Hazard Mitigation And Preparedness An Introductory Text For Emergency Management And Planning Profes

Chapter 1 Test

Name: Date:

Multiple-Choice, True/False Below are 15 Multiple-Choice, True/False questions. Choose the best answer. Each question is worth 4 points for a total of 60 points:

1. The typical costs associated with hazards that affect the built environment include: a. economic b. social c. environmental d. all of the above

2. After a hazard event, ecosystems: a. can cause human-made disasters b. fail to sustain further plant life c. can regenerate and plant and animal life can begin anew d. lose their ability to regenerate animal life

3. Over the long-term, volcanic lava and ash: a. prevent future plant growth b. form fertile soils that stimulate new plant growth c. do not produce any beneficial results as compared to other natural hazards d. remain unchanging components in the delicate balance of nature

4. The following are not considered types of geophysical processes involved in natural hazards: a. extraterrestrial b. geographical

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Chapter 1 Test c. hydrological d. meteorological

5. Systems of hazard measurement used by meteorologists, hydrologists, and other scientists include: a. Saffir-Simpson scale b. Richter scale c. Modified Mercalli scale d. all of the above

6. Natural hazards may appear to be increasing in frequency because of all of the following except: a. heightened media exposure b. increased development in vulnerable areas c. strong building codes d. the effects of climate change 7. We are experiencing more disasters than ever before in our Nation’s history because a. Disasters tend to occur in 50 year cycles b. Developers are motivated more by profit than by building environmentally friendly structures c. The population doesn’t take disaster preparation seriously d. More development and more people are in harm’s way than ever before

8. Who finances activities of local, state, and federal governments before, during, and after a disaster? a. the taxpayers b. FEMA c. Department of Homeland Security

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Chapter 1 Test d. the federal government

9. Poor and marginalized communities and individuals are much more likely to be injured, killed or displaced by a disaster. True or False?

10. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body assessing and publishing reports about climate change. True or False?

11. Changes in climate do not have any effect on the weather than a community experiences.

True or False?

12. In many communities that experience disasters, the long-term economic damages caused by businesses remaining closed can have a ripple effect that makes it difficult to recover. True or False?

13. Hurricane Katrina was the most powerful hurricane that has ever made landfall in the United States. True or False?

14. The proportion of the United States population living on or near the coastline has been decreasing slightly over the past few decades. True or False?

15. Technological disasters, such as chemical spills, can be a secondary impacts brough on by natural hazards. True or False?

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Chapter 1 Test

Short Answer Below are 5 Short Answer questions. Each question is worth 4 points for a total of 20 points:

16. While the occurrence of natural hazards such as floods, hurricanes, and tornadoes is largely beyond human control, _

such as oil spills or terrorism are accidentally or

intentionally caused by people.

17. Sometimes referred to as the ―CNN syndrome,‖ our increased awareness of disasters worldwide through the internet and social media makes it appear that there are natural disasters.

18.

refers to the concept that vulnerability to disasters is not equally

distributed across society, so that both in the United States and across the world, factors such as wealth, gender, or race can impact an individual’s ability to withstand hazards.

19. The degree to which humans reduce emissions of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere such as carbon dioxide will effect the rate that our

changes in the future.

20. If local goverments and states are overwhelmed by a disaster and need help covering the costs of recovery and reconstruction, they typically turn to the

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Chapter 1 Test

Essay Below are 2 Essay questions. Answer each question using complete sentences. Each question is worth 10 points for a total of 20 points:

21. Suppose a powerful hurricane is approaching the Atlantic coast. Explain why this does not necessarily constitute a disaster. What factors might result in a disaster from this scenario?

22. Explain why disaster losses in the United States have been increasing in recent decades and provide examples to illustrate each reason.

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Chapter 1 Test

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Hazard Mitigation and Preparedness Chapter 1 Answer Key Multiple Choice/True-False 1. d. all of the above 2. c. can regenerate and plant and animal life can begin anew 3. b. form fertile soils that stimulate new plant growth 4. b. geographical 5. d. all of the above 6. c. strong building codes 7. d. More development and more people are in harm’s way than ever before 8. a. the taxpayers 9. true 10. true 11. false 12. true 13. false 14. false 15. true

Short Answer 16. human-made disasters 17. more and bigger 18. Social vulnerability 19. climate 20. federal government

Essay 21. Suppose a powerful hurricane is approaching the Atlantic coast. Explain why this does not necessarily constitute a disaster. What factors might result in a disaster occuring from this scenario?

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Hazard Mitigation and Preparedness Chapter 1 Answer Key Natural hazards such as hurricanes only become disasters when they alter the normal functioning of our communities and society. In the scenario described, a hurricane at sea approaching the Atlantic coast has not neccesarily caused any damage to humans. Even if it comes ashore, it is not guaranteed that a disaster will follow, if the impacted community is sufficiently prepared for the impact and has taken steps to reduce injuries and damage to property.

An Atlantic hurricane poses a range of risks to communities that could result in a disaster.

These include direct financial costs, such as damage to property and infrastructure. In the longrun, a hurricane may harm a communities economy if businesses remain closed or the community has difficulty funding a rebuilding effort. Environmental costs could include contamination of rivers by industrial or agriculture operations that are flooded. A large hurricane may even have broader social costs, such as displacement of people in severely damaged communities.

22. Explain why disaster losses in the United States have been increasing in recent decades and provide examples to illustrate each reason.

Disaster losses have been increasing in the United States for several reasons. The primary reason is that development and investments have been increasing in vulnerable areas, such as along coastlines, steep slopes, the wildland-urban interface. Additionally, the number and severity of some hazards are increasing because of climate change, including heavy rainstorms, more prolonged droughts and extreme heat waves.

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Preparedness, Hazard Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Chapter 2 Answer Key Multiple Choice/True-False 1. b. Modeling 2. d. Providing low-interest loans to businesses damaged by the storm 3. d. EOPs help guide ongoing mitigation actions 4. a. Build an emergency supply kit 5. d. Reducing damage or preventing disaster due to hazards 6. a. reducing emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide 7. b. Cap-and-trade strategies to reduce carbon emssions that result in climate change 8. false 9. false 10. true 11. false 12. false 13. true 14. true 15. true

Short Answer 16. Hazard mitigation planning 17. all-hazards approach 18. present 19. floodplains, wetlands, dunes, marshes, etc (or other natural systems that may serve as a barrier to impacts) 20. green

Essay 21. During disaster recovery there is often a tension between speed and quality of recovery. In some cases, if communities rebuild in the same places and with the same techniques, they are recreating the same vulnerability that existed before the disaster. In this way, rebuilding too quickly could mean that opportunities to build back in safer, more resilient ways are missed.

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Preparedness, Hazard Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Chapter 2 Answer Key Hazard mitigation seeks to break the cycle of destruction and reconstruction that accompanies repeat disasters by adaptating human settlement patters and construction techniques to reflect the threat posed by future hazards.

22. A community or region developed or redeveloped to minimize the human, environmental, and property losses and the social and economic disruption caused by disasters. A resilient community understands natural systems, and realizes that appropriate siting, design, and construction of the built environment are essential to advances in disaster prevention. While responses may vary, it is important that they emphasize that losses and disruptions are minimized in resilient communities.

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Preparedness, Hazard Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Chapter 2 Test Name: Date:

Multiple-Choice, True/False Below are 15 Multiple-Choice, True/False questions. Choose the best answer. Each question is worth 4 points for a total of 60 points:

1. Which of the following is not considered to be a phase of the comprehensive emergency management cycle? a. Preparedness b. Mitigation c. Modeling d. Response

2. What is the best example of preparedness for an ice storm? a. Burying power lines to prevent power outages b. Ensuring that emergency shelters are stocked with food and fuel for generators c. Quickly clearing downed trees and other debris from roads d. Providing low-interest loans to businesses damaged by the storm

3. All of the following except which one are reasons for preparing Emergency Operations Plans (EOPs) as part of preparedness activities? a. EOPs establish a chain of command b. EOPs designate responsible parties for specific roles c. EOPs help ensure continuity of government functions d. EOPs help guide ongoing mitigation actions 4. FEMA’s public engagement and awarenes campaign to promote preparedness (Ready.gov) urgues individuals to:

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Preparedness, Hazard Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Chapter 2 Test a. Build an emergency supply kit b. Remain confident that a disaster will not occur c. Rely on first responders to rescue them if a disaster does occur d. donate money to disaster aid organizations

5. What is the ultimate result of succesful mitigation actions? a. Developing better warnings and emergency alert systems b. Holding more realistic exercises and drills for first responders c. Becoming eligible for state and federal disaster assistance d. Reducing damage or preventing disaster due to hazards

6. Climate change mitigation refers to efforts to address the cause of climate change, such as: a. reducing emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide b. adaptating to changes in hurricane frequency and intensity c. preparedness activities such as early warning systems for tsunamis d. all of the above

7. All of the following except which one are strategies to mitigate hazards and/or adapt to the effects of climate change? a. Land use strategies to guide development and people out of harm’s way b. Cap-and-trade strategies to reduce carbon emissions that result in climate change c. Infrastructure strategies to modify physical systems to become more resilient d. Natural resource strategies that protect ecosystems that provide protective services

8. A study of 5,500 mitigation grants showed that, on average, for every dollar spent on mitigation, one dollar was saved over time because of reduced or avoided losses. True or False?

9. According to the National Weather Service (NWS), almost half of all flood fatalities occur due to walking into or near flood waters. True or False?

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Preparedness, Hazard Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Chapter 2 Test 10. Most vehicles can float in only two feet of water. True or False?

11. Mitigation is defined as ―any sustained action to reduce or eliminate short-term risk to people and property from hazards and their effects‖. True or False?

12. In creating Emergency and Awareness Educational preparedness programs, children should not be encouraged to make 911 calls due to abuses to the system. True or False?

13. Mitigation is the ongoing effort to lessen the impacts of disasters on people and property through pre-disaster activities. True or False?

14. Maps are an important component of a community risk assessment, as they can be used to illustrate where hazards intersect with the built environment in a graphic and visual way. True or False?

15. Many adaptation actions that lessen the impacts of climate change may also be effective hazard mitigation strategies. True or False?

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Preparedness, Hazard Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Chapter 2 Test Short Answer Below are 5 Short Answer questions. Each question is worth 4 points for a total of 20 points:

16.

is the process of determining how to reduce or eliminate the loss

of life and property damage that can happen as a result of hazards.

17. An

to mitigation planning involves consideration of all the

hazards with the potential for causing harm, including natural hazards – earthquakes, snowstorms, flooding, hurricanes and the like -- as well as manmade hazards such as technological accidents and terrorism.

18. Sustainable development is development that ―meets the needs of the

without

compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.‖

19. Mitigation calls for conservation of natural and ecologically sensitive areas such as

which allows the environment to absorb some of the impact of hazard events.

20. Communities may wish to encourage local residents and business owners to include ―

‖ building techniques to improve energy and water efficiency efficiency (for

example, installing solar panels as damaged roofs are repaired), and to use recycled building materials.

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Preparedness, Hazard Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Chapter 2 Test Essay Below are 2 Essay questions. Answer each question using complete sentences. Each question is worth 10 points for a total of 20 points:

21. After many disasters, it is natural and expected for people whose homes and businesses have been destroyed to want to rebuild as quickly as possible. Explain why it may be short-sighted to only consider the speed when rebuilding and recovering from disasters.

22. Describe the characteristics of a ―disaster resilient community‖.

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Preparedness, Hazard Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Chapter 2 Test

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Meteorological and Hydrological Hazards Chapter 3 Answer Key Multiple Choice/True-False 1. d. 144 2. d. all of the above 3. d. any of the above 4. c. 3, 4, and 5 5. d. Catastrophic 6. a. variability 7. True 8. True 9. True 10. False 11. False 12. True 13. True 14. False 15. True

Short Answer 16. heat wave 17. High-impact snowstorms 18. Wind chill factor 19. heart attacks 20. Hypothermia

Essay 21. Heavy accumulations of ice can bring down trees, electrical wires, telephone poles and lines, and communication towers, disrupting communications and power for days. The massive ice storm of January 1998 covered the St. Lawrence River Valley with a veneer of solid ice. Although the destructive storm hit a region accustomed to severe winter weather, it left more than 4 million people without electricity, including a large number of the area’s farmers. Because many of these Meteorological and Hydrological Hazards Information Classification: General

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Meteorological and Hydrological Hazards Chapter 3 Answer Key rural farms were not equipped with generators, livestock suffered. Many lessons were learned from this event about rural emergency preparedness, planning, and action. Today, many more farms and rural homeowners have a generator stored in preparation for the next winter event.

22. Answers may vary, but should clearly describe how a current natural hazard may change in frequency, intensity, or location due to changes in the climate. Cimate change is expected to change the water cycle, intensifying rainstorms when they do occur, but also leading to longer periods of drought in some areas, especailly during summer and fall months. Atlantic hurricanes may actually decrease in overall number, but there may be a larger number of major hurricanes.

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Meteorological and Hydrological Hazards Chapter 3 Test Name: Date:

Multiple-Choice, True/False Below are 15 Multiple-Choice, True/False questions. Choose the best answer. Each question is worth 4 points for a total of 60 points:

1. Between the years 1980 and 2012, there were a total of

disasters in the United States that

reached over 1 billion dollars each in damages as a result of weather-related natural hazards a. 6 b.16 c. 90 d. 144

2. A major element of hurricanes that causes damage to property and threatens human life is: a. Storm surge b. Wind velocity c. Inland flooding d. all of the above

3. Hurricane formation requires the following conditions: a. a low pressure disturbance b. sufficiently warm sear surface temperature c. rotational force from the spinning of the earth d. any of the above

4. Category

,

, and

hurricanes are the most potentially dangerous, and can be

categorized as major hurricanes. a. 1, 2, and 3

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Meteorological and Hydrological Hazards Chapter 3 Test b. 2, 3, and 4 c. 3, 4, and 5 d. 4, 5, and 6

5. Major damage to lower floors of all structures less than 15 feet above sea level within 500 yards of shore; low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 3 to 5 hours before hurricane center arrives; and massive evacuation of residential areas on low ground within 5 to 10 miles of shore possibly required best describes which level of hurricane damage: a. Extensive b. Massive c. Extreme d. Catastrophic

6. Historically, Atlantic hurricane activity has experienced a great deal of

from

one year to the next. a. variability b. consistency c. volatility d. predictability

7. Climate change is expected to increase the number of major Atlantic hurricanes. True of False.

8. Flooding is the leading cause of weather-related deaths in the United States. True or False?

9. Flying debris often causes even more damage than the force of the wind alone. True or False?

10. The prime time of year for ideal hurricane conditions lasts from April 1st through July 31st.

True or False?

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Meteorological and Hydrological Hazards Chapter 3 Test 11. Flash floods are caused by precipitation over a longer time period and over a given river basin.

True or False?

12. ―Riverine flooding‖ is a function of precipitation levels and water runoff volumes within the watershed of a stream or river. True or False?

13. Tornadoes are spawned by a thunderstorm and produced when cool air overrides a layer of warm air, forcing the warm air to rise rapidly. True or False?

14. Tornadoes classified as F0-F1 are considered violent; those classified as F2-F3 are considered strong, while those classified as F4-F5 are considered weak. True or False?

15. A blizzard is a snowstorm characterized by low temperatures (usually below 20°F) and accompanied by winds that are at least 35 miles per hour or greater. True or False?

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Meteorological and Hydrological Hazards Chapter 3 Test Short Answer Below are 5 Short Answer questions. Each question is worth 4 points for a total of 20 points:

16. A

is typically described as extremely high temperatures lasting for three or more

consecutive days.

17.

in the Northeastern United States are ranked according to the Northeast

Snowfall Impact Scale (NESIS), developed by Paul Kocin of The Weather Channel and Louis Uccellini of the National Weather Service.

18.

describes what happens to the human body when there is a combination of

cold and wind.

19. A significant percentage of winter weather-related deaths are from

due to

overexertion while shoveling snow.

20.

is a condition brought on when internal human body temperature drops

below 95 degrees Fahrenheit.

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Meteorological and Hydrological Hazards Chapter 3 Test Essay Below are 2 Essay questions. Answer each question using complete sentences. Each question is worth 10 points for a total of 20 points:

21. The massive ice storm of January 1998 covered the St. Lawrence River Valley with a veneer of solid ice. Detail the destruction that resulted from this ice storm in addition to offering lessons learned from this event.

22. Provide two examples that demonstrate the connection between climate change and meteorological or hydrological disasters.

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Meteorological and Hydrological Hazards Chapter 3 Test

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Geological Hazards Chapter 4 Answer Key Multiple Choice/True-False 1. d. all of the above 2. b. the phenomenon that occurs when ground shaking causes loose soils to lose strength and act like viscous fluid 3. c. seismic waves 4. a. Modified Mercalli Intensity scale 5. c. very disastrous 6. b. building codes 7. False 8. False 9. True 10. True 11. False 12. False 13. True 14. False 15. True

Short Answer 16. Richter Scale 17. Hotspots 18. Water 19. Subsidence / land subsidence 20. Coastal erosion

Essay 21. The San Francisco Earthquake of 1906 occurred on April 18, 1906 at 5:12 in the morning.

The epicenter was near San Francisco, and the quake lasted approximately 45-60 seconds, and is believed to have been between VII and IX on the MMI scale. The quake could be felt from Southern Oregon to south of Los Angeles, and as far east as central Nevada. Reports of deaths

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Geological Hazards Chapter 4 Answer Key vary from 500 to 700 people, although even these figures may be underestimated. Significant damage occurred to the city as a direct result of the quake, but the event is remembered more for the devastating fires that broke out city-wide following the ground shaking. Gas lines snapped, and wood and coal burning stoves overturned. Water mains broke, hampering the work of city fire-fighters. Firebreaks were created throughout the city by blowing up buildings and entire neighborhoods to stop the spread of the flames.

The Loma Prieta, California Earthquake occurred on October 18, 1989 at 5:04 p.m., the height of rush hour, measuring 6.7 on the Richter Scale, and lasting for 15 seconds. 63 deaths occurred as a result of the quake, with over 3,700 people injured. Property damage reached nearly $6 billion, making this the most costly disaster up until that time in the United States. Over 1,800 homes were destroyed, 2,600 businesses damaged, and 3,000 people were made homeless. The two-tiered Bay Bridge and Nimitz Freeway both collapsed, crushing cars underneath, killing and trapping hundreds of motorists. Fire damage to infrastructure and buildings was extensive, gaping cracks were created in most of the main roads, and landslides were triggered in surrounding areas. Fans waiting to see the World Series baseball game in Candlestick Park rushed onto the field as the whole stadium swayed, while the event was televised live nationwide until the broadcast was abruptly disconnected.

The Northridge Earthquake occurred on Monday January 17, 1994 at approximately 4:30 a.m., measuring 6.7 on the Richter Scale with a duration of 15 seconds. The epicenter was located 20 miles northwest of Los Angeles beneath the San Fernando Valley. Between 57-72 deaths and over 9,000 injuries were reported. The death and injury toll would have undoubtedly been much higher had the event not occurred on the Martin Luther King, Jr. Holiday, when many commuters were at home. Nearly $44 billion in property damage occurred, with 25,000 dwellings made uninhabitable and thousands more severely or moderately damaged. The damage was so widespread that 9 hospitals were closed, 9 parking garages collapsed, 11 major roads into Los Angeles were closed, 2 bridges on the I-10 Santa Monica Freeway collapsed and countless other bridges and overpasses were damaged, paralyzing the city for weeks, and severely delaying rescue and recovery efforts.

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Geological Hazards Chapter 4 Answer Key 22. Answers will vary. However, students should address the fact that wealthier countries often have stricter building codes that lead to more sturdy construction that is resistant to seismic damage. Another factor is that wealtheir often have robust emergency response programs and resources for disaster recovery to help in the aftermath of a disaster. Students may provide the example used in the text of the earthquake in Chile in 2010, that was stronger than the 2010 Haiti earthquake, but which ultimately caused far less damage and suffering than the Haiti earthquake, which had a death toll of 230,000 and has worsened widespread poverty in the country.

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Geological Hazards Chapter 4 Test Name: Date:

Multiple-Choice, True/False Below are 15 Multiple-Choice, True/False questions. Choose the best answer. Each question is worth 4 points for a total of 60 points: 1. Pieces of evidence about the composition and structure of Earth’s interior include: a. analysis of earthquake waves that pass through Earth b. study of interior material that emerges as lava and gases from volcanoes c. study of once-deeply buried rocks that have been uncovered by erosion d. all of the above

2. In terms of earthquake movement, liquefaction is: a. the differential movement of two sides of a fracture – the location where the ground breaks apart b. the phenomenon that occurs when ground shaking causes loose soils to lose strength and act like viscous fluid c. the phenomenon that occurs when waterways lose strength and create massive flooding d. none of the above

3. When the rock on both sides of the fault snaps, it releases the stored energy by producing: a. tectonic plates b. fault planes c. seismic waves d. lateral spreads

4. Earthquake intensity is most commonly measured using the twelve-level scale based on direct and indirect measurements of seismic effects:

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,a

Geological Hazards Chapter 4 Test a. Modified Mercalli Intensity scale b. Richter scale c. Seismograph d. Microearthquake scale

5. Most buildings and bridges collapse; roads, railways, pipes and cables destroyed; general triggering of other hazards can be described as what level of earthquake intensity: a. destructive b. ruinous c. very disastrous d. catastrophic

6. Which factor is very likely to infuence the impacts that an earthquake will have on a country or region? a. warning alarms b. building codes c. evacuation routes d. all of the above

7. While the East Coast of the United States is threatened by tsunamis, there is essentially no risk of tsunamis on the Pacific coast. True or False?

8. Although earthquakes in the central and eastern United States are more frequent than in the western part of the country, they represent little seismic risk. True or False?

9. A volcano is a vent in the surface of the Earth through which magma and associated gases and ash erupt. True or False?

10. Cinder cones are the simplest type of volcano. True or False?

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Geological Hazards Chapter 4 Test 11. Shield volcanoes are formed by lava piles that are too thick, or viscous, to flow far away from the vent. True or False?

12. Composite volcanoes, also called stratovolcanoes, are large volcanoes that are also oceanic craters. True of False?

13. One of the most common risks associated with volcanic activity involves lava flows. True or False?

14. Volcanic ash flows remain close to the ground, but they can travel downhill from the volcano summit very quickly, up to 150 kilometers (90 miles) per hour, incinerating anything in their path as they roar down the slope. True or False?

15. Poisonous gases from volcanic activity also pose a danger to humans and animals. True or False?

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Geological Hazards Chapter 4 Test Short Answer Below are 5 Short Answer questions. Each question is worth 4 points for a total of 20 points:

16. The

_is an open-ended logarithmic scale that describes the energy release of

an earthquake through a measure of shock wave amplitude.

17. Areas that are prone to frequent volcanic activity are known as

, such as the

one in Hawaii.

18. The major driving force behind landslides is gravity, assisted by

19.

.

is the gradual settling of the Earth’s surface that occurs because of subsurface

movement of earth materials and the resulting loss of support below ground, which can occur naturally or by human activity, such as removal of groundwater.

20.

is the wearing away of the land surface adjacent to the ocean by

detachment and movement of sand, soil and rock fragments

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Geological Hazards Chapter 4 Test Essay Below are 2 Essay questions. Answer each question using complete sentences. Each question is worth 10 points for a total of 20 points:

21. The United States has experienced some very disastrous and catastrophic earthquakes in its history. Select two earthquakes described in chapter 4 and compare and contrast the intensity and damage for each.

22. Describe why earthquakes tend to have more severe impacts on poorer countries as opposed to wealthier countries.

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Geological Hazards Chapter 4 Test

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Human-made Hazards Chapter 5 Answer Key Multiple Choice/True-False 1. c. wildfires 2. d. All of the above 3. b. dealing with both natural and human-made hazards simultaneously 4. d. Olympic Bombing July 1996 5. a. Hazmat Train Derailment July 2001 6. b. religious 7. b. eco-terrorist 8. True 9. False 10. True 11. True 12. True 13. False 14. True 15. False

Short Answer 16. Terrorism 17. extremely hazardous 18. Looting 19. media 20. Hazardous

Essay 21. Bank Robbers or Terrorists?

A group of bank robbers who kill the bank manager, blow up the vault, and escape with the contents would not be considered terrorists. But if they did the same thing with the intent to cause a crisis in public confidence in the banking system and destabilization of the economy, then the gang could be considered terrorists. In this case, the motive and long-term consequences are Human-made Hazards

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Human-made Hazards Chapter 5 Answer Key factors that mark the distinction between the robbers who are seeking personal gain, and robbers who are seeking to make a political statement and cause widespread and lingering impacts through their actions.

22.

The accident at the Three Mile Island Unit 2 (TMI-2) nuclear power plant near

Middletown, Pennsylvania, on March 28, 1979, was the most serious in U.S. commercial nuclear power plant operating history, even though it led to no deaths or injuries to plant workers or members of the nearby community. But it brought about sweeping changes involving emergency response planning, reactor operator training, human factors engineering, radiation protection, and many other areas of nuclear power plant operations. It also caused the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission to tighten and heighten its regulatory oversight..

The Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station sits on an artificial island in the Susquehanna River in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, near Harrisburg, The accident, which consisted of a partial core meltdown, was caused by a combination of personnel error, design deficiencies, and component failures. The accident unfolded over the course of five tense days, as a number of agencies at the federal, state, and local level attempted to diagnose the problem (the full details of the accident were not discovered until much later), and decide whether or not the ongoing accident required a full evacuation of the population. In the end, the reactor was brought under control. No identifiable injuries due to radiation occurred, but the accident had serious economic and public relations consequences, and the cleanup process was slow and costly. It also furthered a major decline in the public popularity of nuclear power, exemplifying for many the worst fears of nuclear technology, and, until the Chernobyl accident seven years later, was considered the world's worst civilian nuclear accident

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Human-made Hazards Chapter 5 Test Name: Date:

Multiple-Choice, True/False Below are 15 Multiple-Choice, True/False questions. Choose the best answer. Each question is worth 4 points for a total of 60 points:

1. All but which of the following constitute a human-made hazard: a. terrorism b. nuclear power plant meltdown c. wildfires d. transportation system failures

2. The following government agencies provide in-depth information regarding a wide variety of human-made hazards: a. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) b. The U.S. Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) c. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). d. All of the above 3. What actions best typify an ―all-hazards approach‖ as fully endorsed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)? a. dealing with both natural and terrorist threats simultaneously b. dealing with both natural and human-made hazards simultaneously c. dealing with both technological and human-made hazards simultaneously d. dealing with both technological and terrorist actions simultaneously

4. The following selected human-made hazard events in the United States are classified as ―Domestic Terrorism‖:

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Human-made Hazards Chapter 5 Test a. Terrorist Attacks September 11, 2001 b. Anthrax Attacks October 2001 c. World Trade Center Bombing February 2003 d. Olympic Bombing July 1996

5. All but which of the following were acts of terrorism: a. Hazmat Train Derailment July 2001 b. Anthrax Attacks October 2001 c. World Trade Center Bombing February 2003 d. Olympic Bombing July 1996

6. The use of violence to further what the actors see as a divinely commanded purpose or objective can best be described as what type of terrorism: a. national b. religious c. left-wing d. political

7. EarthFirst!, Animal Liberation Front, and Earth Liberation Front are examples of what type of terrorist group: a. political b. eco-terrorist c. anarchist d. right-wing

8. The fundamental difference between human-made and natural hazards is that the former are caused by humans, which in turn contributes to the unpredictable nature of terrorist attacks and technological accidents. True or False?

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Human-made Hazards Chapter 5 Test 9. It is clear that natural hazards of all types are less likely to occur in the average American community than a terrorist attack, an event of civil unrest, or a technological accident. True or False?

10. Nationalist terrorism is a type of terrorism that involves actors trying to form an independent state in opposition to an occupying or imperial force. True or False?

11. Sabotage may be used to carry out acts of terrorism. True or False?

12. Biological agents can be dispersed as aerosols or airborne particles, and may be used by terrorists to contaminate food or water supplies. True or False?

13. A race riot is not an example of terrorism. True or False?

14. Many products containing hazardous chemicals are used and stored in homes routinely. True or False?

15. Counterterrorism includes defensive measures taken after terrorism occurs. True or False?

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Human-made Hazards Chapter 5 Test Short Answer Below are 5 Short Answer questions. Each question is worth 4 points for a total of 20 points:

16.

is defined as the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to

intimidate or coerce a government or the civilian population to further ideological objectives.

17. The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant meltdown was an example of a , because of it’s occurrence as a result of a primarily natural hazard event.

18.

is referred to as plundering or stealing or valuables or other goods triggered

by a change in authority or the absence of authority.

19. The

plays a vital role in shaping our attitude and perception of terrorism as well

as other human-made hazards.

20.

materials can be released during routine household chores.

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Human-made Hazards Chapter 5 Test Essay Below are 2 Essay questions. Answer each question using complete sentences. Each question is worth 10 points for a total of 20 points:

21. A bank robber could be considered a terrorist. What characteristics of this crime would classify the bank robbery as a terrorist act? Be specific

22. Describe the events at Three Mile Island on March 28, 1979, and the changes that took place to reduce the likelihood of such accidents in the future.

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Human-made Hazards Chapter 5 Test

Human-made Hazards

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The Role of the Federal Government Chapter 6 Answer Key Multiple Choice/True-False 1. c. state government 2. a. Hazard Mitigation Grant Program 3. d. Project Impact 4. b. Disaster Mitigation Act 5. b. Federal Emergency Management Agency 6. c. 2 7. c. study and disclose potential environmental impacts due to their decisions 8. False 9. False 10. True 11. True 12. False 13. True 14. False 15. True

Short Answer 16. adaptation 17. National Flood Insurance Program 18. ordinance 19. Coastal Zone Management 20. Clean Water

Essay 21. The USGCRP is a research program created in 1989 to help assess, predict, and respond to human-induced and natural processes of global change – notably global climate change. Every few years, they Program releases an updated version of the National Climate Assessment, which summarizes the impacts of climate change on the United States. The Program also helps guide research in the United States to better prepare the nation.

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The Role of the Federal Government Chapter 6 Answer Key Several Executive Orders have been passed in recent years to begin to address climate change. One released in 2009 required the creation of an Interagency Climate Change Adaptation Task Force that led to the development of the President’s Climate Action Plan – a national strategy to reduce carbon pollution and prepare for impacts such as increased flooding, prolonged drought, and sea level rise. The federal government has also created tools to help communities, such as the Climate Resilience Toolkit, the Climate Data Initiative, USDA Regional Climate Hubs, and other resources with the aim of providing information and technical assistance to help the nation reduce carbon emissions and anticipate and adapt to change.

22.22. 

Shoreline management and retreat (creating setback rules, regulating shoreline development, shoreline stabilization);



Regulating shore-hardening structures (e.g. prohibiting or restricting seawalls, revetments, groins, and other shore "stiffening" structures);



Managing post-hazard reconstruction (regulating the repair and reconstruction of buildings damaged by a coastal hazard);



Managing "unbuildable" lots (lots that should not be developed because of their proximity to hazards);



Building codes and construction standards (regulating construction through rules, inspections and enforcement);



Coastal wetlands protection;



Policies to address sea level rise;



Land acquisition programs (purchasing private lots in hazardous areas);



Local land use planning (encouraging local governments to include hazard mitigation in their land use plans);



Special Area Management Plans (creating plans that deal with coastal hazards in certain areas of the coastal zone).

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The Role of the Federal Government Chapter 6 Test Name: Date:

Multiple-Choice, True/False Below are 15 Multiple-Choice, True/False questions. Choose the best answer. Each question is worth 4 points for a total of 60 points:

1. As put forth in the United States Constitution, the function of protecting public health and safety rests primarily with the: a. federal government b. local government c. state government d. citizens of the United States

2. One of the programs created by the Stafford Act was: a. Hazard Mitigation Grant Program b. National Highway Safety Grant Program c. Homeland Security Grant Program d. Taxpayers Relief Grant Program

3.

, a program initiated by FEMA in 1997 that encouraged involvement of all sectors

of the community in emergency management and mitigation activities, was an attempt to foster public-private partnerships for community-wide mitigation planning. a. Project Hope b. Project Relief c. Project Save d. Project Impact

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The Role of the Federal Government Chapter 6 Test 4. This legislation is aimed primarily at controlling and streamlining the administration of federal disaster relief and mitigation programs, and places emphasis on pre-disaster mitigation planning to reduce the Nation’s disaster losses: a. Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act of 1988 b. Disaster Mitigation Act c. Hazard Mitigation Act d. None of the above

5.

is housed within the larger Department of Homeland Security, where it is

one of many different agencies responsible for protecting America from dangers of all kinds: a. Federal Bureau of Prisons b. Federal Emergency Management Agency c. Department of Land and Agriculture d. U.S. Army Corp of Engineers

6. Repetitive Loss Properties (RLPs) are defined as properties with

or more NFIP

claims over $1,000 each within a ten-year period. a. 4 b. 3 c. 2 d. 1

7. The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) requires that federal agencies: a. protect endangered species and their habitats b. make it impossible to negatively impact the environment through their actions c. study and disclose potential environmental impacts due to their decisions d. all of the above

8. Coastal Barrier Resources Act (CBRA) applies only to these specific mapped areas but can restrict activities of the private sector or state or local governments if so desired. True or False?

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The Role of the Federal Government Chapter 6 Test

9. The primary purpose of the federal Clean Water Act (CWA), formally known as the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, is to increase quality of the waters of the United States by natural resources and wildlife. True of False?

10. FIRMs are paper or digital maps that represent the full range of flood risk in the community.

True or False?

11. Businesses in particular, under the Internal Revenue Code, may write off many kinds of uninsured expenses involved in restoring property to pre-disaster condition. True or False?

12. All together, the federal government carries out about 20 different programs that seek to encourage development nationwide, including many programs that apply to high hazard areas such as the coastal zone. True or False?

13. Clean Water Act, Coastal Zone Management Act, National Environmental Policy Act are examples of ―indirect mitigation programs‖. True or False?

14. Local and state governments should assess hazard districts with lower tax rates or impact fees, while increasing taxes and fees for properties built in safer locations. True or False?

15. The National Flood Insurance Program is notorious for providing low-cost flood insurance that does not reflect the actual level of risk involved. True or False?

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The Role of the Federal Government Chapter 6 Test Short Answer Below are 5 Short Answer questions. Each question is worth 4 points for a total of 20 points:

16. Climate change

refers to the process of adjusting to our climate and its effects in

order to moderate harm or exploit beneficial opportunities.

17. The

Program, notorious for providing low-cost flood insurance that

does not reflect the actual level of risk involved, could be greatly strengthened if repetitive loss problems were addressed, perhaps by charging the owners of repetitive loss structures a higher premium for flood insurance

18 A local rule or law that the government can pass and has the authority to enforce within its jurisdiction is known as an

19. The

.

Act establishes a national policy ―to preserve, protect, develop,

and where possible, to restore or enhance, the resources of the Nation’s coastal zone for this and succeeding generations.‖

20. Section 404 of the

Act contains provisions that restrict the discharge of

dredge and fill materials into the Nation’s wetlands.

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The Role of the Federal Government Chapter 6 Test Essay Below are 2 Essay questions. Answer each question using complete sentences. Each question is worth 10 points for a total of 20 points:

21. Explain the significance of the the U.S. Global Change Research Program and some of the steps the federal government has taken to address climate change.

22. In 1990 Congress amended the Coastal Zone Management Act, and added several additional activities for which states may use CZMA grant funds. Describe how some states have been creative in establishing activities within their coastal management programs that are effective in mitigating the impacts of natural hazards.

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The Role of the Federal Government Chapter 6 Test

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Mitigating Hazards at the State Level Chapter 7 Answer Key Multiple Choice/True-False 1. a. Police power 2. a. Illinois 3. d. standard and enhanced 4. b. Enacting a setback regulation that restricts development a specified distance from the sandy beach.

5. d. a and b 6. d. 15 billion 7. d. insurance pools 8. False 9. True 10. True 11. False 12. False 13. False 14. True 15. False

Short Answer 16. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) 17. building code 18. setbacks 19. Freeboard 20. wetland mitigation

Essay 21. Answers will vary, but should describe two regulatory policies discussed in this chapter, such as setbacks, building codes, freeboard requirements, regulation of areas of environmental concern, or others. These policies are allowable under the police powers that give states the right to enact legislation to protect the health, safety, and general welfare of the public.

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Mitigating Hazards at the State Level Chapter 7 Answer Key

22. Answers will vary, but should address ways in which states seek funding from federal agencies, in particular FEMA, to engage in hazard mitigation and preparedness activities. States also set policies that often must be enforced at the local level, such as regulation of environmentally sensitive areas, coastal setbacks, and building codes. Many organizations operate outside of government that are essential for effective risk reduction. States often develop partnerships with non-profit conservation organizations, such as the Sierra Club, to protect environmentally sensitive areas and reduce vulnerable development. Charitable groups such as the American Red Cross, Salvation Army, and Habitat for Humanity also become crucial partners with state agencies in efforts to prepare for and recover from disasters.

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Mitigating Hazards at the State Level Chapter 7 Test Name: Date:

Multiple-Choice, True/False Below are 15 Multiple-Choice, True/False questions. Choose the best answer. Each question is worth 4 points for a total of 60 points:

1. The Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution grants all state governments this authority to enact reasonable legislation to protect the health, safety, and general welfare of the public. a. Police power b. Search and seizure c. Habeas corpus d. Commerce clause

2. States like

do not have to place as much emphasis on coastal erosion due to

their geography. a. Illinois b. Maryland c. Louisiana d. Florida

3. The two levels of state plans under the Disaster Mitigation Act (DMA) of 2000 are a. stand-alone and supported b. funded and non-funded c. standard and non-standard d. standard and enhanced 4. Which of the following state policies could be referred to as ―strategic retreat?

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Mitigating Hazards at the State Level Chapter 7 Test a. Erecting seawalls along the shoreline to ensure that waves must retreat to the ocean b. Enacting a setback regulation that restricts development a specified distance from the sandy beach. c. Building canals to funnel water away from urban development d. Developing robust evacuation planning to protect public health and safety

5. Many statewide codes are based on nationally recognized model codes, including: a. the International Building Code (IBC) b. the International Residential Code (IRC) c. the International Emergency Code (IEC) d. a and b e. all of the above

6. The massive amount of property damage caused by Hurricane Andrew in 1992 precipitated a major insurance crisis in South Florida, when more than

in insurance claims was paid.

a. 1 million b. 15 million c. 1 billion d. 15 billion

7. Because many private insurers are reluctant to provide coverage in high-risk areas, some stateshave created

, which offer subsized coverage to high-risk properties and impose

additional fees on all insurance contracts in the state to cover the losses of a major disaster. a. coastal protections b. safety nets c. catastrophic insurance d. insurance pools

8. States have very similar processes in their approach to hazards management and regulation of the built environment in hazard areas. True or False?

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Mitigating Hazards at the State Level Chapter 7 Test

9. Each of the 50 states, territories, and the District of Columbia maintain an office of emergency management. True or False?

10. South Florida has long had a reputation of having a strong coastal building code. True or False?

11. Wetlands are well known for their water-quality protection function, and have been called nature’s ―liver‖ because of their ability to filter impurities from surface water as it makes its way through the hydrologic system. True or False?

12. An Area of Environmental Concern (AEC) typically would not include the band of narrow barrier islands that form a State’s coastal border. True or False?

13. Because their impacts can be spread over a wide area, tornados are often more difficult to insurance than hurricanes. True of False ?

14. State insurance laws require that premiums not be excessive, inadequate, or unfairly discriminatory. True or False?

15. While states often play a vital role in preparing for and mitigating against natural hazards, all actions directed toward terrorism and other human-made hazards should be left to the federal government. True or False?

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Mitigating Hazards at the State Level Chapter 7 Test Short Answer Below are 5 Short Answer questions. Each question is worth 4 points for a total of 20 points:

16. One of the primary federal agencies that the states deal with to secure hazard mitigation funding is the 17. The term ―

Agency. ‖ is frequently used to refer to a set of codebooks that are

coordinated with each other to describe construction techniques and requirements.

18. Although the specifics vary among the coastal states, in general,

work by

prohibiting or limiting the erection of structures within a specified distance from the ocean or other environmental characteristics.

19.

is a term used to describe a policy to elevate all buildings’ lowest floor

above predicted flood elevations, generally by additional heights of 1-3 feet above the minimum height required by the National Flood Insurance Program.

20. Some states require off-site preservation of another wetland when a development activity impairs or destroys a wetland in one location. This is commonly called

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.

Mitigating Hazards at the State Level Chapter 7 Test Essay Below are 2 Essay questions. Answer each question using complete sentences. Each question is worth 10 points for a total of 20 points:

21. Give two examples of state regulations designed to reduce the loss of property due to natural hazards, and explain why they are authorized by the U.S. Constitution.

22. States are often describes as a linchpin between federal government policies and programs, and actions at the local level. Describe how states interact with both federal and local governments, as well as non-profits and other organizations in their efforts to reduce vulnerability to natural hazards.

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Mitigating Hazards at the State Level Chapter 7 Test

Mitigating Hazards at the State Level

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Local Government Powers Chapter 8 Answer Key Multiple Choice/True-False 1. a. meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs 2. d. Zoning ordinances, subdivision regulations, building codes, and flood damage prevention ordinances 3. b. designated hazard areas 4. c. inaccurate flood maps 5. d. Transfer of Development Rights 6. a. tax burden 7. d. all of the above 8. b. Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 9. False 10. True 11. False 12. True 13. False 14. True 15. True

Short Answer 16. density 17. Zoning 18. property 19. Impact fees 20. Down-zoning

Essay

21. Transferring Development Away From Coastal Barrier Islands - Collier County, Florida began a TDR program in the 1980s to protect 40,000 acres of coastal barrier islands, mangroves, salt

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Local Government Powers Chapter 8 Answer Key marshes and beaches. These areas were designated as sending zones. The receiving zones were already set for multi-family housing, but could be built to a higher density using the development rights. Parcels for which the development rights have been sold must be restricted from development or donated to the county or a conservation organization. The TDR program was halted when the transfer resulted in density concentrating in only one receiving site and overwhelming it.

22. Among the powers held by local governments is the authority, and even the duty, to educate the community. An informed and educated citizenry is an integral part of managing hazards at the local level. Many residents assume that current building codes, zoning regulations, subdivision review processes, and permitting will adequately protect them and their property from the impacts of hazards, but this is not always the case. Making the public aware of the hazards it faces is the first step towards making the community safer, and overcoming a lack of awareness should be an integral part of any local mitigation program.

Many local governments have carried out programs to alert residents to natural hazards— both the dangers as well as the opportunities to lessen hazard risks. Other communities have focused on educating visitors about fragile ecosystems, sensitive natural areas, endangered wildlife and plant species, or other natural wonders that need to be protected and conserved. In addition to residents and tourists, local ―target audiences‖ for education and awareness include a wide range of community members, including lenders and insurance agents; builders, architects and realtors; as well as local elected and appointed officials and public staff, including the governing board, building inspectors and zoning officials, and emergency first responders, among others.

It is not uncommon that the prevailing perception of risk in a community is skewed, even in areas where natural hazards have occurred in the past. Information regarding hazard frequency is often misunderstood. For example, the common understanding of the ―100-year floodplain‖ is that this area will only be flooded once in a century. Residents also often fail to grasp the extent of past hazard events, such as flood heights. Such misperceptions highlight the need for publicizing accurate information.

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Local Government Powers Chapter 8 Answer Key There are several different methods that local communities can use to promote community awareness, including: real estate disclosure, community awareness campaigns, hazard maps and disaster warnings.

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Local Government Powers Chapter 8 Test Name: Date:

Multiple-Choice, True/False Below are 15 Multiple-Choice, True/False questions. Choose the best answer. Each question is worth 4 points for a total of 60 points:

1. Sustainable development is development that is best defined as: a. meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs b. meeting the needs of the present by providing aid and comfort to the community as soon as disasters strike c. meeting the needs of the future by providing financial and sound structural support to citizens through government programs d. all of the above

2. Regulatory powers granted by the State to local governments used to control growth and development include: a. Zoning ordinances, national defense, police services, and flood damage prevention ordinances b. Subdivision regulation, zoning ordinances, public nuisance ordinances, and religious freedom c. Subdivision regulation, national parks designation, building codes, and flood damage prevention ordinances d. Zoning ordinances, subdivision regulations, building codes, and flood damage prevention ordinances

3. For hazard mitigation purposes, local zoning maps may be accompanied by regulations that restrict inappropriate uses in:

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Local Government Powers Chapter 8 Test a. designated retail areas b. designated hazard areas c. designated public school areas d. designated places of worship

4. A significant problem in many communities involves

that do not reflect actual

flood risks in the jurisdiction, often because new development has changed stormwater flows, which can increase flood levels dramatically. a. politicians b. developers c. inaccurate flood maps d. all of the above

5.

programs treat development as a commodity separate from the land itself. a. Joint Development Rights b. Retail Developments Rights c. Tax Increment Financing d. Transfer of Development Rights

6. Differential Assessment is a technique for reducing the

on land facing

development pressure by recognizing that undeveloped properties require fewer public services. a. tax burden b. development restrictions c. coastal erosion d. over development

7. There are several different methods that local communities can use to promote community awareness, including: a. real estate disclosure b. community awareness campaigns

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Local Government Powers Chapter 8 Test c. hazard maps and disaster warnings d. all of the above

8. Under the

local and state governments are required to prepare hazard

mitigation plans in order to receive federal mitigation funds in the future. a. Federal Emergency Management Code b. Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 c. Congressional Emergency Response Act of 2001 d. All of the above

9. The number of Americans at risk from earthquakes, landslides, and inland flooding has increased dramatically but the trend for future risks have leveled off considerably. True or False?

10. Regulatory powers granted by the State to local governments are the most basic way that a local government can control growth and development within its jurisdiction. True or False?

11. Purchase of Development Rights (PDR) as a strategy to mitigate hazards is best used by promoting high-rise development along ocean beaches because of the increased value for tourism.

True or False?

12. Amortization is the process that requires nonconforming structures to come into compliance with local zoning regulations or be removed from the property within a certain time period. True or False?

13. Councils of Government (COGs) are legally mandated organizations of county and municipal governments that provide services that are handled on a regional basis rather than by individual local governments. True or False?

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Local Government Powers Chapter 8 Test 14. Typical services provided by Councils of Government COGs include programs for senior citizens, land use planning, economic development, environmental protection, and other types of collaborative efforts. True or False?

15. Legislation in some states allows municipalities and counties to enter into inter-local agreements known as Mutual Aid Agreements to cooperatively perform any function that can be carried out as an individual local government. True or False?

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Local Government Powers Chapter 8 Test Short Answer Below are 5 Short Answer questions. Each question is worth 4 points for a total of 20 points:

16. When discussing land use management tools,

is referred to as the intensity of

development in terms of distance between structures, lot size, building height and number of people and structures per acre.

17.

regulates how property within the jurisdiction may be used by dividing the

community into different districts or zones and specifying the use, density, bulk, or other factors associated with future development.

18.

taxes have traditionally been the largest single source of revenue for most

local governments, sometimes providing more than half of all receipts.

19.

are typically one-time, up-front charges (although some jurisdictions allow

payments over time) against new development to pay for off-site improvements, including schools, sewer and water treatment plants, fire stations, community centers and other local facilities.

20.

is used to keep inappropriate development out of hazard-prone

areas, and can be accomplished by increasing minimum lot size or reducing the number of dwelling units permitted per acre.

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Local Government Powers Chapter 8 Test Essay Below are 2 Essay questions. Answer each question using complete sentences. Each question is worth 10 points for a total of 20 points:

21. Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) is a complex system, which often makes it difficult for local governments to implement and for landowners to understand and accept. Describe failures that occurred in Collier, Florida in the early 80’s, and what actions would have made the TDR successful.

22. Among the powers held by local governments is the authority, and even the duty, to educate the community. Discuss the importance of using the power of education to mitigate the impacts of hazards and include several different methods that local communities can use to promote community awareness.

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Local Government Powers Chapter 8 Test

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Community Resilience and the Private Sector Chapter 9 Answer Key Multiple Choice/True-False 1. a. location, location, location 2. c. private 3. d. 5,000 and 50,000 4. b. national fast-food franchises and retail chain outlets 5. c. Contingency planning 6. c. Dry floodproofing 7. b. off-site location 8. b. Land use planning and site selection, building standards, temporary business relocation 9. False 10. True 11. True 12. True 13. False 14. True 15. True

Short Answer 16. Indirect 17. Upstream 18. hazard-prone (vulnerable, risky, etc.)

19. Wet floodproofing 20. Hazard identification

Essay

21. The excerpt from the text it below, but the ideal answer should explain that the town embraced renewable energy and energy efficient buildings as a way to become more sustainable and improve the local economy.

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Community Resilience and the Private Sector Chapter 9 Answer Key When an EF 5 tornado swept through the small town of Greensburg, Kansas on May 4, 2007, the damage was so extensive that many residents wondered if the community would ever rebuild. 95% of the structures in the town of 1,600 residents were destroyed, and the few remaining structures were considerably damaged. In the weeks and months that followed, residents held meetings beneath FEMA tents to discuss the recovery effort. Though various and sometimes conflicting visions were debated, the community gradually resolved to rebuild a sustainable town, constructing energy efficient buildings and utilizing 100% renewable energy.

The business community played a vital role in embracing sustainability, and even found opportunities to capitalize on sustainable redevelopment as a way to strengthen the local economy. The Bucklin Tractor and Implement (BTI), the local John Deere supplier, not only constructed a new LEED-platinum dealership powered by a wind turbine, but eventually opened a new company – BTI Wind Energy – which supplies small turbines for farms and small businesses.

22. Answers may vary, but should reflect an understanding that incentives, either from public or private sector organizations, can drive behavior in a way that makes citizens and communities less vulnerable to hazards. The table below has some examples.

Incentive

Provisions Reduction in local government taxes for property protection measures undertaken by homeowners and business owners

Tax Waiver of sales taxes on building materials to retrofit structures

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Community Resilience and the Private Sector Chapter 9 Answer Key Differentiated premiums in hazard areas based on mitigation measures Waiver of deductible on natural hazard losses for strengthened buildings Insurance

Reduced premiums/waived deductibles for strengthened public facilities Building Code enforcement grading system to allow property owner premium discounts on new construction built at or above code Manufacturer’s rebates on products used for mitigation

Retailer, manufacturer, or wholesaler pricing

Discounts or rebates at point-of-sale (e.g., The Home Depot) Project-specific discounts or rebates

Building fee waivers/reductions for structures built with mitigation features Financial

Discounted construction loans/lower rates for retrofitted structures

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Community Resilience and the Private Sector Chapter 9 Test Name: Date:

Multiple-Choice, True/False Below are 15 Multiple-Choice, True/False questions. Choose the best answer. Each question is worth 4 points for a total of 60 points:

1. It is often quipped that the three most important factors in determining the value of real estate are a. location, location, location b. price, price, price c. value, value, value d. size, size, size 2. In addition to the raw and developed land in private ownership, nearly 85% of the nation’s infrastructure is also controlled by the

sector.

a. public b. government c. private d. corporate

3. Which of the following would be considered an indirect impact on a business due to a natural disaster? a. floor damage due to a leak in the roof b. loss of records after floodwaters inundate the office computers c. inability for employees to get to work because gas stations do not have fuel d. $3000 in losses due to damaged inventory

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Community Resilience and the Private Sector Chapter 9 Test 4. The first businesses to reopen in southern Florida following Hurricane Andrew in 1993 were almost exclusively

.

a. Mom and Pop establishments b. national fast-food franchises and retail chain outlets c. nursing homes and pharmacies d. factories and farms

5.

is the process of developing arrangements and procedures in advance of a

disruption to enable an organization to respond to a disaster so that critical business functions resume within a defined time frame, the amount of loss is minimized, and the stricken facilities are repaired or replaced as soon as possible a. Public-Private Partnership b. Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasures c. Contingency planning d. Emergency Business Planning

6.

involves strengthening walls to withstand hydrostatic and dynamic forces,

including debris impacts. a. Wet floodproofing b. Commercial floodproofing c. Dry floodproofing d. All of the above

7. To protect against any number of hazards, vital business information should be stored securely onsite and in a secure

.

a. basement b. off-site location c. waterproof container d. safe

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Community Resilience and the Private Sector Chapter 9 Test 8. The three main elements of a business relocation plan include: a. Temporary business relocation, public safety plan, building standards b. Land use planning and site selection, building standards, temporary business relocation c. Building standards, profitability scale, secondary business location d. Site selection, building standards, medical assistance plan

9. If a permit for development is issued, the area is free of hazards. True or False?

10. In some cases a major disaster can actually boost a local economy. True or False?

11. Most employers in the United States are small businesses. True or False?

12. Many companies discover that they are not properly insured only after they have suffered a loss. True or False?

13. If a business is located in the flood zone of a community that participates in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), the company is not able to purchase a federally-backed flood insurance policy. True or False?

14. Allowing employees time off to take home-protection measures is an example of an effective employee assistance plan. True or False?

15. A business impact analysis involves calculating the types of damages and losses that can be expected during any one of the identified hazard events, and relating them to the characteristics of the business itself. True or False?

Short Answer

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Community Resilience and the Private Sector Chapter 9 Test Below are 5 Short Answer questions. Each question is worth 4 points for a total of 20 points:

16.

impacts on a business result from the closure of roads and disassembly of

transportation networks; loss of utilities, such as water, sewerage, electric power; and disruptions to telecommunications.

17.

losses are those the business will suffer when one or more of its suppliers are

affected by the disaster and cannot deliver the goods or services the business needs

18. In the long-term, the most direct and cost-effective strategy to minimize or prevent damages and losses from natural hazards is to guide development away from

areas when

other development locations are available.

19.

are structural mitigation measures that intentionally allow floodwater to

enter certain enclosed areas of a building – often used for storage or parking – to reduce the damaging pressures that can collapse walls and foundations.

20.

is a step of the business risk assessment that defines the

magnitudes (intensities) and associated probabilities (likelihood) of hazards that may pose threats to the business and community.

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Community Resilience and the Private Sector Chapter 9 Test Essay Below are 2 Essay questions. Answer each question using complete sentences. Each question is worth 10 points for a total of 20 points:

21. A disaster can provide an opportunity for a community to make positive changes. Explain and give examples of how citizens of Greensburg, Kansas used the recovery effort to rebuild differently.

22. Discuss the importance of using incentives to promote community resiliency and provide 4 different types of incentives and the provisions provided by each.

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Community Resilience and the Private Sector Chapter 9 Test

Community Resilience and the Private Sector

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Risk Assessment Chapter 10 Answer Key Multiple Choice/True-False 1. a. hazard profile 2. d. extent 3. c. Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) 4. d. base map 5. d. HAZUS 6. b. 100 year flood plain 7. a. future 8. True 9. True 10. False 11. True 12. False 13. True 14. False 15. True

Short Answer 16.velocity 17. HAZUS or HAZUS-MH 18. Critical 19. Vulnerable 20. climate change

Essay 21.21 .

*

hospitals/clinics

*

schools/educational facilities

*

emergency operations centers

*

evacuation centers

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Risk Assessment Chapter 10 Answer Key *

transportation systems

*

lifeline utility systems

*

high potential loss facilities

*

hazardous materials facilities

*

residential buildings (including single family homes and apartment complexes)

*

government/civic buildings

*

religious/non-profit centers

*

industrial/manufacturing plants/major employers

*

commercial/retail establishments

*

cultural/historic landmarks

22. The quality of the information source directly affects the quality of the assessment and its results. FEMA requires that local and state governments use the ―best available data,‖ a phrase which reflects that fact that very rarely does a community have access to perfect information.

Planners and emergency managers often have to bring data and information together from many sources, including current modeling, as well as historical weather and disaster data and information from within the community.

Native American communities often have important insight into how conditions change over time, and may have a better understanding of historic extremes and adaptation approaches that address those extremes. By combining community knowledge and other data about recent history, as well as projections about the future, risk assessments can more effectively lay out the hazards that typically threaten a given community and in what ways these impacts may be felt.

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Risk Assessment Chapter 10 Test Name: Date:

Multiple-Choice, True/False Below are 15 Multiple-Choice, True/False questions. Choose the best answer. Each question is worth 4 points for a total of 60 points:

1. Climate change should be incorporated in the

to more accurately determine

how each hazard will affect the community, how often each hazard may occur, and where the hazard might take place. a. hazard profile b. geographic information system c. response plan d. flood plain

2. The hazard

identifies the magnitude and intensity of potential hazards, and should

be based on local historical evidence and regional data. a. map b. frequency c. recurrence interval d. extent 3. FEMA’s officials maps showing the floodplain in most communities are known as: a. Flood Evacuation Maps (FEMs) b. National Flash Flood Designations (NFFDs) c. Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) d. National Flooding Charts (NFCs)

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Risk Assessment Chapter 10 Test 4. Hazard mapping begins with a

, upon which you can superimpose hazard-

specific information. a. geological map b. land and water map c. ground map d. base map

5.

is a computer modeling system that can be helpful in creating maps and

gathering and analyzing data for many of the steps in the risk assessment process. a. GPS b. HAZMAT c. SIMS d. HAZUS

6. The area of a community with a 1% chance of flooding in any given year is known as: a. 100 year disaster plan b. 100 year flood plain c. 99% flood potential area d. 99% flood plain area

7. In addition to describing the current state of undeveloped areas, you should also describe their potential

condition.

a. future b. risk c. threat d. hazardous

8. A complete loss estimation tally can provide a good sense of which assets are subject to the greatest potential damages and which type of hazard is likely to produce the greatest potential losses. True or False?

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Risk Assessment Chapter 10 Test

9. Software is available to from various state and federal sources to estimate the number of people that may be hurt or killed in different types of buildings under different hazard conditions. True or False?

10. A Coastal Plain is any land area, including the edges of lakes and rivers, susceptible to partial or complete inundation by water from any source. True or False?

11. If a community decides that its level of risk is unacceptable, the risk assessment can provide a factual basis for creating and targeting mitigation strategies. True or False?

12. A risk assessment can perfectly preduct which buildings will be destoryed by a hazard event.

True or False?

13. Application Mode describes the human act or unintended event that causes the hazard. True or False?

14. Chances are that communities located in ―tornado alley‖ in the Southwestern U.S. will experience more tornadoes this year than other parts of the United States. True or False?

15. Each local community is unique, and no two towns or counties would carry out an identical risk assessment. True or False?

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Risk Assessment Chapter 10 Test Short Answer Below are 5 Short Answer questions. Each question is worth 4 points for a total of 20 points:

16. Flood severity is often measured in terms of water depth and

17.

.

is a powerful risk assessment software developed by FEMA to analyze

potential losses from floods, hurricane winds and earthquakes.

18.

facilities, such as hospitals and fire stations, are particularly important for the

health and safety of the population and should be identified in an inventory of community assets.

19.

populations, such as individuals who do not speak English or the elderly, may

face greater challenges preparing for, coping with, and recovering from disasters.

20. The U.S. Global Change Research Program, Digital Coast, and the website Climate.data.gov are valuable resources for helping to incorporate

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into a risk assessment.

Risk Assessment Chapter 10 Test Essay Below are 2 Essay questions. Answer each question using complete sentences. Each question is worth 10 points for a total of 20 points:

21. Assume you are tasked with creating a list and description of what key assets and critical facilities are located within your community. Identify at least 8 typical local assets and explain the usefulness that each would provide during a disaster.

22. Native American and Indigenous Populations are often identified as being particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, particularly communities located along the coastline in Alaska and the Pacific Northwest. Describe why it is important for risk assessments to be informed by the ―best available data.‖ Why should this include both modern sciencitific information and knowledge of the environment from within communities?

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Risk Assessment Chapter 10 Test

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Preparedness Activities Chapter 11 Answer Key Multiple Choice/True-False 1. b. receive training to volunteer to assist responders’ efforts following a disaster 2. a. preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation 3. c. Governor 4. d. Ready Kids 5. c. a training program providing on-site and distance learning for students and working professionals 6. a. educate the public about how to get prepared and protect themselves during a large earthquake 7. b. Three-day supply of non-perishable food 8. True 9. False 10. False 11. False 12. True 13. True 14. True 15. True

Short Answer 16. Preparedness 17. Governor 18. American Red Cross 19. evacuation 20. National Guard

Essay

21. The National Incident Management System (NIMS) provides a consistent, nationwide approach and vocabulary for multiple agencies or juridictions to work together to build, sustain

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Preparedness Activities Chapter 11 Answer Key and deliver the capabilities needed in all phases of emergency management. This consistency is important, ensuring that agencies, multiple jurisdictions, and multiple levels of government are using agreed upon terminology, technological systems that function together, and have a clear chain of command. NIMS is a scalable system, so that it is designed to work for disasters of different sizes and types.

22. The American Red Cross was created by Clara Barton in 1881 to aid the victims of disaster.

Ninety-five percent of the Red Cross is composed of volunteers. These volunteers provide humanitarian aid to people all over the United States and internationally. The American Red Cross provides shelter and supplies, helps people contact their loved ones, and has local chapters ready to mobilize quickly and efficiently in the event of a disaster. In addition, the Red Cross contributes to community preparedness through education and outreach materials and training courses for its volunteers. The Red Cross partnership with FEMA in the Community and Family Preparedness program is only one example of preparedness activity.

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Preparedness Activities Chapter 11 Test Name: Date:

Multiple-Choice, True/False Below are 15 Multiple-Choice, True/False questions. Choose the best answer. Each question is worth 4 points for a total of 60 points:

1. Becoming a member of a Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) provides people an opportunity to: a. secure full-time employment as an emergency manager b. receive training to volunteer to assist responders’ efforts following a disaster c. form a nonprofit organization that leads disaster response in their community d. none of the above.

2. The four phases of a Comprehensive Emergency Management System are: a. preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation b. preparedness, planning, mitigation, and recovery c. planning, response, recovery, and mitigation d. planning, mitigation, response, and preparedness

3. As the chief executive of the state, the

has final word on ordering mandatory

evacuations, calling in the National Guard, and communicating with the federal government about state and local capabilities. a. Mayor b. President c. Governor d. Senator

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Preparedness Activities Chapter 11 Test 4. The US Department of Homeland Security launched a program called

to educate

children about emergencies. a. One Two Here We Go b. No Child Left Behind c. Kids First d. Ready Kids 5. The Emergency Management Institute’s role can best be described as which of the following: a. a four-year degree program to train the top emergency management professionals b. an applied research center focused on preparedness techniques and risk communication c. a training program providing on-site and distance learning for students and working professionals d. a summer camp for high schoolers to learn the basics of emergency management

6. In 2013, nearly 25 million people registered to participate in the ShakeOut, a program designed to: a. educate the public about how to get prepared and protect themselves during a large earthquake b. pressure politicians to strengthen building codes to withstand large earthquakes c. commemorate the losses and damage from the Northridge earthquake in 1994 d. prepare school teachers and administrators for the possibility of an active shooter situation

7. The FEMA Are You Ready? An In-depth Guide to Citizen Preparedness lists the following items that should be included in any family’s basic disaster supplies kit: a. One day supply of non-perishable food b. Three day supply of non-perishable food c. Seven day supply of non-perishable food d. One month supply of non-perishable food

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Preparedness Activities Chapter 11 Test 8. The core of preparedness is planning for the activities that will take place immediately before, during, and immediately after a disaster occurs. True or False?

9. Preparedness is defined as any sustained action to reduce or eliminate long-term risk to people and property from hazards and their effects. True or False?

10. In order to have a successful response to a disaster, the plans must be developed as soon as possible after a disaster strikes.True or False?

11. A Governor’s prime resource during a disaster is the United States Army. True or False?

12. The state plays a role similar to the federal government in a disaster when support and resources are needed beyond what the local level can provide. True or False?

13. The NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards Network broadcasts continuous weather and hazards information across the United States. True of False?

14. As described by FEMA, preparedness is: the leadership, training, readiness and exercise support, and technical and financial assistance to strengthen citizens, communities, State, local and Tribal governments, and professional emergency workers as they prepare for disasters, mitigate the effects of disasters, respond to community needs after a disaster, and launch effective recovery efforts. True or False?

15. The Department of Veteran Affairs is a federal partner in the National Response Plan and has some additional responsibilities during a disaster. True or False?

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Preparedness Activities Chapter 11 Test Short Answer Below are 5 Short Answer questions. Each question is worth 4 points for a total of 20 points:

16.

can be characterized as a state of readiness to respond to any emergency or

disaster.

17. The

of a state has police powers to amend, rescind orders or create regulations

during a declared state of emergency.

18. Created in 1881, the

is perhaps the best known non-profit organziation

implementing education and training programs to prepare communities for disaster is the.

19. During a mandatory

, residents are required to leave areas that are expected to

have catastrophic impacts and move to safer locations.

20. When a state is overwhelmed by a disaster, the governor may call on the

to

assist in disaster response by providing communications systems, construction equipment, emergency supplies, and response personnel.

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Preparedness Activities Chapter 11 Test Essay Below are 2 Essay questions. Answer each question using complete sentences. Each question is worth 10 points for a total of 20 points:

21. Describe the purpose of the National Incident Management System and why it is important to have a consistent and coordinated system for emergency management.

22. Discuss the origin of the American Red Cross and the types of humanitarian aid provided by the agency to people all over the United States.

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Preparedness Activities Chapter 11 Test

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Hazard Mitigation Tools and Techniques Chapter 12 Answer Key Multiple Choice/True-False 1. a. storm surges 2. c. groins 3. a. berms 4. d. Adopt the National Incident Management System 5. d a. limiting impervious surfaces and developing techniques for runoff to be absorbed 6. b. hazard-prone areas 7. c. fault zone setbacks 8. b. seismic retrofitting, elevation, floodproofing, windproofing 9. True 10. False 11. True 12. True 13. False 14. True 15. False

Short Answer 16. nourishment 17. runoff 18. acquisition 19. Elevation 20. Windproofing

Essay

21. Answers will vary, but should address the concept of eliciting adquate public participation by notifying and engaging community groups, businesses, and residents. An outreach strategy will help pinpoint the stakeholders and members of the public to target, and identify methods of bringing them into the planning process.

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Hazard Mitigation Tools and Techniques Chapter 12 Answer Key

FEMA recommends that, at a minimum, the stakeholders that must be included in the planning process are neighboring communities, local and regional agencies involved in hazard mitigation activities, and agencies that have the authority to regulate development, as well as businesses, academia, and other private and nonprofit interests. Moreover, FEMA recommends soliciting participation from local cultural institutions and elected officials and planning commission members.

In addition to these key stakeholder groups, the general public must also be given an opportunity to be involved in the planning process. Beyond simply keeping citizens abreast of how the mitigation plan is developing, community members, though not necessarily technical experts, can help shape the content of the plan itself, identifying assets and problem areas, narrating threat and hazard history, and prioritizing proposed mitigation alternatives.

Promoting public participation not only ensures that the mitigation plan represents the goals and priorities of the community, but also increases buy-in from stakeholders whose support will help implement the plan. FEMA requires that the public be invited to participate in the process when the plan is in draft stages and prior to plan approval. Public meetings, workshops, informational presentations, websites, resident mailings, and other forms of communication are often effective ways to solicit citizen participation.

While actual methods of outreach will vary from community to community, many tactics are common across the US. For example, presentations to governing bodies like a board of commissioners can help secure participation from those key stakeholders. Meetings (also called ―charrettes‖) where the mitigation plan is discussed are often advertised through the news media, social media, municipal website, or at community events such as fairs or sporting events.

Jurisdictions can also host informal roundtables and forums at strategic locations to solicit public participation.

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Hazard Mitigation Tools and Techniques Chapter 12 Answer Key 22. Describe at least two potential disadvantages of using structural engineering approaches to mitigation, such as constructing seawalls or jetties.

One potential disadvantages is the possibility of providing a false sense of security, which can in turn lead to increased development in hazard-prone areas. Structural projects can also damage natural resources, and reduce their ability to serve as natural buffers or protective measures against hazard events. Structural projects can also be very costly, and in some cases may require continual maintenance or greater investments in stronger structural investments down the road.

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Hazard Mitigation Tools and Techniques Chapter 12 Test Name: Date:

Multiple-Choice, True/False Below are 15 Multiple-Choice, True/False questions. Choose the best answer. Each question is worth 4 points for a total of 60 points:

1. Most hurricane-related deaths and property damage are a result of a. storm surges b. rip tides c. tornadoes spawned from hurricanes d. water toxins

2.

, which are meant to protect the shore from erosion by trapping sand, can

worsen erosion on neighboring beaches. a. berms b. levees c. groins d. seawalls

3.

are barriers created by grading or filling areas with soil and are meant to keep

floodwaters from reaching buildings. a. berms b. floodproofing c. culverts d. floodwalls

4. All of the following except which one are considered by FEMA to be steps in the development of a hazard mitigation plan?

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Hazard Mitigation Tools and Techniques Chapter 12 Test a. Conduct a risk assessment b. Review community capability c. Develop a mitigation strategy d. Adopt the National Incident Management System

5. Low Impact Development or Green Infrastructure are often used to manage stormwater by: a. limiting impervious surfaces and developing techniques for runoff to be absorbed b. building more effective stormwater treatment facilities to protect water quality c. funneling stormwater away from vulnerable properties as a form of mitigation d. none of the above

6. Over the long-term, the most sustainable approach to minimize damages and losses from natural hazards is to guide development away from

.

a. the political process b. hazard-prone areas c. natural habitats d. ocean front properties

7.

establish the distance that construction can take place from a known fault

line to prevent damage to structures from earthquakes. a. fault zone barriers b. fault zone limits c. fault zone setbacks d. fault zone ordinances

8. Among the mitigation strategies that are used to strengthen buildings and facilities are: a. seismic retrofitting, reverse 911, floodproofing, fireproofing b. seismic retrofitting, elevation, floodproofing, windproofing c. emergency supply kits, barrier construction, windproofing, floodproofing d. emergency supply kits, CERT training, windproofing, surgeproofing

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Hazard Mitigation Tools and Techniques Chapter 12 Test

9. Reservoirs are water storage facilities that are located behind dams, and are used to hold water during peak runoff periods. True or False?

10. The potential for dam failure is too unlikely to address through mitigation. True or False?

11. Levees, dikes and floodwalls should not be used to reclaim land in the floodplain for development. True or False?

12. One less expensive way to reduce flood damage is to engage in partial floodproofing by elevating only the heating, ventilating and cooling (HVAC) equipment, such as furnaces and hot water heaters. True or False?

13. Wet floodproofing means that all areas below flood level are made watertight. True or False?

14. Wetlands act as natural flood controls by storing tremendous amounts of floodwaters and slowing and reducing downstream flows. True or False?

15. Real estate disclosure laws do not require that the buyer and lender be notified if property is located in a hazard-prone area. True or False?

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Hazard Mitigation Tools and Techniques Chapter 12 Test Short Answer Below are 5 Short Answer questions. Each question is worth 4 points for a total of 20 points:

16. Some beachfront communities attempt to cope with shoreline erosion by investing in beach projects that replace or add sand to widen the beach.

17. Stormwater

typically flows along the surface of the ground and may ultimately be

discharged into bodies or enter stormwater treatment facilities.

18. The process of land _

and relocation, often referred to as buyout programs, can be an

expensive yet effective way for communities to minimize the number of residents living in the most vulnerable areas.

19.

raises the lowest habitable floor above the 100-year flood level, so that rising

water typically flows under the building, without harming the structure.

20.

typically involves improvements to the aerodynamics of a structure,

the materials used in its construction, or adding features like storm shutters and shatter-resistant window panes to reduce damage from wind.

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Hazard Mitigation Tools and Techniques Chapter 12 Test Essay Below are 2 Essay questions. Answer each question using complete sentences. Each question is worth 10 points for a total of 20 points:

21. Describe what FEMA means by the step of a comphrensive hazard mitigation planning process: create an outreach strategy.

22. Describe at least two potential disadvantages of using structural engineering approaches to mitigation, such as constructing seawalls or jetties.

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Hazard Mitigation Tools and Techniques Chapter 12 Test

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Disaster Resilience: Living with our Environment Chapter 13 Answer Key Multiple Choice/True-False 1. a. human action and behaviors 2. c. billion 3. b. the benefits of taking action lie in the future 4. b. 4 5. d. All of the above 6. b. impervious surfaces 7. a. Green infrastructure 8. d. All of the above 9. True 10. False 11. False 12. True 13. True 14. True 15. False

Short Answer 16. Census 17. resilience 18. communication 19. Hazus-MH 20. 100 year floodplain

Essay

21. Answers will vary, but should be based on some of the risk communication strategies outlined in the text: 

Preserve the social memory of disasters



Highlight communities and individuals as primary problem solvers

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Disaster Resilience: Living with our Environment Chapter 13 Answer Key 

Identify a sense of community and social linkages



Understand what people need and want to know



Emphasize the benefits of personal actions rather than risk alone



Lead people to consider helping those more vulnerable than themselves



Start with small actions that are easy to adopt



Connect probabilities and data to people’s lives.

22. The time immediately following a natural disaster may provide a community with a unique window of opportunity for inserting an ethic of resilience in guiding development and redevelopment in high-risk areas. With forethought and planning, communities that are rebuilt in the aftermath of a natural hazard can be built back so that they are more resilient to future hazards, breaking the cycle of hazard-destruction-rebuilding. At the same time, the community is given the opportunity to incorporate other attributes of sustainability into its second chance development, such as energy efficiency, affordable housing, walkable neighborhoods, use of recycled building materials, reduction of water use, and environmental protection.

Some of the changes that occur in the routine business of a community after a disaster include: 

Hazard awareness increases: immediately following a disaster event, people become personally aware of the hazards that can beset the community and the extent of the impact.

In other words, suddenly it becomes real.



Destruction occurs: In some cases, the disasters will have done some of the work already.

For example, a tornado, earthquake, or fire may have damaged or destroyed aging, dilapidated, or unsafe buildings or infrastructure.



Community involvement increases: A disaster forces a community to make decisions, both hard and easy. Community involvement and citizen participation in policy formation often increase after a disaster.

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Disaster Resilience: Living with our Environment Chapter 13 Answer Key 

Help arrives: Technical assistance and expert advice become available to a disasterimpacted community from a variety of state, federal, regional, academic, and nonprofit sources.



Money flows in: Financial assistance becomes available from state and federal government agencies, both for private citizens and the local government for disaster recovery and mitigation projects; insurance claim payments can also provide a source of funds for recovery and mitigation work.



Hazard identification changes: Sometimes a hazard may change a community’s assessment of where hazard areas are located. A disaster may provide opportunities to update flood maps, relocate inlet zones, re-establish erosion rates, modify oceanfront or seismic setback regulations, and change other indicators of vulnerability to reflect actual hazard risks based on new conditions.

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Disaster Resilience: Living with our Environment Chapter 13 Test Name: Date:

Multiple-Choice, True/False Below are 15 Multiple-Choice, True/False questions. Choose the best answer. Each question is worth 4 points for a total of 60 points:

1. While hazards are a function of the natural world, vulnerability to disasters is a function of a. human action and behaviors b. local and state planners c. mother nature d. federal government

2. During the decade between 2000 and 2009, 54 weather and climate disaster exceeded $1

, compared with 27 such events between 1980 and 1989. a. thousand b. million c. billion d. trillion

3. Former Secretary-General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan, explained that building a culture of disaster prevention is difficult due to the fact that: a. climate change impacts are uncertain b. the benefits of taking action lie in the future c. only wealthy countries are able to mitigate hazards d. none of the above

4. Research about the value of mitigation suggests that for every dollar invested in mitigation, dollars are saved.

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Disaster Resilience: Living with our Environment Chapter 13 Test a. 2 b. 4 c. 8 d. 16

5. Which of the following is a communication strategy to help the public understand and take actions to reduce risk? a. Emphasize the benefits of personal actions rather than focusing on risk alone b. Lead people to consider helping those more vulnerable than themselves c. Start with small actions that are easy for people to adopt d. All of the above

6. As watersheds are developed, the increase in

, such as pavement and rooftops,

causes more water from a storm to run off the land’s surface into the drainage system and streams, and usually at a faster pace, than was the case before development. a. porous surfaces b. impervious surfaces c. mall construction d. all of the above

7.

is a method of using natural areas and ecological systems as a form of

infrastructure to mitigate hazards and enhance the ecological health of an area. a. Green infrastructure b. Organic c. Bio-engineering d. Natural living

8. Which of the following resources provides information that planners or emergency managers could use to incorporate the best available data during a risk assessment? a. National Climate Assessment

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Disaster Resilience: Living with our Environment Chapter 13 Test b. State Climatologists c. Climate Data Initiative d. All of the above

9. Every state has a State Hazard Mitigation Officer who provides support to local communities carrying out mitigaiton planning. True or False?

10. Both the Netherlands and the United States build flood protection systems that predict communities up to the 100-year storm event. True or False?

11. Due to mitigation efforts implemented around the United States, disaster losses have declined significantly over the last few decades. True or False?

12. A major obstacle to implementing hazard reduction measures involves the public’s misunderstanding of risk and the fact that most people do not want to believe that their community will ever experience disaster. True or False?

13. Each type of nonprofit environmental organization pursues its own priorities, but many of their objectives may overlap with local or state management goals for hazard mitigation in environmentally sensitive or ecologically fragile lands. True or False?

14. Some communities choose to model and plan for their flood risk based on the assumption that the land will be developed at a future time within the watershed. True or False?

15. ―No advere impact‖ refers to the concept that regulations about floodplain management should not negatively impact property values. True or False?

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Disaster Resilience: Living with our Environment Chapter 13 Test Short Answer Below are 5 Short Answer questions. Each question is worth 4 points for a total of 20 points:

16. The U.S.

is conducted every ten years and is a valuable source of information about

demographic trends in the United States.

17. Disaster

is defined as the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from, and

more successfully adapt to adverse events.

18. Effective risk

is an important role of emergency managers, because the public

often do not want to believe that their community will ever experience a disaster.

19.

is a software developed by FEMA to provide potential damage and loss estimates for

earthquake, hurricanes, and flooding.

20. If a given property has a 1% chance of flooding in any given year, it is typically described as being within the

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Disaster Resilience: Living with our Environment Chapter 13 Test Essay Below are 2 Essay questions. Answer each question using complete sentences. Each question is worth 10 points for a total of 20 points:

21. Imagine you are an emergency manager leading a campaign to increase the number of residents with active flood insurance policies. Describe what strategies and messages you would use in outreach materials and presentations.

22. While no communities ever want to experience a disaster, explain why the aftermath of such an event is an important and valuable time to prioritize hazard mitigation.

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Disaster Resilience: Living with our Environment Chapter 13 Test

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