665 Skill: Applied 32) The genocide that took place in the Darfur region of Sudan is an example of which of the following types of disasters? a. technological disaster b. natural disaster c. intentional disaster d. supernatural disaster Answer: c Page Reference: 665 Skill: Applied 33) Kai Erikson explains that disasters harm people in a way the public often fails to realize by a. destroying property. b. killing people. c. breaking down people’s communities. d. disabling communications networks.

Answer: c Page Reference: 665 Skill: Factual 34) The atomic tests near Utrik Island in 1954 was a disaster for the 159 people who lived there. Kai Erikson explains that this disaster a. brought the people together in a good way. b. never really had an ending. c. was completely fixed by the U.S. government within a few days. d. showed how it is possible to predict and prepare for disasters.

Answer: b Page Reference: 666 Skill: Applied 35) Social movements are defined as a. unlawful activity in the form of rioting.

b. widely dispersed efforts to force people to conform. c. any formal organization that uses propaganda. d. organized activity that encourages or discourages social change.

Answer: d Page Reference: 666 Skill: Conceptual 36) In pre-industrial societies, social movements a. were quite rare. b. were typically about economic issues. c. commonly took the form of rioting. d. were more common than they are today.

Answer: a Page Reference: 666 Skill: Factual 37) Today, social movements develop around any number of a. widely held beliefs. b. controversial public issues. c. national goals. d. commonly accepted political agendas.

Answer: b Page Reference: 666–667 Skill: Factual 38) Of the various types of social movements, which are least threatening to the status quo? a. alternative social movements b. redemptive social movements c. reformative social movements d. revolutionary social movements Answer: a Page Reference: 667 Skill: Conceptual 39) Historically, there have been three major dynamic sources of social change in Canada. Which of the following is NOT one of these three? a. race relations b. class relations c. the multicultural nature of our society d. regional identity Answer: a Page Reference: 667 Skill: Conceptual 40) Which type of social movement seeks radical social change, but only in some people? a. alternative social movements b. redemptive social movements c. reformative social movements d. revolutionary social movements Answer: b Page Reference: 667 Skill: Conceptual 41) Which type of social movement seeks radical change in all of society? a. alternative social movements

b. redemptive social movements c. reformative social movements d. revolutionary social movements Answer: d Page Reference: 667 Skill: Conceptual 42) Alcoholics Anonymous, an organization that seeks to help alcoholics achieve a sober life, is one example of which type of social movement? a. alternative social movements b. redemptive social movements c. reformative social movements d. revolutionary social movements Answer: b Page Reference: 667 Skill: Applied 43) Efforts by activists to get the public to recognize the danger of AIDS in the early 1980s is a good example of what process related to social movements? a. formalization b. moral panic c. claims making d. structural strain Answer: c Page Reference: 668 Skill: Applied 44) Deprivation theory states that social movements arise among people who a. feel adrift in society. b. have plenty of money and other resources. c. feel they lack enough income, power, or human dignity. d. mobilize around cultural symbols.

Answer: c Page Reference: 668 Skill: Conceptual 45) The concept of relative deprivation is based on the idea that a. people evaluate themselves by making specific comparisons. b. some people have more than others. c. people always judge their situation in absolute terms. d. getting more makes people feel better about themselves.

Answer: a Page Reference: 668 Skill: Conceptual 46) Mass-society theory predicts that social movements will involve people who a. are socially isolated. b. have sufficient resources to launch and sustain them. c. feel they lack enough income, power, or human dignity. d. mobilize around cultural symbols.

Answer: a Page Reference: 669 Skill: Conceptual 47) Structural-strain theory claims that social movements

a. have a single cause. b. begin when there is widespread agreement that society has some serious problem. c. do not come together as a result of some precipitating factor. d. are isolated incidents of individual communities, and not a problem for society at large.

Answer: b Page Reference: 670 Skill: Conceptual 48) Neil Smelser developed __________ theory. a. structural strain b. mass society c. resource mobilization d. convergent norm Answer: a Page Reference: 670 Skill: Factual 49) Which of the following is NOT one of the six factors in structural strain theory that encourages the development of social movements? a. lack of social control b. structural strain c. precipitating factors d. structural exclusion Answer: d Page Reference: 670 Skill: Conceptual 50) Resource-mobilization theory states that social movements require a. a cultural symbol. b. money and other necessary resources. c. a sense of relative deprivation. d. advanced technology.

Answer: b Page Reference: 670 Skill: Conceptual 51) Which theoretical approach states that social movements depend on rallying around symbols? a. mass-society theory b. deprivation theory c. resource-mobilization theory d. culture theory Answer: d Page Reference: 671 Skill: Conceptual 52) A strength of political economy theory is its a. focus on the individuals involved in social movements. b. focus on relative deprivation. c. emphasis on weak social ties among individuals. d. macro-level approach.

Answer: d Page Reference: 672 Skill: Conceptual

53) The political economy approach to social movements is closely linked to which of the following social thinkers? a. Max Weber b. Neil Smelser c. Karl Marx d. Thorstein Veblen Answer: c Page Reference: 672 Skill: Factual 54) In what way do “new social movements” differ from those in the past? a. They are more likely to be international. b. They are likely to focus on economic rather than social issues. c. They are unlikely to attract support from middle- and upper-middle-class people. d. They are likely to be local.

Answer: a Page Reference: 672–673 Skill: Factual 55) Which of the following is the best example of an issue that defines a “new social movement”? a. poverty in the United States b. global warming c. the strength of labour unions d. the conditions of immigrant farm workers in the Southwest Answer: b Page Reference: 672 Skill: Applied 56) Which of the following is a valid criticism of new social movements theory? a. Economic issues are still involved in most such movements. b. Few middle- and upper-middle-class people join social movements. c. Few social movements are international in scope. d. Economic issues are rarely involved in any social movements.

Answer: a Page Reference: 673 Skill: Factual 57) An example of the importance of gender in social movements is the fact that a. few women are interested in most public issues. b. men have taken most leadership roles in social movements. c. men tend to avoid participation in social movements. d. women typically have taken leadership roles in social movements.

Answer: b Page Reference: 673 Skill: Factual 58) One stage in the life of a social movement is called “coalescence.” This stage refers to which of the following? a. the emergence of the movement b. the movement defining itself and “going public” c. developing a capable staff to keep the movement operating d. the decline of the movement Answer: b Page Reference: 674 Skill: Conceptual

59) The stage of a social movement called “bureaucratization” refers to a. the emergence of the movement. b. the movement defining itself and “going public.” c. developing a capable staff to keep the movement operating. d. the decline of the movement.

Answer: c Page Reference: 674 Skill: Conceptual 60) What is the reason that social movements decline? a. They haven’t accomplished their purpose. b. They suffer a loss of resources, including motivated members. c. The existing power structure strikes them down. d. They become mired in bureaucracy and simply cannot function.

Answer: b Page Reference: 674–675 Skill: Factual 61) Looking ahead, social movements are likely to a. make use of less computer technology. b. focus less on the global and more on the local. c. involve minorities and other marginalized people, who will seek a greater political voice. d. evaporate, as society becomes more tight-knit and disparate groups conform to a sympathetic society.

Answer: c Page Reference: 675 Skill: Factual 62) Which of the following is TRUE? a. Only 20 percent of Canadians believe that, financially, the lot of the average person is getting worse. b. Ninety percent of Canadians have a great deal of faith in our federal and provincial leaders. c. A majority of Canadians do not trust politicians. d. Eighty-six percent of Canadians feel stressed because life is beyond control.

Answer: c Page Reference: 676 Skill: Factual 63) C. Wright Mills noted that many of the problems we encounter as individuals are caused by a. the ignorance of the individual. b. the structure of society. c. social movements. d. the individual being too lazy to look for work or seek appropriate help.

Answer: b Page Reference: 676 Skill: Conceptual True/False Questions 64) Fashion and fads, riots, crowds, mass hysteria, and public opinion are all types of collective behaviour. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect

Answer: a Page Reference: 657 Skill: Conceptual 65) Collective behaviour is generally easy to explain. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 657 Skill: Conceptual 66) To a passing observer, all types of collective behaviour appear very much the same. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 657 Skill: Conceptual 67) Disasters and mobs are both examples of collective behaviour. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 657 Skill: Conceptual 68) People sitting on a beach are one example of a casual crowd. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 659 Skill: Applied 69) One type of crowd can easily change into another type. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 659 Skill: Conceptual 70) Unlike a mob action, a riot usually has a clear goal. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b

Page Reference: 659 Skill: Conceptual 71) Only a handful of actual mob lynchings in the United States have ever been documented. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 659 Skill: Factual 72) Some riots are fuelled by hate, but some riots are caused by positive emotions. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 659–660 Skill: Factual 73) Contagion theory was proposed by Gustave Le Bon. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 660 Skill: Factual 74) Convergence theory claims that crowds can have a hypnotic effect on participants. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 661 Skill: Conceptual 75) People in crowds who act emotionally are not necessarily acting irrationally—there may be a good reason for the strong emotion. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 660 Skill: Factual 76) Convergence theory suggests crowd behaviour comes from the people who join the crowd. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a

Page Reference: 661 Skill: Conceptual 77) While gossip may spread throughout a society, rumour is localized. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 662 Skill: Conceptual 78) Propaganda, by definition, involves statements that are false. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 662 Skill: Conceptual 79) In industrial societies, traditional style gives way to changing fashion. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 663 Skill: Factual 80) According to Georg Simmel, trendsetters are usually people from the lower class. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 663–664 Skill: Factual 81) In recent decades, many fashions born among the poor have become popular among people who are more affluent. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 664 Skill: Factual 82) Fads are sometimes called “crazes.” a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a

Page Reference: 664 Skill: Conceptual 83) Another name for “mass hysteria” is “moral panic.” a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 664 Skill: Conceptual 84) A major oil spill from a ship would be an example of a “natural disaster.” a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 665 Skill: Applied 85) Genocide—the systematic killing of many people—is an example of an “intentional disaster.” a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 665 Skill: Applied 86) Kai Erikson claims that, as serious as many disasters are, they usually are over quickly. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 665 Skill: Factual 87) Social movements are common in pre-industrial societies. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 666 Skill: Factual 88) Significant public issues are likely to give rise to a social movement favouring change and one opposing it. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a

Page Reference: 667 Skill: Conceptual 87) All social movements call for basic change to all of society. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 667–668 Skill: Factual 88) During the winter semester of 2012, university students in Quebec protested against the provincial government’s plan to lower tuition, believing this would impact their quality of education. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 668 Skill: Factual 89) William Kornhauser’s mass-society theory suggests that involvement in social movements is likely among people with strong social ties. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 669 Skill: Conceptual 90) William Kornhauser’s mass-society theory claims that social movements are personal as much as political in that they offer people a sense of meaning and purpose. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 669 Skill: Conceptual 91) Neil Smelser argues that an effective social movement need not have a clear statement of the problem nor a clear understanding of a solution. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 670 Skill: Factual 92) Social movements need resources, including members, in order to succeed. a. True Correct

b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 670 Skill: Factual 93) Culture theory would argue that a photograph or some other symbol often serves as the rallying point for forming a social movement a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 671–672 Skill: Conceptual 94) “New social movements” tend to be about “bread-and-butter” economic issues. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 672–673 Skill: Conceptual 95) Political-economy theory links social movements to opposition to the capitalist economy. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 672 Skill: Conceptual 96) Women have been at the forefront of most social movements. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 673 Skill: Factual 97) The “coalescence” of a social movement includes its efforts to “go public.” a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 674 Skill: Conceptual 98) Some social movements continue, even after they achieve their original goal. a. True Correct

b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 674–675 Skill: Factual 99) Social movements rarely bring about significant social change. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 675 Skill: Factual 100) The scope of social movements is likely to increase in the future. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 675 Skill: Conceptual 101) We can expect to see international social movements in the future. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 675 Skill: Factual 102) Every social movement makes a claim about how the world should be. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 677 Skill: Factual 103) Local problems in Afghanistan, for example, have no implications for the rest of the world. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 677 Skill: Applied 104) Whatever the goal of a social movement, there will always be people who oppose its efforts. a. True Correct b. False

Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 677 Skill: Factual Short Answer Questions 105) What are three reasons that collective behaviour is difficult to study?

Page Reference: 657–658 Skill: Conceptual 106) What are three key differences between “collectivities” and “social groups”?

Page Reference: 658 Skill: Conceptual 107) What are four categories of crowds? Give an example of each.

Page Reference: 659 Skill: Conceptual 108) What does an “acting crowd” become when it turns violent?

Page Reference: 659 Skill: Conceptual 109) Provide a one-sentence statement of the contagion theory of crowd behaviour.

Page Reference: 660 Skill: Conceptual 110) Provide a one-sentence statement of the convergence theory of crowd formation.

Page Reference: 661 Skill: Conceptual 111) Provide a one-sentence statement of the emergent-norm theory of crowd behaviour.

Page Reference: 661 Skill: Conceptual 112) What is the difference between “rumour” and “gossip”?

Page Reference: 662 Skill: Conceptual 113) What is public opinion? Do all people’s opinions have the same importance? Why or why not?

Page Reference: 662 Skill: Conceptual 114) What is propaganda? Provide an example of propaganda.

Page Reference: 662–663 Skill: Conceptual 115) Define “fashion” and “fad” so that their differences are clear.

Page Reference: 663–664 Skill: Conceptual 116) What is a “panic”? What is a “moral panic” (also called “mass hysteria”)?

Page Reference: 664

Skill: Conceptual 117) What is a “disaster”? What are three types of disasters? Give an example of each.

Page Reference: 665 Skill: Conceptual 118) Name and define four types of social movements.

Page Reference: 666–668 Skill: Conceptual 119) What is “claims making?” Why is this process important to the success of a social movement?

Page Reference: 668 Skill: Conceptual 120) How does deprivation theory differ from mass-society theory as an explanation of social movements?

Page Reference: 668 Skill: Conceptual 121) What is mass society theory?

Page Reference: 669 Skill: Conceptual 122) What is structural strain theory?

Page Reference: 670 Skill: Conceptual 123) What is political-economy theory as an explanation of social movements?

Page Reference: 672–673 Skill: Conceptual 124) How do “new social movements” differ from older social movements?

Page Reference: 672–673 Skill: Conceptual 125) What are the four stages in the life course of a social movement?

Page Reference: 674–675 Skill: Conceptual Essay Questions 126) How does collective behaviour differ from the other social patterns of interest to sociologists? What are the difficulties in studying collective behaviour? What do you see as the special benefits of doing so?

Skill: Conceptual 127) What is a crowd? How is it different from a social group? Describe the main characteristics of the five major forms of crowds: casual, conventional, expressive, acting, and protest crowds. Provide an example of each.

Skill: Conceptual 128) Describe contagion theory, convergence theory, and emergent-norm theory. What are the points of similarity and difference between these three theories? Discuss the strengths of each theory, as well as the points that may be criticized.

Skill: Conceptual 129) What have sociologists learned about disasters? What are three types of disasters? Provide an example of each. Explain why the social damage caused by a disaster may end up being more serious than property damage.

Skill: Factual 130) Sociologists have developed a number of theoretical explanations of social movements. Identify the six theoretical approaches noted in the text and provide an account of each. What do we learn from each? What criticism can be made of each? On the basis of this material, do you think we have developed an adequate understanding of social movements? Why or why not?

Skill: Conceptual 131) Based on the discussion found in the final box in the chapter, why do you think so many people in Canada are reluctant to become involved in social movements? What cultural characteristics of this society might explain this reluctance? In light of this pattern, how do you explain the fact that, over our history, many people have become involved in social movements, often with significant results?

Skill: Applied 132) Identify at least three social movements mentioned in the chapter. Using one or more theories of social movements, provide an explanation for the emergence of each. Can you identify stages in each social movement? If so, what are they?

Skill: Applied 133) Explain how technology can and has become an important resource for social movements. Use specific examples to strengthen your argument.

Skill: Applied Quick Quiz: Multiple Choice Questions 1) Fashion differs from a fad in that fashion a. is shorter lived. b. is less conventional. c. reflects established cultural values. d. denies established cultural values.

Answer: c 2) Kai Erikson explains that disasters harm people in a way the public often fails to realize by a. destroying property. b. killing people c. breaking down people’s communities. d. destabilizing communication networks.

Answer: c 3) Today, social movements develop around any number of a. widely held beliefs. b. controversial public issues. c. national goals. d. commonly accepted political agendas.

Answer: b 4) The political economy approach to social movements is closely linked to which of the following social thinkers? a. Max Weber

b. Neil Smelser c. Karl Marx d. Thorstein Veblen Answer: c 5) Which of the following is an example of mass behaviour? a. a riot b. a rumour c. a mob d. a crowd Answer: b 6) Collective behaviour is difficult to study because a. it involves only one particular kind of behaviour. b. it is often transitory—that is, it is brief and passing. c. it is always violent. d. people object to being watched.

Answer: b 7) In pre-industrial societies, social movements a. were quite rare. b. were typically about economic issues. c. commonly took the form of rioting. d. were more common than they are today.

Answer: a Quick Quiz: True/False Questions 8) To a passing observer, all types of collective behaviour appear very much the same. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b 9) According to Georg Simmel, trendsetters are usually people from the lower class. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Quick Quiz: Short Answer Question 10) What are three reasons that collective behaviour is difficult to study?

Test Bank for Macionis/Gerber, Sociology, Ninth Canadian Edition Chapter 24: Social Change: Traditional, Modern, and Postmodern Societies Multiple Choice Questions 1) The chapter-opening story about the Kaiapo centres around the influence of _______ on their lives and culture. a. the internet

b. television c. industrialization d. electricity Answer: b Page Reference: 683 Skill: Factual 2) The concept of modernity refers to changes in social patterns brought on by which of the following? a. the fall of the Roman Empire b. the Enlightenment c. the Industrial Revolution d. globalization Answer: c Page Reference: 683 Skill: Conceptual 3) Which of the following concepts refers to changes brought on by the Information Revolution? a. feudalism b. tradition c. modernity d. postmodernity Answer: d Page Reference: 683 Skill: Conceptual 4) Social change is almost always a. controversial. b. planned. c. good for everyone in a society. d. organized.

Answer: a Page Reference: 684 Skill: Factual 5) Rocket technology, which began during the 1940s, is an example of which of the following? a. invention b. diffusion c. discovery d. hysteria Answer: a Page Reference: 684 Skill: Applied 6) Sociologists point out that a. some societies change and others do not. b. social change happens all the time. c. all social change is good. d. social change occurs in fits and starts.

Answer: b Page Reference: 684 Skill: Conceptual 7) Sociologists explain that the consequences of social change are a. always positive. b. always negative.

c. usually both positive and negative. d. impossible to assess.

Answer: c Page Reference: 683 Skill: Factual 8) The fact that the coins we use were an idea that came from the Middle East centuries ago is an example of which of the following? a. invention b. discovery c. diffusion d. exclusion Answer: c Page Reference: 684–685 Skill: Applied 9) Which of the following is NOT a common cause of social change? a. discovery of existing things b. diffusion from one cultural system to another c. invention of new ideas and things d. maintaining tradition Answer: d Page Reference: 684 Skill: Factual 10) Ralph Linton explained that most familiar elements to our way of life a. actually came to us from other cultures. b. are unique to our own society. c. were unknown even a few decades ago. d. were discovered completely by accident.

Answer: a Page Reference: 684 Skill: Factual 11) Karl Marx highlighted which of the following in the process of social change? a. invention b. ideas c. social conflict d. cultural diffusion Answer: c Page Reference: 685 Skill: Conceptual 12) Max Weber’s thesis on the Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism highlighted the importance of which of the following in the process of social change? a. invention b. ideas c. social conflict d. cultural diffusion Answer: b Page Reference: 685 Skill: Conceptual 13) A central concept in the study of social change is a. mechanical solidarity.

b. modernization. c. diffusion. d. Gemeinschaft.

Answer: b Page Reference: 686 Skill: Conceptual 14) Demographic change in Canada over the course of the last century includes all of the following EXCEPT a. migration. b. a larger share of elderly people. c. living in cities. d. rapidly expanding rural communities.

Answer: d Page Reference: 686–687 Skill: Factual 15) Modernity is the concept used for the social patterns that began to change the world about when? a. the 1490s b. the 1600s c. the 1750s d. the 1920s Answer: c Page Reference: 686 Skill: Factual 16) Which of the following is NOT a trait that Berger links to modernity? a. the decline of large cities b. the expansion of personal choice c. increasing social diversity d. a future orientation and growing awareness of time Answer: a Page Reference: 686–687 Skill: Factual 17) Which of the following would Peter Berger point to as a good indicator of a society’s degree of modernization? a. cave dwellings b. wristwatches c. fire d. the wheel Answer: b Page Reference: 687 Skill: Conceptual 18) Ferdinand Tönnies described modernity as the loss of a. Gemeinschaft. b. Gesellschaft. c. social diversity. d. personal choice.

Answer: a Page Reference: 687 Skill: Conceptual 19) Who wrote the theories of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft?

a. Max Weber b. Ferdinand Tönnies c. Georg Simmel d. Karl Marx Answer: b Page Reference: 687 Skill: Factual 20) For Tönnies, the essence of Gesellschaft is a. faith in established tradition. b. rational self-interest. c. kinship. d. neighbourhood and friendship.

Answer: b Page Reference: 687 Skill: Conceptual 21) A criticism of Tönnies’s thinking about modernity is that he a. saw modernity as entirely positive. b. claimed modern people are business-like in their relationships. c. overlooked the fact that strong social ties still exist in modern society. d. did not see the Industrial Revolution as making much difference in social patterns.

Answer: c Page Reference: 689 Skill: Conceptual 22) Emile Durkheim claimed that the defining trait of modernity was a. faith in established tradition. b. kinship. c. common beliefs. d. an increasing division of labour.

Answer: d Page Reference: 689 Skill: Conceptual 23) Durkheim’s concept of organic solidarity is roughly the same as Tönnies’s concept of a. Gemeinschaft. b. Gesellschaft. c. mechanical solidarity. d. specialization.

Answer: b Page Reference: 689 Skill: Conceptual 24) Durkheim’s greatest concern about modern societies focused on a. a rise of anomie. b. increasing personal choice. c. increasing productive specialization. d. increasing personal privacy.

Answer: a Page Reference: 690 Skill: Conceptual 25) Max Weber defined modernity in terms of which of the following concepts? a. capitalism

b. specialization c. self-interest d. rationality Answer: d Page Reference: 690 Skill: Conceptual 26) For Weber, pre-industrial societies are characterized by a focus on a. personal choice. b. tradition. c. productive specialization. d. rationality.

Answer: b Page Reference: 690 Skill: Factual 27) Max Weber saw all of the following as evidence of modernization EXCEPT a. the rise of capitalism. b. the rise of science. c. the spread of bureaucracy. d. the increasing importance of religion.

Answer: d Page Reference: 690 Skill: Factual 28) Which of the following thinkers was, on balance, most critical of modern society? a. Max Weber b. Emile Durkheim c. Peter Berger d. Ferdinand Tönnies Answer: a Page Reference: 691 Skill: Factual 29) You are a Weberian and you wish to promote social change throughout the world, leading to industrial capitalism and national wealth. What would you do? a. eliminate social classes b. change the non-material culture of countries to embrace rationality and a work ethic c. heighten global social conflict d. eliminate the work ethic Answer: b Page Reference: 690–691 Skill: Applied 30) Karl Marx understood modernity in terms of which of the following? a. the rise of rationality b. increasing productive specialization c. the rise of the capitalist economic system d. the loss of traditional community Answer: c Page Reference: 691 Skill: Conceptual 31) You have chosen to defend a Marxist interpretation of social structure and change in an upcoming classroom debate. What will be the core of your presentation?

a. Ideas cause social change. b. Conflict between classes motivates social change. c. The natural environment causes social change. d. Religion causes social change.

Answer: b Page Reference: 691 Skill: Applied 32) A mass society is one that a. has a shrinking bureaucracy. b. is poor and limited in terms of economic production. c. has lost much of its traditional social ties. d. has very strong traditional social ties.

Answer: c Page Reference: 691 Skill: Conceptual 33) Which of the following statements is NOT accurate? a. In many modern societies, we find many statuses and many specialized roles. b. In traditional societies, schooling is limited to elites. c. In modern societies, there is little religious pluralism. d. In traditional societies, change is slow.

Answer: c Page Reference: 692–693 Skill: Conceptual 34) Which of the following statements would NOT be made by someone who believes we live in a mass society? a. There are more poor people now than in the past. b. Kinship ties are weaker now than in the past. c. Religious beliefs play a smaller role in society than ever before. d. People experience more moral uncertainty about how to live than ever before.

Answer: a Page Reference: 691, 693 Skill: Applied 35) A number of sociologists contributed to a mass-society theory of modernity. Which of the following sociologists is NOT one of them? a. Emile Durkheim b. Karl Marx c. Ferdinand Tönnies d. Max Weber Answer: b Page Reference: 691 Skill: Factual 36) To say that modern society has a “mass scale” means that many fewer people a. live in small communities. b. have a strong sense of cultural heritage. c. are very sure about what is right and wrong. d. live in large metropolitan centres.

Answer: a Page Reference: 691, 693 Skill: Conceptual

37) Mass-society theory offers a criticism of modern society as having a. become less and less affluent. b. pushed minorities to the margins. c. become an impersonal mass of socially rootless people. d. become an interconnected and socially conscious group of tight-knit communities.

Answer: c Page Reference: 691, 693 Skill: Conceptual 38) The problem mass-society theory sees with the expansion of bureaucracy and the state is that a. as bureaucracy and the state grow, people in local communities have little control over their lives. b. government is not very efficient. c. there is an increase in social inequality. d. people feel the need for more personal freedom.

Answer: a Page Reference: 693 Skill: Conceptual 39) The class-society theory of modernity is based on the ideas of which of the following sociologists? a. Emile Durkheim b. Karl Marx c. Max Weber d. Ferdinand Tönnies Answer: b Page Reference: 694 Skill: Conceptual 40) The class-society approach to modernity focuses on which of the following? a. marked social stratification b. productive specialization c. loss of traditional community d. rationality Answer: a Page Reference: 695 Skill: Conceptual 41) If you were following the class-society approach, which factor would you focus on as shaping modern society the most? a. rationality b. interdependency c. capitalism d. anomie Answer: c Page Reference: 694 Skill: Conceptual 42) Applying mass-society theory, you would claim that the biggest problem facing individuals in modern society is a. poverty. b. too much tradition. c. powerlessness. d. establishing a clear personal identity.

Answer: d Page Reference: 695 Skill: Applied

43) Individuals experience modern mass societies in terms of a. pronounced moral relativism. b. little personal choice. c. too little privacy. d. powerlessness.

Answer: a Page Reference: 695–696 Skill: Conceptual 44) David Riesman described tradition-directed social character as which of the following? a. eagerness to adopt the latest fashions and fads b. rigid conformity to established ways of life c. being highly individualistic d. loose, even absent, conformity to established ways of life Answer: b Page Reference: 696 Skill: Conceptual 45) David Riesman described other-directed social character as which of the following? a. eagerness to adopt the latest fashions and fads b. rigid conformity to established ways of life c. being highly individualistic d. an unwillingness to adopt the latest fashions and fads Answer: a Page Reference: 696 Skill: Conceptual 46) Which of the following four statements is TRUE? a. Members of traditional societies conform; members of modern societies do not. b. Members of modern societies conform; members of traditional societies do not. c. Members of both traditional and modern societies conform, but to different degrees and for different reasons. d. Neither members of traditional nor modern societies conform.

Answer: c Page Reference: 696 Skill: Conceptual 47) Following mass-society theory, the key problem of living in a modern society is a. finding any personal freedom. b. dealing with persistent poverty. c. gaining a sense of power. d. building a confident personal identity in a quickly changing and morally relativistic world.

Answer: d Page Reference: 695–696 Skill: Conceptual 48) Following class-society theory, the key problem of living in a modern society is a. economic inequality with most people feeling powerless. b. too much personal freedom. c. difficulty building a clear personal identity. d. too much rationality.

Answer: a Page Reference: 694–695 Skill: Conceptual

49) Herbert Marcuse challenged Max Weber by claiming that modern societies a. are much too rational. b. are irrational because they fail to meet most people’s needs. c. have made great strides in reducing inequality. d. have little effect on the individual.

Answer: b Page Reference: 698 Skill: Conceptual 50) What did Herbert Marcuse have to say about science? a. Science is the key to modern affluence. b. Science is not new to modern societies; it has existed for centuries. c. Science causes as many problems as it solves. d. Science is only one dimension of “rationality.”

Answer: c Page Reference: 698 Skill: Factual 51) In the post-industrial world, control of the “means of production”—using Marxist terms—means access to a. wealth. b. information. c. power. d. industrial capital.

Answer: b Page Reference: 698–699 Skill: Conceptual 52) The Kaiapo of Brazil’s rainforest show us that a. “progress” is typically good. b. social change is usually good for everyone. c. people do not have to change if they do not want to. d. people sometimes gain money at the cost of losing their cultural foundation.

Answer: d Page Reference: 701 Skill: Applied 53) The concept “postmodernity” refers to which of the following? a. societies that have yet to industrialize b. societies that keep their traditions c. societies that have entered the post-industrial era d. societies that are just beginning to industrialize Answer: c Page Reference: 699 Skill: Conceptual 54) Scholars who take a postmodernist approach claim that a. in many respects, modernity has failed. b. science holds the important answers. c. people should be optimistic about their future. d. in most respects, modernity has been a success.

Answer: a Page Reference: 699 Skill: Conceptual

55) Which of the following four statements is FALSE? a. The future probably will not be as good as the present. b. Science does not hold all the answers. c. Cultural debates are intensifying. d. The family and other social institutions are not changing.

Answer: d Page Reference: 701–703 Skill: Conceptual True/False Questions 56) Modernity is the product of social changes brought on by the Industrial Revolution. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 683 Skill: Conceptual 57) In global perspective, we see that some societies change but others do not. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 683 Skill: Factual 58) William Ogburn’s theory of cultural lag states that non-material culture usually changes faster than material culture. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 684 Skill: Conceptual 59) Social change is usually controversial. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 684 Skill: Conceptual 60) Social change results from invention, discovery, and cultural diffusion. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect

Answer: a Page Reference: 684 Skill: Conceptual 61) Karl Marx claimed that conflict between classes had the effect of preventing social change. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 685 Skill: Conceptual 62) Modernization means that fewer people live in small, traditional communities. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 686 Skill: Conceptual 63) Modernization typically reduces the range of personal choice about how to live. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 686 Skill: Conceptual 64) Modernization typically decreases social diversity. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 686 Skill: Conceptual 65) Sociologist Peter Berger suggests that the rising popularity of wearing wristwatches is a good indicator that a traditional society is beginning to modernize. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 687 Skill: Applied 66) Modernization touched off the development of sociology. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect

Answer: a Page Reference: 687 Skill: Factual 67) Ferdinand Tönnies described Gesellschaft as based on the power of the community over the individual. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 687 Skill: Conceptual 68) Saying that people are “essentially united in spite of all separating factors” is a good way to describe what Tönnies called Gemeinschaft. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 687 Skill: Conceptual 69) Emile Durkheim’s concept of mechanical solidarity parallels Tönnies’s concept of Gesellschaft. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 689–690 Skill: Conceptual 70) According to Emile Durkheim, modern societies are held together by difference, a process he called “organic solidarity.” a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 689 Skill: Conceptual 71) Emile Durkheim understood modernization in terms of changes in societal solidarity. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 689–690 Skill: Conceptual 72) Durkheim considered a rising suicide rate a good indicator that mechanical solidarity was getting stronger. a. True

Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 690 Skill: Conceptual 73) Max Weber worried that modern societies were prone to a condition he called “anomie.” a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 690 Skill: Conceptual 74) Max Weber declared modern societies to be “disenchanted.” a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 690 Skill: Conceptual 75) While Max Weber linked modern alienation to inequality, Karl Marx linked modern alienation to expanding bureaucracy. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 690–691 Skill: Conceptual 76) Karl Marx considered the defining trait of modern society to be capitalism. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 691 Skill: Conceptual 77) Karl Marx was a major architect of mass-society theory. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 691, 693 Skill: Factual 78) Mass-society theory argues that the scale of social life is increasing, leaving people feeling lost in a world of vast and impersonal bureaucracies.

a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 691, 693 Skill: Conceptual 79) According to mass-society theory, the mass media transform people in countless local communities forming a national culture. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 691, 693 Skill: Conceptual 80) A criticism of mass-society theory is that it pays too much attention to social inequality. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 693–694 Skill: Conceptual 81) The class-society theory of modernity is derived largely from the social-conflict approach of Karl Marx. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 694 Skill: Conceptual 82) The class-society theory states that modernization has greatly reduced social inequality. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 694 Skill: Conceptual 83) Difficulty forming a personal identity is a problem of modernity highlighted by mass-society theory. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 695 Skill: Conceptual

84) Mass-society theory claims that modern people tend to develop tradition-directed personalities and hold on to conventional ways of life. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 695 Skill: Conceptual 85) David Riesman’s other-directed people are characterized by superficiality, weak beliefs, and an openness to change. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 695–696 Skill: Conceptual 86) Today’s other-directed people have little interest in fashions and fads. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 696 Skill: Conceptual 87) Class-society describes the personal experience of modernity as powerlessness. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 697–698 Skill: Conceptual 88) The story of the Kaiapo in Brazil shows that modernization makes people better appreciate their traditions. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 698 Skill: Applied 89) “Postmodernity” refers to societies transformed by the Industrial Revolution. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b Page Reference: 683

Skill: Conceptual 90) The theory of postmodernity claims that, in important respects, modernity has failed to live up to its promise. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Page Reference: 699 Skill: Conceptual Short Answer Questions 91) What are four key characteristics of the process of social change?

Page Reference: 684 Skill: Conceptual 92) What are the three important causes of cultural change?

Page Reference: 684–685 Skill: Conceptual 93) What demographic (population) trends are reshaping Canada?

Page Reference: 685 Skill: Factual 94) What are Peter Berger’s four major characteristics of modernization?

Page Reference: 686 Skill: Conceptual 95) Define the concepts Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft in ways that make their difference clear.

Page Reference: 687 Skill: Conceptual 96) Explain Emile Durkheim’s point in saying that modern society is characterized by “organic solidarity.”

Page Reference: 689 Skill: Conceptual 97) What did Emile Durkheim say about modernization changing society’s solidarity? What about modernization affecting specialization?

Page Reference: 689–690 Skill: Conceptual 98) What did Max Weber say was the defining trait of modern society?

Page Reference: 690 Skill: Conceptual 99) In a sentence or two, what is the basic idea behind mass-society theory?

Page Reference: 691, 693 Skill: Conceptual 100) In a sentence or two, what is the basic idea behind class-society theory?

Page Reference: 694

Skill: Conceptual 111) According to mass-society theory, what problems do modern individuals face? What does classsociety theory have to say about the personal problems of modern people?

Page Reference: 691, 693 Skill: Conceptual 112) Is modernization the same around the world? Why or why not?

Page Reference: 698 Skill: Conceptual 113) What is “postmodernity”?

Page Reference: 699 Skill: Conceptual 114) Write a one-sentence statement of the prospects for positive social change in poor nations from each of the two theoretical approaches: modernization theory and dependency theory.

Page Reference: 701, 703 Skill: Applied 115) Briefly, make the argument that Canadians and Americans are different.

Page Reference: 702 Skill: Applied 116) Briefly, make the argument that Canadians and Americans are the same.

Page Reference: 702 Skill: Applied 117) Does McDonald’s opening restaurants around the world encourage modernity at the expense of tradition?

Page Reference: 704–705 Skill: Applied Essay Questions 118) Social change has as many causes as it has consequences. In this essay, identify and discuss several causes of social change, including cultural processes (invention, discovery, and diffusion), social conflict, ideas, and demographic patterns. Of these factors, which do you think is the most important?

Why? Skill: Conceptual 119) What is modernity? How are modern societies different from traditional societies? Discuss the defining traits of modernity according to Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx.

Skill: Conceptual 120) Develop an essay that highlights various qualities of modern societies following (a) mass-society theory and (b) class-society theory. Carefully describe modern societies in such a way as to bring out the differences in the two theories. On what points do they agree? In your opinion, which is the more convincing argument? Why? Skill: Conceptual

121) People in Canada are inclined to speak of social change as “progress.” In this essay, critically assess that contention. Does the idea of “change as progress” hold up? Try to develop a more complex statement of the link between social change and quality of life.

Skill: Applied 122) Summarize the main arguments of modernization theory and dependency theory with respect to the transformation of poor societies. How does the former approach make social change sound more positive and easier than the second? What is the role of high-income nations such as Canada, according to each approach? On balance, which approach do you find more convincing? Why? Skill: Conceptual 123) Explain the tension between personal freedom and social responsibility in modern societies. How are modern societies different from traditional societies in terms of balancing these two factors? Do you think our society needs more of one or the other? Explain and defend your position.

Skill: Applied 124) What is the Information Revolution? Discuss positive and negative consequences of the Information Revolution. All in all, is the Information Revolution good or bad for Canadian society? Support your answer.

Skill: Conceptual Quick Quiz: Multiple Choice Questions 1) Social change is almost always a. controversial. b. planned. c. good for everyone in a society. d. brief and clearly defined.

Answer: a 2) Which of the following is NOT a common cause of social change? a. discovery of existing things b. diffusion from one cultural system to another c. invention of new ideas and things d. adherence to one cultural system and the rejection of others Answer: d 3) Karl Marx highlighted which of the following in the process of social change? a. invention b. ideas c. social conflict d. cultural diffusion Answer: c 4) Durkheim’s greatest concern about modern societies focused on a. a rise of anomie. b. increasing personal choice. c. increasing productive specialization. d. increasing personal privacy.

Answer: a 5) The class-society theory of modernity is based on the ideas of which of the following sociologists? a. Emile Durkheim b. Karl Marx

c. Max Weber d. Ferdinand Tönnies Answer: b 6) Individuals experience modern mass societies in terms of a. pronounced moral relativism. b. little personal choice. c. too little privacy. d. powerlessness.

Answer: a 7) Sociologists explain that the consequences of social change are a. always positive. b. always negative. c. usually both positive and negative. d. impossible to assess.

Answer: c Quick Quiz: True/False Questions 8) In global perspective, we see that some societies change but others do not. a. True Incorrect b. False Correct Answer: b 9) Karl Marx considered the defining trait of modern society to be capitalism. a. True Correct b. False Incorrect Answer: a Quick Quiz: Short Answer Question 10) What demographic (population) trends are reshaping Canada?