Cultural Anthropology And Applied Perspective 11th Edition By Gary Ferraro, Susan Andreatta_TEST BAN

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1. The word “anthropology” derives from the Greek anthropos and logos and literally means " ." a. the study of cultures b. the words of civilized peoples c. the study of humans d. human biology and culture e. the evolution of man ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Biological Anthropology, p. 4 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.1 - How does anthropology differ from other social and behavioral sciences?

2. Although the global scope of anthropological studies has increased during the past century, most recently there has been increased attention on . a. rural societies in the United States b. cultural and subcultural groups in industrialized areas c. communities in underdeveloped areas d. large, European cities e. farming societies in developing industrialized nations ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Biological Anthropology, p. 5 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.1 - How does anthropology differ from other social and behavioral sciences?

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is not a traditional subfield, or branch, of anthropology. a. Biological anthropology b. Cultural anthropology c. Anthropological linguistics d. Ethological anthropology e. Archaeology ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Biological Anthropology, p. 5 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

4. Medical anthropology most often draws upon research from a. anthropological linguistics and cultural anthropology b. archaeology and physical anthropology c. biological and cultural anthropology d. physical and biological anthropology e. anthropological linguistics and physical anthropology ANSWER: c POINTS: 1

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REFERENCES: Biological Anthropology, p. 14 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

5. In general, which of the following best describes biological anthropology? a. It focuses on how evolution of human begins and the physical variations among all types of people. b. It focuses almost exclusively on the study of non-human primates. c. It does not use any characteristics of comparative physical examination. It focuses exclusively on human traits. d. It focuses on only the study of evolution. e. It does not use any fieldwork data on physical characteristics.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Biological Anthropology, p. 6 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

6. Primatology is the study of . a. the earliest origins of life on earth in order to better understand evolution and the Big Bang Theory b. primate culture and language and what distinguishes them from humans c. the first tools used by humans and how they evolved from early primate origins d. the nonhuman primates in their natural environments e. environmental and conservation issues related to the study of apes and monkeys ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Biological Anthropology, p. 6 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

7. Which of the following best characterizes the study of paleoanthropology? a. It is the study of the evolution of dinosaurs and how human life was modified due to the presence of large reptiles. b. Paleoanthropologists focus on the reconstruction of the human fossil record through the excavation and analysis of fossil remains. c. Although paleoanthropology is the study of early fossils, it most commonly focuses on how humans culturally adapted to life in diverse environmental regions. d. Paleoanthropology is the study of non-human primates in their natural environments. e. Paleoanthropologists most often work in the field of forensic anthropology so that they can identify fossil material for a wide variety of species.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Biological Anthropology, p. 6 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

8. Forensic anthropologists are frequently asked to testify at trials because . a. they are specialists in interpreting human behavior and are able to best understand what motivates a criminal b. they are legal anthropologists and are familiar with laws surrounding the treatment of human remains c. they have a great deal of cross-cultural experience; forensic anthropologists are excellent at explaining a crime scene d. forensic anthropology is the study of criminals and criminal behavior

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e. they specialize in identifying victims and circumstances of death ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Biological Anthropology, p. 7 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

9. Richard Wrangham’s study of young chimpanzees led to the startling conclusion that chimpanzees . a. sometimes eat poisonous foods b. often overeat and gorge themselves on new leaves c. occasionally eat substances solely for medicinal benefit d. always eat the same foods and do not vary their diet e. frequently carry out extended fasts for health reasons ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Biological Anthropology, p. 7 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

10. Biological anthropologists study the culture and the environment by . a. explaining the fixed characteristics of racial categories among people located in the United States b. reconstructing evolutionary records of humans, studying nearest living relatives, and studying how and why physical traits of humans vary c. explaining differences in intelligence and personality between different groups of people from different parts of the world d. providing facts that people are more diverse today than they were in the past e. applying better ways to understand human potential and encourage more people to become anthropologists ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Biological Anthropology, p. 6 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

11. Historic archaeology . a. deals with that vast segment of the human cultures that existed prior to written history b. analyzes the first stone tools used by humans and infers about cultures based solely on this evidence c. analyzes cultures of people who used writing and where documents and records still exist d. is a form of applied anthropology in which archaeologists reconstruct cultures for museums e. works to protect cultural resources ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Archaeology, p. 9 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

12. Ecofacts are . a. objects found in the natural environment that were used by people but not made or altered by them b. objects that have been made by people and are portable SOURCE: Browsegrades.net c. objects that have been made by people but are not portable

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d. objects found in the natural environment that were formed by natural occurrences such as exposure to great heat or cold e. fossils that are embedded in natural stone ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Archaeology, p. 8 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

13. Prehistoric archaeologists work with which of the following? a. Artifacts, ecofacts, and features b. Artifacts, features, and grammar systems c. Contemporary religious systems, artifacts, and ecofacts d. Artifacts, grammar systems, and contemporary religious systems ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Archaeology, p. 9 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

14. The specialty in archaeology that works to interpret and defend artifacts from building projects and other forms of site destruction is called . a. paleoanthropology b. paleopathology c. prehistoric archaeology d. forensic anthropology e. cultural resource management ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Archaeology, p. 9 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

15. Which of the following most accurately describes the goals of cultural resource management (CRM)? a. CRM is a type of contract archaeology in which the sites are excavated with the goal of presenting all evidence (artifacts) in a museum-quality exhibit. b. CRM is public archaeology. As a result, it involves the preparation and use of volunteer citizens in excavations on federal lands. c. CRM is considered the highest-quality scientific excavation on federal, state, or private lands. Each excavation team includes a lawyer well-versed in all laws relating to site preservation. d. CRM focuses on conducting high-quality research in compliance with all laws relating to archaeological sites excavated on federally-funded building projects. e. CRM focuses on conducting high-quality research in compliance with all state, national, and international laws relating to archaeological excavation.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Archaeology, p. 9 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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16. Holt Cemetery in New Orleans was the site for an applied archaeology project led by Dr. Shannon Dawdy of the University of Chicago because . a. there were important trade relations between the Great Lakes region and New Orleans in the early 17th cenutry. Much of this can be documented from cemetery artifacts b. the cemetery was built on top of an Indian mound dated at more than 5,000 years before present and thus, is historically significant c. it was historically important in the celebration of All Souls’ Day and was damaged in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina d. this cemetery is the primary urban cemetery in New Orleans and contains the burials of many important historical figures, whose markers and graves must be preserved. e. it is a central location for Haitian voodoo celebrations and is a public park today.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 2 REFERENCES: Archaeology, p. 10 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

17. A linguistic anthropologist who studies the relationship between language and social relatives is working in the field of . a. ethnolinguistics b. descriptive linguistics c. historical linguistics d. sociolinguistics e. glottochronology ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Anthropological Linguistics, p. 11 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

18. An anthropologist who studies the relationship between language and culture is working in the field of . a. ethnolinguistics b. descriptive linguistics c. historical linguistics d. sociolinguistics e. glottochronology ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Anthropological Linguistics, p. 11 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

19. Studying sound and the meaning of grammatical systems in a specific language is the work of a (an) a. ethnologist b. historical linguist c. sociolinguist d. descriptive linguist e. glottochronologist SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Anthropological Linguistics, p. 11 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

20. An example of an ethnography is a (an) . a. study of chimpanzee language b. excavation of an archaeological site c. study of the behavior of residents in a retirement home d. study of rates of disease in prehistoric populations e. comparative analysis of blood proteins between populations ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultural Anthropology, p. 12 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

21. Ethnographic research usually involves all of the following EXCEPT . a. many months of fieldwork b. talking to a number of people c. observing people’s behavior d. working to make cultures more similar e. participating in people’s daily lives ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultural Anthropology, p. 19 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

22. Urban anthropology . a. focuses exclusively on research in suburban areas of the United States b. does not take account of the existence of violent gangs and the marketing of drugs c. naturally grew out of research that followed rural people into more complex social systems d. has been important since the earliest days of anthropology e. is no longer a growing specialty in anthropology, as there is a mass exodus of cities today ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultural Anthropology, p. 12 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

23. Medical anthropology is a more recent specialty in the discipline studying the relationship between a. biology, culture, and disease b. biology, disease, and social status c. biology and disease d. cultural practices and the spread of disease e. history and disease SOURCE: Browsegrades.net ANSWER: a

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POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultural Anthropology, p. 12-13 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

24. anthropology is the specialty that would be most involved in studying the effects of building a new nanotechnology factory in a small, rural community. a. Educational b. Economic c. Political d. Medical e. Developmental ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultural Anthropology, p. 13 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

25. Which one of these statements about psychological anthropology is FALSE? a. It looks at how culture affects personality, cognition, and emotions. b. Since 1990, it has focused on broad national character studies. c. It is associated with such names as Margaret Mead and Franz Boas. d. It examines the relationship between culture and the psychological makeup of individuals and groups. e. A wide variety of methodology is used to do research in their area.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultural Anthropology, p. 14 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

26. You are building a new suburban community near a protected wetlands environment and need to address concerns regarding soil erosion, deforestation, and water treatment in the area. Which type of anthropologist would best address those needs? a. Physical anthropologist b. Environmental anthropologist c. Educational anthropologist d. Medical anthropologist e. Cultural resource manager ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultural Anthropology, p. 13 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

27. A holistic approach to the study of humans means that anthropologists a. concentrate only on the social customs of the group under study b. study all varieties of people and all aspects of their existence c. limit themselves to the study of religious leaders SOURCE: Browsegrades.net d. only study literate societies

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e. focus exclusively on the relationship between people and environment ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Guiding Principles, p. 15 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.3 - What do anthropologists mean by holism?

28. Which of the following is not a characteristic aspect of holism? a. It involves biological and sociocultural aspects of humanity. b. It focuses on the study of many different aspects of the human experience from family structure to art. c. It studies how all forms of life are related and evolved out of each other. d. It studies all varieties of people wherever they are found. e. It involves the longest time frame for studying humans.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Guiding Principles, p. 15 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.3 - What do anthropologists mean by holism?

29. Ethnocentrism is the belief that . a. one’s culture is no better or no worse than any other b. other cultures are inferior to one’s own c. other cultures are superior to one’s own d. to understand another cultural feature, you must look at it from within its proper cultural context e. it is not possible to fully understand any culture other than your own ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Guiding Principles, p. 15 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.1 - How does anthropology differ from other social and behavioral sciences?

30. Which of the following statements is NOT true? a. Ethnocentrism is present in all cultures; it is universal. b. One benefit of ethnocentrism is that it enhances group solidarity. c. Ethnocentrism is a natural by-product of being raised in a society. d. Ethnocentrism is worse in urban societies than in rural ones. e. Although it is not possible to eliminate ethnocentrism, it can be reduced.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Guiding Principles, p. 16 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.1 - How does anthropology differ from other social and behavioral sciences?

31. Why is ethnocentrism so pervasive throughout the world? a. Most people are born and raised in multiple cultures and grow to prefer one over another. b. Most people are born and raised in a single culture and have no exposure to other cultures. c. Most cultures teach ethnocentrism as a guiding principle of the belief system. d. Because there are few anthropologists, most people have not been exposed to another culture.

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net e. Because of high crime rates, most people suspect other cultures for their problems.

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ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Guiding Principles, p. 16 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.1 - How does anthropology differ from other social and behavioral sciences?

32. The anthropological attitude that a society’s customs and ideas should be viewed in the context of its own culture is called . a. cultural relativism b. the etic approach c. the emic approach d. ethnocentrism e. holism ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Guiding Principles, p. 16 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.4 - What is meant by cultural relativism, and why is it important?

33. Anthropologists who take cultural relativism too literally or too its logical extreme, can conclude that a. absolutely no behavior found in the world would be immoral based on that cultures beliefs or morality b. all moral practices are viewed as equivalent c. all must give up their own culture or practices d. all cultures would have to be required to like or approve the other culture practices e. all cultures should be required to give up trying to understand human behavior in its myriad forms ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Guiding Principles, p. 16-17 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.4 - What is meant by cultural relativism, and why is it important?

34. Which of the following is most accurate? If taken to an extreme, cultural relativism can lead to . a. the belief that no cultural customs or practices are ever immoral b. a greater amount of ethnocentrism between developing nations c. the development of a unified global culture d. increased amounts of cultural diversity and tolerance e. more warfare ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Guiding Principles, p. 17 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.4 - What is meant by cultural relativism, and why is it important?

35. Which of the following is the perspective of the native of a group (the insider approach)? a. Culturally relativistic b. Ethic c. Etic d. Emic SOURCE: Browsegrades.net e. Endemic

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ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Guiding Principles, p. 17 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.1 - How does anthropology differ from other social and behavioral sciences?

36. The approach best exemplifies an extreme emic perspective. a. cultural materialism b. functionalism c. ethnoscience d. psychological anthropology e. ethnocentrism ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Guiding Principles, p. 17 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.1 - How does anthropology differ from other social and behavioral sciences?

37. In comparison with other social sciences, anthropology , a. is much narrower and specialized in scope, focusing exclusively on humans b. is more integrative and holistic, examining all aspects of humanity c. practices more rigorous and comparative science d. collects and analyzes data as its knowledge base. e. has fewer specialties and subfields ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Contributions of Anthropology, p. 17 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.5 - What skills will students develop from the study of anthropology?

38. The major purpose of anthropology is to understand other cultures. This can be accomplished most effectively in all of the following ways EXCEPT . a. having as much specific data as possible about other cultures in the world b. understanding our own culture c. understanding how people from other cultures view us d. gaining a critical understanding of what makes a “good” culture e. having an interest in cultural diversity and change ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Contributions of Anthropology, p. 18-20 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.5 - What skills will students develop from the study of anthropology?

39. The recent intensification of the flow of money, goods, and information to all parts of the world is referred to as , a. migration b. globalization c. colonialism SOURCE: Browsegrades.net d. racism

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e. massification ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Contributions of Anthropology, p. 18 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.5 - What skills will students develop from the study of anthropology?

40. The study of other cultures and other ways of life should lead us to an understanding that . a. all cultures have value and none is better than any other b. some cultures are more valuable than others c. all cultures are created equally but history allows some to be more successful than others d. all cultures face the same challenges and have the same history e. there is no such thing as cultural diversity ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Contributions of Anthropology, p. 19 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.5 - What skills will students develop from the study of anthropology?

41. Dr. Ann Soetoro, the mother of President Barack Obama, was a cultural anthropologist who worked in Indonesia studying . a. ritual practices and religious change b. agricultural improvement and multinational corporations c. economic development and entrepreneurism among rural craftspeople d. gender roles in society e. educational policy and improvements ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Contributions of Anthropology, p. 18 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.5 - What skills will students develop from the study of anthropology?

42. Which statement about the applied research of Susan Squires is true? a. Since children are not very hungry when they wake-up at 6:30 a.m., they often leave the house at 7 a.m. without eating much of anything. b. Families with two working parents have more nutritious breakfasts than families with only one working parent. c. Her research led to the development of the breakfast cereal Fruit Loops. d. Children, parents, and grandparents in the U.S. generally agree on what constitutes a healthy breakfast. e. Breakfast is not a culturally significant topic of study.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Contributions of Anthropology, p. 19 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.6 - How can anthropology help solve social problems?

43. The study of anthropology develops all of the following skills EXCEPT a. developing cognitive complexity SOURCE: Browsegrades.net b. appreciating other perspectives

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c. responsible money management d. building emotional resilience e. operating more comfortably in ambiguous situations ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Contributions of Anthropology, p. 20-22 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.6 - How can anthropology help solve social problems?

44. In order to truly appreciate other cultural perspectives, which of the following is most vital? a. Be willing to make cultural evaluations based on past experience. b. Let go of cultural certainty in order to learn something new. c. Work effectively to achieve short-term goals despite cultural differences. d. Learn to ignore cultural differences as being unimportant. e. Cultivate friendships in as many cultures as possible.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Contributions of Anthropology, p. 20-21 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.6 - How can anthropology help solve social problems?

45. The ability to see how a single entity is composed of a number of different parts and how these parts are interconnected is called . a. cognitive complexity b. cultural sensitivity c. cultural relativism d. differentiation e. integration ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Contributions of Anthropology, p. 21 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.6 - How can anthropology help solve social problems?

46. Being attentive to both verbal and nonverbal communication is a skill known as . a. cognitive complexity b. differentiation c. integration d. global teamwork e. perceptual acuity ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Building Skills for the Twenty-First Century, p. 21 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.6 - How can anthropology help solve social problems?

47. An increasing number of recent high school graduates are opting to take a “gap year,” traveling and interning with organizations abroad before attending college. All of the following are critical skills in the 21st century EXCEPT a (an) SOURCE: Browsegrades.net .

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a. fluency in a second language b. broad-based approach to learning and experience c. ability to determine which culture is best and most valuable d. ability to immerse themselves in another culture e. capacity to understand the logic and value of other cultures ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Building Skills for the Twenty-First Century, p. 21-22 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.6 - How can anthropology help solve social problems?

48. Which of the following statements about American values is most accurate? a. Americans are collectivistic by nature and tend to choose to live in urban areas in increasing numbers. b. Americans and Europeans share all of the same values. c. American values are unique to our country and none are shared by other cultures because each culture is unique. d. Some values are shared widely by other cultures and some are particular to a culture. e. No culture has values. Only individuals have values.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Bottom Line: Understanding Other Cultures, p. 22 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.1 - How does anthropology differ from other social and behavioral sciences?

49. All of the following can be used to illustrate a pursuit of individualism that negatively impacts the common good in the United States EXCEPT . a. salary disparity between CEOs and the average worker b. the Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution c. the practice of allowing business needs and desires to override health standards d. the widespread practice of giving to charity and other philanthropic societies e. the lack of personal care for elderly parents and grandparents ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Bottom Line: Understanding Other Cultures, p. 22 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.1 - How does anthropology differ from other social and behavioral sciences?

50. Which of the anthropological subfields most prepares a student with the skills for success in the 21st century? a. Anthropological linguistics b. Cultural anthropology c. Archaeology d. Physical anthropology e. Structural linguistics ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Building Skills for the Twenty-First Century, p. 21 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.1 - How does anthropology differ from other social and behavioral sciences?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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51. Anthropologists are concerned with all humans, both past and present, as well as humans’ behavior patterns, thought systems, and material possessions. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Biological Anthropology, p. 4-5 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.1 - How does anthropology differ from other social and behavioral sciences?

52. Paleoanthropology is focused exclusively on the reconstruction of the human fossil record. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Biological Anthropology, p. 6 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

53. Anthropologists recognize non-human primates as important research subjects because they can be studied in environments similar to those our human ancestors lived in several million years ago. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Biological Anthropology, p. 6-7 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

54. Race has never been a central concept in the study of anthropology. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Biological Anthropology, p. 7-8 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

55. Artifacts are things like seeds or bones that have been worked by humans. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Archaeology, p. 8 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

56. Cultural resource management may involve very contemporary archaeological sites. a. True b. False SOURCE: Browsegrades.net ANSWER: True

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POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Archaeology, p. 9-10 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

57. Anthropological linguistics is the least significant subfield in the discipline of anthropology. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Anthropological Linguistics, p.10-11 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

58. The study of disease in prehistoric populations is called paleoanthropology. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultural Anthropology, p. 12 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

59. Cultural anthropology involves the practice of both ethnography and ethnology. While ethnography is the study of specific cultural traits and behaviors, ethnology is an approach meant to uncover general cultural laws and principles. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultural Anthropology, p. 11-12 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

60. Environmental anthropology traditionally focused primarily on how non-Western peoples adapted to their physical environments. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultural Anthropology, p. 13 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

61. Because of the importance of holism in the study of anthropology, most anthropologists today are more generalized in their studies than specialized. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Guiding Principles,SOURCE: p. 15 Browsegrades.net LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.3 - What do anthropologists mean by holism?

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62. Ethnocentrism is declining in the world today due to globalization. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Guiding Principles, p. 16 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.1 - How does anthropology differ from other social and behavioral sciences?

63. A degree of ethnocentrism is found among all peoples and cultures. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Guiding Principles, p. 16 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.1 - How does anthropology differ from other social and behavioral sciences?

64. One positive outcome of mild ethnocentrism is group solidarity and the development of cultural diversity. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Guiding Principles, p. 16 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.1 - How does anthropology differ from other social and behavioral sciences?

65. The attitude of anthropology is one of cultural relativism. It is the notion that any part of a culture must be viewed in its proper cultural context rather than from the viewpoint of the observer's culture. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Guiding Principles, p. 16 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.4 - What is meant by cultural relativism, and why is it important?

66. A perspective in ethnography that uses the concepts and categories of the anthropologist’s culture to describe another culture is called the emic approach. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Guiding Principles, p. 17 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.1 - How does anthropology differ from other social and behavioral sciences?

67. One of the most important changes affecting cultures today is the phenomenon of globalization. a. True SOURCE: Browsegrades.net b. False

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ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Contributions of Anthropology, p. 18 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.5 - What skills will students develop from the study of anthropology?

68. The field of applied anthropology works to put anthropological knowledge to use for governmental improvement and stabilization. It is a highly political approach in the field. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Contributions of Anthropology, p. 19-20 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.6 - How can anthropology help solve social problems?

69. An important skill for the 21st century will be the ability to balance contradictory needs and demands rather than trying to eliminate them. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Building Skills for the Twenty-First Century, p. 20 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.6 - How can anthropology help solve social problems?

70. Ruth Benedict wrote her classic account of psychological anthropology on national character studies of the Chinese. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultural Anthropology, p. 14 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

71. What are the subfields, or branches, of anthropology?

ANSWER: biological anthropology, archaeology, anthropological linguistics, and cultural anthropology POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Biological Anthropology, p. 5 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

72. What is primatology and why is it important to the study of humans?

ANSWER: It is the study of nonhuman primates in their natural environments and is important because it helps us gain insights into the human evolutionary process.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Biological Anthropology, p. 6 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

73. With what three types of material remains do archaeologists work?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net ANSWER: artifacts, features, and ecofacts

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POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Archaeology, p. 8 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

74. What is sociolinguistics and what does it contribute to the field of anthropological linguistics?

ANSWER: It is the branch of anthropological linguistics that studies how language is used in different social contexts. It helps us understand the role of culture in language.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Anthropological Linguistics, p. 11 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

75. Compare and contrast ethnography and ethnology.

ANSWER: Ethnography is descriptive, based on direct fieldwork, and focuses on a single group; ethnology is comparative, uses data collected by other ethnographers, and generalizes across cultures or groups. They are both specialties within Cultural Anthropology and both focus on the phenomenon of culture and cultural adaptation.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultural Anthropology, p. 11-12 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

76. What does the holistic approach in anthropology involve?

ANSWER: The study involves both biological and sociocultural aspects of humanity, the deepest possible time frame, study of all people wherever they may be found, and studying many different aspects of the human experience.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Guiding Principles, p. 15 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.3 - What do anthropologists mean by holism?

77. What is ethnocentrism?

ANSWER: Ethnocentrism is the belief that one’s own culture is most desirable and superior to all others.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Guiding Principles, p. 15 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.1 - How does anthropology differ from other social and behavioral sciences?

78. Describe cultural relativism and explain why it is important in anthropology.

ANSWER: Cultural relativism is the notion that any part of a culture must be viewed in its proper cultural context rather than from the viewpoint of the observer’s culture. It opens up the possibility that we can understand another culture.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Guiding Principles, p. 16 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.4 - What is meant by cultural relativism, and why is it important?

79. What does applied research in anthropology seek to do?

ANSWER: Applied research seeks to gain scientific knowledge for the sake of solving particular social problems.

POINTS: 1 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net REFERENCES: Contributions of Anthropology, p. 19

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.6 - How can anthropology help solve social problems?

80. Name the “skills for the 21st Century” that are agreed upon by most educators.

ANSWER: These skills include develop a broad perspective, appreciate other points of view, operate comfortably in ambiguous situations, work effectively as part of cross-cultural teams, and become emotionally resilient, open-minded, and perceptually aware.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Building Skills for the Twenty-First Century, p. 20 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.6 - How can anthropology help solve social problems?

81. Describe the four-field approach to anthropology. List the primary concerns of specialists in each field.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Biological Anthropology, p. 4-15 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

82. Describe how anthropology is holistic. How does holism help us to learn about human nature?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Guiding Principles, p. 15 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.3 - What do anthropologists mean by holism?

83. What unique perspectives do cultural anthropologists bring to the study of globalization in the 21st Century?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Contributions of Anthropology, p. 17-18 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.5 - What skills will students develop from the study of anthropology?

84. Consider why it is important to understand nonhuman primates. Discuss two important reasons for us to learn about animals so like ourselves.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Physical (Biological) Anthropology, p. 6-8 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

85. Why is it important for anthropologists to study contemporary human differences? What does it mean to say that all humans are a single species? How important are physical differences in human populations? In your response, consider both cultural and physical differences.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Physical (Biological) Anthropology, p. 6-15 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.6 - How can anthropology help solve social problems?

86. Although the work of anthropological linguists has changed over the last 100 years, this approach remains central to our understanding of what it means to be human. Discuss the importance of language and what it can reveal about culture and human change and adaptation.

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net ANSWER: Will vary

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POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Anthropological Linguistics, p. 10-11 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

87. Consider the significance of a specialty such as medical anthropology. Do you believe that this type of research is more or less important today than when it first developed some 35 years ago? Provide examples within your discussion.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultural Anthropology, p. 12-13 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.2 - What is the four-field approach to the discipline of anthropology?

88. Discuss both positive and negative aspects of ethnocentrism. Give examples of each.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Guiding Principles, p. 15-16 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.1 - How does anthropology differ from other social and behavioral sciences?

89. Cultural relativism is often depicted as an attitude that allows any cultural practice to be explained as legitimate.

Anthropologists, however, do support a category of human rights and see certain human practices as morally indefensible.

Consider such things as genocide, female circumcision, or torture and explain why cultural relativism may not be applicable in these cases.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Guiding Principles, p. 16-17 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.4 - What is meant by cultural relativism, and why is it important?

90. What is the difference between applied and basic research in anthropology? Explain how both of these types of research help us to better understand ourselves.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Contributions of Anthropology, p. 18-20 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.1.6 - How can anthropology help solve social problems?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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1. The central concept in anthropology is the concept of . a. distribution b. power c. culture d. artifacts e. evolution ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Defined, p. 26 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

2. The anthropological concept of culture includes all of the following EXCEPT . a. the ideas people learn b. genetic aspects of being human c. the material things people share d. the ways people behave e. the values and attitudes that people have ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Defined, p. 29 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

3. Which of the following statements about the concept of culture is FALSE? a. Culture is symbolic. b. Culture is learned. c. Culture is always changing. d. Culture is genetically-based. e. Culture is adaptive.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture is Learned, p. 30 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

4. People from the same culture can predict one another's behavior because . a. culture determines behavior b. culture conditions behavior c. all people in any given society accept exactly the same rules for behavior d. all people in any given society have exactly the same ideas e. culture groups are programmed to imitate each other ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture and the Individual, p. 43 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

5. How does the earliest anthropological definition of culture

by Edward Tylor differ from the definitions frequently used SOURCE: Browsegrades.net today?

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a. Tylor’s definition is more like a “laundry list” of attributes that together form a culture. b. Definitions today tend to be more specialized and detailed about characteristics of culture. c. Definitions of culture are no longer being formulated. Anthropology has a single significant definition of culture that all researchers use. d. Culture was more evident in the time of Tylor and his definition includes details that are no longer relevant to the study of culture. e. Tylor’s definition is the only definition still in use today.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Defined, p. 26 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

6. All of the following are components of any definition of culture EXCEPT . a. ideas and values b. biological predispositions c. material objects d. behavior patterns e. attitudes in society ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Defined, p. 26 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

7. Symbols are one of the most critical components of culture. Which of the following statements is NOT true of symbols? a. Symbols unify people into a group. b. Symbols provide meaning. c. Symbols are completely separate from language. d. Symbols help people identify objects and ideas. e. Symbols are powerful.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Defined, p. 28 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

8. Which statement about the term "civilization" is true? a. Civilization is synonymous with culture. b. All cultures are civilizations, but all civilizations are not cultures. c. Civilizations are characterized by monumental architecture, centralized government, efficient food production, and writing. d. Civilizations first appeared around 10,000 years ago. e. There are no contemporary civilizations. This was a phenomenon of the historical past.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Defined, p. 28 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

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9.

Trying to operate in an unfamiliar culture . a. often leads to the experience of culture shock. b. is never difficult for an educated person. c. is relatively easy if you have read a book about that culture. d. may lead to physical distress but not psychological distress. e. creates mild psychological stress.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Is Shared, p. 29 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

10. Subcultures have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT they . a. are subsets of the wider culture b. always enjoy all the benefits of the mainstream culture c. retain a level of cultural uniqueness that sets them apart d. are neither inferior nor superior to mainstream culture e. do not control society’s major institutional structures ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Is Shared, p. 29 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

11. Which of the following best illustrates a pluralistic society? a. It is composed of a number of subcultural groups and has a low potential for misunderstandings or hostilities. b. It is composed of a number of subcultural groups such as found in the U.S. and Canada. c. It is found in the United States and the United Kingdom but because of diffusion it is rapidly disappearing. d. It is a peaceable society that promotes a great deal of cultural and social solidarity. e. It is a type of society that first developed with immigration, but is no longer in existence.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Is Shared, p. 29 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

12. The process by which people learn and interact with their own culture is . a. called enculturation b. genetically based c. more rapid in industrialized societies than in less technologically developed ones d. slowest in industrialized societies and most rapid in less technologically developed ones e. called pluralism and results in pluralistic societies ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Is Learned, p. 30 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.2 - How do we acquire our culture?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

13. Which of the following is the best example of the enculturation process?

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a. An adolescent on an exchange program to another country b. An adult business traveler spending short periods of time in many different countries c. A young child attending a bilingual school in the U.S. d. A young adult interacting within a multicultural community group e. An infant learning how to walk and speak ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Is Learned, p. 30 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.2 - How do we acquire our culture?

14. Which statement about the learned nature of culture is true? a. Humans are born with many predetermined behaviors. b. People learn what they need to know in order to adapt to their environment. c. Some cultures are more intelligent than others. d. Children can learn only one culture at a time. e. People around the world acquire culture through very different processes.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Is Learned, p. 31 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.2 - How do we acquire our culture?

15. Organizations that are employing cultural anthropologists to help foreign employees adjust to the organization's culture are demonstrating . a. cross-cultural coaching b. globalization c. acculturation d. cultural diffusion e. cultural changes ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: New Twenty-First Century Tools for the Study of Cultures, p. 44 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.2 - How do we acquire our culture?

16. When we describe a culture as being polychronic, we mean that people . a. feel comfortable engaging in a number of activities simultaneously b. tend to be extremely punctual c. prefer to engage in only one activity at a time d. believe in the saying “time is money” e. are extremely ethnocentric ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Is Shared, p. 31 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

17. Dr. Edward T. Hall’s model of monochronicSOURCE: vs. polychronic cultures is based on the cultural variable of Browsegrades.net

.

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a. color b. spirituality c. time d. money e. power ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Is Taken for Granted, p. 31 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

18. Which of the following statements about the concept of culture is FALSE? a. Culture influences biological processes. b. Culture is learned. c. Cultures change over time. d. All cultures include some common features. e. Most cultural universals are instinctual.

ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Is Taken for Granted, p. 36 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

19. A non-Navajo who vomits after inadvertently eating rattle snake best illustrates which of the following cultural principles? a. Culture is learned. b. Cultures are always changing. c. Culture influences biological processes. d. The parts of a culture are interrelated. e. Culture is adaptive.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Influences Biological Processes, p. 32-33 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

20. Some people in the world have tattoos, use scarification or wear bones in their noses because a. they don’t understand the harm they do to their bodies b. they have a distorted concept of beauty c. they do it as part of their religious practice d. their culture tells them that it looks good e. it is used as a status symbol to attract sexual partners ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Influences Biological Processes, p. 33 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

21. Ferraro's wife was considered unattractive by the Kikuyu because .

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

.

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a. the color of her skin was too light b. she was too thin c. she had pierced ears d. she wore lipstick e. she was too short ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Influences Biological Processes, p. 33 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

22.

is ranked number one in for the most plastic surgery procedures conducted per capita. a. South Korea b. United States c. Canada d. Taiwan e. New Guinea ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Influences Biological Processes, p. 33 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

23. Despite many differences in details, all cultures share a number of common cultural features EXCEPT . a. marriage systems b. a system of distribution c. a system of communication d. a system of education e. a genetically based propensities ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultural Universals, p. 34 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.3 - Despite the enormous variation in different cultures, are some features common found in all cultures of the world?

24. A universal societal need for culture transmission leads to some form of a in all societies. a. social control system b. system of marriage and family c. system of supernatural belief d. formal educational system e. system of communication ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultural Universals, p. 34 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.3 - Despite the enormous variation in different cultures, are some features common found in all cultures of the world?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

25. Saying that every society has an economic system means that

.

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a. every society has a system of standardized currency b. every society has markets c. each receives goods and services based on his or her capacity to pay d. every society has worked out a patterned way of ensuring that people get what they need for survival e. every society is now part of the globalized economy ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultural Universals, p. 34 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.3 - Despite the enormous variation in different cultures, are some features common found in all cultures of the world?

26. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT . a. culture provides humans with a quicker and more efficient means of adaptation than Darwinian natural selection alone b. Darwinian natural selection is the primary means by which non-human animals and plants adapt to the world c. Darwinian natural selection is the way that animals adapt to their world, but humans adapt only by means of culture d. not all aspects of culture are adaptive for humans e. culture is the primary means by which humans adapt to their world ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Is Adaptive and Maladaptive, p. 36 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

27. The “organic analogy” refers to the idea that . a. the parts of a culture are interconnected much like the organs of a living animal b. only the fittest members of a species will survive c. humans evolved directly from non-human primates d. culture helps people adapt to their environments e. culture is a living and breathing entity that affects human survival ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultures Are Generally Integrated, p. 37 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

28. The integration of a culture means that . a. all of the cultural parts are tightly connected to all other cultural parts b. cultural parts are somewhat interconnected with one another c. members of two different subcultures attend school together and thereby learn to adapt to culture d. a culture is exactly like the body of a living organism e. it is impossible to distinguish any area of culture from another area ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultures Are Generally Integrated, p. 37 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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29. The task of the cultural anthropologist is to . a. describe the various parts of the culture he or she studies b. study aspects of a culture in isolation from the rest of the cultural system c. show how parts of a culture are independent from one another d. determine if one culture is more moral than another e. work to help develop the most adaptive type of culture to improve human potential ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultures Are Generally Integrated, p. 37 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

30. In comparison to the United States and Germany, why have so few scientists received Nobel Prizes in Japan? a. Japan does not have as strong a scientific tradition as the Western nations. b. Japanese scientists have focused more on productive efficiency rather than any kind of technological advances. c. Most Japanese scientists who are advanced choose to immigrate to Europe or the United States. d. Japanese scientists have been chosen to receive the Nobel Prize, but because of cultural tradition they have not traveled to accept the award. e. Japanese culture does not value bold experimentation of individual accomplishment as much as these other countries.

ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultures Are Generally Integrated, p. 38 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

31. The organic analogy of a culture is an example of which of the following characteristics? a. Cultures are constantly changing. b. Cultures are adaptive and maladaptive. c. Cultures are generally interconnected. d. Culture influences biological processes. e. There are cultural universals.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultures Are Generally Integrated, p. 37 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

32. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT . a. every aspect of cultures are adaptive b. culture gives humans an adaptive advantage over other animals c. what is adaptive in one culture may be maladaptive in another d. sometimes cultural behaviors are adaptively neutral e. cultural adaptation is quicker than biological adaptation ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Is Adaptive and Maladaptive, p. 36 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

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33.

society is a term that is no longer used to describe smaller societies. a. Primitive b. Egalitarian c. Technologically simple d. Preliterate e. Small-scale ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: "Primitive" Cultures, p. 43 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.4 - Do cultures change over time, and if so, how do they change?

34. Internal cultural changes occur most often in . a. cities b. monumental architecture. c. Asian societies d. indigenous societies e. highly industrialized societies ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultures Change, p. 39 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.4 - Do cultures change over time, and if so, how do they change?

35. What types of cultures remain completely static year after year? a. Small-scale cultures b. Non-Western cultures c. No culture remains completely static. d. Western cultures e. Large-scale cultures ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultures Change, p. 39 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.4 - Do cultures change over time, and if so, how do they change?

36. The spread of a cultural element from one society to another is called . a. innovation b. tabula rasa c. ethnocentrism d. cultural diffusion e. invention ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultures Change, p. 39 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.4 - Do cultures change over time, and if so, how do they change?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

37. Cultural diffusion is very important in cultural change because

.

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a. people are essentially uninventive and unimaginative b. all important elements of culture came from European societies c. all important elements of culture came from Asian and African societies d. it is easier to borrow a thing or idea than it is to invent it e. it allows cultures to adapt more quickly to their changing environment ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultures Change, p. 42 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.4 - Do cultures change over time, and if so, how do they change?

38. Which of the following is NOT an example of cultural diffusion? a. The United States being resistant to adopting the metric system b. The United States modifications to Italy's pizza c. The use of the detachable outrigger on the island of Hiva Oa d. A feng shui McDonald’s constructed in a California city with a large Asian population e. African women exercising and losing weight to fit the American ideal of beauty ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultures Change, p. 39 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.4 - Do cultures change over time, and if so, how do they change?

39. Which statement about culture change is FALSE? a. Cultures are always changing. b. Cultures change through the processes of diffusion and innovation. c. Cultures change more through invention than through diffusion. d. Anthropologists do not agree on the single most important cause of culture change. e. Culture change is important to cultural survival.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultures Change, p. 39 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.4 - Do cultures change over time, and if so, how do they change?

40. In situations of cultural diffusion . a. the two cultures do not exchange every cultural item b. one culture borrows and the other one does not c. it is the stronger culture which borrows, or steals, from the other d. the recipient culture does not have a choice regarding the item exchanged e. it is common for the two cultures to merge and become integrated ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultures Change, p. 40 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.4 - Do cultures change over time, and if so, how do they change?

41. All of the following statements about cultural diffusion are true EXCEPT SOURCE: a. some parts of culture are more likely to diffuse thanBrowsegrades.net others

.

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b. diffusion is affected by other important variables c. cultural elements my be modified d. diffusion is a two-way, reciprocal process e. the process of diffusion is not selective ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultures Change, p. 40 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.4 - Do cultures change over time, and if so, how do they change?

42. In Hacienda Heights, CA, a McDonald’s restaurant has incorporated the ancient Asian practice of feng shui in the design of one of its restaurants. Which principle of culture change does this illustrate? a. Cultural diffusion b. Innovation c. Invention d. Acculturation e. Ethnocentrism ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultures Change, p. 41 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.4 - Do cultures change over time, and if so, how do they change?

43. Forced borrowing under conditions of external pressure is a form of . a. cultural diffusion b. cultural innovation c. acculturation d. invention e. colonialism ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultures Change, p. 42 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.4 - Do cultures change over time, and if so, how do they change?

44. Changes in the United States as a result of the introduction of the automobile such as changes in vacation style, increased employment mobility, greater variety of food products available, and environmental crises, are an illustration of . a. acculturation b. linked changes c. integrated change d. cultural diffusion e. maladaptation ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultures Change, p. 42 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.4 - Do cultures change over time, and if so, how do they change?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

45. When the authors use the term "small-scale society," they are referring to societies with relatively:

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a. small populations, simple technologies, and little labor specialization. b. simple technologies, very specialized labor, and small populations. c. numerous small subcultural groups who are economically interconnected. d. isolated populations of native peoples. e. underdeveloped economic systems.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: "Primitive" Culture, p. 43 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.4 - Do cultures change over time, and if so, how do they change?

46. When changes in one part of the culture create other changes in other areas of a culture, these are called a. small-scale societies b. webbed cultures c. integrated cultures d. linked changes e. polychromatic changes ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultures Change, p. 42 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.4 - Do cultures change over time, and if so, how do they change?

.

47. Which statement about culture is true? a. People in the United States typically walk on the left in a crowded hallway. b. Deviance from the culture norms is rarely found in societies. c. Because of free will, people have the option of doing things differently from what is culturally expected. d. Choosing to go against cultural conventions always results in hardships. e. Social norms always receive total compliance.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture and the Individual, p. 43 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.5 - How does culture inform one’s thoughts and behaviors?

48. Which of the following statements about culture is true? a. Culture determines behavior and the individual must conform to expectations in order to succeed within a group. b. Culture influences behavior and acts as a powerful force in affecting individual choices and free will. c. Culture is a form of behavior itself and may be either ideal or real. d. Culture and behavior are two kinds of social deviance which cause the individual significant amounts of anxiety. e. There is no relation between culture and behavior.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture and the Individual, p. 43 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.5 - How does culture inform one’s thoughts and behaviors?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

49. Anthropology can benefit from many different web capacities today. Some benefits include each of the following

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EXCEPT: a. Ngram Viewer. b. AnthroSource. c. Google. d. AAA website at aaanet.org e. IntroAnthro Viewer.

ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: New Twenty-First Century Tools for the Study of Cultures, p. 43-45 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.6 - How can the understanding of the concept of culture help us more effectively address societal challenges?

50. Website technology has allowed all of the following advances in anthropological knowledge EXCEPT it a. can transform our understanding of language and language change b. has allowed us to generate profiles on diverse cultures c. allows us to understand which cultures are superior and why d. allows for more collaboration between researchers e. allows us access to a much larger database of information ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: New 21st Century Tools for the Study of Cultures, p. 43 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.6 - How can the understanding of the concept of culture help us more effectively address societal challenges?

51. Anthropology focuses on the concept of culture more than any other academic discipline. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Defined, p. 26 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

52. Technology provides new tools for the practice of ethnography. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: New 21st Century Tools for the Study of Cultures, p. 43 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.6 - How can the understanding of the concept of culture help us more effectively address societal challenges?

53. The most fundamental aspect of culture is its use of material objects. a. True b. False ANSWER: False SOURCE: Browsegrades.net POINTS: 1

.

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REFERENCES: Culture Defined, p. 27 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

54. A subculture refers to an inferior cultural group. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Is Shared, p. 29 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

55. There are an estimated 5,000 cultural groups in existence today. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Defined, p. 28 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

56. The process by which a child learns his or her own culture requires many years of formal schooling. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Is Learned, p. 30 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.2 - How do we acquire our culture?

57. The American Anthropological Association has taken the official position that humans are born with a built-in culture. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Is Learned, p. 31 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.2 - How do we acquire our culture?

58. The United States is an example of a monochronic culture. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Is Taken for Granted, p. 31 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

59. Human behavior is largely instinctual. a. True b. False

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ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Is Learned, p. 31 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

60. Humans are the products of both cultural and biological processes. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Influences Biological Processes, p. 32 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

61. In the last decade there has been a reduction in the extent to which Americans alter their appearance through plastic surgery. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Influences Biological Processes, p. 33 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

62. Few cultural universals have to do with meeting the basic physiological needs of humans. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultural Universals, p. 34 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.3 - Despite the enormous variation in different cultures, are some features common found in all cultures of the world?

63. Cultural adaptations have little importance in humans' adaptation to the sub-Arctic. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Is Adaptive and Maladaptive, p. 36 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

64. Human adaption is due to Darwinian natural selection and, to a great extent, culture. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Is Adaptive and Maladaptive, p. 36 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

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65. All parts of culture are interconnected with each other. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultures Are Generally Integrated, p. 38 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

66. True diffusion involves only items of material culture. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultures Change, p. 39 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.4 - Do cultures change over time, and if so, how do they change?

67. Acculturation is a type of cultural diffusion. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultures Change, p. 41 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.4 - Do cultures change over time, and if so, how do they change?

68. Societies with very simple technology were once referred to as "primitive" societies by most anthropologists. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultures Change, p. 43 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.4 - Do cultures change over time, and if so, how do they change?

69. In the 21st century, anthropologists are using less technology to improve human social relations. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: New 21st Century Tools for the Study of Cultures, p. 43 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.6 - How can the understanding of the concept of culture help us more effectively address societal challenges?

70. An increasing number of organizations are beginning to employ cultural anthropologists. a. True b. False SOURCE: Browsegrades.net ANSWER: True

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POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: New Twenty-First Century Tools for the Study of Cultures, p. 44 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.5 - How does culture inform one’s thoughts and behaviors?

71. How do anthropologists define the concept of culture? Consider the three components of culture.

ANSWER: Culture is everything that people have, think, and do as members of a society. It includes material objects, ideas, values, and attitudes, and behavior patterns.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Defined, p. 27 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

72. What is culture shock?

ANSWER: Culture shock is a form of psychological distress that can result in depression, overeating, or irritability brought on when trying to operate in an unfamiliar culture.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Is Shared, p. 29 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

73. What are pluralistic societies? Provide an example of one.

ANSWER: Pluralistic societies are composed of a number of subcultural groups. A teacher in the United States thought a Vietnamese girl had been abused because she had red marks on her neck and forehead. But in her culture, rubbing a coin on the person, which produces the red marks, is a remedy for headaches, colds, and other sicknesses.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Is Shared, p. 29 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

74. Compare and contrast a monochronic and a polychronic culture.

ANSWER: Monochronic culture places high emphasis on punctuality and completion of one task at a time; polychronic culture values social relationships and numerous tasks simultaneously, even if it forces their daily plan and routine to change. Both deal with the ways that a culture manages time.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Is Taken for Granted, p. 31 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

75. Give examples of variations in cultural attitudes concerning male and female attractiveness.

ANSWER: Some examples include Burmese women elongating their necks with brass rings, Chinese foot binding, scarification, tattooing, ear piercing. Some men in New Guinea put bones through their noses.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Influences Biological Processes, p. 33 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

76. What is a social control system? Why do you think this is a cultural universal?

ANSWER: It is a set of mechanisms that coerce people to obey the social norms of a society so that people can live and work together.

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net POINTS: 1

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REFERENCES: Cultural Universals, p. 34 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.3 - Despite the enormous variation in different cultures, are some features common found in all cultures of the world?

77. Define the organic analogy made popular by some of the early functionalist anthropologists. List at least three of those systems.

ANSWER: The organic analogy is a comparison between a culture and a living organism such as the human body that has systems that work together to maintain the overall health of the organism including the respiratory, digestive, skeletal, excretory, reproductive, muscular, circulatory, endocrine, and lymphatic systems.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultures Are Generally Integrated, p. 37 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

78. How is culture adaptive and maladaptive?

ANSWER: Culture is the way humans adapt or relate to their environments so they can continue to reproduce and survive. This can be efficient and effective, or it can be destructive.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Is Adaptive and Maladaptive, p. 35 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

79. Distinguish between invention, innovation, and cultural diffusion.

ANSWER: Invention is a new combination of existing cultural features; innovation is change brought about by a recombination of existing cultural features; and cultural diffusion is the spreading of a cultural trait from one society to another.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultures Change, p. 39-40 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.4 - Do cultures change over time, and if so, how do they change?

80. Why has the word "primitive" been replaced with "small-scale societies?"

ANSWER: Contemporary anthropologists once called some socieities "primitive" because they were thought of as preliterate, small-scale, egalitarian or technologically simple.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: "Primitive" Cultures p. 43 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.4 - Do cultures change over time, and if so, how do they change?

81. In your own words, how would you define the concept of culture? What general statements hold true for all cultures of the world?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Defined, p. 26-43 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

82. One of the most important technological inventions that took place in the United States was the first mass-produced personal computer in 1976. How has the introduction of that new computer influenced or changed other parts of American culture, such as politics, education, religion, and family life?

ANSWER: Will vary SOURCE: Browsegrades.net POINTS: 1

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REFERENCES: Culture Change, p. 40 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

83. Culture exerts a powerful force on individuals. Discuss some examples of how culture affects and pressures the individual.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture and the Individual, p. 43 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.5 - How does culture inform one’s thoughts and behaviors?

84. What is “culture shock” and what suggestions might you put forth for minimizing some of its more harmful effects?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Is Shared, p. 31 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

85. How many things that you do during your waking hours are purely biologically based? Give at least 3 examples of routine behavior and distinguish the learned cultural practices from biology.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Is Learned, p. 32 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.2 - How do we acquire our culture?

86. Write an essay illustrating how the concept of “culture influencing biological processes” has affected American culture. Use personal examples, if you choose.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Influences Biological Processes, p. 35-36 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

87. There are many cultural universals, yet cultures are still so very different. Why do you think that despite the common needs of all human beings, we still live in distinct cultural groups?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultural Universals, p. 36-37 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.3 - Despite the enormous variation in different cultures, are some features common found in all cultures of the world?

88. Discuss how culture is adaptive and use examples to illustrate your points.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Culture Is Adaptive and Maladaptive, p. 38-39 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term "culture"?

89. How has technology changed the practice of anthropology?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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REFERENCES: New 21st Century Tools for the Study of Cultures, p. 47 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.6 - How can the understanding of the concept of culture help us more effectively address societal challenges?

90. Discuss the importance of invention, innovation, and cultural diffusion and illustrate each of these concepts by using examples with which you are familiar in your own culture.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultures Change, p. 41-45 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.2.4 - Do cultures change over time, and if so, how do they change?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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1. Applied anthropologists who use their anthropological knowledge in their places of employment are most accurately called anthropologists. a. occupational b. development c. employment d. practicing e. practical ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Applied Anthropology, p. 50 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.1 - What is applied anthropology?

2. Anthropology aimed very purposefully at practical results is referred to as a. modernization b. applied c. theoretical d. new age e. globalization ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Applied Anthropology, p. 50 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.1 - What is applied anthropology?

anthropology.

3. Applied anthropology includes all of the following EXCEPT anthropology. a. postmodern b. advocacy c. practical d. development e. action ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Applied Anthropology, p. 50 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.1 - What is applied anthropology?

4. Supporters of applied anthropological research . a. seldom include either private or international agencies b. usually involve private donations c. rarely include nonprofit organizations, but often include federal agencies d. often include national and international agencies and private organizations e. usually include only governments involved in the research ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Applied Anthropology, p. 52, 54 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.1 - What is applied anthropology?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

5. Which statement about applied anthropology is true?

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a. It has always been more prestigious than theoretical anthropology. b. It is less popular today than it was 20 years ago. c. It is primarily aimed at testing new theories. d. It is carried out exclusively in developing countries. e. It is problem-oriented.

ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Applied Anthropology, p. 50 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.1 - What is applied anthropology?

6. Applied and theoretical anthropology have . a. always used distinctive methodologies b. never had much to contribute to each other c. developed alongside each other from the early beginnings of the discipline d. always obtained funding from different sources e. worked in extremely different field settings ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Applied Anthropology, p. 53 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.2 - How does applied anthropology differ from ethnographic anthropology?

7. All of the following statements best describe applied anthropology EXCEPT it . a. uses rapid ethnographic assessment b. helps solve societal problems c. is usually collaborative d. involves the most intensive focus on theory testing e. involves fieldwork of several weeks to several months ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Applied Anthropology, p. 53-54 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.2 - How does applied anthropology differ from ethnographic anthropology?

8. Applied anthropology is more than theoretical anthropology. a. time-consuming b. focused on theory c. collaborative d. prestigious e. focused on interviewing ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Applied Anthropology, p. 52 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.2 - How does applied anthropology differ from ethnographic anthropology?

9.

Which of the following statements about applied anthropology is true? a. Some of the major subfields evolved outSOURCE: of appliedBrowsegrades.net anthropology.

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b. The second Code of Ethics for the profession of anthropology was established by applied anthropology. c. Applied anthropology began as a subfield in the late 1950s and focused on developing nations. d. There is no separate organization (or society) for applied anthropologists. e. Applied anthropology is less important today than it was in the early days of anthropology.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: History of Applied Anthropology. p. 53 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.2 - How does applied anthropology differ from ethnographic anthropology?

10. Which of the following specialties did NOT emerge from the practice of applied anthropology? a. Environmental anthropology b. Cultural anthropology c. Medical anthropology d. Political anthropology e. Educational anthropology ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: History of Applied Anthropology. p.53 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.2 - How does applied anthropology differ from ethnographic anthropology?

11. Applied and theoretical anthropologists have . a. for the most part, received the same form of training b. a very different methodology from each other c. both avoided extreme forms of participant observation d. almost never involved the same personnel e. not distinguished the types of work they do ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: History of Applied Anthropology. p. 53 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.2 - How does applied anthropology differ from ethnographic anthropology?

12. All of the statements about applied anthropology are true EXCEPT . a. since the 1970s, applied anthropologists increasingly work as full-time employees of hiring agencies b. approximately 50% of doctoral anthropologists today work outside of an academic setting c. federal legislation has mandated that policy research can be effectively carried out by cultural anthropologists d. applied anthropology is now considered mandatory in all university doctoral programs e. there has been a growth in the Master's programs of applied anthropology ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: History of Applied Anthropology. p. 54 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.2 - How does applied anthropology differ from ethnographic anthropology?

13. Alexander Ervin suggested there are five types of cultural anthropology along a continuum. Which of the following is NOT one of the types of cultural anthropology he proposed? a. Studies of social issues SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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b. Applied anthropology c. Policy studies d. Ethnography e. Practicing ethnology ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Applied Anthropology, p. 52 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.2 - How does applied anthropology differ from ethnographic anthropology?

14. Which of the following types of cultural anthropology would be considered the LEAST applied in its focus? a. Ethnography b. Studies of social issues c. Practicing anthropology d. Policy studies e. Applied anthropology ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Applied Anthropology, p. 52 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.2 - How does applied anthropology differ from ethnographic anthropology?

15. Which of the following is not an ethical responsibility for anthropologists? a. People studied b. Business and financial institutions c. Host governments d. Students e. Colleges ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Ethics of Cultural Anthropology: Ethnographic and Applied, p. 57 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.4 - What ethical dilemmas do applied anthropologists face when they conduct fieldwork?

16. Project Camelot was a . a. policy by the U.S. government to improve relations with Vietnam after the war b. project developed by the U.S. Army to study the languages and cultures of the Middle East c. project sponsored by the U.S. Army to study causes of civil unrest in developing countries d. project to involve anthropologists as spies in Iraq and Afghanistan e. project designed to involve anthropologists as advisors to President Kennedy during the early 1960s ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Ethics of Cultural Anthropology: Ethnographic and Applied, p. 55 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.4 - What ethical dilemmas do applied anthropologists face when they conduct fieldwork?

17. Applied anthropology today is different from that of the 1950s and 1960s because SOURCE: Browsegrades.net a. more than 90% of all anthropologists today work outside of the academic setting

.

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b. in the past two decades, most applied work has been conducted by professors in academic settings c. applied anthropologists today are more likely to be academics than government agents d. more of the new applied anthropologists are full-time employees of government or non-profit agencies e. applied anthropologists today work in both national and international settings ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: History of Applied Anthropology. p. 54 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.2 - How does applied anthropology differ from ethnographic anthropology?

18. Which ethical responsibility requires that the anthropologist seek informed consent? a. Responsiblity to one's own and host governements b. Responsibility to the people studied c. Responsibility to students and trainees d. Responsibility to funders and employers e. Responsibility to the discipline and social science ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Ethics of Cultural Anthropology: Ethnographic and Applied, p. 57 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.4 - What ethical dilemmas do applied anthropologists face when they conduct fieldwork?

19. The U.S. Army military intelligence support program in which anthropologists are hired to provide military with more understanding of the local population is called . a. Human Terrain System b. Humane Terror System c. Project Camelot d. Middle East Enterprises e. Cultural Objective Institute ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Ethics of Cultural Anthropology: Ethnographic and Applied, p. 57 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.4 - What ethical dilemmas do applied anthropologists face when they conduct fieldwork?

20. A specialized role in which an applied anthropologist interprets research findings so that policy makers, planners, and administrators can make more culturally sensitive decisions is that of . a. policy researcher b. expert witness c. impact assessor d. trainer e. advocate ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Specialized Roles of Applied Anthropologists, p. 58 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.3 - What specialized roles do applied anthropologists play?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

Chapter_03_Applied_Anthropology

21. A specialized role in which an applied anthropologist conducts a fairly specialized type of research designed to determine whether a proposed program or project is needed is that of . a. advocate b. needs assessor c. impact assessor d. expert witness e. cultural broker ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Specialized Roles of Applied Anthropologists, p. 59 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.3 - What specialized roles do applied anthropologists play?

22. Which of the following is good advice for those who wish to be more involved with federal agencies as an anthropologist, according to Shirley Fiske? a. Prepare with training specific to government work. b. Do not get involved in large social networks prior to employment. c. Get widespread field experience prior to anthropological training so that you can work without prejudice. d. Attend all governmental meetings and see what topics are not popular. e. Travel extensively in one area of the United States.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Specialized Roles of Applied Anthropologists, p. 59 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.3 - What specialized roles do applied anthropologists play?

23. What is the primary assumption of the Internal Review Board (IRB) when they review research proposals from anthropologists? a. Certain research projects do not need to be reviewed at all by the IRB. b. Anthropology is the only ethical discipline in the university. c. All social scientists do research that imperils studied populations. d. All anthropologists have been well-equipped with an understanding of ethics prior to proposing research. e. There is no such thing as a benign research proposal.

ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Ethics of Cultural Anthropology: Ethnographic and Applied, p. 58 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.4 - What ethical dilemmas do applied anthropologists face when they conduct fieldwork?

24. A specialized role in which an applied anthropologist presents culturally relevant research findings as part of a judicial proceeding is called a(n) . a. advocate b. cultural broker c. expert witness d. policy researcher e. needs assessor ANSWER: c SOURCE: Browsegrades.net POINTS: 1

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REFERENCES: Specialized Roles of Applied Anthropologists, p. 59 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.3 - What specialized roles do applied anthropologists play?

25. Mark Schuller's work with displaced Haitians following the 2010 earthquake is considered part of which specialty in applied anthropology? a. Medical anthropology b. Environmental anthropology c. Development anthropology d. Urban anthropology e. Ecological anthropology ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Examples of Applied Anthropology, p. 60 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.6 - How can one apply anthropology in the real world?

26. Susan Andreatta’s work studying the effects of agrochemicals on various Caribbean islands is considered part of which specialty of applied anthropology? a. Medical anthropology b. Environmental anthropology c. Development anthropology d. Urban anthropology e. Ecological anthropology ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Examples of Applied Anthropology, p. 61 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.6 - How can one apply anthropology in the real world?

27. Development anthropologists are encouraged to do all of the following to improve the lives of those they study EXCEPT . a. gather data on the specific conditions b. interview and survey individuals to better understand the nature of the problem c. create a list of necessary changes d. present the list of needs to those most challenged so that they can locate responsible parties themselves e. be involved in action and advocacy to help those under stress ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Examples of Applied Anthropology, p. 61 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.6 - How can one apply anthropology in the real world?

28. As part of her study, Andreatta found all of the following EXCEPT . a. there was an increase in the chicken population on each of the farms as a way of removing biocide debris b. the biocides often contaminated other farm products c. there was misuse of chemicals on the farm products d. workers did not use protective clothing when mixing the chemicals e. workers did not have access to the directions for mixing the chemicals SOURCE: Browsegrades.net ANSWER: a

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1 POINTS: Examples of Applied Anthropology, p. 62 REFERENCES: LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.6 - How can one apply anthropology in the real world?

29. Agrochemicals were harmful to the farmers in the Caribbean area because they were a. mismanaged and caused the farmers to become dependent on other crops b. imported and caused political problems c. expensive and caused poverty d. misused and caused health problems e. not effective ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Examples of Applied Anthropology, p. 61 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.6 - How can one apply anthropology in the real world?

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30. Which applied anthropologist worked with internally displaced persons to help them identify health hazards and request better subsistence housing? a. Susan Andreatta b. Mark Schuller c. Franz Boas d. Conrad Arensberg e. Margaret Mead ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Examples of Applied Anthropology, p. 60 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.6 - How can one apply anthropology in the real world?

31. Sphere minimum standards are . a. recommended daily allowances of vitamins and minerals for decent health b. educational standards that are considered to be the basic minimum needs of every individual c. public health standards for large groups of people living under temporary arrangements d. a list of anthropological ethical standards for doing health work with refugees e. maximum numbers of individuals with whom a single anthropologist can work on an applied project ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Examples of Applied Anthropology, p. 60 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.6 - How can one apply anthropology in the real world?

32. Susan Andreatta worked with all of the following individuals in efforts to improve living conditions for Caribbean farmers EXCEPT . a. farm owners b. farm laborers c. government officials d. local business owners e. international corporations SOURCE: Browsegrades.net ANSWER: d

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1 POINTS: Examples of Applied Anthropology, p. 61 REFERENCES: LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.6 - How can one apply anthropology in the real world?

33. All of the following are ways that Andreatta suggested that farming in the Caribbean area could be improved EXCEPT . a. mixing instructions should be available on the packaging of the products b. government officials could better regulate the importation of these chemicals c. corporations should work directly with farmers to better market the chemicals d. government officials could oversee better training in the use of these chemicals e. some chemicals should be banned from use ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Examples of Applied Anthropology, p. 62 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.6 - How can one apply anthropology in the real world?

34. The conclusion of various applied anthropology projects is that anthropologists need to be a. more vocal in public policy decision-making b. less involved in local issues and planning c. more focused on obtaining political positions where they can make a difference d. more involved with corporations in the development of financially-successful products e. working better to educate others to become anthropologists ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Greater Use of Anthropological Knowledge, p. 62 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.6 - How can one apply anthropology in the real world?

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35. Which of the following best identifies biocides? a. Herbicides used by large corporations as a way of maximizing production b. A rather large variety of insecticides produced in Third World societies c. Pesticides made of organic materials, which are less harmful on the environment d. A type of agrochemical only used on banana plants e. Types of agrochemicals used to protect plants against insects, fungi, and weeds ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Examples of Applied Anthropology, p. 62-63 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.6 - How can one apply anthropology in the real world?

36. All of the following were detrimentally affected by the use of biocides on three Caribbean islands EXCEPT a. drinking water b. chickens c. fish d. wild rice e. strawberries ANSWER: d SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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1 POINTS: Examples of Applied Anthropology, p. 62 REFERENCES: LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.6 - How can one apply anthropology in the real world?

37. Which of the following is NOT a recent growth area for careers in practicing and applying anthropology? a. Water resource management b. University researcher c. Forestry d. Media and broadcasting e. Military ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Career Opportunities in Applied Anthropology, p. 63 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.5 - What job opportunities are available for students of applied anthropology?

38. Applied anthropology jobs in public or nonprofit sectors generally . a. have lower salaries than those in the private sector b. have higher salaries than those in the private sector c. involve more international travel d. require higher academic degrees than those in the private sector e. are more easily obtained than those in the private sector ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Career Opportunities in Applied Anthropology, p. 64 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.5 - What job opportunities are available for students of applied anthropology?

39. Most medical anthropologists hold which of the following university degrees? a. Bachelor of Arts b. Bachelor of Science c. Doctorate d. Specialist's degree e. Master's in Business ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Career Opportunities in Applied Anthropology, p. 64 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.5 - What job opportunities are available for students of applied anthropology?

40. Anthropological research provides an important source for understanding culture change and adaptation. Today, in the United States . a. anthropologists are increasingly used in public policy decision-making b. there are fewer anthropologists engaged in public policy decision-making c. anthropologists are more involved in creating public policy than working in underdeveloped nations d. anthropologists no longer value their role within their government e. anthropologists tend to work primarily with geologists and geographers ANSWER: b SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Greater Use of Anthropological Knowledge, p. 62 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.6 - How can one apply anthropology in the real world?

41. What is ethnomedicine? a. It is the development of native doctors and clinics as a way to deal with chronic health problems. b. It is the marketing and distribution of herbs and natural remedies. c. It is the use of psychology and Western medicine as a way to treat the whole person. d. It is the practice of medicine within an ethnically diverse segment of the population. e. It is a local approach to health care that is culturally relevant.

ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Career Opportunities in Applied Anthropology, p. 65 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.5 - What job opportunities are available for students of applied anthropology?

42. If you were interested in teaching migrants about the best way to prevent erosion in new farming communities, you are most likely to be a (an) anthropologist. a. business b. medical c. development d. environmental e. educational ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Career Opportunities in Applied Anthropology, p. 65 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.5 - What job opportunities are available for students of applied anthropology?

43. Which type of applied anthropologist most likely would work with the Center for Disease Control (CDC)? a. Educational anthropologist b. Medical anthropologist c. Business anthropologist d. Development anthropologist e. Environmental anthropologist ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Career Opportunities in Applied Anthropology, p. 65 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.5 - What job opportunities are available for students of applied anthropology?

44. A student who has completed a Bachelor’s degree in anthropology is best prepared to a. work as a theoretical anthropologist b. work as an applied anthropologist c. serve as an apprentice with other anthropologists in order to train for fieldwork d. work as a school teacher in other countries e. provide valuable skills and insights in a variety of jobs ANSWER: e SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

.

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POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Career Opportunities in Applied Anthropology, p. 63 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.5 - What job opportunities are available for students of applied anthropology?

45. Which terminal academic degree is usually needed in order to work as a professional anthropologist? a. Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) b. Bachelor of Science (B.S.) c. Master of Arts (M.A.) d. Master of Science (M.S.) e. Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Career Opportunities in Applied Anthropology, p. 65-66 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.5 - What job opportunities are available for students of applied anthropology?

46. A traveler in Jakarta, Indonesia, witnessed a very interesting practice of ethnomedicine designed to lower blood pressure and relieve pain. What was it? a. They were bathing in Coca Cola, allowing the seltzer to bubble around their bodies. b. They were laying on train tracks to sense small electric charges. c. They were eating various types of local insects believed to be therapeutic. d. They were covering themselves in manure and then sun-bathing. e. They were bathing in aspirin dissolved in gasoline.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Career Opportunities in Applied Anthropology, p. 65 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.5 - What job opportunities are available for students of applied anthropology?

47. The leading environmental cause of death is . a. hurricanes and tsunamis b. chemical poisoning c. cooking stoves d. cars e. earthquakes ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Career Opportunities in Applied Anthropology, p. 66 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.5 - What job opportunities are available for students of applied anthropology?

48. Policy researcher, needs assessor, and advocate are all . a. specialized features of applied anthropology b. specialized roles for applied anthropologists c. professions that depend on anthropologists d. fields of research that focus exclusively on culture and culture change e. areas of government employment for anthropologists ANSWER: b SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Specialized Roles of Applied Anthropologists, p. 58-59 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.3 - What specialized roles do applied anthropologists play?

49. The work of applied anthropology involves three major products, including . a. information, studies, and writing b. interviewing, solving, and action c. information, policy, and action d. writing, educating, and information e. assessing, policy, and educating ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Applied Anthropology, p. 53 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.2 - How does applied anthropology differ from ethnographic anthropology?

50. The study of a devastating earthquake in Haiti is within which specialized approach in cultural anthropology? a. Environmental anthropology b. Development anthropology c. Medical anthropology d. Urban anthropology e. Postmodern anthropology ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Career Opportunities in Applied Anthropology, p. 60 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.5 - What job opportunities are available for students of applied anthropology?

51. Most applied anthropologists are cultural anthropologists. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Applied Anthropology, p. 51 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.2 - How does applied anthropology differ from ethnographic anthropology?

52. Only pure anthropology is based on problem-oriented research. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Applied Anthropology, p. 50 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.2 - How does applied anthropology differ from ethnographic anthropology?

53. Unlike cultural anthropologists, archaeologists and physical anthropologists do not do applied research. a. True b. False SOURCE: Browsegrades.net ANSWER: False

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POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Applied Anthropology, p. 53 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.2 - How does applied anthropology differ from ethnographic anthropology?

54. Applied anthropology has been in decline since the 1990s. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: History of Applied Anthropology. p. 54 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.2 - How does applied anthropology differ from ethnographic anthropology?

55. The line between pure and applied anthropology is not clear because both groups receive similar training and use similar methods. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Applied Anthropology. p. 52 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.2 - How does applied anthropology differ from ethnographic anthropology?

56. Applied anthropologists played an important policy role in WWII. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Recent History of Applied Anthropology. p. 54 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.2 - How does applied anthropology differ from ethnographic anthropology?

57. Studies of social issues are considered less applied than policy studies, according to the continuum suggested by Alexander Ervin. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Recent History of Applied Anthropology. p. 52 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.2 - How does applied anthropology differ from ethnographic anthropology?

58. Project Camelot was a military exercise devised by academic anthropologists to help understand the Soviet Union during the Cold War. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Ethics of Cultural Anthropology: Ethnographic and Applied, p. 55 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.4 - What ethical dilemmas do applied anthropologists face when they conduct

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fieldwork?

59. Today, anthropologists do not work with the U.S. government because of ethical conflicts. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Ethics of Cultural Anthropology: Ethnographic and Applied, p. 56 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.4 - What ethical dilemmas do applied anthropologists face when they conduct fieldwork?

60. Anthropologists have the highest ethical responsibility to protect the people with whom they work. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Ethics of Cultural Anthropology: Ethnographic and Applied, p. 57 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.4 - What ethical dilemmas do applied anthropologists face when they conduct fieldwork?

61. The anthropologist as trainer adopts what is essentially a teaching role on a project. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Specialized Roles of Applied Anthropologists, p. 59 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.3 - What specialized roles do applied anthropologists play?

62. A culture broker serves as an active supporter of a particular group of people. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Specialized Roles of Applied Anthropologists, p. 59 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.3 - What specialized roles do applied anthropologists play?

63. Mark Schuller worked with displaced persons in Sudan. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Examples of Applied Anthropology, p. 60 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.6 - How can one apply anthropology in the real world?

64. Biocides are a healthy alternative to chemical fertilizers. a. True SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Examples of Applied Anthropology, p. 61 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.6 - How can one apply anthropology in the real world?

65. Free-market economies are areas in which anthropologists can contribute a great deal to the debate. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Greater Use of Anthropological Knowledge, p. 63 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.6 - How can one apply anthropology in the real world?

66. There are more anthropologists working today to influence public policy decisions than there were 50 years ago. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Greater Use of Anthropological Knowledge, p. 62 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.6 - How can one apply anthropology in the real world?

67. Wildlife management is an area of recent growth for applied anthropologists. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Career Opportunities in Applied Anthropology, p. 63 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.5 - What job opportunities are available for students of applied anthropology?

68. Development anthropology takes international development and aid as its focus. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Career Opportunities in Applied Anthropology, p. 67 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.5 - What job opportunities are available for students of applied anthropology?

69. Anthropologists usually only need a Master’s degree in order to work as a professional in their field. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Career Opportunities in Applied Anthropology, p. 63 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.5 - What job opportunities are available for students of applied anthropology?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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70. Anthropologists can work in a variety of careers. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Career Opportunities in Applied Anthropology, p. 63 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.5 - What job opportunities are available for students of applied anthropology?

71. What is the difference between applied and practicing anthropology?

ANSWER: Applied work on projects and research in order to improve contemporary lives, while practicing work as applied anthropologists on their job or as their employment (part of a business, usually).

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Applied Anthropology, p. 51, 52 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.2 - How does applied anthropology differ from ethnographic anthropology?

72. Why is applied anthropology associated with problem-oriented research?

ANSWER: The goal is to assist in addressing societal problems.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Applied Anthropology, p. 50 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.1 - What is applied anthropology?

73. Identify three organizations that support applied anthropological research.

ANSWER: USAID, World Bank, WHO, Ford Foundation, Population Council, BIA, USDA, and private corporations, etc.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: History of Applied Anthropology. p. 58 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.2 - How does applied anthropology differ from ethnographic anthropology?

74. Compare applied and theoretical anthropology. List at least three characteristics that they share.

ANSWER: They share a similar methodology, similar personnel, similar training, and parallel development historically.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: History of Applied Anthropology. p. 51-53 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.2 - How does applied anthropology differ from ethnographic anthropology?

75. Name the five types of cultural anthropology proposed by Alexander Ervin as a continuum from pure to applied anthropology. Make sure that they are named in order.

ANSWER: The five types are basic ethnography/ethnology, studied of social issues, policy studies, applied anthropology and practicing anthropology.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: History of Applied Anthropology. p. 52-53 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.2 - How does applied anthropology differ from ethnographic anthropology?

76. What two primary trends have contributed to the movement of applied anthropology out of the academic setting?

ANSWER: The two primary changes are that the market for academic jobs has declined and there has been an increase inSOURCE: federal legislation mandating policy research.

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POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Recent History of Applied Anthropology. p. 54 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.2 - How does applied anthropology differ from ethnographic anthropology?

77. Name the six ethical responsibilities of anthropologists.

ANSWER: These are responsibilities to people studied, public, discipline, students, sponsors, and governments.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Ethics of Cultural Anthropology: Ethnographic and Applied, p. 57 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.4 - What ethical dilemmas do applied anthropologists face when they conduct fieldwork?

78. What is a cultural broker?

ANSWER: This role may involve serving as a liaison between the program planner and administrators on one hand and local ethnic communities on the other, or between mainstream hospital personnel and their ethnically distinct patients.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Specialized Roles of Applied Anthropologists, p. 59 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.3 - What specialized roles do applied anthropologists play?

79. What negative effects did the use of biocides have on Antiqua, Barbados, and St. Vincent?

ANSWER: They contaminated other food crops, killed chickens that got exposed, and leached into the drinking water.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Examples of Applied Anthropology, p. 61 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.6 - How can one apply anthropology in the real world?

80. What is the process that is involved in becoming a professional practicing anthropologist?

ANSWER: The most customary process is to complete a Ph.D. in Anthropology.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Career Opportunities in Applied Anthropology, p. 64 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.6 - How can one apply anthropology in the real world?

81. Applied anthropology is primarily supported by both private and public organizations. What roles would you anticipate these organizations playing in the process of addressing change? Why would they be interested in supporting an applied anthropology project?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: History of Applied Anthropology. p. 53-54 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.2 - How does applied anthropology differ from ethnographic anthropology?

82. There are at least 10 specialized roles that an anthropologist can take on an applied project. Choose two of these roles and compare and contrast them. How would the anthropologist’s daily work and involvement change as a result of occupying one of these roles rather than the other?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Specialized Roles of Applied Anthropologists, p. 58-59 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.3 - What specialized roles do applied anthropologists play?

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83. How can applied anthropology help with real-world problems?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Applied Anthropology, p. 50-53 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.6 - How can one apply anthropology in the real world?

84. In what specific ways could applied anthropologists be used to facilitate the stabilization and reconstruction of Iraq and/or Afghanistan in the aftermath of the recent war?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Applied Anthropology, p. 51-69 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.6 - How can one apply anthropology in the real world?

85. Why do you think anthropologists do not customarily do both applied and theoretical research?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Applied Anthropology, p. 52-61 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.6 - How can one apply anthropology in the real world?

86. Discuss the significance of applied anthropology in the history of the U.S. Give examples.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Recent History of Applied Anthropology. p. 55-56 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.2 - How does applied anthropology differ from ethnographic anthropology?

87. Alexander Ervin suggests that cultural anthropology is more like a continuum from very pure forms of research to the most applied aspects. Illustrate and provide an example that you choose for each of the five “areas” of cultural anthropology from the most pure and theoretical to the most applied. Your examples do not need to be projects that have occurred, but, rather, may be projects that would be interesting to do.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Applied Anthropology, p. 52-53 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.2 - How does applied anthropology differ from ethnographic anthropology?

88. Using the data you learned from the various applied projects highlighted in Chapter 3, what conclusions can you make about applied anthropological work? Try to list at least five major conclusions.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Examples of Applied Anthropology, p. 61-64 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.6 - How can one apply anthropology in the real world?

89. What are the ethical responsibilities of anthropologists and why are these important?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Ethics of Cultural Anthropology: Ethnographic and Applied, p. 57 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.4 - What ethical dilemmas do applied anthropologists face when they conduct SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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fieldwork?

90. Describe the various career opportunities in anthropology.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Career Opportunities in Applied Anthropology, p. 63-67 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.3.5 - What job opportunities are available for students of applied anthropology?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

1. A theory is a(n) . a. basis for further investigation b. unproven proposition c. educated opinion d. statement about how things are related e. hunch about how things are related ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Evolutionism, p. 71-72 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.1 - What is a theory, and how can it be useful?

2. The nineteenth-century school of cultural anthropology that attempted to explain variations in world cultures by the single deductive theory that they all pass through a series of evolutionary stages is . a. ethnography b. merely hypotheses that anthropologists use in the field to help guide them c. cultural evolution d. a single theory by one anthropologist e. a hypothesis ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Evolutionism, p. 72 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.1 - What is a theory, and how can it be useful?

3. Nineteenth-century evolutionary theory was developed by . a. Clifford Geertz b. Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict c. Ruth Benedict and Franz Boas d. Edward Tylor and Lewis Henry Morgan e. Marvin Harris and Claude Levi-Strauss ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Evolutionism, p. 72-73 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.2 - Who have been the important theorists in cultural anthropology since the mid-nineteenth century?

4. In nineteenth-century evolutionary theory, the stages of were proposed. a. savagery, barbarism, and civilization b. primitive, transitional, and modern c. small-scale, traditional, and complex d. European, Asiatic, and American e. none of these choices ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Evolutionism, p. 73 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities amongSOURCE: the peoplesBrowsegrades.net of the world?

5. Tylor's and Morgan's theories of evolution presented a interpretation of human differences. a. theological b. biological c. cultural d. geographical e. national ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Evolutionism, p. 74 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

6. Morgan proposed that the three stages of savagery were associated with . a. monumental architecture b. hunting and gathering c. the domestication of plants and animals d. the acquisition of human language e. the development of early state societies ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Evolutionism, p. 73 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

7. Which of the following is NOT true of evolutionism? a. It is an ethnocentric theory because evolutionists put their own societies at the top of the ladder. b. It argues that all cultures pass through the same developmental stages in the same order. c. This theory proposes that evolution is unidirectional (or unilineal) and leads to progressively better levels of culture. d. The theory argues that changes in society are caused by changes in culture. e. Evolutionism takes an inductive approach to analyzing other societies.

ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Evolutionism, p. 74 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

8. The diffusionists focused their theory on . a. the principle of evolution as the major explanatory reason for cultural variability b. different levels of cultural borrowing to explain cultural diversity c. inductive methodology d. a general law to explain all aspects of human life e. the idea of materialism and technology as the basis of cultural diversity ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Diffusionism, p. 74SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

9. The school of diffusionism could not explain any of the following EXCEPT . a. why some traits diffused when others did not b. what conditions bring about diffusion of a cultural item c. what determines the rate of cultural diffusion d. how cultural contact leads to culture change e. where the primary centers of invention were located ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Diffusionism, p. 74 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

10. Diffusionism and evolutionism had which of the following in common? a. The idea of a deductive approach b. The idea of a single center for the invention of culture c. The idea of a straight line of cultural evolution that was universal d. The same explanation for cultural diversity e. The importance of Europe as the center of innovation and change ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Diffusionism, p. 74 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

11. American historicism was developed by . a. Melville J. Herskovits b. Claude Lévi-Strauss c. Ruth Behar d. Franz Boas e. Bronislaw Malinowski ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: American Historicism, p. 74 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.2 - Who have been the important theorists in cultural anthropology since the mid-nineteenth century?

12. Franz Boas argued that the discipline of anthropology needed . a. the careful collection of empirical data on as many specific cultures as possible b. the development of complex theory to guide fieldworkers c. theory that clarified how contact with other people was the single most important factor in shaping any society's culture d. theory that emphasized the environment as the single factor determining a culture e. theory that focused on geography as the major cause of cultural complexity SOURCE: Browsegrades.net ANSWER: a

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: American Historicism, p. 75 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

13. Boas trained nearly the entire first generation of American anthropologists, including . a. Alfred Radcliffe-Brown b. Edward Tylor c. Ruth Benedict d. Marvin Harris e. Clifford Geertz ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: American Historicism, p. 75 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.2 - Who have been the important theorists in cultural anthropology since the mid-nineteenth century?

14. The two theorists (one in England and one in the U.S.) who were of great importance to fieldwork were . a. Tylor and Morgan b. Boas and Morgan c. Malinowski and Radcliffe-Brown d. Boas and Malinowski e. Mead and Geertz ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Functionalism, p. 75 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.2 - Who have been the important theorists in cultural anthropology since the mid-nineteenth century?

15. The functionalist concept of universal function means . a. that every component of a culture has a use b. that social structure is universal c. that individual needs are universal d. that culture is an integrated whole e. that technology is the foundation of society ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Functionalism, p. 76 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

16. The notion of dysfunction was proposed by . a. Merton to refer to stress or imbalance in a cultural system b. Radcliffe-Brown to refer to stress or imbalance in a cultural system c. Malinowski to refer to unintended or unrecognized functions of culture d. Levi-Strauss to refer to unintended or unrecognized functions of culture SOURCE: Browsegrades.net e. Boas to refer to the lack of ethnographic data and theoretical evidence

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Functionalism, p. 77 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

17. Which theory examines unequal relations in and among societies as far as the use and exploitation of natural resources? a. Functionalism b. Cultural materialism c. Political ecology d. Political economy e. Ethnoscience ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Political Ecology, p. 89 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

18. All of the following are characteristics of political economy EXCEPT . a. it examines the issues of conflict, ideology, and power b. it studies how power relations between groups are linked to the physical environment c. it tends to be descriptive as an ethnographic approach d. it focuses on marginalized people e. it works to try to make a difference in people's lives ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Political Economy, p. 87 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

19. All of the following are criticisms of political economy EXCEPT . a. sometimes it overemphasizes political structure b. sometimes the research is apolitical (not political enough) c. sometimes the research places too much emphasis on policy d. sometimes it is not focused on people at all e. sometimes the research does not contain any economic data ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Political Economy, p. 87 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

20. Psychological anthropology was developed by . a. psychologists rather than anthropologists b. various anthropologists interested in the relationship between personality and employment SOURCE: Browsegrades.net c. students of Boas interested in the question of the relationship of personality and culture

d. individuals with no interest in the impact of child-rearing on human societies e. obstetricians working to improve the lives of women and children ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Psychological Anthropology, p. 77-78 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.2 - Who have been the important theorists in cultural anthropology since the mid-nineteenth century?

21. Margaret Mead, in her research in Samoa, . a. concluded that the emotional turbulence of adolescents in the United States is culturally rather than biologically based b. concluded that there are fixed gender roles regardless of the culture of origin c. discovered that adolescence was universally difficult for both children and parents and required intervention from other members of society d. demonstrated the importance of genes rather than cultural conditioning e. discovered the participant observation fieldwork method that would be used by all anthropologists afterwards ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Psychological Anthropology, p. 78 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

22. Edward Sapir felt that culture existed . a. outside of the individual and exerted pressure upon the person b. within the community itself and was best witnessed through peer pressure c. only at the regional level and that cultural diversity did not exist d. within the interactions of individuals e. as a material item only ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Psychological Anthropology, p. 77 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

23. Leslie White and Julian Steward developed the theory of . a. ethnoscience b. psychological anthropology c. neoevolutionism d. diffusionism e. evolutionism ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Neoevolutionism, p. 79-80 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.2 - Who have been the important theorists in cultural anthropology since the mid-nineteenth century?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

24. Leslie White, in his theory, focused on the harnessing of energy and

.

a. the relationship of ideology to environment. b. the relationship between the structure of the human brain and the development of technology. c. humans' use of technology to "capture energy" d. the productive nature of human labor e. the expression of human personality ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Neoevolutionism, p. 79 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

25. Leslie White argued that the driving force of cultural evolution was . a. the complexity of language b. political complexity c. religion d. ideological progress e. the amount of energy available ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Neoevolutionism, p. 79 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

26. The theoretical analysis of interaction between culture and environment that argued that particular cultures evolved independently of others is called . a. multilinear evolution b. unilineal evolution c. universal evolution d. neoevolutionism e. solitary evolution ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Neoevolutionism, p. 80 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

27. French structuralism concentrates on . a. human adaptation to the environment b. level of technological achievement c. the identification of mental structures that undergird social behavior d. the political and economic structures of societies e. social roles and institutions ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: French Structuralism, p. 80 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and

similarities among the peoples of the world?

28. Lévi-Strauss's approach emphasizes the importance of . a. certain codes, programmed into the human mind, which make it impossible for humans to learn more than one culture b. certain codes, programmed into the human mind, which are responsible for shaping cultures c. cultural traits, which universally have the same function d. social roles and institutions within society e. universal social roles and institutions ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: French Structuralism, p. 80 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

29. Why are binary oppositions significant to French Structuralism? a. They are believed to be the primary mode of human thought. b. Binary oppositions are the most stable way that societies are structured. c. Dual oppositions are based on dual gender roles (male-female). d. Structuralist theory argues that it is through opposition that society overcomes ethnocentrism. e. Binary oppositions are not significant to French Structuralism.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: French Structuralism, p. 80 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

30. Which of the following is a primary weakness of French Structuralism? a. It does not focus on interesting cultural questions. b. There is too much fieldwork associated with this theory and very little application. c. The theory takes account solely of European cultures and is ethnocentric. d. Structuralism is too psychological in its approach. e. It is a theory that cannot be tested empirically.

ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: French Structuralism, p. 81 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

31. Ethnoscience, like French structuralism, does all of the following EXCEPT a. draws upon a linguistic model b. seeks explanation in the human mind c. views human behavior from a logical or rational perspective d. uses binary oppositions as a primary means of approaching phenomena e. is difficult to test empirically ANSWER: d SOURCE: Browsegrades.net POINTS: 1

.

REFERENCES: Ethnoscience, p. 81 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

32. The primary aim of ethnoscience is to . a. understand a culture from the point of view of the people themselves b. identify the universal rules found in all the societies of the world c. describe a culture in terms of the categories of the ethnographer d. do a complete ethnoscientific study of every aspect of a culture e. understand how culture changes over time ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Ethnoscience, p. 81 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

33. In the Cross-Cultural Miscue in your textbook, the word “parallel” is presented from an ethnoscientific point of view.

What does the word “parallel” mean to most Japanese people? a. Things that run in tandem side by side b. Things that are not in agreement c. An approach that creates unity d. A particular kind of geometric shape e. A form of high bar used in gymnastics ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Ethnoscience, p. 82 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.4 - How can anthropological theory be used to help solve societal problems?

34. Cultural materialism is the theoretical position based on the concept that material conditions or modes of production determine . a. why people chose what culture they feel comfortable living within b. the collection of quantitative data c. the friendships with individuals in other cultures d. human thoughts and behavior e. a better understanding of the qualitative data ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultural Materialism, p. 83 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.4 - How can anthropological theory be used to help solve societal problems?

35. Which researcher is associated with cultural materialism? a. They did not understand the quantitative data that they were gathering. b. Marvin Harris c. Annette Weiner d. Stanley Barrett e. Karl Marx SOURCE: Browsegrades.net ANSWER: b

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultural Materialism, p. 83 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.4 - How can anthropological theory be used to help solve societal problems?

36. Which of the following anthropologists is NOT associated with the school of feminist anthropology which emerged in the 1960s and 1970s? a. Eleanor Burk Leacock b. Ruth Benedict c. Louise Lamphere d. Sherry Ortner e. Michelle Zimbalist Rosaldo ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Feminist Anthropology, p. 82 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.2 - Who have been the important theorists in cultural anthropology since the mid-nineteenth century?

37. Which statement best describes feminist anthropology? a. It takes an objective/scientific approach to the study of society. b. It posits that gender should not be considered as a major variable influencing cultural behavior. c. It strongly embraces a value-free orientation. d. It seeks to describe and explain the female perspective in cultural life. e. It is a theory that argues that women and men are equal in all societies and cultures.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Feminist Anthropology, p. 82 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

38. Cultural materialism . a. is wedded to the emic approach b. emphasizes the etic approach c. avoids participant-observation d. was created by Ruth Benedict e. studies cultures but does not focus on the individual ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultural Materialism, p. 84 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

39. Cultural materialism . a. de-emphasizes the role of ideas and values in determining the conditions of social life b. assumes the viewpoint of the native informant c. studies only cultural artifacts d. is a philosophical system based on qualitative data Browsegrades.net SOURCE: e. is a theory that argues all cultures change in similar directions

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultural Materialism, p. 84 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

40. Postmodernists emphasize . a. solitary research by one ethnographer b. the rejection of generalizing and developing predictable theories c. a close relation to biology that focuses on cultures as a biological necessity d. the extreme etic approach e. the local people only, disregarding any kind of global effects ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Humanistic Anthropology, p. 85 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

41. Postmodern applied anthropology . a. is similar to the cultural materialism because it is an empirical approach b. is wedded to the etic point of view and is considered an extreme scientific approach c. emphasizes the practical aspects of their work rather than their theoretical contribution d. aims at the construction of laws and generalizations e. focuses specifically on the development of technology and its effect on culture ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Humanistic Anthropology, p. 85 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

42. Most anthropologists today: a. utilize evolutionary theory. b. utilize neoevolutionary theory. c. use materialist approaches that emphasize technology. d. focus primarily on ethnoscience. e. do not tie themselves to a single theoretical orientation ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Theory, Practice, and Praxis, p. 90 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.4 - How can anthropological theory be used to help solve societal problems?

43. Interpretive anthropology is part of which theoretical orientation? a. Neoevolutionsism b. Cultural materialism c. Diffusionism d. Humanistic anthropology SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

e. Ethnoscience ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Humanistic Anthropology, p. 84 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

44. What is the primary contribution of interpretive anthropology? a. Interpretive anthropology has increased awareness of the role of anthropologists. b. Interpretive anthropology has increased our focus on how people themselves interpret their own values and behaviors. c. Interpretive anthropology has led to a much greater understanding of how cultures change. d. Interpretive anthropology provides an etic point of view. e. Interpretive anthropology has not made any new contributions to the field of anthropology.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Humanistic Anthropology, p. 85 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

45. In the cultural law of C5 ET of Leslie White, the variables are . a. culture, energy, time b. culture, energy, technology c. culture, evolution, time d. child-rearing, equality, territory e. culture, evolution, technology ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Neoevolutionism, p. 79 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

46. Which theory approaches society like a biological organism with many interconnected parts? a. American historicism b. Neoevolutionism c. Feminist theory d. Functionalism e. Structural functionalism ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Functionalism, p. 77 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

47. Which theory argues that any culture is partially composed of traits diffused from other cultures? a. Structural functionalism SOURCE: Browsegrades.net b. American historicism

c. Ethnoscience d. Postmodernism e. Interpretive anthropology ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: American Historicism, p. 75 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

48. Which theory most focuses on the unconscious level? a. French structuralism b. American historicism c. Functionalism d. Psychological anthropology e. Postmodernism ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: French Structuralism, p. 80 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

49. Which theory operates on the assumption that cultures must be described in terms of native categories? a. French structuralism b. Psychological anthropology c. Functionalism d. Feminist anthropology e. Ethnoscience ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Ethnoscience, p. 81 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

50. Which theory is the most opposed to postmodernism? a. Ethnoscience b. Psychological anthropology c. Feminist anthropology d. Cultural materialism e. Diffusionism ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultural Materialism, p. 83 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

51. Anthropological theory attempts to explain SOURCE: the great cultural diversity in the world.

Browsegrades.net a. True

b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Evolutionism, p. 73 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.1 - What is a theory, and how can it be useful?

52. Tylor and Morgan, as nineteeth-century evolutionists, based their theories on fragmentary data. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Evolutionism, p. 73 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

53. Evolutionary theory is an inductive approach to societies and diversity. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Evolutionism, p. 74 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

54. The British diffusionists maintained that all cultural features, wherever they may be found, had their origins in Britain. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Diffusionism, p. 74 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

55. Boas called for a moratorium on theorizing. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: American Historicism, p. 75 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

56. American Historicism is a deductive theoretical approach. a. True b. False ANSWER: True SOURCE: Browsegrades.net POINTS: 1

REFERENCES: American Historicism, p. 75 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

57. Structural functionalism is a theory that focuses on social stratification. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Functionalism, p. 76 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

58. Malinowski argued that dysfunction accompanied every society and every cultural group. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Functionalism, p. 76 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

59. Praxis theory is a study of people's work patterns and distribution of goods. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Theory, Practice, and Praxis, p. 90 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.4 - How can anthropological theory be used to help solve societal problems?

60. Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict took a Freudian approach to anthropology. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Psychological Anthropology, p. 77 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

61. Leslie White gave credit to Lewis Henry Morgan and Edward Tylor for their earlier evolutionary theory, arguing that they were essentially correct. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Neoevolutionism, p. 79 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and

similarities among the peoples of the world?

62. Franz Boas was the first and leading proponent of political ecology. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Political Ecology, p. 80 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

63. Lévi-Strauss' theory maintains that the human mind thinks in binary oppositions. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: French Structuralism, p. 80 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

64. French structuralism is based on the study of binary oppositions. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: French Structuralism, p. 80 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

65. Ethnoscience takes an extreme etic approach to analyzing culture. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Ethnoscience, p. 81 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

66. Today, anthropologists tend to be more eclectic with theory. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Concluding Thoughts on Anthropological Theory, p. 92 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.4 - How can anthropological theory be used to help solve societal problems?

Browsegrades.net 67. Ethnoscience attempts to describe a culture SOURCE: as it is perceived and categorized by the ethnographer.

a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Ethnoscience, p. 81 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

68. Postmodernists emphasize that ethnographies should be written from several voices. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Humanistic Anthropology, p. 86 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

69. Interpretive anthropology is an approach headed up by Ward Goodenough. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Humanistic Anthropology, p. 85 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

70. Most anthropologists today are cultural ecologists. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Concluding Thoughts on Anthropological Theory, p. 91 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.4 - How can anthropological theory be used to help solve societal problems?

71. Define the term theory.

ANSWER: A theory is a statement that suggests a relationship among two or more phenomena.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Evolutionism, p. 71-72 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.1 - What is a theory, and how can it be useful?

72. What are the basic premises of the theory of cultural evolutionism?

ANSWER: The basic premises are that all societies pass through a series of similar evolutionary stages, evolution is unidirectional, a deductive approach is best for understanding diversity, and European societies are superior to non-European ones.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Evolutionism, p. 72-73 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and

similarities among the peoples of the world?

73. Although diffusionism was a very interesting theory that contributed to our understanding of change as a result of culture contact, there were many areas for which it was a weak approach. Name at least four questions that the diffusionist approach could not answer.

ANSWER: Diffusionists could not locate primary centers of innovation, could not explain the actual process of diffusion itself, could not explain why certain items were diffused and not others, or the rate of diffusion.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Diffusionism, p. 74 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

74. Why did Franz Boas call for a moratorium on theory?

ANSWER: He did this because there was a great scarcity of ethnographic data and until fieldwork and data collection could be advanced and evidence produced, theory was not valid.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: American Historicism, p. 75 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

75. In addition to performing the function of distributing goods within the society, what other areas of Trobriand culture are related to the kula ring?

ANSWER: Other areas of Trobriand culture affected by the kula are: political structure, magic, technology, kinship, social status, myth, and social control.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Functionalism, p. 76-77 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

76. What was Margaret Mead attempting to demonstrate in her research among the Arapesh, Tchambuli, and Mundugumor of New Guinea?

ANSWER: Mead was demonstrating that there were no universal temperaments that were exclusively masculine or feminine.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Psychological Anthropology, p. 78 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

77. What three kinds of evolutionary thought did Julian Steward recognize?

ANSWER: He recognized unilineal evolution, universal evolution, and multilinear evolution.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Neoevolutionism, p. 79 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

78. What is the significance of binary oppositions in French structuralism?

ANSWER: These are the primary codes (or mental templates) that the mind uses to categorize and decipher the natural world. Browsegrades.net SOURCE:

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: French Structuralism, p. 80 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

79. What is the task of an ethnoscientist?

ANSWER: The task is to describe a culture in terms of how it is perceived, ordered, and categorized by the members of that culture rather than by imposing the categories of the ethnographer POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Ethnoscience, p. 83-84 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

80. What three aspects do cultural materialists consider the most important parts of cultural systems?

ANSWER: tools, technology, and material well-being POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cultural Materialism, p. 85-87 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

81. How are the preordained evolutionary stages of Tylor's and Morgan's theories of cultural evolution ethnocentric?

What effect did limited empirical data on non-Western societies have on the development of this theory?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Evolutionism, p. 73-74 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

82. What are the most important contributions of Boas' American historicism approach? Why was ethnographic fieldwork important to him? Why did he want women trained as anthropologists?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: American Historicism, p. 74-75 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

83. Most anthropologists today are “eclectic.” Having learned about the various theories in anthropology’s past, do you believe that an eclectic approach is the best type? What advantages and disadvantages would be associated with this change in approach?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Theory, Practice, and Praxis, p. 90-91 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.4 - How can anthropological theory be used to help solve societal problems?

84. What is the difference between an inductive and a deductive theory? Use examples from anthropological theoretical schools in order to illustrate your points.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net REFERENCES: Evolutionism, p. 76

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

85. There are several significant differences between functionalism and structural functionalism. Discuss these differences and then discuss why these theories are considered part of the same theoretical school of thought.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Functionalism, p. 77-79 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

86. How does the concept of gender affect the development of psychological anthropology?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Psychological Anthropology, p. 79-80 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

87. Discuss the intellectual contributions Leslie White believes that Lewis Henry Morgan and Edward Tylor made to White’s theory of neoevolutionism. Do you agree that these are very similar approaches to the study of human diversity?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Neoevolutionism, p. 80-82 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

88. Distinguish between the three major forms of evolutionary thought that Julian Steward proposed: unilinear evolution, universal evolution, and multilinear evolution.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Neoevolutionism, p. 81-82 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

89. What is political economy? How does its position and methodology differ from the political ecology?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Political Economy, p. 89-93 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

90. Compare and contrast cultural materialism with political ecology. How would the same culture be approached differently by anthropologists holding these different points of view?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Political Ecology, p. 91-92 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.4.3 - What theories have anthropologists used to explain cultural differences and similarities among the peoples of the world?

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1. Anthropologists rely on fieldwork to . a. describe and explain diverse cultures b. study how people think rather than how they behave c. avoiding having to test hypotheses d. generate laws of universal behavior e. document the growth of indigenous communities ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Preparing for Fieldwork, p. 96 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.1 - How do cultural anthropologists conduct fieldwork?

2. Ethnographic fieldwork can best be described as . a. mechanistic b. experiential c. deterministic d. evolutionary e. analytical ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Preparing for Fieldwork, p. 96 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.1 - How do cultural anthropologists conduct fieldwork?

3. Which of the following best describes participatory action research? a. It always involves an anthropologist gathering data firsthand. b. It involves the anthropologist living with and observing the people studied. c. It is a type of research in which the anthropologist and community work together to find solutions. d. It is a kind of advocacy research in which the anthropologist represents the people studied in order to better their lives. e. It is research that is headed by indigenous peoples and not the anthropologist as an outsider.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Preparing for Fieldwork, p. 97 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.1 - How do cultural anthropologists conduct fieldwork?

4. Data gathered from personal interviews, observations, and oral histories is . a. socio-cultural b. historical c. methodological d. quantitative e. qualitative ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Preparing for Fieldwork, p. 98 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.1 - How do cultural anthropologists conduct fieldwork?

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5. Which of the following is NOT one of the five stages of field research?

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a. Selecting a research problem b. Collecting data c. Formulating a research design d. Interpreting the data e. Using random sampling ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Preparing for Fieldwork, p. 100 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.1 - How do cultural anthropologists conduct fieldwork?

6. Research grants for ethnographic fieldwork are awarded . a. on a highly competitive basis b. to all deserving students of anthropology c. to all students in graduate programs of anthropology d. but few anthropologists actually do research overseas today e. to those who do work in biomedical research ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Preparing for Fieldwork, p. 99 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.1 - How do cultural anthropologists conduct fieldwork?

7. Permission or clearance from a host government must be obtained for fieldwork . a. although anthropologists are legally allowed to work in any part of the world b. although few countries pay much attention to the research interests of anthropologists c. because most countries want to make sure the research will not be embarrassing or politically sensitive d. because host governments work to create diplomatic ties with the United States e. so that the anthropologist’s safety can be monitored at all times by the host government and the anthropologist’s embassy ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: 99 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.1 - How do cultural anthropologists conduct fieldwork?

8. Learning another language is . a. seldom part of the anthropologist's preparation for fieldwork b. always accomplished before the anthropologist enters the field site c. necessary only when an interpreter cannot be found d. an important part of the tradition of anthropological fieldwork e. required in fieldwork, whether or not the anthropologist travels to another country ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Preparing for Fieldwork, p. 99 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.1 - How do cultural anthropologists conduct fieldwork?

9. Anthropological fieldwork in recent decades SOURCE: has .

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a. produced mostly general ethnographies b. been more focused on political and social problems c. been more problem-oriented than in earlier times d. been more comparative, often involving more than one fieldsite e. occurred mainly within the United States ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Stages of Fieldwork, p. 100 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.1 - How do cultural anthropologists conduct fieldwork?

10. The research problem selected for the Jamaica Agroforestry Project (JAP) included . a. increasing the amount of trees planted and harvested and also developing markets for commerce b. increasing grazing foods available for livestock and decreasing soil erosion c. training local dockworkers to be commercial farmers d. working with local populations to train forest managers and increase conservation awareness e. introducing trees from other countries so that Jamaica could produce wood for export ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Stages of Fieldwork, p. 104 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.1 - How do cultural anthropologists conduct fieldwork?

11. Deciding who might be most likely to participate in an applied project is part of which stage of fieldwork? a. Analyzing the data b. Collecting the data c. Formulating a research design d. Selecting a research problem e. Interpreting the data ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Stages of Fieldwork, p. 101 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.1 - How do cultural anthropologists conduct fieldwork?

12. Which fieldwork techniques are best for collecting data? a. Survey and random sampling b. Participant observation and use of questionnaires c. Photography, participant observation, and random sampling d. Interviews and participant observation e. Taking census data and living with the people in their native villages ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Stages of Fieldwork, p. 101 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.1 - How do cultural anthropologists conduct fieldwork?

13. For the Jamaica Agroforestry Project (JAP), Susan Andreatta looked for patterns in the data. Why is this a significant approach?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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a. Patterns signify the more resistant areas of cultural behavior. b. Patterns suggest general trends and behaviors that affect the group as a whole. c. Patterns are significant because they must be modified in order for any change to occur. d. Through patterns the anthropologist can apply quantitative field research methods that provide accurate data. e. This was the only time that an anthropologist had used pattern data in research.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Stages of Fieldwork, p. 102-103 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.1 - How do cultural anthropologists conduct fieldwork?

14. Collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data are all part of . a. selecting a research problem b. formulating a research design c. the preliminary preparation for anthropological fieldwork d. conducting field research e. using a multidisciplinary approach ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Stages of Fieldwork, p. 103 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.1 - How do cultural anthropologists conduct fieldwork?

15. Why did the applied anthropologist in the Jamaica Agroforestry Project (JAP) propose that nitrogen-fixing trees be planted? a. These trees would create greater amounts of oxygen and clean air. b. Nitrogen-fixing trees grow at a slower rate and can be harvested much more quickly. c. Trees that use nitrogen create a much stronger wood that can be used commercially. d. Nitrogen-fixing trees stabilize an area against erosion and can be used as feed for livestock. e. These were the only kinds of trees that Jamaica had available at low cost.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Stages of Fieldwork, p. 100-101 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.1 - How do cultural anthropologists conduct fieldwork?

16. Which statement about data collection used in anthropology is true? a. Participant-observation always is appropriate for cross-cultural research. b. Methods that work in one culture might not be appropriate for a neighboring culture. c. Photography is appropriate only in public settings. d. Structured interviews should always be used early in the fieldwork. e. A variety of methods ensures that the research data will not contain bias.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Data-Gathering Techniques, p. 103 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

17. The data-gathering technique used most often by anthropologists is SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

.

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a. structured interviews b. questionnaires c. participant observation d. document analysis e. intensive semi-structured interviews ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Data-Gathering Techniques, p. 103 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

18. Which of the following is NOT one of the suggested guidelines for participant observation? a. Must obtain research clearance. b. Must proceed slowly. c. Must know that most cultures are the same. d. Must select a particular role. e. Must communicate to the local people.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Data-Gathering Techniques, p. 104-105 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

19. What is the primary reason that a fieldworker should slow down and not proceed so quickly in the work? a. At the beginning, most fieldworkers do not know enough to ask productive questions. They must first learn about the community. b. Fieldworkers should not work quickly because this is usually interpreted as being impatient and rude. c. Small, local villagers are often very busy with their own lives and cannot work around the anthropologist’s schedule. d. Work that is completed quickly does not take into account the changes that occur over a long period of fieldwork. e. Anthropologists must remain in the field for at least one year and should not hurry to finish the work sooner.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Data-Gathering Techniques, p. 105 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

20. Which of the following is the most important advantage of participant observation? a. It does not lead to easily comparable or reproducible data. b. It is practical only among small group sizes. c. It has an obtrusive effect on the subject matter. d. Recording information can be challenging. e. It generally enhances rapport.

ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Data-Gathering Techniques, p. 105 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What typesBrowsegrades.net of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

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21. A disadvantage of participant-observation is that . a. only a small sample can be studied b. nonverbal behavior cannot be observed c. rapport is enhanced, but this creates bias in the work d. actual behavior cannot be distinguished from expected behavior e. it takes too long to complete the research well ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Data-Gathering Techniques, p. 105 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

22. Participant-observation has the advantage of . a. providing a large sample size b. ease of recording of data c. being an unobtrusive data gathering technique d. enabling fieldworkers to distinguish actual from expected behavior e. creating standardized, scientific data ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Data-Gathering Techniques, p. 105 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

23. In Tanzania, Hadley, Wutich, and McCarty re-worked their community-based survey so they would have a more accurate picture of . a. employment opportunities b. access to food c. poverty d. disease e. access to health care ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Data-Gathering Techniques, p. 108-109 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

24. In Bolivia, Hadley, Wutich, and McCarty identified various categories where water insecurity affected local people.

Which of the following is NOT one of their categories? a. Health outcomes b. Water quantity c. Religious beliefs d. Economic issues e. Water conflicts ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Data-Gathering Techniques, p. 108-109 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What typesBrowsegrades.net of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

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25. Unstructured interviews . a. seldom provide useful or accurate data because the interviewer does not provide questions b. should only be used at the end of one’s fieldwork c. contain open-ended questions and are paced by the interviewees, not the interviewer d. are all very short in duration because they never cover major topics e. always involve at least three individuals ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Data-Gathering Techniques, p. 106 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

26. When conducting ethnographic interviews, you should . a. use simple, unambiguous questions and leave the controversial questions for the end of the interview b. obtain informed consent after the interview is completed c. schedule the interview for a long period of time so the interviewee has time to relax d. let the interviewee see the tape recorder and feel important about having the session taped e. try to schedule several interviews so the interviewee can discuss details and seek clarification from neighbors and friends ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Data-Gathering Techniques, p. 106 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

27. The ethnographic interview is different from the sociological or psychological interview because . a. the interviewer and the subject almost always speak different first languages b. an ethnographic interview is much narrower in scope c. an ethnographic interview always focuses on the experiences of a single individual d. an ethnographic interview is typically used alone without other sources of data e. an ethnographic interview involves large groups of people ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Data-Gathering Techniques, p. 106 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

28. The collection of basic demographic data is considered part of which ethnographic field method? a. Ethnographic mapping b. Census taking c. Photography d. Structured interviews e. Document analysis ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Data-Gathering Techniques, p. 107 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

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29. Anthropologists collect information on all the relatives (kin) of the informant by

.

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a. mapping b. the genealogical method c. proxemic analysis d. document analysis e. census taking ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Data-Gathering Techniques, p. 109 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

30. What is the primary advantage of document analysis as an ethnographic field method? a. It is a documented record and can therefore be tested and proved. b. It almost always involves multiple perspectives and accounts of a problem. c. Official documents are easy to obtain and can be used as ways to prompt interviewees to share information. d. It does not cost much to do this kind of work. e. It is non-intrusive and provides large quantities of information.

ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Data-Gathering Techniques, p. 109 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

31. All of the following are potential benefits of using photography in fieldwork EXCEPT . a. members of the community can use photography to document an emic point of view b. pictures can be used as a way of specifying and encouraging topics in the interview c. photographs are useful as ways to document cultural artifacts d. pictures can be used to provide collectible data on land-use patterns e. people of all cultures like to have their pictures taken ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Data-Gathering Techniques, p. 110 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

32. How people in different cultures use space is known as . a. archival analysis b. statistical analysis c. proxemic analysis d. document analysis e. mapping ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Data-Gathering Techniques, p. 110 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

33. Which of the following is NOT a common applied field method?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net a. Urban action assessment

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b. Focus groups c. Rapid ethnographic assessment d. Community-based participatory research e. Surveys ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Data-Gathering Techniques, p. 111 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

34. Under which of the following applied field techniques does the community itself contact the research professional for help in creating change? a. Focus groups b. Community-based participatory research c. Participatory rural appraisal d. Unstructured interviews e. Rapid ethnographic assessment ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Data-Gathering Techniques, p. 111 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

35. The validity of anthropological data can be routinely checked by . a. never asking more than one person the same question b. asking a single individual the same question repeatedly over a period of time c. using photographs to document ethnographic reality and reveal inconsistencies in interviews d. asking another anthropologist to do a re-study of the field site e. comparing data collected with what has previously been published about the area or topic ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Data-Gathering Techniques, p. 107 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

36. The primary objective in fieldwork is that anthropologists . a. represent their universities with respect b. work with other scientists so communities get maximum help c. do fieldwork that will have a long-term benefit to the people d. become friends with the people with whom they work e. carry out all ethical responsibilities ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Accountability, p. 118 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.4 - What ethical dilemmas do applied anthropologists face when they conduct fieldwork?

37. An anthropologist decides on which techniques to use Browsegrades.net based primarily upon SOURCE: a. the nature of the problem being studied and receptivity of the people

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b. a realistic appraisal of what he or she can achieve in a short period c. the kinds of information that will be most useful to the host government d. the topographical sequence in the community e. what the community has been exposed to in the past ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Data-Gathering Techniques, p. 112 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

38. Culture shock includes which of the following set of symptoms? a. A sense of confidence about the proper way to behave b. A loss of self-esteem c. A sense of being accepted by members of the other culture d. A feeling of having total control over the situation e. A feeling that the community’s culture is far superior to the anthropologist’s own culture ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Pains and Gains of Fieldwork, p. 113-114 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.3 - What are some of the problems that make fieldwork less than romantic for cultural anthropologists?

39. Why is culture shock such a significant aspect of handling fieldwork situations? a. It is an attribute of those fieldworkers who have less experience and is a key component in teaching ethnographic field methods. b. Culture shock most acutely affects the community studied and must be handled wisely in order to preserve the field situation for future researchers. c. Culture shock is exceedingly common and occurs to almost every anthropologist, regardless of years of experience. d. Fieldwork cannot be conducted when an anthropologist is suffering from culture shock. e. It is a sign that the anthropologist should leave the community immediately.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Pains and Gains of Fieldwork, p. 113 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.3 - What are some of the problems that make fieldwork less than romantic for cultural anthropologists?

40. Biculturalism means . a. a loss of understanding of one's own culture b. a capacity to function effectively in two or more cultures c. an inability to shift gears between one's own and another culture d. extreme homesickness e. a willingness to work as a culture broker between two or more cultures ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Pains and Gains of Fieldwork, p. 114 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.3 - What are some of the problems that make fieldwork less than romantic for cultural anthropologists?

41. "Narrative ethnography" is concerned with . a. traditional notions of scientific objectivity b. co-producing ethnographic knowledge by focusing on the interaction between anthropologists and their informants c. analyzing informant’s information in light of the political structure d. avoiding the influence of the personality of the anthropologist e. producing engaging novels and fiction accounts of fieldwork in order to better teach ethnographic field methods ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Recent Trends in Ethnographic Fieldwork, p. 116 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

42. What is the major benefit that results from narrative, or reflexive, ethnography? a. It provides a more objective account of fieldwork. b. It is subjective and leads to much more interesting publications on the ethnographic experience. c. Narrative ethnography provides employment and recognition for community members. d. Through narrative ethnography we better understand the process of doing fieldwork and the effect the researcher and subjects have on each other. e. Narrative ethnography is recognized today as the only way to produce comparative data sets that allow for a scientific analysis of culture.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Recent Trends in Ethnographic Fieldwork, p. 116 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

43. Some anthropologists are opposed to narrative ethnography because . a. it is not a subjective, scientific account of fieldwork b. it does not produce large quantities of data c. it does not utilize the same types of methods used in traditional ethnography d. this type of fieldwork does not involve community members e. they are not able to document the fieldwork process as accurately as through other approaches ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Recent Trends in Ethnographic Fieldwork, p. 116 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

44. Several networking websites, such as Facebook and Twitter, have captured the attention of social scientists because they provide easy access to large amounts of data on . a. social relationships and personal identity b. religious preferences and genealogy c. personal beliefs and cultural dogma d. enculturation techniques SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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e. communication and linguistic patterns of young people ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Mining Social Networking Websites for Sociocultural Data, p. 117 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

45. George Peter Murdock and his colleagues at Yale developed the coded data retrieval system called . a. Human Relations Area Files b. Human Relations Administration Focus c. Ethnographic Retrieval System d. International Cultural Code Set of Relations e. International Cultural Code of Conduct ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Recent Trends in Ethnographic Fieldwork, p. 116 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

46. The collection of ethnographic data about the culture being studied is part of . a. research clearance b. document analysis c. census taking d. ethical codes e. informants ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Data-Gathering Techniques, p. 107 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

47. Which of the following methods is usually more narrowly focused on the problem area and the sample size is small? a. Focus groups b. Participant-observation c. Community-based participatory research d. Participatory rural appraisal e. Rapid ethnographic assessment ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Data-Gathering Techniques, p. 111 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

48. A type of ethnography associated with postmodernism that focuses more on the interaction between the ethnographer and informant than on scientific objectivity is called ethnography. a. reflexive b. participatory c. community-based d. cross-cultural SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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e. interactive ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Recent Trends in Ethnographic Fieldwork, p. 116 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

49. Participatory action research is best described as . a. research in which the anthropologist and community work together to understand conditions that cause the community's problems and to solve them b. collaboration with the community on all aspects of research in order to bring about equitable change for all c. research that occurs quickly and is narrowly focused on a single problem with a very small sample size of the whole population d. work with small focus groups in order to begin to identify the structural problems and inequities within the society e. research in which the anthropologist coordinates various scientific teams so that large-scale problems can be resolved in various levels at the same time ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Preparing for Fieldwork, p. 97 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.1 - How do cultural anthropologists conduct fieldwork?

50. Anthropologists working in foreign countries . a. seldom are able to be as honest with their host government as they could be with their own government b. often compromise their professional standards in order to get research clearance c. should be honest with both their own and the host governments d. may engage in clandestine research for their own or their host government e. should always check with the U.S. embassy before submitting data to the sponsoring government ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Preparing for Fieldwork, p. 99 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.4 - What ethical dilemmas do applied anthropologists face when they conduct fieldwork?

51. For anthropologists, fieldwork is experiential. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Preparing for Fieldwork, p. 96 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.1 - How do cultural anthropologists conduct fieldwork?

52. Quantitative data is much more reliable than qualitative data. a. True b. False SOURCE: Browsegrades.net ANSWER: False

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POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Preparing for Fieldwork, p. 98 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.1 - How do cultural anthropologists conduct fieldwork?

53. The ethnographic approach takes a holistic perspective of societies. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Preparing for Fieldwork, p. 98 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

54. Anthropologists should not select the research problem for study until after they arrive in the field. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Stages of Fieldwork, p. 100 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.1 - How do cultural anthropologists conduct fieldwork?

55. The Jamaica Agroforestry Project encouraged farmers to plant nitrogen-fixing trees instead of food products. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Stages of Fieldwork, p. 100 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.1 - How do cultural anthropologists conduct fieldwork?

56. After the difficult steps of collecting data, the interpretation of anthropological findings is easy. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Stages of Fieldwork, p. 102-103 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.1 - How do cultural anthropologists conduct fieldwork?

57. By using the steps outlined in the research process, an anthropologist will have a structured and controlled research project and design. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Stages of Fieldwork, p. 103 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.1 - How do cultural anthropologists conduct fieldwork?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net 58. Funding agencies routinely require that the anthropologist produce a research proposal.

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a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Data Gathering Techniques, p. 103 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.1 - How do cultural anthropologists conduct fieldwork?

59. Fieldworkers should always obtain research clearance from their own countries of origin. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Preparing for Fieldwork, p. 103 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.1 - How do cultural anthropologists conduct fieldwork?

60. Participant-observation has no real disadvantages for an anthropologist. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Data-Gathering Techniques, p. 103 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

61. As a general rule, structured interviews should be used before unstructured interviews. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Data-Gathering Techniques, p. 106 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

62. Since “a picture is worth a thousand words,” ethnographers always need to document certain features of a culture by taking photographs. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Data-Gathering Techniques, p. 110 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

63. The ethnographic interview is usually quite narrow in scope and focus. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net REFERENCES: Data-Gathering Techniques, p. 106

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

64. Genealogical methods are very important in small-scale societies. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Data-Gathering Techniques, p. 109 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

65. Most anthropologists use photography as part of their data-gathering techniques. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Data-Gathering Techniques, p. 110 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

66. Survey methods are used to gather a large amount of attitudinal and behavioral data in a relatively short time frame. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Data-Gathering Techniques, p. 111-112 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

67. Culture shock is a common occurrence with anthropologists. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Pains and Gains of Fieldwork, p. 113 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.3 - What are some of the problems that make fieldwork less than romantic for cultural anthropologists?

68. All anthropologists appreciate the new methods being introduced with narrative ethnography. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Recent Trends in Ethnographic Fieldwork, p. 116 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

69. The Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) are the world’s largest anthropological data retrieval system. a. True SOURCE: Browsegrades.net b. False

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ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Recent Trends in Ethnographic Fieldwork, p. 116 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

70. Ethical dilemmas are common in fieldwork. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Accountability, p. 117 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.4 - What ethical dilemmas do applied anthropologists face when they conduct fieldwork?

71. What are some new technologies useful for gathering anthropological data?

ANSWER: New technologies include internet search engines, programs for ethnographic analysis, internet reference pages, videoconferencing, and internet survey research. Even social networking sites are becoming increasingly useful today.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Recent Trends in Ethnographic Fieldwork, p. 117 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

72. What must an anthropologist do to prepare for fieldwork?

ANSWER: An anthropologist must make preparations before leaving home, gain acceptance into the community, select appropriate data-gathering techniques, understand how to operate within the local political structure, take precautions against investigator bias, choose knowledgeable informants, cope with culture shock, learn a new language, and re-evaluate findings based on new evidence.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Preparing for Fieldwork, p. 99-100 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.1 - How do cultural anthropologists conduct fieldwork?

73. How do qualitative and quantitative methods differ?

ANSWER: Qualitative methods involve participant observation, interviews, and use of oral histories and archives. Quantitative methods use different types of statistical calculations.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Preparing for Fieldwork, p. 98 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.1 - How do cultural anthropologists conduct fieldwork?

74. What are the five stages of fieldwork?

ANSWER: The stages include: selecting a research problem, formulating a research design, collecting data, analyzing data, and interpreting data.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Stages of Fieldwork, p. 100 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.1 - How do cultural anthropologists conduct fieldwork?

75. Describe and discuss the primary goals of the Jamaica Browsegrades.net Agroforestry Project (JAP).

SOURCE:

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ANSWER:

This project had the long-term goal of improving the problems of rapid soil erosion and the short-term goal of increasing the amount of natural foods available to livestock.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Stages of Fieldwork, p. 100-103 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

76. What are some general guidelines applicable to most participant-observation fieldwork?

ANSWER: One should generally work one’s way down the political hierarchy, select one role and use it consistently, proceed slowly, and communicate to the local people that she or he is a student, wanting to learn more about a subject on which they are the experts.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Data-Gathering Techniques, p. 101 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

77. What is the difference between unstructured and structured interviews?

ANSWER: Unstructured interviews involve a minimum of control, use open-ended questions, and allow interviewees to respond at their own pace using their own words. Structured interviews use the same set of questions for all informants, in the same sequence, and preferably under the same set of conditions.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Data-Gathering Techniques, p. 106-107 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

78. List four techniques for the collection of cultural data.

ANSWER: This may involve census taking, mapping, document analysis, genealogies, photography, structured and unstructured interviews, participant observation, etc.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Data-Gathering Techniques, p. 107-111 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

79. What are the methodological advantages of photography?

ANSWER: Photography allows us to see without fatigue, is not selective (i.e. it captures everything in any particular frame), and is an easier and less time-consuming mode of data collection than written description.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Data-Gathering Techniques, p. 110 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

80. What are some of the symptoms of culture shock?

ANSWER: Homesickness, boredom, withdrawal, need for excessive amounts of sleep, compulsive eating or drinking, irritability, marital stress, stereotyping of host nationals, hostility toward host nationals, loss of ability to work effectively, physical ailments, unexplainable fits of weeping, and exaggerated cleanliness are all symptoms of culture shock.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Pains and Gains of Fieldwork, p. 113-114 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.3 - What are some of the problems that make fieldwork less than romantic for cultural anthropologists?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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81. Although participant-observation is a primary method used in ethnographic research, it has both advantages and disadvantages. Discuss and evaluate these.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Data-Gathering Techniques, p. 103-105 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

82. After having read about the five stages of field research, which ones do you believe would be most difficult? Why? Provide examples to illustrate your points.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Stages of Fieldwork, p. 100-103 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

83. Anthropological ethics for traditional and applied research are quite similar, even though there are different challenges faced within the fieldwork situations. Propose two different field projects – one traditional and the other applied. What different types of challenges would you expect and which ethical issues might be more significant in each case? Why? ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Accountability, p. 117 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.4 - What ethical dilemmas do applied anthropologists face when they conduct fieldwork?

84. How important is it for an anthropologist to be able to cope with change and with the unknown? Explain your answer.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Preparing for Fieldwork, p. 100-104, 116-117 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.1 - How do cultural anthropologists conduct fieldwork?

85. Why is ethnographic fieldwork so important in cultural anthropology? Why is it important for anthropologists to write about their experiences in the field?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Preparing for Fieldwork, p. 100-121 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.1 - How do cultural anthropologists conduct fieldwork?

86. What is participant-observation? What demands does this method make on the anthropologist and the population with which she or he is working?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Data-Gathering Techniques, p. 109 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

87. What must anthropologists do in order to establish good relationships with their host governments and the community or population with which they will work?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net REFERENCES: The Pains and Gains of Fieldwork, p. 116-117

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.3 - What are some of the problems that make fieldwork less than romantic for cultural anthropologists?

88. The ethnographic interview is quite specific in how it is structured and in the means by which it is carried out. First, identify the particular characteristics of the ethnographic interview and then compare and contrast this with a formal interview, such as one you might see or hear on a news station.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Data-Gathering Techniques, p. 110-111 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

89. In some applied field situations, the anthropologist is asked to do the research by the community itself or by an outside funding agency or government. How might these different groups affect the nature of the fieldwork conducted?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Data-Gathering Techniques, p. 114-116 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

90. Methods in cultural anthropology are quite varied. Propose a research topic that interests you in a cross-cultural setting and then discuss which methods you believe would be most helpful to gathering data. Explain your choices.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Preparing for Fieldwork, p. 100-121 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.5.2 - What types of data-gathering techniques do cultural anthropologists use?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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1. Human language is found in all cultures . a. that have writing b. that have had significant contact with Europe c. across the world d. where there is a formal educational system e. that use technology ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Nature of Language, p. 122 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.1 - How does human language differ from forms of communication in other animals?

2. The meanings attached to any given word in all languages are totally . a. specific b. arbitrary c. culturally-based d. displaced e. organic by nature ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Nature of Language, p. 122 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.1 - How does human language differ from forms of communication in other animals?

3. Displacement, a feature of human communication, means . a. combining one or more sounds to create new meanings b. the capacity to convey information about a thing or event that is hypothetical in nature c. not understanding the meaning of nonverbal communication d. an inability to place all morphemes in their proper grammatical place e. an arbitrary use of words ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Nature of Language, p. 123 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.1 - How does human language differ from forms of communication in other animals?

4. The approximate number of discrete languages that exist in the world today is . a. 100 b. 550 c. 1,400 d. 7,000 e. 10,000 ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Nature of Language, p. 123 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.1 - How does human language differ from forms of communication in other

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animals?

5. A language that is “moribund” is one that . a. no longer has any living speakers b. is spoken by only a handful of people c. has no speakers that are bilingual d. has lost its capacity to communicate nonverbally e. uses metaphors of death in other aspects of life ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Nature of Language, p. 124 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.1 - How does human language differ from forms of communication in other animals?

6. Non-human primates and humans share which features of communication? a. Non-verbal forms of communication b. An open call system c. A closed call system d. Vocal speech e. Use of language from tradition and not experience ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Nature of Language, p. 125 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.1 - How does human language differ from forms of communication in other animals?

7. Research on chimpanzee communication shows that they . a. possess the physical means of speaking like humans b. can communicate subtle shades of meaning c. use a closed communication system d. can combine one or more sounds to create a large number of meanings e. can express opinions about abstract ideas ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Nature of Language, p. 125 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.1 - How does human language differ from forms of communication in other animals?

8. Which statement about communication among nonhuman primates is FALSE? a. Gorillas use calls and facial expressions to communicate. b. Nonhuman primate call systems are inflexible. c. Nonhuman primates use closed systems of communication. d. Animal call systems are based on tradition and not genetics. e. Communication among primates is more complex than scientists used to think.

ANSWER: d SOURCE: Browsegrades.net POINTS: 1

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REFERENCES: The Nature of Language, p. 125 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.1 - How does human language differ from forms of communication in other animals?

9. The study of the sound structure of a language is called . a. phonology b. morphology c. the study of grammar d. the study of syntax e. displacement ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Structure of Language, p. 128 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.1 - How does human language differ from forms of communication in other animals?

10. The word "rats" . a. contains one morpheme b. contains two morphemes c. does not contain a bound morpheme d. contains three morphemes e. does not contain a morpheme ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Structure of Language, p. 129 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.1 - How does human language differ from forms of communication in other animals?

11. Bound morphemes convey meaning . a. only when sounds are combined b. by following cultural language rules c. because of the relationship between language and culture d. only when combined with another morpheme e. while standing alone ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Structure of Language, p. 127 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.1 - How does human language differ from forms of communication in other animals?

12. Which of the following is an example of a bound morpheme? a. art b. sun c. paint d. -ist SOURCE: Browsegrades.net e. cat

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ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Structure of Language, p. 129 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.1 - How does human language differ from forms of communication in other animals?

13. The highly complex set of rules that regulates the formation of morphemes into words that convey meaning is called . a. grammar b. dialogue c. phonology d. syntax e. metaphor ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Structure of Language, p. 130 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.1 - How does human language differ from forms of communication in other animals?

14.

best describes analysis at a single point in time. a. Grammar b. Morphology c. Historical linguistics d. Diachronic analysis e. Synchronic analysis ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Structure of Language, p. 130 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.1 - How does human language differ from forms of communication in other animals?

15. Which of the following languages has had the most influence on English? a. German b. French c. Spanish d. Kurdish e. Italian ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Language Change, p. 131 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.2 - How do languages change?

16. English is a member of which language family? a. Celtic b. Indic SOURCE: Browsegrades.net c. Slavic

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d. Germanic e. Hellenic ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Language Change, p. 131 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.2 - How do languages change?

17. Portuguese is a member of which language family? a. Iranian b. Celtic c. Slavic d. Hellenic e. Latin ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Language and Culture, p. 131 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.3 - Do people from different cultures have different styles of linguistic discourse?

18. Cultural emphasis refers to . a. the major nonverbal forms of communication in a society b. the favorite forms of argument in a society c. the one language most members of society learn better than any other. d. the group of words in a language that are considered more adaptively important in that culture e. certain types of words that are found repeatedly in different languages, such as “mama” ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Language and Culture, p. 132 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.3 - Do people from different cultures have different styles of linguistic discourse?

19. Standard American English's cultural emphasis in middle-class culture is on words referring to . a. sports b. weather c. cows and crops d. religious artifacts e. the past (history) ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Language and Culture, p. 132 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.3 - Do people from different cultures have different styles of linguistic discourse?

20. Nuer terminology reflects the importance of in their society. a. women SOURCE: Browsegrades.net b. bracelets and necklaces

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c. cattle d. grain e. witchcraft ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Language and Culture, p. 132 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.3 - Do people from different cultures have different styles of linguistic discourse?

21. Which of the following statements about language change is FALSE? a. Language is constantly changing. b. Linguistic borrowing occurs because of both need and prestige. c. The study of language change over time is an example of synchronic analysis. d. Historical linguists are interested in studying how a language changes over time. e. Changes in the meanings of words reflect changes in cultural values in the society.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Language Change, p. 130 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.2 - How do languages change?

22. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis argues that language . a. influences perception b. is genetically based c. is solely a means of communication d. helps people adjust to their environment e. is a system of communication that is as much verbal as nonverbal ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Language and Culture, p. 133 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.4 - What is the relationship between language and culture?

23. Language, according to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis . a. causes all people to perceive the world in the same way b. causes all humans to construct reality in similar ways c. establishes in our minds categories that affect our perception d. determines how well-formed our brain will be e. is the sole force of cultural innovation ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Language and Culture, p. 133 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.4 - What is the relationship between language and culture?

24. Opponents of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis argue that . a. language simply reflects, rather than determines, culture b. culture reflects language SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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c. culture determines language d. language and culture are independent of each other e. language and culture are one and the same, so there is no need to distinguish them ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Language and Culture, p. 133-134 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.4 - What is the relationship between language and culture?

25. Approximately how many mutually unintelligible languages are spoken in the world today? a. 2,000 b. 7,000 c. 10,000 d. 900 e. 5,000 ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Linguistic Style, p. 135 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.4 - What is the relationship between language and culture?

26. The linguistic rules that determine how phrases and sentences are constructed is called . a. phonology b. morphology c. lexicon d. grammar e. syntax ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Structure of Language, p. 130 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.1 - How does human language differ from forms of communication in other animals?

27. Monolingual Navajo speakers have a greater tendency to categorize things by . a. shape b. size c. color d. origin e. authenticity ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Language and Culture, p. 133 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.4 - What is the relationship between language and culture?

28. All of the following reflect the linguistic style of English speakers from the U.S. EXCEPT a. English relies very heavily on nonverbal cues and social context b. English speakers use a minimal amount of silence as part of their communication patterns SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

.

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c. commercials in the U.S. tend to be more verbal because of the emphasis we place on words d. English speakers put a great deal of emphasis on the words they use e. English speakers try to speak in ways that are straightforward and unambiguous ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Linguistic Style, p. 135-136 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.3 - Do people from different cultures have different styles of linguistic discourse?

29. Which statement best describes the difference in linguistic style between speakers of Japanese and speakers of American English? a. Japanese is direct while English is indirect. b. Japanese is indirect while English is direct. c. Japanese tends to use exaggeration. d. Japanese tends to be confrontational. e. Japanese does not express cultural values.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Linguistic Style, p. 135 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.3 - Do people from different cultures have different styles of linguistic discourse?

30. Sociolinguistics concentrates on variations in language that . a. are likely to become extinct in the next 50 years b. do not change over time c. have a majority of bilingual speakers d. depend upon the social situations or contexts in which the speaker operates e. are caused by colonialism or political systems of oppression ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Linguistic Style, p. 136 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.3 - Do people from different cultures have different styles of linguistic discourse?

31. Diglossia refers to . a. fluency in two languages b. an inability to speak c. a practice of using more than one form of the same language within the same language community d. a speech problem that causes a person to not be able to associate words with meanings e. the inability of a person to learn more than one language during a lifetime ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Sociolinguistics, p. 137 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.4 - What is the relationship between language and culture?

32. Sociolinguists

.

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a. study the structures (phonology and morphology) of a language b. focus on how people actually speak in any given social situation c. study language change over time d. study language families and the relationships between different lexicons e. study how non-standardized forms of language are related to other languages ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Sociolinguistics, p. 136-137 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.4 - What is the relationship between language and culture?

33. When he is at school, a Hispanic teenager will likely use English as his primary language. At home, his family encourages him to speak Spanish. This linguistic process is known as . a. linguistic borrowing b. language doublespeak c. cultural emphasis d. diglossia e. code switching ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Sociolinguistics, p. 137 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.4 - What is the relationship between language and culture?

34. Which of the following is normally associated with low-form English? a. TV programs b. University lectures c. Political speeches d. Newspapers e. Religious services ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Sociolinguistics, p. 137 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.4 - What is the relationship between language and culture?

35. All of the following are true about the "high form" of a language EXCEPT it is . a. usually associated with religion b. associated with the upwardly mobile c. spoken by every member of a society d. associated with the elite e. usually the form in which much of the literature of a language is written ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Sociolinguistics, p. 137 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.4 - What is the relationship between language and culture?

36. Long-distance truck drivers have developedSOURCE: a specialized vocabulary. This is a form of Browsegrades.net

.

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a. diglossia b. code switching c. dialects d. cultural emphasis e. arbitrary nature of language ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Sociolinguistics, p. 137 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.4 - What is the relationship between language and culture?

37. Regionalisms, such as many words that are associated with Southerners, are a form of . a. dialect b. diglossia c. code switching d. phonology e. grammar ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Sociolinguistics, p. 138 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.4 - What is the relationship between language and culture?

38. All of the following are reasons for the decline of dialects recently in the U.S. EXCEPT regional dialects a. are so associated with class status that they are dropped as someone “moves up” the social ladder. b. have become less noticeable because of mass media. c. are disappearing because of geographic mobility. d. have declined because so much of the culture itself is being lost. e. have changed because of changing immigration patterns.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Sociolinguistics, p. 138 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.4 - What is the relationship between language and culture?

39. When Tanzania became independent in the 1960s, there were some 120 mutually unintelligible languages spoken there. How did Tanzania address this challenge? a. They outlawed all tribal languages and chose to speak French instead. b. They adopted Swahili as a neutral official language for everyone. c. They mandated the language of the majority of their citizens to be their national language. d. They declared no official language and instead encouraged people to become multilingual. e. They selected two national languages as a way of accommodating many citizens.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Sociolinguistics, p. 139 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.4 - What is the relationship between language and culture?

40. A lingua franca refers to

.

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.

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a. the French language b. a common language c. a world-wide language understood by most people in the world d. a language with no form of nonverbal communication e. an artificial language that is spoken by no one (a kind of techno-speak) ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Sociolinguistics, p. 139 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.4 - What is the relationship between language and culture?

41. Young people in rural widely use text messaging as a way to circumvent the long-standing traditional barriers against premarital mingling: a. Pakistan b. Iran c. Vietnam d. People's Republic of China e. India ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Communication and Technology in the 21st Century, p. 142 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.6 - How has the recent revolution in communication technology influenced the way people communicate in the 21st century?

42. Why have some countries banned social networking sites? a. They have been banned for both political and religious reasons. b. They have been banned for economic reasons. c. They have been banned because the Internet there is not sufficiently developed to handle social networking. d. They have been banned because they force all users to speak and write in English. e. They have not been technically banned, but they are discouraged because they are very costly.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Communication and Technology in the 21st Century, p. 143 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.6 - How has the recent revolution in communication technology influenced the way people communicate in the 21st century?

43. Nonverbal communication includes all of the following EXCEPT . a. hand gestures and touching b. communication on a telephone c. use of scents and perfumes d. conversational distance e. eye contact ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Nonverbal Communication, p. 140-141 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.5 - How do people communication without using words?

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44. The way people hold their bodies often communicates information about all of the following EXCEPT a. emotional states b. submissiveness or dominance c. sexual intentions d. bilingualism e. relaxation and intimacy ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Nonverbal Communication, p. 141 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.5 - How do people communication without using words?

.

45. Smartphone technology now enables us to do all of the following EXCEPT . a. send deceptive or false messages b. pretend to be somewhere other than where we are c. pretend that we need to leave a particular meeting d. create new forms of shorthand language to communicate e. understand greater amounts of nonverbal communication ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Communication and Technology in the 21st Century, p. 141 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.6 - How has the recent revolution in communication technology influenced the way people communicate in the 21st century?

46. Which of the following statements about text messaging is FALSE? a. It allows you to communicate without divulging your emotions. b. Chinese send text messages more frequently than Americans. c. Text messaging encourages brevity and blandness. d. Teens in the United States predominately use text messaging to communicate with their grandparents. e. Text messaging creates a generational divide in the United States.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Communication and Technology in the 21st Century, p. 142 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.6 - How has the recent revolution in communication technology influenced the way people communicate in the 21st century?

47. Which of the following statements about the new communications technology of the 21st century is FALSE? a. There are space limitations that will ultimately restrain the development of new technologies. b. New technology has exploded in the last several decades. c. Networking websites such as Facebook, cell phones, and blogs are changing many aspects of the social structure. d. Cell phones are now used for sending “disinformation.” e. Cell phones are used to avoid social contact in some areas.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Communication and Technology in the 21st Century, p. 143 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

Chapter_06_Language_and_Communication

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.6 - How has the recent revolution in communication technology influenced the way people communicate in the 21st century?

48. Which culture has been suggested that they tend to be high-touch cultures? a. European b. Jewish c. American d. Mexican e. Muslims ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Nonverbal Communication, p. 141 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.5 - How do people communication without using words?

49. What percent of all messages sent and received is believed to be nonverbal? a. 100% b. 80% c. 70% d. 50% e. 25% ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Nonverbal Communication, p. 140 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.4 - What is the relationship between language and culture?

50. Which of the following is classified as a "low-touch" culture? a. French b. Jewish c. German d. Saudi Arabian e. Egyptian ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Nonverbal Communication, p. 141 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.5 - How do people communication without using words?

51. Displacement is a unique attribute of human language. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Nature of Language, p. 123 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.1 - How does human language differ from forms of communication in other animals?

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52. Ninety-five percent of the world’s people speak fewer than 100 of the world’s 7,000 languages.

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a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Nature of Language, p. 124 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.1 - How does human language differ from forms of communication in other animals?

53. Noam Chomsky argues that humans have a genetic specialty for language. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Nature of Language, p. 126 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.1 - How does human language differ from forms of communication in other animals?

54. A major limitation to the development of language among gorillas and chimps is physical because they do not possess the vocal equipment for speech. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Nature of Language, p. 126 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.1 - How does human language differ from forms of communication in other animals?

55. Syntax is the set of principles guiding how words are arranged into phrases and sentences. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Structure of Language, p. 130 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.1 - How does human language differ from forms of communication in other animals?

56. The English language has a total of 40 phonemes. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Structure of Language, p. 128 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.1 - How does human language differ from forms of communication in other animals?

57. A protolanguage is an ancestral language.

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net a. True

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b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Structure of Language, p. 131 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.2 - How do languages change?

58. The study of the relationship between language and culture is called cultural emphasis. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Language and Culture, p. 132 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.3 - Do people from different cultures have different styles of linguistic discourse?

59. The Nuer have a cultural emphasis on pigs and pig-rearing. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Language and Culture, p. 132 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.3 - Do people from different cultures have different styles of linguistic discourse?

60. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis argues that language is more than just communication. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Language and Culture, p. 133 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.4 - What is the relationship between language and culture?

61. The Apache of Arizona use silence as a way of communicating with strangers. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Linguistic Style, p. 135 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.3 - Do people from different cultures have different styles of linguistic discourse?

62. The Japanese do not use silence as a way of communicating. a. True b. False ANSWER: False SOURCE: Browsegrades.net POINTS: 1

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REFERENCES: Linguistic Style, p. 135 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.3 - Do people from different cultures have different styles of linguistic discourse?

63. “Spanglish” is a form of code switching. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Sociolinguistics, p. 138 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.4 - What is the relationship between language and culture?

64. The incidence of dialects is increasing in the U.S. today. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Sociolinguistics, p. 138 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.4 - What is the relationship between language and culture?

65. Quebec has broken away from Canada and formed a new country because of linguistic differences. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Sociolinguistics, p. 139 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.4 - What is the relationship between language and culture?

66. Nonverbal communication can aid in interpreting linguistic messages but cannot carry messages of its own. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Nonverbal Communication, p. 140 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.5 - How do people communication without using words?

67. Researchers estimate that as much as 70% of all messages sent and received by humans are nonverbal in form. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Nonverbal Communication, p. 140 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.5 - How do people communication without using words?

68. Bowing in Japan signals both the beginning and end of a conversation.

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net a. True

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b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Nonverbal Communication, p. 141 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.5 - How do people communication without using words?

69. The new information technology has altered human communication. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Communication and Technology in the 21st Century, p. 141 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.6 - How has the recent revolution in communication technology influenced the way people communicate in the 21st century?

70. Cell phones became widely used in the mid-1980s. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Communication and Technology in the 21st Century, p. 146 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.6 - How has the recent revolution in communication technology influenced the way people communicate in the 21st century?

71. What is displacement?

ANSWER: Displacement is the capacity of human language to convey information about a thing or an event that is not present.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Nature of Language, p. 123 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.1 - How does human language differ from forms of communication in other animals?

72. Describe the various ways you can use language as a tool in research as well as in understanding language as part and parcel of culture.

ANSWER: Historical linguistics, sociolinguistics, paralinguistics, non verbal language, and the cultural use of space.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Nature of Language, p. 122 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.1 - How does human language differ from forms of communication in other animals?

73. Name and describe the two particular aspects of structure that pertain to all human languages.

ANSWER: All languages contain phonology (a sound system) and grammar (rules by which sounds are combined into meaning).

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Structure of Language, p. 127-128 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.1 - How does human language differ from forms of communication in other

Chapter_06_Language_and_Communication

animals?

74. How is a bound morpheme different from a free morpheme?

ANSWER: A bound morpheme conveys meaning only when combined with another morpheme, while a free morpheme can stand alone.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Structure of Language, p. 129 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.1 - How does human language differ from forms of communication in other animals?

75. Define a language family.

ANSWER: It is composed of all of the languages that derive from its common protolanguage.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Language Change, p. 127 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.2 - How do languages change?

76. On what aspect of language do sociolinguists concentrate?

ANSWER: They focus on variations in language use depending on the social situation or context.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Sociolinguistics, p. 140-141 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.4 - What is the relationship between language and culture?

77. What is diglossia?

ANSWER:

It is a linguistic situation where two varieties of the same language are spoken by the same person at different times and under different social situations.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Sociolinguistics, p. 137 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.4 - What is the relationship between language and culture?

78. What are three forms of nonverbal communication?

ANSWER: They include hand gestures, posture, body stance, and touching. [Answers may vary.]

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Nonverbal Communication, p. 140 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.5 - How do people communication without using words?

79. Compare and contrast synchronic and diachronic analyses.

ANSWER: Both are ways of understanding language; synchronic is the analysis of cultural data at a single point in time (looking at how things differ), while diachronic is an analysis through time, or over time (looking at how things change) POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Language Change, p. 130 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.1 - How does human language differ from forms of communication in other animals?

80. What are some of the technology forms that have had the greatest impact on human communication in the 21st century?

ANSWER: They include cell phones, instant messaging, blogs, websites, and smartphones.

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POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Communication and Technology in the 21st Century, p. 141 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.6 - How has the recent revolution in communication technology influenced the way people communicate in the 21st century?

81. How is language different from non-human ways of communicating? How is language symbolic?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Nature of Language, p. 122-127 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.1 - How does human language differ from forms of communication in other animals?

82. What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? How is it supported and how is it contradicted?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Language and Culture, p. 133-135 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.4 - What is the relationship between language and culture?

83. Technology basically presents us with an unlimited possibility of communication. How do you think new technological systems improve and also disrupt the basic human form of communication? Consider verbal and nonverbal communication.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Communication and Technology in the 21st Century, p. 141 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.6 - How has the recent revolution in communication technology influenced the way people communicate in the 21st century?

84. Describe how a culture’s values are reflected in its language. Be specific.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Language and Culture, p. 135-145 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.4 - What is the relationship between language and culture?

85. How does vocabulary relate to cultural adaptations? When are precise vocabularies needed?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Sociolinguistics, p. 142-143 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.4 - What is the relationship between language and culture?

86. In some areas of the world, such as Hawaii, there is a linguistic revitalization in process. How would linguistic changes such as these affect the process of globalization? Use examples with your opinions.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Language Change, p. 134-135, 143-144 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.2 - How do languages change?

87. What is meant by the phrase linguistic style?SOURCE: Provide an example.

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ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Linguistic Style, p. 139-140 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.3 - Do people from different cultures have different styles of linguistic discourse?

88. What is sociolinguistics? Give some examples of linguistic situations from your own life that would be of interest to a sociolinguist.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Sociolinguistics, p. 140-144 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.4 - What is the relationship between language and culture?

89. In what ways has the development of technology over the past two decades changed the way that people in the United States communicate?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Communication and Technology in the 21st Century, p. 146-147 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.6 - How has the recent revolution in communication technology influenced the way people communicate in the 21st century?

90. What is linguistic nationalism? Should the United States encourage the use of minority languages? Why or why not?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Sociolinguistics, p. 143-144 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.6.4 - What is the relationship between language and culture?

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Chapter_07_Subsistence_Patterns

1. A subsistence strategy may involve various elements. Which of the following traits most accurately define subsistence? a. How people make money b. How people grow, harvest, prepare, transport, market, and eat food c. How people eat, preserve, grow, and transport food d. How people preserve and market food e. How people grow, harvest, and sell food ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Human Adaptation, p. 149 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

2. Which of the following is NOT a major food procurement strategy worldwide? a. Industrial agriculture b. Horticulture c. Intensive agriculture d. Greenhouse cultivation e. Food foraging ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Human Adaptation, p. 149 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

3. Which of the following is most linked to processing systems as well as food procurement? a. Horticulture b. Food foraging c. Industrial agriculture d. Pastoralism e. Intensive agriculture ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Human Adaptation, p. 149 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

4. A society’s environment . a. has no effect on its food-getting strategy b. absolutely determines the food-getting strategy that is its best adaptation c. influences its food-getting strategy and sets broad limitations d. sets very narrow limits on possible alternative food-getting strategies e. is the only thing that affects its food-getting strategy ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Environment and Technology, p. 151 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.3 - How have humans adapted to their environments through the ages?

5. Food deserts are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT .

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a. being located in an urban area b. having little or no access to fresh food c. having unlimited amounts of affordable food d. having large numbers of fast-food restaurants e. having overpriced food goods ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Human Adaptation, p. 149 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

6. The carrying capacity of an environment . a. is the uppermost level of productivity that is ecologically sound in an environment b. is solely determined by its technology, which can make an environment artificially sound c. influences only foraging societies, although there are still realistic limits on all environments d. refers only to the amount of wild plants and animals in an area e. refers to the amount of humans that can be profitable in a given amount of space ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Environment and Technology, p. 152 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.2 - How do technology and environment influence food-getting strategies?

7. Kevin Krajick’s research in Peru on Incan agricultural strategies has revealed that . a. although agriculture had not reached the carrying capacity of the area, such a fragile environment cannot sustain high production yields b. they practiced conservation methods while maximizing production on their lands c. their agricultural strategies caused irreparable damage to the highland environment d. they grew only very limited and specialized cultigens, such as corn and rice e. the Inca understood agriculture and agricultural techniques much better than modern-day farmers ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Adapting to One's Environment, p. 150 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.3 - How have humans adapted to their environments through the ages?

8. Which of the following statements is true? a. A society can easily exceed the carrying capacity of its environment. b. A society cannot easily increase its food-getting productivity beyond its carrying capacity. c. Exceeding the carrying capacity doesn't have an impact on the environment. d. A fixed carrying capacity cannot be found in any environment. e. Societies usually stay far below their carrying capacities.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Environment and Technology, p. 152 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.2 - How do technology and environment influence food-getting strategies?

9. The food-getting strategy used by humans forSOURCE: most of their existence is Browsegrades.net

.

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a. cattle herding b. intensive agriculture c. horticulture d. hunting and gathering e. cultivation ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 154 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

10. Which of the following statements about optimal foraging theory is true? a. Foragers store food for a season only. b. Foragers take only the plants and animals they need to subsidize their caloric intake. c. Foragers decide to seek out one food source over another based on whether the search will be worth the effort. d. Foragers no longer exist in the world; all peoples today use food production techniques. e. Foragers very frequently exceed the carrying capacity of their environments.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 152 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

11. In today’s world, hunters and gatherers are found . a. on land very poorly suited for agriculture b. in a few, very dense populations c. living permanently on arid lands near waterholes, where animals can be easily hunted d. living in large extended families e. only in Africa ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 154 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

12. Which of the following statements about foraging societies is true? a. They have fairly dense populations. b. They are typically sedentary, not nomadic. c. They occupy some of the world’s best farmland. d. Their basic social unit is the family or band. e. They do not have access to necessary resources to survive.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 154 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

13. The Ju/’hoansi (!Kung San) inhabit the a. Gobi desert of inner Asia

.

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b. Kalahari Desert of southern Africa c. Ituri forest of the Congo d. Great Plains of the western United States e. Amazon jungle ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 154 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

14. The Ju/’hoansi residing in //Nhoq’ma village are in a transition phase in which . a. they are exploring ecotourism and playing host to tourists b. they have become expert hunters, relying on meat for their caloric intake c. they rely on sharing and interdependence for their survival d. accumulation of material goods is important to their ranked society e. they are carrying out agriculture in addition to hunting and gathering ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 156 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

15. Although hunting and gathering is being replaced by food production, which of the following remains an important form of hunting and gathering? a. horticulture b. fishing c. animals d. pastoralism e. intensive agriculture ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 159 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

16. Food production became important for humans approximately years ago. a. 1.2 million b. 450,000 c. 10,000 d. 4,200 e. 2,000 ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 160 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

17. The Inuit of the Arctic region . a. hunt reindeer but not seals; they believe SOURCE: the latter are sacred Browsegrades.net

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b. seldom have an adequate protein supply c. rely heavily on horticulture d. rely on modern technology to aid in their food-collecting strategies e. hunt both reindeer and seals, but not whales ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 157 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

18. Which of the following statements about Inuit social organization is false? a. The Inuit gather into large hunting parties to hunt seals, fish, and caribou. During the summer months, they live in small, nuclear families. b. The Inuit hunt caribou, fish in small groups, and hunt for seals in large hunting parties. c. The Inuit always hunt in small groups of men who are related to each other by blood or marriage. d. The Inuit live in permanent settlements and hunt only sporadically in small groups. e. The Inuit no longer live a traditional hunting and gathering life, but they do hunt occasionally in large groups.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 157 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

19. Recent research on hunters-gatherers indicates all of the following EXCEPT . a. some hunter-gatherers have never had direct contact with technologically advanced populations b. some hunter-gatherers are chronically undernourished c. there are occasionally seasonal fluctuations in the hunter-gatherer diet d. many hunter-gatherers spend significantly less amounts of time in subsistence than we originally thought e. some hunter-gatherers have been involved in raiding and fighting with other groups ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 158 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

20. Which of the following statements is true about traditional hunters and gatherers? a. They live in harsh environments on the verge of extinction and starvation. b. They use primitive tools, which are generally non-functional. c. They are sedentary subsistence farmers requiring annual relocation of the main house. d. They depend closely on the natural environment for their subsistence strategy. e. They survive on a limited range of food stuffs acquired only by trade.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 154 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

21. Which form of hunting do many world global economies depend on? a. Bow hunting SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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b. Rifle hunting c. Trapping d. Fishing e. Spearing ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 159 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

22. What is a locavore? a. A person who hunts and gathers b. A type of animal that lives in arid environments c. A person who eats primarily locally grown foods d. A person who eats only organic foods e. A diet that is based on both vegetables and meat ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 160 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

23. The domestication of plants may be a result of all of the following EXCEPT . a. population pressure and territoriality b. sufficient technology and knowledge related to plant manipulation c. adequate knowledge of the environment d. settlement and subsistence patterns and related human decision-making e. people’s inability to adapt to changes in the environment ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 160-161 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

24. The Neolithic Revolution stimulated all of the following EXCEPT . a. a growth in population size b. a greater division of labor c. more permanent settlements d. a reduced amount of productive labor e. a less varied diet ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 161 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

25. The Neolithic Revolution . a. caused all societies that existed at the time to become shifting cultivators SOURCE: Browsegrades.net b. freed people from ties to the land

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c. gave humans a measure of control over their food supply d. caused food-collecting societies to disappear e. made people much more migratory ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 161 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

26. The development of crop cultivation makes specialization of labor possible because . a. there is little need for more technology b. group intelligence improves with a cereal-based diet c. more people can be free to engage in an activity other than food production since farming is more efficient than food collecting d. the extra time generated by more efficient technology allows people to go to school and learn much more complex trades e. the trade that results from all forms of crop cultivation motivates societies to specialize in order to control the market ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 162 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

27. How did the applied project of Susan Andreatta help fishermen in Carteret County, NC? a. It involved direct marketing to increase awareness of local fish and fishermen among the community so that they would buy locally. b. It helped fishermen improve their technology so that they could fish in deeper waters and bring in more marketable fish. c. It created a training program for local fishermen so that they could find non-fishing-related jobs in the local economy. d. It supported fish-farming so that fishermen could provide fish to the market as demand increased. e. It directed young people to professions other than fishing so that the cycle of poverty could be ended.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 160 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

28. What is a paleopathologist? a. A cultural anthropologist who studies diseases in contemporary populations b. A physical anthropologist who studies disease among ancient peoples c. A medical anthropologist who studies the relationship between disease and culture d. An archaeologist who studies ancient fossils e. An archaeologist who studies daily life among cave people ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 163 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

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29. All of the following are results of the advent of maize farming EXCEPT . a. a 300% increase in bone lesions b. a drop in life expectancy c. increased malnutrition d. a 50% increase in tooth enamel decay e. an increase in nutrition ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 163 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

30. Horticulture refers to the type of farming that . a. relies on irrigation systems and fertilizers b. relies predominantly on hand tools for household consumption c. uses human and animal energy to bring high yields of crops d. produces a large surplus for markets e. involves hired labor or cooperative fields ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 163 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

31. The slash-and-burn method requires . a. an extensive land use system with a lengthy fallow period b. the use of purchased fertilizers to put nutrients back in the soil c. low biomass, so there is not much to interfere with planting d. the use of tractors or draft animals, minimizing the need for a labor force e. the use of domesticated animals for plowing ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 164 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

32. Which two terms are synonymous with shifting cultivation? a. Slash-and-burn farming and pastoralism b. Swidden cultivation and horticulture c. Slash-and-burn farming and swidden cultivation d. Swidden cultivation and horticulture e. Extensive cultivation and horticulture ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 164 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

33. People who practice horticulture

.

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a. typically use irrigation systems b. must shift their homes when they shift their fields c. grow tree crops, seed crops, or root crops d. do not bother with a fallow period e. usually keep domesticated animals for beasts of burden ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 163 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

34. Nomadic pastoralism . a. prevents people from raising as much livestock as they could if they did not migrate b. involves the raising of camels and cattle only c. does not involve any kind of commercial trade d. never includes cultivation of any type of grain e. has no permanent villages ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 166 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

35. Transhumance pastoralism is a migratory pattern that a. only occurs in the flatlands of Uganda b. is found among the Kazaks of Eurasia c. is used only with camel herders d. involves seasonal movement of herds between upland and lowland pastures e. involves very little movement of herds, only between households and market ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 166 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

36. Melville Herskovits, who worked among East African pastoralists, contends “the cattle complex” refers to cattle as . a. status symbols, a food source, and a source of personal attachment b. animal fetishes and a food source c. animal psychoses d. the “hamburger connection” e. an animal honored by that society ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 167 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

37. Which statement about the Maasai is FALSE? SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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a. They are being forced to settle on permanent ranches. b. They have been very successful at managing their environment. c. For generations, they have supplemented their diet with agricultural products. d. They engage in controlled burning to provide better pasturage for their cattle. e. They have experienced enormous sociocultural changes in the last 40 years.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 167-168 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

38. The distinguishing feature of most pastoralist societies is that they . a. never engage in warfare b. always live in a desert c. specialize in herding, grazing, and/or browsing animals d. consume unusually large quantities of meat e. produce many commercial items for the market ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 166 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

39. Which of the following events was most devastating to the pastoral Maasai? a. Deforestation b. Colonialism c. Drought d. Independence e. Advent of the automobile ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 168 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

40. Which of the following statements is true about agriculture? a. It has access to a much smaller supply of available energy than that of other food-procurement strategies. b. It relies on animal power, mechanized technology, and non-mechanized technology for production. c. It usually fails to produce surplus food. d. It almost always lacks an adequate supply of labor. e. It relies on gas-powered tractors and other forms of modern technology.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 171 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

41. During what historical time period did agriculture emerge?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net a. About 11,000 years ago

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b. About 5,000 years ago c. About 9,000 years ago d. About 3,000 years ago e. About 1,000 years ago ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 169 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

42. Specialization in agriculture may result in all of the following EXCEPT . a. increased tendency to grow cash crops and buy food in the marketplace b. increased reliance on a limited number of crop varieties c. development of increasing surplus of crops d. decreased importance of the family owned/operated farm e. less specialization of labor ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 169-170 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

43. Which of the following statements is true about peasant populations? a. They are only found in Europe. b. They are tied to larger political units. c. They produce no surplus. d. They provide only a small amount of food for urban populations. e. They are individuals who own sufficient landholdings to produce what they need annually.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 170 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

44. As a group, peasants can be distinguished from modern farmers because they produce primarily . a. to accumulate wealth b. for family subsistence c. to pay for religious ceremonies d. for reinvestment of capital e. for export ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 170 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

45. Peasants in an agricultural society do NOT . a. have an important relationship with the cities SOURCE: b. almost always occupy the lowest strata of a societyBrowsegrades.net

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c. provide for most of the dietary needs of the city-dwellers d. have a great deal of political power e. pay rents and taxes to those with greater power ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 170-171 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

46. Which of the following statements is NOT associated with industrialized agriculture? a. It relies on technological sources of energy for production. b. It relies on monocrop production—single crops produced on large acreages. c. It has caused considerable environmental destruction. d. It has led to water pollution and soil contamination in some areas. e. It has led to the flow of capital from wealthier nations to poorer ones.

ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 171-172 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

47. Environmental consequences related to industrial agricultural often led to . a. less soil erosion b. an increase in genetically modified foods c. a decrease in deforestation rates d. a reduction in soil and water contamination e. a decrease in fuel and machinery costs ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 172 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

48. Which of the following has the highest degree of labor specialization? a. Pastoralism b. Horticulture c. Intensive agriculture d. Foraging e. Swidden agriculture ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 169 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

49. Which of the following is NOT an alternative to industrialized agriculture? a. Intensive agriculture b. Local fishery projects SOURCE: Browsegrades.net c. Community gardens

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d. Back-to-the-land movements e. Farmers' markets ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Resistance to Industrial Agriculture: An Applied Perspective, p. 171-172 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.4 - What applied initiatives have taken place to foster support for local food systems?

50. Which of the following statements about resistance to industrial agriculture is true? a. Only a few farmers' markets get their foods from local industrial agriculturalists. b. Industrial agriculture has not caused numerous environmental problems. c. The International Slow Food Movement is part of the resistance to intensive agriculture. d. There is a decreasing value placed on small farmers and their lands. e. There is a growing resistance to industrial agriculture today.

ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Resistance to Industrial Agriculture: An Applied Perspective, p. 172 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.4 - What applied initiatives have taken place to foster support for local food systems?

51. The environment sets broad limits on subsistence. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Human Adaptation, p. 151 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.3 - How have humans adapted to their environments through the ages?

52. Human adaptation occurs exclusively through cultural advances. This is the hallmark of being human. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Human Adaptation, p. 149 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.3 - How have humans adapted to their environments through the ages?

53. Some indigenous societies exploited their environments and caused ecological damage. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Adapting to One's Environment, p. 151 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.2 - How do technology and environment influence food-getting strategies?

54. When its carrying capacity is exceeded, an environment is damaged.

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net a. True

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b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Environment and Technology, p. 152 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.2 - How do technology and environment influence food-getting strategies?

55. Foraging societies have among the lowest population densities. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 154 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

56. Foragers today use only traditional technology, such as bows and arrows and digging sticks. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 159 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

57. Clearly, hunter-gatherers are the “original affluent society.” a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 155 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

58. Today, some of the Ju/’hoansi are participating in the ecotourist market. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 156 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

59. The Inuit divide their year into two hunting seasons. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 157 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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60. Recently, Canada created a new territory known as the Northern Territories for the Inuit peoples. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 157 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

61. The Neolithic Revolution occurred about 5,000 years ago. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 163 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

62. Domestication is a form of taming an animal. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 171 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

63. Domestication negatively affected human health patterns. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 173 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

64. The slash-and-burn method is a primary technique of agriculturalists. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 164 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

65. Seed crops require more nutrients than root crops. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 164

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

66. Sedentary ranching and dairy farming are a type of pastoralism. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 166 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

67. The Kazaks are associated with a “cattle complex.” a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 166 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

68. The Maasai follow a watering schedule when they congregate seasonally at waterholes. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 167 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

69. Invention of the wheel, use of fertilizer and draft animals, and irrigation are all innovations that have made agriculture possible. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 169 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

70. Intensive agriculture requires great investment of both labor and capital, but it does support more people per unit of land than horticulture can. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 169 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

71. List the five major food-procurement categories found among the world’s populations.

ANSWER: They are hunting and gathering, horticulture, pastoralism, agriculture, and industrialized SOURCE: Browsegrades.net agriculture.

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POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 152 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

72. Define and explain the concept of carrying capacity.

ANSWER: It is the maximum number of people a given society can support, given available resources.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Environment and Technology, p. 152 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.2 - How do technology and environment influence food-getting strategies?

73. What is the optimal foraging theory?

ANSWER: It is the theory that foragers will take the animals and plant species that tend to maximize their caloric return for the time spent searching, killing, collecting, and preparing food.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Environment and Technology, p. 152 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.2 - How do technology and environment influence food-getting strategies?

74. Name four characteristics (or generalizations) about foraging societies.

ANSWER: They have low population densities, are usually nomadic, are divided into families or bands in a loose federation, and occupy marginal environments.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 154 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

75. What is a locavore and what can we learn from the emergence of this new type of strategy?

ANSWER: It is a person who eats foods that are primarily grown locally. It shows us that subsistence systems are continuously changing and adapting.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 160 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

76. Define and describe domestication.

ANSWER: It is a process by which animals and plants are genetically altered to produce desirable traits.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 160-161 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

77. List five consequences of the change to food production.

ANSWER: It includes increase in population, more sedentary population, a greater division of labor and specialization, decline in overall health, environmental change, and increased social inequality.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 162-163 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

78. What is shifting cultivation?

ANSWER: It is a food production patternBrowsegrades.net that involves clearing the land by manually cutting down the SOURCE:

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growth, burning it, and planting in the burned area. Land is depleted in several years and allowed to lie fallow to restore its fertility.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 164 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

79. Distinguish between the two types of pastoralism.

ANSWER: Nomadic pastoralists take advantage of seasonal fluctuations to maximize their herds’ food supplies, while transhumant pastoralists move their animals between lowland and upland pastures.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 166 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

80. List areas that are active in growing awareness of issues and ideas for getting involved in small-scale agriculture, organic agriculture, and other alternatives to industrial agriculture.

ANSWER: Ways to get involved are through community gardens; farmers markets; back-to-the land movement, worldwide opportunities on organic farms, fishery projects and pastoral projects.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Resistance to Industrial Agriculture: An Applied Perspective, p. 173-174 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

81. Discuss the nature of human adaptation. By what means do humans adapt to their environments? Provide examples.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Human Adaptation, p. 149 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.3 - How have humans adapted to their environments through the ages?

82. What is the relationship between carrying capacity and technology?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Environment and Technology, p. 152 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.2 - How do technology and environment influence food-getting strategies?

83. Compare and contrast the livelihoods and social organization of the Ju/’hoansi and the Inuit.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 155-160 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

84. The time period of the Neolithic Revolution changed the nature of human society. Consider the differences between food-gathering and food-producing societies. Name at least five major differences and defend whether you consider them positive or negative changes for societies.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 161-163 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

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85. The Neolithic Revolution brought both positive and negative changes to humans and human societies. Make a list of both positive and negatives consequences and then discuss whether you believe the changes were mainly positive or negative overall.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 160-163 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

86. Consider how life would be different without the Neolithic Revolution. What aspects of your daily life would be different if the process of domestication had never occurred?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 160-163 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

87. In what type of environment is pastoralism practiced? How does transhumance pastoralism differ from nomadic pastoralism? Describe the social relations and type of population that can be supported by this strategy.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 166-169 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

88. What characteristics distinguish industrial agriculture from horticulture? What impact has industrial agriculture had on the environment and on marginal groups?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 163-166, 171-172 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

89. Peasants have played a very important historical role in the development of state societies. Why has this social class played such a central role in political and state affairs?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 170-171 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

90. Create a chart of four major food-getting strategies. Identify the population size, permanency of settlement, surpluses, trade, labor specialization, and class differences associated with each.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence, p. 152-172 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.7.1 - What are the different ways by which societies get their food?

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1. Economic anthropologists study production, distribution, and consumption . a. only in industrialized societies of the world b. only in the nonindustrialized societies of the world c. in all of the societies in the world, industrialized and nonindustrialized d. only in the pastoral societies of the world e. in all societies where there is market exchange ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Economics and Economic Anthropology, p. 178 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.1 - How do anthropologists study economic systems cross-culturally?

2. On which of the following assumptions is formal economic theory based? a. The value of a particular commodity decreases as it becomes more scarce. b. Only occasionally do people maximize their material well-being. c. People, when exchanging goods and services, naturally strive to maximize material well-being and profits. d. Families will compete against each other to assert rights of ownership and allocation. e. In societies where there is formal market exchange (commercialism), the market will determine all economic activities of individuals.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Economics and Economic Anthroplogy, p. 178 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.1 - How do anthropologists study economic systems cross-culturally?

3. Formal economic theory is based on studies of: a. tribal societies. b. industrialized societies. c. European societies since 1995. d. European societies since the Industrial Revolution. e. pre-colonial Western societies.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Economics and Economic Anthropolgy, p. 178 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.1 - How do anthropologists study economic systems cross-culturally?

4. All of the following are potential limitations to personal property rights in the United States EXCEPT . a. right of eminent domain b. availability of resources c. zoning laws d. title and ownership of property e. foreign land ownership ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Allocation of Natural Resources, p. 179 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

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5. Rules that govern the allocation of resources and how they are used are found in . a. very few societies b. only food-collecting societies c. Western societies only d. all societies in the world e. all food-producing societies ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Allocation of Natural Resources, p. 179 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

6. In terms of private property rights to land, which of the following statements is true? a. Food collectors seldom have the notion of personal land ownership. b. Only elites in pastoral societies own pasture lands. c. Only chiefs in horticultural societies own the land that is planted. d. In food-producing societies, all individuals have private land ownership. e. All state societies have private individual land ownership.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Allocation of Natural Resources, p. 180 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

7. Food-collecting communities’ control of land rights . a. is uniform in all food-collecting societies b. is learned from contact with the surrounding societies (they tend to follow the same rules) c. varies because in some societies territorial boundaries between bands or families are rigorously maintained d. is likely to continue long into the future in spite of contact with outside societies e. tends to be more legalistic when these communities are part of a state society ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Allocation of Natural Resources, p. 180 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

8. Obtaining goods from the natural environment and transforming them into usable objects is called . a. distribution b. consumption c. specialization d. production e. manufacture ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Production, p. 183 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.2 - How do people use culture and produce resources to help them adapt to

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their environment?

9. Which of the following statements about land ownership among hunters and gatherers is FALSE? a. There is no concept of private property among hunters and gatherers. b. Flexible territorial boundaries are a survival mechanism for some hunting and gathering groups. c. Major changes in the hunting and gathering lifestyle have occurred because of the governments who control their lands. d. Hunters and gatherers tend to have a flexible understanding of property rights. e. In most hunting and gathering societies, land is not owned either privately or collectively.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Allocation of Natural Resources, p. 179 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

10. Land is most likely owned by an extended kinship group among . a. food collectors b. horticulturalists c. pastoralists d. intensive agriculturalists e. industrial agriculturalists ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Allocation of Natural Resources, p. 182 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

11. In most industrialized societies, the basic unit of production is the a. individual b. household c. village d. government e. private company ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Production, p. 184 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.2 - How do people use culture and produce resources to help them adapt to their environment?

12. In most nonindustrialized societies, the basic unit of production is the a. individual b. household c. village d. government e. private company SOURCE: Browsegrades.net ANSWER: b

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POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Production, p. 184 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.2 - How do people use culture and produce resources to help them adapt to their environment?

13. Which of the following is NOT a major difference between business firms and households as productive units? a. The business firm is a more productive unit than the household. b. The household unit performs more functions than the business firm. c. The business firm is more self-sufficient than the household. d. The household uses some of its resources for non-productive ends. e. The business firm is almost exclusively a unit of production.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Production, p. 184-185 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.2 - How do people use culture and produce resources to help them adapt to their environment?

14. What is a matai? a. A fine levied against those who trespass on lands in Tanzania b. The leader of a potlatch; the one with the most prestige c. A parcel of land among the Inuit of Nunavit d. The head of a hunting and gathering group who makes formal decisions e. A family member in Samoa who holds title to the land ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Allocation of Natural Resources, p. 182 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

15. Sex and age are the basis for the division of labor in . a. food-collecting societies only b. pastoralist societies only c. food-producing societies only d. all societies e. state and chiefdom societies ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Production, p. 185 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.2 - How do people use culture and produce resources to help them adapt to their environment?

16. The universal division of labor based on sex . a. causes a great deal of conflict between men and women everywhere b. is much stricter in indigenous societies than in state societies c. occurs in all societies worldwide d. is caused by the limited physical abilitiesSOURCE: of womenBrowsegrades.net

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e. is not an efficient way to develop socially ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Division of Labor, p. 185-186 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.2 - How do people use culture and produce resources to help them adapt to their environment?

17. In a number of developing countries today, . a. an increasing number of children under age 14 engage in wage employment b. children only work on household chores and are not allowed to work in factories c. children are prohibited by their religion to work for wages d. an decreasing number of children under age 12 are engaged in wage employment e. children are being replaced by women as the primary wage earners for the family ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Division of Labor, p. 187 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.2 - How do people use culture and produce resources to help them adapt to their environment?

18. Wage employment of children under age 14 is nearly universally condemned for all of the following reasons EXCEPT . a. children are often exploited b. children often work in unsafe and dangerous conditions c. children lose their opportunity for proper education d. children cannot earn enough money to help their families e. children are exposed to dangerous substances ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Division of Labor, p. 187 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.2 - How do people use culture and produce resources to help them adapt to their environment?

19. A worker at age 65 receiving a gold watch at retirement is an example of . a. the waning physical and mental strength of the elderly b. the allocation of tasks by age c. negative reciprocity d. gender specialization e. productive distribution of resources ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Division of Labor, p. 188 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.2 - How do people use culture and produce resources to help them adapt to their environment?

20. Reciprocity refers to an exchange of goods and/or services of .

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net a. unequal value that occurs at the same moment in time

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b. exactly the same value that occurs over a short period of time c. relatively equal value between two parties without the use of money d. unequal value between elites and commoners in a state society e. relatively equal value between more than two parties that sometimes involves the use of money ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Distribution of Goods and Services, p. 189 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

21. Distribution of meat beyond the immediate family in hunting and gathering societies is an example of . a. generalized reciprocity b. balanced reciprocity c. negative reciprocity d. redistribution e. market exchange ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Distribution of Goods and Services, p. 189 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

22. The type of social solidarity based on an increase in the complexity of labor specialization is known as . a. mechanical solidarity b. organic solidarity c. industrial solidarity d. reciprocal solidarity e. mechanistic solidarity ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Division of Labor, p. 188 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.2 - How do people use culture and produce resources to help them adapt to their environment?

23. Generalized reciprocity usually occurs . a. in highly industrialized societies b. among labor and management in Western corporations c. among family members and close friends d. in racially segregated societies e. as charity for poor people ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Distribution of Goods and Services, p. 189 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

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24. What is the primary reason for balanced reciprocity? a. To exchange surplus goods for those that are in short supply b. To create social networks and political alliances c. To locate marriage partners d. To develop long-range trade networks that extend beyond the immediate vicinity e. To allocate resources among various social classes within a society ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Distribution of Goods and Services, p. 190 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

25. What is silent trade? a. Trade in which there is no fixed value associated with the goods being exchanged b. Trade in which the partners never know each other’s identity c. Trade in which the items being exchanged are not known in advance (one accepts whatever is offered) d. Trade in which the partners have no face-to-face contact e. Trade in which no goods are exchanged—only services ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Distribution of Goods and Services, p. 191 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

26. Tribute is a form of redistribution that . a. is found only among foraging societies b. can be found in societies with no standardized currency c. includes the Hadza of Tanzania d. is found in all market economies e. can be found in all societies ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Redistribution, p. 192 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

27. Redistribution, as a principle of exchange, includes all of the following EXCEPT . a. big men and feast givers b. bridewealth c. potlatch d. tribute e. silent trade ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Redistribution, p. 191-193 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different

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cultures?

28. Which statement about tribute, or chiefly redistribution, is true? a. It is found most often in hunting and gathering societies. b. It is based on the principle of equitable distribution among the parties. c. It functions to affirm the power of the chief and the solidarity of the people. d. It functions to allocate resources from commoners to the chief so that she or he can survive. e. It is used by chiefs as a way to obtain standing armies and military men to support their political power.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Redistribution, p. 192 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

29. The potlatch, as practiced by the Northwest coastal American Indians, served to do all of the following EXCEPT . a. show preservation of physical resources b. confer status on generous givers c. distribute material goods to a wide range of people d. maintain regional stability e. measure prestige of the host ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Redistibution, p. 192 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

30. Which of the following is known as a self-made leader? a. Chief b. Big man c. Slave d. Elder e. Provost ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Redistribution, p. 192 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

31. Market exchange systems require . a. heavy face-to-face contact b. a non-standardized currency c. a complex division of labor d. only a small amount of surplus production e. high amounts of status and prestige SOURCE: Browsegrades.net ANSWER: c

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POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Market Exchange, p. 194 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

32. A potlatch is considered an example of . a. generalized reciprocity b. negative reciprocity c. market exchange d. redistribution e. silent trade ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Redistribution, p. 193 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

33. All of the following are functions (or consequences) associated with bridewealth EXCEPT . a. legalizing marriage b. legitimating children c. creating bonds between relatives d. maintaining equitable distribution in society e. increasing divorce rates ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Redistribution, p. 191 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

34. The direct exchange of commodities between people that does not involve standardized currency is called a. redistribution b. informal economy c. market economy d. barter e. trade ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Market Exchange, p. 194 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

35. What is the major prerequisite of market exchange? a. The value of a good is based on supply and demand. b. Exchange is based on currency. c. Exchange occurs within a commercial environment.

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net d. Goods and services are culturally relevant.

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e. Distribution occurs among a minimum of two parties.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Market Exchange, p. 194 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

36. Today, there are two fundamentally different types of markets. What are they? a. Markets that use standardized money and those that include barter b. Geographically bound markets and those open via websites (Internet) c. Markets that focus on foodstuffs and markets that focus on services d. Urban markets and rural markets e. Markets that incur taxation and those that are informal ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Market Exchange, p. 195 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

37. The economy that includes legal but unregulated producers of goods and services that escape government control and regulations is also referred to as a . a. standardized economy b. market economy c. shadow economy d. sales economy e. globalized economy ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Market Exchange, p. 195 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

38. All of the following are reasons money is significant in market exchange EXCEPT . a. money is a more flexible system of exchange b. money is always a part of market economies c. money is divisible and can be applied to various types and amounts of purchases d. money is transportable e. money is a form of deferred payment ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Market Exchange, p. 194 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

39. Every state economy today is a blend of both .

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net a. free markets and formal markets

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b. government control and informal markets c. formal markets and black markets d. informal markets and free markets e. government control and free markets ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Market Exchange, p. 197 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

40. In Mexico, it is very common for highly successful people to make career decisions based on . a. the needs of the extended family b. the needs of the nuclear family c. the needs of society as a whole d. self-interest e. salary ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Division of Labor, p. 185 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.2 - How do people use culture and produce resources to help them adapt to their environment?

41. In what decade did globalization emerge as a primary worldwide process? a. 1850s b. 1880s c. 1950s d. 1980s e. 1990s ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Globalization of World Economies, p. 198 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.4 - How has globalization influenced change in various parts of the world?

42. What is the basic premise that drives the process of globalization? a. Formal economy is much better than informal economy. b. Economies worldwide will improve if we utilize the lessons of the Industrial Revolution and focus solely on import and export. c. Economies will be healthier and will grow better if we operate in free markets with free trade and competition. d. Global trade will increase cultural homogeneity and decrease incidence of warfare and intolerance. e. Economies should be left alone because no country can actually regulate them.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Globalization of World Economies, p. 198 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.4 - How has globalization influenced change in various parts of the world?

43. Since

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, the world has witnessed the outsourcing of white-collar jobs.

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a. 1990 b. 1980 c. 2005 d. 1995 e. 2000 ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Globalization of World Economies, p. 198 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.4 - How has globalization influenced change in various parts of the world?

44. What changed several decades ago for societies of the Inuit of Canada and the Hadza of Tanzania? a. They became unwelcome by the Ju/'hoansi. b. They could go where they wanted when they wanted. c. They no longer had a strong tribal presence. d. They no longer were allowed to go where they wanted when they wanted. e. They were not flexible in their hunting and gathering techniques.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Allocation of Natural Resources, p. 180 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

45. There is a higher percentage of economically inactive women in all of the following EXCEPT . a. North Africa b. Afghanistan c. Middle East d. South Asia e. Sub-Saharan Africa ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Division of Labor, p. 185 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.4 - How has globalization influenced change in various parts of the world?

46. The applied project Clean the World is designed to . a. provide leftover soap to developing countries b. provide medicines for children in developing countries c. work with refugees to set up sanitary camps in Africa d. support research for fuel alternatives e. provide funding for projects that establish clean drinking water for small towns ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Globalization of World Economies, p. 200 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.5 - How might an applied anthropologist incorporate economic anthropology into their projects?

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47. The pro-corporation perspective supporting globalization is most associated with which country?

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a. United States b. France c. Italy d. Spain e. Argentina ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Globalization of World Economies, p. 199 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.4 - How has globalization influenced change in various parts of the world?

48. In the example provided at the beginning of the chapter, why did Kelsey Timmerman travel all over the globe? a. As a new anthropologist, he wanted to study other cultures in regards to hunting and gathering. b. He wanted to put a face with a name of those actually involved in the garment industry. c. He wanted to answer questions regarding the how resources were allocated in some third-world countries. d. He was concerned about division of labor in the United States clothing industry. e. He wanted to understand the distribution of goods and services in the offshore companies.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Economics, p. 177 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.5 - How might an applied anthropologist incorporate economic anthropology into their projects?

49. What profession is the best example of person-to-person outsourcing? a. technology b. manufacturing c. medical d. entertainment e. agriculture ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Globalization of World Economies, p. 198 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.4 - How has globalization influenced change in various parts of the world?

50. All of the following are issues that are of significant concern to reaching social equity in the world of trade EXCEPT . a. enforcing international labor standards b. enforcing international environmental standards c. improving international governance d. providing a level playing field for poorer countries e. improving cultural standards ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Globalization of World Economies, p. 201 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.4 - How has globalization influenced change in various parts of the world?

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51. Economic anthropologists assume that individuals, as well as corporations, are motivated primarily by the desire to

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maximize their material well-being. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Economics and Economic Anthropology, p. 179 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.1 - How do anthropologists study economic systems cross-culturally?

52. In most hunting and gathering societies, land is not owned privately. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Allocation of Natural Resources, p. 179 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

53. Formal economic theory is based on barter we see in indigenous societies. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Economics and Economic Anthropology, p. 178 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.1 - How do anthropologists study economic systems cross-culturally?

54. The three key dimensions of cross-cultural economic systems are regulation of resources, production, and exchange. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Economics and Economic Anthropology, p. 178-179 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.1 - How do anthropologists study economic systems cross-culturally?

55. If food and water supplies are predictable and fixed in location, then food-foraging societies tend to have highly flexible boundaries. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Allocation of Natural Resources, p. 179 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

56. Most horticulturalists live on communally controlled lands. a. True b. False SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Allocation of Natural Resources, p. 182 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

57. In most places of the industrialized world, land is allocated on the basis of private individual ownership. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Allocation of Natural Resources, p. 182 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

58. The household is the basic unit of production in most nonindustrialized societies. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Production, p. 184 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.2 - How do people use culture and produce resources to help them adapt to their environment?

59. Women and men have distinct roles only because men have greater body mass and strength. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Division of Labor, p. 186 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.2 - How do people use culture and produce resources to help them adapt to their environment?

60. Sex and age are the universal bases for the division of labor. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Division of Labor, p. 185-186 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.2 - How do people use culture and produce resources to help them adapt to their environment?

61. The exchanges between parents and children in the United States are examples of reciprocity. a. True b. False ANSWER: True SOURCE: Browsegrades.net POINTS: 1

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REFERENCES: Distribution of Goods and Services, p. 189 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

62. The potlatch, an example of negative reciprocity, functioned as a system of exchange of goods. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Redistribution, p. 193 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

63. Bridewealth is the transfer of material goods from the bride's to the groom's household. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Redistribution, p. 191 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

64. Asia and Africa continue to witness a dependence on child labor. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Division of Labor, p. 187 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.2 - How do people use culture and produce resources to help them adapt to their environment?

65. Big men are the formal chiefs of New Guinea societies who control the production of their followers without engaging in similar productive activities. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Redistribution, p. 192 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

66. Found among the Indians of the Northwest American coast, the potlatch is a mechanism of both redistribution and social ranking. a. True b. False ANSWER: True SOURCE: Browsegrades.net POINTS: 1

Chapter_08_Economics

REFERENCES: Redistribution, p. 193 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

67. The process of globalization of world economies has had the effect of reducing the gap between the rich and the poor. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Globalization of World Economies, p. 199 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.4 - How has globalization influenced change in various parts of the world?

68. The major prerequisite for a market is that there be a monetary economy. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Market Exchange, p. 194 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

69. The best example of person-to-person outsourcing is the medical profession. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Globalization of World Economies, p. 198 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.4 - How has globalization influenced change in various parts of the world?

70. The process of globalization has been met without any hesitation. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Globalization of World Economies p. 199 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.4 - How has globalization influenced change in various parts of the world?

71. What is formal economic theory?

ANSWER: It is assumptions about economic behavior based on the experience of Western, industrialized economies.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Economics and Economic Anthropology, p. 178 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.1 - How do anthropologists study economic systems cross-culturally?

72. Give three reasons for opposing wage employment of children under 14 years of age: ANSWER: Reasons include exploitative working conditions, dangerous and unhealthy working SOURCE: Browsegrades.net conditions, and lack of access to education.

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1 POINTS: REFERENCES: Division of Labor, p. 187 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.2 - How do people use culture and produce resources to help them adapt to their environment?

73. Name and describe three types of reciprocity.

ANSWER: Generalized is giving with no expectation of return; balanced is giving with the expectation of return in equal value at some point in the not-too-distant future; and negative is exchange in which partners try to take advantage of each other.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Distribution of Goods and Services, p. 189-191 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

74. What is the system of exchange among American Indians that involves a competitive giveaway in order to attainsocial status and distribute goods?

ANSWER: It is the potlatch.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Redistribution, p. 193 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

75. What forms can negative reciprocity take?

ANSWER: It includes hard bargaining, cheating, out-and-out theft.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Distribution of Goods and Services, p. 191 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

76. What is a market exchange?

ANSWER: It is a mode of distribution in which goods and services are bought and sold and their value is determined by the principle of supply and demand.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Market Exchange, p. 194 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

77. Compare and contrast the chief with the big man.

ANSWER: Chiefs usually inherit their status, while big men (and big women) are self-made. Both are at the center of a redistribution network in their societies.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Redistribution, p. 192 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

78. What is one of the major negative consequences of globalization?

ANSWER: It is the increasing gap between the rich and the poor, poor international environmental, Browsegrades.net governmental, andSOURCE: labor standards.

[Answers will vary.]

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1 POINTS: REFERENCES: Globalization of World Economies, p. 199 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.4 - How has globalization influenced change in various parts of the world?

79. Define standardized currency (money).

ANSWER: It is a medium of exchange that has well-defined and understood value.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Market Exchange, p. 194 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

80. Name three ways that a workforce can be divided.

ANSWER: It can be divided by age, gender, and specialization.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Division of Labor, p. 185-188 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.2 - How do people use culture and produce resources to help them adapt to their environment?

81. What are the different concepts of property rights associated with each of the following: food collectors, pastoralists, horticulturalists, and industrialization?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Allocation of Natural Resources, p. 179-183 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

82. What does reciprocity mean? Describe three types recognized by economic anthropologists and give examples of each.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Distribution of Goods and Services, p. 189 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

83. Globalization has affected almost every aspect of our lives. What are some positive and negative consequences of it?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Globalization of World Economies, p. 198-201 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.4 - How has globalization influenced change in various parts of the world?

84. Describe the aspects of economic production that all societies must face cross-culturally.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Allocation of Natural Resources, p. 184-185 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.1 - How do anthropologists study economic systems cross-culturally?

85. In addition to distribution by markets, what SOURCE: other formsBrowsegrades.net of distribution of goods are found in other parts of the world among different types of societies?

Chapter_08_Economics

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Distribution of Goods and Services, p. 188-191 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

86. How might an applied anthropologist incorporate economic anthropology into their projects?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Globalization of World Economies, p. 201 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.5 - How might an applied anthropologist incorporate economic anthropology into their projects?

87. Because trade can be essential in the quest for survival, people may go to great lengths to establish and maintain good trade relations. A classic example of this is the potlatch. Describe the potlatch in its economic and social aspects.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Distribution of Goods and Services, p. 193-194 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

88. In the United States and Canada, potlatches have often been at the center of heated political debate. Why do you think the governments of these countries have felt a necessity to get so involved in this form of indigenous exchange?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Distribution of Goods and Services, p. 193-194 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

89. What forms of informal (unregulated) economic activity can you find in industrialized societies like Canada and the United States? With what kinds of informal economies have you been involved?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Distribution of Goods and Services, p. 195-196 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.3 - How are resources such as land and property allocated in different cultures?

90. In what ways do developed economies depend on developing economies? Discuss the various types of consequence that result from this relationship.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Globalization of World Economies, p. 198-201 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.8.5 - How might an applied anthropologist incorporate economic anthropology into their projects?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

Chapter_09_Marriage_and_the_Family

1. Which of the following is NOT a function of the family? a. Provides for the material, educational, and emotional needs of children b. Regulates the sexual division of labor c. Regulates sexual mating and reproduction d. Characterized by economic cooperation e. Creates profit with low-cost overhead for long-term reinvestment ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Marriage and the Family: Functions, p. 208 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.2 - What functions do family and marriage systems perform?

2. The textbook defines marriage as a socially approved union between two adults that has all of the following characteristics EXCEPT . a. formalization of the relationship b. regulation sexual rights and obligations c. some sort of explicit contract d. management of economic obligations e. assumption of some degree of permanence ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Marriage and the Family, p. 206 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term family, and is the family found in all cultures?

3. According to an official statement of the American Anthropological Association, . a. same-sex marriages are threatening the viable social order b. same-sex marriages are immoral and should be avoided at all costs c. families built on same-sex marriages can contribute to stable and humane societies d. same-sex marriages are far more common in the world’s cultures than heterosexual ones e. same-sex marriages should be encouraged ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Marriage and the Family, p. 207 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term family, and is the family found in all cultures?

4. Your textbook defines marriage as a normally permanent arrangement but recognizes that . a. the permanence of marriage may vary from society to society b. small-scale societies have higher divorce rates than industrialized societies c. in all non-industrialized societies, marriages last until death d. only in very small-scale societies do marriages last until death e. divorce only happens in industrialized nations ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Marriage and the Family, p. 207-208 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term family, and is the family found

Chapter_09_Marriage_and_the_Family

in all cultures?

5. A group of Sumburu women established the village of Umoja Uaso. It is interesting because . a. they have not formed any type of structured family there b. children are removed from the village when they are born and sent to grandparents elsewhere c. it allows only polyandry d. no men are allowed to live there e. the women regulate all political functions and leave the men to do domestic duties ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Marriage and the Family, p. 208 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term family, and is the family found in all cultures?

6. The prohibition against sexual relations with certain categories of kin is called . a. monogamy b. the incest taboo c. cross-cousin marriage d. parallel cousin marriage e. endogamy ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Mate Selection: Who Is Out of Bounds?, p. 209 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term family, and is the family found in all cultures?

7. A nuclear family includes all of the following EXCEPT a . a. mother b. uncle c. father d. sister e. brother ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Family Structure, p. 225 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.5 - How has modern family structure changed?

8. The inbreeding theory of incest taboo argues that . a. the family is able to make better social alliances by marrying outside of its structure b. there are harmful genetic defects associated with breeding within the family c. there are positive genetic benefits from breeding within the family d. family inbreeding creates role ambiguity e. the human species has developed because of inbreeding ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net REFERENCES: Mate Selection: Who Is Out of Bounds?, p. 211

Chapter_09_Marriage_and_the_Family

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

9. The incest taboo . a. universally prohibits first cousins from marrying b. prohibits sexual relations with anyone on the father’s side of the family c. prohibits sexual relations with certain categories of kin d. universally prohibits marriage between clan members. e. prohibits marriage between parent and child only ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Mate Selection: Who Is Out of Bounds?, p. 209 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

10. According to the family disruption theory, mating within the nuclear family would do all of the following EXCEPT . a. disrupt the family’s function as a unit of economic cooperation b. disrupt the family’s function as a unit of socialization c. create role ambiguity d. create competition between families e. create intense jealousies within the nuclear family ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Mate Selection: Who Is Out of Bounds?, p. 211 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

11. Incest avoidance can have positive social advantages by forcing people to marry outside of their immediate family, thereby . a. developing a stronger set of relationships within their own family than a wider network of interfamily alliances b. creating relationships with people with whom they are likely to cooperate c. creating relationships with more people with whom they are likely to become hostile d. creating a smaller gene pool e. increasing the incidence of recessive traits ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Mate Selection: Who Is Out of Bounds?, p. 211 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

12. Marrying outside a group is . a. polygamy b. monogamy c. exogamy d. endogamy e. alliance ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net REFERENCES: Mate Selection: Whom Should You Marry?, p. 212

Chapter_09_Marriage_and_the_Family

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

13. Castes in India provide a good example of . a. caste endogamy b. caste exogamy c. free selection of spouses d. polyandry e. polygamy ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Mate Selection: Whom Should You Marry?, p. 212 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

14. A marriage rule that requires a woman to marry within her ethnic group and religion is a rule of a. dowry b. bridewealth c. exogamy d. endogamy e. polygyny ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Mate Selection: Whom Should You Marry?, p. 212 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

.

15. In Western societies, mate selection is largely a decision made . a. by the bride and groom’s extended families b. by the grandparents of the prospective couple c. jointly by the prospective bride and groom d. by the family of the bride e. by the groom’s mother’s family ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Mate Selection: Whom Should You Marry, p. 212-213 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term family, and is the family found in all cultures?

16. Applied anthropologist Elizabeth Krause, in her study of the family in Italy, found that a. the birthrate has dropped below the replacement rate to sustain the national population b. children born out of wedlock are now the most numerous family type c. the extended family in Italy is declining slowly and will soon disappear d. the childhood mortality rate is now at .005 percent e. Italian couples are not forming typical families and are choosing not to have children ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Family Structure, p.

226-227 Browsegrades.net SOURCE:

.

Chapter_09_Marriage_and_the_Family

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.6 - What role is biotechnology playing in the structure of marriage and the family?

17. Since Krause's study of Italian families, a. the national birthrate has declined slightly more b. the national birthrate has increased slightly c. the Italian family structure has changed more dramatically and now includes multiple generations d. the extended family has been replaced by the nuclear family because of economic concerns e. marriage based on romantic love is no longer the most popular choice for spouses ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Family Structure, p. 226 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.6 - What role is biotechnology playing in the structure of marriage and the family?

18. Arranged marriages are found most often in what type of society? a. Democratic societies b. Very wealthy societies c. Societies that are primarily agricultural d. Societies in which there is elaborate social hierarchy e. Societies that are primarily industrial ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Mate Selection: Whom Should You Marry?, p. 212-213 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

19. All of the following statements are true of arranged marriages in India EXCEPT . a. the practice of child marriage is still widespread b. many women aged 20-24 were married before the legal age of 18 c. a law, set in 1978, stated the minimum age of marriage for females would be eighteen and has been largely enforced d. the average age at marriage for women has been rising modestly e. parents must be careful to arrange marriages that consider education levels when deciding whom their children will marry ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Family Structure, p. 213 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

20. Cross cousins are defined as the children of . a. your second cousins b. your mother’s brother or father’s sister c. your father’s brother or mother’s sister d. your parents’ cousins e. your grandparents’ siblings SOURCE: Browsegrades.net ANSWER: b

Chapter_09_Marriage_and_the_Family

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Mate Selection: Whom Should You Marry?, p. 215 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

21. The levirate is a marriage custom in which . a. a widow marries the brother or another close relative of her dead husband b. a widower marries the sister or another close relative of his dead wife c. a person marries a cross cousin d. a person marries a parallel cousin e. the groom must marry his sister ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Mate Selection: Whom Should You Marry?, p. 215 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

22. The sororate is a marriage custom in which . a. a widow is expected to marry the brother or another close relative of her dead husband b. a widower is expected to marry the sister or another close relative of his dead wife c. a man marries his stepsister d. a man takes his brother’s widow as a wife e. a woman takes her dead husband’s cousin ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Mate Selection: Whom Should You Marry?, p. 216 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

23. Which statement about romantic love is true? a. It only exists in Western countries. b. It only exists in affluent (wealthy) countries. c. People in many non-Western countries do not base marriage on romantic love. d. All cultures practice some form of romantic love in arranging a marriage. e. Anthropologists have not traditionally been able to define “love.”

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Role of Romantic Love and Courtship. p. 216 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.5 - How has modern family structure changed?

24. Which of the following forms of cousin marriage is the most common? a. Nuclear cousin b. Preferential cousin c. Sororal levirate d. Parallel cousin e. Cross cousin ANSWER: e SOURCE: Browsegrades.net POINTS: 1

Chapter_09_Marriage_and_the_Family

REFERENCES: Mate Selection: Whom Should You Marry?, p. 215 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

25. All of the following are reasons that societies practice the levirate EXCEPT . a. it is a form of social security for the widow b. it is a form of social security for the children of the marriage c. it preserves the rights of the deceased husband’s family to his children d. it preserves the rights of the deceased husband’s family to the widow’s future children e. it is associated with societies that place the highest value on female heirs ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Mate Selection: Whom Should You Marry?, p. 215-216 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

26. Polyandry is . a. a man having more than one wife at a time b. a woman having more than one husband at a time c. both marriage partners having multiple spouses d. a same-sex marriage between two men e. an arranged marriage in which families are in different social castes (or classes) ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Number of Spouses, p. 217 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

27. In the majority of cultures of the world, polygyny is . a. the preferred form of marriage b. practiced by the majority of wealthy men in the world c. less common than polyandry d. considered by anthropologists to be less moral than monogamy e. a form of marriage in which the man exerts his domination over the women ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Number of Spouses, p. 218 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

28. What is the most common form of marriage in the United States? a. Monogamy b. Serial monogamy c. Exclusive monogamy d. Polyandry e. Polygyny ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 SOURCE: REFERENCES: Number of Spouses, p. 217 Browsegrades.net

Chapter_09_Marriage_and_the_Family

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

29. Men in most polygynous societies never actually obtain multiple wives for all of the following reasons EXCEPT . a. managing a polygynous household is hard work b. marriage in many polygynous societies requires the approval of kinsmen c. marriage in polygynous societies is always managed by the wife’s father and the husband has no choice d. some men in polygynous societies are not of sufficient rank to seek multiple wives e. some men in polygynous societies do not possess the appropriate social skills to have multiple wives ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Number of Spouses, p. 218 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

30. Which statement about polygyny in Africa is FALSE? a. Polygyny is very rarely practiced today. b. Some traditional women support it. c. Men generally view polygyny more positively than women do. d. Opposition to polygyny today comes from younger, well-educated women. e. Many traditional African men today are under pressure by Christian churches to give up polygyny.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Number of Spouses, p. 219 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

31. Competition among co-wives in a polygynous household is reduced when all of the following occur EXCEPT a. when sororal polygyny is practiced b. when wives are allowed to participate in the choice of spouse c. when they are given separate living quarters d. when the husband does not get involved in the affairs of his wives e. when a social hierarchy is established between the wives ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Number of Spouses, p. 219 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

32. The marriage of several brothers to one woman . a. sometimes occurs in Tibet b. is called primogeniture c. is necessary in pastoral societies d. occurs only in hunting and gathering societies e. creates an extreme sense of role ambiguity among children ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Number of Spouses, p. 220 Browsegrades.net SOURCE:

.

Chapter_09_Marriage_and_the_Family

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

33. Which of the following statements about polygyny in the United States is correct? a. Polygyny is legal in several states. b. Polygyny is technically legal in all 50 states. c. Although polygyny is practiced in certain areas of the U.S., it is legal only in Utah. d. Although polygyny is practiced in certain areas of the U.S., it is not legal. e. Polygyny is illegal in the U.S. and is prosecuted aggressively in Utah.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Number of Spouses, p. 219 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

34. Polyandry . a. is one of the most common forms of marriage in the world today b. is a symbol of prestige for older men c. leads to competition and especially sexual jealousy among husbands d. is practiced widely in Africa and South America e. leads to significantly higher birth rates in families ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Number of Spouses, p. 220 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

35. Which statement about bridewealth is FALSE? a. It tends to destabilize marriage. b. It symbolizes the union of two kin groups. c. It represents compensation to the wife’s family. d. It legalizes marriages and legitimizes children. e. Bridewealth payments vary among cultures.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Economic Considerations of Marriage, p. 221 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.4 - What economic considerations are associated with marriage in the world’s contemporary societies?

36. Which practice is found among the Ju/’hoansi of southwestern Africa? a. Bridewealth b. Reciprocal exchange of material goods c. Dowry d. Bride service e. Non-monetarized marriage ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Economic Considerations of Marriage, p. 222 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

Chapter_09_Marriage_and_the_Family

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.4 - What economic considerations are associated with marriage in the world’s contemporary societies?

37. Bride service is practiced . a. only in societies with high levels of material wealth b. often in agricultural societies c. to compensate the bride’s family in a society where material goods are not accumulated d. to compensate the groom’s family for the cost of bearing a wife and children e. to allow the groom’s family to invest and create resources so that the newly married couple can start a family ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Economic Considerations of Marriage, p. 222 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.4 - What economic considerations are associated with marriage in the world’s contemporary societies?

38. Which of the following is FALSE? a. The monetization of bridewealth has increasingly created the view of marriage as a financial transaction. b. The monetization of bridewealth has reduced the significance of marriage as an alliance between kin groups. c. The monetization of bridewealth has been associated with the postponing of marriage until a later age. d. The monetization of bridewealth has broken down the close interdependence between family members. e. The monetization of bridewealth has led to greater freedom of choice on the part of the future spouses involved.

ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Economic Considerations of Marriage, p. 222 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.4 - What economic considerations are associated with marriage in the world’s contemporary societies?

39. Bridewealth . a. is the price a man pays for a wife in a commercial exchange b. increases the likelihood of a marriage ending in divorce c. tends to create bad relations between the families of the bride and groom d. legitimizes marriages and transfers rights over children to the father’s family e. creates a network of strong alliances between the kinsmen of the bride’s family ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Economic Considerations of Marriage, p. 222 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.4 - What economic considerations are associated with marriage in the world’s contemporary societies?

40. Which of the following is NOT a cause of the rapidly rising divorce rate in the U.S. today? a. Industrialization and urbanization have undermined traditional family functions. b. Americans are less moral today because of the pressures of globalization. c. The rise of individualism has caused people to be less willing to make sacrifices for family members. d. Laws have made it easier to get a divorce.

Browsegrades.net e. Economic ties holding a family together SOURCE: have weakened.

Chapter_09_Marriage_and_the_Family

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Divorce, p. 223-224 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.5 - How has modern family structure changed?

41. Which form of marriage compensation is a transfer of goods from the bride’s family to the groom’s family? a. Bridewealth b. Dowry c. Bride service d. Reciprocal exchange e. Groom service ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Economic Considerations of Marriage, p. 223 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.4 - What economic considerations are associated with marriage in the world’s contemporary societies?

42. The marriage of young girls under the age of eighteen in poor rural communities . a. is a way to lessen the burden to the family b. is also known as "child-drought brides" c. is commonly found in Africa, India, and the Phillipines d. increases their chances for contracting AIDS and HIV e. All of these are correct ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Economic Considerations of Marriage, p. 222 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.6 - What role is biotechnology playing in the structure of marriage and the family?

43. Nuclear families are found in societies . a. in which there is a great amount of geographic mobility b. that have become industrialized c. with complex systems of government d. that are highly stratified e. where there is a great deal of material surplus (resources) ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Family Structure, p. 226-227 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.5 - How has modern family structure changed?

44. The decline in the percentage of nuclear families in the United States has been influenced by all of the following EXCEPT . a. the acceptance of alternative lifestyles in recent years b. the increasing divorce rate c. the lower costs associated with having children SOURCE: Browsegrades.net d. delays in childbearing and marriage

Chapter_09_Marriage_and_the_Family

e. the expanding job market ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Family Structure, p. 227 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.5 - How has modern family structure changed?

45. Although the nuclear family has been the ideal in the U.S. for most of the 20th century, today a. only slightly more than half of American families are nuclear families b. families look like the households portrayed in the 1950s sitcoms c. families prefer to be extended and not nuclear d. only about one household in five is nuclear e. only about one household in three is nuclear ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Family Structure, p. 226 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.5 - How has modern family structure changed?

.

46. In extended family systems, . a. the man’s obligation to his wife is more important than his obligations to his brothers b. two or more nuclear families are linked by blood ties c. a woman cannot be controlled by another person after she is married d. the grandparents are the dominant figures in the household e. all members of the family must be wage earners ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Family Structure, p. 228 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.5 - How has modern family structure changed?

47. The poverty level in the United States is . a. $11,88 b. $9,000 c. $28,440 d. $13,220 e. 18,880 ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Divorce, p. 228 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.6 - What role is biotechnology playing in the structure of marriage and the family?

48. The nuclear family is based on a. blood; marital b. marital; blood c. inheritance; marital d. marital; residence

ties, and the extended family is based on

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

ties.

Chapter_09_Marriage_and_the_Family

e. bridewealth; dowry ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Family Structure, p. 228 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.5 - How has modern family structure changed?

49. How can you best describe multigenerational households? a. In a multigenerational household, there are three or more generations. b. In a multigenerational household, the grandparent is the primary wage earner. c. In a multigenerational household, there is a generation gap between the spouses. d. A multigenerational household contains a maximum of two generations. e. A multigenerational household combines more than two families that are not related by blood.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Family Structure, p. 229 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.5 - How has modern family structure changed?

50. All of the following have attributed to the rise in multigenerational households EXCEPT a. divorce b. teen pregnancy c. drug use d. government policies e. incarceration ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Family Structure, p. 229 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.5 - How has modern family structure changed?

.

51. Family is defined as a social unit characterized by common residence, economic cooperation, and child rearing. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Marriage and the Family, p. 206 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term family, and is the family found in all cultures?

52. Young people in a number of different cultures are beginning to use matchmaking websites on the Internet to find an appropriate spouse. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Mate Selection: Whom Should You Marry?, p. 214 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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53. The notion of romantic love does not exist in most non-Western cultures. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Role of Romantic Love and Courtship. p. 216 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term family, and is the family found in all cultures?

54. Outbreeding, which occurs in human populations with strong incest taboos, has a number of positive genetic consequences. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Mate Selection: Who Is Out of Bounds?, p. 211 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

55. Cultures restrict the choice of marriage partners by such practices as endogamy, the levirate, and the sororate. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Mate Selection: Whom Should You Marry?, p. 212 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

56. Most societies with arranged marriages assume that marriage is a union of two kin groups, not merely two individuals. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Mate Selection: Whom Should You Marry?, p. 213 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

57. Parallel cousins are first cousins that are born in the same year. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Mate Selection: Whom Should You Marry?, p. 215 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

58. According to most anthropologists, arranged marriages are inherently immoral. a. True b. False SOURCE: Browsegrades.net ANSWER: False

Chapter_09_Marriage_and_the_Family

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Mate Selection: Whom Should You Marry?, p. 212 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

59. The levirate is a remarriage custom in which the widower must marry his deceased wife’s sister. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Mate Selection: Whom Should You Marry?, p. 215 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

60. Family disruption theory argues that incest causes role ambiguity. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Mate Selection: Who Is Out of Bounds?, p. 211 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

61. Seventy percent of the world’s population practices polygyny. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Number of Spouses, p. 217-218 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

62. The United States has a form of marriage referred to as serial monogamy. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Number of Spouses, p. 217 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

63. The practice of sororal polygyny tends to maximize stress and competition within the family. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Number of Spouses, p. 219 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

64. Polygyny is outlawed in the United States, but as many as 30,000 to 50,000 people practice it.

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net a. True

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b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Number of Spouses, p. 219 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

65. Bride service is more common than bridewealth payment. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Economic Considerations of Marriage, p. 221 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.4 - What economic considerations are associated with marriage in the world’s contemporary societies?

66. Within the Jie tribe of Africa, bridewealth payments are very high and tend to result in unstable and difficult marriages. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Economic Considerations of Marriage, p. 221 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.4 - What economic considerations are associated with marriage in the world’s contemporary societies?

67. Since 1980, the divorce rate in the United States has been increasing. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Divorce, p. 224 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.5 - How has modern family structure changed?

68. The dowry is usually given to the husband, even though it belongs to the wife and is considered her property. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Economic Considerations of Marriage, p. 223 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.4 - What economic considerations are associated with marriage in the world’s contemporary societies?

69. The extended family is based on marital ties, and the nuclear family is based on blood ties. a. True b. False ANSWER: False SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

Chapter_09_Marriage_and_the_Family

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Family Structure, p. 225 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.5 - How has modern family structure changed?

70. In extended family systems, marriage is usually viewed more as bringing a daughter into the family than acquiring a wife. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Family Structure, p. 228 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.5 - How has modern family structure changed?

71. What are three social benefits of marriage?

ANSWER: Benefits include the creation of fairly stable relationships between men and women that regulate sexual mating and reproduction, a mechanism for regulating the sexual division of labor, and the creation of a set of family relationships that provide for the material, educational, and emotional needs of children for a long period of time.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Marriage and the Family, p. 208 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term family, and is the family found in all cultures?

72. Describe the family disruption theory. Is it an adequate explanation for the incest taboo?

ANSWER: This theory argues that inbreeding causes negative social consequences. It maintains that there is family jealousy and role ambiguity.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Mate Selection: Who Is Out of Bounds?, p. 211 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

73. Compare and contrast rules of endogamy and exogamy.

ANSWER: Both are marriage prescriptions. Endogamy is a rule that requires marriage within a certain group; exogamy is a rule requires marriage outside of a certain group.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Mate Selection: Whom Should You Marry?, p. 212 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

74. What are the primary benefits of cross-cousin marriage?

ANSWER: Benefits are to strengthen and maintain the ties between kin groups established by marriages in the past generation.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Mate Selection: Whom Should You Marry?, p. 215 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

75. What do societies that practice sororate do if the deceased wife does not have a sister available for her surviving husband to marry?

ANSWER: They provide a close female relative as a substitute.

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net POINTS: 1

Chapter_09_Marriage_and_the_Family

REFERENCES: Mate Selection: Whom Should You Marry?, p. 215 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

76. What are three major types of marriage based on the number of spouses permitted?

ANSWER: They are monogamy, polygyny, and polyandry.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Number of Spouses, p. 217-220 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

77. What is the most critical factor influencing the incidence of polygyny?

ANSWER: It is the extent to which women are seen as economic assets (where they do the majority of labor) or liabilities (where men do the majority of the labor).

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Number of Spouses, p. 220 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

78. List four of the functions of bridewealth that anthropologists have identified?

ANSWER: Bridewealth functions as: security or insurance for the good treatment of the wife, a mechanism to stabilize marriage by reducing the possibility of divorce, a form of compensation to the bride’s lineage for the loss of her economic potential and childbearing capacity, a symbol of the union between two kin groups, a mechanism to legitimize traditional marriage, the transference of rights over the children from the mother’s family to the father’s family, the acquisition by the husband to rights to sex. [Answers will vary.]

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Economic Considerations of Marriage, p. 221 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.4 - What economic considerations are associated with marriage in the world’s contemporary societies?

79. What is dowry?

ANSWER:

It is a transfer of goods or money from the bride’s family to the groom or to the groom’s family.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Economic Considerations of Marriage, p. 223 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.4 - What economic considerations are associated with marriage in the world’s contemporary societies?

80. What are the basic differences between a nuclear and extended family?

ANSWER: The nuclear family is comprised of mother, father, and children while the extended family includes relatives more distant than nuclear family members.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Family Structure, p. 225-226 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.5 - How has modern family structure changed?

81. What is a good cross-cultural definition of marriage? What are some of the challenges that emerge from attempting to apply a single definition across cultures?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net REFERENCES: Mate Selection: Whom Should You Marry?, p. 212-213

Chapter_09_Marriage_and_the_Family

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term family, and is the family found in all cultures?

82. Compare and contrast the various explanations of the incest taboo. Why is the incest taboo of central importance for anthropology?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Mate Selection: Who Is Out of Bounds?, p. 209-210 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

83. Modern-day family structure is changing in the United States. Describe how the newly merging forms and structures are adaptive for the lives that we have today.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Family Structure, p. 225-229 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.5 - How has modern family structure changed?

84. Describe and discuss the differences between American-style marriage and a typical marriage in India today.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Mate Selection: Whom Should You Marry?, p. 220-225 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

85. What types of societies allow cousins to marry? In those societies, what types of cousins can marry and why is this arrangement preferred?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Mate Selection: Whom Should You Marry?, p. 215 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

86. How are the practices of levirate and sororate adaptive for the societies in which they exist?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Mate Selection: Whom Should You Marry?, p. 215-216 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

87. Compare and contrast the custom of giving a future bride a diamond engagement ring with bridewealth.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Mate Selection: Who Is Out of Bounds?, p. 221-222 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

88. What are the advantages and disadvantages of polygyny for women in cultures that permit plural marriage?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Number of Spouses, p. 217-218 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.3 - Who can marry whom?

Chapter_09_Marriage_and_the_Family

89. How do new reproductive technologies challenge our understandings of family?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Marriage and the Family, p. 206-229 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term family, and is the family found in all cultures?

90. At the beginning of the chapter the terms “family” and “marriage” were distinguished. Using the terms and concepts that you learned in this chapter, point out how they are alike and different.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Marriage and the Family, p. 206-229 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.9.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term family, and is the family found in all cultures?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

Chapter_10_Kinship_and_Descent

1. Which of the following is NOT a reason kinship systems are important to every society? a. They establish patterns of cooperation between men and women and a basis for rearing children. b. They extend one’s relationships to a larger group of people. c. They help people adapt to interpersonal and environmental challenges. d. They provide a way to share certain pieces of property that cannot be divided. e. They allow outsiders to identify individuals within a cultural and social setting.

ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Kinship Defined, p. 234-235 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.2 - Why have cultural anthropologists spent so much time studying kinship?

2. Anthropologists, as compared to other social scientists, have spent a great deal of time studying kinship because they have . a. always focused largely on biological relationships b. concentrated mainly on small-scale societies where kinship relations tend to be important c. always studied fictional relationships and how societies are organized socially and politically d. concentrated on industrial societies where kinship relations tend to be important and affect the individual’s ability to survive e. have found that kinship is the single most significant factor in social organization in every human society ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Kinship Defined, p. 234 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term kinship?

3. An “aunt” or “uncle” who has no biological or marital relationship is an example of . a. a cross cousin b. fictive kin c. an affine d. a parallel cousin e. a consanguine ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Kinship Defined, p. 235 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.2 - Why have cultural anthropologists spent so much time studying kinship?

4. Who is a “consanguine?” a. Someone related by blood b. Someone related by marriage c. A relationship of fictive kin d. A cousin through the mother’s side e. A cousin through the father’s side ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Kinship Defined, p. 234 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.1 -SOURCE: What do anthropologists mean by the term kinship?

Browsegrades.net

Chapter_10_Kinship_and_Descent

5. The most important factor contributing to social structure in small-scale societies is . a. political activity b. religious activity c. kinship d. cultural mythology e. gender ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Kinship Defined, p. 234 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.2 - Why have cultural anthropologists spent so much time studying kinship?

6. In all human societies, kinship is tied to the biological relationships created by human reproduction. However, . a. how different societies sort and categorize kinship relationships is as much a matter of culture as it is of biology b. bilateral descent systems are less influenced by culture than other systems c. unilineal descent systems are seldom influenced by cultural definitions of social relationships d. ambilateral descent systems are the least influenced by culture than other systems e. how different societies classify kin is a direct interpretation and representation of biology and biological relationships ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Kinship Defined, p. 234 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.2 - Why have cultural anthropologists spent so much time studying kinship?

7. What is “partible paternity?” a. A relationship in which more than one father raises the child b. A belief that paternity cannot be determined for a child c. A belief that a child descends biologically only from the father d. A cultural belief that a child has more than one mother e. A cultural belief that a child has more than one biological father ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Principles of Kinship Classification, p. 236 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.2 - Why have cultural anthropologists spent so much time studying kinship?

8. The Zuni (New Mexico) system of kinship . a. is based entirely on fictive kin b. strictly governs the behavior of members of the same clan c. requires people to find marriage partners within their own clan d. allows clan members to marry and form extended families e. is no different from that of the rest of the United States ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Formation of Descent Groups. p. 241 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.6 -SOURCE: How do matrilineal and patrilineal systems of kinship differ?

Browsegrades.net

Chapter_10_Kinship_and_Descent

9. EGO refers to the . a. oldest living relative b. oldest living relative on the father’s side c. person from whose point of view we are tracing the relationship d. person who is drawing the kinship chart e. Eldest Grandparent of Origin ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Using Kinship Diagrams, p. 236 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term kinship?

10. A kinship diagram of a married couple, their children, and their children’s children includes a. four generations; therefore four rows of kinship figures b. three generations; therefore three rows of kinship figures c. only affinal relatives d. only consanguineal relatives e. only vertical lines of kinship ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Principles of Kinship Classification, p. 236-237 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term kinship?

11. Cross-culturally, most kinship systems . a. provide few links between successive generations b. provide few ties across a single generation c. provide links between successive generations and ties across a single generation d. only link successive generations and do not tie across generations e. provides links and ties to all members of a family regardless of biology ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Kinship Defined, p. 235 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term kinship?

12. A kinship diagram of a son, father, grandfather, and great grandfather would include . a. affinal relatives b. collateral relatives c. two genders d. lineal relatives e. exogamous relatives ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Principles of Kinship Classification, p. 237 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term kinship?

13. A kinship diagram of EGO and all of her children and Browsegrades.net her cousins would include: SOURCE:

.

Chapter_10_Kinship_and_Descent

a. the lineal relatives which belong to a clan. b. collateral relatives. c. a lineage. d. lineal relatives. e. vertical relatives.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Principles of Kinship Classification, p. 237 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term kinship?

14. The term descent is used by anthropologists to refer to . a. the rules a culture uses to establish affiliations with one’s parents b. the rules a culture uses to establish affiliations with one’s siblings c. all blood and marriage relationships that help people distinguish between categories of kin d. all marriage relationships that help people distinguish between different categories of kin e. all blood relationships that help people distinguish between different categories of kin ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Formation of Descent Groups, p. 238 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term kinship?

15. Unilineal descent systems . a. are very rarely found today in the world b. comprise the majority of the world’s kinship designations c. are found only among hunters and gatherers d. are found today but were not utilized in the past e. are no longer used today in any society ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Formation of Descent Groups. p. 239 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.3 - What are the various functions of descent groups?

16. All of the following are criteria used to distinguish between different kin categories EXCEPT a. generation b. gender c. side of the family d. level of formal education e. relative age ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Principles of Kinship Classification, p. 238 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term kinship?

17. The rules that a culture uses to establish affiliations with one’s parents is called SOURCE: Browsegrades.net a. exogamy

.

.

Chapter_10_Kinship_and_Descent

b. endogamy c. cognatic lineage d. lineality e. descent ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Formation of Descent Groups, p. 238 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term kinship?

18. Traditional Chinese families are good examples of . a. bilateral kinship b. matrilineal kinship c. double descent d. patrilineal kinship e. cognatic unilineal descent ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Formation of Descent Groups. p. 239 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.6 - How do matrilineal and patrilineal systems of kinship differ?

19. Patrilineal descent groups . a. are the most common of the unilineal descent groups b. are found only in North and South America c. trace descent through lines of females; for example, the mother, mother’s mother, sister’s daughter, and so on d. are ones in which a woman’s children are members of her descent group e. are ones in which a woman’s female children are members of her descent group, while her male children are always allied with their father ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Formation of Descent Groups. p. 239 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.6 - How do matrilineal and patrilineal systems of kinship differ?

20. Which statement about the Chinese patrilineal family is FALSE? a. It is male focused. b. Women give their total allegiance to their husband’s family. c. Children must show deference and obedience to their parents. d. Inheritance is passed from a man to his son. e. Ancestor worship is practiced even after the parents have died.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Formation of Descent Groups. p. 239 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.6 - How do matrilineal and patrilineal systems of kinship differ?

21. Unilineal descent groups . a. endure over time and clearly define whoSOURCE: is a member and who is not Browsegrades.net

Chapter_10_Kinship_and_Descent

b. allow members to decide which descent groups they want to belong to; therefore, these groups change membership and size radically from generation to generation c. cannot clearly define who is or is not a member, but still manage to endure over time d. allow individuals to first identify themselves as individuals and then as members of the kinship group e. do not place emphasis on individual or corporate identity ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Formation of Descent Groups. p. 242 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.3 - What are the various functions of descent groups?

22. Which statement about the Zuni (New Mexico) kinship system is true? a. They have a bilateral kinship system. b. Zuni men are divided between serving the economic interests of their wives and the ceremonial needs of their sisters and mothers. c. Inheritance is traced through fathers. d. They practice patrilocal residence. e. Wives are viewed as strangers or outsiders within the extended family.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Formation of Descent Groups. p. 242 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.6 - How do matrilineal and patrilineal systems of kinship differ?

23. In matrilineal descent systems . a. women have greater power and authority than men b. men control the inheritance and determine the matriline of their children c. property and political office pass from one man to another through women d. women and men have similar power and authority e. women control property and political office ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Formation of Descent Groups. p. 240 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.6 - How do matrilineal and patrilineal systems of kinship differ?

24. In a matrilineal society, a boy’s father figure is his . a. maternal grandfather b. mother’s sister’s husband c. biological father d. father’s sister’s husband e. mother’s brother ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Principles of Kinship Classification. p. 241 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.6 - How do matrilineal and patrilineal systems of kinship differ?

25. Females constitute approximately what percentage of practicing anthropologists today?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net a. 90 percent

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b. 15 percent c. 40 percent d. 75 percent e. 60 percent ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Formation of Descent Groups. p. 241 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.5 - Why is it important to know something about kinship systems in other cultures?

26. Ancestry is traced, step-by-step, back to a common founder in . a. clans b. matrilineages only c. patrilineages only d. lineages e. phratries ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Formation of Descent Groups. p. 239 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.6 - How do matrilineal and patrilineal systems of kinship differ?

27. Clans, as unilineal descent groups, . a. are the same organizations as lineages, except that they form parts of chiefdoms and not tribes b. claim that they are all related to a common ancestor but cannot trace that genealogical connection step-by-step c. are smaller in size than lineages d. control more property than any other type of descent group e. are always part of a moiety ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Formation of Descent Groups. p. 239 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.6 - How do matrilineal and patrilineal systems of kinship differ?

28. Unilineal descent groups last over time and have a corporate nature, which means all of the following EXCEPT . a. they shape a person’s identity in some significant way b. they are subordinate only to religious figures in the society c. they regulate marriage, and kin on both the bride and groom’s sides must give approval d. they control property such as land and animals e. they function as a political unit ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Formation of Descent Groups. p. 243 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.3 - What are the various functions of descent groups?

29. In societies with a double descent system, members areBrowsegrades.net .

SOURCE: a. part of both a matrilineage and a patrilineage

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b. free to choose to which group they will belong c. able to choose whether to belong to the matrilineage on their father’s or on their mother’s side of the family d. able to choose whether to belong to the patrilineage on their father’s or on their mother’s side of the family e. trace their ancestry from a public and private source ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Formation of Descent Groups. p. 243-244 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.3 - What are the various functions of descent groups?

30. Individuals, except for siblings, have a unique kindred in a . a. patrilineal descent system b. bilateral descent system c. unilineal descent system d. matrilineal descent system e. segmentary cognatic system ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Formation of Descent Groups. p. 244 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.3 - What are the various functions of descent groups?

31. In China, the wife's mother and her children are called her . a. matriline b. matrilineal lineage c. uterine family d. patrilineage e. segmentary lineage ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Formation of Descent Groups. p. 241 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.5 - Why is it important to know something about kinship systems in other cultures?

32. In a patrilineal society, . a. the husband leaves his birth home and temporarily lives with his uncle until he completes bride service b. the wife leaves her mother's home and goes to live with her maternal uncle c. daughters leave their birth home at marriage d. sons leave their birth home at marriage e. both sons and daughters leave their homes and form a new homestead at marriage ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Formation of Descent Groups. p. 244 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.5 - Why is it important to know something about kinship systems in other cultures?

33. Societies in which parents can choose their SOURCE: children’s kinship affiliation are classified as Browsegrades.net a. bilateral descent

.

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b. double descent c. matrilineal descent d. ambilineal descent e. patrlineal descent ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Formation of Descent Groups. p. 244 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.3 - What are the various functions of descent groups?

34. In U.S. society, the typical marital residence pattern is . a. neolocal b. patrilocal c. avunculocal d. matrilocal e. ambilocal ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Residence Patterns: Where Do Wives and Husbands Live?, p. 245 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.4 - What are the different ways in which cultures categorize kin?

35. The post-marital residence pattern characterized by the couple living with or near the parents of the bride is called . a. patrilocal b. bilocal c. matrilocal d. neolocal e. avunculocal ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Residence Patterns: Where Do Wives and Husbands Live?, p. 244 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.4 - What are the different ways in which cultures categorize kin?

36. Neolocal residence means . a. changing residence from that of the relatives of the husband to those of the wife approximately every two years b. living near the relatives of the husband c. living near the relatives of the wife d. living in a place of one’s own e. living near the bride’s mother’s brother ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Residence Patterns: Where Do Wives and Husbands Live?, p. 245 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.4 - What are the different ways in which cultures categorize kin?

37. Which of the following is a true statement? SOURCE: Browsegrades.net a. The Iroquois kinship system lumps mother and mother’s brother into the same category.

Chapter_10_Kinship_and_Descent

b. The Eskimo kinship system is the one that is most commonly used in the United States. c. The Eskimo kinship system calls mother and mother’s sister by the same term. d. The Iroquois kinship system is associated with bilateral descent. e. The Iroquois kinship system is most commonly found in food collecting societies.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Different Systems of Classification, p. 245 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.5 - Why is it important to know something about kinship systems in other cultures?

38. Which of the following is NOT a recognized kinship system? a. Crow b. Omaha c. Sudanese d. Iroquois e. Navajo ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Different Systems of Classification, p. 245-246 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.4 - What are the different ways in which cultures categorize kin?

39. Your father’s sister’s children and your mother’s brother’s children are your . a. parallel cousins b. patrilineal kin c. cross cousins d. matrilineal kin e. vertical kin ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Different Systems of Classification, p. 246 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.4 - What are the different ways in which cultures categorize kin?

40. Reproductive technologies are associated with all of the following EXCEPT . a. in vitro fertilization b. surrogate motherhood c. sperm banks d. challenge to legal systems e. overwhelming support ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Kinship and the Modern World, p. 250 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.4 - What are the different ways in which cultures categorize kin?

41. What is the estimated cost for the process of surrogate motherhood in the United States? a. $70,000 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

Chapter_10_Kinship_and_Descent

b. $14,000 c. $100,000 d. $55,000 e. $20,000 ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Kinship and the Modern World, p. 250 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.4 - What are the different ways in which cultures categorize kin?

42. In the modern world, kinship . a. no longer has importance b. no longer provides close and emotional social ties as it did in the past c. has become much more complex because of new reproductive technologies d. systems remain unchanged through contact with external forces such as colonization and cultural diffusion e. is a growing network that has become more and more vital to our ability to survive in the global economy ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Kinship and the Modern World, p. 250 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.7 - How have the reproductive technologies of the 21st century confused our understanding of how people are related to one another?

43. The Iroquois system of kinship is associated with which form of descent? a. Unilineal b. Ambilocal c. Bilateral d. Avunculocal e. Virilocal ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Different Systems of Classification, p. 245-246 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.4 - What are the different ways in which cultures categorize kin?

44. In the story related by medical anthropologist Geri-Ann Galanti in “Cross-Cultural Miscues,” why was the young Bedouin woman killed after she was sent to the hospital? a. She was a victim of medical malpractice. b. She had dishonored her family, and they killed her to restore their honor. c. She died of hemorrhaging during an abortion because her family removed her from the hospital before doctors advised. d. She was abducted in her village for seeking out Western medical treatment. e. She was threatened, but she was not actually killed.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Kinship and the Modern World, p. 247 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.4 - What are the different ways in which cultures categorize kin?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

45. Which of the following statements about kinship systems is NOT true?

Chapter_10_Kinship_and_Descent

a. They create very close social ties. b. They provide moral coercion to adhere to social norms. c. They are extremely stable and do not change over time. d. They involve strong bonds of obligation. e. They provide security for their members.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Kinship and the Modern World, p. 248 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.7 - How have the reproductive technologies of the 21st century confused our understanding of how people are related to one another?

46. In poor shantytowns in Brazil, anthropologist Nancy Scheper-Hughes found that one essential feature of kinship systems was altered among poor women. Which relationship was this? a. Between father and daughters b. Between father and children (sons and daughters) c. Between mother and son d. Between mother and children (sons and daughters) e. Between mother and father ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Kinship and the Modern World, p. 248 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.7 - How have the reproductive technologies of the 21st century confused our understanding of how people are related to one another?

47. In northeast Brazil, Scheper-Hughes found all of the following major social challenges EXCEPT . a. low wages b. low life expectancy c. poor diet d. high risk of death e. low levels of fertility ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Kinship and the Modern World, p. 248 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.7 - How have the reproductive technologies of the 21st century confused our understanding of how people are related to one another?

48. A residence pattern in which a married couple lives with or near the husband's mother's brother is referred to as a. bilateral residence b. kindred residence c. patrilocal residence d. matrilocal residence e. avunculocal residence ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Residence Patterns: Where Do Wives and Husbands Live?, p. 244 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.7 - How have the reproductive technologies of the 21st century confused our

Chapter_10_Kinship_and_Descent

understanding of how people are related to one another?

49. A study conducted in 2008 valued the surrogate motherhood industry in India to be approximately . a. 2.0 million dollars annually b. 500 million dollars annually c. 1 billion dollars annually d. 2.3 million dollars annually e. 1.5 billion dollars annually ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Kinship and the Modern World, p. 250 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.7 - How have the reproductive technologies of the 21st century confused our understanding of how people are related to one another?

50. In a patrilineal descent group, which of the following does not belong to the same group? a. A man’s sons b. A man’s daughters c. A man’s wife d. A man’s father e. A man’s sister ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Formation of Descent Groups. p. 239 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.6 - How do matrilineal and patrilineal systems of kinship differ?

51. In all societies, biology is more important than culture to the definition of kinship. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Kinship Defined, p. 234 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term kinship?

52. The single most important relationship in a kinship system is the consanguinal (blood) relationship. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Kinship Defined, p. 234 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term kinship?

53. All kin is founded on biological connections. a. True b. False ANSWER: True SOURCE: Browsegrades.net POINTS: 1

Chapter_10_Kinship_and_Descent

REFERENCES: Kinship Defined, p. 234 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term kinship?

54. The first ascending generation would include EGO’s mother, father, and the sisters and brothers of the mother and father. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Principles of Kinship Classification, p. 237 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term kinship?

55. Kinship provides social continuity by binding together a number of successive generations. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Kinship Defined, p. 235 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term kinship?

56. The horizontal function of kinship provides social continuity across generations. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Kinship Defined, p. 235 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term kinship?

57. The Zuni of New Mexico are patrilineal and patrilocal. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Formation of Descent Groups. p. 241-242 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.6 - How do matrilineal and patrilineal systems of kinship differ?

58. Patrilineal descent was very marked and practiced by the majority of peoples in traditional China. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Formation of Descent Groups. p. 239 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.6 - How do matrilineal and patrilineal systems of kinship differ?

59. Kindreds are found in both unilineal and cognatic descent systems.

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net a. True

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b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Formation of Descent Groups. p. 239 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.3 - What are the various functions of descent groups?

60. The majority of kinship systems found in the world are based on the unilineal principle. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Formation of Descent Groups. p. 239 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.3 - What are the various functions of descent groups?

61. Under patrilineal descent, the daughters leave their birth home at marriage. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Formation of Descent Groups. p. 239 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.6 - How do matrilineal and patrilineal systems of kinship differ?

62. A lineage is composed of three or more clans. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Formation of Descent Groups. p. 239 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.3 - What are the various functions of descent groups?

63. In unilineal descent groups, property is usually regulated by individuals and not by the kinship group itself. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Formation of Descent Groups. p. 239 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.3 - What are the various functions of descent groups?

64. In the U.S., we most commonly practice bilateral descent. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Formation of Descent Groups. p. 244 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.3 -SOURCE: What are the various functions of descent groups?

Browsegrades.net

Chapter_10_Kinship_and_Descent

65. Every society has a coherent system of labeling various types of kin. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Different Systems of Classification, p. 245 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.4 - What are the different ways in which cultures categorize kin?

66. It is more difficult to obtain information on your distant relatives today than it was in past decades. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Kinship and the Modern World, p. 246 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.7 - How have the reproductive technologies of the 21st century confused our understanding of how people are related to one another?

67. Neolocal residence is associated exclusively with food-collecting societies. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Residence Patterns: Where Do Wives and Husbands Live?, p. 245 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.7 - How have the reproductive technologies of the 21st century confused our understanding of how people are related to one another?

68. In her study of poor mothers in northeast Brazil, Nancy Scheper-Hughes found that women were relieved when all of their children had died. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Kinship and the Modern World, p. 248 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.7 - How have the reproductive technologies of the 21st century confused our understanding of how people are related to one another?

69. New reproductive technologies are growing, but they still constitute an extreme minority. While surrogacy is becoming more popular, techniques such as in vitro fertilization are declining. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Kinship and the Modern World, p. 250 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.7 - How have the reproductive technologies of the 21st century confused our understanding of how people are related to one another?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

70. Everyone involved sees the commercialization of making babies as a positive step toward creating families.

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a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Kinship and the Modern World, p. 250 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.7 - How have the reproductive technologies of the 21st century confused our understanding of how people are related to one another?

71. Contrast consanguineal and affinal kinships ties.

ANSWER: Consanguineal relatives are those related by blood; affinal relatives are those related by marriage.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Kinship Defined, p. 234 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term kinship?

72. What is fictive kinship?

ANSWER: It is a kinship term used for individuals who are not related by blood or marriage but are considered part of the functioning family.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Kinship Defined, p. 235 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.2 - Why have cultural anthropologists spent so much time studying kinship?

73. Distinguish between the vertical and horizontal functions of kinship.

ANSWER: Horizontal function integrates society through marriage alliances while the vertical provides social continuity across generations.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Kinship Defined, p. 235 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term kinship?

74. How is the term matriarchy distinct from the term matrilineal?

ANSWER: Matrilineal is where inheritance and descent is traced through the mother’s line, whereas matriarchy is a mythical situation (one that has not been demonstrated to exist).

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Formation of Descent Groups. p. 240 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.6 - How do matrilineal and patrilineal systems of kinship differ?

75. Name two types of kinship groups based on the unilineal principle.

ANSWER: Lineages and clans are based on this principle.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Formation of Descent Groups. p. 239 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.3 - What are the various functions of descent groups?

76. What are the six indicators of the corporate nature of unilineal descent groups?

ANSWER: Unilineal descent groups tend to shape a person’s identity, regulate marriage, regulate property, function politically, have their own set of religious deities, and influence the criminal justice system.

POINTS: 1 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

Chapter_10_Kinship_and_Descent

REFERENCES: The Formation of Descent Groups. p. 243 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.3 - What are the various functions of descent groups?

77. What is a kindred?

ANSWER: It is the collective of relatives that an individual recognizes in a bilateral descent system.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Formation of Descent Groups. p. 244 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.3 - What are the various functions of descent groups?

78. Name three recent innovations in reproductive technology that are forcing us to redefine some aspects of kinship.

ANSWER: They include sperm banks, in vitro fertilization, and surrogate mothers.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Kinship in the Modern World. p. 250 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.7 - How have the reproductive technologies of the 21st century confused our understanding of how people are related to one another?

79. List the six basic systems of kinship classification.

ANSWER: They are Eskimo, Hawaiian, Iroquois, Crow, Sudanese, and Omaha.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Different Systems of Classification, p. 245 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.4 - What are the different ways in which cultures categorize kin?

80. List and describe the five primary residences rules.

ANSWER: It includes patrilocal residence (with husband’s father), matrilocal (with wife’s mother), avunculocal (with husband’s mother’s brother), ambilocal (with relatives of either wife or husband), or neolocal (a new residence).

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Residence Patterns: Where Do Wives and Husbands Live?, p. 244-245 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.4 - What are the different ways in which cultures categorize kin?

81. What are the criteria on which principles of kinship classification are based? Are these integral to all known kinship systems?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Principles of Kinship Classification, p. 237-238 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term kinship?

82. In a bilateral system, which kinship organization is the most significant to an individual? What types of subsistence patterns are found in association with bilateral descent?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Formation of Descent Groups. p. 244 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.3 - What are the various functions of descent groups?

83. In what ways are new reproductive technologies challenging the way we designate kinship and family? Provide specific examples in your discussion.

ANSWER: Will vary SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

Chapter_10_Kinship_and_Descent

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Kinship and the Modern World, p. 250 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.7 - How have the reproductive technologies of the 21st century confused our understanding of how people are related to one another?

84. Why has kinship been the subject of so much anthropological research? Why is it said to be the single most important aspect of social structure?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Kinship Defined, p. 234-235 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.2 - Why have cultural anthropologists spent so much time studying kinship?

85. What are the main principles of kinship classification and how do these structure a society?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Principles of Kinship Classification, p. 237-238 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.1 - What do anthropologists mean by the term kinship?

86. Describe and discuss the most common rules of descent.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Formation of Descent Groups. p. 238-244 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.6 - How do matrilineal and patrilineal systems of kinship differ?

87. In what specific ways do unilineal descent groups act corporately (i.e., as small corporations)?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Formation of Descent Groups. p. 239-243 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.3 - What are the various functions of descent groups?

88. Many Westerners sometimes confuse matriarchy with matrilineal descent system. Does matrilineality imply matriarchy? Use concrete examples to explain this.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Formation of Descent Groups. p. 240 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.6 - How do matrilineal and patrilineal systems of kinship differ?

89. Descent groups are convenient devices for solving a number of problems human societies commonly confront.

Identify the problems and describe how a descent group solves them.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Formation of Descent Groups. p. 238-244 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.3 - What are the various functions of descent groups?

90. Kinship is considered the single most important bond in virtually all human societies. Discuss how an individual would be impacted if he or she lost all kinship connections yet was still required to function within our own society.

Where would this person be most challenged and how would his or her life be different than a person who did have intact SOURCE: Browsegrades.net kinship ties?

Chapter_10_Kinship_and_Descent

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Kinship Defined, p. 234-250 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.10.5 - Why is it important to know something about kinship systems in other cultures?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

Chapter_11_Sex_and_Gender

1. The text defines gender as . a. the biological differences in males and females b. the roles, behaviors, and attributes for members of the two sexes c. the differences in males and females due to the greater strength of males d. universally-recognizable male aggressiveness and female maternalism e. a continuum of biological sexual characteristics ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Sex Is Biological and Gender Is Cultural, p. 256 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.1 - What is the difference in meaning between the terms sex and gender?

2. Margaret Mead’s study of three New Guinea societies determined that . a. males in all three societies were more nurturing than were the women b. men’s and women’s gender roles are not defined in the same ways in all societies c. women in these three groups were fiercely aggressive while men’s behavior varied d. men in these three groups were fiercely aggressive while women’s behavior varied e. women were nurturing and men were aggressive ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Sex Is Biological and Gender Is Cultural, p. 257 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.2 - How do gender roles and gender relations vary across cultures?

3. Sexual dimorphism is . a. found in all species of mammals b. a characteristic of humans c. the practice of having two sexual partners d. absent in most Asian and African societies e. constantly becoming more manifest in humans ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Sex Is Biological and Gender Is Cultural, p. 256 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.1 - What is the difference in meaning between the terms sex and gender?

4. The Hijra of Hindu India exemplify . a. a gender role that tolerates a wider definition of gender than is found in our own society b. a gender role which defines masculinity more rigidly than our own society c. a gender role which defines masculinity and femininity almost identically d. social deviants who are discouraged in their own society e. a type of individual who has no actual biological sexual definition ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Sex Is Biological and Gender Is Cultural, p. 257-258 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.2 - How do gender roles and gender relations vary across cultures?

5. Anthropological data on human sexuality in other parts Browsegrades.net of the world is sparse for all of the following reasons EXCEPT SOURCE: .

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a. sexual activity in all parts of the world is considered to be a private matter b. data on women has been ignored by the preponderance of male researchers c. questions asked by anthropologists have been narrowly defined d. anthropologists have not been interested in this topic for very long e. gathering this type of data can be very delicate and difficult ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Human Sexuality, p. 258-259 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.1 - What is the difference in meaning between the terms sex and gender?

6. As a general rule, most societies divide labor by gender so that . a. women clear land and tend crops b. men collect firewood, carry water, and clear land c. men engage in warfare, hunt large animals, and clear land d. women have children, but men participate daily in their upbringing e. women and men have tasks that do not overlap or depend upon each other at all ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Roles, p. 262 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.3 - How does a subsistence strategy influence gender roles and gender relations?

7. Male homosexuality among the Azande of the Sudan can be described by all of the following EXCEPT it . a. is considered a legitimate short-term arrangement while men serve in the military b. involves the payment of bridewealth c. is not considered to be a long-term (lifetime) arrangement d. is a publicly recognized role e. involves the peaceful co-existence of both a homosexual and heterosexual relationship within the same marriage or union ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Human Sexuality, p. 261 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.1 - What is the difference in meaning between the terms sex and gender?

8. While human sexuality varies widely from culture to culture, . a. most societies are quite permissive about premarital sex b. all societies regulate sexual conduct c. all societies expect married adults to have very active sex lives d. no societies consider sexual activity essential for good health e. all cultures contain the same two genders ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Human Sexuality, p. 259 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.1 - What is the difference in meaning between the terms sex and gender?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

9. Which statement about sexuality in the United States is NOT true?

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a. Although more people are becoming sexually active at a younger age, they are not having sex as frequently. b. Young people are becoming sexually active at an earlier age. c. A greater percentage of younger people are becoming sexually active. d. For those who are sexually active, their sexual activity is becoming more frequent. e. The United States tends to be more permissive about sexuality than many other countries.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Human Sexuality, p. 260 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.2 - How do gender roles and gender relations vary across cultures?

10. The coverage of transsexuality behavior in Iranian and international press . a. is greater in 2012 than it was before the U.S. invasion in 2000 b. has intensified since 2003 c. has always been near “non-existent” d. is very open and tolerant e. is not discussed, and there is no information on this ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Human Sexuality, p. 261 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.2 - How do gender roles and gender relations vary across cultures?

11. Which of the following tasks is NOT generally shared between males and females across cultures? a. Tending small animals b. Making craft items c. Trading in the local market d. Preparing food e. Planting and harvesting crops ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Roles, p. 262-263 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.3 - How does a subsistence strategy influence gender roles and gender relations?

12. Which statement about premarital sex is true? a. Premarital sex and sexual activity are viewed in the same way. b. Approximately 30 percent of all U.S. males prefer a premarital lifestyle. c. Some societies consider premarital sex as a necessary requirement for preparing for marriage. d. Some societies view premarital sex a punishable offense. e. Only societies that have a state religion tend to condemn premarital sex.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Human Sexuality, p. 260 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.1 - What is the difference in meaning between the terms sex and gender?

13. Expected ways of behaving based on a society’s definition of masculinity and femininity is called SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

.

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a. the sexual division of labor b. human sexuality c. gender d. sexual roles e. gender roles ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Roles, p. 262 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.1 - What is the difference in meaning between the terms sex and gender?

14. Which of the following types of societies are most associated with gender egalitarianism? a. Hunting and gathering b. Horticultural c. Pastoral d. Agrarian e. Industrial ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender and Subsistence, p. 263 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.3 - How does a subsistence strategy influence gender roles and gender relations?

15. In horticultural societies, what is the source of most of women’s subsistence work? a. Herding animals b. Off-farm work c. Child care d. Cooking e. Hunting ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender and Subsistence, p. 266 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.3 - How does a subsistence strategy influence gender roles and gender relations?

16. Among the Maasai, . a. women have extremely high status as cattle herders b. women and men have relatively equal status, as both participate equally in subsistence activities c. there is a female-centered ideal, and the society is markedly pro-female d. women are marginalized because they are not cattle herders e. both men and women work as farmers, but men’s labor is more valued ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender and Subsistence, p. 264-266 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.3 - How does a subsistence strategy influence gender roles and gender relations?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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17. Recently in agrarian societies, . a. women’s status has declined because there is less value put on agricultural subsistence b. women’s status has improved because of job opportunities off the farm c. women have begun outnumbering men as the primary subsistence earners on the farm d. gender stratification has become increasingly divided e. women have become world leaders ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender and Subsistence, p. 266 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.3 - How does a subsistence strategy influence gender roles and gender relations?

18. Among food-collecting societies, the roles performed by women and men . a. are assigned a very different status b. are different but their relative status is not c. are almost identical, with very similar status d. do not determine the status of each gender, as both genders do exactly the same tasks e. never overlap ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Stratification, p. 269 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.3 - How does a subsistence strategy influence gender roles and gender relations?

19. The village of Umoja Uaso in Kenya was established by . a. women who were raped by British soldiers and then ostracized by their own home communities for having children out of wedlock b. women who were abused by their Kenyan husbands and wished to set up a matriarchy among the Sumburu pastoralists c. the government of Kenya for both men and women who were single and did not have life partners to help them in their daily subsistence d. men who established the first homosexual colony within Kenya e. nongovernmental charity agencies to support and provide for the large numbers of HIV positive cases living in Kenya today ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Roles, p. 264 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.5 - How can cross-cultural undertandings of sex and gender be better applied in development projects?

20. Male involvement in child rearing is quite common among which group? a. Maasai b. Azande c. Navajo d. Pokat e. Dinka SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender and Subsistence, p. 267 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.3 - How does a subsistence strategy influence gender roles and gender relations?

21. Umajo Uaso, Kenya, has changed in all of the following ways EXCEPT . a. it has become a refuge for women of domestic violence b. today the people from this village sell their beaded art in Santa Fe, New Mexico c. the women in the village do chores that once were done by men d. they now allow a small number of men to live and work in the village e. they are now open to tourists who come and buy their art and crafts ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Roles, p. 264-265 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.5 - How can cross-cultural undertandings of sex and gender be better applied in development projects?

22. Gender stratification is found . a. only in food-collecting societies b. only in horticultural societies c. only in pastoralist societies d. only in industrial societies e. in all types of societies ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Stratification, p. 269 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.4 - How does male dominance or gender equality affect a society?

23. Iranian women’s abandonment and subsequent return to the veil and more traditional female roles illustrates that . a. the status of women in societies is not static b. political change seldom changes women’s roles c. men are universally dominant d. purdah has no place in the modern world e. world politics has an enormous effect on what women choose to do ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Stratification, p. 275 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.4 - How does male dominance or gender equality affect a society?

24. Sexual asymmetry can be shown through the use of doublets, which . a. demonstrate the inequality of women compared to men in America b. are pairs of words that have the same meaning, but one word is used by men and the other by women c. are found in Standard American English SOURCE: Browsegrades.net d. always vary in terms of loudness and aggressiveness

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e. are words that are constructed of at least two other words and have a private meaning between men and women ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender and Language, p. 268 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.2 - How do gender roles and gender relations vary across cultures?

25. “Genderlects” refers to linguistic gender differences in the United States, where a. women’s speech tends to be cooperative in character b. women engage in “report-talk,” while men engage in “rapport-talk” c. women emphasize establishing a place in the competitive social hierarchy d. men tend to engage more often than women do in “active listening” e. women tend to use more qualifiers than men in their speech, making it difficult to converse ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender and Language, p. 268 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.2 - How do gender roles and gender relations vary across cultures?

26. In India today, new reproductive technologies are increasingly being used to . a. increase the number of offspring a family can have, including larger numbers of girls. b. determine the sex of the fetus and decide whether to terminate the pregnancy if it is a girl c. apply genetic surgeries that will allow a family to select the eye and skin color of its children d. improve prenatal health so children will be born at higher weights and have better developed brains e. establish the status symbol of the family as they genetically engineer their offspring ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Stratification, p. 271 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.5 - How can cross-cultural undertandings of sex and gender be better applied in development projects?

27. According to Deborah Tannen, which statement best describes the differences in language between men and women in the United States? a. Men and women cannot converse productively. b. Men engage in “rapport talk” while women engage in “report talk.” c. Men’s talk tends to be more competitive. d. When men and women are talking together, women tend to talk more than men and interrupt them more frequently. e. Men tend to listen better than women do.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender and Language, p. 268 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.2 - How do gender roles and gender relations vary across cultures?

28. Applied anthropologist Sunil Khanna found that Jat migrants in India preferred sons because . a. they are ignorant and do not value life Browsegrades.net b. the men own land, and they do not wish SOURCE: to divide their landholdings or share them with sons-in-law

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c. they do not like children and do not wish to have the economic burden of caring for offspring d. they believe sons will become political and economic assets e. they have a warrior mentality and only wish to enlarge their armies ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Ideology, p. 277 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.5 - How can cross-cultural undertandings of sex and gender be better applied in development projects?

29. Among which cultural group would you expect to find the most gender equity? a. Tchambuli b. Samoans c. Jat migrants of India d. Minangkabau e. Sumburu of Kenya ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Stratification, p. 270 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.4 - How does male dominance or gender equality affect a society?

30. According to Ernestine Friedl, women are subordinate to men because men . a. are bigger and stronger b. control the allocation of scarce resources c. have more testosterone d. are hunters e. tend to have more aggressive social interactions ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Stratification, p. 272 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.4 - How does male dominance or gender equality affect a society?

31. Pregnant women in developing countries face all of the following EXCEPT . a. malnutrition b. a lack of trained medical personnel to deal with high-risk pregnancies c. 80 to 600 times the risk of dying of complications of pregnancy than women in the industrialized world d. increased vulnerability to HIV/AIDS e. increased likelihood to seek contraceptive devices ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Stratification, p. 274 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.4 - How does male dominance or gender equality affect a society?

32. Which Oceanian society does not encourage premarital sex? a. Trobriand Islanders b. Tikopia SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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c. Mangaians of Polynesia d. Ju/'hoansi e. Dani of New Guinea ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Human Sexuality, p. 259-260 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.4 - How does male dominance or gender equality affect a society?

33. Many in the United States struggle with all the following EXCEPT . a. poverty b. violence c. abuse d. low number of children e. reproductive health care ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Stratification, p. 273-274 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.4 - How does male dominance or gender equality affect a society?

34. Which statement about the “feminization of poverty” is FALSE? a. It applies to women all over the world. b. The inequities worldwide of gender and economics are increasing. c. It has little relationship to gender segregation in the American workforce. d. Female-headed households with children are much less powerful than families that include a male adult. e. It is particularly severe for minority women in the United States.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Stratification, p. 273 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.4 - How does male dominance or gender equality affect a society?

35. Which statement about the Minangkabau of West Sumatra is true? a. The society is a true matriarchy. b. This society tends to emphasize cooperation among men and women. c. This society emphasizes women controlling men. d. This society emphasizes high levels of competition between men and women. e. This society has multiple genders, so there is no traditional understanding of differences between men and women.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Stratification, p. 270-272 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.4 - How does male dominance or gender equality affect a society?

36. The World Bank has found that financial credit given to women is good business because of all of the following EXCEPT . a. women are more reliable than men in terms of paying back the loans SOURCE: Browsegrades.net b. women tend to spend their profits on better nutrition for their children

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c. women tend to spend their profits on their children’s education d. women tend to carry a heavier burden of financial inequality than men e. women do approximately one third of the work throughout the world ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Stratification, p. 274 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.4 - How does male dominance or gender equality affect a society?

37. Which country has the highest inequality ranking according to the Gender Inequality Index? a. Niger b. Canada c. Yemen d. Sierra Leone e. United States ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Stratification, p. 275 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.4 - How does male dominance or gender equality affect a society?

38. The preference for male children . a. is universal b. doesn’t really exist and only appears in the anthropological literature because of the male bias in anthropology c. is only found in food-collecting (foraging) societies d. is much more common than the rare preference for female children e. ultimately creates a healthy and balanced society ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Ideology, p. 275-277 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.2 - How do gender roles and gender relations vary across cultures?

39. According to UNICEF, approximately how many women each year undergo female genital cutting? a. 200 million b. 100 million c. 80 million d. 50 million e. 38 million ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Ideology, p. 277 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.4 - How does male dominance or gender equality affect a society?

40. Dowry deaths are found most often in which part of the world? a. India b. Mexico SOURCE: Browsegrades.net c. China

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d. Kenya e. France ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Ideology, p. 278 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.4 - How does male dominance or gender equality affect a society?

41. Male gender bias is expressed in all of the following EXCEPT . a. female infanticide b. “honor killings” c. nutritional deprivation of female children d. egalitarianism e. domestic violence ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Ideology, p. 277 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.4 - How does male dominance or gender equality affect a society?

42. Where are there very pronounced rates of female infanticide? a. Ethiopia b. India c. Australia d. Bulgaria e. Italy ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Ideology, p. 277 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.4 - How does male dominance or gender equality affect a society?

43. All of the following statements about female genital cutting are correct EXCEPT . a. it has affected more than 140 million women worldwide b. it has been condemned by international medical and humans rights groups c. it only slightly lowers the chances of infant mortality during childbirth d. it is customary in parts of the Middle East and Africa e. more than 3 million are performed every year ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Ideology, p. 283 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.4 - How does male dominance or gender equality affect a society?

44. Most violence against women in the United States occurs . a. in public places b. at the workplace c. in church SOURCE: Browsegrades.net d. in their homes

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e. in relatives’ homes ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Ideology, p. 278 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.4 - How does male dominance or gender equality affect a society?

45. In the United States, occupational segregation along gender lines . a. has disappeared because of the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment b. is still high, with a number of occupations, such as those with supervisory positions, being primarily reserved for females c. has dramatically declined in most areas d. has actually become more severe over the last four decades e. is aggravated by race ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender in the United States, p. 280 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.5 - How can cross-cultural undertandings of sex and gender be better applied in development projects?

46. Which statement about violence against women in Pakistan is TRUE? a. Thousands of females have been murdered because of having a boyfriend. b. Many cases of violence against women go unreported each year. c. Most rapes are committed by strangers. d. Most violence against women occurs in the home of the boyfriend, not on the street. e. Physical violence against women is a direct consequence of gender ideology.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Ideology, p. 278 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.5 - How can cross-cultural undertandings of sex and gender be better applied in development projects?

47. In the United States, males are often characterized as all of the following EXCEPT . a. logical b. competitive c. goal-oriented d. unemotional e. wood collectors ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender in the United States, p. 279 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.5 - How can cross-cultural undertandings of sex and gender be better applied in development projects?

48. The researcher known for studying the complexity of gender ideology among Yoruba women in Largos, Nigeria, is .

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net a. Barnes

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b. Buckley c. Baron d. Campbell e. Whyte ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Ideology, p. 276 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.5 - How can cross-cultural undertandings of sex and gender be better applied in development projects?

49. What is the traditional meaning of a “double workload?” a. A condition associated with men and women in which one gender has to work two jobs to survive b. The condition under which a single, unmarried woman works two jobs to be able to afford her household c. A situation in which married women work both in outside employment and also within the home d. The condition under which a single female-headed household is supported solely by earnings of the mother herself e. A situation in which both the male and female in a household must be employed in order for the family to survive ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Ideology, p. 280 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.5 - How can cross-cultural undertandings of sex and gender be better applied in development projects?

50. Gender ideology in most societies is used to justify . a. male violence b. male dominance c. female dominance d. female infanticide e. wage disparities ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Ideology, p. 275 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.2 - How do gender roles and gender relations vary across cultures?

51. Cross-cultural studies of gender have found that some societies have more categories than just female and male. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Sex Is Biological and Gender Is Cultural, p. 257 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.1 - What is the difference in meaning between the terms sex and gender?

52. The sum of biological differences between males and females is known as gender. a. True SOURCE: Browsegrades.net b. False

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ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Sex Is Biological and Gender Is Cultural, p. 256 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.1 - What is the difference in meaning between the terms sex and gender?

53. No society fails to regulate sexual conduct in some way. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Human Sexuality, p. 259 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.1 - What is the difference in meaning between the terms sex and gender?

54. The society of the Dani of New Guinea do not have sexual relations during the first two years of marriage. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Human Sexuality, p. 259 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.2 - How do gender roles and gender relations vary across cultures?

55. Anthropologists today look back at findings from research and human sexuality and recognize a strong male bias. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Human Sexuality, p. 259 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.2 - How do gender roles and gender relations vary across cultures?

56. Women’s roles must always be compatible with pregnancy, breast-feeding, and childcare. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender and Subsistence, p. 266 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.1 - What is the difference in meaning between the terms sex and gender?

57. A common form of dowry death in India is setting the wife on fire with kerosene. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Ideology, p. 278 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.4 - How does male dominance or gender equality affect a society?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

58. According to Deborah Tannen, women in the U.S. engage in “report talk” while men engage in “rapport talk.”

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a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender and Language, p. 268 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.2 - How do gender roles and gender relations vary across cultures?

59. “Genderlects” represent sexual symmetry in language. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender and Language, p. 268 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.2 - How do gender roles and gender relations vary across cultures?

60. The Hindu system of sex segregation is called burkah. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Stratification, p. 269 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.4 - How does male dominance or gender equality affect a society?

61. Gender discrimination persists in the United States against women. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender in the United States, p. 279 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.5 - How can cross-cultural undertandings of sex and gender be better applied in development projects?

62. Because of a cultural focus on nurturing, the Minangkabau of West Sumatra have more cooperative gender relationships. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Stratification, p. 270-272 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.4 - How does male dominance or gender equality affect a society?

63. More than two-thirds of all illiterate people in the world today are women. a. True b. False ANSWER: True SOURCE: Browsegrades.net POINTS: 1

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REFERENCES: Gender Stratification, p. 273 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.4 - How does male dominance or gender equality affect a society?

64. Women in the U.S. have higher mortality rates than men because they are most often victims of family violence. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender in the United States, p. 279 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.5 - How can cross-cultural undertandings of sex and gender be better applied in development projects?

65. Despite decades of legislation aimed at reducing gender discrimination in the U.S., the majority of men and women work in gender-segregated occupations. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender in the United States, p. 279 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.5 - How can cross-cultural undertandings of sex and gender be better applied in development projects?

66. Dowry deaths in India have been on the decline since the 1990s. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Ideology, p. 278 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.4 - How does male dominance or gender equality affect a society?

67. Men in the United States are better paid than women, even though the gap has been narrowing in recent decades. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender in the United States, p. 279-280 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.5 - How can cross-cultural undertandings of sex and gender be better applied in development projects?

68. There is a skewed sex ratio in the adult population in India and China today. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Stratificaion, p. 270 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.4 -SOURCE: How doesBrowsegrades.net male dominance or gender equality affect a society?

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69. Generalized male dominance is buttressed by gender ideology. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Ideology, p. 275 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.2 - How do gender roles and gender relations vary across cultures?

70. Female circumcision is classified as a form of gender exploitation. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Ideology, p. 277 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.4 - How does male dominance or gender equality affect a society?

71. What is the significance of sexual dimorphism in humans?

ANSWER: Sexual dimorphism is the difference in form between men and women. It is significant because it has been used historically as a way of categorizing each gender’s abilities and social value.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Sex Is Biological and Gender Is Cultural, p. 256 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.1 - What is the difference in meaning between the terms sex and gender?

72. What historical and social difficulties do anthropologists face as they study human sexuality?

ANSWER: They face historical difficulties in how anthropology has defined the subject in the past because of a male bias historically. Social difficulties include the delicate matter of the subject and even how it is defined.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Human Sexuality, p. 258-259 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.2 - How do gender roles and gender relations vary across cultures?

73. What types of gender roles are frequently shared between men and women cross culturally?

ANSWER: Most commonly these involve hunting or tending small animals, fishing as a secondary activity, planting and harvesting crops, building houses, making craft items, and trading in the local market.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Roles, p. 263 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.3 - How does a subsistence strategy influence gender roles and gender relations?

74. Why are there more stay-at-home dads now than 50 years ago?

ANSWER: More fathers are between jobs, working at home, or working part time.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender and Subsistence, p. 267 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.3 - How does a subsistence strategy influence gender roles and gender relations?

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75. What are genderlects? Give an example.

ANSWER: They are linguistic differences in the way in which men and women talk to each other. For example, in the United States, women tend to convey submissiveness and lack of social power in the way they speak.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender and Language, p. 268 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.2 - How do gender roles and gender relations vary across cultures?

76. Why is it difficult to measure gender stratification?

ANSWER: It has many different dimensions, it changes over time, and it varies within some cultures depending of the age of the women.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Stratification, p. 269-270 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.4 - How does male dominance or gender equality affect a society?

77. What is meant by the “feminization of poverty?”

ANSWER: It means that an increasing percentage of women are living in poverty throughout the world (and are associated with low-prestige employment).

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Stratification, p. 273 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.4 - How does male dominance or gender equality affect a society?

78. Name four formational areas (associated with gender stratification) in which the world’s women have not fared as well as men.

ANSWER: These include education, employment, reproductive health, and finance.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Stratification, p. 272 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.4 - How does male dominance or gender equality affect a society?

79. What is gender ideology?

ANSWER: It is a system of thoughts and values that legitimize gender roles, statuses, and customary behavior.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Ideology, p. 275 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.2 - How do gender roles and gender relations vary across cultures?

80. List three types of exploitation caused by gender ideology.

ANSWER: Answers may include female infanticide, nutritional deprivation, honor killings, female genital mutilation, physical violence, sexual assault, and dowry death.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Ideology, p. 275-276 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.4 - How does male dominance or gender equality affect a society?

81. Are there any universals about gender roles across all societies? Is male dominance universal? Use examples from your reading to support your position.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net REFERENCES: Gender Roles, p. 262-263

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.2 - How do gender roles and gender relations vary across cultures?

82. How important are economic factors in the definition of gender in the United States? What factors have pushed women into or out of the work force? How important have family considerations been in women’s entry into the paid labor force? Why is there a difference between women’s and men’s wages?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender in the United States, p. 279-281 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.5 - How can cross-cultural undertandings of sex and gender be better applied in development projects?

83. What is gender stratification? If women are not allowed to hold important positions in religious activities, does that indicate stratification? Does the prohibition of women from the same economic activities as men always indicate stratification?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Stratification, p. 269 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.4 - How does male dominance or gender equality affect a society?

84. Gender is a “plastic” construct, meaning that it is adapted to particular contexts. Describe some examples of gender constructs that do not conform to the male-female dichotomy.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Sex Is Biological and Gender Is Cultural, p. 257-258 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.1 - What is the difference in meaning between the terms sex and gender?

85. What is the relationship between subsistence and gender? Consider at least three different types of societies (hunting and gathering, horticultural, pastoral, or agrarian) and compare and contrast the effects of subsistence on male and female status.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender and Subsistence, p. 263-268 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.3 - How does a subsistence strategy influence gender roles and gender relations?

86. There are societies where men have traditionally taken care of children and participated heavily in child rearing, such as the Navajo. Consider social differences between males and females in your own society and discuss how child-rearing might vary depending on whether a father or mother performed the primary duties.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender and Subsistence, p. 263-268 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.3 - How does a subsistence strategy influence gender roles and gender relations?

87. Consider a different cultural scenario: Does the rigid definition of gender roles in the Middle East mean that women will always have lower status than men? Can there be any type of equality for women when they have a separate sphere from men? Does veiling itself create inequality? Can the separation of women and men benefit women?

ANSWER: Will vary SOURCE: Browsegrades.net POINTS: 1

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REFERENCES: Gender Stratification, p. 269-275 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.4 - How does male dominance or gender equality affect a society?

88. Discuss some of the variations in male homosexuality throughout the world.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Human Sexuality, p. 258-262 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.2 - How do gender roles and gender relations vary across cultures?

89. Occupational segregation is common in the United States, even though it has changed significantly over the last decades. Make a list of “traditional” male and female occupations and those that are shared somewhat equally by both.

Can you defend this separation? Why or why not?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender in the United States, p. 279-281 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.5 - How can cross-cultural undertandings of sex and gender be better applied in development projects?

90. Men in the United States have a higher mortality rate than women at all ages. How do gender roles connect directly to men’s quality and duration of life?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender in the United States, p. 279-281 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.11.5 - How can cross-cultural undertandings of sex and gender be better applied in development projects?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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1. According to Max Weber, the three major criteria used for measuring social inequality are . a. wealth, power, and prestige b. prestige, education, and religion c. power, race, and religion d. wealth, religion, and prestige e. prestige, wealth, and status ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Dimensions of Social Inequality, p. 285 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.1 - How do anthropologists measure social inequality?

2. Economic inequality is greatest among . a. the Ju’hoansi b. the Inuit c. the people of the United States d. the Nuer e. the people of Bolivia ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Dimensions of Social Inequality, p. 286 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.1 - How do anthropologists measure social inequality?

3. Prestige in the United States is associated with occupations, but it changes over time. The Harris Poll indicates that rank among the highest prestige professions. a. stock traders b. bankers c. real estate brokers d. scientists e. home builders ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Dimensions of Social Inequality, p. 287 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.2 - How do egalitarian, rank, and stratified societies differ from one another?

4. The ability to achieve one’s goals and objectives even against the will of others is known as . a. prestige b. inequality c. subordination d. exploitation e. power ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Dimensions of Social Inequality, p. 286 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.1 - How do anthropologists measure social inequality?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

5. In the United States, which of the following would you NOT expect to be among the power elite?

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a. Military commander b. College professor c. Politician d. Corporate CEO e. President of a bank ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Dimensions of Social Inequality, p. 287 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.1 - How do anthropologists measure social inequality?

6. Which of the following are types of societies based on levels of social inequality? a. Band, tribe, chiefdom, and state b. Stratified, ascribed, and achieved c. Egalitarian and state societies d. Egalitarian, rank, and stratified e. Hunting and gathering, horticultural, pastoral, and agricultural ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 287-288 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.2 - How do egalitarian, rank, and stratified societies differ from one another?

7. In an egalitarian society, a. there are no individuals who are more highly esteemed than others b. the most esteemed individuals have the most tools, therefore the most wealth c. there are as many positions of prestige as there are persons capable of filling them d. there are always a number of positions of power with no one to fill them e. there is no such thing as power or prestige ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 288 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.2 - How do egalitarian, rank, and stratified societies differ from one another?

8. In a rank society, high-status positions . a. are available only to the best qualified b. often expand to include all qualified candidates c. are often filled on the basis of kinship d. are constantly expanding e. do not exist; only the chief has a high status position ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 289 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.2 - How do egalitarian, rank, and stratified societies differ from one another?

9. Chiefs in a rank society possess great prestige and accumulate large amounts of tribute, which they SOURCE: Browsegrades.net a. give away to others

.

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b. use for their sons’ inheritance c. use for the inheritance of all of their children d. destroy in one large potlatch e. keep for their own use ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 289 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.2 - How do egalitarian, rank, and stratified societies differ from one another?

10. Which statement about the class system in the United States is true? a. All people have an equal chance of going from rags to riches. b. The U.S. society has experienced an erosion of the middle class. c. Most people move social classes during their lives. d. U.S. society places a higher value on ascribed status than on achieved status. e. The United States is more characteristic of a caste society than a class society.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 292 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.4 - How do class systems differ from caste systems?

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societies developed approximately 5,500 years ago.

a. Egalitarian b. Rank c. Ascribed d. Stratified e. Caste ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 289 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.2 - How do egalitarian, rank, and stratified societies differ from one another?

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systems are based on achieved status and permit considerable social mobility.

a. Class b. Chiefdom c. Egalitarian d. Rank e. Caste ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 289 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.2 - How do egalitarian, rank, and stratified societies differ from one another?

13. Which social class is NOT identified by social scientists? a. capitalist SOURCE: Browsegrades.net b. upper middle

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c. working poor d. working e. upper working ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 290 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.4 - How do class systems differ from caste systems?

14. One of the most visible traits of the members of the underclass is . a. working in closely supervised occupations b. homelessness c. vulnerability to layoffs d. lack of medical benefits in their work e. lack of a college degree ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 291 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.4 - How do class systems differ from caste systems?

15. Between 1980 and 2000, compensation for CEOs in the United States (when compared to other segments of the population) has . a. increased drastically b. decreased somewhat c. increased only slightly d. remained unchanged e. decreased dramatically ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 292 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.4 - How do class systems differ from caste systems?

16. Which statement about class differences in the United States is true? a. The years 1945-1975 witnessed a widening gap between the various classes. b. Over the last 60 years, there has been a shifting of class differences. c. The gap between the “haves” and “have-nots” has widened since 1975. d. Since 1975, class differences have remained essentially unchanged. e. There are fewer class differences in the United States today.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 292 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.4 - How do class systems differ from caste systems?

17. Members of the same social class share similar economic levels . a. but very different political views and values b. and often similar educational backgrounds and political views SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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c. but very different occupations and memberships in organizations d. but very different job opportunities e. and similar types of job mobility and cultural practices ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 295 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.4 - How do class systems differ from caste systems?

18. The capitalist class wields enormous influence (well beyond their numbers) through all of the following EXCEPT . a. making large financial contributions to political campaigns b. being recruited to serve in powerful government positions c. controlling the media d. owning local and national businesses e. practicing the same religion ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Theories of Stratificaion, p. 306 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.4 - How do class systems differ from caste systems?

19. Class influences all of the following EXCEPT . a. people's diet b. understanding of illnesses c. family support d. there is no concern for health care costs e. relationships with medical providers ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 294 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.4 - How do class systems differ from caste systems?

20. In caste societies, a. no caste has a monopoly on certain occupations b. marriage between castes is strictly prohibited c. all castes have equal access to power, prestige, and wealth d. social mobility is virtually unrestricted e. there is very little difference in occupational ranking ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 289 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.4 - How do class systems differ from caste systems?

21. Hindu caste societies are found in a. South America and Asia b. Scandinavian countries

.

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c. several regions of the world d. Hindu India e. African and eastern European countries ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 296 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.4 - How do class systems differ from caste systems?

22. The highest of the four major Hindu castes is the varna of the . a. warriors b. priests and scholars c. tradesmen d. cultivators e. business owners ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 296 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.4 - How do class systems differ from caste systems?

23. Which of the following is FALSE about the jati (subcastes) of India? a. They have social rankings that vary from one region to another. b. They are local groups that are strictly endogamous. c. They only socialize with members of their own group. d. They are linked today to traditional occupations only. e. They provide the primary basis for personal identity.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 296 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.4 - How do class systems differ from caste systems?

24. Which statement about the term Dalit is FALSE? a. It refers to the upper caste in Hindu India. b. It means literally the “crushed” or “oppressed” people of India. c. It is a more politically correct term for “untouchables.” d. It refers to the caste of people relegated to performing the most menial tasks. e. It is not considered a legitimate caste.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 296 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.4 - How do class systems differ from caste systems?

25. Sanskritization refers to the process in India of . a. moving up the caste ladder b. slowly adding beef to one’s diet SOURCE: Browsegrades.net c. gradually eliminating social mobility from the society

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d. becoming more Islamic and less Hindu e. learning a new language ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 297 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.4 - How do class systems differ from caste systems?

26. Which of the following statements about high-achieving but low-income students is NOT correct? a. They are expected to adjust to a different and unfamiliar sociocultural environment than the one they were born into. b. They do not have to worry about the financial costs of college and how those will affect them after graduation. c. They often come from homes that lack two strongly supportive parents. d. They have not had access to all the cultural and educational opportunities of wealthier children. e. They often attended public schools that provided less enrichment opportunities than those students who attended private schools.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 295 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.6 - What are the different ways of interpreting systems of social stratification?

27. Which of the following statements about education in the United States is correct? a. Students achieve at relatively the same levels regardless of their economic background. b. Today, the success rate for poorer students in higher education is increasing dramatically due to early childhood education. c. We need many more enrichment programs for the working poor, as studies show this is the only way to create an egalitarian system. d. Today, there is a growing divide between the success of education for the upper classes and that of the working and lower classes. e. There is not a positive correlation between education and salary.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 295 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.6 - What are the different ways of interpreting systems of social stratification?

28. All of the following statements about the Roma are true EXCEPT . a. they are a Diaspora of around 11 million European Gypsies. b. they originated on the Indian subcontinent about a thousand years ago c. they originated in Rome and then migrated to Germany in the late 16th century d. they faced hostility and discrimination when they arrived in Europe e. hundreds of thousands were murdered by the Nazis during World War II ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 297 Browsegrades.net LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.4 -SOURCE: How do class systems differ from caste systems?

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29. Race refers to . a. a group of people sharing similar cultural traits b. a group of people sharing similar beliefs and ideologies c. nothing more than a statistical statement about the occurrence of physical traits d. three specific categories: Mongoloid, Negroid, and Caucasoid e. the accumulation of all physical differences between any two populations ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Racial and Ethnic Stratification, p. 298 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.5 - What is the distinction between race and ethnicity?

30. Ethnicity refers to . a. cultural traits passed from generation to generation b. physical traits that distinguish individuals c. physical and cultural traits of human populations d. only visible cultural traits, such as clothing, food, and religious practices e. the way a population behaves ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Racial and Ethnic Stratification, p. 298 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.5 - What is the distinction between race and ethnicity?

31. As a scientific concept, race . a. is very significant because it gives us a clearer understanding of human behavior than the concept of culture provides b. is seldom, if ever, influenced by people’s beliefs c. justifies the exclusion of some groups from the activities of others d. is not very significant because it gives us little insight into human behavior e. is the basis for distinguishing between different groups of people ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Racial and Ethnic Stratification, p. 298 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.5 - What is the distinction between race and ethnicity?

32. Which racial term was dropped from the U.S. Census after 1920? a. Black b. White c. Mulatto d. Mestizo e. Latino ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Race and Ethnicity in the United States, p. 300 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.5 - What is the distinction between race and ethnicity?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

33. Which statement about the Latino population in the United States is true?

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a. Most do not speak English. b. Most do not fully participate in the U.S. economy. c. Most are short-timers, planning to return to their native country as soon as possible. d. They will represent one quarter of the United States population by 2050. e. They do not wish to be citizens.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Race and Ethnicity in the United States, p. 302 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.5 - What is the distinction between race and ethnicity?

34. Which ethnic group in the United States grew the fastest during the 1990s? a. Vietnamese b. Hispanics c. African-Americans d. Arabic-speaking peoples e. Chinese ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Race and Ethnicity in the United States, p. 302 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.5 - What is the distinction between race and ethnicity?

35. Which statement about race and intelligence is FALSE? a. Intelligence tests are an accurate measure of genetically based intelligence. b. On average, Whites scored higher than Blacks on intelligence tests during World War I. c. Intelligence test scores are a good predictor of success in college. d. A person’s intelligence score may change during his or her lifetime. e. Blacks from Northern states score higher on intelligence tests than Whites from the South.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Race and Intelligence, p. 302-303 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.5 - What is the distinction between race and ethnicity?

36. Pluralism . a. is the process of the wider society accepting a new ethnic group b. describes a racial or ethnic minority’s absorption into the wider society c. describes the political, economic, and social repression of racial and ethnic minorities d. is a myth because it does not exist anywhere in the world today e. describes two or more diverse ethnic groups living in harmony ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Forms of Intergroup Relations, p. 303 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.5 - What is the distinction between race and ethnicity?

37. Assimilation is best illustrated by a. Palestinians in Israel

.

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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b. Chechens in Russia c. various Pacific Island cultures living in Hawaii d. French Canadians living in Quebec e. Hispanics migrating to the United States ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Forms of Intergroup Relations, p. 303 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.5 - What is the distinction between race and ethnicity?

38. Until the recent changes in South Africa in the 1990s, the repression of Blacks under the apartheid system was an example of . a. assimilation b. legal protection of minorities c. long-term subjugation d. extermination e. population transfer ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Forms of Intergroup Relations, p. 304 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.5 - What is the distinction between race and ethnicity?

39. The systematic annihilation of a culture is referred to as . a. population transfer b. genocide c. long-term subjugation d. assimilation e. pluralism ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Forms of Intergroup Relations, p. 304 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.5 - What is the distinction between race and ethnicity?

40. The U.S. Census data on race and ethnicity . a. is the only completely accurate measure of race in the United States b. is constantly changing because of problems of definition and categorization c. has become increasingly accurate over the last four decades d. is completely wrong and has no use at all as national data e. is no longer collected ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Race and Ethnicity in the United States, p. 300 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.5 - What is the distinction between race and ethnicity?

41. Hunt's research suggested that . a. diabetes cannot ever be cured; therefore,SOURCE: medicine alone is the only way to reduce complications Browsegrades.net

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b. the research conducted through observation methods revealed many patients followed treatment exactly c. it is not necessary to understand the pressure people feel to eat and drink inappropriate things d. clinicians need to understand why people make certain choices concerning their self-care treatment e. a serious health problem in Mexico is insulin-dependent diabetes ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Theories of Stratificaion, p. 305 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.5 - What is the distinction between race and ethnicity?

42. The functionalist interpretation of inequality argues that if people are to make sacrifices necessary to perform vital jobs, they must be all of the following EXCEPT . a. adequately rewarded b. convinced that the most highly skilled people deserve the most money c. convinced that the current system serves to motivate the best people to fill key jobs into those positions in society d. aware that, because of social stratification and gender inequality, some people are simply not prepared to assume certain jobs e. aware that better jobs require more specialized education and skill ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Theories of Stratification, p. 306 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.6 - What are the different ways of interpreting systems of social stratification?

43. The conflict theory interpretation of inequality argues that . a. if people are to make sacrifices necessary to perform vital jobs, they must be adequately rewarded b. the most highly skilled people deserve the most money c. the upper levels of the hierarchy exploit those below d. it is best to have a very competitive process for job selection so that the candidate that is most evolved will emerge first e. jobs that require more specialized skills should be classified as more valuable to society ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Theories of Stratification, p. 306 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.6 - What are the different ways of interpreting systems of social stratification?

44. All of the following are arguments against the functionalist interpretation of social inequality EXCEPT . a. those who obtain higher education should be paid more because of the amount of job preparation that they have b. not all people in a society are motivated to maximize their wealth c. some populations do not have equal opportunities to compete for positions d. stratified societies do not always give the most valuable positions to those who most deserve them e. it is fundamentally an ethnocentric argument ANSWER: a SOURCE: Browsegrades.net POINTS: 1

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REFERENCES: Theories of Stratification, p. 306 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.6 - What are the different ways of interpreting systems of social stratification?

45. Which statement about per capita gross national income (GNI) is NOT true? a. Half of the countries of the world have a GNI of under $2,500. b. The richest nation per GNI is the United States. c. The United States has a GNI of over $55,000. d. Burundi has a GNI less than $270. e. The poorest nation per GNI is Malawi.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Stratification, p. 308 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.6 - What are the different ways of interpreting systems of social stratification?

46. Karl Marx referred to the exploited working class, those who exchanged their labor for wages, as the a. bourgeoisie b. capitalists c. proletariat d. peons e. peasants ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Theories of Stratification, p. 306 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.6 - What are the different ways of interpreting systems of social stratification?

.

47. According to the Marxist view, capitalists create a false consciousness in workers by leading them to believe that . a. God does not exist b. work will not lead to a better life c. they are actually the owners of the means of production d. if they work harder, they will be successful e. the owners of business are morally better than they are ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Theories of Stratification, p. 306 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.6 - What are the different ways of interpreting systems of social stratification?

48. How is the per capita gross national income calculated? a. It is the total amount of goods produced and sold minus the amount of goods and services imported. b. It is the total amount of goods produced plus the amount of goods exported. c. It subtracts the amount of exports and imports from the national total production and divides this by the number of citizens.

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d. It adds the total amount of goods or services exported to the amount imported and divides this by the total income of the population. e. It adds the total amount of output or production of goods and services to the amount of income of residents and divides this by the total population.

ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Stratification, p. 307-308 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.6 - What are the different ways of interpreting systems of social stratification?

49. Which of the following is NOT among the 10 richest nations in per capita gross national income? a. Switzerland b. Denmark c. Canada d. Germany e. Netherlands ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Stratification, p. 307 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.6 - What are the different ways of interpreting systems of social stratification?

50. Which of the following is NOT an expected social consequence of wealth disparity in the world for poor countries? a. They have the highest birth rates and the lowest life expectancies. b. They have the lowest mortality rates and the lowest education levels. c. They have very poor quality infrastructural systems and more health problems. d. There are fewer adults to care for the number of young children. e. More children are born underweight than overweight.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Stratification, p. 308 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.6 - What are the different ways of interpreting systems of social stratification?

51. All complex societies are stratified. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 288 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.2 - How do egalitarian, rank, and stratified societies differ from one another?

52. In egalitarian societies, a few individuals will always have more wealth than others. a. True b. False SOURCE: Browsegrades.net ANSWER: False

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POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 287-288 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.2 - How do egalitarian, rank, and stratified societies differ from one another?

53. Rank societies have unequal access to wealth but not to power or prestige. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 288 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.2 - How do egalitarian, rank, and stratified societies differ from one another?

54. There are no societies with a total lack of social mobility. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 290 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.2 - How do egalitarian, rank, and stratified societies differ from one another?

55. There is extremely little social mobility in a class society. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 290 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.2 - How do egalitarian, rank, and stratified societies differ from one another?

56. In the United States, the middle class constitutes approximately 40 percent of the population. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 291 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.4 - How do class systems differ from caste systems?

57. Caste membership is directly related to occupation and control of valuable resources. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 296 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.4 - How do class systems differ from caste systems?

58. The Dalit group (“untouchables”) are the lowest legitimate caste in Muslim India.

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net a. True

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b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 296 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.4 - How do class systems differ from caste systems?

59. Caste systems are associated with ascribed status; class systems are associated with achieved status. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 290 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.2 - How do egalitarian, rank, and stratified societies differ from one another?

60. Social scientists estimate that there are, in reality, some six classes in the United States. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 290 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.4 - How do class systems differ from caste systems?

61. According to Forbes.com, fifteen of the top billionaires on the planet in 2016 are from the United States. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 290 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.4 - How do class systems differ from caste systems?

62. Based on our knowledge of genetics, we know that there are no pure races. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Racial and Ethnic Stratification, p. 299 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.5 - What is the distinction between race and ethnicity?

63. The measurement of different racial groups in the U.S. by using census data is a relatively easy and straightforward task. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Racial and Ethnic Stratification, p. 300 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.5 - What is the distinction between race and ethnicity?

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64. An example of genocide was the “ethnic cleansing” of the Serbian forces under President Slobodan Milosevic. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Forms of Intergroup Relations, p. 304 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.5 - What is the distinction between race and ethnicity?

65. Most scientific researchers do not believe there is a correlation between intelligence tests and genetic intelligence. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Race and Intelligence, p. 303 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.5 - What is the distinction between race and ethnicity?

66. There are profound differences between the rich countries and the poor countries within the global system. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Stratification, p. 308 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.5 - What is the distinction between race and ethnicity?

67. Assimilation occurs when a racial minority is absorbed into the wider society. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Forms of Intergroup Relations, p. 303 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.5 - What is the distinction between race and ethnicity?

68. People who accept the functionalist theory of social inequality argue that societies must pay the most money to the best people. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Theories of Stratification, p. 306 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.6 - What are the different ways of interpreting systems of social stratification?

69. The conflict theory of inequality holds that stratification contributes to the overall well-being of the society. a. True b. False SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Theories of Stratification, p. 306 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.6 - What are the different ways of interpreting systems of social stratification?

70. The proletariat is in control of the labor of the bourgeoisie. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Theories of Stratification, p. 306 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.6 - What are the different ways of interpreting systems of social stratification?

71. What are the three criteria delineated by Max Weber for measuring levels of social inequality?

ANSWER: They are wealth, power, and prestige.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Dimensions of Social Inequality, p. 285-286 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.1 - How do anthropologists measure social inequality?

72. Distinguish between power and prestige.

ANSWER: Power is the ability to achieve one’s goals and objectives even against the will of others and prestige is the social esteem, respect, or admiration that a society confers on people.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Dimensions of Social Inequality, p. 286-287 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.1 - How do anthropologists measure social inequality?

73. Name the three types of societies based on levels of social inequality.

ANSWER: They are egalitarian, rank, and stratified societies.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 288-289 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.2 - How do egalitarian, rank, and stratified societies differ from one another?

74. Compare and contrast achieved and ascribed status.

ANSWER: Both of these are types of social ranking associated with stratified societies, but achieved is status based on the individual’s own efforts and abilities, while ascribed is status by virtue of one’s birth.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 289-290 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.2 - How do egalitarian, rank, and stratified societies differ from one another?

75. What are common characteristics of caste societies?

ANSWER: Caste membership is directly related to occupation, workloads, and control of resources; members of the same caste share the same social status; each caste has its own set of secret rituals; and higher castes are most interested in maintaining the system because they benefit from it the most. SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 289, 296 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.4 - How do class systems differ from caste systems?

76. Scientifically, what is a race?

ANSWER: It is an interbreeding population whose members share a greater number of traits with one another than they do with people outside the group.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Racial and Ethnic Stratification, p. 298 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.5 - What is the distinction between race and ethnicity?

77. What is ethnicity?

ANSWER:

Ethnicity refers to cultural traits that are passed on from generation to generation that may include religion, dietary practices, language, humor, clothing, cultural heritage, folklore, national origins, and a shared ancestry and social experience.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Racial and Ethnic Stratification, p. 298 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.5 - What is the distinction between race and ethnicity?

78. What are six forms of intergroup relations?

ANSWER: They include pluralism, assimilation, legal protection of minorities, population transfer, longterm subjugation, and genocide.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Forms of Intergroup Relations, p. 303-304 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.5 - What is the distinction between race and ethnicity?

79. Compare and contrast the theories of functionalist interpretation with the theory of conflict to explain stratification.

ANSWER: Both attempt to explain the inequities in our world. Functionalist theory argues that social inequity exists because it is necessary as a way of maintaining the social structure with the best possible people. Conflict theory says that inequity exists because the upper classes dominate the lower ones.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Theories of Stratification, p. 306-307 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.6 - What are the different ways of interpreting systems of social stratification?

80. Explain the process of Sanskritization related to India.

ANSWER: Even though intercaste mobility has always been limited in India, there are increasing instances in recent years of people moving up the caste ladder. It involves taking on behaviors, practices, and values associated with the Brahmin caste, such as being a vegetarian, giving large dowries for daughters, and wearing sacred clothing associated with Brahmins.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 297 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.6 - What are the different ways of interpreting systems of social stratification?

81. Consider the three indicators that Max Weber delineates as the basic criteria for measuring levels of social inequality.

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net How are these manifest in the United States? How do these affect your daily life?

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ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 285-287 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.4 - How do class systems differ from caste systems?

82. What are some of the methodological problems when trying to measure racial composition in the United States by using census data?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Racial and Ethnic Stratification, p. 300 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.5 - What is the distinction between race and ethnicity?

83. What is the functionalist theory of social stratification? How would a functionalist interpret the difference between the salaries of trash collectors and teachers?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Theories of Stratification, p. 304-307 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.6 - What are the different ways of interpreting systems of social stratification?

84. What determines social ranking across cultures? What type of society is the most egalitarian? What type is the least egalitarian?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 288 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.2 - How do egalitarian, rank, and stratified societies differ from one another?

85. Give an example of a society with extremely rigid social ranking. What factors function to maintain such a structure?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 287-298 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.4 - How do class systems differ from caste systems?

86. How would your choices as an individual be affected if you were to be moved from a class to a caste society?

Consider social organization and kinship, economics, and political choices.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 287-298 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.4 - How do class systems differ from caste systems?

87. In your own society, you have had much occasion to witness class differences. Choose three examples of very clear class differences that have personally affected you and discuss them. What are the advantages and disadvantages of a class society?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Societies, p. 287-298 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.4 -SOURCE: How do class systems differ from caste systems?

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88. What are the potential advantages and disadvantages of measuring race in the United States? Try to list at least three points under each heading and then discuss how you feel about the measurement of race (based on the points you have made).

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Racial and Ethnic Stratification, p. 298-300 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.5 - What is the distinction between race and ethnicity?

89. Can race relations in the United States be better understood through the idea of long-term subjugation or assimilation?

How would these “shifts of approach or perspective” change the way we view race in our country today?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Forms of Intergroup Relations, p. 303-304 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.5 - What is the distinction between race and ethnicity?

90. What is the conflict theory of social stratification? How would conflict theory explain the organization of an egalitarian society?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Theories of Stratification, p. 306 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.12.6 - What are the different ways of interpreting systems of social stratification?

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1. Since all societies must maintain social order, they all have . a. legislatures b. elected officials c. mechanisms of social control d. permanent armies e. standing military ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 311 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.1 - What are the different types of political organization?

2. Band societies are usually . a. settled populations b. tightly organized under hereditary leaders c. found to have considerable political integration d. highly egalitarian e. food producers ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 312 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.1 - What are the different types of political organization?

3. The quote “He carries his own load and is as thin as the rest” refers to the leader of a . a. band b. chiefdom c. horticultural tribe d. state e. pastoral tribe ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 313 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.1 - What are the different types of political organization?

4. Tribal societies are usually associated with all of the following EXCEPT . a. food production b. horticulturalists c. pastoralists d. tribal associations e. the least amount of political organization ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 313 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.1 - What are the different types of political organization?

5. A pan-tribal mechanism is an organization SOURCE: .

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a. to which all the men belong b. to which all the women belong c. cutting across and integrating local segments of the tribe into a larger whole d. integrating all tribes from a region into a larger group e. integrating local cultural groups into a larger form of social organization ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 313 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.1 - What are the different types of political organization?

6. Which kinship organization in tribal societies most commonly serves as the pan-tribal mechanism of integration? a. Moiety b. Phratry c. Clan d. Nuclear family e. Extended family ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 313 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.1 - What are the different types of political organization?

7. Which statement about pan-tribal mechanisms is true? a. They serve to segregate local tribal segments. b. They serve to integrate local tribal segments. c. They are the same as extended families. d. They are permanent political fixtures. e. They are permanent forms of social control.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 313 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.1 - What are the different types of political organization?

8. The European colonial powers . a. only founded colonies in societies with long histories as chiefdoms b. never found chiefs to be associated with supernatural powers c. eliminated traditional chiefs because they interfered with colonial administration d. created chiefs where none had previously existed in order to facilitate administration of local populations e. recognized local chiefs and used them in order to create orderly societies that were subordinated to European administrations ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 314 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.1 - What are the different types of political organization?

9. Which statement about chiefdoms is NOT true?

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a. Chiefs are involved with economic activities through redistribution. b. Chiefs tend to have centralized power. c. Chiefs hold permanent positions. d. In chiefdoms, political authority is likely to reside in one individual. e. Chiefdoms are rarely hereditary.

ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 314 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.1 - What are the different types of political organization?

10. Why did the state emerge as a political form approximately 10,000 years ago? a. State societies developed because of the needs of agricultural intensification. b. State societies developed because of the need for protection and strength in numbers. c. The introduction of intensive agriculture created food surpluses, which allowed some individuals to engage in new occupational roles. d. State societies developed because of dependence on irrigation. e. There are multiple possible reasons for state development; likely, states developed for different reasons in different places.

ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 316-317 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.2 - What are the various theories concerning why people are willing to surrender a portion of their autonomy to the power and control of the state?

11. Ruth Benedict's work showed that . a. the contemporary accounts with archival materials provided historical depth of the German society b. religions change with changing conditions c. the Japanese rejected democratic institutions d. the conquering military powers were successful in bringing meaningful social change by force e. ecruiting anthropologists by the CSI was not necessary ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 316 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.1 - What are the different types of political organization?

12. As a complex form of political organization, a state society . a. always relies on supernatural sanctions to maintain social order b. maintains the exclusive right to use force and physical coercion c. maintains its authority by brute force alone d. has the least amount of deviation from the norms e. is the least centralized government of all types of human societies ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 315 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.1 -SOURCE: What are the different types of political organization?

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13. The characteristics of state systems of government include all of the following EXCEPT . a. specialized political roles b. large bureaucratic organizations c. organizations with a supra-kinship basis d. minimum surplus of resources e. a complex system of internal distribution and foreign trade ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 315-316 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.2 - What are the various theories concerning why people are willing to surrender a portion of their autonomy to the power and control of the state?

14. A nation refers to a group of people who frequently share all of the following EXCEPT . a. kinship b. symbolic identity c. culture d. history e. religion ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 317 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.1 - What are the different types of political organization?

15. The redistributive mode of distribution is predominantly found in . a. band societies b. chiefdoms c. state societies d. segmentary lineage societies e. horticultural societies ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 314 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.1 - What are the different types of political organization?

16. Societies with intensive agriculture are most often . a. state societies b. chiefdoms c. tribal societies d. band societies e. horticultural societies ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 315 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.1 - What are the different types of political organization?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

17. What percentage of countries have had a woman as head of state within the last several decades?

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a. 1% b. 5% c. 3% d. 2% e. 4% ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 317 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.1 - What are the different types of political organization?

18. Which of the following statements is correct? a. Women are increasingly holding high political office and soon will hold up to 40 percent of political positions worldwide. b. Only in Western nations have women ever held any type of high political office. c. Although women in Western societies have made tremendous gains in holding political office, they never hold office in tribes and chiefdoms. d. Across the spectrum and as a norm, women rarely hold important political positions. e. Cross-culturally, women are always placed within advisory roles in the political structure.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 317 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.2 - What are the various theories concerning why people are willing to surrender a portion of their autonomy to the power and control of the state?

19. What do the Kurds living in Turkey, the French living in Canada, and the Chechens living in Russia all have in common? a. They all share the same religion. b. They are all seeking statehood or expanded autonomy. c. They are all at the same level of economic development. d. They are all tribal societies. e. They all speak the same language.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 317 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.2 - What are the various theories concerning why people are willing to surrender a portion of their autonomy to the power and control of the state?

20. The global trend over the last several decades has been toward . a. a greater freedom and participatory democracy b. a greater number of autocracies c. fewer free elections of political leaders d. greater repression of opposition political parties e. the evolution of a non-state social system ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 319

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.3 - In what ways have state systems of government changed over the past four decades?

21. What is a “headless” society? a. A society that has no form of social or political control b. A society that has no political leader c. A society that is without strict moral codes d. A society that has no formal recognition at the state level e. A society that is virtual and not geographically located ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 321 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.4 - In the absence of kings, presidents, legislatures, and bureaucracies, how is social order maintained in stateless societies?

22. What do we call a political system that involves popular participation in decision making? a. Fascism b. Communism c. Democracy d. Autocracy e. Populism ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 318 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.3 - In what ways have state systems of government changed over the past four decades?

23. Deviance . a. is an absolute defined in the same way by all cultures b. is more likely to occur in acephalous societies than in state societies c. refers to the violation of social norms d. has nothing to do with social control e. is a psychological state that has political repercussions ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 324 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.4 - In the absence of kings, presidents, legislatures, and bureaucracies, how is social order maintained in stateless societies?

24. The state most likely to become a failed state according to the FSI for 2015 is a. Central Africa Republic b. Somalia c. South Sudan d. Sudan e. Democratic Republic of the Congo SOURCE: Browsegrades.net ANSWER: c

.

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POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 320 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.3 - In what ways have state systems of government changed over the past four decades?

25. The term used to define what a society considers an expected way of behavior is . a. social control b. political control c. deviance d. corporate lineage e. social norms ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 322 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.4 - In the absence of kings, presidents, legislatures, and bureaucracies, how is social order maintained in stateless societies?

26. A man in a library who is talking loud enough that those at the next table can hear him may be subject to . a. positive, formal sanctions b. negative, formal sanctions c. positive, informal sanctions d. negative, informal sanctions e. None of these choices are correct ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 324 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.4 - In the absence of kings, presidents, legislatures, and bureaucracies, how is social order maintained in stateless societies?

27. Corporate lineages function effectively to maintain social control because of all of the following EXCEPT . a. they have power to control the economic well-being of their members b. they allow individuals to make their own marriage decisions c. they are socially intimate d. they have diffuse roles e. members derive their primary identity from them ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 326 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.4 - In the absence of kings, presidents, legislatures, and bureaucracies, how is social order maintained in stateless societies?

28. Social control in small-scale headless societies is maintained by all of the following EXCEPT a. socialization b. intermediaries c. corporate lineage structures SOURCE: Browsegrades.net d. positive sanctions

.

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e. codified laws ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 326-327 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.5 - What is the distinction between formal and informal means of social control?

29. Bands and tribes are politically associated with all of the following EXCEPT . a. a small number of specialized political roles b. a high level of political integration c. little political coerciveness d. an absence of formal governmental structures e. informal mechanisms of social control ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 312 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.2 - What are the various theories concerning why people are willing to surrender a portion of their autonomy to the power and control of the state?

30. Any means used to enforce compliance with the rules and norms of a society is called . a. an ordeal b. a sanction c. political coerciveness d. a moot e. corporate discipline ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 324 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.4 - In the absence of kings, presidents, legislatures, and bureaucracies, how is social order maintained in stateless societies?

31. The use of inborn, involuntary, and often unconscious powers to cause harm to other people is called . a. socialization b. witchcraft c. ordeals d. sorcery e. shamanism ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 325 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.4 - In the absence of kings, presidents, legislatures, and bureaucracies, how is social order maintained in stateless societies?

32. Age-set systems serve as mechanisms of social control because . a. they are associated with a belief that social deviance will cause one to suffer in the afterlife Browsegrades.net b. only members of an individual’s own ageSOURCE: set have any authority over him

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c. the members always spend a lot of time drinking together d. individuals’ initiations almost always include an intense period of training in the norms and values of the society e. individuals are socially considered to be a corporate lineage group because they have been socialized as a group since birth ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 328 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.5 - What is the distinction between formal and informal means of social control?

33. Which of the following is the primary mechanism that corporate lineage societies use to control and manage the marriage process? a. Residence after marriage b. Degradation ceremonies c. Ancestor worship d. Remarriage compensation e. Bridewealth payment ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 327 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.5 - What is the distinction between formal and informal means of social control?

34. How are song duels adaptive among the Inuit? a. The song duel allows Inuit to teach young children the epic stories of their ancestors. b. Through song battles, the Inuit orchestrate very specific corporal types of punishment. c. Through means of verbal dexterity, the Inuit are able to publicly deride someone guilty of transgression. d. The song duels are used because the Inuit cannot carry weapons and have no way to punish each other. e. The song duels wear out the participants through singing, and it diminishes a great deal of conflict.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 327 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.5 - What is the distinction between formal and informal means of social control?

35. All of the following are associated with moots EXCEPT . a. grievances are aired very publicly and in great detail b. only the aggrieved party uses a lawyer to represent the case for them c. the primary control of the moot is in the hands of the disputants themselves d. all parties to the conflict sit together in a shared space e. they are held in the homes of the complainants ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 328-329 Browsegrades.net LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.5 -SOURCE: What is the distinction between formal and informal means of social

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control?

36. A Leopard-Skin Chief among the Nuer . a. serves as a mediator between a victim’s family and the family of a murderer b. serves as judge and jury in criminal and civil cases c. serves as a judge to determine guilt but has no authority to determine punishment d. has authority to impose a settlement on the disputing parties e. can inflict punishment on the individual who has carried out a crime ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 330-331 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.5 - What is the distinction between formal and informal means of social control?

37. “Verbal dexterity” is especially important in which form of social control? a. Ancestor worship b. Ghostly invocation c. Intermediaries d. Warfare e. Song duel ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 327 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.5 - What is the distinction between formal and informal means of social control?

38. In an age-graded society, senior elders’ primary role is as . a. adjudicators of crimes b. officers in the military c. societal advisers d. mediators of small disputes e. foot soldiers in the military ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 328 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.5 - What is the distinction between formal and informal means of social control?

39. Moots are . a. found in most Asian societies b. formal public courts that decide cases involving the breaking of written laws c. formal settlements of disputes involving only kinsmen of the litigants d. informal announcements of disputes involving kinsmen and friends of the litigants e. social aggregations in which ancestors participate ANSWER: d SOURCE: Browsegrades.net POINTS: 1

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REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 328-329 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.5 - What is the distinction between formal and informal means of social control?

40. When someone must plunge his or her hand into boiling water to divine whether he or she is innocent or guilty, it is called a(n) . a. oath b. ordeal c. crime d. invocation e. rite of passage ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 329 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.5 - What is the distinction between formal and informal means of social control?

41. The basic features of law include . a. the illegitimate use of physical coercion b. allocating official authority to privileged people who are able to use coercion legitimately c. the total inability to predict the outcome of disputes because each situation is unique d. the use of both formal and informal means of social control e. a high incidence of capriciousness and unpredictability ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 320 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.5 - What is the distinction between formal and informal means of social control?

42. In complex societies, what is the primary emphasis of legal systems? a. Punishment b. Restitution to the victim c. Reintegration of offender into society d. Reintegration of the corporate lineage into society e. Demonstration of legal authority ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 321 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.5 - What is the distinction between formal and informal means of social control?

43. Functions of moot courts include all of the following EXCEPT . a. to exert conflict resolution b. to re-establish harmony between the disputants c. to provide restitution SOURCE: Browsegrades.net d. to establish peace in society

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e. to enact punishment ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 328-329 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.5 - What is the distinction between formal and informal means of social control?

44. The Customary Law Project in Papua New Guinea contributed all of the following EXCEPT . a. a legal database of customary law followed by different social groups b. a formal list of effective social sanctions to be used c. a basis for lawyers to research legal precedence and establish a formal legal system in the country d. a means to alleviate conflict between customary law and the national legal system e. the development of a family bill to recognize customary marriages and the institution of polygyny ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 332 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.5 - What is the distinction between formal and informal means of social control?

45. True warfare probably began approximately years ago. a. 5,500 b. 1,000 c. 10,000 d. 7,000 e. 3,000 ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 332 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.6 - What are the causes of war?

46. The beginning of warfare likely coincided with which of the following? a. Polygyny b. Private property c. Foraging d. Food production e. Establishment of human society ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 332 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.6 - What are the causes of war?

47. Societies' mechanisms for managing external relationships with other groups include all of the following EXCEPT . a. states b. tribes SOURCE: Browsegrades.net c. parliament

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d. bands e. clans ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 332 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.6 - What are the causes of war?

48. Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to warfare in small-scale societies? a. Moral objectives b. Political motivations c. Social problems d. Economic sanctions e. Perceived threats ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 333 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.6 - What are the causes of war?

49. In the court case against the six Bannock-Shoshoni Native American women, what type of expert testimony did anthropologist Barbara Joans offer on their behalf? a. She studied the daily behavior of the women and was able to testify that, because of the levels of poverty experienced in Native American reservations, the women should be released. b. She studied how proficient they were in English and concluded with evidence that they did not fully understand the initial instruction of the agreement. c. She argued on behalf of the culture of the six women, explaining that in Bannock-Shoshoni culture stealing is not a crime and is commonly practiced. d. She was able to serve as a culture broker and teach the court system about the laws of the Bannock-Shoshoni people and allow the women to be charged by reservation law. e. Anthropologist Joans actually testified on behalf of the U.S. government, explaining that the BannockShoshoni women were well aware of all the laws in the particular transaction.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 322-323 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.7 - What role should cultural anthropologists play relative to military organizations?

50. Anthropologist Barbara Joans provided expert testimony for a case involving the Plains Indians. What was involved in this particular case? a. The Plains Indians were seeking government reparations for broken treaties. b. The Plains Indians were seeking land retributions from Idaho. c. There was a wrongful cremation of a family relative. d. There was a wrongful incarceration of a young member of the tribe. e. There was a court case to get recognition as a federal tribe.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 322-323 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.7 - What role should cultural anthropologists play relative to military organizations?

51. Political organization involves cultural arrangements to minimize disruption and maintain order. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 311 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.1 - What are the different types of political organization?

52. Leadership roles in band societies tend to be very informal. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 313 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.1 - What are the different types of political organization?

53. Pan-tribal associations are permanent political fixtures that cut across and integrate all local segments of a tribe. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 313 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.1 - What are the different types of political organization?

54. In some parts of their colonial empire, the British imposed chiefs over tribal societies. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 314 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.1 - What are the different types of political organization?

55. State systems are large, hierarchical, and organized on a supra-kinship basis. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 315 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.1 - What are the different types of political organization?

56. State systems of government are supported by intensive agriculture, which is required to support a large number of non-food producing bureaucrats. a. True SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 315 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.1 - What are the different types of political organization?

57. In some state societies today, women hold the majority of leadership positions in the government. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 317 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.2 - What are the various theories concerning why people are willing to surrender a portion of their autonomy to the power and control of the state?

58. Ordeals are a form of informal social control, but oaths are considered formal. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 326 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.5 - What is the distinction between formal and informal means of social control?

59. It has been estimated that the Internet will be at least as powerful an influence on politics as the printing press. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 320 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.3 - In what ways have state systems of government changed over the past four decades?

60. Anthropologists can provide expert testimony in court cases. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 322 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.7 - What role should cultural anthropologists play relative to military organizations?

61. A state society is a type of headless society. a. True b. False ANSWER: False SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 324 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.3 - In what ways have state systems of government changed over the past four decades?

62. All social norms, whether small or large, are sanctioned. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 327 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.4 - In the absence of kings, presidents, legislatures, and bureaucracies, how is social order maintained in stateless societies?

63. Small-scale societies are less politically integrated than large-scale ones. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 324 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.4 - In the absence of kings, presidents, legislatures, and bureaucracies, how is social order maintained in stateless societies?

64. Societies with a belief in witchcraft accept the idea that misfortunes are the result of natural causes. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 325 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.4 - In the absence of kings, presidents, legislatures, and bureaucracies, how is social order maintained in stateless societies?

65. Individuals enter the age-set system at the highest rank and are then initiated. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 328 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.5 - What is the distinction between formal and informal means of social control?

66. The institution of the Leopard-Skin Chief is a formal means of social control. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 328

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.5 - What is the distinction between formal and informal means of social control?

67. Kpelle moots are held in the homes of the complainant and all parties sit very close together in a random mixed fashion. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 329 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.5 - What is the distinction between formal and informal means of social control?

68. In Papua New Guinea, the modern legal system is based on a thorough study of the complex mosaic of customary legal systems. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 332 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.5 - What is the distinction between formal and informal means of social control?

69. The Yanomamo are likely to go to war when they need metal tools. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 333 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.6 - What are the causes of war?

70. Religion does not play a central role in warfare, even though it is often invoked. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 332-333 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.6 - What are the causes of war?

71. On what three dimensions do societies differ in their political organization?

ANSWER: They differ in the extent to which political institutions are distinct from other aspects of the social structure, the extent to which authority is concentrated into specific political roles, and the level of political integration.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 312 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.1 - What are the different types of political organization?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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72. What are the four types of political structure?

ANSWER: They are band societies, tribal societies, chiefdoms, and state societies.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 312 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.1 - What are the different types of political organization?

73. What is a major difference between tribes and bands?

ANSWER: Tribal societies have certain pan-tribal mechanisms that cut across and integrate all of the local segments of the tribe into a larger whole.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 312-313 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.1 - What are the different types of political organization?

74. What is a nation-state?

ANSWER: It is a group of people sharing a common cultural background and unified by a political structure that they all consider to be legitimate.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 315 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.2 - What are the various theories concerning why people are willing to surrender a portion of their autonomy to the power and control of the state?

75. Define pan-tribal mechanisms.

ANSWER: These are mechanisms such as clans, age grades, and secret societies found in tribal societies that cut across kinship lines and integrate all the local segments of the tribe into a larger whole.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 313 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.1 - What are the different types of political organization?

76. List five informal mechanisms of social control found in small-scale societies.

ANSWER: They include socialization, public opinion, corporate lineages, and supernatural belief systems, and age organizations.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 326 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.4 - In the absence of kings, presidents, legislatures, and bureaucracies, how is social order maintained in stateless societies?

77. What is a moot?

ANSWER:

These are informal hearings of disputes for the purpose of resolving conflicts, usually found in small-scale societies.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 328 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.5 - What is the distinction between formal and informal means of social control?

78. What is the primary difference between rebellion and revolution?

ANSWER: Rebellion is an attempt to disrupt the status quo and redistribute power, while revolution is an SOURCE: Browsegrades.net attempt to overthrow an existing political structure.

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POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 320 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.6 - What are the causes of war?

79. What are the four general factors that contribute to warfare in small-scale societies?

ANSWER: They are social problems, political motivations, moral objectives, and perceived threats.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 333 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.6 - What are the causes of war?

80. Name four reasons that foraging societies rarely go to war.

ANSWER: They have no centralized government to coordinate the event, they have too few food supplies to sustain it, they do not control land boundaries, and they are less likely to develop hostility with each other.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 322 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.6 - What are the causes of war?

81. What are the different causes of war? Discuss each and provide an example.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 333-334 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.6 - What are the causes of war?

82. Compare and contrast formal and informal means of social control. Which have the greatest effect on the socialization process of the individual? Give examples and explain why.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 323-324 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.4 - In the absence of kings, presidents, legislatures, and bureaucracies, how is social order maintained in stateless societies?

83. Discuss recent changes in state systems of government.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 318-321 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.3 - In what ways have state systems of government changed over the past four decades?

84. Forms of political organization and social control are universal among human societies, yet they differ in type. Why do you believe that all societies need structures for decision-making and control in order to function as productive social units? What are the benefits that the individual gains in submitting to the will of the group?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 317-339 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.2 - What are the various theories concerning why people are willing to surrender a portionSOURCE: of their autonomy to the power and control of the state?

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85. How does distribution of products in chiefdoms and states differ from that of bands and tribes? Do economic factors appear to have significant influence on political organization?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Political Organization, p. 312-321 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.1 - What are the different types of political organization?

86. What are the various ways that cultural anthropologists can contribute to legal cases in the United States?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 322-323 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.7 - What role should cultural anthropologists play relative to military organizations?

87. Lineage structures are very important in small-scale societies. Discuss and give examples of the various roles that dead ancestors occupy within the corporate lineage group. Do you believe this would be a very effective means of social control?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 326-327 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.5 - What is the distinction between formal and informal means of social control?

88. The song duel is a very specific formal mechanism of social control among the Inuit. What is this and how is it both like and unlike a court case in a state society?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 327 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.5 - What is the distinction between formal and informal means of social control?

89. Define law and discuss how the development of law changes the nature of human societies. You should discuss both positive and negative consequences of law.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 330-332 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.5 - What is the distinction between formal and informal means of social control?

90. What is the relationship between religion and warfare?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Control, p. 330-334 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.13.6 - What are the causes of war?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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1. Which of the following is NOT correct? a. Karl Marx suggested that religion was a tool used for the oppression of lower classes. b. Emile Durkheim argued that religion enables people to see themselves as part of a larger group. c. Max Weber claimed that religion supported the rise of certain economic systems. d. Anthony Wallace argued that the primary form of religion was animatism. e. Sir James Frazer argued that there are distinctions in magic.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defining Religion, p. 339-342 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.1 - What is religion?

2. While forms of religion may vary, they all are founded upon a belief a. in one major deity b. that there is life after death c. in the supernatural d. in reincarnation e. that there is good and evil in the world ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defining Religion, p. 340 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.1 - What is religion?

.

3. When we claim that religion as a belief in the supernatural is universal, we mean that . a. every person in the world believes in some type of supernatural b. every person in the world believes in good and evil c. individuals believe in the supernatural, but not all cultures contain a belief in the supernatural d. all cultures contain a belief in the supernatural, but not all individuals believe in it e. religion has existed throughout history in non-scientific societies and that it served as the precursor to science ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defining Religion, p. 340 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.1 - What is religion?

4. Which of the following is true of Old Order Amish societies? a. They separate themselves from the world. b. They place a high value on infant baptism. c. They are starting to lean toward more liberal philosophies. d. They continuously welcome those members who have committed an error. e. They are beginning to accept some technological advances.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defining Religion, p. 343 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.5 - How are religions changing in the age of globalization?

5. The performance of certain magical rites in order to harm someone else is called SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

.

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a. revitalization b. sorcery c. contagious magic d. imitative magic e. witchcraft ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defining Religion, p. 343 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

6. Which statement is true about the distinction between imitative and contagious magic? a. Contagious magic is the belief that being around a magician will cause the victim harm. b. Contagious magic is the notion that an object having been in contact with a person retains a magical connection to that person. c. Imitative magic involves doing harm to a person by performing magic on his finger nail clippings. d. Imitative magic involves such things as voodoo dolls and is found all over the world. e. Both imitative and contagious magic were early forms of religion that are no longer found today.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defining Religion, p. 342 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

7. Both religion and magic . a. are nonrational systems of supernatural belief b. deal with one’s spiritual relationship with deities c. are group, rather than individual, activities d. are susceptible to scientific verification e. are practiced irregularly and not at set times ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defining Religion, p. 342 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

8. Religion differs from magic in all of the following ways EXCEPT . a. religion deals with major issues of human existence, while magic is directed toward specific aims b. religion uses prayer and sacrifices to appeal to supernatural powers, while magic believes that it can control circumstances through its own efforts c. religion tends to be practiced at irregular times, while magic has a set timetable for practice d. religion uses officially recognized functionaries such as priests, while magic may not have officially recognized leaders e. religion tends to be a group activity, while magic tends to be an individual activity ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defining Religion, p. 342 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 -SOURCE: What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

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9. Which of the following is an example of something that would be used for imitative magic? a. Hair b. Nail clippings c. Voodoo doll d. Teeth e. A dirty handkerchief ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defining Religion, p. 346 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

10. Sorcery, involving the use of potions and medicines, is a(n) . a. inborn capacity to harm others b. involuntary capacity to harm others c. often unconscious capacity to harm others d. deliberate attempt to bring about harm through the use of supernatural powers e. modern-day movement associated with Wicca and covens ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defining Religion, p. 343 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

11. Which of the following does NOT describe witchcraft as it is defined by anthropology? a. It is always viewed negatively. b. It can harm through evil thoughts. c. It relies only on psychic power to harm people. d. It leaves no visible evidence of its existence. e. It is believed to be deliberate and intentional.

ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defining Religion, p. 344 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

12. Which statement is true about the belief system called Wicca? a. Wiccans are found mostly in urban areas. b. Wiccans use their powers for evil purposes. c. In North America, Wiccans are comprised of mostly men. d. Wiccans emphasize sexuality as part of their cult. e. Wicca is both matriarchal and patriarchal in its form and structure.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defining Religion, p. 344 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

13. Wicca, as practiced in North American cities, has all ofBrowsegrades.net the following characteristics EXCEPT SOURCE:

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a. it has a matriarchal character b. it emphasizes fertility c. it is divided into groups called covenants d. it involves visualizations and chants e. it is a growing movement today ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defining Religion, p. 344-345 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

14. Wicca’s present day popularity is associated with all of the following EXCEPT . a. it has stimulated book sales on the subject of witchcraft b. it is a course of study that offers degrees in witchcraft c. it is associated with Satanism in urban areas d. it is now considered tax-exempt e. in 2007, the U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs recognized the pentacle as a Wiccan symbol ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defining Religion, p. 345 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

15. All of the following are common functions of religion EXCEPT . a. social control b. conflict resolution c. reinforcement of group solidarity d. rapid change function e. emotional function ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Functions of Religion, p. 345 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.3 - What functions does religion perform for the individual and for the society as a whole?

16. Which of the following is currently the fastest growing specialty within applied anthropology? a. Religious anthropology b. Medical anthropology c. Development anthropology d. Fundamentalist anthropology e. Contract anthropology ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Functions of Religion, p. 347 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.5 - How are religions changing in the age of globalization?

17. Which of the following statements is true? SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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a. Belief in the power of supernatural sanctions determines the level of conformity an individual has to socially prescribed behavior. b. By providing an alternative power structure, religion often increases social hostility and conflict. c. There is no correlation between social control and religious belief systems. d. Only a few religious systems prescribe to purely ethical behavior. e. For those who practice religion, there is a rather moderate increase in stress and frustration that sometimes has an effect on society at large.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Functions of Religion, p. 346 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.3 - What functions does religion perform for the individual and for the society as a whole?

18. Separatist Christian churches in South Africa played a role in conflict resolution during apartheid because Black South Africans . a. gained real political power through their churches b. created an illusion of power by manipulating their own set of religious symbols and forming their own unique churches c. gained real economic power through their churches d. expressed their resentment against the apartheid government in their religious activity e. created a social network that provided security and charity when they most needed it ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Functions of Religion, p. 346 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.3 - What functions does religion perform for the individual and for the society as a whole?

19. Which of the following is NOT a reason that religion intensifies group solidarity? a. People’s shared religious beliefs, practices, and rituals often create powerful social bonds. b. People share in the mysteries of their belief system. c. People are separated by their beliefs from others who do not share the same ideas. d. People who engage together in religion often likewise engage in other nonreligious activities. e. People practice religion that mimics and copies the wider social structure of which they are a part.

ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Functions of Religion, p. 346 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.3 - What functions does religion perform for the individual and for the society as a whole?

20. Individuals benefit psychologically from religion because it . a. helps explain the unexplainable b. gives them answers based upon scientific authority c. provides a rational and logical framework for giving meaning to events and experiences d. makes them feel as if their increased stress levels have a function in society e. answers all questions regarding their daily lives SOURCE: Browsegrades.net ANSWER: a

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POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Functions of Religion, p. 348 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.3 - What functions does religion perform for the individual and for the society as a whole?

21. People perform religious rituals as . a. a way of invoking supernatural beings to control those forces over which they feel they have no control b. a practice with as little emotion as possible, because they seldom really believe rituals are effective c. a way of demonstrating the strong control they have over their own lives d. a way to demonstrate social importance and validation for their lives e. a way to obtain political, social, and economic power ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Functions of Religion, p. 348 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.3 - What functions does religion perform for the individual and for the society as a whole?

22. Marx argued that the working class . a. would use religion to overthrow the owners of production b. understood the nature of their relationship with factory owners because of the lesson of religion c. was distracted by religion from the fact that they were being exploited by the ruling class d. used religion as a social mechanism to increase conflict between different economic subgroups e. would one day overtake the churches and change the nature of religion ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Functions of Religion, p. 349 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.3 - What functions does religion perform for the individual and for the society as a whole?

23. Anthony Wallace uses the term “cult” to refer to . a. religious organizations that brainwash their members b. a form of religion having its own set of beliefs, rituals, and goals c. anti-social religious groups that often encourage their followers to commit mass suicide d. small-scale religious groups that are opposed to any form of control from the federal government e. groups that are considered deviant by mainline churches ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Religious Organization, p. 349 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

24. What type of religious organization has groups that perform rites for the community? a. Ecclesiastic b. Communal c. Shamanistic d. Individualistic SOURCE: Browsegrades.net e. Congregational

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ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Religious Organization, p. 352 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

25. What type of religious organization has full-time religious specialists? a. Individualistic b. Shamanistic c. Communal d. Ecclesiastic e. Congregational ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Religious Organization, p. 355 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

26. Which statement about shamanism is FALSE? a. Shamans are full-time specialists. b. Shamans are thought to have supernatural powers. c. Shamans contact spirits while in an altered state of consciousness. d. Shamans use their powers to heal and tell fortunes of their clients. e. Almost all contemporary societies operate at the shamanistic level.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Religious Organization, p. 351 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

27. Shamans, among the Reindeer Tungus of Siberia, . a. can be either men or women b. can neither control spirits nor stop them from causing harm c. are distinct because they never serve as mediums for spirits d. use no special paraphernalia such as costumes or mirrors e. are full-time specialists ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Religious Organization, p. 351 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

28. Rites of passage with stages of separation, transition, and incorporation are part of a. ecclesiastical cults b. shamanistic cults c. communal cults d. individualistic cults e. congregational cults SOURCE: Browsegrades.net ANSWER: c

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POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Religious Organization, p. 352 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

29. Rites of solidarity are directed toward the welfare of . a. the entire community b. individual members of the community c. the group’s shaman d. the group’s leader e. the family as a unit ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Religious Organization, p. 352 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

30. The Kikuyu initiation ritual . a. involves no physical operation other than the scarring of women and men’s elbows b. does not involve the separation of the initiates from their former status c. involves the incorporation of the initiate back into the society as a whole d. is held every 20 years in order to initiate one generation at a time e. occurs on evenings on which there is a full moon ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Religious Organization, p. 352-353 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

31. The predominant mode of religious organization practiced among food collectors is . a. ecclesiastical cults b. shamanistic cults c. communal cults d. individualistic cults e. congregational cults ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Religious Organization, p. 349 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

32. Ecclesiastical cults are found most commonly among . a. tribal societies b. state societies c. foraging societies d. chiefdom societies e. dictatorships ANSWER: b SOURCE: Browsegrades.net POINTS: 1

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Types of Religious Organization, p. 354 REFERENCES: LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

33. Which statement about religion in the United States is true? a. Liberals are more religious than conservatives. b. People under 40 are more religious than people over 40. c. Blacks are more religious than Whites. d. New Englanders are more religious than Southerners. e. Urban dwellers are more religious than rural dwellers.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Religious Organization, p. 355 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

34. Which statement about religion in the United States is true? a. Evangelical Protestants are the largest single denomination. b. The fastest-growing groups are Catholics from Mexico. c. Approximately 24 percent of all U.S. residents are Jewish. d. Men are more likely than women to describe themselves as religious. e. The smallest denomination in the United States is Jehovah’s Witnesses.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Religious Organization, p. 356 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

35. Which statement about religion in the United States is FALSE? a. The United States places a high value on organized religion. b. A higher percentage of the U.S. population is affiliated with a religious organization than Western European countries. c. Church membership in the United States has grown steadily over the last 200 years. d. About 65 percent of Americans claim that religion plays an important role in their lives. e. Membership in religious organizations in the United States has declined slightly over the last 15 years.

ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Religious Organization, p. 355 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

36. Which statement about religion in the United States is true? a. About 10 percent of the population claims active church membership. b. People in the United States are less religiously active than Italians and Frenchmen. c. Religion is more important to liberals and Democrats than to conservatives and Republicans. d. Large numbers of Americans know little about religion, even their own. e. Asians are the subgroup for whom religion is most important.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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REFERENCES: Types of Religious Organization, p. 356 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

37. Which of the following is NOT a major religious trend in the world today? a. People are blending elements of more than one religion. b. There is an increase in Christian church membership in developing countries. c. There is a not much interest in cyber-churches. d. There is a rise of Islamic religious nationalism. e. There is a decline of Christian church membership in Europe.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Globalization of World Religions, p. 363 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.5 - How are religions changing in the age of globalization?

38. In an ecclesiastical cult, the laypersons are responsible for . a. performing periodic rituals b. performing weekly rituals c. supporting the church through their labor and money d. engaging in a “vision quest” e. serving as the leader on a rotational basis ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Religious Organization, p. 355 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

39. Which of the following is FALSE about liberation theology, which developed during the 1970s and 1980s in South America? a. It is an activist form of Catholicism. b. It has led to many deaths but very little substantial change in society. c. It merged theology with an activism for social justice for the poor. d. It led many priests and nuns to lose their lives in political conflict. e. It is a militant form of religion.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Religion: Continuity and Change, p. 357 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.4 - What role does religion play in the process of cultural change?

40. African American churches in the United States have played an important role as agents of social change in all of the following ways EXCEPT . a. they have experienced significant decline in recent years b. they have served as rallying places for protestors and community activists c. they helped freed slaves on the Underground Railroad d. Black Muslims have been a force for change by encouraging autonomous African American communities e. they have fostered the idea of an autonomous African American community ANSWER: a SOURCE: Browsegrades.net POINTS: 1

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REFERENCES: Religion: Continuity and Change, p. 357 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.4 - What role does religion play in the process of cultural change?

41. Handsome Lake, a New York State Seneca Indian, did all of the following EXCEPT . a. prescribe new moral principles and rules of behavior b. receive a vision to stop drinking and start a revitalizing religion c. free the Seneca Indians from government reservations d. urge the adoption of European agricultural practices e. lead a revitalization movement in New York State ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Religion: Continuity and Change, p. 358 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.4 - What role does religion play in the process of cultural change?

42. All of the following are types of revitalization movements EXCEPT . a. separatist Christian churches of southern Africa b. nativistic movements among Native Americans c. cargo cults in Melanesia d. ecclesiastical religions in the southern United States. e. mahdist movements in the Muslim world ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Religion: Continuity and Change, p. 358 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.4 - What role does religion play in the process of cultural change?

43. Which statement concerning religious fundamentalism is FALSE? a. It has been on the rise in the United States for a long time. b. It only exists in Islamic countries. c. It has grown much more rapidly in the United States in recent decades than traditional Protestant denominations. d. It plays an increasingly important role in the politics of the United States. e. It is a phenomenon that is not associated with globalization.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Religious Change in the 21st Century: The Rise of Fundamentalism, p. 360 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.5 - How are religions changing in the age of globalization?

44. In 2012, demonstrators in many Islamic cities protested against a U.S.-produced video that insulted the prophet Mohammed. What actions did President Obama take in response? a. He publicly stated that he personally disapproved of the film and it did not represent the majority of Americans. b. He apologized for the film and began to carry out legal sanctions to prevent the distribution of such films in the future. c. He banned the film and carried out legal actions to prevent it from being shown in the United States. d. He set up a mediation session in the White House so that the filmmakers and demonstrators could discuss the SOURCE: Browsegrades.net problem.

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e. He sent a presidential delegation to the areas of conflict to try to settle the differences.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Religious Change in the 21st Century: The Rise of Fundamentalism, p. 362 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.5 - How are religions changing in the age of globalization?

45. The trend merging traditional religious principles with the workings of the government is known as a. religious conservatism b. religious politicism c. religious nationalism d. fundamentalism e. religious science ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Religious Change in the 21st Century: The Rise of Fundamentalism, p. 362 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.5 - How are religions changing in the age of globalization?

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46. Which of the following statements about religion and technology is NOT true? a. There are currently dating and other social websites tied to religion. b. The Internet has changed today's ability to influence masses of people through religion. c. Jerry Falwell and Oral Roberts were two of the more popular televangelists. d. Televangelism was particularly successful with those who were well-educated and did not attend church. e. In the 1970s, televangelism began in the United States and spread widely for a time.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Religious Change and Technology, p. 363 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.5 - How are religions changing in the age of globalization?

47. The Plains Indian vision quest is best classified as a(n) . a. ecclesiastical cult b. individualistic cult c. shamanistic cult d. civil religion e. secular religion ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Religious Organization, p. 349 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

48. The most basic type of religious organization is the . a. ecclesiastical cult b. religious cult c. individualistic cult d. vision quest SOURCE: Browsegrades.net e. millenarian cult

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ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Religious Organization, p. 349 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.3 - What functions does religion perform for the individual and for the society as a whole?

49. Why is religion itself so difficult to define? a. It does not actually exist, so there is nothing tangible to study. b. It cannot be approached through a scientific point of view and is not a subject for scientists. c. It is so varied that there is no way to fully understand another religion. d. It is embedded in the total social structure and difficult to distinguish. e. So much of religion occurs within the individual that it cannot be studied as a single phenomenon.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defining Religion, p. 340 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.1 - What is religion?

50. Revitalization movements in the Muslim world are called . a. Islamicist movements b. mahdist movements c. millenarian movements d. nativistic movements e. coven movements ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Religion: Continuity and Change, p. 357 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.4 - What role does religion play in the process of cultural change?

51. All forms of religion are alike in that they are founded on a belief in the supernatural. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defining Religion, p. 340 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.1 - What is religion?

52. Today there is increasing cross-fertilization among religions. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Globalization of World Religions, p. 358 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.5 - How are religions changing in the age of globalization?

53. Both religion and magic are systems of supernatural belief and are not susceptible to scientific verification.

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net a. True

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b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defining Religion, p. 342 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

54. Magic is practiced in response to specific and immediate problems, not at regular times and places. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defining Religion, p. 343 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

55. Contemporary witches are Satanists. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defining Religion, p. 343 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

56. Witchcraft and sorcery are only found in small-scale non-Western societies. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defining Religion, p. 344 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

57. Religion can reduce stress and frustrations that often lead to social conflict. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Functions of Religion, p. 346 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.3 - What functions does religion perform for the individual and for the society as a whole?

58. Religion prevents people from expressing their common identity in ways that would create powerful social bonds. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Functions of Religion, p. 352 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.3 - What functions does religion perform for the individual and for the

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society as a whole?

59. Rites of passage are important public rituals that mark a change in a person’s social position. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Religious Organization, p. 352 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

60. Ecclesiastical cults are found in all types of societies, from small-scale to state, and have both part-time and full-time professional clergy. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Religious Organization, p. 354 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

61. Sisala believe that their ancestor-ghosts are guardians of moral order. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Religious Organization, p. 354 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

62. People perform religious rituals as a way of invoking supernatural beings to control the forces over which they have no control. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Religious Organization, p. 358 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

63. Today, more than 75 percent of the population in the United States practices religion. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Religious Organization, p. 355 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

64. The major center of gravity for the Catholic Church has recently shifted to the Middle East. a. True SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Globalization of World Religions, p. 359 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.5 - How are religions changing in the age of globalization?

65. Europeans tend to be more religious than people in the United States. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Globalization of World Religions, p. 359 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.5 - How are religions changing in the age of globalization?

66. Liberation theology emerged as a social justice movement associated with the Protestant church. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Religion: Continuity and Change, p. 357 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.4 - What role does religion play in the process of cultural change?

67. Religious nationalist movements are different from secular nationalist movements in that the religious movements do not necessarily have goals and objectives with imposed time limits. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Religious Change in the 21st Century: The Rise of Fundamentalism, p. 365 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.5 - How are religions changing in the age of globalization?

68. Fundamentalists draw the majority of their members from among their own religious tradition. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Religious Change in the 21st Century: The Rise of Fundamentalism, p. 360-361 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.5 - How are religions changing in the age of globalization?

69. In the past 60 years, the United Methodist Church has lost 56 percent of its members in the United States. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Religious Change in the 21st Century: The Rise of Fundamentalism, p. 361 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.5 - How are religions changing in the age of globalization?

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70. The United States has the highest rate of religious nationalism in the world. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Religious Change in the 21st Century: The Rise of Fundamentalism, p. 362 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.5 - How are religions changing in the age of globalization?

71. What features do religion and magic share?

ANSWER: Both are systems of supernatural belief; are not susceptible to scientific verification; and are practiced as a way of coping with the anxieties, ambiguities, and frustrations of everyday life.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defining Religion, p. 342 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.1 - What is religion?

72. What are five differences between religion and magic?

ANSWER: Religion deals with major issues of human existence, magic toward specific, immediate problems. Religion uses prayer and sacrifices; magic practitioners believe they can achieve goals through own efforts. Religion tends to be a group activity, while magic is more individually oriented. Religion is usually practiced at specific times; magic is practiced in response to specific and immediate problems. Religion involves officially recognized functionaries, and magic is performed by wide variety of practitioners.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defining Religion, p. 342-343 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

73. What is the difference between witchcraft and sorcery?

ANSWER: Witchcraft is the practice of an involuntary and unconscious capacity to cause harm to other people, while sorcery is the performance of certain magical rites for the purpose of harming other people.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defining Religion, p. 343-345 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

74. Name each of the social functions of religion.

ANSWER: They are social control, conflict resolution, and intensifying group solidarity.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Functions of Religion, p. 345 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.3 - What functions does religion perform for the individual and for the society as a whole?

75. What four principal patterns of religious organizations were identified by Wallace?

ANSWER: They are individualistic cults, shamanistic cults, communal cults, and ecclesiastical cults.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Religious Organization, p. 349 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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76. What is a rite of passage?

ANSWER: It is a transformational ritual with three stages (separation, transformation, and reincorporation) that celebrates the transition of a person from one stage to another in his or her social life.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Religious Organization, p. 352 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

77. How is the ancestor cult considered to be a type of rite of solidarity?

ANSWER: After death, ancestors are believed to be the guardians of the moral and social order, continuing to affect the living. Thus, they foster solidarity in the society.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Religious Organization, p. 353-354 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

78. Distinguish between secular and religious nationalism.

ANSWER: Secular nationalism has goals and objective with imposed time limitations. Religion nationalism has endless time limitations usually, making this a real challenge to confront when change is needed.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Religious Change in the 21st Century: The Rise of Fundamentalism, p. 363 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.5 - How are religions changing in the age of globalization?

79. Who is Handsome Lake and what effect did he have on the Seneca Nation?

ANSWER: He led a revitalization movement among the Seneca to create culture change and improve their lives.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Religion: Continuity and Change, p. 358 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.5 - How are religions changing in the age of globalization?

80. What are two significant changes in the globalization of religions?

ANSWER: They are religious fundamentalism and religious nationalism.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Globalization of World Religions, p. 360-361 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.5 - How are religions changing in the age of globalization?

81. Wicca is a “new” religion. Discuss how Wicca has grown and the process that it has undergone in its development as an official religion. Give examples.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defining Religion, p. 343-345 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

82. Both the television and the Internet have had a great impact on religion today. Compare and contrast what you believe to be the major similarities and differences between these two types of technological and social change.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net REFERENCES: Religious Change and Technology, p. 363

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.5 - How are religions changing in the age of globalization?

83. What are some of the differences and the similarities between Christian and Islamic fundamentalism?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Religious Change in the 21st Century: The Rise of Fundamentalism, p. 361-363 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.5 - How are religions changing in the age of globalization?

84. What is a good way to define religion so that it can be applied across cultures? What does “supernatural” mean when it is applied cross-culturally?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defining Religion, p. 343-345 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.1 - What is religion?

85. How does magic differ from religion? Might you find them practiced concurrently?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defining Religion, p. 345-346 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

86. Explain the social and the psychological functions of religion.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Functions of Religion, p. 348-352 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.3 - What functions does religion perform for the individual and for the society as a whole?

87. What are Wallace’s four patterns of religious organizations? How do the simplest and most complex organizations differ in the roles of religious practitioner?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Types of Religious Organization, p. 352-359 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.2 - What different forms does religion take among the societies of the world?

88. Explain what Marx meant by the expression “religion is the opiate of the masses.”

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Functions of Religion, p. 343, 349 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.3 - What functions does religion perform for the individual and for the society as a whole?

89. Religion in the United State has undergone much change over the past 150 years. Name and explain some general trends that have occurred to religion in the United States over this time period.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Religion: Continuity and Change, p. 358-361 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.4 - What role does religion play in the process of cultural change?

90. Describe and explain the functions of revitalization movements. Give two examples.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Religion: Continuity and Change, p. 359-361 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.14.4 - What role does religion play in the process of cultural change?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

Chapter_15_Art

1. Which statement is NOT part of the definition of art? a. The process should be creative and playful and not focused purely on functionality. b. Art should be transformational, as in an event derived from nature. c. Art should imply a certain level of skill not equally shared by all members of society. d. Art should communicate to the consumer. e. Art should have some commercial value.

ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: What Is Art?, p. 368 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.1 - How do anthropologists define the arts?

2. What does it mean to say that art should be transformational? a. It should demonstrate a certain level of technical skill. b. It should clearly produce an emotional response. c. It should make a statement about what is being portrayed. d. It should represent a converted image. e. It should be have a defined meaning attached.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: What Is Art?, p. 368 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.1 - How do anthropologists define the arts?

3. Painting, carving, weaving, and sculpting are all classified as . a. fine art b. plastic art c. material art d. representational art e. physical art ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Graphic and Plastic Arts, p. 368 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.3 - How do all forms of art reflect other aspects of a culture?

4. The anthropological definition of art . a. is a universal one, accepted by all professionals b. refers to processes, products, and transformation of forms in ways that are aesthetically pleasing to members of the society c. emphasizes permanent material forms of art as the most important d. does not recognize symbolic communication as art e. considers any product that is human-made as an artistic form that attempts to communicate ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: What Is Art?, p. 370 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.1 - How do anthropologists define the arts?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

5. Professional art critics

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a. are part of the art establishment in the United States that determines what constitutes good art b. are found in all societies c. set the standards that determine what constitutes good art in all societies d. are found in the United States and Europe only e. are not actually authorities on art and are not consulted by anthropologists when they approach art crossculturally ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: What Is Art?, p. 369 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.1 - How do anthropologists define the arts?

6. Anthropologists consider the term “primitive” . a. to refer to the art of the more backward non-Western societies b. misleading, because it connotes inferiority and evolutionary sequencing c. to only refer to non-permanent forms of art d. to only refer to the non-material art forms of societies that are organized as bands, tribes, or chiefdoms e. incorrect because all cultures are absolutely equal and cannot be compared to each other ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: What Is Art?, p. 369 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.1 - How do anthropologists define the arts?

7. In complex societies, . a. art forms and aesthetic knowledge are uniformly spread across all classes b. only members of the upper class have the time, money, and knowledge to be able to produce art objects c. aesthetic critics responsible for establishing artistic standards are invariably members of the upper classes or are employed by them d. art is more democratic, and all people have relatively equal access to it e. the term “primitive” is used to denote art that is produced by the lower classes ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: What Is Art? p. 369 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.1 - How do anthropologists define the arts?

8. When displayed in museums, descriptions of non-Western art (as compared to Western art) often include all of the following EXCEPT . a. the specific culture from which it comes b. the function the piece serves c. the materials used to make it d. the name of the artist who produced it e. how the piece reflects other aspects of culture ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: What Is Art?, p. 369-370 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.1 -SOURCE: How do anthropologists define the arts?

Browsegrades.net

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9. Anthropologists do NOT use the term “primitive” to refer to art because . a. they cannot agree on a definition for the term b. primitive art is a craft, not really an art c. it has connotations of inferiority d. contemporary societies do not make such art at the present e. small-scale societies do not use the term ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: What Is Art?, p. 369 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.1 - How do anthropologists define the arts?

10. What is a "random act of culture?" a. It is a planned artistic event that appears to its audience as unscripted and spontaneous. b. It is an act of charity or giving, such as donating paintings to museums. c. It is any kind of instinctual behavior, such as the need to create art. d. It is any type of interactive art, such as a film or play. e. It is any type of heightened emotional event that causes a reaction in the viewing audience.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: What Is Art?, p. 371 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.1 - How do anthropologists define the arts?

11. Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Art in complex societies most often becomes associated with the elite. b. Aesthetic standards in small-scale societies tend to be less well-defined. c. Art tends to be more democratic in small-scale societies, where everyone has equal access to it. d. Art in small-scale societies tends to be highly portable. e. Art in small-scale societies is associated with the lower classes.

ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: What Is Art?, p. 369-371 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.1 - How do anthropologists define the arts?

12. Navajo sand painting is not only an art form, but also a primary part in all of the following aspects of Navajo life EXCEPT . a. religion b. myth c. healing practices d. commercial subsistence e. social order ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: What Is Art?, p. 371 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.1 - How do anthropologists define the arts?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

13. Why is the Crest Hardware store a somewhat unique example of an art museum in the United States?

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a. It is an art museum where visitors can watch the artists producing their pieces from local products. b. It sells everyday functional items alongside exquisite pieces of art. c. It is an art museum that focuses specifically on functional tools as art. d. It is a museum where the patrons themselves make their own art during their visits. e. It is a museum that focuses exclusively on American commercialism.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: What Is Art?, p. 371 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.1 - How do anthropologists define the arts?

14. The release of creative energy is a personal gratification that is most often associated with which of the following? a. Viewer b. Art critic c. Collector d. Artist e. Curator ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Functions of Art, p. 372 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.2 - What are the various functions of art in society?

15. Through music, Bert, Ernie, and Kermit of Sesame Street a. entertain the bored children of a complex society b. are not part of an aesthetic process c. are forms of art that educate children about conflict resolution and race relations d. are forms of representational art that are produced for a single class segment in society e. are types of plastic art because they are interpreted differently by everyone who sees them ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Functions of Art, p. 373 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.2 - What are the various functions of art in society?

16. The Mano “god-spirit” mask, which embodies the spiritual force in Liberia, a. serves as an agent of social control and conflict resolution, as well as an expression of religious belief b. plays only a religious role in the society, although it is used to create social conformity c. serves primarily as a crude reminder of the dead ancestor d. is an important social control mechanism that has little or no religious significance e. is a type of art that is both representational and transformational, but not symbolic ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Functions of Art, p. 374 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.2 - What are the various functions of art in society?

17. Where was the “Peace Wall” constructed as a way of integrating and solidifying social binds?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net a. Atlanta

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b. New York City c. Boston d. Chicago e. Philadelphia ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Functions of Art, p. 374 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.2 - What are the various functions of art in society?

18. Which of the following is NOT true about Liberation Theater? a. It is based on the philosophies of Franz Boas. b. It is designed to focus on the involvement of the audience. c. It is used for social change. d. It started in the 1960s. e. It focuses specifically on issues of social justice.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Functions of Art, p. 376 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.2 - What are the various functions of art in society?

19. In more complex societies, state governments . a. deliberately use art to ensure freedom of expression b. carefully control art to prevent social agitation c. frequently repress artistic forms that criticize national symbols d. sponsor art for the sake of instilling obedience and maintaining the status quo e. subsidize the production of art as a way of calming the social classes ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Functions of Art, p. 375 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.2 - What are the various functions of art in society?

20. Chilean arpilleristas did NOT . a. tell the story of political oppression on scraps of cloth b. use their art to support the government in power c. become banned in their own country d. attempt to raise the consciousness of their oppressed countrymen to bring about political and social change e. use art as a vehicle of protest ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Functions of Art, p. 376 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.2 - What are the various functions of art in society?

21. With what form of art was Secretary of State Madeleine Albright associated as a way of communicating political statements in a non-threatening manner? a. Pins SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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b. Scarves c. Shoes d. Handbags e. Bracelets ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Art: Continuity and Change, p. 385 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.4 - How is art changing in the age of globalization?

22. All ethnomusicologists are interested in . a. the search for musical universals b. focusing on the enormous musical diversity that exists c. studying music in its cultural context d. re-creating music through self-made instruments e. performing music live for different cultural audiences ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Music, p. 378 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.3 - How do all forms of art reflect other aspects of a culture?

23. The art form that has received the greatest amount of anthropological attention is . a. body decoration b. dance c. music d. graphic and plastic arts e. folklore ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Graphic and Plastic Arts, p. 377 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.3 - How do all forms of art reflect other aspects of a culture?

24. An Inuit artist carving ivory . a. is producing a craft and not art b. mostly works for commissions c. is involved in a total act of will, which transforms the ivory into whatever he wants to create d. sees his activity as a liberation of whatever form is already in a piece of ivory e. believes that this piece of art will be a perfect sacrifice to the ancestors ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Graphic and Plastic Arts, p. 377 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.3 - How do all forms of art reflect other aspects of a culture?

25. Slobin and Titon identified four major areas of concern for ethnomusicologists. Which of the following is NOT one of them? a. Material culture of music SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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b. Social structure of music c. Ideas about music d. Characteristics of the music e. Political impact of music ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Music, p. 378 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.3 - How do all forms of art reflect other aspects of a culture?

26. Dance . a. has been defined as purposeful and intentionally rhythmical nonverbal body movements b. is culturally patterned and has no aesthetic value c. never expresses political concerns d. does not involve nonverbal body movements e. is identified in New Zealand as the greatest dance nations of the world ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Dance, p. 379 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.3 - How do all forms of art reflect other aspects of a culture?

27. Which of the following is NOT one of the multiple functions of dance? a. It may be performed simultaneously. b. It can express political values and attitudes. c. It is unique and is not associated with other communicative forms of art. d. It varies widely from society to society in performance value. e. It is supported substantially by governments in some state societies.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Dance, p. 380 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.3 - How do all forms of art reflect other aspects of a culture?

28. Alan Lomax’s cross-cultural research on music found . a. almost no similarities from one society to another b. some broad correlations between various aspects of music and a culture’s level of subsistence c. that music in egalitarian, small-scale societies was essentially similar to music in complex, industrialized societies d. that music in small-scale societies had nonrepetitious texts e. that music cross-culturally involves precise articulation ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Music, p. 378 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.3 - How do all forms of art reflect other aspects of a culture?

29. All of the following are characteristics of music associated with stratified societies EXCEPT a. few instruments SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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b. elaborate, embellished songs c. solo singing d. nonrepetitous texts e. narrow melodic intervals ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Music, p. 379 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.3 - How do all forms of art reflect other aspects of a culture?

30. Capoeira is a form of dance that originated in . a. Argentina b. Brazil c. Cuba d. Mexico e. Portugal ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Dance, p. 381 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.3 - How do all forms of art reflect other aspects of a culture?

31. What is the origin of capoeira? a. Capoeira originated as a way of adapting to an oppressed environment in which there was almost no other outlet for frustration and anger. b. Capoeira originated among the oppressed slaves and was a way of telling their history as entertainment to the slave owners. c. Capoeira emerged out of the Carnivale tradition and is a European-Afro-Brasileiro dance style. d. Capoeira originated with the upper classes of slave owners who brought this dance form from Portugal and then combined it with the slave traditions in Brazil. e. Capoeira originated in West Africa and was imported with slavery to Brazil.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Dance, p. 381 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.3 - How do all forms of art reflect other aspects of a culture?

32. In ethnomusicology, which of the following questions would NOT usually be classified as a characteristic of the music itself? a. How is the music learned? b. How is the music composed? c. What is the nature of the musical text itself? d. How does the musical style vary? e. What types of musical instrument are used in a culture?

ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Music, p. 378 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.3 - How do all forms of art reflect other aspects of a culture?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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33. Which of the following statements is correct? a. The accumulation of art objects is more common in foraging societies than state societies. b. Liberation theater has been used extensively to preserve the traditions of a culture. c. Art can be used both for preserving the status quo and also changing it. d. Art is always a force for change in every society, as it never supports the monotony of status quo. e. As societies become more complex, the social status structures actually become simpler and clearer.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Functions of Art, p. 376 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.2 - What are the various functions of art in society?

34. Which of the following is NOT usually considered a graphic or plastic art by anthropologists? a. Print making b. Music c. Weaving d. Painting e. Tailoring ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Graphic and Plastic Arts, p. 376-377 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.3 - How do all forms of art reflect other aspects of a culture?

35. Which of the following events is considered the "shot heard around the Middle East" because it ignited the Arab Spring? a. A dance by Egyptian Abubakar Humani b. A song by Tunisian Hamada Ben Amor c. A play by the Liberian liberation group Al Hamada d. A painting by Syrian Krayam Awad e. A film by Egyptian Ibrahim El-Batout ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Functions of Art, p. 376 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.2 - What are the various functions of art in society?

36. Humor is . a. appropriate in all cultural situations b. the same cross-culturally c. universal to all cultures and always adaptable d. culturally specific and not easily translated e. specific to each culture and can never be translated ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Dance, p. 382 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.3 - How do all forms of art reflect other aspects of a culture?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

37. The stylistic moves associated with Netsilik dancing are

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a. derived from gathering activities b. derived from hunting activities c. adapted to use in circular plazas d. not specialized and allow freeform movement e. associated with riding horses ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Dance, p. 380 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.3 - How do all forms of art reflect other aspects of a culture?

38. All of the following are characteristics of Bollywood films EXCEPT . a. they have "pre-cynical" story lines that are clear and easily understood b. they use diverse actors from all cultural backgrounds c. they always involve music d. they are popular worldwide e. there are more Bollywood films than Hollywood films ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Film: A Recent Art Form, p. 382 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.3 - How do all forms of art reflect other aspects of a culture?

39. Which Indian city is technically known as "Bollywood?" a. Calcutta b. New Delhi c. Mumbai d. Bangalore e. Bhopal ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Film: A Recent Art Form, p. 382 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.3 - How do all forms of art reflect other aspects of a culture?

40. Prior to the Arab Spring, most Islamic governments did NOT support . a. impressionist painting b. heavy metal music c. classical dance d. contemporary film-making e. political print-making ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Functions of Art, p. 376-377 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.2 - What are the various functions of art in society?

41. What do Sergei Eisenstein, Akira Kurosawa, Ingmar Bergman, and Zacharias Kunuk all have in common?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net a. They are world-class sculptures.

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b. They are world-class filmmakers. c. They are world-class choreographers. d. They are world-class painters. e. They are world-class baseball players.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Film: A Recent Art Form, p. 382 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.3 - How do all forms of art reflect other aspects of a culture?

42. The film Atanarjurat: The Fast Runner . a. is a remake of Robert Flaherty’s documentary Nanook of the North b. portrays modern life in Nunavut in the 21st century c. is a film based on a traditional Inuit myth d. was filmed by a Hollywood film crew e. is a detailed documentary of everyday life among the Inuit ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Film: A Recent Art Form, p. 382 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.3 - How do all forms of art reflect other aspects of a culture?

43. Which statement about music in the 21st century is true? a. There is increasing collaboration between different art forms throughout the world. b. There is less collaboration between different art forms throughout the world. c. Within the next generation or two, all traditional forms of music will disappear. d. Music is becoming more and more expensive to produce, which may cause it to diminish in artistic value. e. Music is used more as an emotional language today than as a form of folklore and tradition.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Art: Continuity and Change, p. 384 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.4 - How is art changing in the age of globalization?

44. Harvey Littleton, Dale Chihuly, and Stanislav Lebenski all are internationally known . a. painters b. filmmakers c. glass artists d. choreographers e. tattoo artists ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Art: Continuity and Change, p. 383-384 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.4 - How is art changing in the age of globalization?

45. Which of the following U.S. television shows has had enormous impact globally on local television production? a. The Oprah Winfrey Show SOURCE: Browsegrades.net b. American Idol

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c. Live Free d. CSI e. Desperate Housewives ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Art: Continuity and Change, p. 385 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.4 - How is art changing in the age of globalization?

46. Muslim American band MPAC has adapted hip-hop music to their own cultural standards through all of the following EXCEPT a. they use only religious lyrics b. their female fans wear headscarves c. there are no curse words d. they pray numerous times during the concert e. only soft drinks are sold at the concerts ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Art: Continuity and Change, p. 385 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.4 - How is art changing in the age of globalization?

47. The New Zealand government wishes to get back many of its treasured art objects once taken by Europeans traveling in that country. What are these art objects? a. Tattooed and mummified Maori heads b. Sacred fertility statues of the Maori warriors c. Elaborately carved wooden flutes used in warfare d. Cotton weavings once used by the Maori royal families e. Finely carved jewelry worn by the upper classes in Maori society ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Music, p. 379 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.3 - How do all forms of art reflect other aspects of a culture?

48. Art cross-culturally . a. is meaningful for all people b. involves all forms of the graphic and plastic arts c. is used to assert cultural dominance d. reflects major concerns of that society e. is valued by tourists and is always sold primarily to outsiders ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Differences in Art Forms, p. 374 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.2 - What are the various functions of art in society?

49. Which of the following art forms has undergone the most dramatic changes in the last four decades? a. Painting SOURCE: Browsegrades.net b. Sculpting

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c. Glass-making d. Dance e. Architecture ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Art: Continuity and Change, p. 383 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.4 - How is art changing in the age of globalization?

50. What are vigango and with what culture are they associated? a. They are traditional weavings from Chile. b. They are traditional dances from Sweden. c. They are traditional folktale told in Germany. d. They are a traditional form of music from India. e. They are traditional wooden statues from Kenya.

ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Art: Continuity and Change, p. 384 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.4 - How is art changing in the age of globalization?

51. According to anthropologists, the artistic process should be creative, playful, emotionally evocative, transformational, symbolic, and should reflect technical skill. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: What Is Art?, p. 368 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.1 - How do anthropologists define the arts?

52. Societies without professional art establishments still have artistic standards although they tend to be more democratic. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: What Is Art?, p. 369 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.1 - How do anthropologists define the arts?

53. The term “primitive,” as long as it is explained within context, is considered acceptable by anthropologists for describing cultures and artistic processes. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: What Is Art?, p. 369 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.1 - How do anthropologists define the arts?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

54. Graphic and plastic arts include painting, sculpture, and architecture, but not embroidery, weaving, or tattooing.

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a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Graphic and Plastic Arts, p. 377 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.3 - How do all forms of art reflect other aspects of a culture?

55. Artistic expression is one of the most distinctive human characteristics. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: What Is Art?, p. 367 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.2 - What are the various functions of art in society?

56. Art is filled with symbolism. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: What Is Art?, p. 368 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.1 - How do anthropologists define the arts?

57. The death masks of the Mano of northeastern Liberia played an important role in the administration of justice. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Functions of Art, p. 374 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.2 - What are the various functions of art in society?

58. Liberation theater is a product of society and religion and was the precursor in the development of liberation theology. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Functions of Art, p. 376 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.2 - What are the various functions of art in society?

59. What one actually hears when listening to music from another culture is influenced by one’s own culture. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Music, p. 377 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.3 - How do all forms of art reflect other aspects of a culture?

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60. Dance is purposeful and intentionally rhythmical nonverbal body movements that are culturally patterned and have aesthetic value. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Dance, p. 379 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.3 - How do all forms of art reflect other aspects of a culture?

61. Bollywood is a type of film that is made primarily in India and Pakistan. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Film: A Recent Art Form, p. 382 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.3 - How do all forms of art reflect other aspects of a culture?

62. The Netsilik only dance during the seal hunt. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Dance, p. 380 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.3 - How do all forms of art reflect other aspects of a culture?

63. Art is based on five features. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: What Is Art?, p. 368 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.1 - How do anthropologists define the arts?

64. Humor tends to be culture-specific. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Dance, p. 382 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.3 - How do all forms of art reflect other aspects of a culture?

65. Tattooing is considered to be a graphic art form. a. True b. False SOURCE: Browsegrades.net ANSWER: True

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POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Graphic and Plastic Arts, p. 377 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.3 - How do all forms of art reflect other aspects of a culture?

66. The popularity of Bollywood films is based exclusively on their music and dance. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Film: A Recent Art Form, p. 382 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.3 - How do all forms of art reflect other aspects of a culture?

67. Graphic forms of art are subject to both internal and external forms of change. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Art: Continuity and Change, p. 383 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.3 - How do all forms of art reflect other aspects of a culture?

68. MPAC is a Muslim rap band from Detroit. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Art: Continuity and Change, p. 385 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.4 - How is art changing in the age of globalization?

69. American Idol was copied from the original Indian Idol. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Art: Continuity and Change, p. 385 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.4 - How is art changing in the age of globalization?

70. Capoeira is a Brazilian art form combining dance, acrobatics, and martial arts. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Dance, p. 381 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.3 - How do all forms of art reflect other aspects of a culture?

71. What term do anthropologists use instead of “primitive” culture? Why do they not prefer to use this term as part of SOURCE: Browsegrades.net their descriptions and analyses?

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They use small-scale culture, instead of “primitive,” because the term implies an inferior state or a lower stage on an evolutionary continuum.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: What Is Art?, p. 369 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.1 - How do anthropologists define the arts?

ANSWER:

72. What psychological function does art serve for the artist?

ANSWER: It permits the release of emotional energy in a very concrete or visible way.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Functions of Art, p. 372 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.2 - What are the various functions of art in society?

73. What negative impact can art have for the artist and the viewer?

ANSWER: If the process is not successful, it can result in increased frustrations and tension for the artist.

It can elicit disturbing or painful emotions that can lead to psychological discomfort for the viewer.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Functions of Art, p. 372-373 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.2 - What are the various functions of art in society?

74. Define and discuss liberation theater.

ANSWER: This is a theatrical production that uses high levels of audience participation and is aimed at bringing about social change.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Functions of Art, p. 376 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.2 - What are the various functions of art in society?

75. What are the four major concerns of ethnomusicology?

ANSWER: They include ideas about music, social structure of music, characteristics of the music itself, and material culture of music.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Music, p. 378 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.3 - How do all forms of art reflect other aspects of a culture?

76. How might dance perform a political function within a society?

ANSWER: It can express political values and attitudes, show allegiance to political leaders, and control behavior.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Dance, p. 380 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.3 - How do all forms of art reflect other aspects of a culture?

77. List five forms of art included in graphic and plastic arts.

ANSWER: Answers may include painting, sculpture, printmaking, architecture, weaving, embroidery, tailoring, jewelry making, tattooing, wood carving, and metalworking.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Graphic and Plastic Arts, p. 376-377 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.3 -SOURCE: How do allBrowsegrades.net forms of art reflect other aspects of a culture?

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78. What are the five basic elements of art?

ANSWER: It should be creative, produce emotion, be transformative, communicate, and show skill.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: What Is Art?, p. 368 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.1 - How do anthropologists define the arts?

79. What changes have occurred in the United States over the past 50 years regarding studio craft art?

ANSWER: The prices have increased, there is greater emphasis on figurative works, artists are more adept and confident working with more than one material, and artists are creating art that represents social problems to raise awareness about the subject matter.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Art: Continuity and Change, p. 383-384 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.4 - How is art changing in the age of globalization?

80. What is capoeira?

ANSWER: It is a combination of dance, martial arts, and acrobatics that originated with slaves in Brazil.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Dance, p. 381 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.3 - How do all forms of art reflect other aspects of a culture?

81. Discuss how art serves as a source of both social integration and social control.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Functions of Art, p. 373-375 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.2 - What are the various functions of art in society?

82. What is the relationship between art and the status quo? In what types of societies can art serve as a mechanism of social control? Provide an example.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Functions of Art, p. 374-376 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.2 - What are the various functions of art in society?

83. In what ways do films from Hollywood (U.S.A.) differ from films made in Bollywood (India)?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Film: A Recent Art Form, p. 382-383 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.3 - How do all forms of art reflect other aspects of a culture?

84. What are the characteristics of the art process in state societies? What does socioeconomic class have to do with art in complex societies?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: What Is Art?, p. 370-378 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.2 - What are the various functions of art in society?

SOURCE: 85. Contrast the psychological functions of art for the artistBrowsegrades.net and for the audience. Do those functions always elicit positive

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emotions?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Functions of Art, p. 374 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.2 - What are the various functions of art in society?

86. Discuss the impact of both internal and external change on expressive arts. How are they affected by globalization in the 20th century?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Art: Continuity and Change, p. 384-387 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.4 - How is art changing in the age of globalization?

87. Consider the process involved in liberation theater. How could an art form that requires response from the audience be used for both positive and negative social impact? Think of an example in your own life where you felt either required or compelled to respond to a piece or process of art (or perhaps compelled to produce art).

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Functions of Art, p. 377 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.2 - What are the various functions of art in society?

88. There is a very close relationship between art and religion. Discuss some examples of how the spiritual and the artistic are related.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: What Is Art?, p. 371 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.1 - How do anthropologists define the arts?

89. Discuss a number of different examples of how art can make a political statement.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Functions of Art, p. 376-378, 384-386 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.2 - What are the various functions of art in society?

90. Art throughout the world has countless functions beyond providing aesthetic pleasure. What are some other functions of art? Illustrate from a number of cultures including your own.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: What Is Art?, p. 369-386 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.15.3 - How do all forms of art reflect other aspects of a culture?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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1. Which of the following statements is true? a. Cultures all change at a steady pace over time. b. Cultures change at differing speeds in different historical periods. c. Cultures do not change; people adapt to culture. d. Cultures do not change, and this is why some of them die out. e. Cultures change constantly and at a very quick pace over time.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Growth of the Modern World Order: Colonialism and Globalization, p. 390 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.1 - What roles did the periods of colonization and post-colonization play in shaping the world order of the 21st century?

2. Which of the following statements is NOT correct? a. Natural resources were taken from the colonies to benefit European industrialism. b. Many colonies were conquered by force. c. The exploitation that occurred during colonialism led to a permanent system of social stratification. d. People who owned land were the ones hired to work on plantations or in factories. e. Many indigenous people were taxed to help pay for the colonial system that was exploiting them.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Growth of the Modern World Order: Colonialism and Globalization, p. 391 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.1 - What roles did the periods of colonization and post-colonization play in shaping the world order of the 21st century?

3. When did globalization really begin to take place worldwide? a. With development of Internet b. In the 1980s c. With advent of colonialism d. With the Age of Discovery e. With Industrial Revolution ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Growth of the Modern World Order: Colonialism and Globalization, p. 390 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.1 - What roles did the periods of colonization and post-colonization play in shaping the world order of the 21st century?

4. The political, economic, and sociocultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign nation is called: a. oppression. b. dictatorship. c. globalization. d. colonialism. e. occupation.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Growth of the Modern World Order: Colonialism and Globalization, p. 390 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.1 - What roles did the periods of colonization and post-colonization play in

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shaping the world order of the 21st century?

5. What was the primary motive for European exploration around 1500 A.D.? a. Adventure b. Evangelizing c. Wealth d. Discovering water routes e. Finding spices ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Growth of the Modern World Order: Colonialism and Globalization, p. 390 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.1 - What roles did the periods of colonization and post-colonization play in shaping the world order of the 21st century?

6. Empire-building through state expansion of territories and commerce is known as: a. colonialism. b. imperialism. c. dictatorship. d. oppression. e. globalization.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Growth of the Modern World Order: Colonialism and Globalization, p. 390 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.1 - What roles did the periods of colonization and post-colonization play in shaping the world order of the 21st century?

7. Which of the following was NOT a typical model of European expansion? a. Develop educational facilities to improve lives of natives b. Establish permanent settlements for colonizers c. Develop commercial establishments in colonies to use inexpensive native labor d. Gain maritime control in order to control trade e. Acquire colonies to exploit raw materials ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Growth of the Modern World Order: Colonialism and Globalization, p. 390-391 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.1 - What roles did the periods of colonization and post-colonization play in shaping the world order of the 21st century?

8. Former colonies are notoriously poor today. According to the CIA World Factbook, of the 40 poorest countries on earth in 2010, what percentage are former colonies of European nations? a. 84 percent b. 63 percent c. 98 percent d. 33 percent e. 71 percent SOURCE: Browsegrades.net ANSWER: a

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POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Growth of the Modern World Order: Colonialism and Globalization, p. 392 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.1 - What roles did the periods of colonization and post-colonization play in shaping the world order of the 21st century?

9. Which of the following is NOT a multinational corporation? a. British Petroleum b. Firestone Rubber Company c. United Fruit Company d. Mitsubishi e. The Varsity Hot Dog Stand ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Growth of the Modern World Order: Colonialism and Globalization, p. 392 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.2 - Has the period of colonization really ended?

10. All of the following were large European colonizers EXCEPT . a. England b. France c. Belgium d. Italy e. Netherlands ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Growth of the Modern World Order: Colonialism and Globalization, p. 390-391 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.1 - What roles did the periods of colonization and post-colonization play in shaping the world order of the 21st century?

11. What is corvee labor? a. Indentured servant work b. Forced, unpaid public works labor c. Work that is subsidized by the government d. Slavery e. Replacement labor ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Growth of the Modern World Order: Colonialism and Globalization, p. 391 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.1 - What roles did the periods of colonization and post-colonization play in shaping the world order of the 21st century?

12. Today, less-developed countries (LDCs) . a. can help themselves only if they emulate Western cultures b. need to become modernized c. are economically dominated by former colonial powers d. are beginning to develop as equal trading partners with more wealthy nations SOURCE: Browsegrades.net e. continue as colonies of European nations

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ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Growth of the Modern World Order: Colonialism and Globalization, p. 392 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.2 - Has the period of colonization really ended?

13. Neocolonialism

.

a. refers to the control of African countries by European powers during the 16th century b. ended when South American and African countries gained independence from Europe c. refers to the control of former colonies by wealthy, former colonial nations through political, financial, and military power d. refers to the globalization process that occurs between the wealthy trade nations e. refers to a political and economic process by which European nations take over less-developed countries.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Growth of the Modern World Order: Colonialism and Globalization, p. 392 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.2 - Has the period of colonization really ended?

14. Which of the following is NOT correct about multinational corporations? a. They sometimes have assets and power greater than those of many governments of lesser developed countries. b. They send most of their profits back to their home country. c. They sometimes directly exploit lesser developed countries. d. They work to better develop the infrastructure of less-developed countries so that they can one day compete economically. e. They control approximately one third of the world’s assets.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Growth of the Modern World Order: Colonialism and Globalization, p. 392-393 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.2 - Has the period of colonization really ended?

15. The globalization phenomenon itself is a dynamic process because . a. the gross national income of all people worldwide is constantly improving b. neither labor nor products stay the same for long periods of time c. there is rapid growth of resource scarcity d. there has been little new invention or innovation in the last 50 years e. multinational corporations function like community states ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Growth of the Modern World Order: Colonialism and Globalization, p. 395 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.3 - What is meant by the term globalization?

16. It is now assumed that the good of all peoples would be maximized if economic systems concentrated on all of the following EXCEPT . a. development of social opportunities b. privatization c. continual economic growth SOURCE: Browsegrades.net d. continued lowering of trade barriers between nations

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e. reduction of government control of free markets ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Growth of the Modern World Order: Colonialism and Globalization, p. 394 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.3 - What is meant by the term globalization?

17. Religious rituals in Catholic parishes are being outsourced to Catholic priests in a. China b. India c. Saudi Arabia d. Italy e. Russia ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Growth of the Modern World Order: Colonialism and Globalization, p. 394 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.3 - What is meant by the term globalization?

18. Which statement provides an example of global interconnectedness by outsourcing? a. Many low-skilled jobs are now being performed abroad. b. Coca-Cola sells more of its product in Japan even though Japan has only half the population of the United States. c. Religious rituals are being outsourced from Catholic parishes in India to priests in the United States. d. Less than one third of U.S. franchise operators are in markets outside the United States. e. The environmental organization Greenpeace has more than forty offices in the United States now.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Growth of the Modern World Order: Colonialism and Globalization, p. 394 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.3 - What is meant by the term globalization?

19. Globalization . a. is a worldwide process that includes a revolution in information technology b. is driven by closed national markets c. involves the increase of tariff barriers worldwide d. is thought to have started at the end of WWII e. will eventually lead to the development of a global culture ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Growth of the Modern World Order: Colonialism and Globalization, p. 393 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.3 - What is meant by the term globalization?

20. Globalization is defined by . a. a revolution in high-speed wifi connectivity b. deregulating national economies c. the raising of tariff barriers worldwide d. the rise of fundamentalism in some countries SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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e. the middle- and upper-class societies that can benefit from global changes ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Growth of the Modern World Order: Colonialism and Globalization, p. 393-394 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.3 - What is meant by the term globalization?

21. Which of the following statements about the IT industry is FALSE? a. Shifts in the IT industry are common under globalization. b. Today, the IT industry itself is being replaced increasingly by local technological pods. c. During the 1980s and part of the 1990s, many Indians came to work in Silicon Valley. d. India now has a more vibrant and higher-paying IT industry than Silicon Valley. e. Today, there is a reverse brain drain as many U.S. graduates go to India to work in the IT industry.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Growth of the Modern World Order: Colonialism and Globalization, p. 395 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.3 - What is meant by the term globalization?

22. What kind of applied anthropology is usually involved in programs regarding reforestation, sustainable development, and planned change? a. Environmental anthropology b. Archaeological anthropology c. Development anthropology d. Educational anthropology e. Medical anthropology ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Growth of the Modern World Order: Colonialism and Globalization, p. 401 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.4 - What are some of the major post-World War II trends that anthropologists study?

23. In recent years, scholars have begun seeing that globalization is leading to . a. a global culture b. a more homogeneous world c. the stimulation of local cultures d. the dissolution of the nation-state e. the development of much greater numbers of cultures worldwide ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Growth of the Modern World Order: Colonialism and Globalization, p. 395 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.3 - What is meant by the term globalization?

24. Aid organizations that contract with private-sector firms or nongovernmental agencies to design and carry out specific projects in areas such as health, education, infrastructure development, and democratic state building are known as . a. political development programs b. sustainable economic programs SOURCE: Browsegrades.net c. economic peace-keeping missions

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d. social networking cooperatives e. farming cooperatives ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Conclusion, p. 410 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.6 - Have economic development programs always helped the people they are intended to benefit?

25. Cultural anthropologists have much to contribute to our responses to global challenges. Which of the following statements is NOT one of the ways their work helps us better understand these challenges? a. Through applied work and collaboration, they work well as part of teams of researchers. b. Through comparativism, they are more aware of whether these challenges are being faced by other groups around the world and what we might learn from them. c. Through holism, they understand the interconnections between various parts of the society. d. Through participant observation, they can observe the direct effects of globalization on local people’s lives. e. Through science, they best understand the technology that must be used to resolve other people’s problems.

ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 397 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.4 - What are some of the major post-World War II trends that anthropologists study?

26. According to the world systems theory, . a. LDCs can help themselves only if they emulate Western cultures b. LDCs need to become modernized c. rich and poor countries are different because they operate differently in the world d. wealthy nations should provide charity to LDCs because they are responsible for the poverty e. given enough time, globalization will lead to a world with more economic equity ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 398-399 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.4 - What are some of the major post-World War II trends that anthropologists study?

27. Anthropological criticism of modernization theory includes all of the following EXCEPT it . a. is ethnocentric b. assumes that modern traits are superior to traditional ones c. assumes that traditional people should adopt more modern ways of thinking and acting d. should be based on economic rules developed among foraging societies e. assumes that economic development will improve people’s lives ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 398 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.4 - What are some of the major post-World War II trends that anthropologists study?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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28. Which theory argues that it is cultural and social differences that have caused the economic disparity in the world today? a. Modern systems theory b. Modernization theory c. World systems theory d. World economic theory e. Globalization theory ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 398 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.4 - What are some of the major post-World War II trends that anthropologists study?

29. Unfortunately, plans to involve indigenous peoples in programs of economic development have failed for all of the following reasons EXCEPT . a. incidence of disease tends to rise in areas facing rapid culture change b. environmental degradation caused by commercial development is high in these areas c. the tremendous influx of tourists into these areas has caused rapid contagion d. many of the more modern lifestyles that people adopt bring more diseases to these areas e. health problems are aggravated by rapid urbanization ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 399 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.5 - What contributions have anthropologists made to the solution of such global challenges as income inequity, human justice, violations, and climate change?

30. Many developments fail because of all of the following EXCEPT they . a. are not planned to be responsive to local cultures. b. often bring improvements that are costly and cannot be sustained c. often leave the environment neglected and degraded d. often lead to fewer jobs and opportunities due to technological advancements e. often are forced to increase wages due to technological advancements, which they cannot afford ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 399-400 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.4 - What are some of the major post-World War II trends that anthropologists study?

31. A headhunter for international agencies, Katherine Erskine explains that hiring anthropologists is beneficial for all of the following reasons EXCEPT anthropologists . a. can quickly determine which cultural patterns are better than others b. have the ability to serve as strong mentors and trainers c. have a tendency to be calm and patient with those who are different d. have a deep appreciation and knowledge about where they are working e. have the ability to adapt well to different environments SOURCE: Browsegrades.net ANSWER: a

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POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 410 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.6 - Have economic development programs always helped the people they are intended to benefit?

32. PhytoTrade Africa, a company that represents private sector interests, worked to develop new markets for such African fruit as the . a. coconut b. baobab c. banana d. apple e. guayaba ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 401 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.4 - What are some of the major post-World War II trends that anthropologists study?

33. Why has the central region of North Carolina been so adversely affected by globalization recently? a. They have had a large influx of migrants to the area. b. Their jobs have been transferred to other areas of the world. c. The housing market has failed there, and no one can afford homes. d. The industries that are developing there are too sophisticated for the workers. e. The local economy cannot support industries any longer.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 402-403 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.4 - What are some of the major post-World War II trends that anthropologists study?

34. Anthropologist Nancy Gottovi developed STARworks in North Carolina, an organization based on . a. marketing new technologies b. developing new biofuels c. educating younger adults in creative and innovative industries d. educating unemployed workers in more technologically advanced professions e. training workers in foreign languages so that they could work with multinational corporations ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 402-403 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.4 - What are some of the major post-World War II trends that anthropologists study?

35.

is an organization of cultural anthropologists working to help indigenous peoples. a. The Society for Applied Anthropology b. The Brazilian Studies Association.

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net c. Cultural Survival, Inc.

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d. The American Anthropological Association e. The U.S. Agency for International Development ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 406 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.5 - What contributions have anthropologists made to the solution of such global challenges as income inequity, human justice, violations, and climate change?

36. The organization Cultural Survival, Inc. functions to do all of the following EXCEPT . a. help indigenous people against exploitation b. protect the Constitution of the United States c. help indigenous people raise money for economic development d. publish literature concerning the urgency of indigenous issues e. serve as cultural brokers between governments and indigenous peoples ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 406 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.5 - What contributions have anthropologists made to the solution of such global challenges as income inequity, human justice, violations, and climate change?

37. The Conference of Berlin in 1884 was aimed at . a. the protection of indigenous peoples b. dividing up the continent of Africa into European colonies c. dividing up South America into colonies by European nations d. protecting cultural anthropologists studying local cultures in Africa e. creating world markets in Asia and the Americas ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 398, 404 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.5 - What contributions have anthropologists made to the solution of such global challenges as income inequity, human justice, violations, and climate change?

38. In 19th-century Tasmania, in an effort to colonize the area, the native peoples were . a. exterminated b. colonized and Christianized c. relocated to Australia and away from their homes d. educated and prepared to live as Europeans e. imprisoned and sent to work camps ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 404 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.5 - What contributions have anthropologists made to the solution of such global challenges as income inequity, human justice, violations, and climate change?

39. What is the primary reason that anthropologists employ a rational view of another culture (cultural relativism)?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net a. Anthropology has always tried to be different from other sciences.

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b. Anthropologists are very liberal and employ liberal perspectives. c. It is the only scientific way to consider other people and their belief systems. d. It is a major rule to follow in our discipline. e. It is the best way to understand another culture.

ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Conclusion, p. 412 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.7 - What is multiculturalism, and why is it the world’s best hope for the future?

40. What occurred at the Massacre at Parallel Eleven? a. A large Brazilian corporation hired hitmen to try to kill an indigenous group in their way. b. A large group of indigenous peoples attacked miners who were extracting gold from their lands. c. Two indigenous groups began to fight over lands that had been allocated to them by the Brazilian government. d. A group of missionaries entered an indigenous area and killed all the Indians. e. A group of indigenous peoples killed a group of missionaries and charity workers.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 404 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.5 - What contributions have anthropologists made to the solution of such global challenges as income inequity, human justice, violations, and climate change?

41. Which statement about the Winnemem Wintu people is true? a. They are in danger of losing their last remaining ancestral land to the Shasta Dam. b. They have already lost ancestral land to the Shasta Dam. c. They are threatened of being wiped out by HIV-AIDS. d. They have been relocated to a reservation in Oklahoma. e. They are currently undergoing a language revitalization program.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 406 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.5 - What contributions have anthropologists made to the solution of such global challenges as income inequity, human justice, violations, and climate change?

42. Which of the following is NOT a way Cultural Survival, Inc. works to protect indigenous peoples? a. They fight marginalization and discrimination of indigenous peoples. b. They strengthen indigenous languages and cultures. c. They educate communities about their rights. d. They work at amassing a database of indigenous issues to educate the world. e. They provide jobs and incentives for indigenous peoples to adapt to Western culture.

ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 406 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.5 - What contributions have anthropologists made to the solution of such global challenges as income inequity, human justice, violations, and climate change?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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43. Which of the following is the Panamanian partner of Cultural Survival, Inc.? a. Agency for International Development b. Care for Children, International c. Alliance for Conservation and Development d. World Wildlife Fund e. Sierra Club ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 407 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.5 - What contributions have anthropologists made to the solution of such global challenges as income inequity, human justice, violations, and climate change?

44. The Ngobe people of Panama are currently facing threats from the construction of a . a. hydroelectric dam b. school c. trans-Amazonian highway d. large extractive factory e. new agricultural cooperative ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 406 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.5 - What contributions have anthropologists made to the solution of such global challenges as income inequity, human justice, violations, and climate change?

45. Most scientists today agree that the major cause of climate change is a. a natural cyclical pattern of climatic variation b. changes in the atmospheric pressure c. increased amounts of solar energy being developed d. global warming e. something not yet known ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 407 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.5 - What contributions have anthropologists made to the solution of such global challenges as income inequity, human justice, violations, and climate change?

46. Which of the following was the warmest year ever on record? a. 1950 b. 1899 c. 2016 d. 2010 e. 1750 ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 408 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.5 - What contributions have anthropologists made to the solution of such

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global challenges as income inequity, human justice, violations, and climate change?

47. What tragic effect of climate change is the Republic of Kiribati suffering? a. Increase in volcanoes b. Loss of land due to rising sea levels c. Drought that prevents lands from being farmed d. Lack of water as glaciers continue to retreat e. Influx of pests and diseases ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 408 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.5 - What contributions have anthropologists made to the solution of such global challenges as income inequity, human justice, violations, and climate change?

48. What tragic effect of climate change are inhabitants facing in El Alto, Bolivia? a. Increase in volcanoes b. Loss of land due to rising sea levels c. Drought that prevents lands from being farmed d. Lack of water as glaciers continue to retreat e. Influx of pests and diseases ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 409 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.5 - What contributions have anthropologists made to the solution of such global challenges as income inequity, human justice, violations, and climate change?

49. A public policy philosophy that recognizes the legitimacy and equality of all cultures represented in a society is called . a. colonialism b. indigenous policy c. nativism d. multiculturalism e. millenarianism ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Conclusion, p. 410 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.7 - What is multiculturalism, and why is it the world’s best hope for the future?

50. Which of the following is the best hope for enabling all people to have the security, prosperity, and freedom they desire and deserve? a. Acculturation b. Multiculturalism c. Bilingualism d. Modernization SOURCE: Browsegrades.net e. Development

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ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Conclusion, p. 412 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.7 - What is multiculturalism, and why is it the world’s best hope for the future?

51. European colonialism over the past 500 years serves as the beginning of globalization. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Growth of the Modern World Order: Colonialism and Globalization, p. 390 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.1 - What roles did the periods of colonization and post-colonization play in shaping the world order of the 21st century?

52. Applied anthropology is not as relevant today as it was 50 years ago. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Conclusion, p. 411-412 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.6 - Have economic development programs always helped the people they are intended to benefit?

53. Today, the former British colonies are all among the wealthiest in the world. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Growth of the Modern World Order: Colonialism and Globalization, p. 392 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.1 - What roles did the periods of colonization and post-colonization play in shaping the world order of the 21st century?

54. The revenue generated by Wal-Mart is equivalent to the gross national product of Belgium. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Growth of the Modern World Order: Colonialism and Globalization, p. 392 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.2 - Has the period of colonization really ended?

55. Multinational corporations today frequently use corvee labor, just as did their colonial predecessors. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

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REFERENCES: The Growth of the Modern World Order: Colonialism and Globalization, p. 391 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.1 - What roles did the periods of colonization and post-colonization play in shaping the world order of the 21st century?

56. Some anthropologists with masters' degrees work as part of international agencies. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 410 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.6 - Have economic development programs always helped the people they are intended to benefit?

57. Not only are the people in small-scale societies the first to suffer the consequences of global warming, but they are also the most vulnerable. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 408 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.5 - What contributions have anthropologists made to the solution of such global challenges as income inequity, human justice, violations, and climate change?

58. Coca-Cola sells more of its products in China than in Japan. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Growth of the Modern World Order: Colonialism and Globalization, p. 394 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.3 - What is meant by the term globalization?

59. Multiculturalism requires an awareness that people from other cultures prefer their own ways of life. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Conclusion, p. 410 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.7 - What is multiculturalism, and why is it the world’s best hope for the future?

60. When nations continue to exert political and economic pressure on their former colonies, it is called post-colonialism. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Growth of theSOURCE: Modern World Order: Colonialism and Globalization, p. 391 Browsegrades.net LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.2 - Has the period of colonization really ended?

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61. According to world systems theory, wealthy countries achieve high levels of development by exploiting the poorer countries. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 398 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.4 - What are some of the major post-World War II trends that anthropologists study?

62. Most anthropologists today support the position of modernization theory to bring growth to small-scale societies. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 398 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.4 - What are some of the major post-World War II trends that anthropologists study?

63. PhytoTrade Africa is working to market baobab fruit more widely in the world because it is healthy and has a wide range of uses available. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 401-402 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.4 - What are some of the major post-World War II trends that anthropologists study?

64. STARworks in South Carolina has made great strides in developing new bioenergy fuels for cars and also heating houses. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 402-403 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.4 - What are some of the major post-World War II trends that anthropologists study?

65. Indigenous populations play a very significant role in government. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 404 Browsegrades.net LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.5 -SOURCE: What contributions have anthropologists made to the solution of such

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global challenges as income inequity, human justice, violations, and climate change?

66. Indigenous peoples are those who receive foreign aid from wealthy countries. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 404 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.5 - What contributions have anthropologists made to the solution of such global challenges as income inequity, human justice, violations, and climate change?

67. Cultural Survival works for the benefit of all cultures worldwide. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 406 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.5 - What contributions have anthropologists made to the solution of such global challenges as income inequity, human justice, violations, and climate change?

68. The Ngobe of Brazil are facing deforestation from extractive industries. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 406-407 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.5 - What contributions have anthropologists made to the solution of such global challenges as income inequity, human justice, violations, and climate change?

69. The levels of greenhouse gases are at their highest since the start of the industrial period. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 407 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.5 - What contributions have anthropologists made to the solution of such global challenges as income inequity, human justice, violations, and climate change?

70. People in El Alto, Bolivia, are suffering water shortage caused by retreating glaciers in the area. This has occurred because of the climate change prompted by global warming. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 409 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.5 - SOURCE: What contributions have anthropologists made to the solution of such Browsegrades.net global challenges as income inequity, human justice, violations, and climate change?

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71. What were the primary motivations for European colonialism?

ANSWER: They included a desire for adventure, discovery of water routes to the Far East, evangelization, and a desire to obtain wealth.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Growth of the Modern World Order: Colonialism and Globalization, p. 390 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.1 - What roles did the periods of colonization and post-colonization play in shaping the world order of the 21st century?

72. What is meant by “neocolonialism?”

ANSWER: It is when the former colonial powers continue to control their former colonies through economic domination.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Growth of the Modern World Order: Colonialism and Globalization, p. 392 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.2 - Has the period of colonization really ended?

73. Define globalization.

ANSWER:

The worldwide process, dating back to the 1989 fall of the Berlin Wall, that includes a revolution in information technology, a dramatic opening of markets, and the privatization of social services.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Growth of the Modern World Order: Colonialism and Globalization, p. 393-394 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.3 - What is meant by the term globalization?

74. What is modernization theory?

ANSWER: It is the idea that differences in economic development may be explained by inherent sociocultural differences between the rich and the poor.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 398 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.4 - What are some of the major post-World War II trends that anthropologists study?

75. What is world systems theory?

ANSWER: It is the theory that the wealthy countries of the world achieved high levels of development by exploiting other regions, plundering their natural resources, using their people as cheap sources of labor, and dominating their markets.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 398 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.4 - What are some of the major post-World War II trends that anthropologists study?

76. What are some of the negative consequences of economic development programs?

ANSWER: Answers may include: decline in quality of diet, health, the environment, and family life and an increase in unemployment, air pollution, and stress related disorders.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 399-404 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.6 - Have economic development programs always helped the people they are SOURCE: Browsegrades.net intended to benefit?

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77. What is an indigenous population?

ANSWER: It is a population of people who are original inhabitants of a region, identify with a specific cultural heritage, and play no significant role in government.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 404 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.5 - What contributions have anthropologists made to the solution of such global challenges as income inequity, human justice, violations, and climate change?

78. What is the significance and importance of work such as Nancy Gottovi’s in North Carolina?

ANSWER: This type of work encourages people to remain inventive, innovative, and creative, all skills that are very useful in the globalized economy as jobs change places and skills become quickly outdated.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 402-403 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.6 - Have economic development programs always helped the people they are intended to benefit?

79. What is the primary role of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change?

ANSWER: The role is to assess the impact of climate change in our world today.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 407-408 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.5 - What contributions have anthropologists made to the solution of such global challenges as income inequity, human justice, violations, and climate change?

80. What role are anthropologists taking in the challenges of climate change?

ANSWER: They are documenting the effects, standing up for people who have little voice, and providing ideas and alternatives on ways to improve lives.

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 407-410 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.5 - What contributions have anthropologists made to the solution of such global challenges as income inequity, human justice, violations, and climate change?

81. Compare and contrast world systems theory and modernization theory. What are the strengths and weaknesses of these two theories?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 398-400 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.3 - What is meant by the term globalization?

82. Make a list of positive and negative consequences of globalization. Discuss what your list means. Is globalization an inevitable process or one that we need to control in more measured ways?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Growth of the Modern World Order: Colonialism and Globalization, p. 393-396 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.3 - What is meant by the term globalization?

83. What are the most important challenges that we face today in climate change?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net ANSWER: Will vary

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POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 407-409 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.5 - What contributions have anthropologists made to the solution of such global challenges as income inequity, human justice, violations, and climate change?

84. What were the primary economic, political, and social impacts of European colonialism? How does European colonialism continue today?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Growth of the Modern World Order: Colonialism and Globalization, p. 392-412 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.1 - What roles did the periods of colonization and post-colonization play in shaping the world order of the 21st century?

85. What are the potentially positive and negative consequences of a multinational corporation operating in a country where they have more economic power than the government?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Growth of the Modern World Order: Colonialism and Globalization, p. 394-396 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.3 - What is meant by the term globalization?

86. Is globalization a good or a bad thing? Use examples to support your answer.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Growth of the Modern World Order: Colonialism and Globalization, p. 390-412 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.3 - What is meant by the term globalization?

87. How does the impact of globalization differ between a state society and a foraging society? Provide a model to explain what you mean by your answer.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Growth of the Modern World Order: Colonialism and Globalization, p. 390-412 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.5 - What contributions have anthropologists made to the solution of such global challenges as income inequity, human justice, violations, and climate change?

88. Discuss and provide examples of the importance of groups such as Cultural Survival.

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Cultural Anthropology, p. 407-408 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.5 - What contributions have anthropologists made to the solution of such global challenges as income inequity, human justice, violations, and climate change?

89. What do you believe to be the greatest tragedy and the greatest opportunity brought by globalization?

ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Growth of the Modern World Order: Colonialism and Globalization, p. 396-412 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.3 - What is meant by the term globalization?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net

90. Discuss some of the “leading indicators” of globalization.

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ANSWER: Will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Growth of the Modern World Order: Colonialism and Globalization, p. 396-412 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cult.Ferr.11.16.3 - What is meant by the term globalization?

SOURCE: Browsegrades.net