A PEOPLE AND A NATION A HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 11TH EDITION BY KAMENSKY, SHERIFF, BLIGHT, CHUD

Chapter 01

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. Which of the following were the first to cultivate food crops in the Americas? a. European colonists in South America b. Indians along the Atlantic seaboard of North America c. Jesuit missionaries in southern California d. Indians living in central Mexico 2. Which of the following was a consequence of the spread of agricultural techniques among Indian groups? a. Cultural differences among groups of Indians disappeared. b. Most groups began to live a more sedentary existence. c. The various groups began to engage in almost constant warfare. d. Political power within the various groups fell into the hands of land-owning elite.

3. Why did the practice of settled agriculture lead to the emergence of more complex civilizations? a. People practicing settled agriculture needed a more structured political system. b. People with a steady supply of food were free to devote their energy to accumulating wealth, producing art, building cities, and creating ceremonies and rituals. c. An increase in the number of children in such societies gave rise to the educational institutions associated with complex civilizations. d. Property owners in such societies demanded laws and institutions that protected their property rights.

4. Which of the following is true of Cahokia, also known as the City of the Sun? a. It was the center of the Aztec world. b. An early form of writing was invented there. c. Its economy was based on culture and trade. d. It was pillaged by Cortez in 1519 CE 5. Which of the following best explains the differences in the means of subsistence and lifestyles that emerged among Indian groups in the New World? a. Disagreements over political beliefs caused groups to separate. b. The various tribes migrated to the Americas separately and came from widely divergent cultures. c. Different Indian groups adapted their means of subsistence and lifestyles to the environment in which they settled. d. Geographic barriers in the New World made interaction between different Indian tribes impossible.

6. Which of the following best explains the fact that bands of Indian hunters remained small in the area of the Great Basin (present-day Nevada and Utah)? a. The disease environment dramatically lowered the life expectancy of the inhabitants of the Great Basin. b. The tribes of the Great Basin enacted laws that imposed strict limitations on the size of each band within the tribe. c. The inadequate supply of large game made it difficult to find food in sufficient quantity to support large groups. d. The practice of human sacrifice significantly reduced the population of the bands and tribes of the Great Basin.

7. How were North American Indian agricultural societies similar to each other?

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Chapter 01 a. Their families were matrilineal. b. The clans were patrilineal. c. Women were exclusively responsible for agricultural work. d. The chiefs in these societies were often women.

8. The design of pre-Columbian Indian villages indicates which of the following? a. These societies had an extensive trade network with one another. b. Native Americans once had a common culture because there are no differences among the villages of huntergatherer societies, agricultural societies, and fishing societies. c. The design of Indian villages around a central place of worship indicates that, although widely separated, all Indians had the same religious beliefs. d. The defensive design of villages indicates that North American Indians fought with each other long before the arrival of Europeans.

9. Women were most likely to hold political positions in a. hunting tribes. b. tribes that had no sexual division of labor. c. nomadic tribes. d. agricultural tribes.

10. Which of the following is true of the Algonquians? a. They followed the example of the Aztecs, practicing settled agriculture and living a sedentary existence. b. They accepted women as rulers in some villages. c. They defined the extended family patrilineally. d. They were unique among the North American tribes in that they had no known religious beliefs.

11. The diverse inhabitants of North America spoke well over how many distinct languages? a. 1,000 b. 500 c. 1,500 d. 750 12. Which of the following was one of the major means of subsistence of the people living in the northernmost region of Upper Guinea? a. Farming b. Animal husbandry c. Cultivation of rice d. The gold trade 13. How did Upper Guinea differ from Lower Guinea in the 1400 CE? a. Lower Guinea was primarily democratic; Upper Guinea had autocratic leadership. b. Women were rice farmers in Lower Guinea; in Upper Guinea they traded. c. While Lower Guinea peoples continued to practice traditional African religions, the influence of the Islamic religion was felt more strongly in Upper Guinea. d. Women were denied political power in Lower Guinea but held powerful political and religious positions in .

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Chapter 01 Upper Guinea.

14. Most Africans of Lower Guinea were similar to the agricultural Indians of the Americas in which of the following respects? a. The political systems of both consisted of hereditary rulers governing agricultural empires. b. Both assigned agricultural tasks to men. c. Both lived a nomadic existence. d. The religious practices of both revolved around rituals designed to ensure a good harvest.

15. At the time of initial contact with the Europeans, Lower Guinea was characterized by a. powerful and wealthy empires. b. decentralized political and social authority. c. religious disagreements between Christian rulers and the Muslim masses. d. acceptance of and strong devotion to Islam on the part of rulers and people.

16. The societies of West Africa were like Native American societies in which of the following respects? a. The social systems of both were organized on the basis of the dual-sex principle. b. The political systems of both were organized on the basis of autocratic rule. c. In both, work assignments were organized on the basis of a sexual division of labor. d. In both, women were allowed to hold formal political power over men.

17. The social systems of West Africa were all organized on the basis of the dual-sex principle, which meant that a. female political and religious leaders governed the women and males ruled the men. b. men and women were expected to have not only a sexual partner of the opposite sex but one of the same sex as well. c. every man could have two wives and every woman could have two husbands. d. all individuals were believed to have both a masculine and a feminine side.

18. Members of the Sandé cult a. frequently engaged in wars with neighboring tribes to obtain prisoners for human sacrifice to the gods. b. established diplomatic relations between Benin and Portugal and acted as middlemen in the trade between the two societies. c. were led by female religious leaders and were not allowed to reveal the secrets of their cult to men. d. were the only known West Africans to have monotheistic religious beliefs.

19. Fifteenth-century European, African, and Mesoamerican societies differed from most North American Indian societies in that the former were a. theocratic in nature. b. hierarchical in nature. c. egalitarian in nature. d. patriarchal in nature.

20. In contrast to African and Native American societies, women in European societies were a. not allowed to engage in certain kinds of work. b. usually denied positions of political and religious authority. .

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Chapter 01 c. primarily responsible for discipline within the family. d. equal to men in the eyes of the law.

21. As a result of the Black Death, a. the people of Europe turned to the Christian religion for the first time. b. it is estimated that one-third of the people of Europe died in the late fourteenth century. c. the Angle and Saxon tribes of England were so weakened that they were easily defeated by William of Normandy. d. European scientists finally accepted the germ theory of disease long advanced by Arab scholars.

22. After the Hundred Years’ War, the monarchs of England and France worked to consolidate their political power. They were aided in this effort by a. their acceptance of the concept of constitutional monarchy. b. a new sense of national identity among their subjects. c. a resurgence of regional loyalties among nobles. d. promising their subjects that they would uphold the concept of human rights.

23. Marco Polo’s Travels was important primarily because it convinced many Europeans a. of the need for a defensive alliance against hostile non-European powers. b. that direct trade by sea with China was possible. c. of the need to Christianize China. d. that Chinese culture was superior to European culture.

24. The primary motive for the fifteenth- and sixteenth-century European voyages of exploration and discovery was the desire to a. spread Christianity around the world. b. verify the new scholarly theory that there were undiscovered continents. c. gain direct access to the goods of Africa and Asia. d. establish naval control of the seas.

25. These winds made it easy for Spanish and Portuguese mariners to sail from the Iberian Peninsula to the Canary Islands. a. The Northeast Trades b. The Polar Easterlies c. The Horse Latitudes d. The prevailing Westerlies 26. Why was it difficult for Spanish and Portuguese mariners to return home from the Canary Islands? a. They had to sail against the winds. b. Unusual magnetic fields in that area rendered navigational instruments useless. c. Berber pirates preyed on ships sailing northward from the Canaries. d. They had no knowledge of the tacking maneuver.

27. The Mediterranean Atlantic prepared the way for the European voyages of exploration and discovery because it was there that European mariners .

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Chapter 01 a. first learned the skill of trimming their sails. b. discovered that the Westerlies would carry them swiftly into the Atlantic and toward the Caribbean. c. first learned the importance of square sails in making their ships more maneuverable. d. learned the valuable strategy of sailing around the wind.

28. Where was the world’s first colonial plantation economy established? a. Azores, 1450s b. Canaries, 1460s c. Madeiras, 1470s d. West Indies, 1490s 29. After conquering the last Canary Island in 1496, the Spanish devoted the land to the cultivation of a. corn. b. rice. c. sugar. d. tobacco.

30. Which of the following correctly characterizes the trade relationship between Portugal and the states of West Africa? a. The Portuguese merchants grew wealthy; the African chiefdoms gained little. b. The African chiefdoms gained wealth and power; the Portuguese gained little. c. The Portuguese merchants controlled the terms and conditions of the trade. d. The rulers of West Africa controlled the terms and conditions of the trade.

31. Black slavery was introduced into Europe by the a. French. b. Spanish. c. English. d. Portuguese.

32. The first economy based primarily on the bondage of black Africans was created in a. the Azores. b. the Canaries. c. the Madeiras. d. São Tomé.

33. Which explorer sailed to North American across the Davis Strait in the year 1001? a. Pedro Alvares Cabral b. Leif Ericsson c. Sebastian Cabot d. Harry Hudson 34. What did Columbus realize after visiting a Portuguese colony in Africa? a. New agricultural methods in the cultivation of rice could benefit his native city in Genoa. b. Slaves could be an integral part of a colonial economy. .

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Chapter 01 c. The world was actually round. d. Gold was not as valuable to the global marketplace as spices.

35. Queen Isabella decided to finance exploratory voyages, in part, because she a. believed it would divert her subjects’ attention away from Spain’s domestic problems. b. hoped profits from such voyages would help finance an expedition to wrest Jerusalem from the Muslims. c. wanted to prevent England from colonizing Africa. d. wanted knowledge about other world cultures.

36. Columbus’s log of his first encounter with the New World and its inhabitants reveals which of the following? a. He wanted to profit from the land he had found by exploiting its natural resources, including its people. b. He wanted to exterminate all Native Americans and completely destroy the cultures they had built. c. He insisted that Europeans had come merely to observe, not to change, the cultures of the New World’s native inhabitants. d. He believed that his primary goal should be to Christianize the native inhabitants of the land he had found.

37. Who first published the idea that Columbus had discovered a new continent? a. Pedro Alvares Cabral b. John Cabot c. Amerigo Vespucci d. Martin Waldseemüller 38. Which of the following is true of John Cabot? a. He brought back to Europe the first formal knowledge of North America’s northern coastline. b. He is credited with having found an all-water route through North America to Asia. c. As a result of his voyages, Cabot was the first European to realize that Columbus had not reached Asia. d. He established a settlement at Vinland, which was the first European settlement in North America.

39. Under the encomienda system, a. the Catholic Church established schools and hospitals in Indian villages. b. individual conquistadors were granted tributary Indian villages from which they could collect money and goods. c. Spanish Jesuits undertook the task of converting Indians to the Christian faith. d. prisoners from Spain were sent to work in New World silver mines for periods ranging from seven years to life.

40. Spanish conquerors or adventures in the Americas were called a. Conquistadors b. Encomienda c. Americans d. Friars 41. Which of the following was a long-term consequence of the influx of gold and silver from the New World into Spain? a. The Spanish government funded domestic social programs that substantially raised the standard of living of the peasant masses. .

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Chapter 01 b. Rapid inflation led to an unfavorable balance of trade and the collapse of many businesses. c. The ready availability of investment capital at low interest rates led to the expansion and modernization of Spanish industries. d. The Spanish government became complacent and failed to defend the nation’s interests against the aggressive Dutch and English.

42. The main reason for the dramatic decline of the Indian population of Hispaniola from 1492 to 1542 was the a. Spanish decision forcibly to move the Indians to South America. b. inhumanity of the Spanish slave system. c. introduction of European diseases onto the island. d. psychological devastation caused by systematic destruction of traditional Indian culture.

43. The Lakota, Comanches, and Crows of the Great Plains were profoundly affected by the a. introduction of the horse into North America. b. introduction of wheat and rye into North America. c. cultivation of tobacco. d. introduction of settled agriculture into North America.

44. What was the primary aim of the first European outposts in North America? a. The establishment of permanent colonies b. The destruction of the non-European peoples c. The conversion of the native population to Christianity d. Profits from the sale of beaver pelts 45. Which of the following is true concerning trade between Indians and Europeans? a. Such trade was beneficial only to Europeans. b. In order to supply Europeans with much-demanded furs, some Indian bands abandoned their traditional economies. c. The controls imposed by some Indians on trade with Europeans created financial problems for European trading companies. d. Most Indian bands traded with Europeans only out of fear of reprisals if they refused.

46. Who published translations of stories of exploratory voyages and argued in favor of English colonization of North America? a. John Cabot b. Richard Hakluyt c. John Hawkins d. Captain John Smith 47. In 1587, Raleigh sent colonists to the colony that the Native peoples called Ossomocomuck. What did he rename this colony? a. North Carolina b. South Carolina c. Rhode Island d. Virginia .

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Chapter 01

48. Discuss the series of Mesoamerican civilizations that eventually gave rise to the Aztec civilization, and describe the major characteristics of Aztec culture. What are the differences between Mesoamerican cultures and North American cultures? What led to those differences?

49. Compare the various Indian cultures of North America at the beginning of the sixteenth century. How can the differences between these cultures be explained?

50. What type of impact did gender have on the organization of fifteenth-century African society? How was it similar or different to that of North American and Mesoamerican peoples of the same period?

51. Discuss the political, social, and economic characteristics of the Pueblos and Mississippians in the early sixteenth century.

52. Discuss the role of warfare in the pre-Columbian Americas.

53. How did prevailing winds help and hinder European trade in the North and South Atlantic? What role did these winds play in the European voyages of exploration and discovery?

54. What are the three key lessons of colonization learned by Europeans from their experiences in the islands of the Mediterranean Atlantic and the African coast? Discuss each.

55. Examine the type and impact of trade that began with the Columbian period.

56. Discuss the model of Spanish colonization of the Americas. Did Spain attain its goals? What impact did Spanish colonization have on Spain itself? What impact did it have on different Indian civilizations?

57. Discuss the first English attempt to plant a permanent settlement in North America. Why did that attempt fail?.

58. Discuss the series of Mesoamerican civilizations that eventually gave rise to the Aztec civilization, and describe the major characteristics of Aztec culture. What are the differences between Mesoamerican cultures and North American cultures? What led to those differences?

59. Compare the various Indian cultures of North America at the beginning of the sixteenth century. How can the differences between these cultures be explained?

60. What type of impact did gender have on the organization of fifteenth-century African society? How was it similar or different to that of North American and Mesoamerican peoples of the same period?

61. Discuss the political, social, and economic characteristics of the Pueblos and Mississippians in the early sixteenth century.

62. Discuss the role of warfare in the pre-Columbian Americas.

63. How did prevailing winds help and hinder European trade in the North and South Atlantic? What role did these winds play in the European voyages of exploration and discovery?

64. What are the three key lessons of colonization learned by Europeans from their experiences in the islands of the Mediterranean Atlantic and the African coast? Discuss each. .

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Chapter 01 65. Examine the type and impact of trade that began with the Columbian period.

66. Discuss the model of Spanish colonization of the Americas. Did Spain attain its goals? What impact did Spanish colonization have on Spain itself? What impact did it have on different Indian civilizations?

67. Discuss the first English attempt to plant a permanent settlement in North America. Why did that attempt fail?.

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

68. French missionaries, unlike their Spanish counterparts, decided they could best convert Native Americans to Christianity by a. moving them to European-style villages. b. using European medicines to cure Indians of smallpox. c. destroying all vestiges of traditional Indian religions. d. learning the Native peoples’ languages and spending time among the native communities.

69. What was the most decisive factor in making Native Americans receptive to the Christian message of the Black Robes? a. Their immunity to Smallpox b. The Black Robes’ scientific knowledge c. The literacy of the Black Robes d. The Black Robes’ ability to convince through debate 70. Which of the following was a consequence of the war between the Iroquois and the Hurons? a. The Hurons were victorious and became the major Indian power in the Northeast. b. The Iroquois were victorious and became the major Indian power in the Northeast. c. The two combatants fought to exhaustion, allowing the Dutch to dictate the terms of trade in the region. d. The two combatants fought to exhaustion, allowing the French to dictate the terms of trade in the region.

71. Which of the following contributed the most to the endurance of the English colonies in North America? a. International treaties b. Population c. Military outposts d. Government funding 72. The economic and social problems in seventeenth-century England that caused many English citizens to migrate to the New World were the result of a. the collapse of the woolens industry. b. warfare between England and France. c. the government’s decision to eliminate all tariffs on foreign goods. d. the doubling of the English population between 1530 and 1680.

73. English officials believed that the establishment of colonies in the New World would help maintain order in England by a. providing new markets for English goods among Native Americans. b. providing an outlet for what the officials perceived to be England’s excess population. .

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Chapter 01 c. diverting the attention of the English people from domestic problems to the task of converting the Indians to Christianity. d. increasing England’s supply of gold and silver, thereby bringing inflation under control.

74. How did John Calvin’s theology differ from that of Martin Luther? a. Calvin emphasized the free will of human beings. b. Calvin stressed that people must totally submit to the will of an omnipotent God. c. Calvin advocated religious toleration. d. Luther stressed the innate sinfulness of human beings.

75. What did Puritans want to reform in the Church of England? a. They wanted more inclusivity in church membership. b. They demanded the election of bishops. c. They sought a larger role of women in church leadership. d. They wanted the church to be free of political interference.

76. What was the Protestant Reformation? a. The split of Christian reformers from the Roman Catholic church, triggered by Martin Luther. b. The split of Puritan reformers from the Separatist church, triggered by Jean Calvin. c. The split of Christian reformers from the Puritan church, triggered by Martin Luther. d. The split of Puritan reformers from the Presbyterian church, triggered by Jean Calvin.

77. Who would be most likely to emigrate to the New World in the seventeenth century? a. A member of the titled aristocracy who accepted the religious teachings of the Church of England b. A wealthy English merchant who accepted the religious teachings of the Church of England c. A former tenant farmer who had been forced off the land by the landowner, was looking for work in England’s cities, and accepted Calvinist theology d. A member of the landed gentry who accepted Calvinist theology and had recently combined a number of small land units into a large enclosed estate 78. A number of English Calvinists moved to America in the 1620s and 1630s because they a. wanted to establish a society in which all religious beliefs were tolerated. b. wanted to be free to practice their religious beliefs without interference by the English monarch. c. were exiled to the New World after rebelling against the king. d. wanted to establish an independent nation for themselves.

79. What was the primary reason joint-stock companies failed in Virginia and Maine? a. The English government taxed their profits at exorbitant rates. b. The colonies did not provide enough of a profit. c. The colonists did not ask for enough investment in infrastructure. d. The English government demanded control over the operations of the companies.

80. Jamestown was founded primarily because of a desire a. for profit. b. to establish a haven for English Catholics. .

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Chapter 01 c. to gain knowledge about the flora and fauna of the New World. d. to challenge France’s power in the New World.

81. Which of the following was a reason for the early problems that confronted the Jamestown colony? a. The colony was kept in a constant state of chaos due to the tyrannical rule of John Smith. b. Nomadic tribes had virtually wiped out the supply of game in the area. c. A severe drought made it difficult for the settlers to cultivate crops. d. The early colonists had to contend with the hostility of nearby Indians.

82. Powhatan’s daughter, Pocahontas a. Married John Smith. b. Was captured, converted to Christianity, and married the colonist John Rolfe. c. Died of dysentery before ever traveling to England. d. was captured, converted to Presbyterian, and died of dysentery.

83. Powhatan extended aid to the Jamestown settlers because a. they achieved a quick and decisive victory over his warriors. b. he believed they were divine beings. c. their weapons could help him consolidate his power over other tribes in the region. d. the Algonquian religion taught the brotherhood of all people.

84. Which of the following was true of the Algonquians? a. They had an egalitarian society. b. The power that Algonquian leaders had over their people was limited rather than autocratic. c. Social status always passed through the male line. d. There were no clearly defined sex roles in their culture.

85. Which of the following caused misunderstandings between the English and the Algonquians? a. The English could not understand the Algonquian concept of hereditary right. b. The English believed Algonquian men were lazy because they cared for the tribe’s children. c. The English could not understand the Algonquian practice of working the fields communally. d. The English believed that Algonquian chiefs, like European kings, could make treaties in the name of their people.

86. Which of the following correctly describes the attitude of most English settlers toward the Native Americans and their way of life? a. They assumed the Native Americans to be their inferiors and showed little respect for Indian society. b. They accepted and respected the differences between their own culture and Indian culture. c. They were very interested in understanding as many aspects of Indian culture as possible. d. They were openly hostile toward the Native Americans and had no thoughts of living in peace with them.

87. As a result of the cultivation of tobacco in Virginia, a. the large estates were divided into smaller agricultural units. b. the Virginia Company began to send male laborers to the colony. c. settlers began to congregate in urban areas. .

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Chapter 01 d. settlers established farms far away from each other.

88. Which of the following upset the balance between the English and the Native Americans in Virginia? a. The arrival of British soldiers b. The spread of tobacco cultivation c. The kidnapping of Pocahontas d. The introduction of slavery 89. For which of the following reasons did the spread of tobacco cultivation in Virginia lead to conflict with the Indians? a. The Indians were jealous of the prosperity that tobacco cultivation brought to the English settlers. b. Indian religion associated tobacco with evil spirits and with death. c. In an effort to get workers for their plantations, Virginia planters began to kidnap and enslave Indians. d. The abundant land required for tobacco cultivation caused the settlers increasingly to encroach on Indian lands.

90. Did the headright system benefit the wealthy gentry in Virginia? Why? a. Yes, because it allowed them to sell all of their farm goods above market price. b. Yes, because it allowed them to amass more land and obtain laborers to work that land. c. No, because large farms were subdivided as the number of adult males increased. d. No, because it made them politically powerless.

91. James I abolished the House of Burgesses because he a. thought it was the main reason for Virginia’s instability. b. blamed it for the financial failures of the Virginia Company. c. distrusted legislative assemblies. d. believed that it was dominated by Virginia’s wealthy landowners.

92. Why was the House of Burgesses reinstated in Virginia in 1629? a. Protests from the Virginia settlers led to its reinstatement. b. The new king believed that governmental powers should be shared among different interest groups. c. Virginia’s governor threatened to resign if it were not reinstated. d. The landed gentry in Virginia threatened to boycott British goods until it was reinstated.

93. Why was the House of Burgesses important to the development of the British colonies in North America? a. The political-rights legislation it passed led to the emergence of democracy in the colonies. b. The decisive military stand it took against the Native Americans effectively ended the Indian menace. c. Its presence established the precedent of self-government at the local level in England’s North American colonies. d. Its decision to give land to all Virginia settlers caused people to see the British colonies as a land of opportunity.

94. How did Maryland differ from Virginia? a. Maryland’s settlers congregated in towns. b. Maryland’s economy was based on trade. c. Maryland offered freedom of religion to all Christian settlers. .

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Chapter 01 d. Maryland planters could amass large landed estates.

95. What is an indentured servant? a. One who has been sentenced to work for another as punishment for a crime. b. One who is allowed to live on and work someone else’s land and in return agrees to share the crops raised. c. One who is obligated to work for the government but receives food and shelter in return. d. One who contracts to work for a planter for up to seven years and in return receives passage to the New World.

96. Indentured servants were important to the development of the seventeenth-century Chesapeake because they a. were usually artisans who brought needed skills to the area. b. provided a relatively cheap and abundant source of labor for Chesapeake tobacco planters. c. brought new ideas concerning the cultivation and cure of tobacco. d. provided labor for important public projects undertaken by the colonial governments of Virginia and Maryland.

97. Most English migrants to the Chesapeake in the seventeenth century were a. landless aristocrats. b. indentured servants. c. wealthy merchants. d. exiled criminals.

98. Which of the following is true concerning indentured servants? a. A significant percentage did not live through the period of their indenture. b. Most had to pay for their own food out of the meager wages they earned. c. They were legally defined as property and had no rights under the law. d. They were not generally overworked and found the Chesapeake climate conducive to their health.

99. Which of the following was true of most Chesapeake families in the seventeenth-century? a. They made most of their own clothes and farm implements. b. They did not spend much money on material possessions beyond the necessities. c. They lived luxurious lives of leisure. d. They had to import most of their food from England because they concentrated on growing cash crops.

100. Why did women in the seventeenth-century Chesapeake bear fewer children on the average than their English counterparts? a. Marriages in the Chesapeake were broken more often by death. b. Abortion was more readily available in the Chesapeake. c. Women in the Chesapeake were more conscious of family planning. d. A lower percentage of Chesapeake women married.

101. Why was the seventeenth-century Chesapeake politically unstable? a. The governments of Virginia and Maryland were dominated by immigrants who had no strong ties to each other or to their respective colonies. b. Few settlers cared about becoming politically involved. .

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Chapter 01 c. Parliament continually interfered in the governing of the Chesapeake colonies. d. Most settlers questioned the legitimacy of the colonial governments of Virginia and Maryland.

102. Why did the New England colonies develop differently from the Chesapeake colonies? a. The New England settlers rejected the institution of slavery. b. The New England colonies were royal colonies and were never run by corporations. c. Religion was a much more important force in shaping New England society than it was in shaping Chesapeake society. d. The migrants who chose to settle in New England were generally younger than those who settled in the Chesapeake.

103. Why were devout Puritans in a perpetual state of anxiety? a. They never knew with absolute certainty whether they were of the saved or of the damned. b. They constantly worried about whether God wanted them to tithe. c. They could never know whether they had done enough good deeds for God to consider them candidates for heaven. d. They lived in constant fear that they had not shown enough tolerance toward others.

104. Separatists differed from Puritan Congregationalists in that Separatists believed a. that one is saved solely by the grace of God. b. in complete equality between the sexes. c. that the Church of England was too corrupt to be saved. d. in allowing freedom of religion to all settlers at Plymouth.

105. Separatists left Holland and settled at Plymouth because they wanted to a. isolate themselves and their children from the corrupting influences of the world. b. escape the dangers posed by the renewal of warfare between Holland and France. c. escape persecution at the hands of Dutch Calvinists. d. join their fellow Puritans in New England.

106. The Mayflower Compact was an agreement among the people on board the Mayflower that a. the non-Separatists among them would return to England as soon as possible. b. they, the Plymouth settlers, constituted a politically organized body with the legal authority to make decisions for the colony. c. the Plymouth colony would be governed by a representative assembly. d. religious toleration would be extended to all who wished to settle in Plymouth.

107. Why did the Pokanoket Indians extend aid to the Pilgrims? a. Their religion taught that all men were brothers. b. They wanted to lull the Pilgrims into a false sense of security before enslaving them. c. They wanted the Pilgrims as allies against the neighboring Narragansett Indians. d. The Pilgrims supplied them with liquor.

108. Which of the following was a goal of the Congregationalist Puritans who decided to establish a colony in North America? .

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Chapter 01 a. They wanted to Christianize the Indians. b. They wanted to build a society based on freedom of religious expression. c. They wanted to establish a merchant-oriented society with trading ties to the major European nations. d. They wanted to complete their reform of the Church of England.

109. Puritans believed in the doctrine of the covenant. Which of the following best expresses that doctrine? a. All the people of a community must participate in the process by which decisions are made. b. The people of a community must agree to be law-abiding citizens. c. Before the beginning of time, God chose certain people to be of the elect and others to be of the damned. d. God makes a contract with a group of people giving them the chance to perform a mission, and they must then enter into an agreement with each other to carry out that mission.

110. Before the Massachusetts Bay colony became a royal colony, the right to vote was limited to a. all adults who agreed to abide by the legal code of the colony. b. all property-owning adult male residents of the colony who owned stock in the Massachusetts Bay Company. c. all property-owning adult males who were members of the Puritan church. d. all residents of the colony who were members of the Puritan church.

111. Which Massachusetts Bay Company governor wrote what is now known as “A Model of Christian Charity?” a. John Winthrop b. John Eliot c. John Smith d. John Randall 112. Why did Puritan migrations into the Connecticut valley eventually lead to war with the Pequot Indians? a. The migrations violated treaty agreements between the Puritans and the Pequots. b. The Puritans came into the region with the intent of enslaving the Pequots. c. The presence of English settlers in the area disrupted the trade patterns on which Pequot power was based. d. The migrations disrupted Pequot society, which was based on total isolation from the outside world.

113. Why was John Eliot unsuccessful in converting the New England Indians to Christianity? a. He was never able to convince the Indians of the superiority of the Christian God over their pantheon of gods. b. He tried to employ elaborate rituals in the worship service. c. He preached a covenant of works, which was a concept totally alien to the Indians. d. He insisted that to be truly Christian the Indians had to reject their culture for English culture.

114. Why did some North American Indians find the religious ideas of Catholicism and Puritanism attractive? a. They were intrigued by the concept of the Trinity. b. The religious ideas of the Jesuits and the Puritans closely resembled the ideas of traditional Indian religions. c. European religious services included the singing of hymns, which the Indians enjoyed. d. The Indians thought that the religious ideas of the Europeans could help them cope with the tremendous changes they had to face.

115. How did the lifestyles of white New England settlers differ from the lifestyles of their counterparts in the Chesapeake? .

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Chapter 01 a. Because New Englanders moved a great deal, their homes were not as sturdy as those in the Chesapeake. b. Most New Englanders moved to America in family groups, while most Chesapeake migrants were single young men. c. The harshness of the New England environment meant a higher infant mortality rate and smaller families in New England than in the Chesapeake. d. Unlike New Englanders who cleared new fields every few years, residents of the Chesapeake used the same fields year after year.

116. One of the reasons for Roger Williams’s banishment from Massachusetts Bay was his belief that a. the church and the state should be linked. b. the covenant of grace was a false doctrine. c. good works were essential to salvation. d. the Massachusetts Bay Company had no right to give away land belonging to the Indians.

117. Anne Hutchinson challenged Puritan orthodoxy by expressing which of the following beliefs? a. She taught that the faithful could communicate directly with God. b. She preached that divorce was an unforgivable sin. c. She called for the ordination of women as ministers. d. She taught that the covenant of grace was contrary to the teachings of Jesus.

118. Compare the differences between French and Spanish colonization in the seventeenth century.

119. How did the sugar industry affect the control of the Lesser Antilles?

120. Describe the relationship between the Powhatan Confederacy and the English colonists in Jamestown .

121. How did the headright system, the House of Burgesses, and indentured servitude each affect the socioeconomic and political development of Virginia from 1607 to 1640?

122. Discuss the different ways and conditions in which labor was organized and supplied in the Chesapeake region in the 1600s 123. Discuss the beliefs of the Puritan Congregationalists in light of the idea of the covenanted community, and examine the impact of those beliefs on the social, political, and economic evolution of Massachusetts Bay colony between 1630 and 1640.

124. How did the Massachusetts Bay colonists interact with the New England Indians between 1630 and 1640?

125. Compare and contrast the lifestyles of the Chesapeake colonists and that of the New England colonists around 1640.

What accounts for the differences that emerged?

126. Why were Williams and Hutchinson perceived as threats by the Puritan authorities? Describe their trials, and the results. What do these cases tell us about the belief system of the Puritan authorities in Massachusetts Bay colony?

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Chapter 01 Answer Key 1. d 2. b 3. b 4. c 5. c 6. c 7. a 8. d 9. d 10. b 11. a 12. c 13. c 14. d 15. b 16. c 17. a 18. c 19. b 20. b 21. b 22. b 23. b 24. c 25. a .

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Chapter 01 26. a 27. d 28. c 29. c 30. d 31. d 32. d 33. b 34. b 35. b 36. a 37. c 38. a 39. b 40. a 41. b 42. c 43. a 44. d 45. b 46. b 47. d 48. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 01 52. Answers will vary.

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68. d 69. c 70. b 71. b 72. d 73. b 74. b 75. d 76. a .

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Chapter 01 77. c 78. b 79. b 80. a 81. c 82. b 83. c 84. b 85. d 86. a 87. d 88. b 89. d 90. b 91. c 92. a 93. c 94. c 95. d 96. b 97. b 98. a 99. b 100. a 101. a 102. c .

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Chapter 01 103. a 104. c 105. a 106. b 107. c 108. d 109. d 110. c 111. a 112. c 113. d 114. d 115. b 116. d 117. a 118. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 02

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. French missionaries, unlike their Spanish counterparts, decided they could best convert Native Americans to Christianity by a. moving them to European-style villages. b. using European medicines to cure Indians of smallpox. c. destroying all vestiges of traditional Indian religions. d. learning the Native peoples’ languages and spending time among the native communities.

2. What was the most decisive factor in making Native Americans receptive to the Christian message of the Black Robes? a. Their immunity to Smallpox b. The Black Robes’ scientific knowledge c. The literacy of the Black Robes d. The Black Robes’ ability to convince through debate 3. Which of the following was a consequence of the war between the Iroquois and the Hurons? a. The Hurons were victorious and became the major Indian power in the Northeast. b. The Iroquois were victorious and became the major Indian power in the Northeast. c. The two combatants fought to exhaustion, allowing the Dutch to dictate the terms of trade in the region. d. The two combatants fought to exhaustion, allowing the French to dictate the terms of trade in the region.

4. Which of the following contributed the most to the endurance of the English colonies in North America? a. International treaties b. Population c. Military outposts d. Government funding 5. The economic and social problems in seventeenth-century England that caused many English citizens to migrate to the New World were the result of a. the collapse of the woolens industry. b. warfare between England and France. c. the government’s decision to eliminate all tariffs on foreign goods. d. the doubling of the English population between 1530 and 1680.

6. English officials believed that the establishment of colonies in the New World would help maintain order in England by a. providing new markets for English goods among Native Americans. b. providing an outlet for what the officials perceived to be England’s excess population. c. diverting the attention of the English people from domestic problems to the task of converting the Indians to Christianity. d. increasing England’s supply of gold and silver, thereby bringing inflation under control.

7. How did John Calvin’s theology differ from that of Martin Luther? a. Calvin emphasized the free will of human beings. b. Calvin stressed that people must totally submit to the will of an omnipotent God. c. Calvin advocated religious toleration. .

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Chapter 02 d. Luther stressed the innate sinfulness of human beings.

8. What did Puritans want to reform in the Church of England? a. They wanted more inclusivity in church membership. b. They demanded the election of bishops. c. They sought a larger role of women in church leadership. d. They wanted the church to be free of political interference.

9. What was the Protestant Reformation? a. The split of Christian reformers from the Roman Catholic church, triggered by Martin Luther. b. The split of Puritan reformers from the Separatist church, triggered by Jean Calvin. c. The split of Christian reformers from the Puritan church, triggered by Martin Luther. d. The split of Puritan reformers from the Presbyterian church, triggered by Jean Calvin.

10. Who would be most likely to emigrate to the New World in the seventeenth century? a. A member of the titled aristocracy who accepted the religious teachings of the Church of England b. A wealthy English merchant who accepted the religious teachings of the Church of England c. A former tenant farmer who had been forced off the land by the landowner, was looking for work in England’s cities, and accepted Calvinist theology d. A member of the landed gentry who accepted Calvinist theology and had recently combined a number of small land units into a large enclosed estate 11. A number of English Calvinists moved to America in the 1620s and 1630s because they a. wanted to establish a society in which all religious beliefs were tolerated. b. wanted to be free to practice their religious beliefs without interference by the English monarch. c. were exiled to the New World after rebelling against the king. d. wanted to establish an independent nation for themselves.

12. What was the primary reason joint-stock companies failed in Virginia and Maine? a. The English government taxed their profits at exorbitant rates. b. The colonies did not provide enough of a profit. c. The colonists did not ask for enough investment in infrastructure. d. The English government demanded control over the operations of the companies.

13. Jamestown was founded primarily because of a desire a. for profit. b. to establish a haven for English Catholics. c. to gain knowledge about the flora and fauna of the New World. d. to challenge France’s power in the New World.

14. Which of the following was a reason for the early problems that confronted the Jamestown colony? a. The colony was kept in a constant state of chaos due to the tyrannical rule of John Smith. b. Nomadic tribes had virtually wiped out the supply of game in the area. c. A severe drought made it difficult for the settlers to cultivate crops. d. The early colonists had to contend with the hostility of nearby Indians. .

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Chapter 02 15. Powhatan’s daughter, Pocahontas a. Married John Smith. b. Was captured, converted to Christianity, and married the colonist John Rolfe. c. Died of dysentery before ever traveling to England. d. was captured, converted to Presbyterian, and died of dysentery.

16. Powhatan extended aid to the Jamestown settlers because a. they achieved a quick and decisive victory over his warriors. b. he believed they were divine beings. c. their weapons could help him consolidate his power over other tribes in the region. d. the Algonquian religion taught the brotherhood of all people.

17. Which of the following was true of the Algonquians? a. They had an egalitarian society. b. The power that Algonquian leaders had over their people was limited rather than autocratic. c. Social status always passed through the male line. d. There were no clearly defined sex roles in their culture.

18. Which of the following caused misunderstandings between the English and the Algonquians? a. The English could not understand the Algonquian concept of hereditary right. b. The English believed Algonquian men were lazy because they cared for the tribe’s children. c. The English could not understand the Algonquian practice of working the fields communally. d. The English believed that Algonquian chiefs, like European kings, could make treaties in the name of their people.

19. Which of the following correctly describes the attitude of most English settlers toward the Native Americans and their way of life? a. They assumed the Native Americans to be their inferiors and showed little respect for Indian society. b. They accepted and respected the differences between their own culture and Indian culture. c. They were very interested in understanding as many aspects of Indian culture as possible. d. They were openly hostile toward the Native Americans and had no thoughts of living in peace with them.

20. As a result of the cultivation of tobacco in Virginia, a. the large estates were divided into smaller agricultural units. b. the Virginia Company began to send male laborers to the colony. c. settlers began to congregate in urban areas. d. settlers established farms far away from each other.

21. Which of the following upset the balance between the English and the Native Americans in Virginia? a. The arrival of British soldiers b. The spread of tobacco cultivation c. The kidnapping of Pocahontas d. The introduction of slavery .

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Chapter 02 22. For which of the following reasons did the spread of tobacco cultivation in Virginia lead to conflict with the Indians? a. The Indians were jealous of the prosperity that tobacco cultivation brought to the English settlers. b. Indian religion associated tobacco with evil spirits and with death. c. In an effort to get workers for their plantations, Virginia planters began to kidnap and enslave Indians. d. The abundant land required for tobacco cultivation caused the settlers increasingly to encroach on Indian lands.

23. Did the headright system benefit the wealthy gentry in Virginia? Why? a. Yes, because it allowed them to sell all of their farm goods above market price. b. Yes, because it allowed them to amass more land and obtain laborers to work that land. c. No, because large farms were subdivided as the number of adult males increased. d. No, because it made them politically powerless.

24. James I abolished the House of Burgesses because he a. thought it was the main reason for Virginia’s instability. b. blamed it for the financial failures of the Virginia Company. c. distrusted legislative assemblies. d. believed that it was dominated by Virginia’s wealthy landowners.

25. Why was the House of Burgesses reinstated in Virginia in 1629? a. Protests from the Virginia settlers led to its reinstatement. b. The new king believed that governmental powers should be shared among different interest groups. c. Virginia’s governor threatened to resign if it were not reinstated. d. The landed gentry in Virginia threatened to boycott British goods until it was reinstated.

26. Why was the House of Burgesses important to the development of the British colonies in North America? a. The political-rights legislation it passed led to the emergence of democracy in the colonies. b. The decisive military stand it took against the Native Americans effectively ended the Indian menace. c. Its presence established the precedent of self-government at the local level in England’s North American colonies. d. Its decision to give land to all Virginia settlers caused people to see the British colonies as a land of opportunity.

27. How did Maryland differ from Virginia? a. Maryland’s settlers congregated in towns. b. Maryland’s economy was based on trade. c. Maryland offered freedom of religion to all Christian settlers. d. Maryland planters could amass large landed estates.

28. What is an indentured servant? a. One who has been sentenced to work for another as punishment for a crime. b. One who is allowed to live on and work someone else’s land and in return agrees to share the crops raised. c. One who is obligated to work for the government but receives food and shelter in return. d. One who contracts to work for a planter for up to seven years and in return receives passage to the New World. .

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Chapter 02 29. Indentured servants were important to the development of the seventeenth-century Chesapeake because they a. were usually artisans who brought needed skills to the area. b. provided a relatively cheap and abundant source of labor for Chesapeake tobacco planters. c. brought new ideas concerning the cultivation and cure of tobacco. d. provided labor for important public projects undertaken by the colonial governments of Virginia and Maryland.

30. Most English migrants to the Chesapeake in the seventeenth century were a. landless aristocrats. b. indentured servants. c. wealthy merchants. d. exiled criminals.

31. Which of the following is true concerning indentured servants? a. A significant percentage did not live through the period of their indenture. b. Most had to pay for their own food out of the meager wages they earned. c. They were legally defined as property and had no rights under the law. d. They were not generally overworked and found the Chesapeake climate conducive to their health.

32. Which of the following was true of most Chesapeake families in the seventeenth-century? a. They made most of their own clothes and farm implements. b. They did not spend much money on material possessions beyond the necessities. c. They lived luxurious lives of leisure. d. They had to import most of their food from England because they concentrated on growing cash crops.

33. Why did women in the seventeenth-century Chesapeake bear fewer children on the average than their English counterparts? a. Marriages in the Chesapeake were broken more often by death. b. Abortion was more readily available in the Chesapeake. c. Women in the Chesapeake were more conscious of family planning. d. A lower percentage of Chesapeake women married.

34. Why was the seventeenth-century Chesapeake politically unstable? a. The governments of Virginia and Maryland were dominated by immigrants who had no strong ties to each other or to their respective colonies. b. Few settlers cared about becoming politically involved. c. Parliament continually interfered in the governing of the Chesapeake colonies. d. Most settlers questioned the legitimacy of the colonial governments of Virginia and Maryland.

35. Why did the New England colonies develop differently from the Chesapeake colonies? a. The New England settlers rejected the institution of slavery. b. The New England colonies were royal colonies and were never run by corporations. c. Religion was a much more important force in shaping New England society than it was in shaping Chesapeake society. .

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Chapter 02 d. The migrants who chose to settle in New England were generally younger than those who settled in the Chesapeake.

36. Why were devout Puritans in a perpetual state of anxiety? a. They never knew with absolute certainty whether they were of the saved or of the damned. b. They constantly worried about whether God wanted them to tithe. c. They could never know whether they had done enough good deeds for God to consider them candidates for heaven. d. They lived in constant fear that they had not shown enough tolerance toward others.

37. Separatists differed from Puritan Congregationalists in that Separatists believed a. that one is saved solely by the grace of God. b. in complete equality between the sexes. c. that the Church of England was too corrupt to be saved. d. in allowing freedom of religion to all settlers at Plymouth.

38. Separatists left Holland and settled at Plymouth because they wanted to a. isolate themselves and their children from the corrupting influences of the world. b. escape the dangers posed by the renewal of warfare between Holland and France. c. escape persecution at the hands of Dutch Calvinists. d. join their fellow Puritans in New England.

39. The Mayflower Compact was an agreement among the people on board the Mayflower that a. the non-Separatists among them would return to England as soon as possible. b. they, the Plymouth settlers, constituted a politically organized body with the legal authority to make decisions for the colony. c. the Plymouth colony would be governed by a representative assembly. d. religious toleration would be extended to all who wished to settle in Plymouth.

40. Why did the Pokanoket Indians extend aid to the Pilgrims? a. Their religion taught that all men were brothers. b. They wanted to lull the Pilgrims into a false sense of security before enslaving them. c. They wanted the Pilgrims as allies against the neighboring Narragansett Indians. d. The Pilgrims supplied them with liquor.

41. Which of the following was a goal of the Congregationalist Puritans who decided to establish a colony in North America? a. They wanted to Christianize the Indians. b. They wanted to build a society based on freedom of religious expression. c. They wanted to establish a merchant-oriented society with trading ties to the major European nations. d. They wanted to complete their reform of the Church of England.

42. Puritans believed in the doctrine of the covenant. Which of the following best expresses that doctrine? a. All the people of a community must participate in the process by which decisions are made. b. The people of a community must agree to be law-abiding citizens. .

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Chapter 02 c. Before the beginning of time, God chose certain people to be of the elect and others to be of the damned. d. God makes a contract with a group of people giving them the chance to perform a mission, and they must then enter into an agreement with each other to carry out that mission.

43. Before the Massachusetts Bay colony became a royal colony, the right to vote was limited to a. all adults who agreed to abide by the legal code of the colony. b. all property-owning adult male residents of the colony who owned stock in the Massachusetts Bay Company. c. all property-owning adult males who were members of the Puritan church. d. all residents of the colony who were members of the Puritan church.

44. Which Massachusetts Bay Company governor wrote what is now known as “A Model of Christian Charity?” a. John Winthrop b. John Eliot c. John Smith d. John Randall 45. Why did Puritan migrations into the Connecticut valley eventually lead to war with the Pequot Indians? a. The migrations violated treaty agreements between the Puritans and the Pequots. b. The Puritans came into the region with the intent of enslaving the Pequots. c. The presence of English settlers in the area disrupted the trade patterns on which Pequot power was based. d. The migrations disrupted Pequot society, which was based on total isolation from the outside world.

46. Why was John Eliot unsuccessful in converting the New England Indians to Christianity? a. He was never able to convince the Indians of the superiority of the Christian God over their pantheon of gods. b. He tried to employ elaborate rituals in the worship service. c. He preached a covenant of works, which was a concept totally alien to the Indians. d. He insisted that to be truly Christian the Indians had to reject their culture for English culture.

47. Why did some North American Indians find the religious ideas of Catholicism and Puritanism attractive? a. They were intrigued by the concept of the Trinity. b. The religious ideas of the Jesuits and the Puritans closely resembled the ideas of traditional Indian religions. c. European religious services included the singing of hymns, which the Indians enjoyed. d. The Indians thought that the religious ideas of the Europeans could help them cope with the tremendous changes they had to face.

48. How did the lifestyles of white New England settlers differ from the lifestyles of their counterparts in the Chesapeake? a. Because New Englanders moved a great deal, their homes were not as sturdy as those in the Chesapeake. b. Most New Englanders moved to America in family groups, while most Chesapeake migrants were single young men. c. The harshness of the New England environment meant a higher infant mortality rate and smaller families in New England than in the Chesapeake. d. Unlike New Englanders who cleared new fields every few years, residents of the Chesapeake used the same fields year after year.

49. One of the reasons for Roger Williams’s banishment from Massachusetts Bay was his belief that .

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Chapter 02 a. the church and the state should be linked. b. the covenant of grace was a false doctrine. c. good works were essential to salvation. d. the Massachusetts Bay Company had no right to give away land belonging to the Indians.

50. Anne Hutchinson challenged Puritan orthodoxy by expressing which of the following beliefs? a. She taught that the faithful could communicate directly with God. b. She preached that divorce was an unforgivable sin. c. She called for the ordination of women as ministers. d. She taught that the covenant of grace was contrary to the teachings of Jesus.

51. Compare the differences between French and Spanish colonization in the seventeenth century.

52. How did the sugar industry affect the control of the Lesser Antilles?

53. Describe the relationship between the Powhatan Confederacy and the English colonists in Jamestown .

54. How did the headright system, the House of Burgesses, and indentured servitude each affect the socioeconomic and political development of Virginia from 1607 to 1640?

55. Discuss the different ways and conditions in which labor was organized and supplied in the Chesapeake region in the 1600s 56. Discuss the beliefs of the Puritan Congregationalists in light of the idea of the covenanted community, and examine the impact of those beliefs on the social, political, and economic evolution of Massachusetts Bay colony between 1630 and 1640.

57. How did the Massachusetts Bay colonists interact with the New England Indians between 1630 and 1640?

58. Compare and contrast the lifestyles of the Chesapeake colonists and that of the New England colonists around 1640.

What accounts for the differences that emerged?

59. Why were Williams and Hutchinson perceived as threats by the Puritan authorities? Describe their trials, and the results. What do these cases tell us about the belief system of the Puritan authorities in Massachusetts Bay colony?

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Chapter 02 Answer Key 1. d 2. c 3. b 4. b 5. d 6. b 7. b 8. d 9. a 10. c 11. b 12. b 13. a 14. c 15. b 16. c 17. b 18. d 19. a 20. d 21. b 22. d 23. b 24. c 25. a .

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Chapter 02 26. c 27. c 28. d 29. b 30. b 31. a 32. b 33. a 34. a 35. c 36. a 37. c 38. a 39. b 40. c 41. d 42. d 43. c 44. a 45. c 46. d 47. d 48. b 49. d 50. a 51. Answers will vary. .

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Chapter 02 52. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 03

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. All of the colonies founded during the reign of Charles II were a. founded by colonists who left or were banished from the Puritan colonies of New England. b. given as rewards to men who had supported Charles II during the English Civil War. c. established as military fortifications built to defend against Indian raids. d. seized from the Dutch by military force.

2. Which of the following was a feature of the Duke’s Laws? a. Dutch residents were allowed to keep their long-standing legal practices even though New Netherland was under English rule. b. They made the Church of England the established church in New Netherland. c. They provided a representative assembly for New Netherland’s inhabitants. d. They voided land titles issued by the Dutch.

3. What limited New York’s economic growth under early British rule? a. Low birth rates slowed economic progress. b. Dutch merchants refused to pay British taxes. c. It was not a good port. d. The Duke of York’s decision to reward his friends at the expense of other colonists.

4. Which of the following is a Quaker belief? a. A person can best know God by attending church regularly. b. Certain selected people have been chosen by God to be saved. c. People may not communicate directly with God but must go through a priest. d. Anyone, male or female, may preach the word of God. 5. In Pennsylvania, William Penn a. encouraged the use of African slaves to make the colony profitable. b. wanted to provide an environment in which criminals from England could be rehabilitated. c. extended the right to vote to both adult men and women. d. offered religious toleration to all settlers.

6. William Penn’s policies in Pennsylvania . a. made the colony unattractive to non-Quakers b. led to the influx of settlers who were enlightened and tolerant in their views c. meant that Pennsylvania had the highest percentage of slaves outside the South d. made the area attractive to Indians encountering difficulties with whites elsewhere 7. The government established by the “Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina” may be characterized as a. democratic. b. theocratic. c. hierarchical. d. totalitarian. .

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Chapter 03 8. How did the development of the Albemarle region of the Carolina colony differ from the development of the region to the south? a. Slavery was more important to the economic development of the Albemarle region than to the economic development of the southern region. b. African influences were greater in the Albemarle region because it had a higher proportion of African-born blacks than did the southern region. c. A Virginia-like society was established in the Albemarle region; Barbadian influence was more important in the southern region. d. The main export crop in the Albemarle region was grain, whereas cotton was the main export crop in the southern region.

9. Which of the following was a reason for the eventual division of Carolina into two separate colonies? a. The network of rivers that crossed Carolina from east to west created a geographical division that led to the division of Carolina into two separate colonies. b. It developed two distinct population centers, which then divided into separate colonies under royal rule. c. Disagreement between the colony’s two proprietors led to an agreement between them to divide Carolina into two separate colonies. d. The constitution that John Locke drafted at the request of Carolina’s proprietors mandated that Carolina be divided into North Carolina and South Carolina.

10. Why did Puritan migrations from England to the New World largely stop after 1642? a. The Puritans lost much of their incentive to leave England during the English Civil War and Commonwealth periods. b. King Charles I prohibited further Puritan migrations to America. c. The hardships reported by the Puritans in America deterred those in England from leaving for America. d. Almost all of the Puritans in England had already departed.

11. Which of the following was a consequence of New England’s population growth in the late seventeenth century? a. The death rate among children increased substantially as population outstripped the food supply. b. A significant number of New Englanders moved back to England. c. Overcrowded conditions increased the incidence of epidemic diseases. d. The scarcity of land caused some New Englanders to abandon agriculture and learn new skills so that they could support themselves in the developing towns.

12. Why did Frontenac encourage French exploratory expeditions in the Great Lakes and Mississippi Valley? a. Acting under the direction of the French Catholic church, he wanted to Christianize the Native Americans of the region. b. He hoped to gain control of the fur trade by establishing a trade route to Mexico. c. He was carrying out the instructions of the French government. d. He wanted to subjugate the Native Americans of the region.

13. Why did contact with the Europeans intensify the Iroquois’ need to wage war? a. The Iroquois needed to increase the power of their Confederacy in order to combat the powerful Europeans. b. The Iroquois had to prevent neighboring tribes from allying with the Europeans. c. European expansion constantly pushed the Iroquois from old tribal lands into new unconsecrated territories. d. As European diseases increased the death rate within the Iroquois Confederacy, their need to replenish their .

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Chapter 03 population with captives increased.

14. Which of the following was the most successful Indian resistance movement against European dominance in colonial North America? a. The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 b. King Philip’s War of the 1670s c. Bacon’s Rebellion in 1676 d. The Beaver Wars of the 1640s 15. Which of the following was a series of conflicts over trade in the 1640s between the Huron and other Native peoples and the Iroquois? a. The Huron Wars b. The Bear Wards c. The Turkey Wards d. The Beaver Wars 16. Who was the leader of the Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish in 1680? a. Presidio b. Comanches c. Pope d. Pablo Pueblo 17. Which of the following led directly to King Philip’s War? a. Land-hungry white settlers waged attacks against New England Indian tribes. b. The Wampanoags were concerned that their ancestral lands were being surrounded by white settlements. c. The Nipmucs attempted to gain total control over the fur trade with the Europeans. d. The British violated a trade treaty with the Wampanoags.

18. Which of the following was a consequence of King Philip’s War? a. Not only were abandoned interior New England towns quickly rebuilt, but they expanded considerably. b. Many of the Native American followers of King Philip were captured and sold into slavery. c. New Englanders experienced unprecedented economic prosperity in the years immediately after the war. d. The Wampanoags prevented New England settlers from encroaching on their ancestral lands.

19. Which of the following is true of Bacon’s Rebellion? a. The rebellion was an attempt by Nathaniel Bacon and his followers to force the Virginia government to compensate the Susquehannocks for lost tribal lands. b. The rebellion was a clash of personalities between Nathaniel Bacon and Governor William Berkeley. c. The rebellion involved land-hungry whites who alternately attacked Indians and battled with established authorities in Virginia. d. The rebellion allowed the Piedmont planters to permanently gain control over the colonial government of Virginia.

20. What happened in the aftermath of Bacon’s Rebellion? a. Most Virginia landowners freed their indentured servants. .

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Chapter 03 b. The Doegs and the Susquehannocks were forcibly removed from the Virginia Tidewater. c. Nathaniel Bacon was elected governor of Virginia. d. Territory previously reserved for the Indians was opened to white settlement.

21. Why, beginning in the mid-1660s, did Chesapeake planters begin to purchase more African slaves? a. They could no longer obtain an adequate supply of white indentured servants. b. The price of slaves dropped as more and more were imported from Africa. c. It became clear that Native Americans could not be used successfully as slaves. d. It became necessary for white indentured servants to serve in the militia to defend against Indian attacks.

22. Who first brought enslaved Africans to the Americas? a. The Dutch and the French b. The English c. The Germans d. The Portuguese 23. Which of the following may be considered the “linchpin” of the Atlantic trading system? a. European manufactured goods b. Slaves c. European food products d. Natural resources from the Americas 24. What impact did the slave trade have on Europe? a. The expanding trans-Atlantic trade in slaves and the products of slave labor became the basis of the European economic system. b. It caused the European economy to become dependent on the whims of West African rulers. c. It caused severe economic dislocations in the European states involved in the trade. d. As European states involved in the trade colonized West Africa, their empires became worldwide in scope.

25. Which of the following statements correctly identifies the Royal African Company? a. This English company held a monopoly on all English trade with sub-Saharan Africa during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. b. This West African company consisted of representatives from all West African kingdoms and coordinated slave-catching raids into the African interior. c. This West African company established the rules and regulations under which Europeans were allowed to trade with states along the Guinea coast. d. This English company acted as the coordinator and licensing agent for all independent trading companies seeking to transport slaves to the English colonies.

26. With regard to the rulers of the West African coastal states of Dahomey and Asante, which of the following statements accurately describes their role in the slave trade and the trade’s impact on them? a. Although they controlled aspects of the slave trade, the coastal kings were merely the puppets of European traders who controlled them and the territory they governed. b. By centralizing and controlling the slave trade, the kings of these states oversaw the emergence of powerful kingdoms. .

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Chapter 03 c. Since the Europeans completely controlled the slave trade, the coastal kings were merely figureheads with no real power. d. Although the coastal kings allowed the Europeans to control the slave trade, they acquired power and wealth by gaining control over the trans-Saharan trade.

27. What impact did the slave trade have on the Gold Coast of Africa? a. By changing the sex ratio in the region, it encouraged polygyny. b. By creating animosity between the Africans and the Europeans, it led to a series of bloody wars. c. It drastically depopulated the region. d. It led the West Africans to adopt written languages.

28. By the late 1640s, which of the following was a major source of income for New England’s farmers and merchants? a. Foodstuffs and wood for barrels which were sold to sugar planters in the Caribbean b. Ever-increasing migrations to the area from England c. Grains sold into European markets d. Manufactured goods sold to English merchants 29. Which of the following provided a major market for New England goods in the late seventeenth century? a. Continental Europe b. England c. South America d. The Caribbean 30. What are the three parts of the New England triangular trade? a. Firearms, ammunition, and slaves b. Steel knives, molasses, and rum c. Ammunition, grain, and rum d. Molasses, rum, and slaves 31. What is the main reason for the deaths of most white sailors during the “middle passage”? a. They died from African diseases contracted from the slaves. b. They died from exposure to the elements when their ships were stalled at sea. c. They were killed by mutinying slaves. d. They were killed by pirates who seized slave ships.

32. Which of the following was a consequence of the transition from indentured servitude to enslaved labor in the Chesapeake? a. The transition provided increased political opportunities for poorer whites. b. Cotton replaced tobacco as the major cash crop of the region. c. Land that had been reserved for freed servants was distributed to previously landless whites. d. Chesapeake society became more socially and economically stratified.

33. Which labor system gave each slave a daily or weekly quota of tasks to complete? a. Job System b. Eliza Lucas System .

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Chapter 03 c. Task System d. Working System 34. The case of Eliza Lucas provides evidence for which of the following conclusions? a. Eighteenth-century South Carolina adopted progressive attitudes toward women. b. South Carolina society was intolerant of educated women. c. Women often spoke out against the institution of slavery. d. The knowledge of slaves from the Caribbean contributed significantly to the economic development of South Carolina.

35. Which of the following was a consequence of the Tuscarora War of 1711? a. The Algonquians were allowed to return to their ancient tribal lands. b. The Algonquians were Christianized and entered into an alliance with the English. c. The Tuscaroras replaced the Algonquians as the major suppliers of grain to the English. d. Many Tuscaroras were enslaved.

36. Why did the Yamasees attack English settlements in South Carolina in 1715? a. Colonial traders had not only abused the Yamasees but had also threatened their lands. b. They were angry over the recent alliance between the Creeks and the English. c. They had recently allied with the Spanish to push English settlers out of the Carolinas. d. They heard rumors that the English settlers were planning to exterminate all Native Americans in the area.

37. Which of the following was a consequence of the Yamasee War? a. White colonists abandoned the city of Charleston. b. Unity was established among the various Indian tribes in the Carolinas. c. For self-protection, the Yamasees moved south. d. The Creeks established a lasting alliance with the white South Carolina settlers.

38. Mercantilist theory held that a. colonies can help the mother country become self-sufficient by providing it with valuable raw materials. b. there should be an equal balance of imports and exports. c. government should not interfere in the economy. d. overseas colonies were an unnecessary burden on a nation’s natural resources.

39. Which of the following was a provision of the Navigation Acts? a. All foreign goods bound for the colonies will be shipped by way of England. b. Colonial products sold to foreign nations must be transported in the purchasing nation’s ships. c. Goods exported from the colonies to foreign nations will be subject to an export tax. d. Colonial industries that produce certain goods will be subsidized by the British government.

40. Which of the following was a consequence of the Navigation Acts? a. They gave Chesapeake planters a ready market for their staple crops. b. They caused a depression in the fishing industry in the Middle Colonies. c. They stimulated the colonial shipbuilding industry, especially in New England. .

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Chapter 03 d. They had a negative economic impact on all of the colonies.

41. Which of the following was a provision of the Navigation Act of 1696? a. Ships from European nations other than England were again allowed to trade in the colonies. b. Sugar and tobacco were added to the list of goods that could be sold only in England or in the English colonies. c. Foreign goods classified as “necessities” could once again be sold directly to the English colonies. d. American merchants charged with violations of the Navigation Acts would be tried in vice-admiralty courts.

42. The Navigation Acts, vice-admiralty courts, and enumerated goods are all associated with a. philosopher John Locke’s constitution for Carolina. b. English mercantilism. c. the Dominion of New England. d. a decline in American shipbuilding.

43. James II and his successors, William and Mary, would most likely have agreed on which of the following statements? a. England should exercise tighter control over its colonies in North America. b. The British constitution gives the English monarch absolute power. c. Representative assemblies in the British colonies should be abolished. d. English regulations concerning colonial trade should be relaxed.

44. Which of the following accurately describes the Salem Village witchcraft crisis of 1692? a. It occurred in an area where people were especially fearful of potential Indian attacks from the north. b. As the poor felt more and more powerless, they tried to take out their frustrations on the wealthy by charging them with practicing witchcraft. c. Old-guard Puritans created the crisis to regain their power and restore morality to the community. d. The crisis was primarily the result of a power struggle among leading Puritan families.

45. Members of “court parties” differed from members of the “country interest” in which of the following ways? a. Members of court parties supported English officials assigned to implement the policies of the English government; members of the country interest supported more colonial autonomy. b. Members of court parties supported the concept of divine-right monarchy; members of the country interest supported replacing the monarchy with a democratic republic. c. Members of the court parties were born in England; members of the country parties were American-born. d. Members of the court parties were colonial officials appointed to their positions by the monarch; members of the country parties were colonial officials appointed to their positions by colonial assemblies.

46. By the 1720s, which of the following was an important difference between northern and southern colonial societies? a. The economy of the southern colonies was based on diversified agriculture, whereas that of the northern colonies was based on the production of staple crops. b. The political institutions of the southern colonies were more representative of the masses than were those in the northern colonies. c. There was more economic opportunity for new arrivals in the southern colonies than in the northern colonies. d. The South had become a slave society, whereas the North was a society with slaves.

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Chapter 03 47. Describe New Netherland under Dutch rule, and examine how it changed in the century after English acquisition.

48. Discuss the beliefs of the Quakers and how they affected the social and economic development of Pennsylvania.

49. Discuss the causes and consequences of Bacon’s Rebellion.

50. Examine the introduction of African slavery into the Americas. Why was it introduced into England’s colonies in North America? How did slave societies evolve?

51. Describe the triangular trade and discuss the economic impact of slavery on the economic life of New England.

52. Describe the experience of the “middle passage” and the impact of that experience on Africans.

53. Discuss the economic philosophy of mercantilism, and examine British Parliament’s attempts to apply mercantilist philosophy to the economic relationship with its American colonies.

54. Examine the impact of large-scale slavery on the socio-political, economic, and cultural development of the South.

55. How did the relationship between the colonists and the Indians of South Carolina, lead to the Tuscarora and the Yamasee Wars?

56. Discuss the political structure of the American colonies in the late 1600s at both the colonial and local levels. How and why did James II attempt to restructure colonial government in New England between 1686 and 1689? What were the consequences?

57. What forces were responsible for the Salem Village witchcraft crisis? Why did the crisis end so abruptly?

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Chapter 03 Answer Key 1. b 2. a 3. d 4. d 5. d 6. d 7. c 8. c 9. b 10. a 11. d 12. b 13. d 14. a 15. d 16. c 17. b 18. b 19. c 20. d 21. a 22. d 23. b 24. a 25. a .

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Chapter 03 26. b 27. a 28. a 29. d 30. d 31. a 32. d 33. c 34. d 35. d 36. a 37. c 38. a 39. a 40. c 41. d 42. b 43. a 44. a 45. a 46. d 47. Answers will vary.

48. Answers will vary.

49. Answers will vary.

50. Answers will vary.

51. Answers will vary. .

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Chapter 03 52. Answers will vary.

53. Answers will vary.

54. Answers will vary.

55. Answers will vary.

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57. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 04

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. What was the primary cause of population growth in the mid-seventeenth century English colonies? a. Migration b. Childbirth c. Medical advances d. Slavery 2. Which of the following were French Calvinist dissenters from the dominant Catholicism? a. Puritans b. Separatists c. Huguenots d. Colonial Jews 3. Which of the following was the largest Spanish colony by the end of the eighteenth century? a. Argentina b. Cuba c. New Mexico d. Puerto Rico 4. In 1718, France strengthened its presence near the Gulf of Mexico by establishing a. Biloxi. b. Mobile. c. New Orleans. d. Pensacola.

5. What was the primary crop in the French colonies in what is now the Midwest? a. Potatoes b. Corn c. Hemp d. Wheat 6. Where was the most significant alliance of Indians and African Slaves located? a. Louisiana b. Maryland c. North Carolina d. Virginia 7. Which of the following statements about population shifts in the eighteenth-century British colonies in North America is true? a. There were far fewer new slaves brought to the colonies than free immigrants arriving. b. There were far more new slaves brought to the colonies than free immigrants arriving. c. English officials recruited non-British nationals to work on British plantations. d. Convicted felons were not a part of the influx of immigrants to the British colonies in North America. .

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Chapter 04 8. Why did many planters consider slave women more valuable than slave men? a. Since slave women prepared the food for the planter’s family, their labor was perceived as a necessity. b. Since slave women cared for all the white children on the plantation, they were perceived as mother figures. c. Since the children of slave women were also slaves, their offspring added to the planter’s labor force and capital. d. Since cotton was the crop tended by slave women, their labor accounted for most of a plantation’s profit.

9. Which countries exported the largest group of white non-English immigrants to the American colonies in the eighteenth century? a. Holland and Belgium. b. The Germanies. c. Ireland and Scotland. d. Sweden and Norway.

10. Which of the following is a characteristic of the German immigrants to the American colonies in the eighteenth century? a. They seldom came in family groups. b. Because they belonged to a variety of Protestant sects, they added to the religious diversity of middle colonies such as Pennsylvania. c. Most were Catholics fleeing persecution at the hands of Lutherans in the German states. d. Most were exiled from their respective German states because of their radical political ideas.

11. Approximately what percentage of the colonial population south of New England was of non-English origin by 1760? a. 10 percent b. 30 percent c. 50 percent d. 70 percent 12. Why did Anglo-American elites often foster animosity between and among people of different ethnic origins? a. They wanted to put pressure on all settlers of non-English origin to learn the English language and adopt English culture quickly. b. They wanted to teach immigrants of non-English origin the value of defending one’s own ethnic past and culture. c. They did not want different ethnic groups to ally with each other and possibly challenge the political and economic power of the elite. d. They wanted to prepare people of non-English origin to participate in colonial government by teaching them the value of societal and cultural debate.

13. Why did the American colonies become less dependent on Europe for manufactured goods during the eighteenth century? a. Parliament encouraged such independence by placing severe restrictions on the quantity and type of European goods that could be imported. b. Many colonies encouraged the development of colonial industries by enacting protective tariffs. c. The American colonies were able to get such items more cheaply from Asia and Africa. d. The increased demand for goods that accompanied the growth of the colonial population encouraged the development of colonial manufacturing enterprises. .

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Chapter 04 14. What industry was the largest in 1775 British North America? a. Furniture-making b. Iron-making c. Textiles d. Woolens 15. What explains the higher standard of living rose for all property-owning Americans in the colonies in the eighteenth century? a. Overseas demand for American exports never slowed during the course of the century. b. The passage of tax reform legislation by Parliament gave the American colonists more spendable income. c. Instead of buying expensive British imports, the colonists bought less expensive goods manufactured and crafted in the colonies. d. The price of British manufactured goods fell relative to the incomes of Americans.

16. Which of the following would be the most likely to benefit from the economic growth of Britain’s North American colonies during the eighteenth century? a. A slave trader b. A small landowner c. An urban laborer d. An urban artisan 17. In contrast to seventeenth-century immigrants, immigrants to the colonies in the eighteenth century a. had fewer opportunities for advancement. b. were seldom able to assimilate into Anglo-American culture. c. almost always came by choice. d. were primarily of English origin.

18. In eighteenth-century America, poverty was most noticeable in the a. southern colonies. b. middle colonies. c. cities. d. rural areas.

19. Why did the impact of King George's War on the middle colonies differ from the war’s impact on the New England colonies? a. Fertile soil allowed the middle colonies to lead the way in the foodstuffs trade during and after the war. b. The shipbuilding industry put the middle colonies in a favorable economic position during and after the war. c. The variety of ethnic groups in the middle colonies caused political, social, and economic instability during and after the war. d. Because of heavy casualties during the war, the middle colonies experienced severe labor shortages and economic stagnation in the war’s aftermath.

20. What impact did King George’s War have on the Chesapeake? a. A sizable number of Chesapeake planters were rendered destitute when the British returned massive amounts .

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Chapter 04 of land in western Virginia to the Indians. b. The munitions industry was centered in the Chesapeake. c. French promises of freedom to slaves who migrated to French colonies caused slave insurrections in the Chesapeake. d. Some Chesapeake planters converted tobacco fields to wheat and corn to take advantage of increasing grain prices.

21. What was the largest export from the American colonies in around 1750? a. Cotton b. Tobacco c. Rice d. Grain 22. Which of the following was a consequence of the Chesapeake’s conversion to grain cultivation after 1745? a. The region experienced a prolonged depression due to falling grain prices. b. Port towns emerged in which merchants marketed wheat and corn. c. Tobacco production plummeted, and corn became the region’s largest export. d. It took the lead among colonial regions in the production of foodstuffs for the European market.

23. Which of the following is true of South Carolina rice growers after Parliament removed rice from the list of enumerated products? a. The prices they received declined throughout the period. b. They became less dependent on enslaved labor. c. They suffered a decline in worldwide demand. d. They could trade directly with continental Europe and prospered until the outbreak of King George’s War. 24. Overall, the British colony that experienced the most rapid economic growth during the last half of the eighteenth century was a. Massachusetts. b. Pennsylvania. c. South Carolina. d. Virginia.

25. Which of the following had the highest average wealth per freeholder in Anglo-America by the time of the American Revolution? a. Virginia b. South Carolina c. Pennsylvania d. Massachusetts 26. Which of the following was James Oglethorpe’s original purpose in founding Georgia? a. The colony was intended as a haven for Baptists. b. The colony was to provide the major port of entry for slaves imported from Africa and the West Indies. c. The colony was to serve as the southernmost defensive buffer for the English colonies against Spanish Florida. d. The colony was intended as a profit-making venture based on the establishment of the silk industry. .

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Chapter 04 27. During the early eighteenth century, the economic fortunes of the colonies depended on a. the shifting markets of Europe and the Caribbean. b. intercolonial economic ties. c. relations with Indian tribes. d. intraregional economic ties.

28. Which of the following was true of education in the eighteenth century? a. Completion of high school was expected of boys but not of girls. b. Regardless of one’s social status, literacy was considered essential. c. Higher education was available to all young men. d. A small number of young men from elite families began to enroll in colleges to study for careers other than the ministry.

29. Which British philosopher and major Enlightenment thinker was known for his emphasis on the power of human reasoning? a. John Smith b. George Whitefield c. Benjamin Franklin d. John Locke 30. In a work published in 1751, this American established the terminology and basic theory of electricity: a. Benjamin Franklin. b. John Adams. c. Jonathan Edwards. d. William Bartram.

31. The ideas associated with the Enlightenment a. challenged the notion of a divinely sanctioned political order. b. reinforced the idea that monarchs owe their power to God. c. challenged the concept of constitutional monarchy. d. challenged the concept of natural rights.

32. In his Two Treatises of Government Locke argued that a. the monarch was placed on the throne by God and was, therefore, responsible only to God for his decisions and actions. b. human beings were innately bad. c. monarchs should be eliminated so that political power could rest directly in the hands of the people. d. the people could oust a ruler from power if he failed to protect their rights.

33. Which of the following was the most important public ritual through which colonists forged their cultural identities? a. Church attendance b. Political barbecues c. Militia musters d. Barn raisings .

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Chapter 04 34. Seating in Congregational churches was a reflection of a. whether one was of the elect or of the damned. b. one’s marital status. c. one’s occupation. d. one’s standing in the community.

35. Which of the following is true concerning voting in the Chesapeake in the eighteenth century? a. Each eligible voter was required to make a statement to an election official about the issues in the election before being allowed to cast a ballot. b. Single women and widows were allowed to vote, but they had to own twice as much property as male voters. c. Each eligible voter was called forward by an election official to publicly declare his choice from among the candidates. d. All eligible voters in the Chesapeake colonies of Virginia and Maryland had to travel to the capital of their respective colonies to cast their written ballots.

36. Which of the following became a crucial component in the trading rituals between Europeans and Indians? a. Gold b. Guns c. Rum d. Tobacco 37. Which of the following was true of mestizos in the Spanish Borderlands? a. They often served as middlemen in trade transactions between Spanish colonists and Native Americans. b. By law, they were given the same status as their fathers. c. They were often appointed to positions of colonial leadership by the Spanish government. d. They were treated as degraded individuals.

38. The mistress of an eighteenth-century farm household was responsible for a. planting the fields. b. salting and smoking meat. c. marketing crops. d. butchering livestock.

39. The extended family was important to blacks for which of the following reasons? a. It was the basic work unit on most plantations. b. The uncertainties of slave life increased the need for a large support group. c. It was the one aspect of black culture respected by whites. d. It was the focus of all religious teaching.

40. The elected colonial assemblies gained power in the eighteenth century by a. supporting the concept of democracy. b. assuming privileges associated with the British House of Commons. c. defying orders issued by the British monarch. d. allying with powerful colonial religious leaders. .

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Chapter 04 41. Colonial assemblies most effectively influenced British-appointed officials by a. sending petitions to the king. b. sending petitions to Parliament. c. threatening to engage in economic boycotts or strikes. d. threatening to withhold their salaries.

42. Which of the following was a consequence of the case of John Peter Zenger? a. It helped establish the free-press principle in American law. b. It helped establish the principle of religious toleration. c. It helped establish the right of a person charged with a crime to have a defense attorney. d. It helped establish the right of habeas corpus.

43. The members of colonial assemblies believed that their primary function was to a. remain neutral to mediate disputes between the colonial governors and the people. b. remain neutral to implement the policies of the colonial governors. c. act defensively to prevent encroachment on the people’s rights. d. act positively to improve the lives of their constituents.

44. Eighteenth-century colonial political leaders viewed colonial governors and appointed councils as a. a potential threat since to colonial ways of life. b. defenders of the privileges of the upper class. c. protectors of the people’s rights. d. powerless figureheads.

45. Why did frontier dwellers often complain about colonial government? a. Property requirements for voting were usually greater in newer frontier communities than in established communities. b. When colonial governments passed laws that benefited people in established communities, such laws seldom applied to the newer frontier communities. c. Colonial governors usually drafted young men for the colonial militia only from newer frontier communities. d. Because colonial assemblies seldom reapportioned themselves, many people in newer frontier communities were not adequately represented.

46. Which of the following is true of the Stono Rebellion? a. In its aftermath laws governing the behavior of African Americans were made less harsh throughout the colonies. b. It led whites in New York City to believe that a gang of thieves was involved in a conspiracy to bring about a slave uprising there. c. All of those involved in the rebellion were able to make their way to Spanish Florida where they were given their freedom. d. The rebellion led to debates about the morality of slavery in the South Carolina and Georgia colonial assemblies.

47. The Stono Rebellion and the New York conspiracy serve as evidence that .

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Chapter 04 a. colonial assemblies did not have the means to prevent serious internal disorder. b. France posed a serious threat to British control in the American colonies. c. colonial governments made every attempt to protect the rights of all the people. d. political activism often led to the extension of political power to more people.

48. Which of these statements is most consistent with the religious ideas expressed by Jonathan Edwards? a. Even though human beings are filled with sin, they may be released from the bondage of that sin if they totally submit to the will of God. b. Human beings are so filled with sin that nothing they do, no decision they make, will gain them entry into heaven. c. Human beings are basically good and have the freedom to choose the path to salvation. d. God is no longer active in the world, but by giving humans the power of reason, He gave them the means by which to make a better world.

49. Which of the following was a consequence of the Great Awakening? a. It eventually led to increased tolerance of religious diversity. b. It brought intellectualism into religion. c. It created a new sense of unity between the genteel and the ordinary. d. It made it more difficult for individuals to question those in positions of political or religious authority.

50. The Reverend Cotton Mather and Zabdiel Boylston, a physician, began employing which disease-prevention strategy? a. Isolation b. Leaching c. Inoculation d. Separation 51. Which of these statements is true regarding the Virginia Baptist congregations that developed as a result of the Great Awakening? a. Members of this new evangelical sect often had to compromise their religious ideals to escape the wrath of the plantation gentry. b. In order to get financial backing from powerful southern planters, they preached that slavery was biblically based. c. They banned masters from breaking up slave couples by selling one of them. d. They created separate black and white churches.

52. What impact did the end of King George’s War have on Boston? a. Many women widowed by the war were left on Boston’s relief rolls. b. Boston shipbuilders entered a period of unprecedented prosperity. c. Because the British retained Louisbourg, a sense of security returned to the city. d. Reduction of taxes on the city’s residents led to a general economic recovery.

53. What was responsible for the dramatic population increase in the American colonies in the eighteenth century? What was the economic impact of this increase? .

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Chapter 04 54. What led to the ethnic diversity of British North America? What was the result of this diversity?

55. How did geography, nautical dominance, and war shape New England between 1720 and 1750?

56. How did King George’s War affect the New England colonies? How did it affect the middle colonies?

57. How did agriculture shape economic development in North America in the early to mid-1700s?

58. Compare and contrast the lifestyle and values of the major economic classes in eighteenth-century colonial America.

59. Discuss the ideas associated with the Enlightenment and their impact on colonial America.

60. What was the importance of church attendance and civic activities in the lives of early-eighteenth-century colonial Americans? What values were expressed through involvement in such public rituals?

61. Discuss the importance of various rituals in early-eighteenth-century colonial America.

62. Compare and contrast urban and rural life in 1700s colonial America.

63. Discuss the role and status of women in eighteenth-century colonial America.

64. What was the role of the family and of extended kinship ties in the lives of African Americans?

65. Discuss the lives of slaves in Chesapeake tobacco plantations.

66. What were the role, function, and characteristics of the eighteenth-century colonial assemblies?

67. Defend the following statement: “By 1750, colonial America already displayed the socioeconomic, ethnic, and religious diversity that characterizes modern America. Although this diversity has been one of the strengths of American society, events in the eighteenth century demonstrate that tension, conflict, and crisis are inherent elements of this diversity.”

68. Discuss the causes, consequences, and significance of the Stono Rebellion and the New York conspiracy.

69. Discuss the religious crisis that of the 1730s through the 1760s which gave rise to the First Great Awakening. What were its consequences?

70. Discuss the impact of George Whitfield on colonial thought and faith.

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Chapter 04 Answer Key 1. b 2. c 3. c 4. c 5. d 6. a 7. c 8. c 9. c 10. b 11. b 12. c 13. d 14. b 15. d 16. a 17. a 18. c 19. a 20. d 21. b 22. b 23. d 24. c 25. b .

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Chapter 04 26. c 27. a 28. d 29. d 30. a 31. a 32. d 33. a 34. d 35. c 36. c 37. d 38. b 39. b 40. b 41. d 42. a 43. c 44. a 45. d 46. b 47. a 48. a 49. a 50. c 51. c .

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Chapter 04 52. a 53. Answers will vary.

54. Answers will vary.

55. Answers will vary.

56. Answers will vary.

57. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 05

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. Which of the following posed the greatest threat to the British colonies in North America in the early eighteenth century? a. The Dutch b. The French c. The Iroquois Confederacy d. The Spanish 2. In disputes between Britain and France in the colonies, the Iroquois Confederacy a. allied with the British against the French. b. followed a policy of diplomatic isolation. c. allied with the Catabaws, the Shawnees, and the Delawares against the French and the British. d. followed a policy of neutrality.

3. The colonies rejected the Plan of Union adopted by the delegates to the Albany Congress because they a. disagreed with the plan’s extension of rights to Indian tribes. b. felt the plan was the work of a group of anti-British radicals. c. were afraid they would lose their autonomy. d. disliked the fact that delegates to the intercolonial legislature were appointed by Parliament.

4. What event set off the Seven Years’ War? a. Attacks by the Iroquois on British settlements in Nova Scotia b. Resistance to the Townshend acts c. The defeat of General Edward Braddock and his forces d. The Attack on Fort Necessity 5. Which of the following is true of William Pitt’s policies toward the colonies during the Seven Years War? a. Pitt’s policies called for the quartering of troops in private homes. b. Pitt’s policies allowed Americans to have battlefront command positions. c. Pitt’s policies placed recruitment of troops from the colonies in local hands. d. Pitt’s policies encouraged British army personnel to confiscate supplies from colonists.

6. During the Seven Years’ War, some Anglo-American merchants from which cities continued to engage in illegal trade with the French West Indies? a. Albany, Baltimore, and Quebec b. Baltimore, Philadelphia, and Wilmington c. Albany, New York, and Quebec d. Boston, Philadelphia, and New York 7. What did the Treaty of Paris of 1763 stipulate? a. France would be allowed to maintain its control over the North American fur trade. b. France would cede its major North American possessions to Great Britain. c. France would keep Louisiana. d. Spain would be stripped of all land holdings in North America. .

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Chapter 05 8. Which of the following was a reason for an attack by the Cherokees on the Carolina and Virginia frontiers in 1760? a. The British abrogated their trade agreements with the Cherokees. b. Both colonies had been capturing and enslaving Cherokees. c. The Cherokees were angry about British atrocities and realized that they would no longer be able to force concessions from the British by threatening to ally with France or Spain. d. The governors of both colonies had declared war against the Cherokees.

9. Which of the following British actions angered Native Americans in the Ohio Country and eventually led to Pontiac’s uprising? a. The British raised the price of goods traded to Indian tribes in the Ohio Country. b. Chief Pontiac was angered by British attacks against the tribal villages of the Delawares. c. The British embarked on a program to destroy and eliminate tribes in the Ohio country. d. Chief Pontiac learned that the British were supplying his tribal enemies with arms and ammunition.

10. Great Britain issued which proclamation to prevent clashes between colonists and Native Americans? a. Proclamation of 1765 b. Proclamation of 1760 c. Proclamation of 1758 d. Proclamation of 1763 11. At the end of the Seven Years’ War, Britain’s most pressing problem was a. the threat of hostile Indian tribes. b. government’s war debt. c. unemployment in England. d. how to establish legal authority over French settlers along the St. Lawrence.

12. In light of the major problem confronting the British government in 1763, what decision did Prime Minister George Grenville make concerning Britain’s North American colonies? a. He decided that the colonies should assume a greater share of the cost of running the empire. b. He decided that the aim of British policies should be to encourage the development of colonial manufacturing. c. He decided that colonial militia units should be permanently stationed along the crest of the Appalachians. d. He decided that representative assemblies in the colonies should be disbanded.

13. Which of the following statements is most consistent with the concept of representative government held by colonial Americans in 1763? a. An assembly is not representative unless all people twenty-one years of age and over have the right to vote. b. A person elected to a colonial assembly represents only the people from the region in which eligible voters had a chance to vote for him directly. c. A person elected to a colonial assembly represents the whole colony, not just the people from his district. d. The population must be approximately equal in each district from which an assembly’s representatives are chosen.

14. Which of the following statements is most consistent with the political thought of the Real Whigs? a. Human beings will be free only when they decide to discard organized government. .

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Chapter 05 b. There is a constant threat to liberty within monarchical government. c. The only way to preserve order and stability is to put power into the hands of an enlightened monarch. d. Government should act in a positive manner to aid the poor, the destitute, and the aged.

15. What was the primary purpose of the Sugar Act? a. To regulate colonial manufacturing b. To regulate trade c. To regulate colonial shipping d. To raise revenue 16. Why did the American colonists protest Parliament’s passage of the Sugar and Currency Acts? a. The colonists did not believe that Parliament had the power to regulate trade. b. These acts placed a financial burden on many colonists who were already suffering from the effects of a depressed colonial economy. c. These acts placed restrictions on the type of legislation that could be enacted by colonial assemblies. d. The colonists contended that Parliament had no legislative power in the colonies.

17. Why was the Stamp Act written? a. To force the colonists to recognize Parliament’s right to tax them. b. To raise revenue to help ease the debt burden of the British government. c. To finance the system for distributing mail and publications throughout the colonies. d. To establish parliamentary control over newspapers and pamphlets published in the colonies.

18. Which of the following was true of the Stamp Act? a. It subjected violators to a trial without a jury. b. It had little or no impact on ordinary colonists. c. It had to be approved by the colonial assemblies before it went into effect. d. It applied only to legal documents such as contracts, deeds, and wills.

19. Which of the following questions best expresses the ideological dilemma that faced the colonists from 1765 to 1774? a. How can we justify our resistance to unpopular acts of Parliament when we do not resist unpopular acts of our own assemblies? b. How can we claim that Parliament has limited power over us when each colonial charter was issued by Parliament? c. How can we justify our opposition to certain acts of Parliament without questioning Parliament’s authority over us? d. How can we challenge the authority of Parliament without also challenging the authority of our colonial assemblies?

20. Which of the following statements best expresses the argument presented by James Otis in his 1764 pamphlet protesting the Sugar Act and the proposed Stamp Act? a. Although Parliament may regulate trade, only the colonial assemblies have the power to enact laws pertaining to domestic affairs in their respective colonies. b. Because the colonists live some three thousand miles from the mother country, it is understood that they do not enjoy all of the rights of Englishmen. .

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Chapter 05 c. Even though the colonists believe an act of Parliament to be unconstitutional, they must obey that act until it is repealed. d. A colonial assembly has power equal to that of the British Parliament.

21. Which of the following ideas was considered by Parliament to be basic to the British theory of government? a. The wisdom of governmental policies may not be questioned. b. Parliament may exercise absolute authority over all colonial possessions. c. The king’s power is absolute. d. All British subjects are entitled to individual representation in Parliament.

22. The final decision made by the House of Burgesses regarding the Stamp Act Resolves leads to which of the following conclusions? a. The burgesses denied Parliament the right to pass any legislation affecting the colonies. b. The burgesses felt they owed no obedience to Parliament. c. The burgesses believed George III to be a tyrant. d. The burgesses did not seek independence from England.

23. Which of the following ideas was presented by Daniel Dulany in Considerations on the Propriety of Imposing Taxes on the British Colonies? a. Although the colonies are dependent on Great Britain, they are not Great Britain’s slaves. b. The American colonies owe obedience to the King but not to Parliament. c. The colonies are morally superior to Great Britain. d. Parliament has no jurisdiction over the American colonies.

24. What was the main reason that resistance leaders wanted members of the South End and North End gangs to participate in anti−Stamp Act demonstrations? a. If the demonstrations caused adverse consequences, they would fall on gang members rather than on resistance leaders. b. Their participation would show that people of all social classes opposed the act. c. Gang members were much more experienced in leading demonstrations to protest British actions. d. Gang members were adept at avoiding arrest.

25. Which of the following is an accurate description of the Sons of Liberty, created in 1765? a. The organization was founded by colonists who opposed the colonial resistance movement. b. This intercolonial association was created by the elite in an attempt to channel crowd action into acceptable forms of resistance. c. This intercolonial association was founded by a group of newspaper editors who composed a series of essays on the subject of liberty. d. The organization was strongest in the South and was composed of radicals who demanded separation from Great Britain.

26. To protest the Stamp Act, colonial merchants a. refused to sell any British-made products in the American colonies. b. created nonexportation associations to help stop the flow of raw materials to England. c. hired privateers to harass British merchant ships in the Atlantic and Caribbean. .

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Chapter 05 d. created nonimportation associations to put pressure on British exporters.

27. What was the main reason the Stamp Act was repealed? a. Britain was responding to colonial assemblies’ formal protests. b. Grenville was replaced as prime minister by Lord Rockingham. c. The nonimportation movement. d. Britain was worried about the threat of increasingly violent and destructive mob action.

28. How did the Townshend duties differ from previous customs taxes? a. They attempted to implement the new economic policy of mercantilism. b. Their enforcement was left to the colonial assemblies. c. The revenue collected from the duties could be used only to pay off the British national debt. d. They applied to goods imported into the colonies from Great Britain, not from foreign countries.

29. Which of the following statements best expresses the argument presented by John Dickinson in Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania? a. Parliament may regulate colonial trade only with the concurrence of the colonial legislatures. b. Parliament has no authority over the colonies. c. Parliament does not have the power to regulate colonial trade. d. Parliament may not use its power to regulate colonial trade for the purpose of raising revenue.

30. What led directly to the dissolution of the Massachusetts Assembly in 1768? a. The governor’s refusal to govern the colony without such an assembly. b. The Assembly’s support of the protest petition adopted by the Virginia House of Burgesses. c. The Assembly’s resolution to oppose the Townshend Acts. d. The Assembly’s refusal to recall the Massachusetts circular letter.

31. Public rituals were important to the resistance movement because they a. ensured that the dominant elite in the colonies could maintain control over the movement. b. conveyed to common people the ideas on which the movement was based. c. diverted the minds of the colonists from problems within their colonies. d. intimidated people into joining the movement.

32. Well-to-do women helped enlist people’s support for the resistance movement by a. conducting door-to-door recruiting campaigns. b. engaging in public spinning bees. c. organizing fund-raising events. d. giving street lectures on virtue.

33. How did the boycott movement of 1765−1766 differ from the boycott movement of 1768−1769? a. The earlier movement created an economic recession throughout the colonies. b. Colonial merchants had no financial incentive to support the boycott of 1768−1769. c. In 1768−1769, the economy was so depressed that the boycott threatened merchants with bankruptcy. d. The boycott of 1768−1769 helped revive a seriously depressed colonial economy. .

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Chapter 05 34. The nonimportation movement that was called to protest the Townshend duties was a. endorsed by most of the colonial assemblies. b. inspired by colonial merchants who sought economic gain. c. supported by all colonists from all classes. d. effective in reducing colonial imports from England.

35. Lord North convinced Parliament to repeal the Townshend duties, except the tax on tea, because of his conviction that a. such a concession would lead to meaningful negotiation between Parliament and the colonies. b. the duties were detrimental to the economic well-being of the colonies. c. only colonial assemblies had the power to impose taxes in the colonies. d. it was bad policy to impose duties on trade within the empire.

36. The decision to send British troops to Boston in 1768 was largely due to a. Lord North’s desire to precipitate a crisis in Massachusetts. b. Indian tribes raiding against Massachusetts colonists. c. the riot that followed the seizure of the Liberty by customs officials. d. the decision by the North ministry to use force to suspend the Massachusetts assembly.

37. Which of the following is true of the Boston Massacre? a. A group of Boston citizens was attacked by British soldiers without provocation. b. A group of off-duty British soldiers took revenge against several Boston laborers who had insulted them. c. A Boston mob goaded British soldiers into firing into a crowd. d. Several leading resistance leaders in Boston were taken into custody and summarily executed.

38. After all but one of the Townshend duties were repealed, patriots a. continued to speak of impending tyranny and of a deliberate plot against American liberties. b. called for negotiations with George III to prevent future problems. c. praised Parliament for having the political courage to admit its mistakes. d. called for the election of representatives to an intercolonial legislature.

39. During the early 1770s, the patriots sought freedom from parliamentary authority but continued to pledge allegiance to the king. This patriot position was difficult for the British to understand because a. in the British mind Parliament was divinely inspired. b. the British felt more allegiance to Parliament than to the king. c. in the British mind the king was part of Parliament and the two could not be separated. d. the British wanted to replace the king with an elected head of state.

40. Which of the following best describes the function of the committees of correspondence? a. They provided legal counsel to patriots whose rights had been abridged by British authorities. b. They provided daily reports on the movement of British troops. c. They assumed the primary responsibility of writing anti-British essays for colonial newspapers. d. They provided a communications network designed to involve more colonists in the resistance movement by widening the movement’s geographic scope.

41. The purpose of the pamphlet that was drafted and distributed by the Boston Committee of Correspondence in 1772 .

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Chapter 05 was to a. state the rights of colonists and involve residents from all Massachusetts towns in the resistance movement. b. collect funds to defray expenses incurred by the Sons of Liberty. c. encourage the formation of local militia units. d. gain support for negotiations with the British.

42. The Boston statement of rights and grievances, drafted by the Boston Committee of Correspondence in 1772, differed from previous patriot pamphlets in that it a. did not mention the necessity of obedience to Parliament. b. did not profess allegiance to the king. c. attempted to define the precise limits of parliamentary authority. d. claimed that colonial assemblies had the right to judge the constitutionality of acts of Parliament.

43. As a result of the passage of the Tea Act, a. the British East India Company was given a monopoly on the sale of tea in the American colonies. b. the tax on tea imported into the American colonies was repealed. c. Parliament indicated a willingness to allow the American colonies to have more of a voice in the regulation of trade. d. tea sold in the American colonies became so expensive that it was affordable only to the upper classes.

44. Parliament’s intent in passing the Coercive Acts was to a. do away with the right of a trial by jury in the American colonies. b. punish Boston and the colony of Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party. c. dissolve self-government in the British colonies in North America. d. make the Catholic Church the established church in the American colonies.

45. Some leaders of the American resistance movement viewed passage of the Tea Act as a. a sign that Parliament was willing to compromise on the major issues of disagreement between itself and the American colonies. b. an indication that Parliament eventually intended to establish an East India Company monopoly on all colonial trade. c. an indication that Parliament eventually intended to prohibit the sale of all tea in the American colonies. d. proof that Parliament would respond positively to colonial assemblies if they presented their grievances in a respectful way 46. Parliament’s intent in passing the Quebec Act was to a. provide governmental reforms for the former French colony of Quebec. b. strip the inland colonies of land and power. c. create a model of colonial government in Quebec that eventually would be imposed on all the colonies. d. warn that eventually the Catholic Church would be given favored status in all the colonies.

47. Which of the following is true of the patriots’ perception of the Coercive and Quebec Acts? a. Patriots viewed them as just punishment for the wrongs committed by Boston citizens in the Boston Tea Party. b. Because of divisions within their ranks, the patriots had no unified view of these acts. c. Patriots viewed the Coercive Acts as repressive but cared little about the Quebec Act because it applied to .

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Chapter 05 Canada. d. Patriots linked the two and viewed both as a deliberate plot by the British to destroy their rights.

48. In the immediate aftermath of the passage of which two acts, did the colonies agree to send delegates to an intercolonial congress? a. Tea and Turmoil Acts b. Stamp and Townshend Acts c. Sugar and Currency Acts d. Coercive and Quebec Acts

49. Explain the impact of the French and Indian War on interior Indian tribes, the American colonists, and the colonists’ relationship with Great Britain.

50. Discuss the similarities and differences between the British and American concepts of representative government.

How did the differences in their concepts contribute to the coming of the American Revolution?

51. Trace the changes in the constitutional arguments presented by the colonists against the actions of Parliament from 1764 to 1774. Why did these changes occur? Why are the changes significant?

52. Defend the following statement: “Britain’s attempts to tighten the reins of government and raise revenues from the colonies in the 1760s and early 1770s convinced many Americans that the Real Whigs’ reasoning applied to their circumstances¼. They began to interpret British measures in light of the Real Whigs’ warnings and to see evil designs behind the actions of Grenville and his successors.”

53. Explain the constitutional arguments presented against the Sugar and Stamp Acts by James Otis in his 1764 pamphlet The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved. What constitutional arguments were presented in subsequent pamphlets between 1764 and the Tea Act’s passage in 1773? How did these arguments differ from Otis’s? Why were they different?

54. How did the colonists resist the Townshend Acts? What role did women play in the resistance?

55. Discuss the actions taken by Boston’s colonists in their efforts to prevent implementation of the Stamp Act. What were the consequences of their actions?

56. Discuss the nature of colonial protests against the Stamp Act outside the colony of Massachusetts, paying particular attention to Patrick Henry’s proposals before the Virginia House of Burgesses. What were the consequences of these actions?

57. During the years from 1765 to 1774, why did skilled craftsmen, professionals, and members of the “educated elite” in the colonies encourage the participation of “disfranchised” or “ordinary” colonists in crowd action (street protests and public rituals) associated with the American resistance movement?

Why, at the same time, were these leaders of the resistance movement also apprehensive about the participation of “disfranchised” or “ordinary” colonists in crowd action? ∙ Cite at least two specific instances in which the elite men who led the resistance movement welcomed the involvement of “ordinary” colonists in crowd action. ∙ Cite at least two specific instances in which such men were apprehensive about the involvement of “ordinary” colonists in crowd action. .

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Chapter 05 58. Examine the events of 1767 and 1768 that culminated in the dissolution of the Massachusetts assembly.

59. Discuss the importance of public rituals as part of the colonial resistance movement.

60. What were the three tasks facing the members of the First Continental Congress? How were they resolved?

61. Discuss the use of economic boycotts as a means of protest against British policies between 1764 and 1774. Were such boycotts effective? Why or why not? Were the colonists united in using boycotts as a means of protest? Explain.

62. Beginning with the passage of the Townshend Acts in 1767, examine the colonial events that led to the Boston Massacre. Was it truly a “massacre”? Explain. Did Paul Revere’s engraving of the Boston Massacre portray what actually happened? Explain. What were the consequences of the “massacre”?

63. Beginning with passage of the Tea Act in 1773, discuss the events that led to the Boston Tea Party. Was patriot behavior justified, or should it be considered an intemperate act of lawlessness? Explain.

64. Look at the Coercive Acts and the Quebec Act as an impartial outside observer, and explain whether or not the perceptions of the patriots indicated in the statement below were accurate.

“The Coercive Acts and the Quebec Act seemed to prove what the patriots had feared since 1768, that Great Britain had embarked on a deliberate plan to oppress them. It seemed as though the full dimensions of the plot against American rights and liberties had at last been revealed.”

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

65. What caused the Regulator movements of the late 1760s and early 1770s? a. Tobacco growers were angry over high commissions charged by tobacco factors. b. Backcountry farmers were angry that the rights of local Indian tribes were officially recognized. c. Merchants believed that British economic policies were harmful to the import business. d. Backcountry farmers believed that they did not have an adequate voice in colonial politics.

66. The most difficult task facing the delegates to the First Continental Congress was a. reaching an agreement about how best to resist the British. b. deciding who should write the Declaration of Rights and Grievances. c. reaching a consensus on the nature of the constitutional relationship between the colonies and England. d. deciding what to include in their list of grievances.

67. Which of the following accurately identifies Joseph Galloway’s plan? a. Galloway proposed a distinction between taxation and legislation, with the assemblies having authority over the former and Parliament over the latter. b. Galloway proposed a formal plan of union that required the joint consent of Parliament and a new American legislature to all laws pertaining to the colonies. c. Galloway proposed that each colony negotiate its own separate agreement with Parliament concerning parliamentary power. d. Galloway proposed the acceptance of the concept of virtual representation.

68. In the Declaration of Rights and Grievances adopted by the First Continental Congress, the delegates made it clear that the American colonists a. were most concerned about the arbitrary use of power by King George III. .

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Chapter 05 b. owed no allegiance to Parliament. c. would only voluntarily obey Parliament. d. believed that independence from England was the only way to protect their rights and liberties.

69. The Continental Association called for the a. nonimportation and nonconsumption of British goods. b. election of representatives to an American legislature. c. formation of a Continental Army. d. enactment of laws designed to create a virtuous republic.

70. Did the committees of observation and inspection enjoy widespread popular support? Why or why not? a. No, because the election of many radicals to these committees caused further divisions within the resistance movement. b. No, because the method of election ensured that only members of the elite would be elected to these committees. c. Yes, because all men eligible to vote for delegates of the lower house of the colonial assemblies were allowed to elect committee members at the local level. d. Yes, because only well-known men who had previously been elected to positions of authority were chosen as committee members.

71. Committees of observation and inspection were officially charged with enforcing the Continental Association, and they also a. took over the task of training and outfitting local militia groups. b. encouraged open debate between loyalists and patriots. c. established revolutionary tribunals that tried and executed dissidents. d. established elaborate spy networks to identify opponents of the resistance movement.

72. John Galloway and John Adams held different positions on the constitutional relationship between England and its colonies. Using Galloway’s plan of union and the crucial clauses proposed by John Adams and contained in the Declaration of Rights and Grievances, contrast their positions.

73. Discuss the purpose, makeup, tactics, and ultimate effectiveness of the committees of observation and inspection.

74. Discuss the causes, consequences, and significance of the Regulator movements of the late 1760s (South Carolina) and early 1770s (North Carolina).

75. Discuss the causes, consequences, and significance of the New Jersey (1746) and Hudson Valley (1765−1766) land riots.

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Chapter 05 Answer Key 1. b 2. d 3. c 4. c 5. c 6. d 7. b 8. c 9. a 10. d 11. b 12. a 13. b 14. b 15. d 16. b 17. b 18. a 19. c 20. c 21. b 22. d 23. a 24. b 25. b .

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Chapter 05 26. d 27. b 28. d 29. d 30. d 31. b 32. b 33. b 34. d 35. d 36. c 37. c 38. a 39. c 40. d 41. a 42. a 43. a 44. b 45. b 46. a 47. d 48. d 49. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 06

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. George Washington’s primary goal as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army was to a. avoid decisive military losses. b. prevent British reinforcements from coming ashore. c. destroy the British army. d. secure financial aid from foreign sources.

2. Lord Dartmouth’s letter of January 1775 led which general to send a military expedition to confiscate colonial military supplied stockpiled at Concord? a. General Gage b. General Ward c. General Burgoyne d. General Washington 3. As the Revolutionary War began, British officials attempted to persuade the interior Indian tribes to a. remain neutral in the British-American conflict. b. form a pan-Indian alliance in order to prevent further British or American encroachment on Indian lands. c. conduct raids against white settlements along the frontier. d. actively ally with the British against the American rebels.

4. The most significant aspect of the first year of the Revolutionary War was a. the number of significant battles won by the Americans. b. the long lull in fighting between British and American forces at Boston. c. France’s decision to ally openly with the United States. d. Great Britain’s decision to use mercenaries.

5. Which of the following was a false assumption made by the British concerning the Revolutionary War? a. The patriots cannot withstand the assaults of trained British soldiers. b. Victory will not necessitate a large commitment of manpower. c. It will not be necessary to use the navy in the conflict. d. Britain will receive aid from other European powers.

6. Where was the site of the largest defeat of British forces during the Revolutionary war? a. Breed’s Hill b. Long Island c. Trenton d. White Plains 7. Which of the following statements best explains the ineffectiveness of the Native Americans in defending their interests during the Revolutionary War? a. They steadfastly refused to take up arms on behalf of either side. b. The various tribes were unwilling to set aside their differences in order to pursue a common goal. c. Their methods of fighting were so primitive that they were not in a position to be of much use to either side. d. They made the mistake of siding consistently with the British. .

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Chapter 06 8. In what way were classical, economic, and democratic republicanism alike? a. All stressed the importance of including minority groups in the political process. b. All accepted the notion that society is divided into two groups, those who are born to govern and those who are born to be governed. c. All agreed that “virtue” was at the heart of a successful republic. d. All held that rank and privilege have no place in a republican society.

9. General John Sullivan’s strategy against the Iroquois a. was limited to those who took up arms. b. included rape and child murder. c. directly contradicted George Washington’s orders. d. was largely ineffective.

10. Which of these statements is most consistent with the sentiments expressed in Common Sense? a. Our disagreements with Parliament concern minor constitutional points; therefore, Americans should compromise and seek reconciliation with the mother country. b. These American colonies have had the privilege of serving a loving and enlightened king; nevertheless, independence is still the best course of action. c. If America declares its independence, it must erect a government much like England’s in order to ensure the continuation of liberty. d. America’s independence is inevitable, just as it is inevitable that children grow up and leave their parents.

11. Which of these statements espouses the values of Thomas Paine? a. The people of a nation are best served by a system of government that balances monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy. b. As individuals pursue their self-interest, they will improve not only themselves but the entire republic as well. c. A republic should be governed by men who have risen to positions of power because of talent and ability. d. The upper classes cannot speak for the ordinary people in society; therefore, the ordinary people should be allowed to participate in the political process.

12. The primary concern of those who wrote the state constitutions was a. how to put the concept of democracy into practice. b. how to create efficient government. c. how best to distribute and limit governmental power. d. how the documents would be ratified.

13. When the delegates to the Second Continental Congress voted to accept the Declaration of Independence, they a. established a stable government for the new nation. b. risked their lives by committing treason. c. demonstrated complete confidence that America would achieve victory against Great Britain. d. continued to express a desire for reconciliation with England.

14. The long-term significance of the Declaration of Independence lies in its a. charge that Parliament used excessive force in the colonies. .

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Chapter 06 b. statements of principle. c. charge that the king was responsible for slavery in the colonies. d. commitment to strong central government.

15. Which of the following was a feature of the Articles of Confederation government? a. Each state was proportionately represented in the Confederation Congress. b. Domestic commercial policy was placed under the control of the national government. c. The national government did not have the power to settle disputes between the states. d. The national government did not have the power to raise revenue effectively.

16. Why was the ratification of the Articles of Confederation delayed? a. Disputes over the lands west of the Appalachian Mountains. b. Disagreements over provisions of treaties with the Northwestern Indians. c. Differing opinions about navigation rights on rivers that served as boundary lines between states. d. Concerns landlocked states had over commercial rights.

17. The main source of funding for the new United States in the war against Britain was a. a tax on each of the colonies. b. loans from prominent citizens. c. the sale of public lands. d. printing paper money.

18. Why, after a period of relative stability, was the American economy plagued by inflation from late 1776 into the 1780s? a. As people’s faith in the government declined, their faith in the worth of the nation’s currency also declined. b. As the amount of currency in circulation declined, unsold goods piled up in warehouses. c. As the economy grew and Americans’ incomes increased, the production of goods lagged behind demand. d. As high taxes cut into the profits of producers, they cut back production and caused a shortage of goods.

19. Which of the following was most likely to have been an active patriot? a. A city artisan b. An African American slave c. An Anglican clergyman d. A Pennsylvania Quaker 20. Which of the following was most likely to have been a loyalist? a. A city artisan b. A yeoman farmer c. An Anglican clergyman d. A Scotch-Irish settler in the southern backcountry 21. Which of the following was most likely to have remained neutral in the Revolutionary War? a. A member of the Chesapeake gentry b. A Scots-Irish settler in the backcountry .

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Chapter 06 c. A Scottish settler d. A city artisan 22. How did Chief Dragging Canoe respond to the fighting between the British and the Americans? a. He led an attack against white settlements along the western borders of the Carolinas and Virginia. b. He formed a pan-Indian alliance aimed at ridding North America of all white settlers. c. He sought an alliance with the British in hopes that he could regain Cherokee land lost to white settlers. d. He decided that the best course of action was to remain neutral.

23. Why did sugar producers in the British Caribbean islands decide not to join the mainland colonies in opposing Great Britain? a. Parliament had not imposed any taxes on its possessions in the Caribbean islands. b. They were afraid that joining the resistance movement would leave them unprotected in the event of a slave uprising. c. Quaker pacifists had far greater influence in the British Caribbean islands than in Britain’s mainland colonies. d. Sugar producers in the British Caribbean islands had elected representatives who sat in Parliament.

24. In the 1776 battle for New York City, a. the British won, but their army was demoralized by the number of casualties suffered. b. Washington successfully defended New York City and demonstrated his abilities as a military tactician. c. Washington and his men made crucial mistakes that resulted in defeat and the British occupation of the city. d. Washington lost Manhattan but was able to retain control of most of New Jersey.

25. “These are the times that try men’s souls.” This statement by Thomas Paine was written in response to a. American deaths at Lexington. b. General Washington’s retreat across New Jersey. c. the American defeat at the Battle of Bunker Hill. d. the defection of Benedict Arnold to the British side.

26. Which of the following was the goal of British strategy for 1777? a. To blockade the American coastline b. For Burgoyne to join forces with Howe at White Plains and invade Pennsylvania c. To cut New England off from the other colonies d. To isolate all colonies south of Maryland by taking control of the Potomac 27. Before setting up winter quarters at Morristown, New Jersey, in January 1777, General Washington defeated the redcoats in the battles of a. Brandywine Creek and Germantown. b. Brooklyn Heights and Manhattan Island. c. Fort Ticonderoga and Bennington. d. Trenton and Princeton.

28. Which of the following is true of Howe’s Philadelphia campaign? a. Howe’s attack was so swift that Washington had no time to organize defenses. b. Howe’s capture of Philadelphia did very little to help the British. .

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Chapter 06 c. The unexpected defeat of Howe’s forces at Germantown caused the campaign to collapse. d. The campaign demoralized the Continental Army.

29. The British were surrounded and General Burgoyne’s entire force of over six thousand men surrendered in the Battle of a. Bunker Hill. b. Princeton. c. Saratoga. d. Trenton.

30. Joseph and Mary Brant a. tried to convince the tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy to migrate to Canada. b. tried to convince Native Americans and blacks to forge an alliance and thus take advantage of the AngloAmerican conflict. c. hoped to persuade the Iroquois Confederacy to ally with the British. d. worked to bring about a general slave uprising.

31. During the winter of 1779−1780, many Iroquois bands left their ancestral homeland for which of the following reasons? a. All bands that broke their pledge of neutrality and allied with the Americans were forced onto reservations by the British. b. They were afraid they would be drawn into the Anglo-American conflict raging around them. c. The Iroquois ruling council banished from the homeland all bands that remained neutral or allied with the Americans. d. Their settlements and crops were completely destroyed by General John Sullivan’s expedition that they moved to Canada in search of food and shelter.

32. Which battle brought France into the war as an American ally? a. Battle of Trenton b. Battle of Bunker Hill c. Battle of Yorktown d. Battle of Saratoga 33. Why was the French alliance beneficial to the Americans? a. The alliance widened the war, making it impossible for the British to concentrate solely on the American mainland. b. French military officers began the process of retraining soldiers in the Continental Army to fight military engagements in the European style. c. French influence was essential in negotiating Dutch loans for the United States. d. The alliance led Russia and Spain to negotiate treaties of alliance with the United States.

34. Which of the following was a consequence of Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation, issued in November 1775? a. The Second Continental Congress decided to allow African Americans to enlist in the Continental Army. b. Yeoman farmers began to desert the Virginia militia and rally to the British side. c. Slaves rallied to the British side in greater numbers than expected. .

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Chapter 06 d. The Virginia assembly was forcibly disbanded, and many of its leaders were arrested.

35. Camp followers were usually a. women who worked as cooks, nurses, and launderers while traveling with the American forces. b. reporters who followed the American forces and issued daily news dispatches to colonial newspapers. c. British spies who followed and watched the activities of the American forces. d. people who followed the forces of either side for the purpose of watching their military engagements.

36. Which of the following was true of the officers of the Continental Army? a. There was little sense of camaraderie among them. b. Their primary sense of devotion was to their respective states. c. They developed an intense commitment to the patriot cause. d. Most refused to serve for more than six months.

37. In response to the threat of smallpox in the ranks of the Continental Army, Washington a. asked for the resignation of all soldiers who had not had the disease. b. requested that the Second Continental Congress double the army’s medical staff. c. ordered the inoculation of all members of the regular army and of all new recruits. d. issued an order discharging all foreign-born men from the Continental Army.

38. Which of the following is true of American soldiers and sailors held as prisoners of war by the British? a. Over half of them joined the British army and joined the battle against the Continental Army. b. Many died of disease because they received meager rations and were confined in prisons that were crowded and unsanitary. c. They were usually treated decently and humanely. d. At the end of the Revolutionary War, many of them sailed with their captors back to England.

39. Reassessment of their war strategy after the Battle of Saratoga led the British to a. shift the field of battle to the south. b. shift their attention to urban areas. c. adopt guerrilla tactics similar to those used by the patriots. d. concentrate their forces along the New England coast.

40. As a result of the fall of Charleston in May 1780, a. the British navy eliminated the French navy as a potential threat. b. South Carolina served as a secure British base from which to attack the other American states. c. patriot forces were disheartened and demoralized. d. many South Carolinians renounced the American cause and pledged their loyalty to the Crown.

41. Which of the following, in large numbers, joined British forces in the South in the two years following the fall of Charleston? a. Indentured servants b. African Americans c. Wealthy planters d. Recent immigrants .

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Chapter 06 42. After taking command of the southern campaign for the Americans, Nathanael Greene a. instructed his troops to follow a scorched-earth policy. b. systematically seized the property of loyalists throughout the South. c. adopted a conciliatory policy toward loyalists and neutrals throughout the South. d. destabilized civilian governments throughout the area.

43. The outcome of the Battles of King’s Mountain, Cowpens, and Guilford Court House supports which of the following conclusions? a. General Washington was a brilliant military strategist. b. The Continental Army was disorganized and demoralized by the winter of 1780. c. The momentum in the southern campaign had begun to swing to the patriot side. d. American victory in the Revolutionary War was due primarily to French military ingenuity.

44. As a result of the Battle of Yorktown, a. Cornwallis retreated to Wilmington to await supplies and fresh troops. b. the French navy ceased to be effective. c. Parliament stopped all offensive operations in America and authorized peace negotiations. d. Cornwallis returned to England as a hero.

45. What was the western border of the American nation established by the Treaty of Paris? a. The western border of what is now Ohio b. The Mississippi River c. The western border of what is now Indiana d. The Appalachian Mountains 46. In negotiating the boundaries for the new American nation, the British a. adopted an inflexible stance that led to restrictive boundaries. b. completely ignored the territorial rights of their Indian allies. c. ceded large amounts of territory to France. d. ceded the area between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi to Spain.

47. Article Five of the Treaty of Paris (1783) a. promised the repayment of prewar debts owed by Americans to British subjects. b. recommended that the states allow loyalists to recover their confiscated property. c. called for just compensation for seized loyalist property. d. provided for the permanent exile of the loyalists.

48. Analyze the threat posed by Native Americans to the revolutionary cause, and explain why that potential threat never fully materialized.

49. Discuss why George Washington was selected as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, and evaluate Washington’s performance as commanding general, specifying his strengths and his weaknesses. .

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Chapter 06 50. Lord North and Lord George Germain developed an analysis of the Revolutionary War that was based on three assumptions. All three assumptions proved to be false. What were the assumptions, and why were they incorrect?

51. Examine the division of opinion among the American colonists at the beginning of the Revolution, and indicate the major factors that determined a person’s loyalties.

52. Examine the process by which British political authority in the colonies came to an end and was replaced by American political authority.

53. Discuss the different definitions of republicanism that emerged in the new American republic. What elements did Americans believe were necessary to ensure the success of a republican government? Explain how these views were reflected in the creation of both state and national governments between 1776 and 1783.

54. What is virtue? Why did Americans believe virtue to be essential in their society after the Revolution? What efforts were made to promote virtue?

55. Discuss the governmental concepts embodied in the Articles of Confederation.

56. Discuss the common failings of William Howe, John Burgoyne, and George Cornwallis. To what extent were their failings personal, and to what extent did they reflect general British misunderstanding about the nature of the Revolutionary War? 57. Discuss the content, style, and timing of Thomas Paine’s Common Sense.

58. Discuss the debate over and the final adoption of the Declaration of Independence by the Second Continental Congress, and examine the importance of the ideas embodied in Thomas Jefferson’s document.

59. Discuss the 1776 battle for New York, concentrating on the errors committed by the commanders of both sides, and explain British actions in the aftermath of the battle.

60. How was the revolutionary ideal of virtue upheld or suspended in the treatment of African-Americans and Native Americans by the revolutionaries?

61. Discuss the impact of the Revolutionary War on the lives of Americans.

62. Compare and contrast American Revolutionary military strategies in the north and south, and analyze strengths and weaknesses of each.

63. Discuss the negotiations that led to the Treaty of Paris, and explain the significance of the treaty’s provisions.

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Chapter 06 Answer Key 1. a 2. a 3. a 4. b 5. a 6. a 7. b 8. c 9. a 10. d 11. d 12. c 13. b 14. b 15. d 16. a 17. d 18. a 19. a 20. c 21. b 22. a 23. b 24. c 25. b .

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Chapter 06 26. c 27. d 28. b 29. c 30. c 31. d 32. d 33. a 34. a 35. a 36. c 37. c 38. b 39. a 40. d 41. b 42. c 43. c 44. c 45. b 46. b 47. b 48. Answers will vary.

49. Answers will vary.

50. Answers will vary.

51. Answers will vary. .

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Chapter 06 52. Answers will vary.

53. Answers will vary.

54. Answers will vary.

55. Answers will vary.

56. Answers will vary.

57. Answers will vary.

58. Answers will vary.

59. Answers will vary.

60. Answers will vary.

61. Answers will vary.

62. Answers will vary.

63. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 07

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. Why did Spain close the Mississippi River to American navigation in 1784? a. The United States had not agreed to honor its wartime debt to Spain. b. Spain was determined to prevent the expansion of the United States. c. Spain was attempting to pressure the United States into accepting boundary concessions in the area between the United States and Spanish Florida. d. The United States had attempted to wrest Florida from Spain.

2. How did the Confederation Congress respond to the flooding of the American market with British goods? a. It imposed a high protective tariff on British imports in an effort to save American producers. b. It could do nothing because it lacked the power to establish a national commercial policy. c. It established quotas, stipulating that only a certain number of certain goods could be imported. d. It imposed an embargo on all British products.

3. After the Iroquois confederacy repudiated the 1784 Treaty of Fort Stanwix, a. Congress formally recognized the Iroquois Confederacy as sovereign in the Northwest Territory. b. Congress allowed the Creeks to retain their ancestral lands if they would ally with the United States against the Iroquois Confederacy. c. New York State began to purchase large tracts of land from individual Iroquois nations, thus reducing the Confederacy by 1790 to a few scattered reservations. d. Congress declared war on the Confederacy and confiscated all its lands.

4. Which of the following was a consequence of the inability of the Confederation Congress to enforce repayment of prewar debts to the British? a. Parliament encouraged British privateers to harass American commercial ships. b. Great Britain rescinded colonial fishing rights in the North Atlantic. c. It gave the British an excuse to maintain military posts on the Great Lakes. d. British merchants refused to sell manufactured goods to Americans.

5. The Land Ordinance of 1785 dealing with the Northwest Territory indicates that the Confederation Congress a. was determined to make land available to small farmers. b. believed that new states should gradually earn the rights and privileges afforded the original states. c. believed that federal aid should be given to support public schools. d. was determined to resolve all the claims of the Indian tribes before allowing white settlers into the region.

6. What was the government’s first independent source of revenue under the Articles of Confederation? a. The sale of land. b. The sale of British and Spanish ships captured during the Revolution. c. Import duties. d. Reparations from Great Britain.

7. Which of the following policies was established by the Northwest Ordinance of 1787? a. Congress would establish and oversee the development of territorial governments in the West. b. The validity of Indian land claims would be reviewed by an independent commission. .

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Chapter 07 c. Residents of the western territories would have the same rights as citizens of the original states. d. Homesteaders would be given free title to land they had settled and improved.

8. What led to the calling of the Annapolis Conference? a. The inability of the Confederation Congress to establish and implement a national trade policy b. Problems with the Northwest Native Americans c. Conflicting land claims among the states d. The need to suppress popular uprisings in several states 9. What did the leaders of Shays’s Rebellion believe? a. Strong central government is a necessity given the turbulence and unruliness of the uneducated masses. b. In a republic, all adults twenty-one years of age and older should have the right to vote. c. Landowners should share their profits with farm laborers because it is the laborers who make such profits possible. d. If government becomes destructive of the rights of the people, the people have the right to overthrow that government.

10. Which of the following was a characteristic of the delegates to the Constitutional Convention? a. They were, for the most part, members of the economic elite. b. They were, with only a few exceptions, advocates of state rather than national sovereignty. c. Most had been delegates to the First Continental Congress. d. Most were under the age of forty.

11. Which of the following represents George Washington’s beliefs at the time of the Constitutional Convention? a. The American government should be modeled after that of England. b. The election of the president should be made by popular vote. c. The formation of a two-house legislature was a mistake. d. A strong national government was necessary.

12. Did James Madison consider the large size of the American republic to be an advantage? Why or why not? a. No, because its size would prevent the people from having a direct voice in the decision-making process. b. No, because so many diverse factions would emerge that civil war would be inevitable. c. Yes, because there would be so many competing interest groups that no one group would be able to control the government. d. Yes, because its size would make it practically impossible for the government to subjugate the people by armed force.

13. Which of the following was a feature of the Virginia Plan? a. Acts passed by Congress would also have to be approved by three-fourths of the state legislatures before becoming the law of the land. b. The state legislatures would become advisory bodies to a national Congress, thereby losing their power to enact laws. c. Proportional representation would be provided in both houses of a two-house legislature. d. An independent chief executive would be elected by direct vote of the people. .

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Chapter 07 14. In “Vices of the Political System of the United States,” James Madison argued a. the central government must have a permanent standing army at its disposal so that it will be able to maintain order and defend the nation. b. in order to overcome the flaws of the Confederation government, it is necessary to create a chief executive who is directly elected by the people. c. the primary weakness of the Confederation government lies in the fact that the Congress is denied the power to tax. d. the national government must be structured so as to prevent a single interest group from controlling it.

15. Which of the following was a feature of the New Jersey Plan? a. Congress would have veto power over state laws. b. A one-house congress would be retained, but it would be given new powers to tax and to regulate trade. c. A chief executive officer having the power to conduct foreign policy and negotiate treaties would be elected

by Congress. d. A national judiciary having the power to determine the constitutionality of acts of Congress would be created.

16. How did the Constitutional Convention settle the question of slavery and population totals? a. The slaves would not be counted at all. b. One-fifth of the slaves would be counted in the population totals. c. Two-fifths of the slaves would be counted in the population totals. d. Three-fifths of the slaves would be counted in the population totals.

17. Of the questions raised at the Constitutional Convention about the establishment of a national legislature, which was the most difficult to resolve? a. Should a limit be placed on the number of terms that members of the Senate may serve? b. Should the states have proportional representation or equal representation in the Senate? c. Should the government have a bicameral legislature? d. Should a branch of the legislature be elected directly by the people?

18. Under the Constitution of the United States, who has primary responsibility for the conduct of foreign affairs? a. The president of the United States b. The Senate of the United States c. The secretary of state d. The Speaker of the House of Representatives 19. Why did Americans adopt a theory of checks and balances? a. Christians support the new theory. b. Antifederalists supported the movement. c. The system would allow the government to become tyrannical, which would allow for more decisiveness. d. Americans realized that legislative supremacy did not guarantee good government.

20. Which group was united in their opposition to the Constitution? a. Antifederalists b. Whigs c. Republicans .

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Chapter 07 d. Federalists 21. Jefferson supported ratification of the Constitution, but he disliked which of the following about the document? a. The two-term limitation on the president b. The inclusion of the separation-of-powers concept c. The system of checks and balances d. The omission of a bill of rights 22. Which of the following is true of Letters of a Federal Farmer? a. This Antifederalist pamphlet called on the American people to rebel if the Constitution were ratified. b. This Antifederalist pamphlet included a list of rights that should be guaranteed to the people. c. This Federalist pamphlet explained the limitations placed on the powers of Congress. d. This Federalist pamphlet argued in favor of a centralized government.

23. Which of the following is true of Life of Washington, published in 1800? a. It was published only after the author agreed to delete revelations about Washington’s affair with Sally Fairfax. b. In his portrayal of Washington, the author intended to provide the young people of America with a virtuous role model. c. It was written only after painstaking research by the author. d. Its author was widely ridiculed because he portrayed Washington in a realistic manner.

24. Painters Gilbert Stuart, Charles Willson Peale, and John Trumbull are famous for their a. dramatic landscapes of the American frontier in the immediate aftermath of the Revolution. b. portraits of Abigail Adams, Benjamin Banneker, and Little Turtle. c. artistic celebrations of upstanding citizens and of significant events associated with the American Revolution. d. cityscapes of Boston, Philadelphia, and Charleston in the years immediately after the Revolution.

25. Which artist was charged with inspiring patriotism in his viewers? a. John Trumbull b. Charles Willson Peale c. Gilbert Stuart d. Samuel Adams 26. American architects in the early republic a. rejected the architecture of Greece and Rome as decadent. b. introduced innovative architectural styles in the design of public buildings. c. tried to express the complexities of building a stable society by imitating the Gothic style. d. tried to portray the ideals of the republic by favoring a simplicity of line and harmonious proportions.

27. Why were some people concerned about the founding of the Society of the Cincinnati in 1783? a. Because it was a club for veterans of the American Revolution and their first born sons, some were afraid that it signaled the creation of a native-born aristocracy. b. Because it was a gambling club, some were afraid it was a harbinger of moral corruption in the new American republic. .

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Chapter 07 c. Because it was a social club for young people, some were afraid that it would become a den of depravity and sin. d. Because it was an artists’ club, some feared that its members would encourage the spread of European decadence.

28. In the new American republic, which state allowed town elementary schools to be open to girls as well as boys? a. Vermont b. Massachusetts c. Virginia d. Maryland 29. Which of the following is true of the First Congress? a. It quickly approved a tariff, thereby providing revenue to the new government. b. It decided that the sale of public land was the best means by which to raise revenue for the government. c. A majority of its members advocated state sovereignty rather than a strong national government. d. None of the members of the Constitutional Convention were included in its membership.

30. The Second Amendment says that the people shall have the right “to keep and bear arms” because of the a. right of the people to obtain food by hunting. b. need for protection against criminals. c. right to fight tyranny. d. need for a well-regulated militia.

31. Section 25 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 was important because it a. allowed appeals from state courts to federal courts in cases that raised certain types of constitutional questions. b. established circuit courts of appeal subordinate to the Supreme Court. c. recognized that state courts could independently interpret the Constitution. d. created a chief justice to preside over the Supreme Court.

32. Congress’s decision concerning who may dismiss heads of executive departments was significant because it established the principle that a. such officials are responsible to the president. b. officials who must be confirmed by the Senate serve at the pleasure of the president and the Senate. c. Congress’s impeachment powers would apply not only to the president but to all presidential appointees as well. d. the branch of government closest to the people, the House of Representatives, would oversee such officials.

33. Which of the following was true of the Supreme Court during its first decade? a. The Court handed down no decisions. b. The Court was the most influential branch of government. c. The justices were bitterly divided over how to interpret the Constitution. d. The Court handled few cases of any importance.

34. Ware v. Hylton established the authority of the Supreme Court to a. rule on the constitutionality of acts of Congress. .

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Chapter 07 b. hear suits brought by state governments against individuals. c. rule on the constitutionality of state laws. d. hear suits brought by individuals against state governments.

35. In Chisholm v. Georgia the Supreme Court ruled that a. a citizen of one state has the right to bring suit against another state in federal court. b. the First Amendment protects a person’s actions when those actions are based on the person’s religious beliefs. c. it had the right and power to review any case arising under American law. d. the truth is a complete defense against the charge of libel.

36. Which of the following statements is most consistent with Hamilton’s concept of the ideal republican man? a. Men should be free to pursue their own economic self-interest, for such a pursuit will bring advancement to the man and to his family. b. Men should prepare themselves to be as skilled in the running of the household as they are in the running of a business. c. Men should prepare themselves to care for, train, and nurture their children, for such preparation will produce children of strong moral character. d. Men should concern themselves with the welfare of the community, putting the well-being of others ahead of their own.

37. Washington created the president’s cabinet by a. issuing an executive order. b. consulting frequently with key congressional leaders. c. using the heads of the executive departments collectively as his advisers. d. requesting appropriate legislation from Congress.

38. Through his fiscal policies, Hamilton wanted to a. shift the tax burden from the middle class to the upper class. b. reduce the national debt by streamlining the government. c. protect agrarian interests from organized business interests. d. consolidate power at the national level.

39. Which of the following is true of Alexander Hamilton? a. He trusted the ability of common people to participate in government. b. He believed that people were motivated primarily by economic self-interest. c. Rather than viewing the American republic as one nation, he saw it as a collection of sovereign states loosely bound together by a contractual agreement. d. His optimism about America’s future was based on his belief that most people put the common good above their own personal desires.

40. How did most Americans want the new government to handle the debts incurred by the nation in the winning of independence? a. They believed the government should repudiate those debts. b. They believed the domestic debt should be paid in full but the foreign debt repudiated. .

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Chapter 07 c. They believed all such debts should be paid at face value. d. They believed the foreign debt should be paid in full but the domestic debt repudiated.

41. Why did Hamilton favor the assumption of state debts by the national government? a. He recognized that many of the states did not have the economic ability to honor their unpaid debts. b. He wanted to give the holders of public securities a financial stake in the survival of the national government. c. He personally stood to make a substantial profit from the assumption plan. d. He believed that patriots who had helped finance the Revolution deserved to be paid the money owed them.

42. Which of the following statements best expresses the criticism leveled against Hamilton’s proposal that Congress assume outstanding state debts? a. The plan is fine except for the fact that it will cost the government far more than it can afford. b. The plan will enrich speculators who have purchased securities at a small fraction of their face value. c. The plan will disrupt the national economy. d. The plan violates the Constitution, which does not specifically authorize Congress to assume state debts.

43. Hamilton’s proposal concerning the assumption of state debts became law as a result of which of the following? a. A political deal was struck by which the site for the nation’s capital was to be on the Potomac River. b. Having served under President Washington’s command during the Revolutionary War, several opponents of the plan switched their votes out of a sense of duty. c. President Washington met privately with Madison and Jefferson, and convinced them that their opposition to the proposal was divisive. d. A joint Senate-House subcommittee agreed that those states that had paid their debts would be taxed at a lower rate than those whose debts were being assumed.

44. The argument over the creation of the Bank of the United States focused on which of the following questions? a. Does the nation need a central banking institution? b. Should the bank be allowed to issue the nation’s currency? c. Does the Constitution grant Congress the authority to create the bank? d. Should the bank be privately owned, publicly owned, or privately and publicly owned?

45. Which of the following is true of Congress’s response to Hamilton’s Report on Manufactures? a. Congress approved the report in its entirety. b. Congress approved the report with the exception of the portion calling for a protective tariff. c. Congress, seeing the future of the nation as being agrarian and not industrial, rejected the report. d. Congress rejected the report with the exception of the portion calling for a protective tariff.

46. Western farmers were most directly affected by the excise tax on which item? a. Wine b. Milk c. Tea d. Whiskey 47. Those citizens who protested imposition of the whiskey tax most vigorously were also very likely to be dissatisfied over the .

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Chapter 07 a. Senate’s ratification of the Pinckney Treaty. b. religious ideas associated with the Second Great Awakening. c. proliferation of Democratic societies. d. inability of the army to defend them and their region from Indian attacks.

48. What was the significance of Washington’s response to the Whiskey Rebellion? a. His willingness to attend and answer questions at protest meetings demonstrated the government’s tolerance of public criticism. b. His sympathy and understanding toward the protesters conveyed the message that the government could be trusted to deal fairly with aggrieved groups. c. His decisive action made it clear that the national government would not tolerate violent resistance to its laws. d. His hesitation in the face of armed rebellion seriously undermined the people’s confidence in their new government.

49. How did Republican leaders justify their opposition to Alexander Hamilton and his policies? a. They contended that republics were always characterized by debate engendered by the emergence of competing factions. b. They argued that they wanted to save the republic from Hamilton’s plot to subvert republican principles and impose a corrupt government on the United States. c. They contended that because Alexander Hamilton was born in the British West Indies, he was prohibited by the Constitution from serving as secretary of the treasury. d. They argued that they were morally right and were bound to uphold God’s law, not the laws put forward by a corrupt and adulterous man.

50. Why did the war that began between France and Great Britain in 1793 pose a dilemma for the United States? a. Each belligerent expected the active support of the United States and threatened to declare war if such support was not forthcoming. b. The United States was ideologically bound to France, but it was economically bound to Great Britain. c. The Senate voted to honor the 1778 treaty with France, but the House voted in favor of a declaration of neutrality. d. Because the United States had a mutual defense pact with both countries, it had to choose which agreement to honor.

51. Which of the following is true of the Democratic societies? a. They protested the policies of the Washington administration and warned of self-serving rulers who would destroy the rights of the people. b. They saw the French Revolution as a perversion of republicanism. c. They attempted to bridge the gap between the views of Hamilton and those of Jefferson. d. They urged Americans to ignore events in Europe and to concentrate on perfecting the republic.

52. Washington believed which of the following to be behind the Whiskey Rebellion? a. Catholic immigrants b. The Society of the Cincinnati c. Evangelicals associated with the Second Great Awakening d. The Democratic societies .

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Chapter 07 53. Why did the Democratic societies arouse the fear of President Washington? a. Washington had not yet accepted the idea that an organized loyal opposition was part of a free government; therefore, he believed that political dissent was a sign of subversion. b. Members of these societies threatened to engage in terrorist tactics to undermine the government and the Constitution. c. Their pro-democracy demonstrations seemed to challenge the legitimacy and sovereignty of the United States government. d. Washington was very disturbed by the fact that these groups called for a violent overthrow of the United States government.

54. For which of the following reasons did President Washington choose to seek a second term? a. He was afraid that Hamilton would be elected president if he retired. b. He wanted to oversee the military buildup that had begun during his first administration. c. He wanted to continue to supervise the arms talks with England. d. He was worn out by the dispute over the treaty and the growing political disunity.

55. For which of the following reasons did southern planters voice strenuous objections to ratification of the Jay Treaty? a. The treaty contained no provision for British evacuation of their forts in the Northwest. b. The treaty contained no provision to compensate owners of slaves who left with the British army at the end of the Revolutionary War. c. The treaty contained no provision to deal with claims relating to American merchant ships captured by the British during the Revolutionary War. d. The treaty contained no provision for easing restrictions on American trade to England or the West Indies.

56. How did opponents of the Jay Treaty try to prevent it from taking effect? a. They tried to stop action on all legislative business in the House by engaging in a filibuster. b. They urged all senators and congressmen who opposed the treaty to engage in a boycott of legislative sessions. c. They urged the president to invoke executive privilege. d. They tried to defeat appropriations bills in the House that would provide funds necessary to carry out the treaty’s provisions.

57. The Jay Treaty was significant in which of the following respects? a. In persuading the House to appropriate the funds necessary to carry out the treaty’s provisions, the Federalists violated one of their key principles by engaging in grassroots politicking. b. The ratification process used by the Senate demonstrated its commitment to public discussion of key issues. c. By granting America navigation rights on the Mississippi, it ensured the commercial development of the West. d. By demilitarizing the Great Lakes, it allowed the diversion of funds from the military to economic development.

58. Which of the following was true of the Republicans? a. They were pessimistic about the future of the nation. b. They had little interest in westward expansion. c. They were more concerned about developing the nation’s resources than about its standing in the world. d. They emphasized the need for order and stability.

59. Which of the following would be most likely to support the Federalists? .

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Chapter 07 a. An urban artisan b. A southern planter c. A New England merchant d. An American of Irish descent 60. Which of the following was true of Washington’s Farewell Address? a. Washington indicated his belief that Congress plays a secondary role to the president in the making of foreign policy. b. Washington attempted to portray the Republican opposition as dangerous and misguided. c. Washington attempted to undermine Alexander Hamilton’s chance of succeeding him as president. d. Washington indicated his belief that the United States should actively ally with Great Britain against the French menace.

61. What was the outcome of the contested presidential election of 1796 between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson? a. John Adams and his running mate, Thomas Pinckney, were elected president and vice president, respectively. b. Thomas Jefferson and his running mate, Aaron Burr, were elected president and vice president, respectively. c. John Adams was elected president, and Thomas Jefferson was elected vice president. d. Thomas Jefferson was elected president, and John Adams was elected vice president.

62. Angry over the Jay Treaty, the French government ordered French vessels to seize American merchant ships carrying British goods. How did the United States government respond to this order? a. President Adams broke diplomatic relations with France. b. The Senate abrogated the Jay Treaty with Great Britain. c. Congress declared war on France. d. Congress voted to increase military spending.

63. The XYZ affair a. promoted a deeper military alliance with France. b. led to Alexander Hamilton’s resignation. c. shook the public’s faith in John Adams. d. began with an unpaid bribe and resulted in an undeclared war.

64. Which of the following was a result of the Quasi-War? a. The United States agreed to honor the terms of its 1778 treaty with France. b. American forces wrested control of the port of New Orleans from France. c. French forces invaded the United States through Spanish Florida. d. The United States Navy established its superiority over French forces in the West Indies.

65. Which of the following was true of the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions? a. They advanced the theory that the people, speaking through their states, could judge the constitutionality of acts of Congress. b. They caused divisive arguments within the Republican faction. c. They were unnecessary because the federal courts were already considering the constitutionality of the Alien and Sedition Acts. d. They were of little significance beyond their immediate propaganda benefits to Jefferson and Madison. .

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Chapter 07 66. As a result of the Convention of 1800, a. the United States was freed from its treaty of alliance with France. b. the Federalist party was united as it prepared for the presidential election of 1800. c. the United States received compensation from France for ships seized since 1793. d. the Federalists chose Alexander Hamilton rather than John Adams as their presidential candidate for the 1800 election.

67. The Northwest Native Americans ceded most of what became the state of Ohio following which treaty? a. Treaty of Paris b. Pickney’s Treaty c. Jay Treaty d. Treaty of Greenville 68. As a result of the teachings of Handsome Lake, men of the Iroquois Confederacy a. accepted the imposition of taxes in order to finance economic development and diversification. b. accepted the tenets of capitalism by allowing the Confederacy to invest in New England textile mills. c. became more receptive to the European-style sexual division of labor taught by the Quakers. d. began to work toward the goal of complete assimilation into Anglo-American culture.

69. Which of the following is true of the letter written by Abigail Adams to her husband concerning the “new Code of Laws” for the new republic? a. She demanded that the right to vote be extended to married women and women owning property. b. She used ideas originally developed to combat Parliamentary supremacy to call for consideration of legal rights for women. c. She called for legislation that would allow joint ownership of property by married couples. d. She used Jefferson’s phrase “all men are created equal” to demand that slavery be abolished in all the states.

70. Which state legislature disfranchised women in 1807 because they thought the polls were no place for ladies? a. Virginia b. Rhode Island c. New Jersey d. Massachusetts 71. The contradiction between the concept that “all men are created equal” and the existence of slavery caused which of the following? a. Some slaves in the North petitioned their state governments for freedom. b. Slaves in several northern states rose in rebellion against the institution of slavery. c. Northerners accepted the idea of the equality of the races. d. All northern states abolished slavery by 1800.

72. Which of the following is true of most states in which the legislature abolished slavery in the early years of the nation? a. They allowed individual slave owners to determine the timetable by which their slaves would be freed. b. They provided compensation to the former masters of freed slaves. c. They favored gradual emancipation. .

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Chapter 07 d. They proclaimed slavery to be morally wrong.

73. The founding of the African Methodist Episcopal church supports which of the following ideas? a. Free blacks often developed their own separate institutions during the early years of the American republic. b. Blacks were more religious than whites in the early republic. c. Whites imposed their religious ideas on blacks. d. Whites and blacks worked together in the early republic to further the ideal of racial equality.

74. White southerners redefined the notion that “all men are created equal” and made it inapplicable to blacks. Which of the following statements is most consistent with their redefinition? a. The notion applies only to those men who have received a formal education. b. The notion applies only to those men who own property. c. The notion applies only to those men who have never been held in bondage. d. The notion applies only to those men who are fully human.

75. The extension of the right to vote to poor white men could have posed a threat to the power of the dominant elite. How did the elite reduce that threat? a. They threatened to raise taxes if poor whites voted against them. b. They made free land, or homesteads, available to poor whites in most states. c. They attempted to create solidarity among whites by emphasizing racial divisions between blacks and whites. d. They supported public education in the belief that an educated electorate would keep the “better sort” in power.

76. Which of the following inspired Gabriel’s Rebellion? a. The emergence of an organized antislavery movement in the North b. Antislavery statements by white ministers in the Richmond area c. Antislavery statements by prominent Virginia politicians d. Enslaved blacks’ adaptation of the concepts of liberty and equality to their own purposes

77. Discuss the impact of revolutionary ideology on concepts pertaining to education in the new American republic. How did the educational reform movement of the 1780s and 1790s affect women? What was the particular contribution of Judith Sargent Murray?

78. Compare and contrast the impact of the Revolution on the position of women and on the position of African Americans in American society. How, in the years following the Revolution, was the revolutionary commitment to equality denied to women and African Americans? How was this denial justified?

79. Examine the domestic and diplomatic problems faced by the Confederation Congress and assess its handling of those problems.

80. Discuss the conflict between the Indian tribes of the Northwest Territory and the new American republic, and explain how the conflict was settled.

81. Examine the role of James Madison at the Constitutional Convention. .

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Chapter 07 82. Discuss the relationship of the slave population to the issue of apportioning delegates to the House of Representatives.

83. Examine and assess the effectiveness of two basic principles embodied in the Constitution of the United States: separation of powers and checks and balances.

84. Discuss the decisions made by the First Congress in response to three major problems:

a. the addition of a bill of rights to the Constitution b. setting up and organizing the executive departments c. organizing the federal judiciary 85. Discuss the characteristics of the Federalists and the Antifederalists; examine the arguments presented by each side in the state ratification campaigns; and explain why the Federalists carried the day.

86. Examine Alexander Hamilton’s proposal concerning assumption of state debts, and discuss the social, economic, and political concepts on which the proposal was based. Why did the proposal arouse opposition in Congress? How was the issue resolved?

87. Discuss the similarities and differences between the social, economic, and political philosophies of Alexander Hamilton and the Federalists on the one hand and Thomas Jefferson and the Republicans on the other. Why did these political factions emerge? How did each view the other? From what segments of society did each faction draw its support?

88. After listing some sixteen areas over which Congress has power, Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution stipulates that the Congress shall have the power “To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution of the Government of the United States.” In light of Article I, Section 8, discuss the dispute over whether Congress had the authority to establish the Bank of the United States.

89. Alexander Hamilton advocated assumption of state debts, creation of the Bank of the United States, enactment of protective tariffs, and enactment of an excise tax on whiskey. Discuss the political, social, and economic concepts on which Hamilton’s proposals were based, and explain what each proposal was designed to achieve. Were the proposals enacted into law? Why? 90. Discuss the basic beliefs and characteristics of the Federalist faction, and explain how the actions and decisions of the Federalists demonstrated those beliefs.

91. Discuss the basic beliefs and characteristics of the Republican faction, and explain how the actions and decisions of the Republicans demonstrated those beliefs.

92. Compare and contrast the reactions of the Federalists and the Republicans to foreign policy problems and decisions between 1789 and 1800. What impact did the debate over foreign policy issues have on domestic affairs?

93. Using Shays’ s Rebellion and the Whiskey Rebellion as examples, discuss the government’s response to unrest in the first years of its existence. What were the sources of discontent? How were they addressed? How did the citizenry’s actions and the material response of the government reflect the political debates of the time?

94. Indicate the provisions of the Jay Treaty, and examine the debate and final vote in the House of Representatives over appropriation of funds to carry out the treaty’s provisions.

95. Discuss the domestic political ramifications of the XYZ Affair. Concentrate on the extent to which the reactions of the two political factions to this affair confirmed in the minds of opposition leaders that the other party intended to subvert the republic’s ideology. .

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Chapter 07 96. Examine and evaluate President John Adams’s leadership in the area of foreign policy.

97. Examine the Alien and Sedition Acts, the reasons for their passage, and the reaction of Jefferson and Madison to these acts. Were the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions a proper response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, or were they an overreaction?

98. Discuss the conflict between the Indian tribes of the Northwest Territory and the new American republic, and explain how the conflict was settled.

99. Compare and contrast the rebellions led by Gabriel Prosser and John Fries. What were the laws that each rebellion found objectionable? What were the methods of each rebellion? What arguments did each leader make before the law once captured? Was there a racial disparity in the administration of justice in each case?

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Chapter 07 Answer Key 1. b 2. b 3. c 4. c 5. b 6. a 7. c 8. a 9. d 10. a 11. d 12. c 13. c 14. d 15. b 16. d 17. b 18. a 19. d 20. a 21. d 22. b 23. b 24. c 25. a .

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Chapter 07 26. d 27. a 28. b 29. a 30. d 31. a 32. a 33. d 34. c 35. a 36. a 37. c 38. d 39. b 40. c 41. b 42. b 43. a 44. c 45. c 46. d 47. d 48. c 49. b 50. b 51. a .

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Chapter 07 52. d 53. a 54. d 55. b 56. d 57. a 58. c 59. c 60. b 61. c 62. d 63. a 64. d 65. a 66. a 67. d 68. c 69. b 70. c 71. a 72. c 73. a 74. d 75. c 76. d .

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Chapter 07 77. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 08

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. In his inaugural address, Jefferson a. sought unity after the bitter presidential election of 1800 by declaring “we are all republicans, we are all federalists.” b. called for a strong military establishment to protect the nation from foreign enemies. c. said that a strong national government was the primary bulwark “against anti-republican tendencies.” d. put the Federalists on notice that he intended to purge them from appointive offices in the federal government.

2. When Thomas Jefferson was elected president in 1800, one of his goals was to a. limit the power of the federal government. b. use government to regulate the greed of corporate interests. c. implement an activist, pro-French foreign policy. d. knit the nation together by building a federally financed transportation network.

3. Newspapers such as the National Intelligencer and the New York Evening Post were important for which of the following reasons? a. They established the precedent of impartiality by the news media in political campaigns. b. They constantly fed the insatiable appetite that Americans had for partisan politics. c. They helped keep elections focused on the real issues by refusing to carry negative personal comments about political candidates. d. They are the first examples of sensationalist journalism in the early republic.

4. Thomas Jefferson dismissed many customs collectors from New England ports when he assumed the presidency because a. he found evidence of their corruption. b. he did not consider them to be qualified for their jobs. c. they had consistently refused to enforce the tariffs enacted by Congress. d. he wanted to replace Federalist officials with Democratic-Republican officials.

5. Early in the Jefferson presidency, the secretary of the treasury a. reduced the army and navy budgets. b. instituted a revenue-sharing program for the states. c. called for the imposition of a national sales tax. d. called for reduced spending on social programs.

6. What was Congress’s monetary policy in the early years of the Jefferson Presidency? a. The repeal of all internal taxes. b. Increased military expenditures. c. Increased expenditures on social programs. d. Reduction of the national sales tax.

7. The Naturalization Act of 1802 a. reduced the residency requirement for citizenship to five years. b. increased the residency requirement for citizenship to fourteen years. .

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Chapter 08 c. established a quota system that favored immigrants from northwestern Europe. d. required a literacy test of all prospective citizens.

8. Why was the attempt to remove Federalist Justice Samuel Chase from office significant? a. It led the Senate to institute confirmation hearings for judicial appointments. b. It convinced federal judges not to make public speeches. c. It caused a serious division in the Democratic-Republican party. d. It helped preserve the Supreme Court’s independence.

9. Which of the following is true of Chief Justice John Marshall? a. He made the Supreme Court the equal of the other branches of government in practice as well as theory. b. He refused to accept cases that were politically sensitive. c. He consistently upheld the power of the states in relation to the power of the federal government. d. He upheld the principle of government regulation of industry despite Federalist objections.

10. Which of the following is true of the Supreme Court’s decision in Marbury v. Madison? a. The Court, under pressure from the Democratic-Republicans, ruled that Marbury had no right to his commission. b. The Court upheld President Jefferson’s right to claim executive privilege and thereby ignore a court subpoena. c. The Court declared that the section of the Judiciary Act of 1789 that authorized the Court to issue writs of mandamus was unconstitutional. d. The Court exercised its power to issue writs of mandamus as authorized by the Judiciary Act of 1789.

11. Which of the following was the best-selling book in the 1800s? a. A spelling book b. The Bible c. The Farmer’s Almanac d. A math book 12. What is the theory of judicial review as applied to the Supreme Court? a. The Court may nullify any federal or state legislative act by declaring it to be unconstitutional. b. The Court may appoint special counselors to investigate officials within the executive department. c. The Court may decide the winner in a disputed federal or state election. d. The Court may try federal judges for high crimes and misdemeanors.

13. Why was Aaron Burr tried for treason? a. As Jefferson’s vice president, he passed U.S. military secrets to the French. b. After having been elected governor of New York, he led a secession movement in the state. c. Using the West as his base, he plotted to use military force to create a new empire. d. His murder of Alexander Hamilton was recognized as part of an elaborate conspiracy to overthrow the government of the United States.

14. Which invention increased the demand for slaves? a. The cotton gin b. The power loom .

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Chapter 08 c. The spinning jenny d. The water frame 15. Who invented the cotton gin? a. James Madison b. Eli Whitney c. William Marbury d. John Pickering 16. Which of the following was a result of the Louisiana Purchase? a. The United States gained control of the Mississippi River delta. b. Jefferson was censured by Congress for overstepping his presidential authority. c. The United States suffered a severe economic downturn. d. The United States was drawn into war with Britain.

17. Which of the following was true of the Louisiana Purchase? a. It gave the United States immediate access to the Pacific Ocean. b. It angered most Americans and almost cost Jefferson the 1804 election. c. It angered eastern merchants but pleased western farmers. d. It provided land to which eastern Indians could be removed.

18. Who was the translator and guide for the Lewis and Clark expedition? a. Patrick Gass b. Zebulon Pike c. Sacagawea d. York 19. One of the goals of the Lewis and Clark expedition was to a. foster trade relations with Indians in the trans-Mississippi West. b. challenge Spanish claims in the Southwest. c. establish a permanent American settlement on the Pacific coast. d. establish American military posts throughout the Louisiana Purchase territory.

20. Which of the following is true of Tecumseh? a. He led the Creeks in resisting Andrew Jackson’s removal policy. b. He convinced the Shawnees to turn to settled agriculture as a means of saving Indian land and Indian culture. c. He led the Shawnees to victory over William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe. d. He encouraged the development of a pan-Indian federation among northern and southern Indians.

21. Which of the following most accurately states Tecumseh’s beliefs? a. The only way to combat the spread of white culture is for Native Americans to return to their traditional spiritual and moral values. b. Native Americans must accept the demise of their culture and adapt to the ways of whites. c. A united Indian federation is necessary to combat the advance of the white man. .

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Chapter 08 d. Native American culture can be preserved only by accepting the reservation system.

22. Which of the following best describes the initial impact of the renewed conflict between Great Britain and France on American commerce? a. United States merchants lost a sizable number of ships to both British and French assaults. b. Both the British and the French regularly seized whole cargoes of American grain. c. The British and the French imposed an embargo against American trade with their West Indian possessions. d. The United States, as the world’s largest neutral carrier, benefited commercially during the first two years of the war.

23. Which of the following is true concerning the British policy of impressment? a. The practice was greatly exaggerated by American politicians seeking votes. b. The practice led to a decision by American shippers not to trade with Britain until it was stopped. c. The practice made a mockery of U.S. citizenship and was an attack on America’s sovereignty. d. The practice ended as a result of the treaty negotiated by William Pinckney and James Monroe.

24. What was a result of the Chesapeake affair? a. Congress repealed the Non-Importation Act as a conciliatory gesture to the British. b. President Jefferson asked Congress to declare war against Great Britain. c. The military weakness of the United States was exposed. d. Great Britain attempted to blockade the American coastline.

25. How did President Jefferson respond to the Chesapeake affair? a. He armed American merchant ships. b. He confined himself to stern public denunciations of the British. c. Using the Monroe-Pinckney Treaty as a starting point, he reopened negotiations with the British. d. He increased military and naval expenditures and persuaded Congress to enact the Embargo Act. 26. The embargo initiated by President Jefferson in 1807 had the greatest impact on a. the South. b. New England. c. Great Britain. d. France.

27. Which of the following would have been most likely to benefit from the Embargo Act? a. The owner of a New England textile mill b. A dock worker in New England c. Factory workers in England d. West Indian merchants 28. Which of the following is true of the election of 1808? a. The Federalists, as usual, were badly split and refused to engage in a public debate of the issues. b. The Younger Federalists used widespread discontent with Democratic-Republican policy, especially the embargo, to their advantage. c. James Madison was uncontested as the Democratic-Republican nominee. .

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Chapter 08 d. Madison virtually promised voters a war with Great Britain.

29. As a result of social events hosted by the wives of appointed and elected officials in Washington, D.C., a. political negotiations and compromises were encouraged by giving political enemies a place where they could talk cordially with each other. b. credibility was given to the rumors that President Madison was controlled by a group of wealthy Virginia planters. c. foreign dignitaries were often offended by the relaxed and casual manner in which the guests were dressed. d. political problems were created for officials because of the outspokenness of their wives on controversial political matters.

30. Which of the following is true of Macon’s Bill Number 2? a. It was designed to intimidate both the British and the French by indicating American willingness to go to war. b. It reopened trade with Britain and France, but it stipulated that if either nation agreed to respect America’s commercial rights the president could end commerce with the other. c. It advocated the creation of a league of armed neutral nations. d. It authorized the president to sign a military alliance with whichever nation agreed to respect American rights.

31. In their response to the war in Europe, the actions of Presidents Jefferson and Madison a. demonstrated that economic policy was not an effective diplomatic weapon. b. caused severe economic disruptions in both England and France. c. increased the negotiating power of the United States with the belligerent nations. d. increased the power and prestige of the U.S. Navy in the Atlantic.

32. What action did Great Britain take shortly before the American declaration of war against that country? a. Great Britain increased its naval presence in the Great Lakes. b. The British announced a blockade of the American coast. c. The British changed the policy that had been the reason for American anger by reopening the seas to American shipping. d. The British navy sank several American merchant ships.

33. Analysis of the vote in favor of a declaration of war against Great Britain in 1812 supports which of the following conclusions? a. Support for the war came primarily from New England and the South. b. Congressmen from the South and West strongly opposed the war, and those from New England supported it. c. Because there was strong support for the war in all regions, the vote demonstrated American unity. d. Most representatives from the coastal states opposed the war.

34. Which of the following was the first land victory for the United States in the War of 1812? a. The razing of the Canadian capital of York b. The defense of Fort Harrison by Captain Zachary Taylor c. General Hull’s successful defense of Fort Dearborn d. The Battle of Queenstown on the Niagara front 35. Which of the following was a Federalist meeting that was perceived as disloyalty during time of war and began the .

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Chapter 08 downfall of the party? a. Constitutional Convention b. Convention of 1812 c. Hartford Convention d. New Orleans Convention 36. What brought the War of 1812 to an end? a. The British finally agreed to renounce the policy of impressment. b. After Jackson’s victory at New Orleans, the British could not continue to fight. c. Napoleon’s defeat in Europe made peace and the status quo acceptable to both sides. d. The Battle of Baltimore cost so many American lives that the United States sought peace.

37. Which of the following was a consequence of the War of 1812? a. The American army was dismantled, leaving only the state militias. b. The Indian tribes were more united and more able to resist future American expansion. c. Federalist opposition to the unpopular war made the party a serious threat to the Democratic-Republicans in 1816. d. The war served to encourage the growth of young industries such as the textile industry.

38. The domestic program outlined by President Madison in 1815 a. recommended constitutional amendments that would have destroyed the system of checks and balances. b. represented a novel definition of the role of the federal government. c. in many respects embraced Federalist ideas. d. in most respects indicated the triumph of the ideas associated with Jeffersonian Republicanism.

39. The issue that posed the most serious problem for Madison from a constitutional point of view was a. the protective tariff. b. federal support for local internal improvements such as roads and canals. c. the proposal for a permanent standing army. d. the national bank question.

40. Following the War of 1812, Congress a. rejected John Calhoun’s call for federal funding to build roads and canals. b. rejected the nationalist program advanced by Henry Clay. c. enacted a protective tariff to aid certain American industries. d. established the independent treasury system.

41. Which of the following was a result of the building of canals such as the Erie Canal? a. Canals established important transportation links between the Midwest and the North. b. Canals established important transportation links between the North and the South. c. Financed by the federal government, canal building required an increase in the federal taxes. d. So little thought was put into the routes for canals that they served little useful commercial purpose.

42. In McCulloch v. Maryland the Supreme Court a. recognized the full legal authority of states over economic activities within their borders. .

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Chapter 08 b. held that, under the Constitution’s necessary and proper clause, Congress had the power to charter banks. c. declared constitutional a Maryland law taxing the Baltimore branch of the Second Bank of the United States. d. increased the power of the states relative to the federal government.

43. In Gibbons v. Ogden the Supreme Court a. recognized workers’ rights to organize by declaring that strikes are legal actions. b. recognized that workers have the right to organize if their intent is to improve their working conditions. c. expanded Congress’s power by ruling that trade on the nation’s waterways fell under the commerce clause of the Constitution. d. protected the sanctity of contracts against state interference.

44. Which of the following best expresses the Supreme Court’s decision in Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge? a. State governments have final authority over transportation routes within their boundaries. b. New enterprises cannot be restrained by privileges that were implied under old charters. c. The original grant of power in a state contract is to be interpreted as broad and unlimited. d. The federal government has final authority over transportation routes that cross state boundaries.

45. The federal government created an atmosphere conducive to individual creativity by doing which of the following? a. The Department of Commerce extended government grants to “invention factories.” b. Congress ordered that technical reports be published explaining all newly awarded patents. c. Congress protected inventions by enacting patent laws. d. The Patent Office was authorized to commission inventors.

46. What was agreed to in the Rush-Bagot Treaty? a. The timetable for the withdrawal of British forces from the Oregon Country. b. Fishing rights of Britain and the United States in the Atlantic. c. The creation of an Indian buffer state in the Northwest. d. The limiting of British and American naval forces on the Great Lakes.

47. In the Convention of 1818, the United States and Great Britain agreed to a. terminate the 1815 commercial treaty between the two countries. b. demilitarize the Great Lakes. c. demilitarize the United States-Canadian border. d. a ten-year joint occupation of the Oregon Country.

48. Which of the following was a provision of the Adams-Onís Treaty? a. The United States and Spain agreed that they would jointly occupy East Florida. b. The United States gave up its claims to northern Mexico. c. The northern limits of the Louisiana Purchase were established at the 49th parallel. d. Spain ceded the Nevada and Utah territories to the United States.

49. The issuance of the Monroe Doctrine in 1823 was prompted by a. the fear that reactionary continental European nations might intervene in Latin America to restore Spanish colonial rule. b. the Russian annexation of Alaska. .

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Chapter 08 c. President Monroe’s hope of increasing his popularity with the American public. d. continuing British intervention in Latin American affairs.

50. In the Monroe Doctrine, the United States a. joined Great Britain in a pledge to protect the independence of the states of Latin America. b. demanded nonintervention by European powers in the affairs of independent nations in the New World. c. pledged to support the anti-Spanish revolutions in Cuba, Nicaragua, and Panama. d. relinquished any future territorial ambitions in the Americas.

51. Francis Cabot Lowell’s textile mill at Waltham, Massachusetts, a. used steam engines for power. b. combined all manufacturing processes under one roof. c. implemented the putting-out plan. d. gave rise to the first labor unions in the United States.

52. The fight over the admission of Missouri to the Union a. resulted solely from the emotional feelings that people had about slavery. b. ushered in an era in which virtually every session of Congress had to deal with the slavery issue. c. concerned purely political questions, with no discussion about the morality of slavery. d. was of great political significance because Missouri’s admission would disrupt the balance between slave and free states in the Senate.

53. Which of the following was a provision of the Missouri Compromise? a. After Missouri’s admission to the Union as a slave state, slavery was prohibited in the Louisiana Purchase territory north of 36°30. b. New nonslaveholding settlers in Missouri would receive a homestead of forty acres of land. c. The Louisiana Purchase territory was to be open to white settlers only. d. Free blacks were barred from settling in Missouri.

54. Which of the following was true of northern artisans in the pre-industrial age? a. Most could not make a living as craftsmen, and thus they also engaged in subsistence farming. b. Most lived in seaport towns. c. They never earned wages while working for master craftsmen as either apprentices or journeymen. d. Most lived in rural areas, and their crafted goods were transported to urban areas for sale.

55. Which of the following is true concerning the involvement of free blacks in the abolitionist movement during the nation’s earliest years? a. Free blacks established their own abolitionist societies through which they extended aid to fugitive slaves. b. Free blacks did not speak in favor of abolition until a minority of whites had advocated the immediate end to slavery. c. Free blacks, like antislavery whites, recognized William Lloyd Garrison as the nation’s most representative abolitionist. d. Free blacks were too busy trying to cope with a racist society to become concerned with those still enslaved.

56. Which of the following caused many slaves to die before reaching American shores? .

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Chapter 08 a. Slaves were cramped in ships, where each had only the space of a coffin, causing disease to spread rapidly. b. Slaves were not offered food or water for the entire length of the trip across the sea. c. Slaves opted to jump overboard, rather than enter into hard physical labor. d. This statement is false; the majority of slaves did reach American shores.

57. Liberia was founded in 1824 by which of the following? a. The American Colonization Society b. The leadership council of the African Methodist Episcopal church c. Leaders of the Negro Convention Movement d. The Masonic Order

58. Discuss the methods used by partisans in the early nineteenth century to court and mobilize popular support for political candidates and the political beliefs of those candidates. What role did a partisan press play in this process?

59. Discuss the Democratic-Republican philosophy of government, and examine the various ways in which the Democratic-Republicans tried to put theory into practice during President Jefferson’s tenure in office. How successful were they?

60. Discuss the events leading up to, legal questions addressed by, and historical significance of Marbury v. Madison.

61. Discuss the factors that led to the Louisiana Purchase. Why was Jefferson reluctant to agree to the purchase? Why did he ultimately agree to it? Why was the purchase significant?

62. Using the examples of Sacagawea and Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh, analyze the different approaches of Native Americans to the expansionism of the early nineteenth century.

63. Discuss the development of and opposition to the slave trade in Jeffersonian America.

64. Discuss the causes and consequences of the First and Second Barbary Wars.

65. Discuss the causes and consequences of the War of 1812.

66. Discuss the impact of the renewal of the Napoleonic Wars on the United States, and examine the measures taken by Jefferson and Madison to prevent American entry into the conflict. Why were these measures ultimately unsuccessful?

67. Using the War of 1812 as your evidence, submit a report to President Monroe that outlines the strengths and weaknesses of the American military system. Make specific suggestions for improvement.

68. Discuss the agenda advanced by President James Madison in the “American System,” and explain the extent to which the President’s goals were achieved.

69. Why were the years following the War of 1812 termed the Era of Good Feelings? What events ended this era?

70. Defend the following statement: “From 1817 to 1825, John Quincy Adams brilliantly managed the nation’s foreign policy.”

71. Discuss the factors that prompted the issuance of the Monroe Doctrine. What was called for in the Doctrine? Why did .

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Chapter 08 the United States not issue a joint statement with England?

72. Discuss the causes and consequences of industrial development in the United States from the 1790s to 1824.

73. Discuss the causes and consequences of the Panic of 1819.

74. Explain the conflict over the admission of Missouri to statehood and the resulting compromise. Why did Thomas Jefferson say that the Missouri issue, “like a fire bell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror”?

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Chapter 08 Answer Key 1. a 2. a 3. b 4. d 5. a 6. a 7. a 8. d 9. a 10. c 11. a 12. a 13. c 14. a 15. b 16. a 17. d 18. c 19. a 20. d 21. c 22. d 23. c 24. c 25. d .

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Chapter 08 26. b 27. a 28. b 29. a 30. b 31. a 32. c 33. d 34. b 35. c 36. c 37. d 38. c 39. b 40. c 41. a 42. b 43. c 44. b 45. c 46. d 47. d 48. b 49. a 50. b 51. b .

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Chapter 08 52. d 53. a 54. b 55. a 56. a 57. a 58. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 09

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. Which of the following statements is not correct in context of the North and South? a. Northerners and Southerners invoked with nearly equal frequency the doctrine of states’ rights against federal authority. b. The geographical sizes of the North and South were different. c. Urban growth was slower in the South than in the North. d. Southerners spoke the same language and worshipped in the same Protestant fashion as Northerners.

2. Until the 1840s, the North and the South were similar in which of the following ways? a. Both regions tried to apply the states’ rights doctrine against federal authority with nearly equal frequency. b. Both regions had an equal commitment to industrialization. c. Slavery was clearly profitable in both regions. d. Both regions invested heavily in the building of canals and railroads.

3. In which year did Jefferson declare his “moral and physical preference of the agricultural over the manufacturing man”? a. 1804 b. 1815 c. 1850 d. 1904 4. Which of the following was a major demographic characteristic of Southern society between 1830 and 1860? a. The population became increasingly urban. b. The number of foreign-born residents equaled that of the North. c. The region’s population density was low. d. The region had many more women than men.

5. What would explain absence of highly developed schools, churches, and libraries in the South between 1800 and 1860? a. Southerners did not enjoy socializing as much as their northern counterparts. b. Most southerners were far too busy to devote time to nonwork activities. c. Southerners were afraid that the presence of such institutions would lead to a mixture of the races. d. The South’s low population density meant that financing and operating such institutions was difficult.

6. The largest industry in the antebellum South was a. clothing b. fishing c. lumbering d. shipbuilding

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7. From 1830 to 1860, the percentage of white Southern families owning slaves declined steadily from a. 50 to 45 percent. b. 80 to 70 percent. c. 36 to 25 percent. d. 45 to 25 percent. .

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Chapter 09 8. Which of the following statements is correct? a. William Harper argued that slaveholding was essentially a matter of property rights. b. Proslavery writers in the 1840s and 1850s asserted that whites were the more intellectual race, and blacks the race more inherently physical and destined for labor. c. Presbyterian minister George Bourne was welcomed in Virginia for his antislavery sermons. d. John C. Calhoun and John Quincy Adams were close allies in the antislavery movement.

9. In their defense of slavery, Southerners often demonstrated a belief in a. egalitarianism among all whites. b. maintaining the social order as God and nature prescribed it. c. the eventual emergence of a truly integrated society. d. education as a way to achieve the goal of equality among all people.

10. Which of the following arguments was most likely to have been used by southerners in the 1830s and 1840s to defend the institution of slavery? a. It is true that slavery is an evil within human society, but for economic reasons it is presently a necessary evil. b. Society is ordered in a particular way by the dictates of nature, and nature has ordained that blacks are born to be slaves. c. All whites are born to be free and equal, but all non-whites are frowned on by God and were born to be slaves. d. Human beings are equal in the sight of God only if they have accepted the tenets of Christianity; therefore, non-Christians may be enslaved.

11. After which year did the interests and social structures of the North and South diverge? a. 1850 b. 1804 c. 1904 d. 1815 12. In the 1840s and 1850s, the political power base of the South shifted toward a. old southern states such as Virginia and South Carolina. b. yeoman farmers and away from planters. c. planters who wanted to modernize southern society. d. southwestern boom states such as Mississippi and Arkansas.

13. When President Monroe first proposed the policy of Indian removal to the West, he did so in response to pressure from . a. the state of Georgia b. Christian missionaries c. the Department of War d. the Native Americans themselves 14. , a self-educated Cherokee, invented a phonetic alphabet for the Cherokee language that enabled his people to have both a Bible and bilingual newspaper in their native language. a. Sequoyah .

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Chapter 09 b. Tecumseh c. Prophet d. Chief John Ross 15. In Worcester v. Georgia, Chief Justice John Marshall . a. ruled that matters pertaining to Indian tribes should be settled by Congress rather than the courts b. ruled that the laws of Georgia had no force in the Cherokee nation c. upheld the removal of Native Americans from the South d. declared that the state government of Georgia could seize Indian lands within its borders 16. When the Indian removal policy of the 1830s was completed, . a. many Native Americans became dependent on government payments for survival b. a sense of peace, harmony, and renewal among the Cherokee led to the Cherokee Renaissance c. the Native Americans received an amount of land west of the Mississippi equal to the amount of land they had been removed from in the East d. no Native Americans remained east of the Mississippi 17. The Seminole War between 1835 and 1842 ended with a. the Seminoles surrendering and ceding their lands to the United States b. the extermination of the Seminoles c. the forcible removal of the Seminoles from Florida to the West d. the United States allowing some Seminoles to remain in Florida 18. Which of the following American values were not associated with the North in the decades before the Civil War? a. Individualism b. Materialism c. Family loyalty d. Faith in progress 19. Southern yeomen farmers who migrated into the area west of the Appalachians in the early nineteenth century wanted to: a. Take advantage of the expanding market economy by becoming commercial farmers b. Establish a nonslaveholding agrarian society c. Take advantage of the lucrative fur trade in the region d. Acquire rich, fertile farmland 20. The life story of John F. Flintoff demonstrates which of the following? a. Southerners from the mountains generally held antislavery views. b. Evangelical Christianity caused a significant number of white southerners to question the morality of slavery. c. The availability of land and capital in the 1840s made it easy for most nonslaveowning southern farmers to become slaveowners. d. Yeomen farmers generally aspired to become slaveowners.

21. Which of the following is true of the relatively typical southern yeoman farmer, Ferdinand Steel? a. He worked so hard that he had time for neither family nor religion. .

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Chapter 09 b. Although he grew cotton as a cash crop, he owned no slaves and lived a life marked by hard work and financial insecurity. c. He spent his lifetime aspiring to become a planter. d. He planted only cotton because doing so was the only way to acquire capital for the acquisition of land and slaves.

22. Which of the following is true of landless whites in the South between 1830 and 1860? a. They usually relied on public relief agencies for food, clothing, and shelter. b. They often struggled to save enough money from their meager wages to buy land. c. They were usually able to obtain steady employment. d. Their economic status was comparable to that of most yeoman farmers.

23. Which of the following was the main determinant of a man’s wealth and social position in the South? a. The size and furnishing of his home b. The amount of land and the number of slaves he owned c. The value of his stockholdings and the amount of money readily available to him in his bank account d. The extent of his involvement in community affairs.

24. During the 1820s and 1830s, the state governments in the recently settled states of the Old Southwest became . a. more and more corrupt b. less representative of the masses c. more democratic d. less democratic 25. Which of the following is an explanation for the absence of serious conflict between slaveholders and nonslaveholders in the antebellum South? a. Nonslaveholders recognized and accepted the superiority of the slaveholding planter class. b. Despite their wealth and power, slaveholders did not expect special privileges. c. They closely relied on each other economically. d. Socially and economically, the two groups operated independently of each other.

26. The antebellum South lagged far behind the North in which area? a. Population density b. Agricultural trade c. Textile mills d. Industrial growth 27. Which of the following is true of Southern society between 1830 and 1860? a. The increased opportunities that accompanied the cotton boom led to a more nearly even distribution of wealth. b. Slaveholders became less and less concerned about the loyalty of nonslaveholders. c. The percentage of white Southern families owning slaves steadily declined. d. As Southern society became more democratic, it also became more tolerant of dissent. .

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Chapter 09 28. Which of the following was true of free blacks in the South between 1830 and 1860? a. They often owned land. b. They usually worked as paid skilled laborers. c. They were legally required to move to a free state or face being enslaved. d. They were not legally permitted to own a gun.

29. The multiracial populations of New Orleans, Charleston, and Mobile differed from most other similar populations in the South in that they: a. Formed a society of their own and were recognized as a distinct class b. Were allowed to vote in city elections c. Were exclusively descended from slaves who were emancipated in the era of the American Revolution d. Were legal immigrants from African countries who fled that continent in the 1790s 30. Who was the ex-slave who led black abolitionists during the antebellum period? a. Frederick Douglass b. Louisiana Tubman c. Samuel Fleming d. Thomas Supten 31. Most planters in the boom states of Alabama and Mississippi in the 1840s a. were descended from old Virginia and South Carolina families b. lived in grand plantation mansions c. had begun to see the slave-labor system as a hindrance to economic progress d. were newly rich 32. The most famous slave rebel of the pre-Civil War period, in Southampton County, Virginia, in 1831. a. Nat Turner b. Samuel Fleming c. Mary Chesnut d. Ralph Ellison

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, began a slave rebellion in a bid for freedom

33. What impact did slavery have on the southern value system? a. The presence of slave labor created an egalitarian value system among the white majority. b. Slavery created constant tension between slaveowners and nonslaveowners. c. The availability of slave labor had the effect of devaluing free labor in the South. d. Slavery created a strong sense of community responsibility among the white majority.

34. Most members of the planter aristocracy saw themselves as a. the benevolent guardians of an inferior race. b. capitalistic farmers pursuing their own economic self-interest. c. self-sacrificing members of the larger community. d. the champions of the democratic ideal.

35. The paternalistic ideology of the elite plantation class: .

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Chapter 09 a. Masked the harsher beliefs of rich planters concerning the inferiority of blacks and the importance of making money b. Was nothing more than a myth advanced by Southern writers c. Was used to hide the belief by slaveowners that slavery was morally wrong d. Was openly questioned by religious leaders in the antebellum South 36. Which of the following best describes the relations between men and women of the planter class? a. Paternalistic b. Honorable c. Mutually respectful d. Contemptuous 37. The wife in an upper-class antebellum Southern family was a. legally subordinate to her husband b. usually responsible for managing the budget c. frequently the real, if tacit, authority in the family d. roughly equal to the husband in influence and responsibility

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38. With regard to sexual relations between white men and enslaved women in the antebellum South, white southern women a. increasingly spoke out against such liaisons in the 1830s and 1840s b. were supposed to pretend that they did not notice c. actively sought passage of laws against interracial sexual relations d. usually placed the blame for such relationships on the enslaved women 39. Which of the following best describes the diet of most slaves in the antebellum South? a. It was monotonous and lacked proper nutritional value. b. It was healthy and nutritious. c. Insufficient amounts were provided so that many slaves lived on the verge of starvation. d. It was usually devoid of meat.

40. Slave cabins were usually a. crowded but sanitary b. clean and spacious c. unhealthy d. comfortable

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41. “Slaveholders have found out a fearful alchemy by which...blood can be transformed into gold. Instead of listening to the cry of agony, they listen to the ring of dollars and stoop down to pick up the coin.” This 1857 statement is from a. former enslaved minister James Pennington b. black abolitionist orator Frances Ellen Watkins c. former President John Quincy Adams d. ex-slave Minnie Fulkes 42. Which of the following was generally true of slaves in the South Carolina and Georgia low country? .

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Chapter 09 a. They worked under the task system. b. They were free to determine their own work patterns. c. They were separated into a strict hierarchy of field slaves and house slaves. d. They frequently engaged in work stoppages in an attempt to improve working conditions.

43. What was unique about the slave population of North America? a. It was the only slave population in the New World to be subjected to physical cruelty. b. It was the only slave population in the New World that experienced natural increase. c. It was the only slave population in the New World to have legal recourse against abusive masters. d. It was the only slave population in the New World to have an excess of men over women.

44. Slave narratives suggest that slaves considered the worst aspect of their enslavement to be the . a. physical pain they endured from whippings and beatings b. psychological trauma of being considered inferiors c. unsanitary conditions in which they were forced to live d. coercion, lack of freedom, and little hope for change, all of which were part of the nature of slavery itself 45. Comments from former slaves reveal that the great majority of American slaves a. had little self-respect b. unquestioningly accepted their status c. retained their mental independence d. preferred subservience over the uncertainties of freedom

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46. The law Congress passed in 1808 a. regulated the slave trade in Washington, D.C. b. banned the importation of slaves. c. prohibited the transport of slaves across state lines. d. allowed slavery in the Louisiana Purchase territory.

47. Which of the following is true of slave culture in the antebellum South? a. Slave culture emerged and thrived in southern cities. b. Slave culture was centered on religion; therefore, it did not affect the work and leisure of slaves. c. Slave culture, especially in appearance and in forms of expression, retained many influences from the African past. d. Slave “culture” was practically nonexistent because of the tyrannical power of slave masters.

48. The common belief of slaves in spirits is linked to the: a. Muslim concept of the afterlife b. Stories told by masters to frighten slaves into submission c. African concept of the living dead d. Idea that God would deliver the slaves from bondage 49. African influences on slave culture in the New World a. can be seen only in the recreational activities of slaves

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Chapter 09 b. reminded slaves that they had a separate past and a separate identity from their oppressors c. survived only in areas where slaves were imported from the West Indies d. disappeared completely after the abolition of the international slave trade 50. By the early antebellum period, American slaves . a. became more conscious of their separate tribal and ethnic differences based on their African past b. had cast off all cultural influences from their African past c. saw themselves as a single group unified by race d. had rejected Christianity as a white man’s religion that encouraged cruelty and oppression 51. In addition to seeking personal salvation through their religion, slaves: a. Prayed that all earthly power would be placed in their hands b. Sought group salvation through the belief that God would deliver all slaves from bondage c. Sought forgiveness for their masters d. Prayed that they would receive earthly riches as a reward for their trials and tribulations 52. Stories such as the “Brer Rabbit folktales” were actually stories about a. racial violence on the plantation b. survival and resistance c. violent rebellion against the slave system d. the importance of family

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53. Which of the following statements about the slave family is true? a. Masters rarely broke up slave families. b. Masters usually discouraged slaves from forming family units. c. Most southern states had legalized slave marriages by 1860. d. Children were often named after relatives of past generations as a way of retaining family history.

54. Which of the following is true of Nat Turner? a. He was convicted and executed in the early 1830s for having planned and executed a violent slave revolt. b. He became an outspoken abolitionist after escaping to the North. c. He regularly conducted raids into the slave states to help blacks escape to freedom. d. He conducted extensive interviews with runaway slaves in writing antislavery pamphlets published in the 1830s.

55. In response to the Nat Turner Rebellion, many southern states passed laws: a. Forbidding masters from freeing their slaves b. Making it easier for slaves to purchase their freedom and the freedom of others c. Allowing slaves more freedom of movement d. Against educating Blacks 56. In the aftermath of the 1831 Nat Turner Rebellion, the Virginia legislature a. approved a plan, subsequently vetoed by the governor, for the abolition of slavery. b. approved a measure requiring all free blacks to leave the state or be enslaved. .

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Chapter 09 c. began a debate on slavery that continued and grew more bitter as the years passed. d. debated but then rejected a measure calling for the gradual abolition of slavery.

57. Discuss the similarities and differences between the North and the South in the period from 1830 to 1860.

58. Defend the following statement: “As the South grew and expanded between 1830 and 1860, it bore the distinguishing features of a slave society.”

59. Discuss the variety of arguments used by southerners to defend the institution of slavery in the pre-Civil War era.

60. Compare and contrast the Amistad case with Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, paying particular attention to the concepts of individual freedom, race, states’ rights, and national sovereignty.

61. Discuss the emergence of “the Cotton South,” and explain the impact of the cotton boom on southern society.

62. Discuss the similarities and differences in the lives of John F. Flintoff and Ferdinand L. Steel. What characteristics of yeoman farmers may be distinguished in the lives of these two men?

63. Discuss the lifestyle of southern slaveholders and the paternalistic ideology that was a central part of their belief system. Explain what the letters of Paul Carrington Cameron reveal concerning the sincerity of the slaveholder’s paternalism toward his slaves.

64. Examine the husband-and-wife relationship within the planter class. How did this relationship differ from the comparable relationship within a slave family? How was it similar? How did upper-class southern women react to their roles as wives, mothers, and slave mistresses?

65. Discuss the conditions under which slaves lived, worked, ate, and slept on a typical southern plantation.

66. Explain the importance of African influences and of religion in the emergence of a distinctive African American culture. How did slaves’ culture in general, and African influences and religion in particular, help slaves survive the ordeal of slavery?

67. Discuss the black family in the context of the slave community.

68. Examine the nature and extent of slave resistance. What was the primary objective of most modes of resistance?

69. Analyze Nat Turner’s life and the rebellion he led in the context of the African-American adoption of Christianity.

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Chapter 09 Answer Key 1. b 2. a 3. a 4. c 5. d 6. c 7. c 8. b 9. b 10. b 11. d 12. d 13. a 14. a 15. b 16. a 17. d 18. c 19. d 20. d 21. b 22. b 23. b 24. c 25. d .

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Chapter 09 26. d 27. c 28. d 29. a 30. a 31. d 32. a 33. c 34. a 35. a 36. a 37. a 38. b 39. a 40. c 41. b 42. a 43. b 44. d 45. c 46. b 47. c 48. c 49. b 50. c 51. b .

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Chapter 09 52. b 53. d 54. a 55. d 56. d 57. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 10

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. After the War of 1812, . a. farmers in the North remained self-reliant and seldom participated in the emerging market economy b. more people in the North began to work for others in return for wages c. there seemed to be few economic differences between the North and the South d. the United States was immediately flooded with foreign imports, thus pushing many newly emerging domestic industries into bankruptcy 2. Individual farmers in the new market economy of the 1800s: a. Specialized in growing crops that could be sold for cash on the market b. Started trading surplus crops with their neighbors c. Were self-sufficient d. Raised a wide variety of crops 3. Why did Mary Ann Archbald produce cloth to sell for cash? a. To gain money for the purchase of luxury items b. To purchase her own factory c. To gain economic independence for herself d. To pay off her family’s land debt 4. What was the second largest city in population in both 1820 and 1860? a. Chicago b. New York c. Philadelphia d. Boston 5. Which of the following was an economic consequence of the War of 1812? a. The difficulty of moving troops and supplies during the war spurred interest in the building of a more reliable road system. b. Sectional conflict became far more pronounced. c. The federal government tried to pay its war debts by enacting the first income tax on American citizens. d. The war acted to impede the emergence of domestic industries.

6. Which of the following led to the boom in canal building in the 1820s and 1830s? a. The success of the Erie Canal b. The impact of the protective tariff c. The development of the textile industry in New England d. The provision of federal subsidies for canal construction 7. Which of the following most hindered the development of a national railroad system? a. The absence of a national standard for track width b. The public’s fear concerning the safety of rail travel c. The refusal of most financial institutions to grant loans for rail construction d. The cost of both buying land and hiring the number of workers necessary to lay track over rough terrain .

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Chapter 10 8. In the mid-nineteenth century, where was the one place that Northern and Southern railroads connected? a. Baltimore, Maryland b. Bowling Green, Kentucky c. Nashville, Tennessee d. Richmond, Virginia 9. Which of the following was true of the nation’s canals and railroads by 1860? a. The national transportation network they created promoted a sense of national unity. b. Construction was so haphazard that they hampered the emergence of a national marketplace. c. They did little to unite the North and the South. d. They had been completely financed by the federal government.

10. Which of the following is a reason that the South built fewer railroads than the North? a. Research clearly indicated that such investments would be of no economic benefit to the South. b. The South saw the industrial and transportation revolutions as threats to republican ideology. c. The Southern states believed that such construction should be the responsibility of the federal government. d. Southern states had smaller free populations so they collected fewer taxes and had less money to invest in railroads.

11. By the 1850s, which of the following was a consequence of internal improvements in the North? a. The canals and railroads built in the North only benefited factory owners and financiers. b. The canals and railroads built in the North had a unifying effect by linking the Northeast with the Old Northwest. c. The canals and railroads built in the North benefited the entire nation and helped to integrate both the South and the Old Northwest into the North’s market economy. d. The canals and railroads built in the North severely strained the economy of many Northern states, causing some of those states to declare their state treasuries bankrupt.

12. In 1860, what was the percentage of people living in urban areas? a. 15 percent b. 25 percent c. 10 percent d. 20 percent 13. Which of the following is a reason for the rapid manufacturing and commercial expansion experienced by the Northeast during the forty years following the War of 1812? a. The unparalleled natural increase in the population of the North and South increased demand for manufactured products. b. The federal government poured vast sums of money into the building of factories and the building of canals. c. Transportation costs were dramatically reduced as a result of extensive internal improvements. d. After the war, most European nations refused to export goods to the United States, thus domestic manufacturing expanded rapidly in the Northeast to meet consumer demand.

14. Which of the following was true of factory work in the 1840s? .

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Chapter 10 a. Workers in large factories continued to have a close personal relationship with the factory owner. b. The shortage of labor meant that most factory workers had job security. c. The flow of work was governed by the clock. d. Workers usually had far more opportunities for advancement than would have been true in pre-industrial artisan shops.

15. What was the key to American manufacturing in the early nineteenth century? a. The innovative financial systems that funded plant expansion. b. The unique method of corporate management. c. The use of machine-tooled, interchangeable parts. d. The vertical integration of companies.

16. To adequately staff the Lowell textile mill at Waltham, Massachusetts, mill managers first turned to a. runaway slaves from the South b. newly arrived European immigrants c. young girls from New England farms d. farmers who could no longer support themselves through farming

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17. Which of the following best explains the deterioration of the working and living conditions of workers in New England textile mills in the 1830s and 1840s? a. Living and working conditions deteriorated primarily because of the economic depression of the late 1830s. b. Working and living conditions deteriorated primarily because of the growing labor surplus. c. An economic depression led management to focus more on profits than on providing decent working and living conditions for the workers. d. Competition from English imports was the primary reason for the deterioration of working and living conditions.

18. Labor political parties in the United States first formed in which decade? a. 1850s b. 1870s c. 1840s d. 1820s 19. As evidenced by the formation of the Lowell Female Reform Association in 1844, female workers in New England textile mills had changed their methods of resistance in the face of deteriorating working conditions. What new method were they using? a. They organized a nationwide product boycott. b. They called for the passage of state legislation to shorten the workday. c. They engaged in sabotage against the machines. d. They organized and went on strike.

20. If you were to visit a textile mill in New England in 1855, the workers there would most likely be: a. Dispossessed farmers b. New England farm daughters c. Free blacks .

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Chapter 10 d. Female immigrants 21. The labor parties formed in Pennsylvania, New York, and Massachusetts in the 1820s advocated which of the following? a. An end to imprisonment for debt b. A four-day work week c. A pension plan guaranteed by employers d. Free room and board for mill workers 22. Which of the following is true of the labor movement during the 1840s? a. It was made up primarily of socialists and anarchists. b. It was successful in getting pension plans for many workers. c. Its major achievement came when the courts relieved workers from the threat of conspiracy laws being used against them if they organized or engaged in strikes. d. It demonstrated the unity present among workers.

23. What was the significance of Commonwealth v. Hunt ? a. It declared organized labor to be an illegal restraint of trade. b. By ruling that it was constitutional for a state to use the militia to end labor disputes, it declared strikes to be illegal. c. By ruling that a contract between a labor union and a factory owner was binding, it recognized the right of labor to bargain collectively. d. It recognized the right of workers to organize and strike.

24. Initially, the biggest market for ready-made clothes was a. women from wealthy families in the Northeast b. Southern planters who bought such clothes for their slaves c. workers in textile mills d. businessmen working in Northeastern financial centers

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25. In the 1850s, which of the following cities was the center of the clothing trade? a. Boston b. Cincinnati c. New Orleans d. New York 26. A counting house was a. the place where railroad companies planned their train schedules and freight rates. b. the place where the paperwork for a merchant's commercial transactions was completed. c. a corporation’s central warehouse. d. A bank.

27. During the 1830s, farmers in the Northeast were faced with which of the following problems? a. The new labor-saving farm implements were unsuited to the area’s terrain. b. Severe drought struck the area. .

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Chapter 10 c. Overproduction led to a dramatic decline in wheat and corn prices. d. Many were overburdened with debt because of the acquisition of new land.

28. How did New England farm families respond to competition from the West? a. They gave up attempting to improve their livestock and turned to raising poultry. b. They opened more land to the production of wheat and corn. c. They began to raise livestock and to specialize in vegetable and fruit production. d. They returned to subsistence farming.

29. Which of the following is a good example of the transition to a market economy? a. Farmers in the West began to try to meet the demands of the marketplace by producing animals, dairy products, grain, and vegetables on a single family farm. b. More and more farmers, especially in the West, began to turn to subsistence farming. c. Farm women began to produce more dairy products to be sold in the market, and then used their profits to buy factory-produced cloth. d. Spinning and weaving at home became more and more important.

30. The boom-and-bust economic cycles from 1815 to 1860 were the direct result of a. droughts and resulting crop failures b. the development and expansion of the new market economy c. government intervention in the economy d. the nation’s overdependence on foreign trade 31. In the early nineteenth century, family planning was a. becoming more common b. virtually unknown c. reserved to the rich. d. generally regarded as immoral

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32. Which of the following statements is true concerning the birthrate in America between 1800 and 1860? a. The birthrate declined sharply among urban women and increased slightly among rural women. b. The birthrate continued to increase, but more slowly than it had in the previous century. c. The birthrate declined, but more so among native-born Americans than among immigrant women. d. The birthrate increased slightly among urban women and decreased sharply among rural women.

33. During the early nineteenth century, many married and widowed working-class women a. worked at specialized tasks in the new factories b. acquired secretarial skills and worked in urban offices c. became clerks in the new urban department stores d. sold their domestic skills for wages by working as laundresses, seamstresses, and cooks

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34. By the mid-1800s, what occupation was recognized as consistent with the domestic ideal and, therefore, as acceptable for a woman? a. Nursing b. Social work .

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Chapter 10 c. Teaching d. Secretarial work 35. During the nineteenth century, . a. overall family size increased in all regions of the country b. government at both the state and national level established social programs designed to alleviate poverty c. the number of single women in the United States increased significantly d. the gap between rich and poor in the United States narrowed 36. In which year did the “railroad era” in the United States begin? a. 1830 b. 1820 c. 1860 d. 1833 37. Why did city governments eventually take over the task of supplying water to urban dwellers? a. Private interests did not have the capital necessary to build adequate water supply systems. b. Wealthy citizens demanded the extension of services to industry and business. c. Cities were judged to be liable for illnesses and deaths caused by contaminated drinking water. d. Arguments at neighborhood wells over water rights became a major source of violence and disorder.

38. Which of the following is true concerning the distribution of wealth in the United States between 1800 and 1860? a. Wealth was distributed more equitably throughout society than in the previous century. b. There was no significant change in the distribution of wealth during that time. c. Wealth was concentrated in the hands of a relatively small number of people. d. There was a redistribution of wealth from the wealthiest families to middle-class families.

39. In the 1840s and 1850s, the wealth of members of the upper-class elite in America was often based on: a. Talent b. Religiosity c. Inheritance or marriage d. Work ethic 40. Which of the following had become a feature in many middle-class homes by the 1840s and 1850s? a. Dirt floors b. Several servants c. Indoor toilets d. Homemade furniture 41. Which of the following best represents the percentage of the white population that was foreign-born by 1860? a. 80 percent b. 50 percent c. 30 percent d. 15 percent .

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Chapter 10 42. What prompted the massive migration of Irish to the United States in the 1840s? a. The Irish civil war b. The failure of potato crops in Ireland c. The Anglo-Irish war d. Religious persecution in Ireland 43. The massive nineteenth-century influx of Irish immigrants into the United States was accompanied by: a. The passage of restrictive immigration laws b. Legislation lengthening residency requirements for citizenship c. The growth of anti-Catholic sentiment d. A nationwide typhoid fever epidemic 44. In contrast to Irish immigrants, German immigrants to the United States: a. Were not as likely to be subjected to negative stereotyping b. Were all of the Protestant faith c. Found it very difficult to find employment d. Usually stayed for a few years and then returned home 45. Between 1820 and 1860, the population of free blacks in the United States a. remained essentially constant b. declined moderately c. rose slightly d. rose steadily

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46. What is the major canal that linked the Great Lakes to New York City, opening the upper Midwest to wider development? a. Oswego Canal b. Gowanus Canal c. Chenango Canal d. Erie Canal 47. Which of the following is associated with the youth culture that developed in New York City in the 1840s? a. Zoot suiters b. The Beats c. The Chelsea Youth Brigade d. Bowery boys and gals 48. Why were middle- and upper-class city dwellers drawn to the Masonic order in the early nineteenth century? a. They found its informality and absence of ritual attractive. b. The order offered harmony and shared values. c. They enjoyed the vaudeville-like entertainment offered in the lodges. d. The order emphasized equality among all people.

49. Which of the following was true of minstrel shows in the 1830s and 1840s? a. By ridiculing African Americans, they stoked the fires of racism. .

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Chapter 10 b. They provided a forum through which whites and blacks could better understand and accept their cultural differences. c. They served as the major entry point for African Americans into the entertainment industry. d. By popularizing African American song and dance, they served to break down racial barriers.

50. Which of the following correctly characterizes the penny press? a. Penny newspapers were affiliated with a political party and relied on politicians for a great deal of their content. b. The penny press had no hired reporters, and their content was based solely on readers’ letters. c. Rather than relying on subscriptions and political contributions for their revenue, penny newspapers were sold by newsboys on the street and earned money from advertising. d. Penny newspapers catered primarily to wealthy urbanites and covered mostly financial and commercial news.

51. In an effort to provide for the public safety of its citizens, New York City: a. Began hiring its own police force in 1845 b. Encouraged citizens to arm themselves in the 1840s c. Established a nine o’clock evening curfew in 1845 d. Installed gas lights on all streets in 1842 52. Which of the following statements best expresses the free-labor ideology? a. If you work hard and live a virtuous life, you will move up the social and economic ladder. b. Life is full of hardships that, if endured, will build character. c. Manual labor is beneath those of Anglo-Saxon heritage. d. Slavery is morally wrong and should be abolished immediately.

53. Which of the following statements is most consistent with the ideas preached by Charles G. Finney? a. All humans are condemned to misery because of the fall of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. b. All souls are predestined to either heaven or hell. c. The United States, like Sodom and Gomorrah, will be destroyed by God because of the depravity of its citizens. d. Because sin is avoidable, anyone can achieve salvation.

54. The social reform movements associated with the Second Great Awakening began in: a. The mountainous areas of Virginia and North Carolina b. The Burned-Over District of western New York c. Western Kentucky d. The Cotton South 55. The “benevolent empire” refers to which of the following? a. Reform associations in the 1830s and 1840s that were inspired by the Second Great Awakening b. The international relief organizations in the United States that gave aid to the impoverished of the earth c. A loosely knit organization of Northern factory owners dedicated to the abolition of slavery. d. The slave society of the Cotton South 56. Which of the following was the most effective means by which reform associations of the 1830s and 1840s spread .

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Chapter 10 their message? a. Rallies in major northern cities b. Gatherings in the private homes of urban residents c. Itinerant preachers d. Mass production and distribution of newspapers and pamphlets 57. The financial resources for the spread of evangelical reform often came from a. Northern state governments b. the members of Masonic lodges c. wealthy industrialists and merchants d. groups associated with recent Catholic immigrants

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58. The Second Great Awakening affected women in which of the following ways? a. The movement adversely affected women by blaming them for the sins of American society. b. The only impact the movement had on women was to reinforce the cult of domesticity. c. By participating in organizations advocating moral reform, many women became politically involved for the first time. d. Both the Episcopal and Methodist denominations allowed women to rise to the rank of bishop.

59. By which year, in response to Dorothea Dix’s efforts, had twenty-eight of 33 states built public institutions for the mentally ill? a. 1851 b. 1855 c. 1860 d. 1840 60. Which of the following was a reason for the emergence of temperance as a major issue in the 1840s and 1850s? a. Alcohol became a symbol of evil because of its association with Sabbath violations, abusive husbands, and poor work habits. b. It was revealed that organized crime was involved in the manufacture, distribution, and sale of alcohol. c. Revelations about the health and mental problems of infants born to alcoholic mothers caused public concern. d. Newspaper reporters documented and publicized widespread alcohol abuse within the Senate and House of Representatives.

61. In 1851, which was the first state to ban alcohol except for medical purposes? a. New Hampshire b. Maine c. Vermont d. Massachusetts 62. Which of the following touched the lives of more Americans than any other reform movement? a. The temperance movement b. The antigambling movement c. The public education movement d. The antiprostitution movement .

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Chapter 10 63. Horace Mann advocated . a. free to the student, tax-supported education b. that teachers should concentrate on imparting the moral lessons to be learned from a study of the classics c. that education was a private, family concern and not the concern of the state d. religious indoctrination in state-supported schools 64. Which of the following statements is most consistent with the beliefs of Horace Mann? a. Misery and crime can be ended through universal education. b. Men are superior to women as teachers because they command obedience and discipline from their pupils. c. The teaching of Christian religious principles should be the central focus of education. d. Formal education should be reserved for the talented tenth, and vocational training should be available to the masses.

65. Which of the following is true of advocates of the “common school” movement? a. They advocated teacher training and a lengthening of the school year. b. They proposed that the state should assume responsibility for teaching lower-class children, but that upperand middle-class children should be educated at home or in private institutions. c. They advocated the building of state-supported technical and vocational schools. d. They proposed that institutions of higher learning should be free to all who wanted to attend.

66. During the 1830s and 1840s, wider distribution of books and periodicals was made possible by: a. The advent of Rural Free Delivery b. The establishment of the United States Postal Service c. Parcel post delivery d. Power printing presses and better transportation 67. Who was the founder of Mormon Church? a. John Calvin b. Joseph Smith c. Martin Luther d. Charles Parham 68. Which of the following was the largest of the communal utopian experiments in the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century? a. Brook Haven b. The Davidians c. The Shakers d. New Harmony 69. William Lloyd Garrison a. is considered the father of the Abolitionist movement. b. was arrested for starting the fire of Pennsylvania Hall. c. founded The Liberator. d. mysteriously died after his publication of Appeal … to the Colored Citizens. .

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Chapter 10 70. Which of the following is true of the Brook Farm community? a. The community’s leaders encouraged the use of hallucinogenic drugs to achieve pure thought. b. The community’s members believed that Jesus had returned and that the Last Judgment had begun. c. The residents rejected formal education and intellectual endeavors. d. The community’s members believed that the spiritual transcends the worldly.

71. This person is considered the “prime mover” of the American Renaissance and the center of the Transcendentalist movement. a. James Fenimore Cooper b. Ralph Waldo Emerson c. Nathaniel Hawthorne d. Herman Melville 72. The literature associated with the American Renaissance is characterized by . a. a realistic portrayal of life in an urban environment b. the portrayal of figures engaged in ruthless power struggles c. a rejection of the concepts embodied in the European romantic movement d. moral idealism and the use of American settings and characters to address universal themes 73. After having been arrested and jailed for treason, Joseph Smith a. wrote the Book of Mormon b. renounced the Mormon religion c. escaped from prison and led his followers to the Great Salt Lake Valley d. was murdered by opponents

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74. In the pamphlet entitled Appeal . . . to the Colored Citizens, David Walker: a. Encouraged slaves in the South to engage in passive resistance against their white masters b. Informed slaves of the opportunities to escape through the network of people collectively known as the Underground Railroad c. Advocated the violent overthrow of the institution of slavery d. Called upon runaway slaves in the North to band together and invade the South 75. The most prominent and uncompromising advocate of immediate abolition during the 1830s and 1840s was a. James G. Birney. b. Henry Highland Garnet. c. William Lloyd Garrison. d. Elijah P. Lovejoy.

76. The founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society was: a. Martin Delany b. William Lloyd Garrison c. Arthur Tappan d. Theodore Weld .

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Chapter 10 77. Which of the following best expresses the belief of William Lloyd Garrison? a. Slavery must be ended gradually. b. A political solution is necessary to bring an end to slavery. c. To end slavery, we must convince either the Whig party or the Democratic party to include an antislavery plank in their national platform. d. Slavery can be ended by winning over the hearts of slavery owners and slavery supporters to Christ.

78. Which of the following is true of the American Anti-Slavery Society? a. The organization’s leaders and its members were united in their belief in women’s rights. b. The organization welcomed men and women of all races and all social classes. c. The organization based its call for an end to slavery exclusively on economic arguments. d. The organization called for a political solution that would bring a gradual end to slavery.

79. Most of the day-to-day conversion efforts by the American Anti-Slavery Society were undertaken by a. women b. politicians c. evangelists d. African Americans

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80. Which of the following is true of James G. Birney? a. Birney was an ardent supporter of the women’s rights movement. b. Birney called for the colonization of African Americans. c. Birney rejected the belief that there was a political solution to ending slavery. d. Birney was an immediatist who rejected moral suasion in favor of political action to achieve the goal of ending slavery.

81. The Liberty Party was formed by: a. The American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society b. The American Colonization Society c. William Lloyd Garrison d. Frederick Douglass 82. Which of the following is true of members of the Liberty Party? a. They believed that the federal government should establish a reservation for African Americans in the Western territories. b. They advocated a federal resettlement program to aid newly freed slaves. c. They believed that Southern slaveowners should be compensated for their loss of property when they freed their slaves. d. They believed that it was up to the states to abolish slavery.

83. Examine the impact of the transportation revolution on American society between 1815 and 1860.

84. Discuss the various attitudes of Americans toward progress during the period from 1815 to 1860. .

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Chapter 10 85. Examine the factors that contributed to industrial development in the United States between 1815 and 1860.

86. Discuss the changes that took place in the New England textile industry from the establishment of the Waltham system from 1813 to 1850. How did the workers react to these changes?

87. Discuss changes in the workplace and in the nature of work during the first half of the nineteenth century. What impact did these changes have on workers? How did workers react to these changes?

88. What problems confronted northeastern farmers as new lands opened in the West? How did northeastern farmers respond to their new circumstances?

89. Why was the pace of economic development uneven between 1815 and 1860? Discuss the impact of boom-and-bust cycles on workers and their families.

90. Discuss the role of women within the family and within American society in the mid-nineteenth century.

91. Examine the changes in the structure and the roles of the family that occurred in the early- and mid-1800s.

92. Discuss the conditions of life in American cities in the early and mid-1800s. What were the advantages and disadvantages of city life?

93. What factors explain the massive increase in immigration to the United States between 1820 and 1860? What impact did this immigration have on the United States?

94. In what ways was American society in the period from 1815 to 1860 a society of equality? In what ways was it a society of inequality? On balance, do you believe it was a society of equality or inequality? Why? 95. Compare and contrast the popularity of the revival and reform movements that occurred between 1820 and 1850 with the publicity stunts of P.T. Barnum.

96. Compare and contrast the religious-based reform exemplified by Charles G. Finney with the secular reforms of Horace Mann.

97. Examine the emergence of temperance as a major issue in the 1840s and 1850s, and explain the role of women in the temperance movement.

98. Discuss the emergence of utopian communities in American society between 1824 and 1845, and explain the characteristics and goals of at least three such communities.

99. Discuss the similarities and differences between gradualists and immediatists in terms of beliefs, constituencies, and policies.

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Chapter 10 Answer Key 1. b 2. a 3. d 4. c 5. a 6. a 7. a 8. b 9. c 10. d 11. b 12. d 13. c 14. c 15. c 16. c 17. c 18. d 19. b 20. d 21. a 22. c 23. d 24. b 25. d .

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Chapter 10 26. b 27. a 28. c 29. c 30. b 31. a 32. c 33. d 34. c 35. c 36. a 37. a 38. c 39. c 40. c 41. d 42. b 43. c 44. a 45. d 46. d 47. d 48. b 49. a 50. c 51. a .

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Chapter 10 52. a 53. d 54. b 55. a 56. d 57. c 58. c 59. c 60. a 61. b 62. c 63. a 64. a 65. a 66. d 67. b 68. c 69. b 70. d 71. b 72. d 73. d 74. c 75. c 76. b .

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Chapter 10 77. d 78. b 79. a 80. d 81. a 82. d 83. Answer not provided.

84. Answer not provided.

85. Answers will vary.

86. Answers will vary.

87. Answers will vary.

88. Answers will vary.

89. Answers will vary.

90. Answers will vary.

91. Answers will vary.

92. Answers will vary.

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95. Answers will vary.

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97. Answers will vary.

98. Answers will vary 99. Answers will vary

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Chapter 11

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. Which of the following was a characteristic of the American “frontier”? a. It was a region in which anarchy reigned. b. It was a boundary beyond which there was no human habitation. c. It was the line between civilized society and a completely untamed and savage wilderness. d. It was a meeting place of different cultures.

2. In the minds of most Americans of European descent in the early nineteenth century, the West: a. Was an uninhabitable wilderness b. Represented a place where they could own land and achieve economic independence c. Consisted of a hodge-podge of cultures that could never be assimilated into the nation d. Was a peaceful and idyllic area 3. Largely as a result of the Leatherstocking Tales by James Fenimore Cooper, frontiersmen such as Daniel Boone became a symbol of which of the following? a. Altruism and personal sacrifice b. Humility and purity of thought c. Individualism and freedom d. Selfishness and greed 4. Even though the West was often depicted in popular literature of the early nineteenth century as a violent place, in the minds of many Americans it also symbolized the nation’s core value of . a. materialism b. idealism c. communalism d. freedom 5. What was the moral message implied by much of George Catlin’s artwork? a. Destruction of the natural environment is against God’s will. b. Indians are better off if they are removed from the corrupting influence of white Americans. c. American westward expansion is right and moral and part of God’s plan. d. The superior American culture must inevitably replace all other cultures.

6. Which of the following is true of “black laws” passed by many Midwestern states in the 1850s? a. These laws prohibited gambling of any kind and imposed strict penalties against bookmakers. b. These laws prohibited African Americans from living within the border of such states. c. These laws prevented the return of runaway slaves to their southern owners. d. These laws provided financial incentives to free black laborers willing to become permanent residents.

7. Which historian saw the Western frontier as a “meeting point between savagery and civilization” that shaped the American character and made the United States exceptional among nations? a. Eugene Genovese b. Frederick Jackson Turner c. Charles A Beard .

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Chapter 11 d. Robert Fogel 8. The Miami Indians: a. Were able to prevent the removal of their people to reservations because of their successful assimilation into American culture b. Managed to consistently elude the federal troops sent to forcibly remove them to Indian Country c. Were subjected to a brutal massacre at the hands of the United States Army d. Were decimated by a smallpox epidemic 9. The Black Hawk War: a. Marked the end of militant Indian resistance uprisings in the Old Northwest b. Raised the possibility that Great Britain would honor its defensive treaty with the Sauks by actively intervening on their behalf c. Represented the first time that Native Americans successfully resisted removal from their ancestral lands d. Represents one of the worst defeats ever experienced by the U.S. Army 10. Which of the following caused a significant increase in the demand for western timber? a. The housing boom in the Old Northwest b. The decision by Congress to double the number of ships in the United States Navy c. The California Gold Rush d. The expansion of the South’s slave society into the Old Southwest 11. Native peoples were removed from their Eastern homelands by the U.S military under provisions of which act in the year 1830? a. Military Commissions Act b. Donation Land Claim Act c. Residence Act d. Indian Removal Act 12. Appalachian West fur trappers . a. had little interaction with Indians in the region b. often put inferior pelts on the market, which severely hurt their chances of selling in the international marketplace c. often married Indian women d. suffered severe economic setbacks in the 1820s 13. What was the “rendezvous”? a. It was an annual, multi-day gathering of American, Indian, Mexican, and mixed-race fur trappers from throughout the West. b. It was gathering in which all of the ethnic groups that lived in New Orleans competed for a story-telling prize. c. It was the geographic point after which wagon trains had to depend on Native American guides to lead them safely to their destination. d. After barn raisings in Midwestern farm communities, it was an opportunity for the participants to celebrate with story telling, dancing, and drinking.

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Chapter 11 14. In which place in the West was gold discovered in 1848, and subsequently became known as a place to strike it rich before returning home to live in comfort? a. Colorado b. California c. Alaska d. Washington 15. Who were the first Anglo-American artists to travel West, hired by the federal government to accompany explorer Stephen H. Long? a. Cyrus McCormick and John Deere b. Michael D. Row and Daniel Boone c. Samuel Seymour and Titan Ramsay Peale d. George Catlin and James H. Simpson 16. Who was known as “The Pathfinder”? a. John Jacob Astor b. Stephen Austin c. Davy Crockett d. John C. Frémont 17. Which of the following was the most significant contribution made by the U.S. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers during the first half of the nineteenth century? a. The building of levees to protect the city of New Orleans b. Its survey of the Oregon Trail c. The surveying of possible routes for a transcontinental railroad d. The expeditions it sponsored to explore the West 18. In addition to the Bible, which of the following books did migrants to the West often take with them? a. Timothy Flint’s Biographical Memoir of Daniel Boone b. Ralph Waldo Emerson’s compilation of essays and poems c. John C. Frémont’s accounts of his explorations d. James Fenimore Cooper’s The Deerslayer 19. The Office of Indian Affairs: a. Oversaw the “civilizing” of Native Americans by establishing European-style villages and schools for Indian children b. Cooperated with the military in the removal of Indians from western lands and protected citizens who wanted to settle in the West c. Was established to help in the assimilation of Native Americans into American society d. Had the duty and responsibility of protecting the cultures of Native American peoples 20. The General Land Office, established in 1812, . a. established a credit system for the purchase of Western lands that favored small-time farmers b. handled the distribution of federal lands in the West c. had the power to set the price-per-acre of Western lands .

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Chapter 11 d. was charged with the responsibility of preventing speculators from buying large tracts of federal Western lands 21. The “War of a Thousand Deserts” . a. was won by General Santa Ana b. devastated the Comanche people c. led to a justification of manifest destiny in Mexico d. inspired the formation of the Texas Rangers 22. Which of the following is true of slavery as practiced by Native Americans in the Southwest? a. Owning slaves did not give increased socioeconomic status to their captors. b. Within a tribe, only those convicted of crimes could be enslaved. c. It was far less violent than the chattel slavery found in the American South. d. It involved capturing women and children from other communities and assimilating them into their captors’ communities.

23. Which of the following was the dominant population group in Texas at the time of Mexican independence in 1821? a. People of mixed race b. Indians indigenous to the area c. Immigrant Anglos d. Hispanics 24. After passage of the Colonization Law of 1824 by the Mexican government, the Mexican state of Coahuila y Texas stipulated that, to be eligible for land grants, foreigners: a. Could only use gold to pay for their land and could not buy land on credit b. Could not marry Mexican women c. Had to convert to the Catholic faith d. Had to be Christians and establish permanent residency 25. An empresario was: a. An immigration agent who chose families suitable for settlement in Texas and who, in return, received land for every one hundred families he settled b. A middleman who negotiated land contracts with the Mexican government on behalf of the United States c. A United States resident who owned large tracts of land in Mexico d. The owner of a large plantation in Texas 26. Which of the following is true of Anglo-Americans who emigrated to Texas during the 1820s? a. They were usually wealthy speculators who wanted to buy cheap land and sell it for a substantial profit. b. They were not allowed by the Mexican authorities to bring slaves into Texas. c. They generally settled in their own separate communities and had little interaction with Tejanos. d. They were always outnumbered by Tejanos.

27. Manifest Destiny was the belief that . a. the territorial expansion of the United States was inevitable, divinely ordained, and just b. the United States should fulfill its mission as expressed in the Declaration of Independence .

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Chapter 11 c. the United States should pledge its support to oppressed people everywhere d. war with Canada and Mexico was necessary and desirable 28. Under the presidency of Mirabeau Lamar, the Texas Rangers: a. Were stationed along the border between Lone Star Republic and the United States to prevent any further influx of American migrants b. Acted as a border patrol to enforce the law against entry of free blacks from the United States into the Lone Star Republic c. Used terror tactics to drive Indians from Texas d. Acted to protect the rights of Tejanos 29. As the result of a Mexican law passed in 1833, California missions were used primarily . a. to organize Indian labor b. as a refuge for Native Americans fighting against removal to Indian Country by federal authorities c. to care for European American migrants who needed shelter until they could build their own homes d. to provide a safe haven to residents who had been the victims of anti-Catholic hate crimes 30. Which of the following are generally recognized as having been the first white migrants along the Oregon Trail? a. Laura and Almanzo Wilder and Rose and Gillette Lane b. Narcissa and Marcus Whitman and Eliza and Henry Spalding c. Bill Cody and Wyatt Earp d. Elizabeth and Charles Finney 31. Why did Narcissa and Marcus Whitman fail in their efforts to convert the Cayuse Indians to Christianity? a. The Cayuse saw the doctrine of the Trinity as illogical. b. The Whitman assumed an air of cultural superiority over the Cayuse. c. The Cayuse found it impossible to accept the doctrine of transubstantiation. d. The Whitman insisted on holding religious services in their home, which conflicted with the religious practices of the Cayuse.

32. Which enterprising merchant assisted in 1821 with charting the “Santa Fe Trail” running between Missouri and Santa Fe, New Mexico? a. William Becknell b. Davy Crockett c. George Catlin d. Samuel Seymour 33. After 1852, anger toward the Mormons in the Utah territory increased throughout the United States for which of the following reasons? a. The Mormons officially sanctioned polygamy. b. The Mormons prohibited all non-Mormons from entering their state of “Deseret.” c. The Mormons engaged in a rebellion against the government of the United States. d. The Mormons publicized their belief that Jesus was not divine and not the Son of God. 34. Which of the following is true of European-American migrants trekking West along the Oregon and California trails? .

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Chapter 11 a. Death rates from disease were significantly higher than in society at large. b. For most adults, trail life was not particularly dangerous. c. They only killed bison or other animals for food. d. They were constantly subjected to Indian attacks.

35. By the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851, a. Indian tribes in the Northwest Territory agreed to allow American migrants moving West free passage across their tribal lands. b. all of the Indian tribes of the Great Plains agreed to cede their ancestral lands to the United States but were allowed to live on that land in perpetuity. c. southwestern Indian tribes agreed to forgo any further allotments from the federal government in return for an expansion of their tribal boundaries. d. eight northern Plains tribes agreed to respect tribal boundaries established by the United States government and to allow the government to build roads and forts within those boundaries.

36. Which of the following held spiritual significance for Plains Indians? a. The American bison b. The beaver c. The coyote d. The horse 37. By the mid-1850s, California’s major agricultural crop was a. barley. b. corn. c. soy beans. d. wheat.

38. Wheat farming in California depended on a. massive irrigation projects. b. skills taught to European-American migrants by Native Americans. c. Indian laborers held in bondage. d. mechanized agriculture.

39. Which of the following is true of women in California in the 1850s? a. Because their skills were in demand, they could charge high fees for cooking, laundering, and sewing. b. They worked on family farms as they had done in the East and Midwest. c. Many married women built reputations as hostesses by providing food and entertainment for their husbands’ bachelor friends. d. They were usually engaged in mining for gold alongside the male settlers.

40. By the 1850s, San Francisco a. had lost its pre-eminence to new metropolitan centers in California. b. was merely a small rural settlement. c. enjoyed prosperity almost exclusively due to the cotton trade. d. had become the West Coast gateway to the interior. .

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Chapter 11

41. Compare the view of the West as depicted in popular literature and in public and commercial art of the nineteenth century with the reality of the West.

42. Discuss the causes and the consequences of the Black Hawk War. 43. Examine the role of the federal government in preparing the West for American settlement.

44. Discuss the characteristics of the lives of fur trappers in the trans-Appalachian West in the early nineteenth century.

45. Analyze the cultural, political, and ecological consequences of the Gold Rush.

46. Discuss the role of the American military in the West during the first half of the nineteenth century.

47. Examine the factors that led to the Texas independence movement, and explain the outcome of that movement.

48. Discuss the various factors that caused tension and sometimes conflict between western American migrants and Native Americans during the first half of the nineteenth century, and the treaties that were signed to alleviate those tensions.

49. Discuss the relationship between western expansion and slavery.

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Chapter 11 Answer Key 1. d 2. b 3. c 4. d 5. b 6. b 7. b 8. b 9. a 10. c 11. d 12. c 13. a 14. b 15. c 16. d 17. c 18. c 19. b 20. b 21. c 22. d 23. b 24. d 25. a .

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Chapter 11 26. c 27. a 28. c 29. a 30. b 31. b 32. a 33. a 34. b 35. d 36. a 37. d 38. c 39. a 40. d 41. Answers will vary.

42. Answers will vary.

43. Answers will vary.

44. Answers will vary.

45. Answers will vary.

46. Answers will vary.

47. Answers will vary.

48. Answers will vary.

49. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 12

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. Under the terms of the Oregon Treaty of 1846: a. The Columbia River was established as Oregon’s northernmost boundary b. Great Britain accepted President Polk’s demand for a boundary at 54° 40' c. The United States and Great Britain agreed to a twenty-year joint occupation of the Oregon Country d. Great Britain agreed to give the United States all of present-day Oregon 2. Which of the following is true of expansionists who supported the War with Mexico? a. Humanitarian concerns dominated the thoughts of the war’s supporters. b. Support of expansionism and of the war often had an undercurrent of racism. c. Egalitarian principles dominated the thoughts of expansionists and supporters of the war. d. Support for the war was based primarily on the belief that expansion would open new markets for American products.

3. What is the practice of rewarding political supporters with public office called? a. Democracy b. Political violence c. Spoils system d. Nepotism 4. Fear of the Slave Power was fear that the . a. use of slave labor would allow Southern producers to undersell Northern producers b. distribution of abolitionist literature among slaves was likely to inspire a violent slave revolt c. slaveholding elite that controlled the South was determined to control the entire nation d. slave population was growing so rapidly that slaves would soon far outnumber whites in many Southern states 5. Those who criticized the war with Mexico often expressed which of the following ideas? a. Racist fears that victory would bring nonwhite Mexicans into the United States b. The belief that the war was unconstitutional c. The fear that the war would widen and engulf all of Latin America d. The belief that the United States military was unprepared for the conflict 6. The Wilmot Proviso: a. Transformed the debate over the War with Mexico into a debate over the expansion of slavery b. Led to the annexation of Texas by joint resolution of Congress c. Increased Northern fears of the Slave Power d. Caused Southerners to become outspoken opponents of the War with Mexico 7. Which of the following constitutional arguments was designed to protect the institution of slavery? a. The Constitution was intended to be interpreted loosely so that the federal government may assume as much power as possible. b. Slaveholders may take their slaves into the territories, because the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution guarantees that no person may be denied his property without due process of law. c. Slave states are afforded special privileges under the Constitution. .

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Chapter 12 d. The Union is the result of a compact among the people of the nation.

8. Which is Harriet Beecher Stowe’s best-selling 1852 novel that aroused widespread Northern sympathy for slaves and widespread Southern anger? a. Uncle Tom’s Cabin b. In the Wilderness c. Nat Turner’s Rebellion d. Aunt Phillis’s Cabin 9. The most critical question that emerged in the aftermath of the War with Mexico was: a. What course the South would take if northerners continued to press the slavery question b. What to do about slavery in the territory acquired from Mexico c. How to limit the president’s vaguely defined war powers d. How much to pay Mexico for the territory acquired by force 10. What issue decided the 1848 election? a. Tariff rates b. The conduct of the War with Mexico c. Slavery in the territories d. The independent Treasury bill 11. The proposal for popular sovereignty called for deciding the issue of slavery in the territories through a a. constitutional amendment b. direct nationwide election c. decision by the residents in each territory d. vote in both houses of Congress

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12. Which of the following is true of the presidential campaign of 1848? a. Although Martin Van Buren lost all of the Southern states, he won the election by carrying the Northeast and Northwest. b. Zachary Taylor campaigned in favor of the exclusion of slavery in the territories. c. The number of votes received in the North by Martin Van Buren indicated a deepening division between Northern and Southern public opinion. d. Lewis Cass appealed to Northern voters because he called for the immediate abolition of slavery.

13. What happened in response to California’s application for statehood in 1850? a. President Taylor called a special session of Congress for the purpose of repealing the Missouri Compromise. b. Some Southern politicians wanted to postpone California’s admission to the Union and make it a slave territory. c. Several New England states threatened to secede from the Union if California was admitted as a slave state. d. Congress adopted an amendment to the California statehood bill that extended the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific Ocean.

14. The primary ambiguity of opinion regarding the question of popular sovereignty related to the question of a. whether slaves would be counted in determining the population of a territory .

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Chapter 12 b. when settlers in a territory could outlaw slavery c. who would determine voting qualifications in a particular territory d. whether African Americans would have equality under the law in the territories 15. How did Senator Stephen Douglas salvage the Compromise of 1850? a. He won a public endorsement of the compromise from President Zachary Taylor. b. He ultimately allowed Southern Democrats to dictate the terms of the compromise. c. He introduced each measure of the compromise separately and in that way gained passage of all of the measures. d. He threatened to remove Democrats who opposed the compromise from important congressional committees.

16. The Compromise of 1850: a. Completely rejected the idea of popular sovereignty b. Included a stronger fugitive slave law c. Abolished both slavery and the slave trade in the District of Columbia d. Angered Northerners by acknowledging the boundary claims made by Texas 17. What part of the Compromise of 1850 increased sectional controversy and conflict during the 1850s? a. The admission of California as a free state b. The settlement of the Texas boundary question c. The ending of the slave trade in Washington, D.C. d. The Fugitive Slave Act 18. What was a result of the Fugitive Slave Law? a. Mexican authorities were required to extradite runaway slaves to the United States for prosecution. b. Fugitive slaves living in the North, seeing the act as a threat to their freedom, moved to Canada. c. Most Northern judges refused to enforce the act because of its repressive nature. d. The Underground Railroad ceased to operate.

19. In Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Harriet Beecher Stowe a. denounced slaveowners as immoral and sinful. b. portrayed slavery as beneficial to blacks. c. condemned the national government for allowing slavery to continue. d. brought the issue of slavery home to many who had never before given it much thought.

20. The Southern demand that slavery be allowed to expand into the territories seems to have been motivated by the a. expectation that slavery would be even more profitable in the West than in the South. b. fear that free territories would tip the balance of power in the Senate against the South and slaveholding states. c. belief that expansion was necessary to allow the profitable sale of surplus Southern slaves. d. assumption of Southern politicians that they should put forward extreme positions as a tactic in political bargaining with the North.

21. Which of the following, formerly called the National Republicans, became a major political party in the 1830s? a. New Englanders b. Whigs .

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Chapter 12 c. New Compromisers d. Jacksonian Democrats 22. Which of the following is true of the presidential campaign of 1852? a. By rejecting Winfield Scott, voters rejected the idea of popular sovereignty. b. Pierce’s victory seemed to confirm voter support for the Compromise of 1850. c. John Hale’s repudiation of parts of the Compromise of 1850 attracted a great deal of support in the South. d. Winfield Scott’s call for the repeal of the Compromise of 1850 worked against him in the South.

23. Franklin Pierce’s election as president in 1852 was due to a. his charismatic personality. b. the weaknesses of the Whig party. c. the strength of the Free-Soil party’s organization. d. his fame as a commanding general in the War with Mexico.

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24. In which election year did five candidates all identify as Democratic Republicans? a. Election of 1824 b. Election of 1828 c. Election of 1820 d. Election of 1832 25. President Franklin Pierce’s attempt to annex Hawai’i to the United States failed for which of the following reasons? a. Northern and Southern Congressmen alike expressed doubts about the nation’s ability to defend the island.. b. Southerners would not vote for the entry of another free state into the Union. c. Northern Congressmen feared that an expansionist Slave Power was behind the annexation treaty. d. Northern and Southern Congressmen expressed fears that acquisition of Hawai’i would draw the United States into an Asian war.

26. President Pierce’s efforts to acquire Cuba for the United States caused which of the following? a. Northern support for the liberation of Cuba allayed fears in that region that Pierce was controlled by the Slave Power. b. Some Northerners concluded that Pierce was doing the bidding of the Slave Power. c. Support for such efforts by both Northerners and Southerners led to friendlier relations between the two sections of the country. d. Many Southerners concluded that Pierce wanted to end slavery and settle free blacks in the Caribbean.

27. The Kansas-Nebraska bill was brought onto the floor of the Senate by a. James Buchanan b. Henry Clay c. Stephen Douglas d. Franklin Pierce

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28. As a result of “Bleeding Kansas,” a. a United States Senator was brutally beaten on the floor of the Senate. b. the Democratic party chose a hard-line states’ rights candidate as their presidential candidate. .

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Chapter 12 c. the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed. d. the United States Army was deployed to ensure a fair election in Missouri.

29. The Kansas-Nebraska Act: a. Cleared up the confusion that surrounded popular sovereignty b. Prohibited slavery in the two organized territories created by the law c. Had the effect of repealing the Missouri Compromise d. Extended the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific Ocean 30. As a result of the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, . a. Northern states threatened to hold special state conventions for the purpose of declaring the act unconstitutional and thus null and void. b. a coalition of Northern Democrats withdrew from the Democratic party and formed the American Party. c. the Whig Party separated into Northern and Southern wings and was no longer able to operate as a national party. d. Southerners became more convinced than ever that Congress had become the puppet of antislavery advocates.

31. The different political factions that joined together to form the Republican Party in 1854 were united by their . a. opposition to the expansion of slavery into the territories b. fear over the possibility of civil war c. determination to abolish slavery d. desire to acquire more territory from Mexico 32. As a result of the 1854 congressional elections, the a. Whigs gained control of both the House and the Senate b. Republicans gained control of both the House and the Senate c. Whigs captured most of the House seats from the North d. Republicans captured a majority of the House seats from the North

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33. The results of the 1854 congressional elections were significant because they a. demonstrated strong support in Northern states for the Kansas-Nebraska Act. b. were the last time the South was assured of a sympathetic majority in Congress. c. marked the first time a sectional party based on a sectional issue had gained substantial power in the political system. d. resulted in such an even division of power between the parties that meaningful action by Congress was virtually impossible.

34. The American Party of the mid-1850s (the Know-Nothings) drew its primary support from those who feared: a. Abolitionism b. Foreigners c. Possible civil war d. Uncontrolled industrialization 35. The Republican party of the 1850s

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Chapter 12 a. began as, and remained, a one-issue party b. was prepared to scaremonger among its supporters concerning the future of the nation c. was prepared to moderate its position on slavery in the territories d. adopted a platform that appealed to those who were interested in the economic development of the West 36. Which of the following statements best expresses the beliefs of the Republican Party of the 1850s? a. Both the dignity of labor and the availability of economic opportunity are essential to the future progress of the United States. b. All ethnic groups living in the United States should be afforded political, social, and economic equality. c. The federal government should remain limited in its power and should not intervene in the economic life of the states. d. Slavery is morally wrong and should be abolished immediately.

37. Which of the following statements best describes the Southern expression of republicanism? a. To create a more perfect society, individuals must subordinate their individual desires to the good of the group. b. The rights and liberties of the people can best be protected by a strong federal government. c. Social distinctions between rich and poor are necessary for the creation of an orderly society. d. White citizens in a slave society enjoy liberty and social equality because of the enslavement of blacks.

38. Southern Democrats appealed to nonslaveholders in the South by a. advocating the passage of protective tariffs b. supporting a federal land-grant program in the territories c. playing on their racial fears d. arguing that any hardworking person could acquire slaves

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39. Which of the following is true of Senators Charles Sumner and Preston Brooks? a. Their treatise against slavery on economic grounds caused an increase in antislavery sentiment among Northerners. b. By supporting the Lecompton Constitution in Kansas, they sought a peaceful and moderate solution to the Kansas crisis. c. They demonstrated that Northern and Southern moderates could still work together for the national interest. d. They were symbolic of just how emotional the political issue of slavery had become by 1856.

40. The Democrats chose James Buchanan as their presidential nominee in 1856 largely because he had a. been a highly respected Senate majority leader b. taken a strong position against the expansion of slavery c. acquired fame as a commanding general in the War with Mexico d. not been involved in the territorial controversies

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41. In the Dred Scott decision, the Supreme Court ruled that a. Dred Scott was not a United States citizen. b. slaves could acquire freedom only by purchasing it. c. residence in free territory made Dred Scott free. d. Congress had the power to bar slavery from a territory. .

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Chapter 12 42. As a result of the Dred Scott decision, a. President Buchanan called publicly for the impeachment of Chief Justice Roger Taney. b. the presence of an aggressive Slave Power was confirmed in the minds of many Northerners. c. several Southern states threatened to secede from the Union. d. most white Northerners favored a constitutional amendment extending equal rights to African Americans.

43. After the Dred Scott decision, a. Northern newspapers strongly urged that the decision be accepted in spite of the dangers it posed. b. the justices who dissented in the decision resigned from the Supreme Court. c. Lincoln warned that the next step would be for the Supreme Court to deny a state the right to exclude slavery. d. the Republican party was thoroughly discredited because the Supreme Court had endorsed Southern constitutional arguments.

44. In his speeches in the 1850s, Abraham Lincoln: a. Accepted a limited application of the policy of popular sovereignty b. Called for the immediate abolition of slavery c. Advocated the passage of a constitutional amendment to end slavery gradually d. Suggested that the South sought to spread slavery throughout the nation 45. Which of the following is an anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant party that enjoyed a brief surge of popularity in the early 1850s? a. Northern Democrats b. Free-Soil Party c. Know-Nothings d. Southern Democrats 46. What is the practice of rewarding political supporters with public office called? a. Democracy b. Political violence c. Spoils system d. Nepotism 47. John Brown’s raid at Harpers Ferry increased anger in the South because: a. It was revealed that Brown had financial backing from several prominent abolitionists b. It led to a general slave uprising throughout Virginia c. President Buchanan praised Brown as a hero and a martyr d. Federal troops came to Brown’s aid, allowing him to escape 48. Beginning with an Arkansas law passed in 1835, sixteen additional states allowed a. no-fault divorces b. married women the right to vote c. single, married, and divorced women to own and convey property d. children sixteen years of age and older to choose their own marriage partner .

by 1860.

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Chapter 12 49. Which of the following is considered to have launched the women’s rights movement? a. The Seneca Falls’ Declaration of Sentiments b. The publication of the Grimké sisters’ books in 1838 c. The merger of the abolitionist and feminist movements in 1839 d. The emergence of Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton as national figures in the 1840s 50. A tariff applied in 1828 to protect Northern factories, infuriating Southerners and spawning the Nullification Crisis, was called the Tariff of . a. Antimasonry b. Abominations c. Political Violence d. Nullification 51. Statistics indicate that between 1824 and 1840 the proportion of eligible voters actually voting in presidential elections: a. Increased substantially b. Increased slightly c. Decreased substantially d. Decreased moderately 52. Which of the following controversial measures gave additional powers to slave owners to recapture slaves, and angered Northerners by requiring their complicity in the return of fugitive slaves? a. Fugitive Slave Act b. Wilmot Proviso c. Kansas-Nebraska Act d. Underground Railroad Act 53. Which of the following is true of the multi-candidate presidential race of 1824? a. Although John Quincy Adams was second in the electoral vote, he was elected because he led in popular votes. b. John Quincy Adams had a majority of electoral votes and became president, but his major opponent, Andrew Jackson, became vice president. c. Because no candidate received a majority of electoral votes, the Speaker of the House, Henry Clay, assumed the presidency. d. Although Andrew Jackson led in both popular and electoral votes, he was not elected.

54. Which of the following is true of the Jacksonian Democrats? a. They were generally proponents of high protective tariffs. b. They favored government action to stimulate economic growth. c. They believed in strong central government that actively promoted religious reform. d. They sought to foster the Jeffersonian concept of an agrarian society.

55. Jacksonian Democrats favored: a. Expanded government b. Limited government .

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Chapter 12 c. Reformist government d. Nonpartisan government 56. During Jackson’s presidency, there was a substantial increase in the power of the a. diplomatic branch of government b. judicial branch of government c. executive branch of government d. legislative branch of government

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57. Which of the following is true of President Andrew Jackson? a. He strongly supported the educational reforms advocated by Horace Mann and advocated federal aid to education. b. Out of his desire to cleanse the body politic, he supported the temperance and antiprostitution movements. c. Promoting a limited role for government, he used the veto more often than all previous presidents combined. d. Believing that government could be a force for good in society, he favored the use of the positive power of government.

58. Andrew Jackson enhanced executive power relative to the power of Congress by making a major political weapon out of . a. treaty negotiations b. impoundment of funds c. the presidential veto d. cabinet appointments 59. With regard to the doctrine of nullification, John C. Calhoun asserted that federal legislation could be overruled by a . a. state governor b. state court c. special state convention d. state referendum 60. Why did President Jackson reject the doctrine of nullification? a. He believed that sovereignty rested with the people; therefore, he did not accept the idea of state sovereignty. b. He was adamantly opposed to states’ rights. c. He totally distrusted the federal government. d. He personally disliked Daniel Webster.

61. During the nullification crisis, a. Jackson acknowledged the constitutional validity of the theory of nullification. b. Calhoun and Clay drafted a compromise tariff to resolve the crisis. c. the Supreme Court ruled that a state lacks the power to nullify a federal law. d. a majority of southern states supported South Carolina’s ordinance of nullification.

62. The major issue in Jackson’s campaign for re-election in 1832 was the a. stationing of federal troops in South Carolina .

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Chapter 12 b. Second Bank of the United States c. gag rule d. Maysville Road veto 63. The Antimasons introduced which of the following to national politics? a. The convention system for choosing candidates b. The direct presidential primary election c. The campaign for a straight party-line ticket d. The distribution of campaign literature through the mail 64. After Jackson was re-elected in 1832, he removed the power of the Bank of the United States to regulate the economy by . a. persuading Congress to revise its charter b. depositing federal funds in state-chartered banks c. closing most of its branch banks d. issuing an executive order that curtailed the bank’s regulatory powers 65. The 1836 Specie Circular provided that only gold or silver would be accepted as payment for a. federal lands sold to speculators b. loans extended to corporations c. tariffs imposed on luxury items d. taxes owed by individuals

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66. How did the Whigs and the Democrats each want to promote economic expansion? a. Both the Whigs and the Democrats advocated a limited government. b. The Whigs advocated a limited government; the Democrats advocated an activist government. c. Both the Whigs and the Democrats advocated an activist government. d. The Whigs advocated an activist government; the Democrats advocated a limited government.

67. In the 1830s, an individual’s political party affiliation was primarily determined by a. geographic region b. economic occupation c. religion and ethnicity d. urban versus rural residence 68. The evangelical Protestants of the 1840s and 1850s were most closely associated with the a. Whig Party b. Federalist Party c. Democratic Party d. American Party

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69. Which of the following is most likely to have been a Democrat in the 1840s? a. A native-born evangelical Protestant b. A free Black man .

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Chapter 12 c. A Congregationalist d. An Irish Catholic 70. Adopted by the House of Representatives in 1836, the “gag rule”: a. Ordered the immediate arrest of any and all persons engaged in the slave trade in Washington, D.C. b. Ordered the cessation of debate in Southern state legislatures over South Carolina’s ordinance of nullification c. Made it illegal for anyone in the United States to speak out against slavery d. Automatically tabled abolitionist petitions and thus prevented debate on them 71. The independent Treasury bill enacted during the Van Buren administration: a. Was designed to help banks survive the economic crisis that began in 1837 b. Stimulated the use of paper currency c. Required all government funds to be kept in a central treasury d. Was a deflationary economic measure 72. Which of the following advantages did the Whigs enjoy in the 1840 presidential campaign? a. They were seeking to re-elect an incumbent. b. Harrison was a spellbinding orator who insisted on running an issue-oriented campaign. c. They had put together a huge majority of registered voters. d. They could blame the nation’s economic problems on their opponents.

73. Why is President John Tyler referred to as a “president without a party”? a. Tyler refused to affiliate with either the Whig party or the Democratic party and ran as an independent candidate. b. Tyler’s decision to switch officially from the Whig party to the Democratic party caused so much animosity that neither party accepted him. c. Because the Whig party disbanded soon after Tyler’s election, he was left without a party organization and without a political platform. d. Although Tyler ran on the Whig ticket with William Henry Harrison, he was a Democrat at heart and opposed the Whig congressional program.

74. During the presidency of John Tyler, . a. the United States negotiated its first treaties with China b. the United States annexed the Hawaiian islands c. the Bank of the United States was rechartered d. the powers of the presidency waned while the powers of Congress expanded

75. Examine the development of the concept of a Slave Power in the North from 1836 to 1861. What events made the presence of such a power credible to northerners? Why did northerners fear the Slave Power? What forces and events caused that fear to increase?

76. Discuss the sectional disputes that led to the Compromise of 1850. How was the compromise reached? What were its provisions? What were its results? .

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Chapter 12 77. Compare and contrast Abraham Lincoln’s approach to abolition with that of John Brown.

78. Discuss the provisions of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and explain the far-reaching consequences of its passage in 1854.

79. Examine the realignment of the American political system between 1854 and 1861.

80. Discuss the ideology of the Republican Party, and explain how the party managed, within a short period of time, to become a major political force in the North.

81. Discuss the ideology of southern Democrats, and explain the appeal of this ideology to both nonslaveholders and former Whig slaveholders in the South 82. Explain the implications of the Dred Scott decision for African Americans and for the expansion of slavery into the territories.

83. Examine the response of northerners in general and Republican Party leaders in particular to the Dred Scott decision.

How did Republican leaders use the decision to strengthen their coalition in the North?

84. Discuss the forces in American society between 1820 and 1850 that contributed to the emergence of a women’s rights movement. What did women’s rights advocates seek? Where did they find support? Who opposed them and why?

85. How was Andrew Jackson’s approach to the presidency similar to that of Zachary Tyler’s? How was it different?

Address the racial, economic, political, and territorial ideologies that each embraced in your answer.

86. Discuss the confrontation between the federal government and South Carolina over the issue of state versus national sovereignty. How was the issue resolved and with what consequences?

87. Discuss the confrontation between the proponents and opponents of the Second Bank of the United States. How was the issue resolved and with what consequences?

88. Discuss the causes and consequences of the Antimasonry movement, and explain why it can be said that this movement “illustrates the close association of politics and reform.”

89. Examine the similarities and differences between the Whigs and Democrats in terms of beliefs, constituencies, and policies.

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Chapter 12 Answer Key 1. d 2. b 3. c 4. c 5. a 6. a 7. b 8. a 9. b 10. c 11. c 12. c 13. b 14. b 15. c 16. b 17. d 18. b 19. d 20. b 21. b 22. b 23. b 24. a 25. b .

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Chapter 12 26. b 27. c 28. a 29. c 30. c 31. a 32. d 33. c 34. b 35. d 36. a 37. d 38. c 39. d 40. d 41. a 42. b 43. c 44. d 45. c 46. c 47. a 48. c 49. a 50. b 51. a .

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Chapter 12 52. a 53. d 54. d 55. b 56. c 57. c 58. c 59. c 60. a 61. b 62. b 63. a 64. b 65. a 66. d 67. c 68. a 69. d 70. d 71. d 72. d 73. d 74. a 75. Answers will vary.

76. Answers will vary. .

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Chapter 12 77. Answers will vary.

78. Answers will vary.

79. Answers will vary.

80. Answers will vary.

81. Answers will vary.

82. Answers will vary.

83. Answers will vary.

84. Answers will vary.

85. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 13

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. When and where was the Democratic Party split? a. At the 1860 convention in Charleston, South Carolina b. At the 1864 convention in Charleston, Georgia c. At the 1868 convention in Charleston, South Carolina d. At its 1856 convention in Charleston, South Carolina 2. In 1860, Abraham Lincoln won election as president with a. a majority of both popular and electoral votes b. a majority of popular votes and less than a majority of electoral votes c. less than a majority of both popular and electoral votes d. less than a majority of popular votes and a majority of electoral votes

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3. President-elect Lincoln decided to stand firm against the extension of slavery into the territories. Which of the following was a reason for that decision? a. He believed that a compromise would destroy any chance of fulfilling his stated objective of abolishing slavery in the southern states. b. He hoped to effect a compromise after his inauguration. c. He believed that accepting a compromise would break the bond of faith between himself and those who had voted for him. d. He wanted to force the South to secede from the Union.

4. After the secession of South Carolina, which of the following arguments was advanced by Southern extremists? a. Those who favor compromise do not have the best interests of the South at heart and are traitors to the Southern cause. b. All Southern states should follow South Carolina’s lead and prepare to attack the North and take the Western territories by force. c. Other Southern states should not be influenced by South Carolina’s decision and must make their own independent decisions regarding whether or not to withdraw from the Union. d. Even those who favor compromise should support secession because a better deal can be made by negotiating from outside rather than inside the Union.

5. Which party was formed in 1860 to preserve the nation but was strong only in the Upper South, and nominated John Bell of Tennessee? a. Constitutional Union Party b. Democratic Party c. Republican Party d. Libertarian Party 6. The dilemma facing Lincoln when he entered the presidency was: a. How to maintain the authority of the federal government without provoking war with the states that had seceded b. Whether to recognize the Confederacy as an independent, sovereign nation c. How to work with a Congress controlled by Democrats d. Whether to seek gradual or immediate emancipation of the slaves .

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Chapter 13 7. Where is Fort Sumter located, the place where the first shots of Civil War were fired? a. Washington, D.C. b. Georgia c. Charleston Harbor, South Carolina d. Charleston Harbor, North Carolina 8. What was the date Major Robert Anderson surrendered Fort Sumter and the Civil War began? a. April 4, 1861 b. April 18, 1861 c. April 14, 1861 d. April 24, 1861 9. The Northern naval blockade of Southern ports was a. nonexistent until the final year of the war b. weak at first but increasingly effective as the war continued c. never strong enough to have a significant effect d. effective from its start in choking off goods going into the South

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10. In the American West, the Civil War marked the beginning of . a. the lucrative mining of gold in California b. prolonged warfare against Indian peoples in the region c. cotton production in Arizona d. an enduring alliance between the United States government and the Pueblo tribe 11. What was the goal or agenda of the “Anaconda plan”? a. Confederate Blockade of Northern ports b. Union Blockade of Southern ports c. Confederate Blockade of Eastern Ports d. Union Blockade of Western Ports 12. Which of the following was a consequence of the battles of Elkhorn Tavern and Honey Springs, Arkansas? a. Confederate forces gained control of the Arkansas River, giving them a water route into the Western territories. b. After suffering defeat at the hands of a powerful alliance of Indian tribes, Union forces withdrew from the region. c. Union forces lost control over the portion of the Mississippi River that marked the boundary between Arkansas and Tennessee. d. The Confederacy lost control of the region, and its operations in Indian Territory were reduced to guerrilla raids.

13. Which of the following battles ended attempts by the Confederacy to take the New Mexico Territory? a. The Battle for the Cimarron b. The Battles of Fort Yuma c. The Battles at Glorieta Pass .

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Chapter 13 d. The Battle of Shiloh 14. As a result of the fall of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, . a. Union forces gained control of the entire Mississippi River b. a path into Tennessee, Alabama, and Mississippi lay open before the Union Army c. the last Confederate outposts in the far West fell to Union forces d. New Orleans fell to Union troops 15. As a consequence of the Battle of Shiloh, . a. General Grant realized that a complete conquest of the South would be necessary to preserve the Union b. Lincoln gave command of Union forces to General Ulysses S. Grant, replacing General George McClellan c. General Robert E. Lee suggested that President Davis open peace negotiations with the Union d. McClellan’s forces were forced to retreat to the Potomac, thus saving the Confederate capital at Richmond 16. Which two ironclad ships were burned by Union forces? a. USS Monitor and CSS Virgina b. USS Green Bay and CSS Virgina c. USS Monitor and USS Green Bay d. USS Farragut and USS Green Bay 17. Jefferson Davis’s goal in the 1862 general offense he ordered against the North was to a. seize and operate Northern iron works and thereby procure better arms for Confederate forces b. convince the invaded states to conclude a separate peace with the Confederacy c. stop the flow of Northern troops into the South d. capture Cincinnati and halt the flow of trade on the Ohio River

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18. Jefferson Davis believed that in order to win the war, the Confederacy would have to: a. Convince the border states to join the Confederacy b. Move toward a centralization of power c. Industrialize d. Convince nonslaveowning whites to join the all-volunteer Confederate army 19. In conducting the Civil War, the Confederate Congress: a. Refused to allow conscription into the Confederate army b. “Nationalized” all industry in the Confederate states c. Adopted a hands-off policy in relation to the Southern economy d. Passed laws giving the centralized Confederate government almost full control of railroads in Confederate states 20. Which of the following statements most closely articulates the beliefs of Confederate nationalism? a. The Confederacy will stand as the bastion of direct democracy throughout the world. b. The Republic was built on the concept of the dignity of labor, and that is the cause for which the Confederacy fights. c. Opposition to centralized power is the true legacy of the American Revolution, and that is the cause for which the Confederacy fights. .

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Chapter 13 d. All people should be equal under the law, and that is the cause for which the Confederacy fights.

21. Which of the following is true concerning Confederate military supplies? a. By 1865, the Confederacy had to depend on blockade runners to obtain the small arms and ammunition it needed to conduct the war. b. By 1865, the Confederacy was manufacturing all of its small arms and ammunition. c. In 1864, the Union naval blockade caused such severe weapon shortages that the Confederacy was forced to furlough troops. d. Throughout the war, the Confederacy obtained weapons from northern manufacturers eager to profit from the war.

22. During the course of the Civil War, the Confederacy a. never experienced food shortages since all available land was used for growing staple crops such as wheat, corn, and rice. b. established food distribution centers for its citizens. c. was beleaguered by severe inflation. d. successfully raised war revenue by imposing direct taxes on land and slaves.

23. During the Civil War, substantial numbers of wealthy Southerners avoided military service by a. bribing draft board officials b. volunteering as nurses and orderlies in Confederate hospitals c. furnishing a hired substitute d. relocating to England for the duration of the conflict

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24. Which of the following led to official condemnation of the Confederate Congress by the North Carolina legislature and increased class anger within the Confederacy? a. The decision to allow upper-class women to work as schoolteachers b. Exemption from military duty of anyone supervising twenty slaves or more c. The legal requirement that all able-bodied males over the age of sixteen serve in the Confederate Army d. The low wages paid to those working in the Confederate bureaucracy 25. During the Civil War, the North differed from the South in which of the following economic respects? a. Agricultural production increased in the South; Northern agricultural production plummeted. b. The South became poorer; the North remained prosperous. c. The South’s industry expanded a little; all Northern industries experienced unprecedented growth. d. The South experienced severe inflation; Northern prices remained stable.

26. Name the former Union general who, in 1864, became commanding general of the United States Army. a. Irvin McDowell b. George McClellan c. Robert Anderson d. Ulysses Grant 27. The Civil War caused which of the following effects in the North? a. Mechanization of agriculture slowed. .

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Chapter 13 b. Food shortages frequently led to urban riots. c. The shift to mechanized agriculture accelerated. d. New railroad construction increased.

28. Northern industrial workers during the Civil War a. found that their pay did not keep up with inflation b. suffered from high unemployment c. enjoyed unprecedented prosperity d. experienced genuine job security for the first time

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29. Which of the following led to a year-long investigation by the House of Representatives during the Civil War? a. It was discovered that leading peace Democrats in the Senate had given top secret information to the Confederacy. b. The press revealed that the Secretary of State had ignored Confederate overtures for peace negotiations. c. There were rumors of war profiteering by contractors who sold inferior merchandise to the government at inflated prices. d. It was learned that the Secretary of War had received kickbacks from government contractors.

30. Which of the following was true of the Union Pacific Railroad and the Central Pacific Railroad during the Civil War? a. Not only did they receive large loans from the federal government, they also received millions of acres of land. b. The two corporations were plagued by worker unrest and strikes. c. Due to lack of funds, they were forced to halt the laying of track that would have provided a link between Omaha, Nebraska and Sacramento, California. d. The two railroad corporations were unable to agree on a standard track gauge, which prevented the creation of a unified transportation system.

31. During the Civil War, Congress enacted legislation that a. led to the creation of land-grant colleges b. lowered tariff rates c. imposed the first tax on income d. established federal agencies to regulate industry

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32. During the Civil War, Congress and the Treasury Department: a. Outlawed the issuance of bank notes by state banks b. Created a national banking system with the authority to issue national bank notes c. Established the Independent Treasury System d. Reformed the national banking system to insure its responsiveness to local needs, irrespective of region 33. Creation of the national banking system led to . a. increased flexibility in the money supply b. a sounder, more dependable currency c. a more complicated monetary system d. a banking system responsive to local needs, irrespective of region 34. Northern women made up most of the volunteers who ran the thousands of auxiliaries of this organization during the .

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Chapter 13 Civil War. a. The American Red Cross b. Daughters of the Union c. The U.S. Public Information Agency d. The U.S. Sanitary Commission 35. Women such as Dorothea Dix, Mary Ann Bickerdyke, and Clara Barton . a. advanced the professionalization of nursing during the Civil War b. gained the respect and admiration of the male-dominated medical profession for their work as nurses during the course of the Civil War c. received official recognition from President Lincoln for their service to the Union cause d. pioneered the way for the acceptance of women as physicians by being among the first of their gender to attend medical school 36. While serving as a volunteer nurse in Washington, D.C., Walt Whitman: a. Made official complaints to Congress about the discriminatory treatment of African American soldiers in U.S. Army hospitals b. Wrote of the lack of skill and absence of compassion of Army surgeons c. Gained inspiration from the courage and sacrifice of the common soldier d. Spoke of the outstanding performance of women in the Army Nursing Corps 37. Early in the war, Jefferson Davis tried to rally Southerners to the Confederate cause by . a. telling them that they were fighting for constitutional liberty b. hinting that the Confederate government was considering a bonus of two slaves for all nonslaveholding soldiers c. emphasizing the importance of maintaining the slave system d. calling for a redistribution of land to help landless Southern whites 38. Which of the following was a reason for Lincoln’s avoidance of the issue of slavery early in the war? a. Officials in the border states coerced Lincoln into remaining silent on the issue. b. Lincoln wanted Republican Party officials to accept a leadership position on the issue of slavery. c. Because all Northerners saw slavery as a moral outrage, Lincoln saw no reason to deal with the issue. d. Bringing up the issue would have destroyed any chance of a pro-Union majority asserting itself in the South.

39. As indicated in his response to Horace Greeley’s call for emancipation, Abraham Lincoln’s primary goal was to . a. win re-election in 1864 b. punish Confederate officials c. guarantee equality for freed slaves d. save the Union 40. Which of the following is true of the Emancipation Proclamation? a. It was denounced by many as being clearly unconstitutional. b. It was issued by Lincoln on the basis of his powers as commander-in-chief of the armed forces. c. It barely passed Congress over the bitter opposition of virtually all Democrats. .

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Chapter 13 d. It passed Congress with overwhelming support from both Republicans and Democrats.

41. Which of the following is true of the Emancipation Proclamation? a. It freed all slaves in the South immediately. b. It freed slaves in the North and the South. c. It freed slaves only in the border states and the Western territories. d. It freed slaves only in those areas in which the federal government exercised no control.

42. On the eve of the 1864 Republican national convention, Lincoln urged the inclusion of which of the following in the party platform? a. A detailed plan for the readmission of the Southern states to the Union b. A promise that the Republicans would seek a negotiated settlement with the South c. A plank calling for the adoption of a constitutional amendment prohibiting slavery d. A plank calling for legislation to extend the right to vote to African Americans 43. Which of the following was a consequence of the Emancipation Proclamation? a. Thousands of former slaves joined the Union army. b. The Confederacy was able to secure a much-needed loan from Holland. c. Great Britain decided to recognize the Confederacy. d. Several Southern states decided to abandon the Confederacy and signed a separate peace with the Union.

44. Both Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis would have agreed with which of the following statements? a. War requires active presidential leadership. b. The legislative branch of the government works best without executive leadership. c. A nation’s domestic affairs are handled most efficiently when power is decentralized. d. A president is bound by the same constitutional restrictions in war as he is in peace.

45. As president of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis: a. Put forward plans for the emancipation of slave soldiers during the last months of the war b. Failed to appreciate the need to centralize power in the South c. Drew his most enthusiastic support from the common white people of the South d. Enjoyed strong backing from most Southerners until the last few weeks of the war 46. What caused the highest proportion of Union deaths during the Civil War? a. Bullet wounds b. Hand-to-hand bayonet combat c. Unsanitary surgical equipment d. Disease and accidents 47. Ordinary soldiers on the Civil War battlefield: a. Were not as committed to ideology as their generals b. Often wrote home of the glories of battle c. Were ordered to maintain strict hygiene as a rule d. Had to contend with the threats of a new rifle technology .

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Chapter 13 48. As a result of the Battle of Chancellorsville, . a. the Emancipation Proclamation was signed b. the tide of the war shifted temporarily in favor of the South c. the Union gained control over the Mississippi River d. Stonewall Jackson was mistakenly killed by Confederate troops 49. Which battle gave the Union complete control of the Mississippi River? a. The Battle of Atlanta b. The Battle of Chancellorsville c. The Battle of Gettysburg d. The Battle of Vicksburg 50. What represented an end to major Southern offensive operations? a. Grant’s seizure of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson b. The defeat of Lee’s forces at Gettysburg c. Lee’s defeat in the Seven Days Battles d. The defeat of Confederate forces in the Battle of Chancellorsville 51. Of the following, what most challenged the Confederacy’s economy during the war period? a. Lack of industry b. Shortage of labor c. Lack of natural resources d. Internal problems caused by the class system of the South 52. During the final two years of the Civil War, it became obvious that Southern planters . a. were willing to accept momentous changes in their lives in order to bolster the Confederate war effort b. recognized that the idea of states’ rights had been a casualty of the war c. were the only element left in the South that still supported the Confederate government d. were more committed to their own selfish interests than to the creation of an independent Southern nation 53. Jefferson Davis . a. communicated better with the common people than with members of his own class b. was a hero and role model for all classes of Southerners c. was a masterful war leader d. was never able to reach out to the masses or understand their suffering and lost the support of the common people 54. Which of the following is true of desertions from the Confederate army? a. The army was suffering a high rate of desertion by 1863, and the problem continued to worsen. b. The army was plagued by a high rate of desertion from the beginning of the war. c. The army began experiencing significant desertions only in the last few months of the war. d. The army never had the desertion problem experienced by the Northern army because Southerners were so fervently committed to their cause.

55. The results of the Confederate congressional elections of 1863 indicate that: .

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Chapter 13 a. Dissatisfaction with the war was growing in the South b. Southerners were still overwhelmingly committed to the war c. The South had developed a successful two-party system d. Public confidence in Jefferson Davis remained high 56. Abraham Lincoln, unlike Jefferson Davis, . a. did not become emotionally involved in the war effort b. always consulted with Congress before making major decisions c. refused to use his emergency war powers to suspend basic constitutional rights d. knew how to stay in touch with the common people 57. Northern Democrats leveled which of the following charges against the Republican government during the war years? a. The Republicans are too concerned with abiding by the Constitution to prosecute the war successfully. b. The Republicans are not willing to extend government aid to Northern business interests. c. Republican policies extend aid to farmers but ignore the plight of urban laborers. d. Republican policies are designed to flood the North with blacks.

58. Which of the following was a feature common to both the Confederate draft and the Union draft? a. Both were instituted only after approval in a referendum. b. Both exempted the owners of large amounts of land from service. c. Both allowed the hiring of substitutes. d. Both exempted young men enrolled in colleges and universities.

59. One of the factors contributing to the 1863 New York City riots was: a. Anti-black sentiment on the part of white working-class New Yorkers b. The long delay in implementing emancipation c. The exemption of Irish immigrants from the draft d. The passage of heavy new taxes to finance the war 60. As a result of this incident in November 1864, U.S. troops massacred over 100 Cheyenne tribesmen, women, and children. a. The Sand Creek Massacre b. The Massacre at Wounded Knee c. The Thompkin’s Ferry Massacre d. The Washita Massacre 61. In his campaign against the Navajos, Kit Carson . a. adopted a conciliatory approach that resulted in a Navajo alliance with the Union b. met with such determined resistance that he withdrew Union troops from the New Mexico Territory c. was victorious largely as the result of an alliance he forged with the Mescalero Apaches d. adopted a scorched earth policy 62. During the months preceding the election of 1864, Abraham Lincoln a. feared that war-weariness among Northerners would lead to his defeat .

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Chapter 13 b. considered jailing several Democratic leaders until the election was over c. attempted to win the Democratic nomination as well as the Republican nomination d. devoted himself to electing Republicans to Congress because he felt certain he would be re-elected 63. The Union army’s march to the sea through Georgia under General Sherman was notable because: a. The Northern soldiers engaged in an orgy of rape and murder of civilians b. It ended with Sherman’s army bogged down in trench warfare much like what was to come in the First World War c. The soldiers inflicted total destruction on the land and its economic resources d. The army foolishly blundered into several Confederate ambushes and suffered needlessly heavy casualties

64. Examine the fragmentation of the political party system in 1860; explain the stands of the presidential candidates on the major issues; and discuss the results of the 1860 presidential election.

65. Discuss the strategy used by southern extremists to destroy the Union. Why was this strategy successful? What do election returns for delegates to secession conventions reveal about the nature and extent of the opposition to secession in the South?

66. Discuss the course of the Civil War from its inception in the spring of 1861 through the battle of Antietam in the fall of 1862, and assess the strengths and weaknesses of the two combatants in late 1862.

67. Examine the social, political, and economic impact of the Civil War on the South and its people.

68. Discuss how and why the Civil War changed southern government in concept and practice, and discuss the reaction of the southern people to these changes. Pay particular attention to the impact of the Civil War on the South’s idea of “state sovereignty.”

69. Examine the impact of the Civil War on northern and southern women.

70. Examine the social, political, and economic impact of the Civil War on the North and its people.

71. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the northern economy during the course of the Civil War, and examine the war’s economic impact on northern society, the northern people, and on northern urban and industrial workers.

72. Examine the relationship between the federal government and northern business interests during the Civil War. 73. Defend the following statement: “Northern society embraced strangely contradictory tendencies. Materialism and greed flourished alongside idealism, religious conviction, and self-sacrifice.”

74. Examine Abraham Lincoln’s position on the issue of slavery, and trace its evolution over time. What were the major changes in Lincoln’s position, and what were the principal reasons for those changes? What impact did Lincoln’s decisions on the slavery question have on the Union and its war effort?

75. Analyze the Emancipation Proclamation in light of the following thesis statement: “As a moral and legal document the Emancipation Proclamation was wanting, but as a political document it was nearly flawless.”

76. Discuss Jefferson Davis’s approach to the question of slavery during the course of the Civil War. What impact did Davis’s decisions on the slavery question have on the Confederacy and its war effort? .

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Chapter 13 77. Explain the emergence of antiwar sentiment, dissent, and disorder in the Confederacy during the final two years of the Civil War. What impact did this development have on the Confederate war effort?

78. Compare and contrast Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis as war leaders.

79. Explain the emergence and nature of antiwar sentiment, dissent, and disorder in the North during the Civil War. How did President Lincoln react to opposition to the war? What impact did opposition to the war have on the Union war effort?

80. Discuss the contest between Union and Confederate forces in the New Mexico Territory, and examine the war against Indians in the Great Plains and Far West.

81. Discuss the cost and effects of the Civil War. 82. Discuss the major factors that led to northern victory in the Civil War. 83. Compare and contrast the reasons and methods of those in the North who opposed and protested the war with those in the south, using the year 1863 as a focal point.

84. Examine the wartime expansion of presidential power and federal authority.

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Chapter 13 Answer Key 1. a 2. d 3. c 4. d 5. a 6. a 7. c 8. c 9. b 10. b 11. b 12. d 13. c 14. b 15. a 16. a 17. b 18. b 19. d 20. c 21. b 22. c 23. c 24. b 25. b .

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Chapter 13 26. d 27. c 28. a 29. c 30. a 31. a 32. b 33. b 34. d 35. a 36. c 37. a 38. d 39. d 40. b 41. d 42. c 43. a 44. a 45. a 46. d 47. c 48. d 49. d 50. b 51. d .

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Chapter 13 52. d 53. d 54. a 55. a 56. d 57. d 58. c 59. a 60. a 61. d 62. a 63. c 64. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 13 77. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 14

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. What was the belief of Thaddeus Stevens and other congressional Republicans who criticized Lincoln’s approach to Reconstruction? a. The South’s plantation elite erred in establishing the Confederacy, but the Union itself was never broken and endured through the Civil War. b. The Reconstruction process outlined in the Constitution should be closely followed. c. The president has sole responsibility for Reconstruction. d. The Confederate states, by seceding and making war against the United States, lost their status as states and should now be treated as conquered territories.

2. Which constitutional amendment abolished slavery, passed by Congress in 1865? a. Twelfth Amendment b. Thirteenth Amendment c. Fourteenth Amendment d. Fifteenth Amendment 3. Freed slaves, after the Civil War, . a. fought hard to establish racially integrated public schools b. showed a great desire for education as the means of escaping the ignorance of slavery c. concentrated solely on providing primary school education for their children d. disappointed Northern reformers with their apparent lack of interest in education 4. African Americans who won public office during Reconstruction a. mostly came from the prewar educated African-American elite b. were mostly self-educated individuals who rose from slavery c. came from the North d. were illiterate and uneducated

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5. Many freedmen saw emancipation as the opportunity to . a. punish their former masters b. take advantage of the economic opportunities offered them by Northern factory owners c. create their own institutions free of white control d. demand passage of legislation outlawing social, economic, and political discrimination on the basis of race 6. After the Civil War, most African-American farmers eventually worked: a. As sharecroppers, paying a portion of their farm proceeds as rent b. As domestic servants in the North c. As hired field hands under a contract for wages from their former masters d. As independent landowners 7. When sharecropping first originated: a. It allowed African Americans to buy land on credit b. It was forced on African Americans by ruthless landowners c. It gave African Americans freedom from daily supervision by white landowners or overseers .

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Chapter 14 d. It was a humanitarian system of poverty relief 8. A basic economic problem in the South in the post-Civil War period was a. a labor shortage b. inflation c. overdependence on cotton d. declining prices for food crops

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9. Which of the following was true of Andrew Johnson? a. Although from Tennessee, he remained in the Senate after his state seceded from the Union. b. He was one of the founders of the Republican Party. c. Although he disagreed with the Radicals on many issues, he supported the concept of an activist federal government. d. He favored civil rights for African Americans, but did not believe that they should have the right to vote.

10. Regarding black suffrage in the South, Andrew Johnson believed that: a. The right to vote should be extended to African Americans through an amendment to the Constitution b. The federal government could never force the Southern states to extend voting rights to African Americans c. The Southern states, before being allowed to re-enter the Union, should guarantee the right to vote to AfricanAmerican males d. African Americans were not citizens and should not be allowed to vote 11. Andrew Johnson’s initial plan for Reconstruction: a. Demonstrated an unforgiving hatred of all Southerners b. Protected the political rights of freed slaves in the South c. Attempted, at least temporarily, to deny power to wealthy Southern planters d. Failed to require the Southern states to draft new constitutions 12. Soon after proposing his initial plan for Reconstruction, President Johnson surprisingly helped subvert his own plan by . a. withdrawing the Union Army from the South b. granting pardons to many wealthy Southerners c. establishing martial law throughout the South d. dissolving the newly elected state constitutional conventions 13. The black codes enacted in the South after the Civil War showed that Southerners a. were willing to allow African Americans equality under law b. sought to maintain African Americans in positions of servility c. recognized the need for providing basic education for African Americans d. would leave the destiny of African Americans up to the African Americans themselves 14. The Radical Republicans in Congress believed that it was essential to: a. Complete the Reconstruction process quickly b. Treat the South with sympathy and compassion c. Place Reconstruction policy in the president’s hands .

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Chapter 14 d. Ensure the rights of the freedmen 15. The process by which the Republican-controlled Congress sought to make the Reconstruction of ex-Confederate states longer, harsher, and under greater congressional control is called a. Judicial Reconstruction b. Impeachment c. Socially Just Reconstruction d. Congressional Reconstruction 16. Passed by Congress in the face of President Johnson’s veto, the Civil Rights Act of 1866: a. Forced state courts in the South to practice equality by placing them under the watchful eye of the federal judiciary b. Guaranteed equality of economic opportunity by barring discrimination in employment on the basis of race c. Was the first attempt by Congress to desegregate educational facilities in the South d. Guaranteed the right to vote to all adult males with the equivalent of a third-grade education 17. Which section of the Fourteenth Amendment had the longest-lasting legal impact? a. The section which guaranteed the war debt of the United States b. The section which conferred citizenship on freedmen and prohibited states from abridging of their constitutional rights c. The section which withheld political power from prominent Confederates d. The section which penalized states that did not allow African Americans to vote 18. Although the South lost the Civil War, it was possible that Southern states would gain increased power in Congress when readmitted to the Union because: a. Southern congressmen could use the threat of secession to intimidate Northern representatives b. Southern congressmen would chair the key congressional committees c. The number of Southern states had increased d. For purposes of congressional representation, African Americans would count as a full person rather than as three-fifths of a person 19. In early 1866, when states undertook to vote on the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment, the amendment was . a. supported by President Johnson. b. rejected by all Southern legislatures except Tennessee’s. c. approved by the Southern states and then withdrawn by Congress. d. supported by prominent women’s rights activists but received little additional support.

20. The outcome of the congressional elections of 1866: a. Gave the Democrats effective control of both houses of Congress b. Represented an endorsement of the Reconstruction plans of the Republican congressional leaders c. Deepened the split between Conservative and Radical Republicans d. Demonstrated public support for Andrew Johnson’s Reconstruction program 21. The refusal of most of the former Confederate states to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment in 1866: .

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Chapter 14 a. Caused most Northerners to support the Radicals’ demand that more economic opportunity be extended to freedmen b. Caused a thorough restructuring of Southern society c. Led to general land reform in the South d. Forced congressional Republicans to abolish the “Johnson governments” in the South, form new governments, and extend the vote to freedmen 22. Which of the following is true of the First Reconstruction Act? a. Existing Southern state governments were recognized as legitimate. b. The education of freedmen in the South would be supported by federal funding. c. Freedmen were given the right to vote in elections for state constitutional conventions and in subsequent elections. d. Southern plantations were confiscated and divided into smaller plots of land.

23. In Congressional debates concerning Reconstruction of the former Confederate states, Thaddeus Stevens argued that . a. freedmen should not be extended the right to vote b. Southern property should be confiscated and used to give freedmen homesteads and a chance at economic independence c. all freedmen should be given forty acres from confiscated Southern land d. the Fourteenth Amendment should extend the right to vote to women as well as to African Americans 24. In an attempt to limit President Johnson’s powers and safeguard its own Reconstruction plan, Congress: a. Proposed a constitutional amendment that would strip the president of his veto power b. Established a House committee to approve all candidates for political office in the former Confederate states c. Passed legislation requiring the president to issue military orders through the General of the Army d. Placed responsibility for the appointment of the president’s cabinet in the hands of a joint Congressional committee 25. The 1868 indictment handed down by the House Judiciary Committee against President Johnson concentrated on his a. violation of the Tenure of Office Act. b. attempts to limit the powers of military commanders in the South. c. effort to prevent enforcement of the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867. d. attempts to repeal the Fourteenth Amendment.

26. What do modern scholars view as President Johnson’s most serious and indictable offense? a. His decision to fire Secretary of War Stanton b. His losing battle with alcoholism c. His advice to Southern states that they reject the Fourteenth Amendment d. His systematic efforts to block enforcement of the Reconstruction Act of 1867 27. Which of the following is true of Johnson’s impeachment trial? a. Ironically, Johnson was saved by the Radical Republicans, who argued that impeachment should not be used as a political weapon. b. Because of public outrage at the way Johnson was being forced out of office, the Senate voted to acquit him. .

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Chapter 14 c. Johnson’s acquittal by the Senate established the precedent that Congress could not use impeachment as a political weapon against the President. d. Although Johnson was found guilty, his appeal to the Supreme Court prevented his removal from office.

28. In the 1868 presidential campaign, Ulysses Grant, running as a Republican, a. endorsed African-American suffrage in the South but not in the North b. fully supported the principles of the Radical Republicans c. urged Congress to pass antilynching legislation d. denounced the Ku Klux Klan as a terrorist organization

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29. In 1869, the Fifteenth Amendment: a. Stipulated that states could not deny the right to vote on the basis of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. b. Guaranteed African Americans equal protection under the law. c. Extended the right to vote to women and blacks. d. Was immediately ratified by all Northern states.

30. In some cases, white conservatives in the South attempted to defeat Congress’s Reconstruction plans by a. actively and openly calling for secession b. bribing federal poll watchers c. defying laws designed to redistribute land throughout the South d. boycotting the polls

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31. Which is true of Reconstruction governments in the South? a. They encouraged investment in industry. b. They lowered taxes. c. They imposed severe economic penalties on former slaveowners. d. They passed civil rights legislation outlawing racial discrimination in employment and housing.

32. During Reconstruction, African-American leaders in the South: a. Argued that voting rights should be permanently denied to former Confederates b. Dominated the legislatures in several southern states c. Led efforts to establish public schools in the region d. Advocated the confiscation and redistribution of land 33. Which of the following is true of Northerners who settled in the South immediately after the Civil War? a. They constituted the largest group holding political office in the South during Reconstruction. b. For the most part they were greedy, scheming politicians who came to loot the South in its most desperate hour. c. Most came because they were seeking business opportunities or a warmer climate. d. Knowing that industrialization of the South was impractical, they were primarily interested in bringing mechanized agribusiness to the region.

34. What was a scalawag? a. A homeless unemployed freedman in the South .

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Chapter 14 b. A native white Southerner who cooperated with the Republicans c. A former plantation owner who had lost his lands d. A Union soldier who occupied the South during Reconstruction 35. Which of the following is true of the Ku Klux Klan? a. It was not originally a violent organization. b. It was not connected to party politics. c. Congress paid little attention to its actions. d. It normalized the use of terrorism in politics.

36. In response to the Panic of 1873, many debtors and unemployed workers advocated a. easy-money policies, which they hoped would spur economic expansion b. federal monetary grants to freedmen so they could open their own businesses and banks c. a federal loan program to finance industrial development in the South d. federal loans to freedmen so they could buy their own land

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37. In decisions after the Civil War, the Supreme Court . a. upheld the efforts of the Radicals to punish the South b. led the drive to guarantee full equality for the former slaves c. repeatedly overruled actions taken by Union generals during the military occupation of the South d. participated in the Northern retreat from the Reconstruction commitment to equality for the freedmen 38. In the Slaughter-House cases, the Supreme Court held that the Fourteenth Amendment: a. Only prohibited the states from abridging those rights associated with U.S. citizenship b. Brought individual rights under federal protection c. Defined state citizenship and national citizenship as being one and the same d. Did not differentiate between state citizenship and national citizenship 39. What was a result of Bradwell v. Illinois? a. Impairment of property rights by statute did not violate due process. b. State laws barring women from certain occupations did not violate the privileges and immunities clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. c. The Fourteenth Amendment barred individual acts of discrimination as well as acts undertaken by a state. d. It was unconstitutional for a state to secede from the Union.

40. What was the result of United States v. Cruikshank? a. The power to protect the equal rights of citizens was left solely to the states. b. All Southern public facilities would be integrated. c. African Americans were protected in the full exercise of their civil rights. d. The right to vote was granted to all property-holding African Americans.

41. The disputed presidential election of 1876 was significant in its outcome because it: a. Signaled the demise of the two-party system b. Brought an end to Reconstruction .

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Chapter 14 c. Marked the beginning of a long era of Democratic presidents d. Demonstrated that African-American voters held the balance of power in Southern politics

42. Trace the evolution of the Congressional Reconstruction plan, and examine the factors that affected the development of this plan.

43. Discuss the response of former enslaved Americans to freedom.

44. Discuss and assess President Johnson’s Reconstruction plan in theory and in practice.

45. The Reconstruction era is generally divided into two phases, the presidential phase lasting from 1865 to 1867 and the congressional phase stretching from 1867 to 1876. Citing specific programs and policies, indicate how the two phases differed.

46. Explain the conflict between the executive and legislative branches of government over Reconstruction, and discuss the consequences of this conflict.

47. The Fourteenth Amendment represented a compromise between Radical and Conservative Republicans. Write an essay reviewing the major provisions of this amendment and explain where the compromise was most evident.

48. Contrast the Reconstruction plan advocated by Radical Republicans such as Thaddeus Stevens with the Reconstruction Act of 1867. Why were key elements of the Radical plan not adopted? How might the Radical plan have changed southern society?

49. Explain the impeachment of President Johnson by the House of Representatives and his subsequent acquittal in the Senate. What implications did Johnson’s acquittal have for the future?

50. Examine the social, political, and economic policies of the Reconstruction governments in the South. What were the strengths and weaknesses of these policies? Explain the extent to which southern society was changed by these policies.

51. Discuss the various means by which conservatives attempted to regain control of the southern state governments, and assess the effectiveness of their efforts.

52. Analyze the origins, purpose, and tactics of the Ku Klux Klan and its effect on the nation’s politics and African Americans.

53. Discuss the disputed election of 1876. What was at stake? How did it connect to the decade preceding it? How was it resolved? Was the Compromise of 1877 effective?

54. Discuss the aspirations and goals of African-American southerners as they entered upon life after slavery, and explain the ways in which they attempted to achieve their goals. To what extent were they successful? Why? 55. After the Civil War, the nation committed itself to equality for the freedmen through law and constitutional amendment. Discuss the forces and events that caused the nation to abandon this commitment during the subsequent years.

56. Examine the role played by the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of the federal government in the national retreat from the commitment to equality for the freedmen. .

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Chapter 14 Answer Key 1. d 2. b 3. b 4. a 5. c 6. a 7. c 8. c 9. a 10. b 11. c 12. b 13. b 14. d 15. d 16. a 17. b 18. d 19. b 20. b 21. d 22. c 23. b 24. c 25. a .

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Chapter 14 26. d 27. c 28. a 29. a 30. d 31. a 32. c 33. c 34. b 35. d 36. a 37. d 38. a 39. b 40. a 41. b 42. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 14 52. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 15

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. Which of the following is a correct statement about the ecologies among native tribes? a. Deer were their livestock. b. Swordfish were the primary prey of hunting and fishing parties. c. Wheat was the most common crop. d. Some of the tribes inhabited permanent settlements.

2. The most common crop raised by Native Peoples in the western part of the country was a. alfalfa b. rye c. wheat d. corn 3. Plains Indians altered their environment by a. the depletion of herds b. growing irrigated crops c. periodically setting fire to tall-grass prairies d. trading tools, cloth, and tobacco

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4. In the Southwest, the Navajo tribe placed great value on a. deer b. buffalo c. sheep d. elk

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5. Which fish was crucial to the life of the Northwest Indians? a. Trout b. Bluefish c. Swordfish d. Salmon 6. Prior to the 1880s, the federal government believed that Indians could best be civilized by a. Christianizing them b. relegating them to reservations c. democratizing tribal government d. teaching them the concepts of capitalism

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7. From the experience of the Navajo people, one can conclude that . a. unity among the Indian tribes of a particular region could prevent white encroachment on Indian lands b. the federal government actively attempted to protect Indian cultures from aggressive white settlers c. some Indians were able to retain their traditional culture by refusing to trade with whites d. the economic power of whites increasingly placed Indians in a dependent and thus weakened position 8. In decisions handed down in both 1884 and 1886, the Supreme Court of the United States held that .

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Chapter 15 Indians . a. could have their own independent military force to protect their reservations against white encroachment b. could not be relegated to reservations against their will c. were protected by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments d. were not citizens of the United States 9. The reservation policy of the U.S. government . a. led to the successful assimilation of most western Indians into mainstream American culture b. weakened every aspect of traditional Native American life c. allowed native tribes the independence they needed to protect and preserve their way of life d. increased the possibility of unity among the disparate tribes and thus the increased possibility of violence against whites 10. Which of the following was instrumental in ending armed Indian resistance against whites? a. The weakening tribal power due to assimilation into White society b. The relentless pursuit of Native American tribes people by U.S. soldiers c. Large military engagements that decimated the Native male population d. The tireless work of White missionaries and teachers 11. Which of the following had an impact on American awareness of Native American life in the 1880s? a. Looking Backward b. A Century of Dishonor c. Wings of the Dove d. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 12. Canada’s management of Indian affairs differed from that of the United States in that . a. the Royal Mounted Police adopted a more aggressive stance against Indian resistance to acculturation b. Canada granted Indians the rights of British subjects and proceeded more slowly in attempting to acculturate them c. the Canadian government treated Indian tribes as foreign nations d. Canada outlawed intermarriage between whites and Indians 13. Most Whites associated with Indian reform groups of the 1880s believed that a. Indians could never be successfully assimilated into American society b. Indian cultures should be protected and preserved c. Indians could succeed in American society only if they adopted middle-class values d. Indians should be protected from white encroachment by the United States Army

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14. In attempting to change the sexual division of labor within western Indian tribes, reformers sometimes caused . a. a decline in the economic independence of Indian women b. a feeling of emasculation among Indian males c. warfare between tribal factions d. a breakdown of the political systems of western tribes .

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Chapter 15 15. The Dawes Severalty Act was based on the belief that: a. Indians should be allowed to participate actively in decisions concerning their future b. By establishing reservations as enclaves protected from white encroachment, Indian culture could be preserved c. Family units headed by men were the desired social model for all societies d. Indians could best be assimilated into mainstream American society by teaching them the skills necessary to become factory workers 16. In 1890, agents of the federal government attempted to . a. suppress Indian religious activities such as the Ghost Dance b. encourage factory and railroad construction near Indian reservations in order to promote social integration c. make Indians responsible for educating their own children d. deal with Indians through their tribes rather than as individuals 17. Which of the following was a result of the Clapp rider to the Indian appropriations bill of 1906? a. Many Indians who were declared to be of mixed blood were duped into signing away their land to white speculators. b. Indian reservations began to establish their own military forces. c. After receiving training in scientific farming, many Indians gained economic independence. d. The United States Army began to safeguard Indian reservations and Indian treaty rights.

18. Most whites who migrated to the West and the Great Plains did so for which of the following reasons? a. They wanted to Christianize the native peoples. b. They were lured there by mining syndicates and lumber companies that promised high-paying jobs. c. They were desirous of material success. d. They were supposed to conduct government-financed agricultural research.

19. Most individual prospectors who discovered veins of precious metal a. mined their claims by themselves b. sold their claims to mining syndicates c. mined their claims with a few friends d. were denied their claims due to government fraud

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20. Which of the following groups was the primary beneficiary of the Timber and Stone Act of 1878? a. Lumber companies b. Southern freedmen c. Unemployed miners d. Recent immigrants 21. Which of the following was true of the Exodusters, who migrated from the South to Kansas in the late 1870s? a. They were white sharecroppers who were recruited to move to Kansas by the Kansas Farmers’ Alliance. b. Their move was subsidized by Southern state governments, which were encouraging African Americans to leave the South. c. Many of them were former slaves. d. They were drawn to Kansas by promises of jobs in the construction of the transcontinental railroad. .

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Chapter 15 22. Which of the following is true of women in the West? a. Through the home mission movement, many women helped sustain family and community life. b. Virtually all of the women who moved to the West in the late nineteenth century were prostitutes. c. They were usually single and moved to the West to establish their own economic independence. d. Like most males, women who moved to the West were individual prospectors and received financial backing from Eastern banks.

23. White settlers in the frontier communities of the American West made which of the following a distinguishing social characteristic? a. Race b. Level of education c. Marital status d. Religion 24. What was the primary purpose of laws against miscegenation passed by state legislatures in the American West? a. To prevent white males from marrying Indian women b. To prevent intermarriage between white women and Indian men c. To prevent intermarriage between white women and men of Asian descent d. To prevent white males from marrying Hispanic women 25. What was the first national park in the United States? a. Yosemite National Park b. Yellowstone National Park c. Crater Lake National Park d. Glacier National Park 26. Who was a leading figure in the early conservation movement and called for Congress to give President Harrison the authority to create forest reserves? a. Moses E. Clapp b. Helen Hunt Jackson c. Johnny Ringo d. John Muir 27. Which of the following is true of the early conservation movement? a. The early conservation movement met little opposition in the West because the people there felt close to nature. b. Because the need for conservation was so clear, the movement met little opposition in any part of the nation. c. The movement and its leaders were subjected to nationwide ridicule. d. Opposition to the movement was strongest in the West.

28. Which of the following was key to the successful granting of statehood to Utah in 1896? a. The army won a final decisive victory over hostile Indians. b. Democratic congressmen in Washington realized that Utah’s voters were staunchly Democratic in their politics. c. Non-Mormons would gain control of the state. .

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Chapter 15 d. The Mormons had to agree to give up polygamous marriage.

29. Which group were the first Americans of northern European ancestry to practice extensive agricultural irrigation? a. The Vikings b. The Mormons c. The Puritans d. The Quakers 30. The ideas associated with prior appropriation fostered the attitude that . a. access to waterways should go to the first person who claimed it b. water, unlike other natural resources, may not be held and used as private property c. only people who live along the banks of rivers and streams may appropriate from the water’s flow d. the natural beauty of the rivers and streams must be protected from corporate greed 31. California became the nation’s leader in irrigated agricultural acreage largely as a result of a. farming skills learned by white settlers from Native Americans b. the creation of water divisions that regulated water rights c. a state law that allowed farmers to organize irrigation districts d. a law declaring the rivers of the state to be public property subject to state supervision

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32. For which of the following reasons did the federal government refuse to transfer public domain lands to the states? a. Such transfers were ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. b. Such transfers would raise the question of who would regulate waterways that ran through more than one state. c. Such transfers would deny the federal government the power to control water and land conservation. d. The federal government feared that such transfers would lead to ecological problems associated with practices such as strip mining.

33. As a result of the Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902, . a. farmers in the West were allowed to organize into irrigation districts and operate irrigation projects b. proceeds from the sale of public lands in the West would be used to finance irrigation projects c. the federal government transferred all of its public-domain lands in California to the state d. Western farmers intending an economically productive use of river water were given the right to appropriation 34. Provisions of the Newlands Reclamation Act provide evidence of which of the following? a. The federal government was more interested in conserving the nation’s natural resources than in maintaining control over those resources. b. The federal government attempted to impose the principle of riparian rights on individuals who purchased western public lands. c. The federal government was unwilling to assume the power to regulate water development in the West, thus leaving such power to the states. d. The federal government actively aided the agricultural development of the West.

35. The rapid development of railroads in the United States was accomplished a. in large measure through the investment of European banking firms b. exclusively through the support of a large number of small investors .

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Chapter 15 c. with the assistance of some of the largest government subsidies ever granted d. almost entirely through the investment of a handful of shrewd millionaires 36. The nationwide standardization of time-keeping became a necessity for which of the following reasons? a. In the event of a national emergency, the military needed to be assured of a regularity of time from place to place. b. Railroad scheduling required that there be a regularity of time from place to place. c. Monetary transactions undertaken by the nation’s leading financial institutions required a regularity of time from place to place. d. The transfer of raw materials to factories and finished products to consumers required a regularity of time from place to place.

37. Who established the first time zones in the United States in 1883? a. President Benjamin Harrison b. The railroads c. The army d. Congress 38. Between 1870 and 1910, the idea of profiting from commercial farming in the Great Plains region became more appealing because . a. railroad expansion and the construction of grain elevators made it possible to meet the increasing demand for farm products b. low interest rates on property-acquisition loans made it possible to acquire more productive farmland c. federally subsidized irrigation projects cut the cost of making formerly arid land productive d. the establishment of parity prices for basic commodities substantially increased per capita farm income 39. Which of the following was true of life in the Great Plains region? a. Railroad expansion crippled farming in the region by using up all of the best and most fertile land. b. Settlers in the Plains found that wells were cheap to dig once machinery was introduced into the region. c. The pattern of settlement meant that settlers often suffered social isolation. d. Pioneer farm families had little water but an abundance of timber.

40. The isolation of Western farmers was lessened by . a. long drives and declining prices for beef b. the use of barbed wire and the expansion of the railroads c. a high ratio of women to men and the wide use of machinery d. the expansion of mail-order companies and the availability of Rural Free Delivery 41. The Hatch Act of 1887 encouraged the advancement of agricultural science and technology by a. providing grants of land to every state for the establishment of agricultural colleges b. providing low-interest government loans to farmers for the purchase of farm machines c. providing for agricultural experiment stations in every state d. providing subsidies to support all scientific research related to agriculture

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42. Cattle ranching became increasingly profitable in the 1860s and gave rise to the lucrative cattle industry due .

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Chapter 15 to

. a. a decline in beef imported from Europe b. court decisions that allowed livestock to be moved freely across state lines c. railroad expansion and population growth d. investment funds made available by the discovery of mineral deposits in the West

43. Which of the following was a feature of open-range ranching? a. The rounding up of wild cattle roaming free on the range b. The slaughtering and butchering of cattle on the range c. The purchase of thousands of acres of land for grazing d. The grazing of cattle on public land 44. Which of the following is true concerning the struggle for supremacy between cattle ranchers and sheepherders? a. Sheepherders claimed that cattle ruined the grazing land. b. Both groups typically used the land illegally. c. Sheepherders claimed that cattle left the land with a foul smell. d. Sheepherders were generally peaceful, whereas ranchers were disposed to settle differences violently.

45. Under the crop-lien system, a Southern farmer a. paid his farm workers in crops rather than in cash b. borrowed against his future crop to buy needed supplies c. harvested his crop with rented machinery d. rotated the crops he planted from season to season

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46. A farmer operating under the crop-lien system usually a. reduced soil erosion b. increased his production c. sank ever deeper into debt d. added land to his holdings

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47. After the Civil War, small backcountry farmers in the South shifted toward a. subsistence agriculture b. crops other than cotton c. commercial farming d. agricultural diversification 48. As a result of changes in the Southern backcountry in the late nineteenth century, a. farmers in that area became more dependent on merchants. b. yeomen farmers and African Americans began to ally against large landowners. c. poor farmers were allowed to let their animals feed on the open range. d. yeomen forged a political alliance with large landowners.

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49. Discuss the economic systems of the Native Americans in the Plains, the Southwest, and the Northwest, and explain .

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Chapter 15 the role of white settlement and United States government policy in the decline of these systems in the late nineteenth century.

50. Discuss the features of the United States government's reservation policy and explain the consequences of this policy.

51. Discuss the factors that led Congress to pass the Dawes Severalty Act in 1887; explain the provisions of the act; and examine the features and consequences of United States Indian policy under the act.

52. Discuss the similarities and differences between the reservation policy and the Dawes Severalty Act, and explain the consequences of both.

53. Discuss the characteristics of the natural-resource frontier and the methods used by developers to gain land and extraction rights. What role did the federal government play in the development of this frontier?

54. Examine the debate concerning water rights in the Western states, the various ways those states regulated water usage, and the importance of the Newlands Reclamation Act to the agricultural and general economic development of the West.

55. Discuss the expansion of America's railroad system in the late nineteenth century, and examine the impact of this expansion on the American economy and on American concepts of time and space.

56. Examine the characteristics of life on the Great Plains in the late 1800s. What developments ultimately helped to alleviate the hardships of Plains settlers?

57. Examine the factors responsible for the agricultural revolution of the late nineteenth century that made farming commercially viable in America.

58. Discuss the impact, both positive and negative, of technological advances on ranching, farming, and mining in the late nineteenth century.

59. Compare and contrast the social positions of each of the following groups in relationship to white men: women, African-Americans, Asian-Americans, and Native Americans.

60. Discuss the characteristics of the crop-lien system, and explain the system's impact on poor southern farmers.

61. Discuss the economic transformation of the South after Reconstruction.

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Chapter 15 Answer Key 1. d 2. d 3. c 4. c 5. d 6. b 7. d 8. d 9. b 10. b 11. b 12. b 13. c 14. a 15. c 16. a 17. a 18. c 19. b 20. a 21. c 22. a 23. a 24. c 25. b .

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Chapter 15 26. d 27. d 28. d 29. b 30. a 31. c 32. b 33. b 34. d 35. c 36. b 37. b 38. a 39. c 40. d 41. c 42. c 43. d 44. b 45. b 46. c 47. c 48. a 49. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 15 52. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 16

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. The was Thomas Edison’s contribution to the search for cheap and efficient indoor lighting. a. fluorescent lamp b. arc light c. incandescent bulb d. gaseous-discharge bulb 2. The development of the textile industry in the South was aided by which of the following? a. The use of electric looms b. An abundance of water to power the drive shafts for machines c. Cheap immigrant labor d. The use of profit sharing to encourage worker productivity 3. Under Frederick W. Taylor’s theory of scientific management, a. workers’ skills came to be valued more highly b. workers increasingly controlled the pace and scale of production c. workers were encouraged to shift frequently from one task to another d. workers became another kind of interchangeable part

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4. Many employers cut wage costs in the late nineteenth century by a. eliminating pension plans b. hiring skilled workers c. eliminating health insurance plans d. hiring women and children

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5. Why did the proportion of women working as sales clerks increase in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? a. Sales jobs were attractive to women because they offered better working conditions than factory jobs. b. Managers in department stores considered female cashiers to be much more trustworthy that male cashiers. c. Sales jobs demanded many different skills that women usually possessed. d. Sales jobs usually led to the managerial positions that most working women desired.

6. In practice, the “freedom of contract” principle meant that a. employers increased workers’ wages as the cost of living increased b. employers could set pay as low as workers would accept c. wages automatically increased as profits increased d. employers recognized the right of workers to bargain collectively

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7. In Holden v. Hardy, the Supreme Court of the United States . a. struck down a law limiting the working hours of miners b. upheld a law limiting the working hours of miners c. decided that miners were in violation of the Sherman Act d. ruled that mine owners had no responsibility for the safety of their employees 8. The Supreme Court’s decision in Muller v. Oregon resulted in women being .

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Chapter 16 a. barred from some occupations b. paid substantially more than before c. hired for the first time in many occupations d. permitted to strike for better working conditions or higher wages 9. A crisis in the railroad industry, precipitated by four years of wage cuts, layoffs, and increased workloads, occurred in which year? a. 1892 b. 1920 c. 1908 d. 1877 10. Which of the following is true of the Knights of Labor under the leadership of Terence Powderly? a. It sought to establish a cooperative society in which workers owned the means of production. b. It changed its name to the American Federation of Labor in 1886. c. It instigated the Haymarket riot. d. It refused membership to blacks and women.

11. As a result of the Haymarket bombing, . a. President Cleveland sent federal troops to Chicago to protect working-class demonstrators b. many people associated labor unions with foreign-born radicals c. the Illinois state legislature banned labor unions d. many major corporations gave in to workers’ demands for an eight-hour day 12. What was the alliance of craft unions that emerged from 1886 upheavals as the major workers’ organization? a. Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) b. Women’s Trade Union League (WTUL) c. American Federation of Labor (AFL) d. Western Federation of Miners (WFM) 13. President Grover Cleveland responded to the 1894 Pullman strike by a. offering to serve as a mediator b. remaining uninvolved and doing nothing c. intervening on the side of labor d. intervening on the side of management

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14. Which of the following statements is most consistent with the beliefs of the Industrial Workers of the World? a. Workers should take over and run the nation’s industries. b. Workers should not resort to strikes or violence. c. Workers should align themselves with the Democratic party. d. Workers should organize themselves into craft unions.

15. The American Federation of Labor was founded by a. Jane Addams .

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Chapter 16 b. Eugene Debs c. Samuel Gompers d. William Haywood 16. Which of the following is true of the Telephone Operators’ Department of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers? a. Out of the belief that they were detrimental to the cause of all workers, its leaders stood against strikes. b. Its leaders were socialists who wanted the federal government to nationalize the Bell system. c. It urged the Bell system to adopt the theories of Frederick Taylor. d. It was dominated by women.

17.

was a Scottish immigrant who built an enormous steel company and became a renowned philanthropist. a. Andrew Carnegie b. Henry Ford c. John D. Rockefeller d. Thomas Edison

18. The widespread use of the flush toilet is an example of the a. effectiveness of modern advertising b. effectiveness of state health regulations c. traditional modesty of Americans d. democratization of convenience

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19. Corporations received broad judicial protection in the 1880s and 1890s when the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that . a. stockholders were not liable for a corporation’s debts b. corporations, like individuals, were protected by laws preventing the government from depriving them of property rights c. the Bill of Rights prevented the government from interfering with corporate activity d. general incorporation laws were constitutional 20. In the search for economic order and stability, many corporation managers of the late nineteenth century a. urged Congress to pass wage and price controls. b. argued in favor of a regulatory commission for all industry. c. sought new and larger forms of economic concentration. d. sought lower tariffs.

21. The main problem with pools was that . a. too often members sued each other for violation of the agreement creating the pool b. they did not increase profits c. the Interstate Commerce Act made them illegal precisely when they were most important d. there was no legal way to enforce the private agreement that created the pool 22. Which of the following is true of holding companies? a. They had no existence in the eyes of the law. .

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Chapter 16 b. They held capital for pending investments. c. They owned partial or complete interest in other companies. d. They controlled the assets of bankrupt companies.

23. Advocates of Social Darwinism believed that . a. the government should use its power of taxation to bring about a more equitable distribution of wealth b. the government should protect the weak in society by regulating industry c. wealth belongs to those most capable of creating it d. wealth carries no responsibilities except to get more of it 24. Who was John D. Rockefeller? a. Founder of the Ford Motor Company b. Creator of Standard Oil and master of the use of pools and trusts to monopolize an industry c. Inventor and founder of the first industrial research laboratory d. Scottish immigrant who built an enormous steel company and became a renowned philanthropist 25. Henry George, the author of Progress and Poverty (1879), claimed that . a. tariffs benefited labor as much as business b. the only way to achieve social justice was by abolishing private property c. a single property tax, based on the rise in property values caused by increased market demand, would prevent profiteering by land speculators d. only a rigidly enforced income tax on the wealthy could provide the revenue necessary to end poverty 26. Unlike Henry George and Lester Ward, Edward Bellamy . a. strongly criticized Social Darwinism b. favored government ownership and management of the means of production c. criticized government as a negative force in society d. did not believe that humans could shape the course of nature 27. During the late nineteenth century, states that passed laws against trusts and monopolies a. found that such laws caused economic depression because businesses fled to other states b. were so successful that most people believed national legislation to be unnecessary c. were mostly in the agricultural South and West d. despite the pressure of great popular opposition to them

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28. Which of the following is true of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act? a. It posed as much of a threat to small businessmen as to large corporations. b. It did not clearly define what constituted a “restraint of trade.” c. It brutally destroyed American agriculture by defining any farm of more than 500 acres as a monopoly. d. It was enforceable at the discretion of business bureaus in state governments.

29. As a result of the introduction of mass transit in cities, . a. working-class neighborhoods were broken apart b. members of the middle class could live in neighborhoods on the urban outskirts and commute to work in the inner city .

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Chapter 16 c. more mixed-use areas consisting of residences, shops, and factories emerged d. human resources were drawn inward toward the central city 30. Which of the following is true of late-nineteenth-century immigrants to the United States? a. Most settled in agricultural areas. b. Family tended to be the focal point of their lives. c. They usually flocked together on the edges of major American cities. d. They were predominantly female.

31. Which of the following social reformers was a pioneer of the settlement house movement and founder of Chicago’s Hull House? a. Jacob Riis b. Denis Kearney c. Jane Addams d. George Waring 32. Which of the following statements about urbanization is accurate? a. As bad as American cities were, they were more orderly and beautiful than their European counterparts. b. American cities proved the truth of “America, the melting pot.” c. American cities were dull, boring, and lifeless. d. American cities were characterized by a mixture of social classes, ethnic groups, and racial groups that sometimes lived in harmony and sometimes did not.

33. The padrone performed an important function by a. maintaining the authority of the Catholic Church. b. encouraging Italians to abandon the traditions of their homeland. c. countering the influence of the Mafia. d. acting as a broker between employers and unskilled workers.

34. What was the identity of an urban neighborhood usually based on? a. The primary language spoken by the children in the neighborhood school. b. The specific dialect spoken by the residents. c. The institutions and businesses found in the neighborhood. d. The ethnic background of the people who lived in the neighborhood.

35. Which of the following was especially important in helping African Americans cope with urban life? a. The urban political machine b. The availability of jobs c. Government relief agencies for the urban poor d. Religious activities associated with black churches 36. Which of the following is true of Denis Kearney? a. He and his followers intimidated employers in San Francisco into refusing to hire people of Chinese descent. b. He was the motivating force behind the massacre of hundreds of Chinese immigrants. c. As a member of the San Francisco city council, he gained passage of a city ordinance prohibiting anyone of .

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Chapter 16 Chinese descent from living within the city limits. d. He argued that immigrants who were not of Anglo-Saxon descent should not be allowed to become naturalized citizens of the United States.

37. Which of the following was a provision of the Chinese Exclusion Act passed by Congress in 1882? a. The act relaxed restrictions on the number of Chinese who could immigrate to the United States. b. The act prohibited the employment of Chinese Americans. c. The act prohibited Chinese workers from immigrating to the United States. d. The act allowed for the gradual removal of all Chinese Americans from the United States.

38. Most immigrant newcomers of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries a. converted to a Protestant sect. b. supported liberalizing trends in church services. c. sought to retain their familiar religious practices. d. did not go to church because they worked on Sundays.

39. Which of the following is true of urban housing conditions in the late nineteenth century? a. Because of the construction of model tenements in most American cities, even the poor had clean, affordable housing. b. Because population growth outpaced housing supplies in many large cities, low-income families often experienced extreme overcrowding. c. Legislation establishing a national housing code made inhumane living conditions, a thing of the past. d. In many cities, urban renewal projects funded by the federal government displaced the poor to cardboard shanties.

40. Which of the following enabled city dwellers of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to live in greater comfort and safety? a. Indoor plumbing, central heating systems, and the adoption of public health regulations b. The increased use of coal-burning stoves c. Pollution control legislation d. Government financing of low-income housing 41. Which of the following statements best expresses the belief of most middle- and upper-class Americans about poverty in the late nineteenth century? a. Most poverty is caused by the business cycle. b. The greed of the wealthy is the major reason for poverty. c. The poor are poor because of their own personal weaknesses. d. Much poverty is caused by the degrading environment in which people live.

42. Which of the following statements best expresses the new attitude about poverty accepted by some humanitarians in the late nineteenth century? a. Only the unfit are poor. b. Relief of poverty should be tolerated but never encouraged. c. Anyone can escape poverty through hard work and clean living. d. Environment, rather than personal defects, causes poverty. .

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Chapter 16 43. By the early twentieth century, cities increasingly depended on urban engineers to a. establish public health regulations for hospitals, schools, and restaurants. b. establish efficient refuse removal and disposal systems. c. design buildings that would enhance the beauty of the inner city. d. strictly enforce regulations designed to reduce air and water pollution within the urban environment.

44. American cities in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries differed from cities in other industrialized nations in which of the following ways? a. American cities had municipal welfare agencies that provided relief to the urban poor. b. American cities had professional law enforcement officers. c. American cities had no housing codes and no zoning restrictions. d. American cities experienced a significant rise in homicide rates.

45. Which of the following is true of law enforcement officials in late-nineteenth-century American cities? a. They often had to answer to various groups that differed on their views of the law and how it should be enforced. b. They were merely volunteers with no professional training or status. c. They were far more consistent in how they applied the law to various social classes and ethnic groups than is the case in today’s society. d. They usually showed far more leniency in applying the law to the disadvantaged.

46. Political machines spread and thrived in urban areas during the late nineteenth century because a. they, unlike existing city governments, were able to provide much-needed services to urban residents. b. they represented efficiency and honesty in an age of political corruption. c. people were tired of the autocratic nature of existing city governments. d. the middle classes were angry at the favoritism shown by existing city governments to the urban poor and ethnic minorities.

47. The main goal of the urban political machines of the late 1800s was to a. facilitate industrial development. b. gather votes for presidential candidates. c. improve the lives of the urban poor. d. gain the rewards that accompanied political power.

48. What was a primary goal of civic reformers? a. To give elected officials greater local decision-making power b. To put politics back into city government c. To abolish the city-manager form of government d. To make city government more efficient by running it like a business 49. Most urban political bosses a. tried to distribute favors in an equitable way. b. were disdainful of local government and of the people they were supposed to serve. c. retained their power because they knew people’s needs and tended to those needs. d. were thoroughly corrupt and assumed dictatorial powers. .

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Chapter 16 50. Settlement-house workers such as Jane Addams a. tried to impose their Protestant beliefs on immigrant newcomers and did little to deal with the real problems of urban life. b. became reform leaders by fighting for such things as food and building safety regulations. c. approached immigrants with an attitude of righteous superiority and made few meaningful contributions. d. assumed that immigrants should immediately discard Old World customs.

51. Which of the following was often true of moral reformers? a. They were especially sensitive to the needs of the diverse people inhabiting the cities. b. They believed that cities were filled with sin and depravity and ultimately wanted to abolish urban areas. c. They failed to understand that the crusades they launched were often seen as interference by others. d. They recognized that it was futile to push moral reforms in urban areas.

52. Which of the following is true of people who were part of the gay subculture in late-nineteenth-century American cities? a. They usually faced little or no discrimination from the larger community. b. There is no evidence that such people ever formed lasting relationships with same-sex partners. c. They were labeled as “homosexuals” and faced laws specifically designed to deny them employment and housing. d. They were usually categorized by their actions rather than by their sexual partners.

53. Which of the following appears to have caused the decline in the birthrate in the late 1800s and early 1900s? a. The increasing shift from a rural to an urban society b. The decrease in the number of married couples c. The increase in infant mortality rates d. The climbing divorce rate 54. Working-class families often supplemented their income by a. doing piecework at home in the evening. b. taking in boarders. c. working as maids or servants on their days off. d. running small businesses out of their homes.

55. The daughter in an immigrant family might expect to be a. given more opportunities than older siblings. b. farmed out to a relative as a housekeeper. c. urged to find a job and contribute to family earnings. d. pressured to remain at home to do housework.

56. The rise of amusement as a commercial activity in the late 1800s took place for which of the following reasons? a. Immigrants brought sports with them from Europe. b. Employers wanted to draw workers’ attention away from union organization. c. Labor-saving devices brought a substantial increase in leisure time. d. City reformers believed organized amusements would relieve working-class boredom and reduce the urban .

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Chapter 16 crime rate.

57. Which of the following is true of family life and the functions of the family by 1900? a. People’s roles in the home were no longer defined by age. b. Kinship was no longer of any importance. c. Age-based peer groups had far more influence over people’s values than previously. d. Parents spent a far larger portion of their lives caring for children than previously.

58. The Intercollegiate Athletic Association was founded to a. police college sports. b. rank college football teams. c. scout high-school prospects for college football teams. d. establish a scholarship fund for college athletes.

59. The popularity of bicycling in the late 1800s led to a. the formation of immigrant “bike gangs” that terrorized neighborhoods. b. fear that the automobile and related industries would be adversely affected. c. the founding of the asphalt paving industry in America. d. more practical and comfortable clothing styles for women.

60. Women athletes in late-nineteenth-century America most often played a. croquet b. soccer c. volleyball d. basketball 61. The most popular form of mass entertainment in America in the early 1900s was a. comic opera b. musical comedy c. the minstrel show d. vaudeville 62. African Americans in the entertainment business in the early twentieth century a. played roles which pandered to white prejudices b. were paid extremely low wages, if at all c. did not appear in films, but did appear in vaudeville d. did not appear on the stage, but did appear in films

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63. D.W. Griffith’s early motion picture Birth of a Nation a. was an attempt to further the prohibition movement. b. depicted the important role of women in the shaping of the republic. c. was strongly anti-German in content. d. depicted African Americans as a threat to white morality.

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Chapter 16 64. What was the focus of yellow journalism? a. factual accuracy. b. sensationalism. c. thoughtful editorials. d. want ads.

65. Discuss the contributions of technology and science to industrial and urban growth in the United States.

66. Discuss changes in the nature of work and working conditions that occurred during the late nineteenth century, including the role of Frederick Taylor. What impact did these changes have on American workers?

67. In the late nineteenth century, several states passed laws designed to ease working conditions. Discuss the major rulings handed down by the Supreme Court in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in response to these laws.

68. Discuss the similarities and differences between the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor in relation to ideology, organization, membership, and goals. Why was the American Federation of Labor ultimately more successful than the Knights of Labor? How did unions seek to address workers' grievances, and were they successful?

69. Discuss the Haymarket riot, the Homestead strike, and the Pullman strike, and examine the reaction of the government and the public to these instances of labor unrest.

70. Explain the position of women in the work force and in the union movement in the late nineteenth century.

71. Trace the corporate consolidation movement in late-nineteenth-century American society, and explain why businessmen felt the need for larger forms of economic concentration.

72. Examine Social Darwinism as well as the growing demand in the late nineteenth century that something be done about the power of big business; indicate the result of this demand; and assess the effectiveness of this result in controlling big business by 1900.

73. Discuss the social and economic impact of electric-powered streetcars, elevators, and subways on the American city in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

74. Discuss the various ways the concept of efficiency was applied to late nineteenth and early twentieth century life, industry, and work.

75. Discuss the characteristics of the immigrants who entered the United States between 1880 and 1920, and examine the impact these immigrants and American society had on each other.

76. Examine the urban experiences of African Americans in late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century America.

77. Discuss the problems of housing and sanitation in American cities in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and explain and evaluate the responses of private citizens and state and local governments to these problems.

78. Explain the emergence of urban political machines and political bosses, and discuss the characteristics of the political bosses and the political system they operated.

79. Discuss the objectives of civic reformers, the means by which they sought to achieve those objectives, and the .

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Chapter 16 effectiveness of their efforts.

80. Compare and contrast the values and goals of reformers such as Jane Addams and Florence Kelley with those of the Women Unionists, Samuel Gompers and Eugene Debs 81. Discuss the popularity of show business and movies in American society in the late 1800s and early 1900s.

82. Explain the variety of ways in which Americans made use of increased leisure time in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. To what segments of the population did the different forms of leisure appeal?

83. Contrast the concept of cultural pluralism with the traditional concept of America as a melting pot. Discuss the social and political impact of America's cultural diversity on American society.

84. Examine the problem of poverty, crime, and violence in American cities in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and explain and evaluate the responses of private citizens, philanthropic agencies, reformers, and local governments to this problem.

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Chapter 16 Answer Key 1. c 2. a 3. d 4. d 5. a 6. b 7. b 8. a 9. d 10. a 11. b 12. c 13. d 14. a 15. c 16. d 17. a 18. d 19. b 20. c 21. d 22. c 23. c 24. b 25. c .

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Chapter 16 26. b 27. c 28. b 29. b 30. b 31. c 32. d 33. d 34. c 35. d 36. a 37. c 38. c 39. b 40. a 41. c 42. d 43. b 44. d 45. a 46. a 47. d 48. d 49. c 50. b 51. c .

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Chapter 16 52. d 53. a 54. b 55. d 56. c 57. c 58. a 59. d 60. d 61. d 62. a 63. d 64. b 65. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 16 77. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 14

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. What was the belief of Thaddeus Stevens and other congressional Republicans who criticized Lincoln’s approach to Reconstruction? a. The South’s plantation elite erred in establishing the Confederacy, but the Union itself was never broken and endured through the Civil War. b. The Reconstruction process outlined in the Constitution should be closely followed. c. The president has sole responsibility for Reconstruction. d. The Confederate states, by seceding and making war against the United States, lost their status as states and should now be treated as conquered territories.

2. Which constitutional amendment abolished slavery, passed by Congress in 1865? a. Twelfth Amendment b. Thirteenth Amendment c. Fourteenth Amendment d. Fifteenth Amendment 3. Freed slaves, after the Civil War, . a. fought hard to establish racially integrated public schools b. showed a great desire for education as the means of escaping the ignorance of slavery c. concentrated solely on providing primary school education for their children d. disappointed Northern reformers with their apparent lack of interest in education 4. African Americans who won public office during Reconstruction a. mostly came from the prewar educated African-American elite b. were mostly self-educated individuals who rose from slavery c. came from the North d. were illiterate and uneducated

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5. Many freedmen saw emancipation as the opportunity to . a. punish their former masters b. take advantage of the economic opportunities offered them by Northern factory owners c. create their own institutions free of white control d. demand passage of legislation outlawing social, economic, and political discrimination on the basis of race 6. After the Civil War, most African-American farmers eventually worked: a. As sharecroppers, paying a portion of their farm proceeds as rent b. As domestic servants in the North c. As hired field hands under a contract for wages from their former masters d. As independent landowners 7. When sharecropping first originated: a. It allowed African Americans to buy land on credit b. It was forced on African Americans by ruthless landowners c. It gave African Americans freedom from daily supervision by white landowners or overseers .

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Chapter 14 d. It was a humanitarian system of poverty relief 8. A basic economic problem in the South in the post-Civil War period was a. a labor shortage b. inflation c. overdependence on cotton d. declining prices for food crops

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9. Which of the following was true of Andrew Johnson? a. Although from Tennessee, he remained in the Senate after his state seceded from the Union. b. He was one of the founders of the Republican Party. c. Although he disagreed with the Radicals on many issues, he supported the concept of an activist federal government. d. He favored civil rights for African Americans, but did not believe that they should have the right to vote.

10. Regarding black suffrage in the South, Andrew Johnson believed that: a. The right to vote should be extended to African Americans through an amendment to the Constitution b. The federal government could never force the Southern states to extend voting rights to African Americans c. The Southern states, before being allowed to re-enter the Union, should guarantee the right to vote to AfricanAmerican males d. African Americans were not citizens and should not be allowed to vote 11. Andrew Johnson’s initial plan for Reconstruction: a. Demonstrated an unforgiving hatred of all Southerners b. Protected the political rights of freed slaves in the South c. Attempted, at least temporarily, to deny power to wealthy Southern planters d. Failed to require the Southern states to draft new constitutions 12. Soon after proposing his initial plan for Reconstruction, President Johnson surprisingly helped subvert his own plan by . a. withdrawing the Union Army from the South b. granting pardons to many wealthy Southerners c. establishing martial law throughout the South d. dissolving the newly elected state constitutional conventions 13. The black codes enacted in the South after the Civil War showed that Southerners a. were willing to allow African Americans equality under law b. sought to maintain African Americans in positions of servility c. recognized the need for providing basic education for African Americans d. would leave the destiny of African Americans up to the African Americans themselves 14. The Radical Republicans in Congress believed that it was essential to: a. Complete the Reconstruction process quickly b. Treat the South with sympathy and compassion c. Place Reconstruction policy in the president’s hands .

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Chapter 14 d. Ensure the rights of the freedmen 15. The process by which the Republican-controlled Congress sought to make the Reconstruction of ex-Confederate states longer, harsher, and under greater congressional control is called a. Judicial Reconstruction b. Impeachment c. Socially Just Reconstruction d. Congressional Reconstruction 16. Passed by Congress in the face of President Johnson’s veto, the Civil Rights Act of 1866: a. Forced state courts in the South to practice equality by placing them under the watchful eye of the federal judiciary b. Guaranteed equality of economic opportunity by barring discrimination in employment on the basis of race c. Was the first attempt by Congress to desegregate educational facilities in the South d. Guaranteed the right to vote to all adult males with the equivalent of a third-grade education 17. Which section of the Fourteenth Amendment had the longest-lasting legal impact? a. The section which guaranteed the war debt of the United States b. The section which conferred citizenship on freedmen and prohibited states from abridging of their constitutional rights c. The section which withheld political power from prominent Confederates d. The section which penalized states that did not allow African Americans to vote 18. Although the South lost the Civil War, it was possible that Southern states would gain increased power in Congress when readmitted to the Union because: a. Southern congressmen could use the threat of secession to intimidate Northern representatives b. Southern congressmen would chair the key congressional committees c. The number of Southern states had increased d. For purposes of congressional representation, African Americans would count as a full person rather than as three-fifths of a person 19. In early 1866, when states undertook to vote on the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment, the amendment was . a. supported by President Johnson. b. rejected by all Southern legislatures except Tennessee’s. c. approved by the Southern states and then withdrawn by Congress. d. supported by prominent women’s rights activists but received little additional support.

20. The outcome of the congressional elections of 1866: a. Gave the Democrats effective control of both houses of Congress b. Represented an endorsement of the Reconstruction plans of the Republican congressional leaders c. Deepened the split between Conservative and Radical Republicans d. Demonstrated public support for Andrew Johnson’s Reconstruction program 21. The refusal of most of the former Confederate states to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment in 1866: .

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Chapter 14 a. Caused most Northerners to support the Radicals’ demand that more economic opportunity be extended to freedmen b. Caused a thorough restructuring of Southern society c. Led to general land reform in the South d. Forced congressional Republicans to abolish the “Johnson governments” in the South, form new governments, and extend the vote to freedmen 22. Which of the following is true of the First Reconstruction Act? a. Existing Southern state governments were recognized as legitimate. b. The education of freedmen in the South would be supported by federal funding. c. Freedmen were given the right to vote in elections for state constitutional conventions and in subsequent elections. d. Southern plantations were confiscated and divided into smaller plots of land.

23. In Congressional debates concerning Reconstruction of the former Confederate states, Thaddeus Stevens argued that . a. freedmen should not be extended the right to vote b. Southern property should be confiscated and used to give freedmen homesteads and a chance at economic independence c. all freedmen should be given forty acres from confiscated Southern land d. the Fourteenth Amendment should extend the right to vote to women as well as to African Americans 24. In an attempt to limit President Johnson’s powers and safeguard its own Reconstruction plan, Congress: a. Proposed a constitutional amendment that would strip the president of his veto power b. Established a House committee to approve all candidates for political office in the former Confederate states c. Passed legislation requiring the president to issue military orders through the General of the Army d. Placed responsibility for the appointment of the president’s cabinet in the hands of a joint Congressional committee 25. The 1868 indictment handed down by the House Judiciary Committee against President Johnson concentrated on his a. violation of the Tenure of Office Act. b. attempts to limit the powers of military commanders in the South. c. effort to prevent enforcement of the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867. d. attempts to repeal the Fourteenth Amendment.

26. What do modern scholars view as President Johnson’s most serious and indictable offense? a. His decision to fire Secretary of War Stanton b. His losing battle with alcoholism c. His advice to Southern states that they reject the Fourteenth Amendment d. His systematic efforts to block enforcement of the Reconstruction Act of 1867 27. Which of the following is true of Johnson’s impeachment trial? a. Ironically, Johnson was saved by the Radical Republicans, who argued that impeachment should not be used as a political weapon. b. Because of public outrage at the way Johnson was being forced out of office, the Senate voted to acquit him. .

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Chapter 14 c. Johnson’s acquittal by the Senate established the precedent that Congress could not use impeachment as a political weapon against the President. d. Although Johnson was found guilty, his appeal to the Supreme Court prevented his removal from office.

28. In the 1868 presidential campaign, Ulysses Grant, running as a Republican, a. endorsed African-American suffrage in the South but not in the North b. fully supported the principles of the Radical Republicans c. urged Congress to pass antilynching legislation d. denounced the Ku Klux Klan as a terrorist organization

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29. In 1869, the Fifteenth Amendment: a. Stipulated that states could not deny the right to vote on the basis of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. b. Guaranteed African Americans equal protection under the law. c. Extended the right to vote to women and blacks. d. Was immediately ratified by all Northern states.

30. In some cases, white conservatives in the South attempted to defeat Congress’s Reconstruction plans by a. actively and openly calling for secession b. bribing federal poll watchers c. defying laws designed to redistribute land throughout the South d. boycotting the polls

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31. Which is true of Reconstruction governments in the South? a. They encouraged investment in industry. b. They lowered taxes. c. They imposed severe economic penalties on former slaveowners. d. They passed civil rights legislation outlawing racial discrimination in employment and housing.

32. During Reconstruction, African-American leaders in the South: a. Argued that voting rights should be permanently denied to former Confederates b. Dominated the legislatures in several southern states c. Led efforts to establish public schools in the region d. Advocated the confiscation and redistribution of land 33. Which of the following is true of Northerners who settled in the South immediately after the Civil War? a. They constituted the largest group holding political office in the South during Reconstruction. b. For the most part they were greedy, scheming politicians who came to loot the South in its most desperate hour. c. Most came because they were seeking business opportunities or a warmer climate. d. Knowing that industrialization of the South was impractical, they were primarily interested in bringing mechanized agribusiness to the region.

34. What was a scalawag? a. A homeless unemployed freedman in the South .

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Chapter 14 b. A native white Southerner who cooperated with the Republicans c. A former plantation owner who had lost his lands d. A Union soldier who occupied the South during Reconstruction 35. Which of the following is true of the Ku Klux Klan? a. It was not originally a violent organization. b. It was not connected to party politics. c. Congress paid little attention to its actions. d. It normalized the use of terrorism in politics.

36. In response to the Panic of 1873, many debtors and unemployed workers advocated a. easy-money policies, which they hoped would spur economic expansion b. federal monetary grants to freedmen so they could open their own businesses and banks c. a federal loan program to finance industrial development in the South d. federal loans to freedmen so they could buy their own land

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37. In decisions after the Civil War, the Supreme Court . a. upheld the efforts of the Radicals to punish the South b. led the drive to guarantee full equality for the former slaves c. repeatedly overruled actions taken by Union generals during the military occupation of the South d. participated in the Northern retreat from the Reconstruction commitment to equality for the freedmen 38. In the Slaughter-House cases, the Supreme Court held that the Fourteenth Amendment: a. Only prohibited the states from abridging those rights associated with U.S. citizenship b. Brought individual rights under federal protection c. Defined state citizenship and national citizenship as being one and the same d. Did not differentiate between state citizenship and national citizenship 39. What was a result of Bradwell v. Illinois? a. Impairment of property rights by statute did not violate due process. b. State laws barring women from certain occupations did not violate the privileges and immunities clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. c. The Fourteenth Amendment barred individual acts of discrimination as well as acts undertaken by a state. d. It was unconstitutional for a state to secede from the Union.

40. What was the result of United States v. Cruikshank? a. The power to protect the equal rights of citizens was left solely to the states. b. All Southern public facilities would be integrated. c. African Americans were protected in the full exercise of their civil rights. d. The right to vote was granted to all property-holding African Americans.

41. The disputed presidential election of 1876 was significant in its outcome because it: a. Signaled the demise of the two-party system b. Brought an end to Reconstruction .

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Chapter 14 c. Marked the beginning of a long era of Democratic presidents d. Demonstrated that African-American voters held the balance of power in Southern politics

42. Trace the evolution of the Congressional Reconstruction plan, and examine the factors that affected the development of this plan.

43. Discuss the response of former enslaved Americans to freedom.

44. Discuss and assess President Johnson’s Reconstruction plan in theory and in practice.

45. The Reconstruction era is generally divided into two phases, the presidential phase lasting from 1865 to 1867 and the congressional phase stretching from 1867 to 1876. Citing specific programs and policies, indicate how the two phases differed.

46. Explain the conflict between the executive and legislative branches of government over Reconstruction, and discuss the consequences of this conflict.

47. The Fourteenth Amendment represented a compromise between Radical and Conservative Republicans. Write an essay reviewing the major provisions of this amendment and explain where the compromise was most evident.

48. Contrast the Reconstruction plan advocated by Radical Republicans such as Thaddeus Stevens with the Reconstruction Act of 1867. Why were key elements of the Radical plan not adopted? How might the Radical plan have changed southern society?

49. Explain the impeachment of President Johnson by the House of Representatives and his subsequent acquittal in the Senate. What implications did Johnson’s acquittal have for the future?

50. Examine the social, political, and economic policies of the Reconstruction governments in the South. What were the strengths and weaknesses of these policies? Explain the extent to which southern society was changed by these policies.

51. Discuss the various means by which conservatives attempted to regain control of the southern state governments, and assess the effectiveness of their efforts.

52. Analyze the origins, purpose, and tactics of the Ku Klux Klan and its effect on the nation’s politics and African Americans.

53. Discuss the disputed election of 1876. What was at stake? How did it connect to the decade preceding it? How was it resolved? Was the Compromise of 1877 effective?

54. Discuss the aspirations and goals of African-American southerners as they entered upon life after slavery, and explain the ways in which they attempted to achieve their goals. To what extent were they successful? Why? 55. After the Civil War, the nation committed itself to equality for the freedmen through law and constitutional amendment. Discuss the forces and events that caused the nation to abandon this commitment during the subsequent years.

56. Examine the role played by the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of the federal government in the national retreat from the commitment to equality for the freedmen. .

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Chapter 14 Answer Key 1. d 2. b 3. b 4. a 5. c 6. a 7. c 8. c 9. a 10. b 11. c 12. b 13. b 14. d 15. d 16. a 17. b 18. d 19. b 20. b 21. d 22. c 23. b 24. c 25. a .

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Chapter 14 26. d 27. c 28. a 29. a 30. d 31. a 32. c 33. c 34. b 35. d 36. a 37. d 38. a 39. b 40. a 41. b 42. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 14 52. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 15

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. Which of the following is a correct statement about the ecologies among native tribes? a. Deer were their livestock. b. Swordfish were the primary prey of hunting and fishing parties. c. Wheat was the most common crop. d. Some of the tribes inhabited permanent settlements.

2. The most common crop raised by Native Peoples in the western part of the country was a. alfalfa b. rye c. wheat d. corn 3. Plains Indians altered their environment by a. the depletion of herds b. growing irrigated crops c. periodically setting fire to tall-grass prairies d. trading tools, cloth, and tobacco

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4. In the Southwest, the Navajo tribe placed great value on a. deer b. buffalo c. sheep d. elk

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5. Which fish was crucial to the life of the Northwest Indians? a. Trout b. Bluefish c. Swordfish d. Salmon 6. Prior to the 1880s, the federal government believed that Indians could best be civilized by a. Christianizing them b. relegating them to reservations c. democratizing tribal government d. teaching them the concepts of capitalism

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7. From the experience of the Navajo people, one can conclude that . a. unity among the Indian tribes of a particular region could prevent white encroachment on Indian lands b. the federal government actively attempted to protect Indian cultures from aggressive white settlers c. some Indians were able to retain their traditional culture by refusing to trade with whites d. the economic power of whites increasingly placed Indians in a dependent and thus weakened position 8. In decisions handed down in both 1884 and 1886, the Supreme Court of the United States held that .

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Chapter 15 Indians . a. could have their own independent military force to protect their reservations against white encroachment b. could not be relegated to reservations against their will c. were protected by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments d. were not citizens of the United States 9. The reservation policy of the U.S. government . a. led to the successful assimilation of most western Indians into mainstream American culture b. weakened every aspect of traditional Native American life c. allowed native tribes the independence they needed to protect and preserve their way of life d. increased the possibility of unity among the disparate tribes and thus the increased possibility of violence against whites 10. Which of the following was instrumental in ending armed Indian resistance against whites? a. The weakening tribal power due to assimilation into White society b. The relentless pursuit of Native American tribes people by U.S. soldiers c. Large military engagements that decimated the Native male population d. The tireless work of White missionaries and teachers 11. Which of the following had an impact on American awareness of Native American life in the 1880s? a. Looking Backward b. A Century of Dishonor c. Wings of the Dove d. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 12. Canada’s management of Indian affairs differed from that of the United States in that . a. the Royal Mounted Police adopted a more aggressive stance against Indian resistance to acculturation b. Canada granted Indians the rights of British subjects and proceeded more slowly in attempting to acculturate them c. the Canadian government treated Indian tribes as foreign nations d. Canada outlawed intermarriage between whites and Indians 13. Most Whites associated with Indian reform groups of the 1880s believed that a. Indians could never be successfully assimilated into American society b. Indian cultures should be protected and preserved c. Indians could succeed in American society only if they adopted middle-class values d. Indians should be protected from white encroachment by the United States Army

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14. In attempting to change the sexual division of labor within western Indian tribes, reformers sometimes caused . a. a decline in the economic independence of Indian women b. a feeling of emasculation among Indian males c. warfare between tribal factions d. a breakdown of the political systems of western tribes .

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Chapter 15 15. The Dawes Severalty Act was based on the belief that: a. Indians should be allowed to participate actively in decisions concerning their future b. By establishing reservations as enclaves protected from white encroachment, Indian culture could be preserved c. Family units headed by men were the desired social model for all societies d. Indians could best be assimilated into mainstream American society by teaching them the skills necessary to become factory workers 16. In 1890, agents of the federal government attempted to . a. suppress Indian religious activities such as the Ghost Dance b. encourage factory and railroad construction near Indian reservations in order to promote social integration c. make Indians responsible for educating their own children d. deal with Indians through their tribes rather than as individuals 17. Which of the following was a result of the Clapp rider to the Indian appropriations bill of 1906? a. Many Indians who were declared to be of mixed blood were duped into signing away their land to white speculators. b. Indian reservations began to establish their own military forces. c. After receiving training in scientific farming, many Indians gained economic independence. d. The United States Army began to safeguard Indian reservations and Indian treaty rights.

18. Most whites who migrated to the West and the Great Plains did so for which of the following reasons? a. They wanted to Christianize the native peoples. b. They were lured there by mining syndicates and lumber companies that promised high-paying jobs. c. They were desirous of material success. d. They were supposed to conduct government-financed agricultural research.

19. Most individual prospectors who discovered veins of precious metal a. mined their claims by themselves b. sold their claims to mining syndicates c. mined their claims with a few friends d. were denied their claims due to government fraud

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20. Which of the following groups was the primary beneficiary of the Timber and Stone Act of 1878? a. Lumber companies b. Southern freedmen c. Unemployed miners d. Recent immigrants 21. Which of the following was true of the Exodusters, who migrated from the South to Kansas in the late 1870s? a. They were white sharecroppers who were recruited to move to Kansas by the Kansas Farmers’ Alliance. b. Their move was subsidized by Southern state governments, which were encouraging African Americans to leave the South. c. Many of them were former slaves. d. They were drawn to Kansas by promises of jobs in the construction of the transcontinental railroad. .

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Chapter 15 22. Which of the following is true of women in the West? a. Through the home mission movement, many women helped sustain family and community life. b. Virtually all of the women who moved to the West in the late nineteenth century were prostitutes. c. They were usually single and moved to the West to establish their own economic independence. d. Like most males, women who moved to the West were individual prospectors and received financial backing from Eastern banks.

23. White settlers in the frontier communities of the American West made which of the following a distinguishing social characteristic? a. Race b. Level of education c. Marital status d. Religion 24. What was the primary purpose of laws against miscegenation passed by state legislatures in the American West? a. To prevent white males from marrying Indian women b. To prevent intermarriage between white women and Indian men c. To prevent intermarriage between white women and men of Asian descent d. To prevent white males from marrying Hispanic women 25. What was the first national park in the United States? a. Yosemite National Park b. Yellowstone National Park c. Crater Lake National Park d. Glacier National Park 26. Who was a leading figure in the early conservation movement and called for Congress to give President Harrison the authority to create forest reserves? a. Moses E. Clapp b. Helen Hunt Jackson c. Johnny Ringo d. John Muir 27. Which of the following is true of the early conservation movement? a. The early conservation movement met little opposition in the West because the people there felt close to nature. b. Because the need for conservation was so clear, the movement met little opposition in any part of the nation. c. The movement and its leaders were subjected to nationwide ridicule. d. Opposition to the movement was strongest in the West.

28. Which of the following was key to the successful granting of statehood to Utah in 1896? a. The army won a final decisive victory over hostile Indians. b. Democratic congressmen in Washington realized that Utah’s voters were staunchly Democratic in their politics. c. Non-Mormons would gain control of the state. .

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Chapter 15 d. The Mormons had to agree to give up polygamous marriage.

29. Which group were the first Americans of northern European ancestry to practice extensive agricultural irrigation? a. The Vikings b. The Mormons c. The Puritans d. The Quakers 30. The ideas associated with prior appropriation fostered the attitude that . a. access to waterways should go to the first person who claimed it b. water, unlike other natural resources, may not be held and used as private property c. only people who live along the banks of rivers and streams may appropriate from the water’s flow d. the natural beauty of the rivers and streams must be protected from corporate greed 31. California became the nation’s leader in irrigated agricultural acreage largely as a result of a. farming skills learned by white settlers from Native Americans b. the creation of water divisions that regulated water rights c. a state law that allowed farmers to organize irrigation districts d. a law declaring the rivers of the state to be public property subject to state supervision

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32. For which of the following reasons did the federal government refuse to transfer public domain lands to the states? a. Such transfers were ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. b. Such transfers would raise the question of who would regulate waterways that ran through more than one state. c. Such transfers would deny the federal government the power to control water and land conservation. d. The federal government feared that such transfers would lead to ecological problems associated with practices such as strip mining.

33. As a result of the Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902, . a. farmers in the West were allowed to organize into irrigation districts and operate irrigation projects b. proceeds from the sale of public lands in the West would be used to finance irrigation projects c. the federal government transferred all of its public-domain lands in California to the state d. Western farmers intending an economically productive use of river water were given the right to appropriation 34. Provisions of the Newlands Reclamation Act provide evidence of which of the following? a. The federal government was more interested in conserving the nation’s natural resources than in maintaining control over those resources. b. The federal government attempted to impose the principle of riparian rights on individuals who purchased western public lands. c. The federal government was unwilling to assume the power to regulate water development in the West, thus leaving such power to the states. d. The federal government actively aided the agricultural development of the West.

35. The rapid development of railroads in the United States was accomplished a. in large measure through the investment of European banking firms b. exclusively through the support of a large number of small investors .

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Chapter 15 c. with the assistance of some of the largest government subsidies ever granted d. almost entirely through the investment of a handful of shrewd millionaires 36. The nationwide standardization of time-keeping became a necessity for which of the following reasons? a. In the event of a national emergency, the military needed to be assured of a regularity of time from place to place. b. Railroad scheduling required that there be a regularity of time from place to place. c. Monetary transactions undertaken by the nation’s leading financial institutions required a regularity of time from place to place. d. The transfer of raw materials to factories and finished products to consumers required a regularity of time from place to place.

37. Who established the first time zones in the United States in 1883? a. President Benjamin Harrison b. The railroads c. The army d. Congress 38. Between 1870 and 1910, the idea of profiting from commercial farming in the Great Plains region became more appealing because . a. railroad expansion and the construction of grain elevators made it possible to meet the increasing demand for farm products b. low interest rates on property-acquisition loans made it possible to acquire more productive farmland c. federally subsidized irrigation projects cut the cost of making formerly arid land productive d. the establishment of parity prices for basic commodities substantially increased per capita farm income 39. Which of the following was true of life in the Great Plains region? a. Railroad expansion crippled farming in the region by using up all of the best and most fertile land. b. Settlers in the Plains found that wells were cheap to dig once machinery was introduced into the region. c. The pattern of settlement meant that settlers often suffered social isolation. d. Pioneer farm families had little water but an abundance of timber.

40. The isolation of Western farmers was lessened by . a. long drives and declining prices for beef b. the use of barbed wire and the expansion of the railroads c. a high ratio of women to men and the wide use of machinery d. the expansion of mail-order companies and the availability of Rural Free Delivery 41. The Hatch Act of 1887 encouraged the advancement of agricultural science and technology by a. providing grants of land to every state for the establishment of agricultural colleges b. providing low-interest government loans to farmers for the purchase of farm machines c. providing for agricultural experiment stations in every state d. providing subsidies to support all scientific research related to agriculture

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42. Cattle ranching became increasingly profitable in the 1860s and gave rise to the lucrative cattle industry due .

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Chapter 15 to

. a. a decline in beef imported from Europe b. court decisions that allowed livestock to be moved freely across state lines c. railroad expansion and population growth d. investment funds made available by the discovery of mineral deposits in the West

43. Which of the following was a feature of open-range ranching? a. The rounding up of wild cattle roaming free on the range b. The slaughtering and butchering of cattle on the range c. The purchase of thousands of acres of land for grazing d. The grazing of cattle on public land 44. Which of the following is true concerning the struggle for supremacy between cattle ranchers and sheepherders? a. Sheepherders claimed that cattle ruined the grazing land. b. Both groups typically used the land illegally. c. Sheepherders claimed that cattle left the land with a foul smell. d. Sheepherders were generally peaceful, whereas ranchers were disposed to settle differences violently.

45. Under the crop-lien system, a Southern farmer a. paid his farm workers in crops rather than in cash b. borrowed against his future crop to buy needed supplies c. harvested his crop with rented machinery d. rotated the crops he planted from season to season

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46. A farmer operating under the crop-lien system usually a. reduced soil erosion b. increased his production c. sank ever deeper into debt d. added land to his holdings

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47. After the Civil War, small backcountry farmers in the South shifted toward a. subsistence agriculture b. crops other than cotton c. commercial farming d. agricultural diversification 48. As a result of changes in the Southern backcountry in the late nineteenth century, a. farmers in that area became more dependent on merchants. b. yeomen farmers and African Americans began to ally against large landowners. c. poor farmers were allowed to let their animals feed on the open range. d. yeomen forged a political alliance with large landowners.

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49. Discuss the economic systems of the Native Americans in the Plains, the Southwest, and the Northwest, and explain .

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Chapter 15 the role of white settlement and United States government policy in the decline of these systems in the late nineteenth century.

50. Discuss the features of the United States government's reservation policy and explain the consequences of this policy.

51. Discuss the factors that led Congress to pass the Dawes Severalty Act in 1887; explain the provisions of the act; and examine the features and consequences of United States Indian policy under the act.

52. Discuss the similarities and differences between the reservation policy and the Dawes Severalty Act, and explain the consequences of both.

53. Discuss the characteristics of the natural-resource frontier and the methods used by developers to gain land and extraction rights. What role did the federal government play in the development of this frontier?

54. Examine the debate concerning water rights in the Western states, the various ways those states regulated water usage, and the importance of the Newlands Reclamation Act to the agricultural and general economic development of the West.

55. Discuss the expansion of America's railroad system in the late nineteenth century, and examine the impact of this expansion on the American economy and on American concepts of time and space.

56. Examine the characteristics of life on the Great Plains in the late 1800s. What developments ultimately helped to alleviate the hardships of Plains settlers?

57. Examine the factors responsible for the agricultural revolution of the late nineteenth century that made farming commercially viable in America.

58. Discuss the impact, both positive and negative, of technological advances on ranching, farming, and mining in the late nineteenth century.

59. Compare and contrast the social positions of each of the following groups in relationship to white men: women, African-Americans, Asian-Americans, and Native Americans.

60. Discuss the characteristics of the crop-lien system, and explain the system's impact on poor southern farmers.

61. Discuss the economic transformation of the South after Reconstruction.

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Chapter 15 Answer Key 1. d 2. d 3. c 4. c 5. d 6. b 7. d 8. d 9. b 10. b 11. b 12. b 13. c 14. a 15. c 16. a 17. a 18. c 19. b 20. a 21. c 22. a 23. a 24. c 25. b .

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Chapter 15 26. d 27. d 28. d 29. b 30. a 31. c 32. b 33. b 34. d 35. c 36. b 37. b 38. a 39. c 40. d 41. c 42. c 43. d 44. b 45. b 46. c 47. c 48. a 49. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 15 52. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 16

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. The was Thomas Edison’s contribution to the search for cheap and efficient indoor lighting. a. fluorescent lamp b. arc light c. incandescent bulb d. gaseous-discharge bulb 2. The development of the textile industry in the South was aided by which of the following? a. The use of electric looms b. An abundance of water to power the drive shafts for machines c. Cheap immigrant labor d. The use of profit sharing to encourage worker productivity 3. Under Frederick W. Taylor’s theory of scientific management, a. workers’ skills came to be valued more highly b. workers increasingly controlled the pace and scale of production c. workers were encouraged to shift frequently from one task to another d. workers became another kind of interchangeable part

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4. Many employers cut wage costs in the late nineteenth century by a. eliminating pension plans b. hiring skilled workers c. eliminating health insurance plans d. hiring women and children

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5. Why did the proportion of women working as sales clerks increase in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? a. Sales jobs were attractive to women because they offered better working conditions than factory jobs. b. Managers in department stores considered female cashiers to be much more trustworthy that male cashiers. c. Sales jobs demanded many different skills that women usually possessed. d. Sales jobs usually led to the managerial positions that most working women desired.

6. In practice, the “freedom of contract” principle meant that a. employers increased workers’ wages as the cost of living increased b. employers could set pay as low as workers would accept c. wages automatically increased as profits increased d. employers recognized the right of workers to bargain collectively

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7. In Holden v. Hardy, the Supreme Court of the United States . a. struck down a law limiting the working hours of miners b. upheld a law limiting the working hours of miners c. decided that miners were in violation of the Sherman Act d. ruled that mine owners had no responsibility for the safety of their employees 8. The Supreme Court’s decision in Muller v. Oregon resulted in women being .

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Chapter 16 a. barred from some occupations b. paid substantially more than before c. hired for the first time in many occupations d. permitted to strike for better working conditions or higher wages 9. A crisis in the railroad industry, precipitated by four years of wage cuts, layoffs, and increased workloads, occurred in which year? a. 1892 b. 1920 c. 1908 d. 1877 10. Which of the following is true of the Knights of Labor under the leadership of Terence Powderly? a. It sought to establish a cooperative society in which workers owned the means of production. b. It changed its name to the American Federation of Labor in 1886. c. It instigated the Haymarket riot. d. It refused membership to blacks and women.

11. As a result of the Haymarket bombing, . a. President Cleveland sent federal troops to Chicago to protect working-class demonstrators b. many people associated labor unions with foreign-born radicals c. the Illinois state legislature banned labor unions d. many major corporations gave in to workers’ demands for an eight-hour day 12. What was the alliance of craft unions that emerged from 1886 upheavals as the major workers’ organization? a. Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) b. Women’s Trade Union League (WTUL) c. American Federation of Labor (AFL) d. Western Federation of Miners (WFM) 13. President Grover Cleveland responded to the 1894 Pullman strike by a. offering to serve as a mediator b. remaining uninvolved and doing nothing c. intervening on the side of labor d. intervening on the side of management

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14. Which of the following statements is most consistent with the beliefs of the Industrial Workers of the World? a. Workers should take over and run the nation’s industries. b. Workers should not resort to strikes or violence. c. Workers should align themselves with the Democratic party. d. Workers should organize themselves into craft unions.

15. The American Federation of Labor was founded by a. Jane Addams .

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Chapter 16 b. Eugene Debs c. Samuel Gompers d. William Haywood 16. Which of the following is true of the Telephone Operators’ Department of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers? a. Out of the belief that they were detrimental to the cause of all workers, its leaders stood against strikes. b. Its leaders were socialists who wanted the federal government to nationalize the Bell system. c. It urged the Bell system to adopt the theories of Frederick Taylor. d. It was dominated by women.

17.

was a Scottish immigrant who built an enormous steel company and became a renowned philanthropist. a. Andrew Carnegie b. Henry Ford c. John D. Rockefeller d. Thomas Edison

18. The widespread use of the flush toilet is an example of the a. effectiveness of modern advertising b. effectiveness of state health regulations c. traditional modesty of Americans d. democratization of convenience

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19. Corporations received broad judicial protection in the 1880s and 1890s when the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that . a. stockholders were not liable for a corporation’s debts b. corporations, like individuals, were protected by laws preventing the government from depriving them of property rights c. the Bill of Rights prevented the government from interfering with corporate activity d. general incorporation laws were constitutional 20. In the search for economic order and stability, many corporation managers of the late nineteenth century a. urged Congress to pass wage and price controls. b. argued in favor of a regulatory commission for all industry. c. sought new and larger forms of economic concentration. d. sought lower tariffs.

21. The main problem with pools was that . a. too often members sued each other for violation of the agreement creating the pool b. they did not increase profits c. the Interstate Commerce Act made them illegal precisely when they were most important d. there was no legal way to enforce the private agreement that created the pool 22. Which of the following is true of holding companies? a. They had no existence in the eyes of the law. .

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Chapter 16 b. They held capital for pending investments. c. They owned partial or complete interest in other companies. d. They controlled the assets of bankrupt companies.

23. Advocates of Social Darwinism believed that . a. the government should use its power of taxation to bring about a more equitable distribution of wealth b. the government should protect the weak in society by regulating industry c. wealth belongs to those most capable of creating it d. wealth carries no responsibilities except to get more of it 24. Who was John D. Rockefeller? a. Founder of the Ford Motor Company b. Creator of Standard Oil and master of the use of pools and trusts to monopolize an industry c. Inventor and founder of the first industrial research laboratory d. Scottish immigrant who built an enormous steel company and became a renowned philanthropist 25. Henry George, the author of Progress and Poverty (1879), claimed that . a. tariffs benefited labor as much as business b. the only way to achieve social justice was by abolishing private property c. a single property tax, based on the rise in property values caused by increased market demand, would prevent profiteering by land speculators d. only a rigidly enforced income tax on the wealthy could provide the revenue necessary to end poverty 26. Unlike Henry George and Lester Ward, Edward Bellamy . a. strongly criticized Social Darwinism b. favored government ownership and management of the means of production c. criticized government as a negative force in society d. did not believe that humans could shape the course of nature 27. During the late nineteenth century, states that passed laws against trusts and monopolies a. found that such laws caused economic depression because businesses fled to other states b. were so successful that most people believed national legislation to be unnecessary c. were mostly in the agricultural South and West d. despite the pressure of great popular opposition to them

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28. Which of the following is true of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act? a. It posed as much of a threat to small businessmen as to large corporations. b. It did not clearly define what constituted a “restraint of trade.” c. It brutally destroyed American agriculture by defining any farm of more than 500 acres as a monopoly. d. It was enforceable at the discretion of business bureaus in state governments.

29. As a result of the introduction of mass transit in cities, . a. working-class neighborhoods were broken apart b. members of the middle class could live in neighborhoods on the urban outskirts and commute to work in the inner city .

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Chapter 16 c. more mixed-use areas consisting of residences, shops, and factories emerged d. human resources were drawn inward toward the central city 30. Which of the following is true of late-nineteenth-century immigrants to the United States? a. Most settled in agricultural areas. b. Family tended to be the focal point of their lives. c. They usually flocked together on the edges of major American cities. d. They were predominantly female.

31. Which of the following social reformers was a pioneer of the settlement house movement and founder of Chicago’s Hull House? a. Jacob Riis b. Denis Kearney c. Jane Addams d. George Waring 32. Which of the following statements about urbanization is accurate? a. As bad as American cities were, they were more orderly and beautiful than their European counterparts. b. American cities proved the truth of “America, the melting pot.” c. American cities were dull, boring, and lifeless. d. American cities were characterized by a mixture of social classes, ethnic groups, and racial groups that sometimes lived in harmony and sometimes did not.

33. The padrone performed an important function by a. maintaining the authority of the Catholic Church. b. encouraging Italians to abandon the traditions of their homeland. c. countering the influence of the Mafia. d. acting as a broker between employers and unskilled workers.

34. What was the identity of an urban neighborhood usually based on? a. The primary language spoken by the children in the neighborhood school. b. The specific dialect spoken by the residents. c. The institutions and businesses found in the neighborhood. d. The ethnic background of the people who lived in the neighborhood.

35. Which of the following was especially important in helping African Americans cope with urban life? a. The urban political machine b. The availability of jobs c. Government relief agencies for the urban poor d. Religious activities associated with black churches 36. Which of the following is true of Denis Kearney? a. He and his followers intimidated employers in San Francisco into refusing to hire people of Chinese descent. b. He was the motivating force behind the massacre of hundreds of Chinese immigrants. c. As a member of the San Francisco city council, he gained passage of a city ordinance prohibiting anyone of .

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Chapter 16 Chinese descent from living within the city limits. d. He argued that immigrants who were not of Anglo-Saxon descent should not be allowed to become naturalized citizens of the United States.

37. Which of the following was a provision of the Chinese Exclusion Act passed by Congress in 1882? a. The act relaxed restrictions on the number of Chinese who could immigrate to the United States. b. The act prohibited the employment of Chinese Americans. c. The act prohibited Chinese workers from immigrating to the United States. d. The act allowed for the gradual removal of all Chinese Americans from the United States.

38. Most immigrant newcomers of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries a. converted to a Protestant sect. b. supported liberalizing trends in church services. c. sought to retain their familiar religious practices. d. did not go to church because they worked on Sundays.

39. Which of the following is true of urban housing conditions in the late nineteenth century? a. Because of the construction of model tenements in most American cities, even the poor had clean, affordable housing. b. Because population growth outpaced housing supplies in many large cities, low-income families often experienced extreme overcrowding. c. Legislation establishing a national housing code made inhumane living conditions, a thing of the past. d. In many cities, urban renewal projects funded by the federal government displaced the poor to cardboard shanties.

40. Which of the following enabled city dwellers of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to live in greater comfort and safety? a. Indoor plumbing, central heating systems, and the adoption of public health regulations b. The increased use of coal-burning stoves c. Pollution control legislation d. Government financing of low-income housing 41. Which of the following statements best expresses the belief of most middle- and upper-class Americans about poverty in the late nineteenth century? a. Most poverty is caused by the business cycle. b. The greed of the wealthy is the major reason for poverty. c. The poor are poor because of their own personal weaknesses. d. Much poverty is caused by the degrading environment in which people live.

42. Which of the following statements best expresses the new attitude about poverty accepted by some humanitarians in the late nineteenth century? a. Only the unfit are poor. b. Relief of poverty should be tolerated but never encouraged. c. Anyone can escape poverty through hard work and clean living. d. Environment, rather than personal defects, causes poverty. .

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Chapter 16 43. By the early twentieth century, cities increasingly depended on urban engineers to a. establish public health regulations for hospitals, schools, and restaurants. b. establish efficient refuse removal and disposal systems. c. design buildings that would enhance the beauty of the inner city. d. strictly enforce regulations designed to reduce air and water pollution within the urban environment.

44. American cities in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries differed from cities in other industrialized nations in which of the following ways? a. American cities had municipal welfare agencies that provided relief to the urban poor. b. American cities had professional law enforcement officers. c. American cities had no housing codes and no zoning restrictions. d. American cities experienced a significant rise in homicide rates.

45. Which of the following is true of law enforcement officials in late-nineteenth-century American cities? a. They often had to answer to various groups that differed on their views of the law and how it should be enforced. b. They were merely volunteers with no professional training or status. c. They were far more consistent in how they applied the law to various social classes and ethnic groups than is the case in today’s society. d. They usually showed far more leniency in applying the law to the disadvantaged.

46. Political machines spread and thrived in urban areas during the late nineteenth century because a. they, unlike existing city governments, were able to provide much-needed services to urban residents. b. they represented efficiency and honesty in an age of political corruption. c. people were tired of the autocratic nature of existing city governments. d. the middle classes were angry at the favoritism shown by existing city governments to the urban poor and ethnic minorities.

47. The main goal of the urban political machines of the late 1800s was to a. facilitate industrial development. b. gather votes for presidential candidates. c. improve the lives of the urban poor. d. gain the rewards that accompanied political power.

48. What was a primary goal of civic reformers? a. To give elected officials greater local decision-making power b. To put politics back into city government c. To abolish the city-manager form of government d. To make city government more efficient by running it like a business 49. Most urban political bosses a. tried to distribute favors in an equitable way. b. were disdainful of local government and of the people they were supposed to serve. c. retained their power because they knew people’s needs and tended to those needs. d. were thoroughly corrupt and assumed dictatorial powers. .

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Chapter 16 50. Settlement-house workers such as Jane Addams a. tried to impose their Protestant beliefs on immigrant newcomers and did little to deal with the real problems of urban life. b. became reform leaders by fighting for such things as food and building safety regulations. c. approached immigrants with an attitude of righteous superiority and made few meaningful contributions. d. assumed that immigrants should immediately discard Old World customs.

51. Which of the following was often true of moral reformers? a. They were especially sensitive to the needs of the diverse people inhabiting the cities. b. They believed that cities were filled with sin and depravity and ultimately wanted to abolish urban areas. c. They failed to understand that the crusades they launched were often seen as interference by others. d. They recognized that it was futile to push moral reforms in urban areas.

52. Which of the following is true of people who were part of the gay subculture in late-nineteenth-century American cities? a. They usually faced little or no discrimination from the larger community. b. There is no evidence that such people ever formed lasting relationships with same-sex partners. c. They were labeled as “homosexuals” and faced laws specifically designed to deny them employment and housing. d. They were usually categorized by their actions rather than by their sexual partners.

53. Which of the following appears to have caused the decline in the birthrate in the late 1800s and early 1900s? a. The increasing shift from a rural to an urban society b. The decrease in the number of married couples c. The increase in infant mortality rates d. The climbing divorce rate 54. Working-class families often supplemented their income by a. doing piecework at home in the evening. b. taking in boarders. c. working as maids or servants on their days off. d. running small businesses out of their homes.

55. The daughter in an immigrant family might expect to be a. given more opportunities than older siblings. b. farmed out to a relative as a housekeeper. c. urged to find a job and contribute to family earnings. d. pressured to remain at home to do housework.

56. The rise of amusement as a commercial activity in the late 1800s took place for which of the following reasons? a. Immigrants brought sports with them from Europe. b. Employers wanted to draw workers’ attention away from union organization. c. Labor-saving devices brought a substantial increase in leisure time. d. City reformers believed organized amusements would relieve working-class boredom and reduce the urban .

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Chapter 16 crime rate.

57. Which of the following is true of family life and the functions of the family by 1900? a. People’s roles in the home were no longer defined by age. b. Kinship was no longer of any importance. c. Age-based peer groups had far more influence over people’s values than previously. d. Parents spent a far larger portion of their lives caring for children than previously.

58. The Intercollegiate Athletic Association was founded to a. police college sports. b. rank college football teams. c. scout high-school prospects for college football teams. d. establish a scholarship fund for college athletes.

59. The popularity of bicycling in the late 1800s led to a. the formation of immigrant “bike gangs” that terrorized neighborhoods. b. fear that the automobile and related industries would be adversely affected. c. the founding of the asphalt paving industry in America. d. more practical and comfortable clothing styles for women.

60. Women athletes in late-nineteenth-century America most often played a. croquet b. soccer c. volleyball d. basketball 61. The most popular form of mass entertainment in America in the early 1900s was a. comic opera b. musical comedy c. the minstrel show d. vaudeville 62. African Americans in the entertainment business in the early twentieth century a. played roles which pandered to white prejudices b. were paid extremely low wages, if at all c. did not appear in films, but did appear in vaudeville d. did not appear on the stage, but did appear in films

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63. D.W. Griffith’s early motion picture Birth of a Nation a. was an attempt to further the prohibition movement. b. depicted the important role of women in the shaping of the republic. c. was strongly anti-German in content. d. depicted African Americans as a threat to white morality.

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Chapter 16 64. What was the focus of yellow journalism? a. factual accuracy. b. sensationalism. c. thoughtful editorials. d. want ads.

65. Discuss the contributions of technology and science to industrial and urban growth in the United States.

66. Discuss changes in the nature of work and working conditions that occurred during the late nineteenth century, including the role of Frederick Taylor. What impact did these changes have on American workers?

67. In the late nineteenth century, several states passed laws designed to ease working conditions. Discuss the major rulings handed down by the Supreme Court in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in response to these laws.

68. Discuss the similarities and differences between the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor in relation to ideology, organization, membership, and goals. Why was the American Federation of Labor ultimately more successful than the Knights of Labor? How did unions seek to address workers' grievances, and were they successful?

69. Discuss the Haymarket riot, the Homestead strike, and the Pullman strike, and examine the reaction of the government and the public to these instances of labor unrest.

70. Explain the position of women in the work force and in the union movement in the late nineteenth century.

71. Trace the corporate consolidation movement in late-nineteenth-century American society, and explain why businessmen felt the need for larger forms of economic concentration.

72. Examine Social Darwinism as well as the growing demand in the late nineteenth century that something be done about the power of big business; indicate the result of this demand; and assess the effectiveness of this result in controlling big business by 1900.

73. Discuss the social and economic impact of electric-powered streetcars, elevators, and subways on the American city in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

74. Discuss the various ways the concept of efficiency was applied to late nineteenth and early twentieth century life, industry, and work.

75. Discuss the characteristics of the immigrants who entered the United States between 1880 and 1920, and examine the impact these immigrants and American society had on each other.

76. Examine the urban experiences of African Americans in late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century America.

77. Discuss the problems of housing and sanitation in American cities in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and explain and evaluate the responses of private citizens and state and local governments to these problems.

78. Explain the emergence of urban political machines and political bosses, and discuss the characteristics of the political bosses and the political system they operated.

79. Discuss the objectives of civic reformers, the means by which they sought to achieve those objectives, and the .

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Chapter 16 effectiveness of their efforts.

80. Compare and contrast the values and goals of reformers such as Jane Addams and Florence Kelley with those of the Women Unionists, Samuel Gompers and Eugene Debs 81. Discuss the popularity of show business and movies in American society in the late 1800s and early 1900s.

82. Explain the variety of ways in which Americans made use of increased leisure time in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. To what segments of the population did the different forms of leisure appeal?

83. Contrast the concept of cultural pluralism with the traditional concept of America as a melting pot. Discuss the social and political impact of America's cultural diversity on American society.

84. Examine the problem of poverty, crime, and violence in American cities in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and explain and evaluate the responses of private citizens, philanthropic agencies, reformers, and local governments to this problem.

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Chapter 16 Answer Key 1. c 2. a 3. d 4. d 5. a 6. b 7. b 8. a 9. d 10. a 11. b 12. c 13. d 14. a 15. c 16. d 17. a 18. d 19. b 20. c 21. d 22. c 23. c 24. b 25. c .

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Chapter 16 26. b 27. c 28. b 29. b 30. b 31. c 32. d 33. d 34. c 35. d 36. a 37. c 38. c 39. b 40. a 41. c 42. d 43. b 44. d 45. a 46. a 47. d 48. d 49. c 50. b 51. c .

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Chapter 16 52. d 53. a 54. b 55. d 56. c 57. c 58. a 59. d 60. d 61. d 62. a 63. d 64. b 65. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 16 77. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 17

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. The “Gilded Age” earned this popular nickname because . a. the government was firmly committed to the gold standard during this time b. the era was characterized by an obsession with riches c. the average American’s standard of living rapidly improved d. people from rural areas were lured to the rapidly growing cities for jobs with higher wages 2. Which of the following statements accurately describes political campaigns and elections during the Gilded Age? a. Campaigns tended to be dull and unentertaining. b. The electorate felt no loyalty to individual politicians. c. An apathetic public saw political campaigns as a waste of time and money. d. Interest in elections and voting was remarkably high.

3. In the late nineteenth century, politics, and especially election campaigns, a. were seldom covered by the nation’s newspapers b. aroused very little public interest c. often served as a form of recreation d. seldom dealt with issues that voters deemed important

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4. The political tactic known as “waving the bloody shirt” was actually the practice of a. lauding the pioneer heritage b. appealing for labor solidarity c. exploiting Civil War animosities for political gain d. advocating a militant foreign policy

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5. Which of the following is true of party politics in the Gilded Age? a. Allegiance to national parties and their candidates were usually evenly divided. b. The Republican party dominated Congress throughout the period. c. Popular-vote landslides characterized the presidential elections of the period. d. The party that controlled the presidency usually controlled Congress.

6. The two political parties in the Gilded Age . a. differed greatly in leadership and organization b. worked diligently to heal the sectional divisions left from the Civil War and Reconstruction c. catered to the interests of ethnic minorities rather than to the middle-class majority d. were both split from within by factional quarrels 7. The Mugwumps were part of which political party? a. Democratic Party b. Populist Party c. Republican Party d. Socialist Party 8. Which of the following was a major faction of the Democratic party? .

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Chapter 17 a. African Americans from all regions of the nation b. Staunch opponents of the spoils system c. High-tariff proponents from the business community d. Working-class men of immigrant stock who supported urban political machines 9. Congress’s decision to provide generous pensions to former Union soldiers and their widows is an example of . a. the benefits associated with revenues from new income-tax measures enacted in the 1880s and 1890s b. the government assuming responsibility to provide a safety net for the disadvantaged in society c. an interest group using emotions associated with the Civil War for the financial gain of its members d. an attempt by the southern Democrats who sponsored the legislation to heal the wounds of the Civil War 10. Which of the following is true of the Pendleton Civil Service Act? a. It covered all federal jobs. b. It applied to incumbents as well as to new applicants. c. It permitted future presidents to increase the number of jobs covered by the act. d. It was signed by President James Garfield.

11. Railroad lines compensated for unprofitably low rates on competitive routes by a. using fewer crew members on such routes and cutting back on the services provided b. running very few trains on such routes c. demanding special payments from the government for such routes d. charging unusually high rates on noncompetitive routes 12. In Munn v. Illinois, the Supreme Court of the United States a. upheld the principle of state regulation of railroad rates b. outlawed the practice of railroad regulation c. declared state regulation of railroads to be unconstitutional d. upheld ownership and management of the railroads by the federal government

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13. What is the law that established the Interstate Commerce Commission to investigate railroad rate-making? a. Pendleton Civil Service Act b. Interstate Commerce Act c. The Pension Act d. Sherman Silver Purchase Act 14. A high protective tariff was usually favored by a. Democrats. b. Populists. c. Republicans. d. Socialists.

15. Which of the following was a consequence of the United States tariff and tax system during the Gilded Age? a. It caused a reduction in the wages of industrial workers. .

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Chapter 17 b. It lowered prices on manufactured goods by increasing worldwide competition among producers. c. It led to a surplus in the federal treasury. d. It began to threaten the survival of a large number of American industries.

16. The basic economic motivation of those who supported the coinage of silver was to a. ease the burden of debtors. b. increase foreign trade. c. encourage reduced production of agricultural products. d. encourage increased production of agricultural products.

17. Which group tended to favor policies that would expand the amount of money in circulation? a. Creditors b. Farmers c. Industrialists d. Wage earners in the Northeast 18. Which of the following was true of American farmers in the late nineteenth century? a. They enjoyed a great deal of economic power because they were primarily creditors. b. They believed that overproduction was the cause of their economic decline. c. They were not affected by the amount of money in circulation because they had very few fixed costs. d. They concluded that an inadequate amount of money in circulation made their debts more burdensome.

19. What was a consequence of the discovery of new silver mines in the West in the late nineteenth century? a. The price of silver increased to a level equal to the price of gold. b. The United States Treasury increased its production of silver coins, causing severe inflation. c. The price of silver on the open market dropped, making it more profitable for silver producers to sell silver to the government at the old sixteen-to-one ratio. d. Silver producers refused to sell silver to the government, which in turn ceased minting silver coins.

20. Which of the following is true of the Bland-Allison Act and the Sherman Silver Purchase Act? a. By putting more money into circulation, they laid to rest demands for inflating the currency. b. They expanded the money supply so much and caused so much inflation that even farmers began to protest. c. They did not pump enough new money into circulation to satisfy debtors and left the impression that the government favored creditors. d. They ran contrary to the political trend of the day in that both were straightforward, uncompromising pieces of legislation.

21. President Rutherford B. Hayes . a. emphasized national harmony over sectional rivalry b. worked for the passage of welfare legislation to aid the nation’s poor and unemployed c. signed laws that prevented southern blacks from being disenfranchised d. signed an executive order granting full citizenship to American Indians 22. President Chester A. Arthur . a. opposed all attempts to lower tariff rates on manufactured goods .

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Chapter 17 b. resisted any and all regulation of the railroad industry c. advocated service reform by signing the Pendleton Civil Service Act d. greatly strengthened the United States Navy 23. Which of the following contributed to Grover Cleveland’s narrow victory in the 1884 presidential election? a. He promised to increase the pensions of Union army veterans. b. A New York Protestant minister’s attempt to slur the Democrats angered the state’s Irish Catholics. c. It was revealed during the campaign that major railroad companies had made hefty contributions to the Republican campaign. d. Republican candidate James G. Blaine was unable to campaign during the last two weeks of the campaign because of a bout of influenza.

24. What was the party that was known as the “People’s party” and raised an agrarian-based, third party challenge to the Republicans and Democrats? a. Populist Party b. Democratic Party c. Greenback Labor Party d. Socialist Party 25. Which of the following late-nineteenth-century presidents exercised the most vigorous leadership? a. Blaine b. Cleveland c. Garfield d. Harrison 26. Which candidate for president tempered his assault on high tariffs when running for reelection? a. Cleveland b. Debs c. Harrison d. Bryan 27. Which of the following factors contributed to Harrison’s victory in the 1888 presidential election? a. Cleveland’s stand in favor of the free coinage of silver b. Harrison’s opposition to the Pendleton Civil Service Act c. Bribery and multiple voting in Indiana and New York d. The charge that Cleveland had committed adultery 28. This late-nineteenth-century presidential candidate out-polled his opponent in popular votes but lost the election. a. Arthur b. Cleveland c. Garfield d. Harrison 29.

was the only American president to serve two nonconsecutive terms. a. Benjamin Harrison.

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Chapter 17 b. James A. Garfield. c. Grover Cleveland. d. Chester A. Arthur.

30. Which of the following is true of Ida B. Wells? a. She caused many to question the government’s Indian policies by offering detailed accounts of the poverty, disease, and inhumane living conditions on Indian reservations. b. As a union organizer in the North, she openly questioned the government’s alliance with big business against organized labor. c. She actively mobilized public support for the government’s campaign against the Socialist Party. d. Both in the United States and Europe, she published articles and gave speeches to gain support for her antidiscrimination, anti-lynching stance.

31. In the 1870s, the southern states began to enact poll taxes with the intent of a. raising revenue for public schools b. providing public funds for state political campaigns c. paying off Civil War debts d. reducing the political power of enfranchised African Americans

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32. In the 1870s, the Supreme Court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment . a. made discrimination against African Americans unconstitutional and illegal b. placed no restrictions on state governments c. only protected citizens’ rights against infringement by state governments, and did not apply to the actions of individuals or private businesses d. restricted only the actions of state governments 33. In the 1883 Civil Rights cases, the Supreme Court a. upheld the constitutionality of the 1875 Civil Rights Act b. strengthened the 1875 Civil Rights Act c. modified the 1875 Civil Rights Act d. struck down the 1875 Civil Rights Act

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34. In the case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court asserted that . a. states had the authority to impose a poll tax on voters b. the Fifteenth Amendment prohibited the establishment of literacy as a prerequisite for voting c. states could constitutionally enact legislation by which separate-but-equal facilities were required for whites and blacks d. separate schools for blacks were by their very nature unequal and therefore unconstitutional 35. The Supreme Court applied the separate-but-equal doctrine to schools in a. the Civil Rights cases. b. Lawton v. Maryland. c. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. d. Cummins v. County Board of Education. .

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Chapter 17 36. The AWSA was led by a. Elizabeth Cady Stanton b. Lucy Stone c. Susan B. Anthony d. Frances Willard

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37. Senators opposed to passage of the Women’s Suffrage Amendment argued that a. it would disrupt the political balance of power between Democrats and Republicans b. it would interfere with women’s family responsibilities c. women would become a dangerous political force d. women had too little education to be allowed to vote

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38. Which of the following is true of the attempts between 1870 and 1910 to legalize women’s suffrage on a state-by-state basis? a. All states had granted women the right to vote in state elections by 1910. b. None of these attempts were successful. c. Attempts in the South and West were less successful than those in the Northeast. d. Although these attempts met with limited success, they laid the groundwork for the future by training a corps of female leaders.

39. In the last two decades of the nineteenth century, Midwestern farmers were confronted with a. a mounting worldwide surplus of agricultural products b. their own inability to increase production c. a growing unavailability of farm machinery d. a highly inflated currency that worsened their indebtedness 40. When the Granges first organized in the late 1860s and early 1870s, they a. extended loans to farmers b. established political organizations at the local level for national candidates c. established economic cooperatives d. helped relieve the loneliness of farm life by sponsoring meetings and educational events 41. Under the subtreasury plan, the Farmers’ Alliances proposed that the federal government a. coin all the silver mined in the West b. make loans to farmers against their stored crops c. finance purchases of farmland and equipment d. regulate the supply and availability of credit

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42. What was the main focus of the Populist Party in the 1880s and 1890s? a. The free and unlimited coinage of silver b. Higher tariffs on farm products c. A national sales tax d. Women’s suffrage 43. One of the major causes of the depression of 1893 was

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Chapter 17 a. Too much money in circulation. b. Overexpansion by American railroads and industries. c. Excessive wage increases. d. Lack of automation in American industry.

44. Which of the following is true of the $100 million gold reserve that the federal government kept on hand? a. It gave investors at home and abroad confidence in the nation’s economic stability. b. It was the lowest amount required to meet the government’s obligations. c. It was the result of farmers’ demands that they be paid for all purchases by the government in gold. d. It fluctuated so much in price that by 1893 people had lost faith in it.

45. Between which two years did the nation suffer a staggering economic depression? a. 1883 and 1886 b. 1893 and 1897 c. 1892 and 1895 d. 1871 and 1877 46. President Cleveland’s action to save the nation’s gold reserves in 1895 was widely criticized because it . a. took the nation off the gold standard b. substantially increased the tax burden on low-income families c. allowed a banking syndicate led by J.P. Morgan to make a large profit d. increased the cost of living for the average working-class family 47. Which of the following is true of the depression of the 1890s? a. It did not affect the banking industry in the United States. b. It was not felt nationally but was confined to the South and West. c. Its magnitude resulted in large part from the interdependence of various sectors of the American economy. d. Most American farmers were able to escape the depression’s effects.

48. Who became the leading spokesman for American socialism in the 1890s? a. William Sylvis b. Charles Guiteau c. Henry Clay Frick d. Eugene V. Debs 49. Jacob S. Coxey . a. called on the government and employers to recognize the legitimacy of labor unions b. called for public works projects financed by low-interest loans from the federal government to local governments c. advocated the government takeover of the railroads d. advocated tough immigration restrictions 50. The Populist party resolved its dilemma in the presidential election of 1896 by . a. nominating William Jennings Bryan for president but naming a Populist candidate for vice president .

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Chapter 17 b. grudgingly accepting the Democratic party’s nominees for president and vice president c. advising its members to boycott the election d. continuing to support a Populist presidential candidate 51. During the presidential campaign of 1896, . a. William McKinley crisscrossed the nation, constantly speaking about the issues b. William Jennings Bryan was so sure of victory that he did little campaigning c. William Jennings Bryan lost votes when revelations about his private life caused people to question his moral judgment d. William McKinley made speeches on moderation and prosperity in which he offered something to everyone 52. What was a consequence of William McKinley’s victory in the presidential election of 1896? a. The long political standoff between the Democrats and the Republicans ended. b. The government provided special relief programs for farmers. c. The federal government no longer served the interests of big business. d. The era of passive presidents and congressional dominance was over.

53. William Jennings Bryan’s principal campaign issue in the presidential election of 1896 was his a. promise to increase existing tariffs b. vehement opposition to immigration restriction c. support of strict immigration restriction d. commitment to the free coinage of silver

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54. McKinley reinforced his support of business by signing which act? a. Interstate Commerce Act b. Gold Standard Act c. The Pension Act d. Pendleton Civil Service Act

55. Discuss the characteristics of American politics and of the two major political parties during the Gilded Age. 56. Examine the issue of tariff rates during the late nineteenth century. What stand was taken by the Republicans, by the Democrats, and by the Populists on this issue? Why? Identify the major pieces of tariff legislation of the period, and explain the consequences of each.

57. Explain the demands for regulation of the railroad industry in the late nineteenth century. What groups favored such regulation? Why? What groups opposed such regulation? Why? Identify the actions taken at the state level and at the federal level to deal with this issue, and explain the consequences of those actions. In dealing with actions at the federal level, be sure to deal with rulings by the Supreme Court related to the issue of regulation and with the consequences of those rulings.

58. Examine the status of southern African Americans during the late nineteenth century, and explain why the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, which were intended to protect former slaves, actually offered African Americans little protection. .

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Chapter 17 59. Examine the controversy over monetary policy during the late nineteenth century. What stand was taken by the Republicans, by the Democrats, and by the Populists on this issue? Why? Identify the major pieces of legislation of the period related to this issue, and explain the consequences of each.

60. Examine the office of the presidency from 1877 to 1900, and evaluate those who held the office during that period.

61. Discuss the uses of and reactions to police power, violent protest, and vigilante justice during the Gilded Age..

62. Trace the women’s suffrage movement in the years following the Civil War. How successful was the movement by 1900?

63. Discuss the grievances of farmers during the late nineteenth century. Explain the means by which they sought redress of their grievances and examine the effectiveness of their efforts.

64. Examine the rise and fall of the Populist party, making sure that you identify characteristics of the American political system that pose special problems for third parties.

65. Compare and contrast the mission and methods of Jacob Coxey, William Jennings Bryan, and Eugene V. Debs.

66. Analyze the 1896 presidential campaign and election, and explain the political and economic impact of the election’s outcome on the nation.

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Chapter 17 Answer Key 1. b 2. d 3. c 4. c 5. a 6. a 7. c 8. d 9. c 10. c 11. d 12. a 13. b 14. c 15. c 16. a 17. b 18. d 19. c 20. c 21. a 22. c 23. b 24. a 25. b .

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Chapter 17 26. a 27. c 28. b 29. c 30. d 31. d 32. c 33. d 34. c 35. d 36. b 37. b 38. d 39. a 40. d 41. b 42. a 43. b 44. a 45. b 46. c 47. c 48. d 49. b 50. a 51. d .

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Chapter 17 52. a 53. d 54. b 55. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 18

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. Advocacy organizations such as the American Bar Association, the National American Woman Suffrage Association, and the National Consumers League had the effect of . a. introducing charismatic personalities to political campaigns b. making politics more fragmented and issue-focused than in previous eras c. stifling debate on major urban issues d. increasing the loyalty of the electorate to political parties 2. In 1911, middle-class Native Americans formed which association to work for better education, civil rights, and health care? a. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People b. National American Woman Suffrage Association c. National Consumers League d. Society of American Indians 3. Which group was the backbone of progressive reform? a. The new middle class b. American industrialists c. The working class d. Ethnic minorities 4. Journalists who exposed the wrongs of American society during the Progressive era were known as: a. Abolitionists b. Know-nothings c. Stand-patters d. Muckrakers 5. By means of such processes as the initiative, the referendum, and the recall, progressive reformers hoped to . a. reduce the power of government b. use the common-sense ideas of ordinary working people to solve the problems of urban America c. create a government whose response to the will of the people was completely spontaneous d. replace the favoritism of the boss system with rational, accountable management chosen by responsible voters 6. Reform-minded business executives such as Alexander Cassatt generally . a. supported cooperative factories that were managed but not owned by rank-and-file factory workers b. supported some government regulation in order to protect their own interests from more radical political elements c. had begun to seriously question the capitalist system d. supported a more equitable distribution of wealth and capital in the United States 7. Working-class reformers in the Progressive era strongly supported a. enactment of a progressive income tax b. shorter working hours and safer working conditions .

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Chapter 18 c. restrictions on the sale and consumption of liquor d. ridding the cities of political bosses 8. Members of the Social Gospel movement believed that . a. helping others was the path to individual salvation and to creating God’s kingdom on earth b. God’s kingdom could be built on Earth simply by the passage of legislation outlawing immoral acts c. prospective candidates for public office should profess to believe in God before being allowed to file for election d. an active, interventionist government was all that was needed to create a more morally pure society 9. Most progressive reformers . a. viewed socialism as a desirable but unachievable goal b. wanted to destroy the capitalist system c. had little at stake in the capitalist system and did not care whether it survived or not d. did not support radical challenges to capitalism 10. Where did political progressives focus their anti-corruption efforts? a. At the city level b. At the federal level c. At the regional level d. At the state level 11. Although Hoke Smith and Hiram Johnson had established records as reform-minded progressive governors, they . a. had secretly come to terms with political bosses in their respective states b. did not concern themselves with the issue of industrial working conditions c. frequently accepted payoffs from large corporate interests d. supported discrimination against racial minorities 12. Ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment is considered a progressive victory because . a. by providing for the income tax, it had the effect of redistributing wealth in the United States b. by providing for the direct election of United States senators, it took their election out of the hands of state legislatures c. by establishing a regulatory commission for all industry, it furthered the concept of a planned economy d. by making the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages illegal, it furthered the progressive goal of moral purity 13. Senator Robert La Follette fought to . a. nationalize the railroad industry b. return America to its agrarian and rural past c. drive corporations out of politics d. break all large corporations into small, competitive units 14. Progressive efforts to reform corrupt politics were often stymied by a. the financial power of special-interest groups .

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Chapter 18 b. the courts c. a lack of support from anyone other than ethnic minorities d. the refusal of organized labor to support them 15. The Mann Act was a response to the view that . a. prostitution could be ended by arresting and punishing the prostitutes b. prostitution is a victimless crime and should be legalized c. the government could improve human behavior by passing legislation restricting it d. the government could never eradicate immorality because sin is deeply embedded in the human condition 16. What view on the goals of education did John Dewey espouse? a. Secondary schools should concentrate on preparing students for college. b. Public schools should be funded by the national government. c. Learning should involve real-life problems through which children learn to use their intelligence and ingenuity to control their environment. d. The main task of education is to teach moral principles.

17. In what year did Congress pass the White Slave Traffic Act, prohibiting interstate and international transportation of a woman for immoral purposes? a. 1870 b. 1911 c. 1910 d. 1895 18. Which of the following was true of women in higher education during the Progressive era? a. Most women chose to take science and mathematics courses. b. Most women attended private women’s colleges rather than coeducational institutions. c. Harvard and Yale began recruiting women into their medical schools. d. Women were usually encouraged to take home economics courses.

19. Which of the following is true of the Supreme Court’s decision in Muller v. Oregon? a. The Court supported the use of state police powers to protect the morals of the community. b. The Court severely restricted the federal government’s power to interfere in matters reserved for state supervision. c. In reaching its decision, the Court considered scientific evidence showing the harmful effects of long working hours. d. In reaching its decision, the Court refused to accept the argument that coal mining was hazardous.

20. Through its interpretation of the Fourteenth and Tenth Amendments, the Supreme Court . a. consistently demonstrated its acceptance of the progressive legal concepts advanced by Oliver Wendell Holmes b. increased the regulatory powers of the federal government in cases involving individual rights c. demonstrated its rejection of laissez-faire concepts d. often acted as an impediment to reform .

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Chapter 18 21. Which of the following is true of the Supreme Court’s decision in Lochner v. New York? a. The ruling clearly shows the influence of Louis Brandeis on the Court. b. The Court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment protects an individual’s right to make contracts without government interference. c. The decision clearly demonstrates the impact that scientific evidence could have on Court rulings. d. The Court accepted the argument that the federal government has sole and exclusive power over working conditions.

22. The new economic theory of the early twentieth century held that a. economic laws, like natural laws, were unchangeable b. as social conditions change, so should economic theory c. economic theory could not change just because society was changing d. statistics meant little in the field of economics

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23. Progressive historian Charles Beard advanced the idea that the U.S. Constitution . a. was never intended to serve a special-interest group, but was written for all Americans regardless of race, sex, or creed b. was written by ordinary farmers to protect them from the greed and selfishness of the wealthy and the powerful c. is a sacred document that must be interpreted and applied in accordance with the original intent of the founders d. is a flexible document, subject to growth and change 24. Who founded the National Consumers League? a. Susan B. Anthony b. Carrie Chapman Catt c. Florence Kelley d. Alice Paul 25. Which belief was held by eugenicists? a. Scientific research has proven that peoples from all racial and ethnic groups are equal in every respect. b. Society has an obligation to prevent the reproduction of people deemed to be mentally defective and of those who are criminally inclined. c. Aside from reproductive differences necessary for continuation of the species, differences between males and females are caused by culture and society. d. The cure for all human diseases may be found in the plant world.

26. What idea was expressed in The Passing of the Great Race by Madison Grant? a. The lynching of African Americans in the southern states is so prevalent that it is akin to genocide. b. White Americans of Anglo-Saxon descent are rapidly becoming a minority in the United States. c. The loss of power and prestige by the nations of Europe means that the United States must assume the responsibility for preserving the traditions of Western culture. d. Immigrants from southern and eastern Europe are mentally and morally inferior and are a threat to the strength of American society.

27. Which statement from the following best expresses the beliefs of Booker T. Washington? .

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Chapter 18 a. African Americans should demand political and social equality in American society. b. African Americans should passively accept their inferior position in a white-dominated society. c. African Americans should prove themselves worthy of respect by working hard and acquiring property. d. African Americans should challenge discriminatory legislation in the courts.

28. Which of the following is true of W.E.B. Du Bois? a. He believed that the “Talented Tenth” within the African American community should lead in the pursuit of racial equality. b. He agreed with the ideas expressed by Booker T. Washington in Washington’s speech to the Atlanta Exposition. c. He advanced the idea that African Americans should arm themselves so that they could adequately defend themselves in a racist society. d. He believed that the problems experienced by African Americans could best be solved by the founding of vocational schools throughout the nation.

29. Which of the following is true of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People at the time of its founding? a. It was the only organization that spoke for lower-class African Americans and sharecroppers. b. It believed that African Americans should seek legal redress through the courts to end racial discrimination and to gain voting rights. c. It refused to permit white membership. d. It was bitterly opposed by white liberals as being too militant.

30. Women’s clubs of the late nineteenth century would most likely support which of the following? a. Factory inspection laws b. Trust-busting laws c. The direct primary d. The recall 31. Which of the following is true of the National Association of Colored Women? a. It agitated for women’s suffrage. b. It compiled and published statistics on lynchings in the southern states. c. It worked to establish nurseries, kindergartens, and retirement homes. d. It lobbied Congress for the enactment of welfare legislation to help impoverished African Americans.

32. Which of the following arguments was used by women such as Jane Addams to defend female suffrage? a. All distinctions between the sexes violate the Constitution. b. Women should be rewarded for their contributions to the nation during the First World War. c. Women of all classes have common grievances that will be dealt with only if women have the vote. d. Because of their unique qualities, women will have a humanizing impact on all aspects of society.

33. Feminists differed from members of the woman movement in which of the following ways? a. Feminists rejected the idea of women uniting as a gender group; members of the woman movement encouraged gender-group unity. b. Feminists argued that there were no differences between women and men; members of the woman movement .

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Chapter 18 stressed the differences between the sexes. c. Feminists spoke of rights and self-development as the path to independence; members of the woman movement spoke of duties and moral purity. d. Feminists believed that in many instances women should be treated differently than men; members of the woman movement called for an end to all gender-based distinctions.

34. Which of the following is true of Margaret Sanger’s work? a. She believed a women’s sexual pleasure was a threat to society. b. She fought for the equality of immigrants. c. She succeeded in overturning most state laws prohibiting contraception. d. She formed the American Birth Control League in 1921.

35. The most decisive factor in winning the vote for women was the . a. participation of women as laborers and volunteers on the home front during the First World War b. active picketing and marching of the National Woman’s Party c. propaganda campaigns of the National American Women Suffrage Association d. commitment of the Democratic party leadership in the 1916 election to women’s suffrage 36. Which of the following did Theodore Roosevelt believe to be an efficient means of achieving material progress? a. Business consolidation b. Government ownership c. Tax incentives d. Trustbusting 37. Which of the following is true of Theodore Roosevelt’s beliefs while serving as President? a. He rejected the idea that business could regulate itself. b. He believed that big business was the major obstacle to increased production. c. He wanted to return the nation to free, old-time, uncontrolled economic competition. d. He approved of big business as long as it did not unfairly manipulate the marketplace.

38. As a result of the Hepburn Act, . a. the government gained sufficient power to stop all railroad abuses b. the government gained the power to regulate working hours in the railroad industry c. workers in the railroad industry received higher wages and the promise of automatic cost-of-living increases d. the ICC gained more authority to fix railroad rates, but the courts could still overturn rate decisions 39. Which of the following was in large part a consequence of Upton Sinclair’s 1906 book The Jungle? a. Drug manufacturers agreed to stop selling impure merchandise. b. President Roosevelt supported passage of the Meat Inspection Act. c. Railroad rate-making was taken out of the hands of the railroad industry and put into the hands of the ICC. d. President Roosevelt supported legislation to guarantee the right of workers to bargain collectively.

40. Which of the following is true of the settlement achieved in the 1902 United Mine Workers’ strike? a. The wages of the mine workers were increased. b. The number of hours in the mine workers’ workday remained the same. .

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Chapter 18 c. The mine owners were required to recognize the mine workers’ union. d. The mine owners were required to establish an employee pension plan.

41. As a conservationist, Theodore Roosevelt . a. oversaw enactment of a national plan for resource management b. believed that the government should manage and control lands in the public domain c. substantially restricted the wasteful practices of timber and mining companies d. persuaded Congress to impose a special conservation tax on timber, oil, and mining companies 42. Which of the following convinced many Progressives that President Taft had abandoned Roosevelt’s progressive agenda? a. Taft drastically slowed the rate of antitrust prosecutions. b. Taft announced his opposition to the direct election of United States senators. c. Taft reduced the regulatory powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission. d. Taft signed legislation that maintained what many Progressives believed to be excessively high tariff rates.

43. Which of the following statements is most consistent with Theodore Roosevelt’s New Nationalism philosophy? a. The government must actively promote mergers and trusts in order to ensure economic efficiency. b. Business monopolies and concentrations of economic power must be destroyed. c. Reduction of taxes and government spending will rejuvenate the economy and lead to economic expansion. d. Regulatory commissions should be established to ensure the wise use of economic power by large corporations.

44. Which of the following statements is most consistent with Woodrow Wilson’s New Freedom philosophy? a. All government controls of the economy must be removed so that natural economic laws can operate effectively. b. Government and business must enter into a cooperative arrangement in order to plan and manage the nation’s economic future. c. Public works programs should be created to provide jobs and income for the poor in America. d. Monopolies must be broken up in order to revive competition and recreate an open marketplace.

45. The Federal Trade Commission could . a. issue cease-and-desist orders against unfair trade practices b. remove unsafe consumer products from the market c. reduce excessive railroad rates d. levy fines against factories for excessive pollution 46. The central banking system established by the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 a. made direct loans to businesspersons for plant expansions and investment spending b. insured private bank accounts against loss c. could control the amount of money in circulation by adjusting the discount rate d. tied the money supply to the supply of gold in the United States Treasury

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47. Which of the following is true of the Underwood Tariff? a. By allowing an independent commission to determine tariff rates, it removed the tariff issue from politics. .

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Chapter 18 b. By raising tariff rates to record levels, it prevented American industry from being destroyed by inexpensive foreign imports. c. By reducing or eliminating tariff rates, it encouraged imports of cheaper foreign materials and manufactured goods. d. By eliminating all tariffs, it indicated that America would join with the other industrialized nations in accepting the principle of free trade.

48. In 1916, Wilson supported Progressive reforms in part because he . a. had a Democratic majority in both houses of Congress b. was preparing to run for reelection c. realized that such measures were necessary to end the economic recession d. had been won over to the cause of civil rights for women and African Americans

49. Discuss the similarities and differences between the ideologies, goals, and tactics of middle-class Progressives and those of working-class Progressives. Evaluate the effectiveness of these groups in addressing the three major Progressive themes: opposition to the abuse of power, reform of social institutions, and the quest for cooperation and scientific efficiency.

50. Discuss the political reforms sought by Progressives. What were these political reforms supposed to accomplish? How successful were they in practice?

51. Discuss the similarities and differences between the ideology and goals of Progressive reformers and the ideology and goals of American socialists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

52. Discuss the objectives of Progressive reformers at the local and state levels, the means by which they sought to achieve their objectives, and the effectiveness of those means.

53. Examine and assess the efforts by some Progressive reformers to achieve moral purity in American society through state intervention.

54. Discuss the changes in American education during the Progressive era, and explain how these changes reflected the Progressive frame of reference.

55. Analyze the morality of the Progressive Era through the lens of prostitution control and prohibition. Did such reforms have a relationship to gender? To race?

56. Discuss the changes in the social sciences during the Progressive era. Explain how these changes reflected the Progressive frame of reference, and describe the impact of these changes on the reform movement.

57. Analyze the theories of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B DuBois as each applies to the story of Jack Johnson.

58. Compare and contrast the approaches of members of "the woman movement" and feminists to the problems faced by women during the Progressive era. To what extent were their approaches successful?

59. Discuss the regulatory legislation supported by President Theodore Roosevelt, and explain the relationship between that legislation and Roosevelt's social, political, and economic beliefs.

60. Discuss President Theodore Roosevelt's philosophy, objectives, and accomplishments in the area of conservation. .

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Chapter 18 61. Examine and evaluate Theodore Roosevelt's domestic accomplishments as president. Should he be regarded as a genuine reformer? Explain.

62. Explain the break between William Howard Taft and Theodore Roosevelt, and discuss the impact of this break on the Republican party and on the 1912 presidential election.

63. Discuss the similarities and differences between Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom and Theodore Roosevelt's New Nationalism.

64. Write an essay in which you defend the following statement: "As president, Woodrow Wilson had to blend New Freedom ideals with New Nationalism precepts, and in so doing he set the direction of federal economic policy for much of the twentieth century."

65. Compare and contrast Wilson's ideals as expressed in the New Freedom philosophy with the actual legislative achievements of his first administration from 1913 to 1917.

66. Explain the strengths and weaknesses and the successes and failures of the Progressive movement.

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Chapter 18 Answer Key 1. b 2. d 3. a 4. d 5. d 6. b 7. b 8. a 9. d 10. a 11. d 12. b 13. c 14. a 15. c 16. c 17. c 18. d 19. c 20. d 21. b 22. b 23. d 24. c 25. b .

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Chapter 18 26. d 27. c 28. a 29. b 30. a 31. c 32. d 33. c 34. d 35. a 36. a 37. d 38. d 39. b 40. a 41. b 42. d 43. d 44. d 45. a 46. c 47. c 48. b 49. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 18 52. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 19

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. The politicians who determined American foreign relations between 1865 and 1914 . a. failed to recognize the relationship between expansion and economic growth b. allowed foreign policy to be shaped almost exclusively by public opinion c. believed that exertion of American influence abroad would help maintain prosperity at home d. rejected the concept of power politics, advancing instead the idea that all nations are equals in the world community 2. Political leaders who favored economic expansion during the 1890s but not the annexation of overseas territory . a. became more vocal and began to dominate government decision making b. gradually lost ground to those who advocated both formal and informal imperialism c. completely abandoned their position in the aftermath of the Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War d. came to be concentrated almost exclusively in the Republican party 3. What was a consequence of race-based explanations for expansion by United States leaders? a. Such explanations led American leaders to study other societies and cultures so that they could create a world community of nations based on mutual respect and cooperation. b. Such explanations led United States policymakers to make unwise concessions to some nations because they were considered to be weak and inferior and in need of aid. c. Such explanations hampered the development of a modern navy because they led United States leaders to believe that God would always protect Americans. d. Such explanations justified domination and war because they fostered the belief that superior people do not negotiate with inferiors.

4. The massacre at Rock Springs, Wyoming in 1885 is evidence of which of the following? a. Miners and railway workers in the American West often reacted with violence against newly hired Hispanic workers. b. Labor strikes often led to disorder and violence in mining communities in the American West in the late nineteenth century. c. Discrimination against African Americans was just as prevalent in the American West as in the South during the late nineteenth century. d. Racist attitudes against Chinese immigrants were prevalent in the American West in the late nineteenth century.

5. President Taft tried to employ dollar diplomacy to counter a. Chinese influence in Japan b. Japanese influence in Russia c. Japanese influence in China d. Chinese influence in the Philippines

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6. Those who advocated for the expansion of an American empire in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century espoused which of the following ideas? a. When the United States intervenes and remakes the societies of weaker nations, it is extending the benefits of liberty and prosperity to less fortunate people. .

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Chapter 19 b. Because the American empire will be built by peaceful means, there is no need for expansion of the navy. c. American involvement in other lands will be confined to the sharing of American technology and will be initiated only at the request of foreign peoples. d. In acquiring colonies abroad, the United States must allow the peoples of those lands to shape their own economic and political destiny.

7. Which of the following best expresses the beliefs of William H. Seward? a. War is the only means by which the United States can acquire an empire. b. America will acquire an empire without war because of the natural process of gravitation toward the United States. c. The United States must resist the temptation of annexing territories populated by nonwhites. d. As missionaries spread the Christian message, the other peoples of the Western Hemisphere will be drawn into the American orbit.

8. Secretary of State William H. Seward successfully acquired which of the following for the United States? a. Alaska b. Guam c. Puerto Rico d. The Virgin Islands 9. Which important event occurred in 1866, largely due to the efforts of Cyrus Field? a. The first permanent, underwater transatlantic telegraph cable was successfully laid, linking Europe and America. b. Russia sold Alaska to the United States. c. A United States naval squadron seized and laid claim to the Midway Islands. d. The first transcontinental railroad was completed, linking the east and west coasts of the United States.

10. Which of the following was central to America’s well-being, according to Captain Alfred T. Mahan? a. A commitment to educational excellence b. The building of a strong, efficient navy c. Doubling the size of the United States Army d. The spread of democratic principles throughout the world 11. One way to arouse patriotism and gain local support for naval expansion was to a. name ships after prominent Americans b. name ships after states and cities c. ask local politicians to christen ships d. have sailors from only one state serve on board a ship

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12. Frederick Jackson Turner's frontier thesis argued that: a. The prevalence of violence in American society may be explained by the fact that Americans have continually had to tame and civilize a vast wilderness b. The American character has been shaped by the ever-expanding continental frontier c. Now that North America has been civilized, the American people will look inward with the goal of creating a truly egalitarian democracy .

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Chapter 19 d. With the passing of the frontier, Americans must fulfill their destiny by acquiring an overseas empire 13. What is a reason that annexationists plotted the 1893 overthrow of the Hawaiian government? a. To avoid paying the new American tariff on Hawaiian sugar imported into the United States b. To provoke a war between the United States and Japan c. To place Queen Liliuokalani in power d. To keep more Chinese and Japanese from migrating to Hawai'i 14. The annexation of the Hawaiian Islands was preceded by . a. a request for such action by Queen Liliuokalani b. the discovery by the State Department that the Japanese living on the islands were preparing for the annexation of the islands by Japan c. a revolution in which all foreign business interests were forced out of the islands d. the seizure of Hawaii’s government, which was plotted by American sugar growers and carried out with the assistance of American troops 15. Hawai’i’s annexation to the United States occurred under President a. Grover Cleveland b. Benjamin Harrison c. William McKinley d. Theodore Roosevelt

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16. What did the Venezuelan crisis indicate? a. England was spoiling for war with the United States. b. United States foreign policy was subtle and cautious. c. The United States wanted war with England. d. The rights of smaller nations are often not considered when two major powers confront each other.

17. Which of the following is true of both the Venezuelan crisis and the Cuban crisis? a. In both instances, the United States insisted that it would set the rules of conduct in the Western Hemisphere. b. Both situations indicated willingness on the part of European powers to back down in the face of American might. c. Both situations contributed to a general deterioration of American relations with the European powers. d. In both instances, the United States waged war without congressional approval to do so.

18. Which of the following played a role in precipitating the Cuban revolution of 1895? a. The abolition of slavery in Cuba b. The beginning of Cuban industrialization c. An American military invasion d. The imposition of a United States tariff on Cuban sugar 19. As a consequence of the sinking of the Maine, . a. Congress authorized President McKinley’s request for $50 million in defense funds b. Spain agreed to allow the United States to arbitrate the dispute between Cuban insurgents and the Spanish government .

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Chapter 19 c. Cuban terrorists bombed the Spanish embassy in Washington, D.C. d. Enrique Dupuy de Lôme publicly belittled President McKinley 20. The United States declaration of war on Spain in 1898 . a. was the result of Spain’s refusal to respond to diplomatic proposals from the United States b. came after Spain made some diplomatic concessions to the United States c. came after Spain stepped up its reconcentration policy d. was the result of Spain’s rejection of an offer from the United States to buy Cuba 21. The Teller Amendment . a. detailed humanitarian reasons for the declaration of war against Spain b. approved the annexation of Hawai’i c. approved Commodore Dewey’s attack on the Spanish fleet in the Pacific d. disclaimed any American intention to annex Cuba 22. What caused the greatest number of deaths in the Philippine Insurrection? a. Combat wounds b. Tainted food c. Disease d. Heat stroke 23. African American soldiers at the time of the Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War a. faced racism within the military just as they did within society b. served only in the Corps of Engineers c. were not allowed to engage in combat d. were not allowed to become commissioned officers

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24. In 1895, from American soil, Jose Marti launched a revolution against which country? a. Italy b. Spain c. Poland d. Germany 25. As a result of the Treaty of Paris in 1898, . a. the United States agreed to pay Spain $20 million for territories acquired b. Cuba became part of the United States c. the Philippine Islands became independent d. Wake Island became a United States protectorate 26. Which of the following arguments was used by opponents of the Treaty of Paris? a. The war is unjust, so the treaty is also unjust. b. The United States should not be engaged in economic expansion. c. The annexation of areas populated by dark-skinned people will undermine Anglo-Saxon purity. d. The radical and revolutionary ideas of the Puerto Rican people will undermine American capitalism. .

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Chapter 19 27. Who was the Nationalist leader of the Philippines who had been battling the Spanish for years? a. Jose Rizal b. Marcelo Azcarraga Palmero c. Mariano Ponce d. Emilio Aguinaldo 28. From 1899 to 1902, the United States used its army to suppress a struggle for independence in . a. the Hawaiian Islands b. Panama c. the Philippine Islands d. Samoa 29. As a result of the Battle of Bud Dajo, the United States . a. crushed a threatened revolt against American rule in Puerto Rico b. was forced to grant independence to Cuba and the Philippine Islands c. defeated resistance to American rule in the Philippines by the Muslim Filipinos of Moro Province d. captured Emilio Aguinaldo and crushed the Philippine Insurrection 30. Acquisition of the Philippine Islands by the United States led to a. an attempt to Americanize the islands b. an alliance with Japan to fortify the islands c. the granting of independence to the Philippine Republic by Congress in 1899 d. Japanese armed intervention in the islands

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31. The United States opposed the existence of spheres of influence in China for what reason? a. Such spheres threatened American trading interests in China. b. Such spheres posed a direct threat to American troops stationed in the Far East. c. Treaty obligations required the United States to defend China against outside interference. d. The United States believed in self-determination for the Chinese people.

32. The Boxer Rebellion against foreign presence in China . a. drove the imperialist powers out of China b. led the major powers officially to approve the Open Door policy c. was brought to an end when the imperialist nations, including the United States, sent troops to China d. brought the United States and Japan to the verge of war because of American support for the nationalist Chinese rebels 33. The primary intent of the Open Door notes of 1899 and 1900 was to a. institute an educational exchange program with China b. further the work of Christian missionaries in China c. protect American commercial interests in China d. increase naval strength in the Far East

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34. Which of the following best expresses the ideology behind the Open Door policy? .

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Chapter 19 a. Freedom of the seas will lead to the enrichment of the world community of nations. b. All nations must be allowed to develop their own political and economic systems. c. All nations of the world should be considered equals. d. The closing of any area to American products, citizens, or ideas threatens the survival of the United States.

35. In the early 1900s, the United Fruit Company . a. owned more than one-half of the property in Mexico and dominated Mexican political life b. became a dominant economic and political force in Central America c. opposed expansionism in the hope of preserving a market for domestically produced agricultural products d. operated primarily out of Europe, where it had invested over $100 million 36. The Platt Amendment: a. Committed Cuba to representative democratic government b. Granted the United States the right to intervene in Cuban affairs c. Linked Cuba and the United States in a mutual defense pact d. Gave the United States special trading advantages with Cuba 37. The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty between the United States and Great Britain: a. Stipulated that investments in Latin America by the United States and England had to be made jointly b. Stipulated that Great Britain would provide two-thirds of the financing for the construction of a Central American canal c. Stipulated that when a Central American canal was built, the territorial sovereignty of the nation chosen to build it had to be respected d. Provided for joint control of any canal built in Central America 38. How did President Theodore Roosevelt respond to Colombia’s hard bargaining over the proposal to cut a canal through its province of Panama? a. He ordered the navy to sink two Colombian ships to show that he would not tolerate delay. b. He agreed to increase the amount paid to Colombia by a substantial amount. c. He convened a conference of Latin American nations to put diplomatic pressure on Colombia. d. He sent American warships to the Isthmus of Panama to ensure the success of a revolution for Panamanian independence.

39. Which of the following statements best expresses the rationale behind the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine? a. The United States believed it should extend financial aid to Latin America to help raise the standard of living in the region. b. The United States believed that it had the right to colonize Latin America to exploit the resources of the region. c. The United States believed it had the right to intervene in the political and financial affairs of Latin American nations so that the region could be stabilized and intervention by European nations prevented. d. The United States believed it had an obligation to help the Latin American countries find the political system best suited to their culture.

40. By 1890, Americans owned about what percentage of Hawai’i’s wealth? .

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Chapter 19 a. 66 percent b. 25 percent c. 75 percent d. 50 percent 41. In 1914, when the First World War broke out in Europe, what country seized Shandong and other Pacific islands from the Germans? a. Japan b. England c. France d. Mexico 42. Which of the following is true of the economic relationship between the United States and Mexico by 1910? a. American capitalists owned Mexico’s railroads and mines. b. Porfirio Diaz had begun to nationalize American investments in Mexico. c. American investors had begun to divest themselves of their business interests because of violent, antiAmerican demonstrations. d. Mexico had ceased to be an economic satellite of the United States.

43. Which statement accurately characterizes the relationship between the United States and Great Britain during the late nineteenth century? a. The United States repeatedly rebuffed British attempts to create a more cordial relationship. b. The two nations always seemed to be on the verge of war. c. Great Britain’s bluff and bluster caused irreversible damage to the relationship between the two nations. d. The two nations slowly concluded that the interests of both could best be served by warmer relations.

44. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, relations between the United States and Great Britain . a. remained cool, aloof, and neutral b. were so poor that war at times seemed imminent c. deteriorated into a deep hostility d. became increasingly friendly

45. Discuss the role of ideology and culture in American expansionism and imperialism during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

46. Examine the domestic sources of American expansionism and imperialism in the late nineteenth century.

47. Explain how the economic interests of businesspeople and farmers motivated and shaped America's expansionist foreign policy in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

48. Explain the foreign policy goals and objectives of the foreign policy elite, and explain the elite's impact on American foreign policy in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

49. Discuss the foreign policy goals and objectives of William H. Seward as a member of the Senate (1849−1861) and as .

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Chapter 19 secretary of state (1861−1869), and explain the extent to which his goals were realized by the late 1880s.

50. Discuss the causes and consequences of the Hawaiian crisis of the 1890s.

51. Discuss the causes and consequences of the Venezuelan crisis of 1895.

52. Discuss the underlying and immediate causes of the Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War, and outline the provisions of the Treaty of Paris.

53. Examine the debate between imperialists and anti-imperialists over acquisition of the Philippines, and explain why the imperialists prevailed.

54. Examine and evaluate American policy toward the Philippines from 1898 to 1916.

55. Examine and evaluate American policy toward China in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

56. Compare and contrast American imperialist attitudes toward Asia with that of South America, and discuss whether notions of race and masculinity were applied differently to each region.

57. Trace the points of connection and departure between McKinley's foreign policy and that of his successor.

58. Defend the following statement: "The conduct of American foreign policy between 1877 and 1914 demonstrated tension between two American ideals: (1) the right of people to self-government and (2) America's responsibility to be an 'uplifting' and 'civilizing' influence in the world, sometimes called the mission-of-America idea."

59. Citing specific examples, explain the difference between President Roosevelt's diplomatic style in dealing with the nations of Central America and in dealing with the major powers of Europe and Asia.

60. Trace the history of America's foreign relations with Great Britain between 1865 and 1914, and explain why the two nations grew increasingly to respect and trust each other.

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Chapter 19 Answer Key 1. c 2. b 3. d 4. d 5. c 6. a 7. b 8. a 9. a 10. b 11. b 12. b 13. a 14. d 15. c 16. d 17. a 18. d 19. a 20. b 21. d 22. c 23. a 24. b 25. a .

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Chapter 19 26. c 27. d 28. c 29. c 30. a 31. a 32. c 33. c 34. d 35. b 36. b 37. d 38. d 39. c 40. c 41. a 42. a 43. d 44. d 45. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 19 52. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 20

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. President Wilson responded to the sinking of the Lusitania by a. calling on the German government to cease submarine warfare b. breaking diplomatic relations with Germany c. stopping Americans from traveling on belligerent ships d. demanding that passenger vessels be prohibited from carrying war goods

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2. Which of the following events precipitated the First World War? a. The seizure of Shandong by Japan b. The assassination of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne c. The revelation of the secret German war plan against France d. The exposure of Russian Czar Nicholas II’s affair with his German chambermaid 3. Which of the following events was the immediate cause of Great Britain’s entry into the First World War? a. The Austro-Hungarian invasion of France b. The mobilization of the Russian army c. The German invasion of Belgium d. The declaration of war against Serbia by Austria-Hungary 4. What was President Wilson’s response to the news that the First World War had broken out in Europe? a. He warned the public that a German victory would imperil United States security. b. He issued a proclamation of neutrality and asked Americans to refrain from taking sides. c. He privately told the warring powers that America would remain neutral but said nothing publicly. d. He secretly told American business leaders that he would not restrict their sales to the warring powers.

5. When Serbia called on its Slavic ally Russia for help, . a. they hesitated b. they declared war against Germany c. they took advantage of the war in Europe to seize Shandong d. they in turn looked for backing from their ally France 6. In the early years of the First World War, it was difficult for America to remain neutral because a. the United States had strong economic ties to the Allies. b. most Americans felt the United States should enter the war at once. c. many Wilson administration officials held pro-German sympathies. d. Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan was decidedly pro-British.

7. The Wilson administration came to see American exports to the Allies as a. a contradiction of American ideals. b. necessary to the economic well-being of the United States. c. illegal under international law. d. evidence of the immorality of American business interests.

8. Who was the Commander of the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe? .

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Chapter 20 a. Oswald Garrison Villard b. John J. Pershing c. Paul Kellogg d. Eli Wald 9. Which of the following statements best expresses President Wilson’s belief about America’s place in the world? a. America has an obligation to end intolerance, racism, and bigotry within its society. b. America has a mission to end poverty, homelessness, and unemployment within its society. c. America has a mission to lead the world into a new era of peace based on open diplomacy, free trade, and democratic politics. d. America has a duty to help other nations find the economic and political systems best suited to their cultures.

10. Which of the following beliefs is part of the body of ideas known as Wilsonianism? a. Empires must be dismantled in keeping with the principle of self-determination. b. Democratic nations should build more arms to demonstrate their resolve against autocracy. c. Each nation must protect its own domestic markets through tariff laws. d. Secret agreements among nations are often necessary when national security is involved.

11. Who sent a “peace ship” to Europe to propagandize for a negotiated settlement in the First World War? a. Andrew Carnegie b. Henry Ford c. J.P. Morgan d. John D. Rockefeller 12. The German government decided to engage in unrestricted submarine warfare for which of the following reasons? a. The German government wanted to lure America into the war. b. German spies had incorrectly advised the German government that the United States was mobilizing for war. c. President Wilson had ordered armed American merchant ships to fire on sight at German ships. d. By preventing Allied supply shipments to Great Britain, the German government believed it could win the war before American mobilization.

13. Which of the following caused the Wilson administration to break diplomatic relations with Germany? a. The sinking of the Sussex b. The decision by the German government to engage in unrestricted submarine warfare c. A request from the British prime minister d. The Zimmermann telegram 14. American officials took the Zimmermann telegram seriously because . a. it raised the possibility that German agents might be allowed to operate out of Mexico to propagandize against the United States and even sabotage American properties b. Mexico had a large and well-equipped army c. intelligence information revealed that high-ranking Mexican officials had encouraged the sending of mail bombs to United States congressmen d. Mexican Americans had recently tried to overthrow the governments of several southwestern states .

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Chapter 20 15. By 1920, the United States had become the world’s leading economic power by producing what? a. 40 percent of its coal and 70 percent of its petroleum b. 40 percent of its gas and 70 percent of its petroleum c. 40 percent of its coal, and 70 percent of its gas d. 40 percent of its diesel and 70 percent of its petroleum 16. Which of the following was the immediate cause of President Wilson’s decision to ask for a declaration of war against Germany? a. Pancho Villa’s raid against an American town close to the Mexican border b. The signing of a formal military alliance by Germany and Mexico c. The initiation of terrorist acts by Germans living in the United States d. The sinking of several American ships after Germany’s decision to engage in unrestricted submarine warfare 17. Which was the first woman to sit in Congress and vote against a declaration of war against Germany? a. Jane Addams b. Carrie Chapman Catt c. Jeannette Rankin d. Ida Tarbell 18. In the most general sense, President Wilson decided in favor of American entry into the First World War for which of the following reasons? a. The German-Mexican alliance threatened the security of the United States. b. American munitions manufacturers pushed him in that direction. c. He wanted a peace fashioned in accordance with Wilsonian, and thus American, ideals. d. He wanted to acquire a colonial empire for the United States.

19. The typical American soldier in the First World War was a. married with children b. an African American c. a high-school graduate d. a draftee in his early- to mid-twenties 20. African Americans during the First World War a. were usually assigned to menial labor b. served alongside whites in integrated units c. generally opposed fighting in a white man’s war d. were excluded from the draft

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21. W.E.B. Du Bois and the leadership of the NAACP supported the war against Germany for which of the following reasons? a. The Wilson administration pledged that if they did so, America’s armed forces would be racially integrated. b. They were afraid they would be arrested under the Sedition Act if they did not publicly support the war. c. They did so after a promise from the Joint Chiefs of Staff that African Americans would have equal access to the officer class in all branches of the armed forces. d. They hoped their support of the war and their demonstration of patriotism would help African Americans in .

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Chapter 20 their quest for equality in the United States.

22. Which of the following amendments to the constitution granted women the right to vote? a. 18th Amendment b. 19th Amendment c. 20th Amendment d. 25th Amendment 23. The military outcome of the First World War was decided by a. the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia b. the influx of American men and material into Europe c. the strategic bombing of German factories d. the destroyer campaign against German submarines

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24. How did the federal government raise most of the money for the war effort during the First World War? a. By raising tariff rates b. By raising income taxes c. By imposing a national sales tax d. By borrowing 25. Which of the following acts started the process of mobilizing a wartime economy by raising the surtax on high incomes and corporate profits? a. Espionage Act of 1917 b. Revenue Act of 1916 c. Sedition Act of 1918 d. National Defense Act of 1916 26. The War Industries Board was created . a. to serve as a clearing-house to coordinate the national economy during wartime b. to act as an employment agency to direct workers into war-related industries c. to oversee American corporations to make sure they did not violate antitrust laws d. to oversee and coordinate the work of corporations and universities engaged in weapons research and development 27. What was true of American agriculture during the First World War? a. The trend toward mechanization came to a virtual halt. b. Farmers were forced to reduce acreage to stabilize prices. c. Farmers sank deeper and deeper into debt. d. Gross farm income increased dramatically.

28. The Revenue Act of 1916 . a. increased the tax on munitions manufacturers b. increased the tax on low incomes c. reduced federal taxes on large estates d. reduced the tax on corporate profits .

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Chapter 20 29. American women during the First World War a. worked less outside of the home b. found that sex-segregated occupations were a thing of the past c. moved into jobs that had previously been reserved for men d. went on strike frequently to demand equal wages to men

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30. Which statement is accurate concerning organized labor during the First World War? a. The leadership of the AFL supported the war effort and promised to deter strikes. b. The government actively aided organized labor to ensure that workers received their fair share from excess corporate profits. c. Union membership declined dramatically after the War Industries Board labeled organized labor as subversive. d. The National War Labor Board encouraged management to crush existing unions and prevent the emergence of new unions.

31. Who were known as the “Wobblies”? a. New soldiers uneasy on their feet b. Russian immigrants c. Radical labor activists d. FBI informants during the Red Scare 32. Which statement is most consistent with the Supreme Court’s ruling in Schenck v. U.S.? a. The government’s seizure and operation of the railroad industry is a constitutional use of its wartime powers. b. The government’s prohibition of the manufacture and sale of distilled liquor is a constitutional use of its wartime powers. c. The government can restrict the First Amendment right to free speech in time of war. d. The government has the power to compel young men to serve in the armed forces during time of war.

33. Which of the following contributed to the Red Scare that followed the First World War? a. A wave of postwar strikes b. Protests on college campuses c. The discovery of Communist agents within the government d. The dramatic growth of the Communist Labor Party 34. Which statement is accurate concerning the steelworkers’ strike in 1919? a. The strike was an attempt by Samuel Gompers to call in the debt he felt President Wilson owed him. b. The workers were reacting to appeals from nonunion radicals who advocated a workers’ revolution. c. The strike was an indication of Communist influence within union leadership. d. The workers were attempting to gain the right to collective bargaining, a shorter workday, and better wages.

35. At the time of the Red Scare, the American left . a. had virtually taken over the American Federation of Labor b. was becoming highly organized c. was part of a well-planned conspiracy to overthrow the United States government .

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Chapter 20 d. was badly splintered 36. Which of the following is true of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer? a. He strongly encouraged Wilson to resign the presidency after his stroke. b. He sought to achieve equal rights and opportunities for African Americans during the war. c. In the “Palmer raids” of 1920, he disregarded basic civil liberties. d. He instituted suits against corporations that had made excessive profits on war contracts.

37. Which of the following was a consequence of the northward migration of African Americans during the First World War? a. Segregation was eliminated in the North. b. African Americans sought and gained appointment to high political positions. c. Northern resentment led to numerous race riots in northern cities. d. The South suffered severe economic dislocation.

38. President Wilson sent thousands of troops to Russia in 1918 to a. subvert the new Russian Bolshevik government b. act as a peacekeeping force in the Russian civil war c. aid the new Russian government against Japanese aggression d. counter Russian aggression against Hungary and Czechoslovakia

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39. Which of the following is true of the 1918 congressional elections? a. The results greatly enhanced the possibility that the Senate would accept a peace agreement based on Wilsonian principles. b. The results clearly indicated the voting public’s approval of Wilson’s Fourteen Points. c. Republicans gained control of both houses of Congress shortly before Wilson’s departure for the Paris Peace Conference. d. Because of significant Republican gains in both the House and the Senate, Wilson was practically forced to invite Republican congressional leaders to accompany him to Paris.

40. What was the Balfour Declaration? a. Great Britain's pledge to protect Lebanon and Syria b. Great Britain's promise to create a homeland for the Jewish people in Palestine without prejudice to the rights of existing non-Jewish communities c. Great Britain's decision to grant independence to India d. Great Britain's promise to grant independence to all its African colonies by the end of the twentieth century 41. What was the result of Paris Peace Conference? a. The Allies applied the principle of self-determination to all former colonial empires. b. The Allies established free trade among all of the world's industrialized nations. c. The Allies accepted Wilson's arguments in favor of a small indemnity against Germany. d. The Allies created a chain of pro-Western buffer states around Russia.

42. Which of the following did Wilson believe to be the most important part of the League Covenant? a. The agreement to outlaw war .

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Chapter 20 b. The provision for collective security c. The council of five permanent members d. The World Court 43. Which of the following was one of the Lodge reservations to the Treaty of Versailles? a. The provision affirming the racial equality of all people should be stricken from the treaty and from the League Covenant. b. Any American obligation to use armed force to ensure collective security should require congressional approval. c. The League of Nations should not have jurisdiction over the domestic matters of any member state. d. The Monroe Doctrine should be exempt from the jurisdiction of the League of Nations.

44. Who were the “Irreconcilables”? a. Democrats who agreed to a set of compromises to prevent the Senate from rejecting the Treaty of Versailles. b. Career diplomats who conducted a nationwide speaking tour to rally public support behind the Treaty of Versailles. c. Senators who were determined to defeat the Treaty of Versailles with or without the Lodge reservations. d. Wilson administration officials who were determined to prevent any concessions to opponents of the Treaty of Versailles.

45. Taking all things into consideration, which of the following is the most important reason for the Senate’s defeat of the Treaty of Versailles and United States membership in the League of Nations? a. Wilson was unable to lobby effectively for the treaty because of his stroke and subsequent incapacitation. b. Americans were unwilling to abandon the nation’s traditional attachment to nonalignment and freedom of choice in international affairs. c. Wilson’s refusal to compromise with his opponents in the Senate doomed the treaty. d. The treaty was condemned to defeat because of the bitter personal feud between Wilson and Senator Henry Cabot Lodge.

46. As a result of the First World War, . a. the American people were united behind a common vision and goal b. American industry expanded c. progressivism regained its foothold in the government d. decolonization placed America at a disadvantage in the competition for foreign markets

47. Discuss the various factors that prevented America from remaining truly neutral during the First World War, and explain how British and German naval policies eventually drew the United States into the conflict.

48. Discuss the nature and extent of the American peace movement, and explain its failure to prevent American entry into the First World War. 49. Discuss the characteristics of American draftees and volunteers and their lives as soldiers during the First World War. What attempts were made to protect the virtue of American soldiers? Why? How successful were those attempts?

50. Examine the assertion that the federal government and private business became partners during the First World War. .

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Chapter 20 What impact did this partnership have on the war effort and on the economic development of the United States?

51. Examine the impact of the First World War on American laborers in general and on organized labor in particular.

52. Examine the impact of the First World War on American women.

53. Examine the impact of the First World War on African Americans and on race relations in the United States.

54. Describe the life of a typical soldier in World War I, from draft to battlefield.

55. Explain the underlying and immediate causes of the Red Scare, and trace the course of antiradicalism in the United States in the immediate aftermath of the First World War. 56. Outline the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles, and explain the similarities and differences between the treaty and Wilson's Fourteen Points.

57. Discuss the Palmer Raids in the context of each of the following: the Bolshevik Revolution; race relations in the United States; labor unions.

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Chapter 20 Answer Key 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. b 5. d 6. a 7. b 8. b 9. c 10. a 11. b 12. d 13. b 14. a 15. a 16. d 17. c 18. c 19. d 20. a 21. d 22. b 23. b 24. d 25. b .

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Chapter 20 26. a 27. d 28. a 29. c 30. a 31. c 32. c 33. a 34. d 35. d 36. c 37. c 38. a 39. c 40. b 41. d 42. b 43. b 44. c 45. b 46. b 47. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 20 52. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 21

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. The new consumerism between 1922 and 1929 was fueled mostly by a. installment plans. b. declining prices. c. the advent of department stores. d. modern advertising.

2. For the American economy, the period after World War I into 1922 was a time of a. declining farm prices and rapidly rising unemployment. b. increasing exports and heavy consumer spending. c. record investment spending and rising prices. d. low unemployment and double-digit inflation.

3. What caused Americans to be blinded to increasing debt and uneven prosperity? a. Consumer culture that dominated Hollywood films b. Concerns over national defense c. European political squabbles d. International affairs 4. Which of the following statements best expresses the Supreme Court’s ruling in Coronado Coal Company v. United Mine Workers? a. A striking union can be prosecuted for illegal restraint of trade. b. A corporation can be prosecuted for directing a hired security force to use violence against a striking union. c. A corporation can be prosecuted for not allowing its workers to organize into a union. d. A striking union can be prosecuted for encouraging violent tactics.

5. The Supreme Court’s ruling in Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Company . a. overturned a minimum-wage law for women b. upheld mandatory retirement policies c. established the precedent that a striking union could be prosecuted for illegal restraint of trade d. voided restrictions on child labor 6. Which of the following was true of the Justice Department during the 1920s? a. It was the target of a congressional investigation concerning the harassment of dissidents. b. It was the branch of the federal government that most assertively enforced liberal reform measures. c. In a setback for organized labor, it helped end a nationwide strike by miners. d. It supported the right of state governments to regulate business corporations in particular ways.

7. What does welfare capitalism refer to? a. Policies adopted by some companies of offering benefits such as profit sharing and pension plans to their employees in an effort to make unions less appealing b. The nationalization of all industry c. The public ownership of utilities and all means of transportation d. Tax breaks for corporations .

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Chapter 21 8.

President Warren G. Harding . a. sought the repeal of all federal regulatory legislation b. initiated a long era of Democratic party dominance c. appointed a head of the Veterans Bureau who was later convicted of fraud and bribery d. appointed excellent Supreme Court Justices

9. Which of the following was one of Harding’s major problems as president? a. He could not work with Congress. b. He was too liberal. c. He sought military solutions to most international problems. d. He appointed friends to government positions who, through bribery and fraud, used their offices for personal gain.

10. President Calvin Coolidge . a. raised tax rates on incomes over $50,000 b. engaged in deficit spending c. vetoed bills that would have established government-backed price supports for staple crops d. supported attempts to enforce antitrust laws more strictly 11. At their party’s 1924 national convention, Democrats a. nominated Robert La Follette as a compromise candidate b. approved a resolution calling for an end to Prohibition c. failed to pass a resolution condemning the Teapot Dome scandal d. failed to pass a resolution condemning the Ku Klux Klan

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12. Which of the following is true of progressive reform in the 1920s? a. Both social and political reforms were enacted at the state and local levels. b. The government-owned hydroelectric power project at Muscle Shoals, Alabama was sold to private interests. c. Major federal regulatory agencies were dismantled. d. The federal government stepped up its antitrust activity.

13. Which of the following is true of the League of Women Voters during the 1920s? a. It joined with organizations composed of African American women to fight for the rights of minority women. b. It supported legislation to improve working conditions for employed women. c. It encouraged women to engage in bloc voting. d. It became the champion of feminism by campaigning for an Equal Rights Amendment to guarantee women’s equality with men in all parts of society.

14. Which of the following is true of the National Woman’s Party during the 1920s? a. It joined with organizations composed of African American women to fight for the rights of minority women. b. It campaigned tirelessly for enactment of sex-based labor legislation to protect employed working-class women. c. It campaigned for a constitutional amendment to guarantee women’s equality with men under the law. d. It encouraged women to engage in bloc voting. .

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Chapter 21 15. Which facet of the economy suffered most in the west after the First World War? a. Railroads and mining industry b. Import and export shipping c. The agriculture industry d. Cottage industry 16. In the 1920s, the ultimate symbol of social equality was the a. washing machine b. radio c. house with electricity d. automobile

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17. After the First World War demobilized soldiers, the workplace was flooded and unemployment jumped to a high of in 1921. a. 20 percent b. 12 percent c. 30 percent d. 2 percent 18. Which of the following statements is most consistent with the philosophy of Marcus Garvey’s Universal Negro Improvement Association? a. African Americans should demand integration in all areas of American society. b. African Americans should separate themselves from corrupt white American society. c. African Americans must elect their own candidates to state and national offices in order to become an integral part of white society. d. African Americans must prove their ability at manual jobs in order to achieve upward mobility.

19. The Universal Negro Improvement Association declined in the mid-1920s for which of the following reasons? a. The Black Star steamship line went bankrupt and Marcus Garvey was deported for mail fraud. b. The death of Marcus Garvey deprived the association of its persuasive and charismatic leader. c. Investigations revealed that the Black Star shipping line was engaged in smuggling. d. Poor African Americans, feeling exploited by Marcus Garvey, began to reject the UNIA’s radical agenda.

20. What caused the great influx of Puerto Rican citizens to the mainland United States in the 1920s? a. The brutality of military rule in Puerto Rico b. A shift in the Puerto Rican economy from sugar to coffee production c. Positive encouragement from Puerto Ricans already living on the mainland d. Federal financing for Puerto Ricans who wanted to come to the mainland 21. As a result of the growth of the suburbs, a. the boundaries of most central cities expanded as they annexed outlying areas b. the peer group’s influence on children began to decline while the family’s influence increased c. pollution and trash were spread over a larger area d. nonwhites were able to escape the overcrowding of the inner-city ghettos .

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Chapter 21 22. Which of the following became a standard job benefit for white-collar workers in the 1920s? a. A company car b. Annual vacations c. Company-sponsored day-care centers d. Dental insurance 23. Which of the following is true of family life in the 1920s? a. Parental influence increased. b. The percentage of families with five or more children increased. c. Family members devoted more time to family tasks. d. The divorce rate rose.

24. New domestic technology changed the role of housewives in which of the following ways? a. Housewives began to be seen as specialists in certain tasks. b. Fewer child-raising responsibilities were placed on the housewife. c. Management of the household became more of a shared family responsibility. d. The housewife became the family’s chief shopper rather than its chief producer.

25. By the early 1930s, the increase in life expectancy and the accompanying increase in the number of elderly Americans caused what to occur? a. The federal government established a national program of old-age insurance. b. State governments began to provide assistance to the needy elderly. c. Most corporations began offering retirement plans to their employees. d. The federal government established a comprehensive retirement plan for federal employees.

26. Beginning in the 1920s, the constancy with which same-age children were brought together in graded school classes, sports, and clubs . a. made the transition to adolescence easy for most children b. increased the importance of the peer group in socializing children c. made children more accepting of their parents d. reduced the self-esteem of most children 27. Which of the following is true of women in the work force in the 1920s? a. Women began moving into occupations previously restricted to men. b. Married women made up the majority of women workers by the end of the decade. c. Married women joined the work force in increasing numbers. d. Sex segregation in the workplace became less noticeable.

28. The Ku Klux Klan of the early 1920s . a. was anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic, anti-Jewish, and anti-black b. was confined to the Deep South c. repudiated the vigilante tactics of previous years d. appealed to fewer people than in previous years .

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Chapter 21 29. The Sacco and Vanzetti case . a. reflected a growing resistance to reactionary, racist organizations b. revealed that political and ethnic biases extended to the courts c. proved African Americans could not be guaranteed a fair trial in the South d. revealed that the Red Scare had disappeared 30. Immigration quotas established by Congress in the 1920s a. reflected a desire to increase immigration b. favored northern Europeans c. were opposed by labor unions d. were opposed by business executives

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31. The National Origins Act of 1927 . a. allowed Europeans to freely immigrate to the United States, except for those who were defined as potential paupers b. based immigration quotas on the 1890 census c. was the first immigration act to exempt individuals with desirable professions from immigration quotas d. did not establish quotas for immigrants from the Western Hemisphere 32. Modernists claimed victory in the Scopes trial because . a. they believed the testimony in the trial proved fundamentalism to be illogical b. they believed that William Jennings Bryan’s eloquent defense of academic freedom led to greater national acceptance of that concept c. the Supreme Court subsequently overturned the conviction of John Scopes d. the state of Tennessee repealed its law prohibiting public-school instructors from teaching the theory of evolution 33. Which of the following is true of racist, nativist, and fundamentalist groups in the 1920s? a. Such groups engaged in terrorist acts with the ultimate aim of overthrowing the U.S. government. b. Almost all of the members of such groups were from poor, depressed rural areas. c. Congress labeled such groups as subversive and required their members to register with the U.S. government. d. The members of such groups were attempting to defend the older values associated with the late nineteenth century against the materialism and rapid social change of the 1920s.

34. Which of the following male icons was a reflection of the sexual liberalities of the 1920s? a. Charlie Chaplin b. Charles Lindbergh c. Rudolph Valentino d. Bobby Jones 35. Called “The Lone Eagle,” he and was the most notable news hero of the 1920s: a. Floyd Collins b. Jack Dempsey c. Charles A. Lindbergh d. John Scopes .

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Chapter 21 36. Which factor contributed to the failure of Prohibition? a. It became obvious that the “noble experiment” caused serious economic problems. b. Enforcement of prohibition laws was lax at both the federal and state levels. c. Americans became disillusioned with Prohibition once they recognized that it was linked to organized crime. d. It was completely outside the traditional American value system.

37. What was the common lament expressed by writers such as Ernest Hemingway, Ezra Pound, and T.S. Eliot? a. The preoccupation with money in American society b. The decline of intellect c. The decline of manhood d. The sexual liberation of women 38. Many of the writers of the Harlem Renaissance . a. accepted the accommodationist approach of Booker T. Washington b. expressed the same feelings as those expressed by the white “Lost Generation” writers c. rejected their African heritage d. rejected white culture and exalted the “New Negro” 39. Which of the following is considered America’s most distinctive art form? a. Jazz b. Motion pictures c. Musical comedy d. Ragtime 40. What feature of the 1928 presidential election had the greatest significance for the future of the Democratic party? a. The Republican candidate made significant inroads in the South. b. The Republican candidate captured the women’s vote. c. The Democratic candidate carried the nation’s twelve largest cities. d. The Democratic candidate captured a majority of the African American vote.

41. After the First World War demobilized soldiers, the workplace was flooded and unemployment jumped to a high of in 1921. a. 20 percent b. 12 percent c. 30 percent d. 2 percent 42. Which of the following factors contributed to the Great Depression? a. Risky stock market speculation b. A high rate of inflation c. The elimination of protective tariffs d. A large and growing federal deficit 43. Which of the following was true of many American businesses in 1929? .

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Chapter 21 a. In anticipation of an economic downturn in the 1930s, they had significantly reduced their inventories. b. Having misrepresented their assets to obtain loans, they were overburdened with debt. c. They enjoyed relatively high profits because of the expansion of foreign markets. d. They incurred heavy losses of capital by shifting their investments from the United States stock market to less profitable European markets.

44. Why did European nations begin to default on repaying their debts to the United States in the late 1920s? a. They had begun massive rearmament programs. b. They were experiencing severe inflation. c. They were pouring massive sums into social welfare programs. d. They depended on reparations payments from Germany to pay their loans and, since American banks had stopped making loans to Germany, those reparations payments ceased.

45. Which of the following best expresses the prevailing thought in 1929 concerning economic depressions? a. Massive government aid to business is the best way to overcome a depression. b. Economic downturns are natural and simply must be allowed to run their course. c. The proper course during a depression is to lower tariff levels and raise taxes. d. The key to overcoming a depression is to raise interest rates.

46. Those who called themselves isolationists wanted to . a. withdraw from foreign affairs b. close all foreign diplomatic missions c. stay out of Europe’s political squabbles and military alliances so that the United States would not be dragged into war d. place an embargo on foreign trade 47. Which of the following statements accurately characterizes the American response to Europe in the years immediately following the First World War? a. The United States government announced a fifteen-year postponement of all Allied debts. b. The United States government generously canceled the Allied debts. c. The United States government pressed for debt payment from France but not from Great Britain. d. Private American charities and official relief programs provided massive amounts of foodstuffs to needy Europeans.

48. Which of the following statements concerning the conduct of United States foreign policy during the 1920s is correct? a. American officials discreetly participated in meetings of the League of Nations. b. The United States belatedly joined the League of Nations. c. American diplomats showed no interest in the activities of the League of Nations. d. The United States joined the World Court in Geneva.

49. During which span of years did Europe suffer from tens of millions of deaths as the result of world war, civil war, and an influenza epidemic? a. 1920 to 1935 b. 1930 to 1950 c. 1914 to 1924 .

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Chapter 21 d. 1900 to 1915 50. Which of the following is true of the Kellogg-Briand Pact? a. It committed the United States to a defensive alliance with France. b. It stated that the nations signing it renounced war as an instrument of national policy. c. It linked the nations of the Western Hemisphere in a defensive alliance. d. It committed the nations signing it to substantial reductions in their armed forces.

51. Which of the following is true of America’s economic relations with the rest of the world during the 1920s? a. American overseas investments increased substantially. b. The nation suffered from an adverse balance of trade. c. The nation experienced a reduction in its foreign trade. d. The United States organized and supported the World Bank.

52. Which facet of the economy suffered in the west after the First World War? a. Railroads and mining industry b. Import and export shipping c. The agriculture industry d. Cottage industry 53. The Dawes Plan . a. reduced Germany’s annual reparations payments b. shortened the time period for German repayment of reparations debts c. canceled Germany’s war debts d. stopped American loans to Germany until all past-due reparations payments were made 54. Which of the following is true of the Johnson Act, as passed by Congress in 1934? a. The act forbade the government from extending loans to foreign governments that were in default on debts owed to the United States. b. By the terms of the act, the United States returned to the gold standard. c. The act declared a moratorium on war debts owed to the United States. d. Through the act, American banks were permitted to open foreign branch banks.

55. Discuss the relationship between American business interests and the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the federal government during the 1920s.

56. Explain the nature and extent of reform at the state and local levels during the 1920s.

57. Explain the emergence and expansion of the consumer society during the 1920s, and discuss the social and economic impact of consumerism and modern advertising on Americans, their institutions, and their values.

58. Discuss the impact of the automobile on the American family, the American economy, and American values during the 1920s.

59. Discuss the philosophy espoused by Marcus Garvey, and explain his rise and ultimate decline as an influential African .

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Chapter 21 American leader during the 1920s.

60. Explain the influx of Mexican and Puerto Rican immigrants into the United States during the 1920s, and discuss the characteristics of their lives.

61. Examine the changes that took place in the American family and its individual members during the 1920s.

62. Discuss the impact of change during the 1920s on the American value system.

63. Explain the entry of women in increasing numbers into the American labor force during the 1920s, and discuss the extent to which new opportunities and lifestyles became available to women during that period.

64. Discuss the philosophy espoused by the revived Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s, and explain the growth and subsequent demise of this reactionary organization.

65. Analyze the ways in which Scopes Trial represented ideological shifts and conflicts in 1920s America.

66. Discuss the leisure-time activities of Americans during the 1920s.

67. Discuss the ways in which consumerism led to a new sense of the heroic, and what types of heroes emerged as a result of mass culture.

68. Discuss the impact of Prohibition on Americans and their society during the 1920s, and explain the failure of "the noble experiment."

69. Discuss the major themes and ideas expressed by the African American intellectuals and artists who participated in the Harlem Renaissance.

70. Discuss the issues and personalities in the 1928 presidential campaign, and explain the outcome of the election.

71. Explain the weaknesses in the American economic system that caused the 1929 stock market crash and subsequently led to the Great Depression.

72. Discuss American efforts to create a stable, orderly, and peaceful world in the interwar years.

73. Discuss the international economic policies of the United States from 1918 to the beginning of the Great Depression, and explain why those policies failed to sustain a healthy world economy.

74. Discuss the American policy toward the war debts and reparations issue after the First World War, and explain the consequences of that policy.

75. Explain the means by which the United States maintained its dominance over Latin America between the World Wars.

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Chapter 21 Answer Key 1. a 2. a 3. a 4. a 5. d 6. c 7. a 8. c 9. d 10. c 11. d 12. a 13. b 14. c 15. a 16. d 17. b 18. b 19. a 20. b 21. c 22. b 23. d 24. d 25. b .

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Chapter 21 26. b 27. c 28. a 29. b 30. b 31. d 32. a 33. d 34. d 35. c 36. b 37. a 38. d 39. a 40. c 41. b 42. a 43. b 44. d 45. b 46. c 47. d 48. a 49. c 50. b 51. a .

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Chapter 21 52. a 53. a 54. a 55. Answers will vary.

56. Answers will vary.

57. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 22

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. Between 1929 and 1933, many American farmers tried to make up for the low prices offered for farm goods by . a. increasing production b. decreasing production c. withdrawing their crops from the market d. exporting their surplus crops 2. Which of the following is true of African-American workers in the early 1930s? a. Laws were passed in several southern states making it illegal to hire an African American for a job if there was also a white applicant. b. African Americans living in the South generally fared better in finding employment than those living in other regions. c. Many African Americans joined the militant Black Shirts organization, which advocated the violent overthrow of the American government. d. African American workers in the North usually found that as industry cut production, they were the first to be fired.

3. In the early 1930s, both Mexican Americans and Mexican nationals working in the United States . a. continued to provide a docile, reliable farm labor force in the American Southwest b. were sometimes subjected to deportation by the U.S. government c. benefited significantly from the AAA d. steadily replaced whites in California’s migratory work force 4. During the depression, many argued that women in the workplace deprived male breadwinners of jobs. Was this argument valid? Why or why not? a. Yes, because women were willing to work for lower wages than men. b. Yes, because in the 1920s, women had moved into many previously male-dominated jobs. c. No, because women were heavily concentrated in particular occupations dominated by women. d. No, because most women lost their jobs as the depression intensified.

5. Urban school systems in the early 1930s frequently a. did not have kindergarten programs b. reduced the school year to six months due to budgetary concerns c. refused to hire married women as teachers d. offered free after-school day-care programs

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6. What was true of female employment during the 1930s? a. The number of women working outside the home increased throughout the decade. b. Women employed in low-wage manufacturing jobs were far more secure than women employed in domestic service. c. Women often found that employers were more willing to hire them than men because of the higher productivity rate of women. d. Unemployment in “women’s jobs” remained significantly higher throughout the decade than unemployment in .

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Chapter 22 “men's jobs.”

7. In response to the depression, many prominent business leaders . a. advocated using Mussolini’s reforms in Italy as the model for establishing a corporatist society b. believed that economic downturns were a beneficial and natural part of the business cycle and simply should be allowed to run their course c. advised President Hoover to rigidly enforce antitrust laws in order to restore competition d. actively campaigned for the implementation of a federal jobs program 8. The President’s Organization on Unemployment Relief (POUR) a. oversaw the distribution of surplus food to the unemployed b. studied the problem of joblessness and recommend a corrective course of action c. provided funds for businesses to rehire workers d. generated private contributions for relief of the destitute

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9. What is the best explanation of the contradiction contained in Hoover’s approach to the depression? a. He authorized the use of federal funds to feed drought-stricken livestock, yet he rejected the use of federal money to feed impoverished farm families. b. He encouraged people to save, but his tax policies promoted spending. c. He sought to increase taxes, yet he argued in favor of deficit spending. d. He sought to reduce taxes, yet he argued that a balanced budget was essential.

10. The Hawley-Smoot Tariff . a. weakened the economy because other nations raised their tariff rates in response b. strengthened the economy by keeping foreign goods out of the country c. strengthened the economy by stimulating competition that brought prices down d. weakened the economy by making foreign products cheaper than American products 11. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation was designed to provide a. direct relief to the unemployed b. direct loans to the unemployed c. federal loans to homeowners who could not pay their mortgages d. federal loans to banks, insurance companies, and railroads

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12. The primary objective of the Farmers’ Holiday Association was to a. keep farm products off the market in order to limit the supply and drive prices up b. obtain compensation for untilled acreage c. obtain legislation requiring the government to buy up farm surpluses d. convince the government to guarantee farm mortgages 13. The Bonus Expeditionary Force was composed of a. radical agitators b. unemployed veterans of the First World War c. college students d. dispossessed farmers

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Chapter 22 14. Which committee distributed food only to those who were at least 10 percent below the normal weight and height in West Virginia and Kentucky? a. Committee of Environment and Public Works b. Public Service Committee c. American Friends Service Committee d. Congressional committee 15. The banking crisis that began in the United States in 1929 was caused in part by . a. the Federal Reserve Board’s decision to raise the discount rate several times during the previous year b. enactment of legislation during the Coolidge administration to impose higher taxes on interest income c. risky loans made during the 1920s d. the collapse of the World Bank 16. What was true of the Emergency Banking Relief Act? a. It provided for the complete separation of commercial banking from investment banking. b. It provided for federally insured deposits in reopened banks. c. It put the responsibility for reopening banks into the hands of state examining boards. d. It provided for the reopening of banks that were solvent and the reorganization of those that were not.

17. How did the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 seek to promote economic recovery? a. Through an aggressive tax cut b. By nationalizing the coal industry c. By allowing businesses to cooperate in limiting production, establishing prices, and setting workers’ wages d. Through the establishment of a federal welfare program 18. After passage of the National Industrial Recovery Act, the Roosevelt administration . a. called upon consumers to boycott businesses that did not display the National Recovery Administration’s symbol, the Blue Eagle b. announced that businesses that did not comply with the provisions of the act would be prosecuted c. announced that minority-owned businesses were exempt from the provisions of the act d. selected small-business representatives and consumer representatives to write the industry-wide codes required under the act 19. Which newspaper in November 1932 told its readers that one-sixth of the American population risked starvation over the coming winter? a. The Nation b. The New Hampshire Gazette c. The Washington Post d. The New York Times 20. Why did the industrial recovery program under the National Industrial Recovery Act come to an end in 1935? a. Roosevelt decided it was a failure and refused to continue it. b. The Supreme Court ruled it to be unconstitutional. c. Congress refused to appropriate more money to allow it to continue. .

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Chapter 22 d. Roosevelt abandoned it because of increasing opposition from businessmen.

21. The Agricultural Adjustment Act attempted to restore the purchasing power of farmers by encouraging them to . a. purchase more efficient farm equipment b. increase their production of foodstuffs c. limit their production of specific crops d. donate their surplus crops to the unemployed 22. What was a consequence of the AAA? a. It resulted in the removal of many southern sharecroppers from the land they had lived on and worked. b. It caused many Midwestern farmers to go bankrupt and lose their land. c. It allowed the “Okies” and “Arkies” to obtain their own farmland. d. It guaranteed that agricultural experts would help solve the problem of soil erosion in the Plains.

23. Which statement is correct concerning the application of New Deal laws and programs to women? a. Under the 1935 Social Security Act, women in agriculture and domestic service were given special benefits not offered to men. b. The minimum wage established by the NRA codes applied equally to men and women. c. Women were not eligible for employment in the Civilian Conservation Corps. d. The maximum-hour provisions mandated by the NRA did not apply to women workers.

24. Which of the following is true of the Public Works Administration, funded through the National Industrial Recovery Act? a. It provided employment for men in the construction industry and building trades, and pumped money into the economy. b. It was designed primarily to save financial institutions and railroads. c. It was clear evidence that Roosevelt did not understand basic economic theory. d. It was implemented without deficit spending.

25. The American Liberty League . a. criticized the New Deal for ignoring the needs of minorities b. secretly funded racist propaganda to undercut the New Deal c. lobbied to establish a minimum wage for all American workers d. supported the New Deal by implying that critics of the Roosevelt administration were unpatriotic 26. In his weekly radio sermons, Father Charles Coughlin . a. advocated the violent overthrow of the government of the United States b. told his listeners that the New Deal was divinely inspired c. praised the Roosevelt administration for having adopted the tenets of socialism d. blamed the depression on an international conspiracy of Jewish bankers 27. Dr. Francis E. Townsend advocated for . a. government payments of $200 per month to all citizens over age sixty b. free food and shelter for families headed by unemployed males who would agree to enroll in a government.

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Chapter 22 financed job-training program c. fifty-acre land grants to dispossessed farmers who would agree to give 10 percent of their first-year profits to the government d. enactment of a government-financed medical insurance plan for all citizens over age sixty 28. Huey Long’s Share Our Wealth Society advocated for . a. government ownership and control of all banks b. that the government should provide a guaranteed annual income to each American family c. a national health insurance plan d. federal education subsidies to all families with college-age children 29. Authors associated with the Federal Writers Project . a. collected and published the stories of many freed slaves b. primarily dealt with the trials and tribulations of wealthy Americans in the works they wrote c. had to adhere to strict language and story-line restrictions established by the Works Projects Administration d. were usually critical of Roosevelt and the New Deal 30. What was true of the Social Security Act of 1935? a. The act’s unemployment compensation system was fully funded by workers and received no contributions from employers and no tax revenues. b. The law covered farm workers and domestic servants as well as blue- and white-collar workers. c. Workers and employers, not the government, paid for old-age benefits. d. The more workers earned, the higher rate of tax they paid.

31. While campaigning for reelection in 1936, Roosevelt . a. spoke out against corporate power and greed and advocated higher corporate taxes b. tried to gain support of corporations by offering tax breaks c. made business the government’s ally by promising to name top executives to key cabinet posts d. began a propaganda campaign to build support for nationalizing key industries 32. Who criticized the New Deal for trying to save capitalism? a. Father Charles Coughlin b. The Popular Front c. Francis Perkins d. The American Liberty League 33. Which of the following groups would be least likely to belong to the New Deal coalition? a. Members of the urban working class b. Wealthy businesspeople c. African Americans in northern cities d. Members of organized labor 34. During the worst years of the depression, American employers responded to workers’ attempts to unionize in what way? a. They often encouraged workers to organize by industry rather than by trade or craft. .

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Chapter 22 b. Most supported legislation at the state and national levels to outlaw unions. c. They often refused to recognize unions, and some even tried to intimidate workers by hiring armed thugs. d. They publicly acknowledged that trade unions benefited both labor and management because they kept the lines of communication open between the two.

35. Which of the following was true of the National Labor Relations (Wagner) Act? a. It guaranteed that workers would be paid a nationally established minimum wage. b. It granted workers the right to unionize and bargain collectively with management. c. It gave the president the power to end strikes that threatened the national interest. d. It authorized the president to mediate between business and labor in strikes lasting longer than ninety days.

36. What was the enforcement arm of the National Labor Relations Act called? a. The Committee of Industrial Organizations b. The Bureau of Labor and Management Affairs c. The National Labor Relations Board d. The Work Projects Administration 37. The industrial unions that came to power in the 1930s a. consisted of skilled workers in a particular trade b. ultimately lost in their struggle against traditional craft unions c. organized the workers in each separate factory into a separate, independent union d. represented all the workers within a certain industry, both skilled and unskilled 38. The Congress of Industrial Organizations differed from the American Federation of Labor in which of the following ways? a. The CIO was composed of skilled workers only, whereas the AFL opened its membership to all workers. b. The CIO allowed women and nonwhites as members, whereas the AFL did not. c. The CIO pursued practical objectives such as better wages, whereas the AFL pursued a socialist agenda. d. The CIO excluded farm workers, whereas the AFL did not.

39. Which of the following was a consequence of the 1936 United Auto Workers’ strike against General Motors? a. General Motors ultimately agreed to recognize the union. b. General Motors mobilized public opinion against the union and the strike was broken. c. With help from the National Guard, General Motors ultimately crushed the strike. d. The union movement suffered a severe setback because of the association the public made between the United Auto Workers and the Community Party.

40. As a result of the construction of large multipurpose dams during the New Deal era, the federal government . a. attempted to foster the growth of family farms at the expense of large factory farms b. gained a great deal of influence over the future of the West by gaining control of much of the water and hydroelectric power in the region c. used public money to benefit large corporate giants engaged in generating hydroelectric power d. demonstrated its concern for protecting the ecosystems associated with western river systems .

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Chapter 22 41. Who was the first woman Cabinet member who served as Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945? a. Patricia Roberts Harris b. Lilly Ledbetter c. Madeleine Albright d. Frances Perkins 42. Which of the following is true of the Tennessee Valley Authority? a. It did not bring about the economic revitalization of the Tennessee Valley and serves as a classic example of pork-barrel legislation. b. It degraded the water by dumping waste and pollutants into rivers and streams. c. Through its educational programs relating to soil management, it prevented further soil erosion in the vast area of the Tennessee Valley. d. It was the first step in the federal government’s attempt to nationalize public-power facilities throughout the United States.

43. Which of the following was instrumental in helping to create a more homogenous mass culture during the 1930s? a. Compulsory school-attendance laws b. Television c. Political conventions d. The radio 44. An ironic twist to Roosevelt’s court-packing plan was that . a. when Roosevelt finally did get to appoint several justices, they consistently voted against his wishes b. Republicans supported the measure more enthusiastically than did Democrats c. although the measure failed, the Supreme Court nonetheless began to render pro-New Deal decisions d. two of the justices who had been pro-Roosevelt resigned in protest 45. Who was the head of United Mine Workers and the nation’s most prominent labor leader, who resigned as Vice President of the AFL in 1935? a. James Hoffa b. Joseph Yablonski c. William Davis d. John L. Lewis 46. President Roosevelt responded to the 1937−1939 recession by a. proposing a substantial tax cut b. increasing the nation’s tariffs c. increasing the gold value of the dollar d. reviving deficit spending

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47. Which of the following was the most important factor in Roosevelt’s decision to seek a third term? a. The worsening depression b. His strong dislike for Wendell Willkie c. The rise of an aggressive Germany under the leadership of Adolf Hitler d. His desire to balance the budget before leaving office .

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Chapter 22 48. Which of the following factors limited the gains made by nonwhite Americans under the New Deal? a. Conservative rulings by the Supreme Court in cases such as that of the Scottsboro Boys b. Roosevelt’s fear that the public would link him with militant black activists if he supported programs primarily designed to help nonwhites c. Roosevelt’s naïve belief that the New Deal was race neutral d. President Roosevelt’s need for support from southern Democrats to secure passage of his legislative program 49. African Americans supported Franklin Roosevelt for which of the following reasons? a. Roosevelt’s New Deal relief programs helped many African Americans in their struggle for economic survival. b. Roosevelt endorsed congressional enactment of a federal antilynching law. c. Congress enacted legislation abolishing the poll tax at Roosevelt’s insistence. d. Roosevelt’s Justice Department supported the NAACP in its legal challenges against Jim Crow laws in the southern states.

50. Which amendment was ratified in 1933 and caused the president elected in 1932 to not take office until March 1933? a. Bricker Amendment b. Ludlow Amendment c. Lame Duck Amendment d. Flag Desecration Amendment 51. Which of the following finally ended the depression? a. The delayed impact of the Second New Deal b. The restoration of business confidence that came with the end of the New Deal c. A tremendous increase in exports to Britain and France after the Second World War began d. The massive government spending that accompanied the Second World War 52. Which bill introduced by Roosevelt was passed sight unseen by unanimous House vote, approved 73 to 7 in the Senate, and signed into law on the same day? a. Economic Expansion b. Agriculture Industry c. Economic Decline d. Emergency Banking Relief Bill 53. In reference to the problems associated with world trade in the early 1930s, Secretary of State Cordell Hull believed which of the following to be the “king of evils?” a. The international gold standard b. The Federal Reserve System c. The protective tariff d. The League of Nations 54. Under the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934, the president was allocated the power to a. reduce American tariffs through special agreements with other nations b. participate in economic conferences and agreements sponsored by the League of Nations .

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Chapter 22 c. join international economic boycotts against nations engaging in aggression d. authorize American companies to enter into binding trade agreements with foreign companies 55. The depression-era homeless poured into shantytowns called, in an ironic tribute to a former president, “ a. hoovervilles b. hobotowns c. gypsy camps d. spikes

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56. President Roosevelt approved diplomatic recognition of the Soviet government because he . a. had a lifelong fascination with Russian history and culture b. believed that such an act would prevent Stalin from entering into an alliance with Nazi Germany c. gave in to the adamant demands of left-wingers and Communist sympathizers within the Democratic party d. hoped that strengthened relations with the Soviet Union would deter Japanese expansion 57. What characterizes the conduct of the United States under the Good Neighbor policy? a. It did not provide support for military dictators in Latin America. b. It provided substantial economic assistance for industrial development in Latin America. c. It no longer intervened militarily in Latin America. d. It was less blatant in its domination of Latin America.

58. With regard to Latin America, the Roosevelt administration . a. sought to stimulate economic diversification and industrial development throughout the region b. was willing to support dictatorial regimes in the hope they would promote stability in the region c. strictly adhered to a policy of noninterference in the domestic affairs of nations in the region d. fostered democracy by sending impartial observers to oversee free elections in the region 59. The Munich Accord of 1938 concerned Germany’s seizure of a. the Polish corridor b. Austria c. the Sudeten region of Czechoslovakia d. the Rhineland

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60. Great Britain and France responded to Germany’s first aggressive moves between 1935 and 1938 by . a. committing military forces to defend Ethiopia b. pursuing a policy of appeasement c. establishing a military alliance with the Soviet Union d. making stern threats of war 61. Isolationist thought in the United States in the 1930s was a. most powerful in the Northeast b. largely confined to conservatives c. the majority opinion of the nation .

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Chapter 22 d. greatest among the less educated 62. Congressional hearings chaired by Senator Gerald Nye in the mid-1930s provided evidence of which of the following? a. American corporations had largely supported the campaign for arms control legislation. b. American corporations had bribed foreign politicians to improve arms sales in the 1920s and 1930s. c. American businesspersons and financiers had pushed the nation into the First World War. d. American businesspersons and financiers had in no way influenced the nation’s involvement in the First World War. 63. Which of the following was a feature of the Neutrality Acts of the 1930s? a. The president had the authority to sell arms to nations engaged in a defensive struggle against an aggressor nation. b. All trade with nations declared to be belligerents was prohibited. c. Arms sales and loans to belligerents were forbidden. d. Belligerent nations had to post a monetary bond to insure American ships carrying trade items to them.

64. In a speech delivered in August 1936 at Chautauqua, New York, President Roosevelt a. pledged that the United States would act to prevent German aggression b. called upon Congress to appropriate money for a major U.S. defense buildup c. stood strongly against the Munich accord d. promised that the United States would not become entangled in the conflict in Europe

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65. In the aftermath of the 1938 Munich crisis, President Roosevelt . a. refused a French request to buy bombers from the United States b. publicly condemned the appeasement of Hitler by Great Britain and France c. requested that Congress appropriate funds to build up the U.S. air forces d. requested that Congress pass a resolution allowing him to use any means necessary to stop German aggression 66. In a secret protocol attached to the Nazi-Soviet nonaggression pact, . a. the Soviet Union pledged to wage war against Great Britain in the event of a British declaration of war against Germany b. the Soviet Union was allowed to take the eastern half of Poland c. Hitler agreed to turn over the Sudeten region of Czechoslovakia to the Soviet Union d. Germany was allowed to take Lithuania, Estonia, and Latvia 67. Great Britain and France declared war on Germany because of a. German intervention in the Spanish Civil War b. German aggression in the Rhineland c. Germany’s invasion of Ethiopia d. Germany’s attack on Poland

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68. When war broke out in Europe in September 1939, President Roosevelt a. declared the neutrality of the United States b. asked Congress for a declaration of war c. warned Germany that the United States would defend France from military attack .

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Chapter 22 d. loaned a massive quantity of military supplies to Britain and France 69. In 1939, after declaring the United States neutral in the war in Europe, Roosevelt a. secured congressional repeal of the arms embargo b. provided Lend-Lease assistance to Britain and France c. placed a total embargo on exports to Nazi Germany d. initiated the first peacetime draft in the nation’s history

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70. What Chinese leader ousted the Communists from the Guomindang party in the late 1920s? a. Soong Meiling b. Jiang Jieshi c. Sun Zhongshan d. Mao Zedong 71. As a result of President Roosevelt’s “quarantine” speech in response to Japan’s attack on China in 1937, . a. confirmed isolationists were pleased that the president responded to the incident by invoking the Neutrality Acts b. those who believed the United States had been too soft on Japan in the past were pleased by Roosevelt’s denunciation of Japan c. Congress froze Japanese assets in the United States d. the State Department formulated a program designed to halt Japanese aggression in the Far East

72. Discuss the impact of the Great Depression on the lives of ordinary Americans, and explain their reaction to the crisis.

73. Examine the relationship between Herbert Hoover's frame of reference and his response to the economic and human crises posed by the Great Depression.

74. Defend the following statement: "Because President Hoover mobilized the resources of the federal government as never before, he may be depicted as a bridge to the New Deal of the 1930s."

75. Examine the issues and personalities in the 1932 presidential election, and explain the outcome of the election.

76. Discuss the ideas on which the First New Deal was based, and examine and assess the effectiveness of at least five programs or agencies created to implement those ideas.

77. Discuss the problems of rural America in 1933, how the Agricultural Adjustment Act was intended to deal with those problems, and the effectiveness of the AAA as the agricultural cornerstone of the First New Deal.

78. Discuss the ideological basis of the National Industrial Recovery Act, how the NIRA attempted to put that ideology into practice, and the effectiveness of the NIRA as the industrial cornerstone of the First New Deal.

79. Explain why conservative and radical opposition developed toward the First New Deal by 1934, and discuss the ideas expressed by those voicing such opposition.

80. Discuss the ideas on which the Second New Deal was based, and examine and assess the effectiveness of at least three .

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Chapter 22 programs or agencies created to implement those ideas.

81. Examine the impact of the New Deal era on organized labor in the United States.

82. Discuss the problems experienced by President Franklin Roosevelt during his second term, and assess his handling of those problems.

83. Contrast the Supreme Court's pre-1937 response to cases relating to New Deal legislation with the Court's post-1937 response. Why did the Court's response change?

84. Explain the struggle between craft unions and industrial unions during the New Deal era. What was the outcome of this struggle?

85. Discuss the victories and defeats experienced by organized labor during the New Deal era.

86. Analyze the isolationism and anti-war sentiments of 1930s Americans in the context of World War I and the Bonus Army.

87. What impact did Roosevelt's presidency have on African Americans' perceptions of government and their political affiliation?

88. Examine the impact of the Great Depression and the New Deal era on Native Americans.

89. Examine the impact of the Great Depression and the New Deal era on Mexican Americans.

90. Examine the impact of the Great Depression and the New Deal era on women.

91. Discuss the legacy of and limits of the New Deal.

92. Discuss the impact of the New Deal era on the office of the presidency, the role of the federal government, and the power structure in the United States.

93. Analyze the importance of radio on the politics and culture of the 1930s.

94. Examine and evaluate the Good Neighbor policy in theory and in action.

95. Discuss the relations between the United States and Mexico from the end of the First World War to the outbreak of the Second World War. 96. Discuss the nature and extent of isolationist sentiment in the United States during the 1930s, and examine the policies designed to prevent United States involvement in international disputes.

97. Examine and evaluate President Franklin Roosevelt's response to events in Europe from 1933 to 1941.

98. Discuss and evaluate President Franklin Roosevelt as a diplomatic leader prior to the official U.S. entry into World War II, noting his strengths and weaknesses.

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Chapter 22 Answer Key 1. a 2. d 3. b 4. c 5. c 6. a 7. b 8. d 9. a 10. a 11. d 12. a 13. b 14. c 15. c 16. d 17. c 18. a 19. a 20. b 21. c 22. a 23. c 24. a 25. b .

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Chapter 22 26. d 27. a 28. b 29. a 30. c 31. a 32. b 33. b 34. c 35. b 36. c 37. d 38. b 39. a 40. b 41. d 42. b 43. d 44. c 45. d 46. d 47. c 48. d 49. a 50. c 51. d .

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Chapter 22 52. d 53. c 54. a 55. a 56. d 57. d 58. b 59. c 60. b 61. c 62. b 63. c 64. d 65. c 66. b 67. d 68. a 69. a 70. b 71. b 72. Answers will vary.

73. Answers will vary.

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76. Answers will vary. .

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Chapter 22 77. Answers will vary.

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80. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 23

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. What was a consequence of the Doolittle raid? a. It convinced Japanese leaders to relinquish control over outlying Pacific islands and concentrate on defending Japan’s home islands. b. It convinced military commanders of America’s forces in the Pacific that Japan was capable of bombing raids against the West Coast of the continental United States. c. The raid, which convinced Japanese commander Yamamoto that he needed to lure the United States into a decisive conflict, led to the Battle of Midway. d. Its success gave American forces in the Pacific confidence that Japan’s air-defense system had been destroyed.

2. was a turning point in the Pacific war and relieved the Japanese threat to the U.S. Navy base at Honolulu. a. The Battle of the Coral Sea b. The Battle of Guadalcanal c. The Battle of Midway d. The Battle of Okinawa 3. U.S. strategy during the Second World War called for . a. the United States to concentrate its forces in the Pacific while Great Britain and Russia fought the war in Europe b. the defeat first of Germany and then of Japan c. a buildup of armaments in the Western Hemisphere so that the United States could withstand an Axis attack d. a negotiated settlement in Europe, if possible, while seeking the unconditional surrender of Japan 4. In 1942, Prime Minister Winston Churchill rejected Stalin’s appeal that Allied forces open a second front against Germany because Churchill . a. wanted to protect British interests in the Mediterranean and Middle East by halting German advances in North Africa b. wanted to strengthen Allied air forces over the English Channel to stop German bombing raids against London c. believed it was more important to liberate France d. did not want to draw Allied forces away from the war against Japan in the Pacific 5. In 1943, which of the following stalled German advances in eastern Europe and was in large part responsible for placing German forces on the defensive? a. The Allied invasion of Poland b. The liberation of France c. The battle for Aachen d. The battle for Stalingrad 6. If the United States was to become the “great arsenal of democracy,” it had to . a. take and maintain control over the important oil fields in the Middle East b. successfully convert major industries from production of consumer goods to production of military materiel c. convince corporate leaders to finance the retooling of their factories for the production of war materiel d. solve transportation problems between the United States and Europe .

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Chapter 23 7. The primary task of the War Production Board was to . a. decide where to build new factories for war production b. determine how to finance the production of war equipment c. allocate resources and coordinate production among the nation’s factories as they converted from civilian to military production d. set the wage scale that would attract workers to jobs in defense plants 8. Which of the following is true of government military contracts during the Second World War? a. They greatly enriched neighborhood enterprises. b. They were equally distributed among all businesses. c. They were awarded to companies with the lowest profit margin and the highest research and development expenditures. d. Most were awarded to the nation’s top one hundred corporations.

9. In December of 1940, Roosevelt pledged that America would serve as a a. powerful nation in the upcoming conflict b. anchor of hope for the world c. great arsenal of democracy d. beacon of liberty

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10. Which initiative achieved the world’s first sustained nuclear chain reaction in 1942 at the University of Chicago? a. United States Mapping Mission b. Army Nuclear Power Program c. The Manhattan Project d. United States Army Art Program 11. Issued by President Roosevelt in 1941, Executive Order No. 8802 . a. fully integrated the United States armed forces b. offered direct assistance to African Americans who wanted to move out of the South c. created a presidential commission to study and recommend ways to alleviate wage discrimination based on race and sex d. prohibited racial discrimination in the employment of workers in war industries and in the government 12. What was a feature of the bracero program? a. Against the wishes of the Mexican government, Congress excluded immigrant Mexican workers in the United States from minimum-wage requirements. b. Mexican farm workers were admitted to the United States on short-term work contracts to fill agricultural jobs left vacant by Americans. c. By agreement between Mexico and the United States, citizenship was extended to Mexicans illegally residing in the United States in 1942. d. Against the wishes of the Mexican government, Congress provided for the deportation of Mexicans who had illegally entered the United States.

13. Which pact was signed in March of 1940 between the Soviet Union and Hitler shortly before Germany invaded Poland in 1939? .

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Chapter 23 a. Non-Aggression Pact b. Norris-La Guardia Pact c. Lend-Lease Pact d. Reciprocal Trade Agreements Pact 14. During the Second World War, women in the workforce . a. were primarily employed in skilled jobs at defense plants b. received pay equal to that received by men doing the same job c. were never allowed to take jobs in heavy industry d. entered the labor force in increasing numbers and often found new employment opportunities 15. During the Second World War, the federal government . a. helped some workers in defense plants by offering federally funded childcare centers b. offered health care to all workers in defense-related industries c. established a higher minimum wage for workers in defense-related industries than in industries deemed nonessential to the war effort d. fully funded the pension plans for workers in defense-related industries 16. In the matter of closed-shop versus open-shop arrangements in industry, the National War Labor Board . a. refused to deal with the issue, leaving the matter up to the various states b. was intimidated by John L. Lewis into requiring workers in industries receiving government contracts to join a union c. demonstrated that it was dominated by corporate interests by not requiring workers in major industries to join a union d. forged a workable compromise by allowing unions to enroll as many new members as possible but not requiring workers to join a union 17. Which of the following is true of the War Labor Disputes (Smith-Connally) Act of June 1943? a. It authorized the president to seize and operate certain strike-bound plants. b. It suspended labor’s right to strike for the duration of the war. c. It imposed a wage and price freeze for the duration of the war. d. It created an arbitration board separate from the NWLB to settle all labor disputes.

18. By the end of the Second World War, the United States was producing 40 percent of the world’s weaponry. How was this accomplished? a. The weapons industry relied on robotics. b. Workers in defense plants were given monetary bonuses when they exceeded production quotas. c. The assembly-line process of mass production was used in many defense-related industries. d. Military personnel were used to increase the work force and speed up production in defense-related industries.

19. In producing Liberty ships, Kaiser shipyards . a. was unable to supply the navy with the cargo ships required to transport troops and war material to the front b. emphasized speed of production over quality c. lost its government contract because of cost overruns .

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Chapter 23 d. found it difficult to retain workers because of unsafe working conditions and low wages 20. Cooking fat saved by housewives during the Second World War . a. was used by the food industry in making ready-to-eat meals for soldiers b. was processed to produce glycerin, which was used in making black powder for bullets c. was used at military hospitals d. was used to make fuel for military vehicles 21. What organization had the enormous task of allocating resources and coordinating production among thousands of independent factories in 1942? a. Defense Business Board b. United States Access Board c. Military Intelligence Board d. War Production Board 22. Why did the War Production Board redesign men’s suits during the Second World War? a. To emphasize in a symbolic way, the wartime sacrifices expected of the civilian population b. To indicate the need for a disciplined appearance during wartime c. To reduce the time consumed producing consumer clothing, thus freeing workers to concentrate on making military uniforms d. To conserve wool for military use 23. Which of the following is true of the Office of Price Administration? a. It lost the support of the public because of a bribery scandal that involved the agency’s director. b. Its blatant favoritism toward business interests undermined its credibility. c. It established a nationwide rationing program for certain consumer goods. d. It reluctantly introduced rationing during the last months of the war.

24. Why was sugar rationed in the United States during the Second World War? a. Sugar was used by Allied soldiers to win over the civilian populations in liberated European cities. b. Sugar was used to produce alcohol, which was used in the manufacturing of weapons. c. Large quantities of sugar were necessary as a quick energy source for soldiers. d. Sugar was used to make fuel for military vehicles.

25. Why was the Office of War Information created? a. It was responsible for deciphering Japanese and German diplomatic codes. b. It gathered military intelligence to help battlefield commanders. c. It was established to gather information on civilians suspected of aiding the enemy. d. It was in charge of domestic propaganda to build public support for the war.

26. How did some movie theaters support the war effort against Germany and Japan? a. They showed short film biographies of American soldiers. b. They displayed the pictures of orphaned European children who were available for adoption. c. They had contests to see which patron could come closest to forecasting the date on which the war would end. d. They held “plasma premiers” at which patrons could donate blood to the Red Cross as the price of admission. .

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Chapter 23 27. Where did Americans first see the horrors of Nazi death camps? a. In newsreels at movie theaters b. In pictorial magazines such as Life c. On television in the 1950s d. In brochures printed and distributed by the government 28. During the Second World War, the personal income of most American workers a. declined in real terms because of higher taxes b. increased, but was eaten up by the high rate of inflation c. was lower than that of workers in other industrialized nations d. reached new highs

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29. Which of the following statements concerning the wartime economy is true? a. The national debt skyrocketed during the war years. b. Roosevelt secured passage of a steeply graduated corporate and private income tax to finance the war. c. Net corporate profits fell dramatically during the war years. d. From 1939 to 1945, employees’ wages and salaries declined.

30. As a result of wartime revenue acts, . a. the government was able to fund the war fully through increased taxes b. corporations paid more in taxes than did individual workers c. rises in the real income of Americans declined due to tax increases d. the number of Americans paying income tax increased significantly 31. The Zoot Suit Riot occurred in what city? a. Detroit b. Los Angeles c. New York d. San Francisco 32. How did the composition of families change during the Second World War? a. The divorce rate consistently declined. b. The marriage rate substantially decreased. c. The marriage rate increased but the birth rate declined. d. Both the marriage rate and the birth rate rose.

33. Which of the following statements is most consistent with the public’s attitude toward women entering the labor force during the war years? a. Women who seek gainful employment usually do so because they have not been able to find a husband. b. Women cannot adequately perform men’s work because they lack sufficient physical strength. c. Women should enter the labor force for the duration of the war, but they should return to the home when the war is over. d. Women make better workers than men because of their determination to prove themselves. .

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Chapter 23 34. The Alien Registration Act of 1940 . a. required that all immigrants from enemy nations be transferred to internment centers for the duration of the war b. prohibited the employment of Americans of German, Italian, or Japanese descent in defense-related industries c. made it illegal to advocate the overthrow of the U.S. government by force or violence d. required all immigrants to take an oath of loyalty to the American government or face deportation 35. The internment of Japanese Americans during the Second World War was based on a. conviction for espionage and sedition b. well-documented conspiracies to sabotage the American war effort c. their ethnic origin d. evidence of their support for the Japanese war effort against the United States

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36. When the Korematsu case came before the Supreme Court, . a. the court refused to hear the case until after the war was over b. the court ruled that the policy of internment was unconstitutional c. the court upheld the government’s policy of internment d. the court sent the case to a lower court for review, where it was allowed to languish until the end of the war 37. Which of the following is true of the “Double V” campaign? a. It was a campaign waged by American labor leaders to convince men that work in defense-related industries was just as important in the war effort as military service. b. It was an attempt by African-American leaders to force the nation to confront the parallels between the racist doctrines of the Nazis and racial segregation in the United States. c. It was an effort by leaders of the women’s movement for working women to receive pay equal to that of their male counterparts. d. It was a propaganda campaign undertaken by the War Information Bureau to convince the American public that the war in Europe was just as important as the war in the Pacific.

38. What was true of the American military during the Second World War? a. It remained segregated by race throughout the war. b. The Air Force was the first service to allow enlistment of African Americans. c. African Americans could enlist only in the Army. d. African Americans were not allowed to serve in combat.

39. The “Grand Alliance” was composed of all of the following countries EXCEPT a. Germany b. Russia c. United States d. Britain 40. Which of the following was used as a reason to keep the armed forces racially segregated throughout the Second World War? a. The commitment of African Americans to the war effort was in question. b. The integration of military installations would challenge segregation by law in the southern states and possibly .

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Chapter 23 provoke racial violence. c. Because African Americans were the only service personnel who could not be assigned to combat duty, they had to be assigned to all-black support units. d. African Americans were not considered citizens of the United States and, therefore, had to be separated from other military personnel.

41. How did the Allies respond to mounting evidence that Hitler intended to exterminate the Jews? a. Only the United States went out of its way to welcome Jewish refugees. b. The British agreed to open Palestine to Jewish settlement. c. British and American representatives met in Bermuda to discuss the plight of the Jews, but offered no concrete plan of assistance. d. The United States persuaded Latin American countries to open their doors to Jewish refugees.

42. What impact did military service during the war have on American men? a. Most felt that their war years were wasted, and they returned home angry and disillusioned. b. Most did not want to return to their civilian lives and made a career out of the service. c. Many became disillusioned with the American political system. d. Many became less prejudiced after having served with people from backgrounds and cultures different from their own.

43. Which of the following most accurately describes the relationship among the Allies during the Second World War? a. The relationship reflected the closeness of friends locked together in a mutual quest for survival. b. It was a hostile relationship, with each nation openly criticizing the failings of the others. c. Cooperation among the Allies was undermined by an undercurrent of suspicion. d. Only after D-Day did the relationship become one of complete trust.

44. Which of the following was a consequence of the Tehran Conference of December 1943? a. Stalin announced that the Soviet Union would withdraw from the Grand Alliance if it could secure a separate peace with Germany. b. Churchill and Roosevelt agreed that the next major Allied campaign would be a strike against Vienna through the Balkans. c. Stalin, over the objections of Churchill and Roosevelt, insisted that Russian troops would enter the war in the Pacific in January 1944. d. The three Allied leaders finally agreed that Operation Overlord would be launched in early 1944.

45. What is the historical significance of “D-Day”? a. It was the day Normandy was invaded by Allied troops. b. It was the day Germany surrendered. c. It was the day North Africa was invaded by the western Allies. d. It was the day Italy was captured by British and American forces.

46. What was achieved at the Dumbarton Oaks conference in 1944? a. The strategy for the defeat of Japan was outlined. b. The United Nations Organization was approved in principle by the Allies. c. Details concerning Germany’s postwar status were finalized. .

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Chapter 23 d. The timetable for extending independence to former colonies was worked out.

47. Which of the following was a major factor that shaped the agreements reached by the Allies at Yalta? a. Stalin’s insistence that China be recognized as a major power b. The military positions of the Allies c. Roosevelt’s ill health d. Dissension between Roosevelt and Churchill over German reparations 48. What agreement was reached at the Yalta Conference? a. The United States and Great Britain would enter into a treaty of friendship with Mao Zedong of China. b. Poland would become a protectorate under Russian domination and with a pro-Soviet government. c. Germany would be divided into two zones, one controlled by the western Allies and the other by the Soviet Union. d. Russia would declare war on Japan shortly after Hitler’s defeat.

49. In 1939, Jewish refugees arriving in the United States on the St. Louis were a. forced to return to Europe b. taken as prisoners after the ship was fired on by a German destroyer c. allowed to enter the United States d. given honorary Canadian citizenship and allowed to enter that country

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50. The Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 . a. prohibited the drafting of American men into the armed forces until Congress adopted a formal declaration of war b. required the racial integration of the armed forces of the United States c. was the first peacetime military draft in American history d. allowed women as well as men to be drafted into the armed forces of the United States 51. What was the primary purpose of the Lend-Lease Act? a. To sell arms to the nations of Europe b. To stop Japanese expansion in Asia c. To make military supplies available to an impoverished England d. To aid the Chinese in building up their military forces 52. When a German submarine fired on the American destroyer Greer, a. Germany declared war with the United States b. England demanded the Lend-Lease Act be revoked c. President Roosevelt granted the navy the authority to fire first when threatened d. President Roosevelt asked Congress for a declaration of war on Germany

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53. Which of the following was a consequence of the loss of the destroyer Reuben James? a. After considerable debate, Congress approved a declaration of war against Germany. b. Congress approved a revision of the Neutrality Acts to permit the transport of munitions to England on armed American merchant ships. c. The United States broke diplomatic relations with Germany. .

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Chapter 23 d. By joint resolution, Congress ended the use of American naval vessels to convoy British merchant ships carrying munitions.

54. After Japan entered the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy, President Roosevelt a. waged an undeclared war against Japanese naval forces in the Pacific b. secured legislation that gave him the power to enforce the Open Door policy in the Far East c. imposed an embargo on shipments of aviation fuel and scrap metal to Japan d. signed mutual defense treaties with Far Eastern nations threatened by Japanese aggression

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55. President Roosevelt responded to the Japanese invasion of French Indochina in July 1941 by a. adopting a wait-and-see attitude b. freezing Japanese assets in the United States c. sending American troops to Thailand d. breaking diplomatic relations with the Japanese

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56. Why was the American fleet caught by surprise when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor? a. Cryptographers erred in translating the Japanese message and believed that the Japanese planes were on their way to the Philippines. b. President Roosevelt deliberately did not warn the fleet that an attack was imminent. c. Faulty radar equipment prevented detection of Japanese aircraft as they approached the naval base. d. The message warning of the imminence of a Japanese attack was transmitted by a slow method and arrived too late.

57. President Roosevelt described which of the following as “a date which will live in infamy?” a. The date on which the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor b. The date on which the British and the French allowed Hitler to take the Sudeten region of Czechoslovakia c. The date on which the Japanese army seized Manchuria d. The date on which Italy attacked Ethiopia

58. Examine the relations among the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union during the Second World War. What were the major differences among the Big Three? How were those differences resolved?

59. Discuss the strategy undertaken by American forces in the Pacific theater, and explain how that strategy carried America to victory over Japan in the Second World War. 60. Discuss the impact of the Second World War on American industry.

61. Examine the role and evaluate the performance of the federal government as the coordinator and overseer of America's war effort during the Second World War. What were the consequences of the role assumed by the government and the actions taken?

62. Explain the contributions made by women in the wartime work force, and describe the response of the public to their efforts.

63. Discuss the impact of the Second World War on organized labor in the United States. .

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Chapter 23 64. Discuss the impact of the Second World War on the American economy.

65. Discuss the impact of the Second World War on African Americans.

66. Discuss the impact of the Second World War on Mexican Americans.

67. Discuss the impact of the Second World War on the family and on the lives of children.

68. Discuss the nature and purpose of the internment of Japanese Americans during the Second World War. How did the Supreme Court respond to the policy?

69. Analyze the ways in which an unprepared United States readied itself for war after the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.

70. Explain the response of the United States to the persecution of European Jews during the Second World War. 71. Describe what soldiers in World War II endured in battle and how that compared to depictions in propaganda and mass media.

72. Examine the Yalta Conference in terms of the goals of each of the Allies, the constraints that operated to prevent each from attaining its goals, and the strengths and weaknesses of the final agreement.

73. Examine the decision by the United States to drop the atomic bomb on Japan.

74. Discuss the impact of the Second World War on the world community of nations and on the international balance of power.

75. Discuss the events and developments that led to war between the United States and Japan in 1941.

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Chapter 23 Answer Key 1. c 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. d 6. b 7. c 8. d 9. c 10. c 11. d 12. b 13. a 14. d 15. a 16. d 17. a 18. c 19. b 20. b 21. d 22. d 23. c 24. b 25. d .

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Chapter 23 26. d 27. a 28. d 29. a 30. d 31. d 32. d 33. c 34. c 35. c 36. c 37. b 38. a 39. b 40. b 41. c 42. d 43. c 44. d 45. a 46. b 47. b 48. d 49. a 50. c 51. c .

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Chapter 23 52. c 53. b 54. c 55. b 56. d 57. a 58. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 24

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. Why did economic turmoil in Europe and Asia cause conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union in the period immediately following the Second World War? a. Each believed that it was the other’s duty to invest large sums of money in European and Asian nations to ensure their recovery. b. Each offered a different model to solve the economic problems that plagued Europe and Asia. c. Each blamed the other for the economic problems that existed throughout the world. d. Each contended that the other was responsible for extending humanitarian aid to the peoples of Europe and Asia.

2. Which of the following was a source of instability in the aftermath of the Second World War? a. Japanese military power b. The disintegration of empires c. Germany’s recalcitrance in defeat d. Economic competition among the European nations 3. In the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, which of the following was a major concern of officials in the American government regarding the Soviet Union? a. The Soviet Union’s economic power b. The clear indication that the Soviet Union was preparing to attack Western Europe c. The advanced technology of the Soviet Union d. The possibility that the Soviet Union would exploit economic and political instability in Europe and Asia to the detriment of U.S. interests 4. After the Second World War, why did American planners seek a world economy based on free trade and the speedy reconstruction of Germany, Japan, and other nations? a. They believed these policies would allow the United States to aid the impoverished masses in the newly emerging nation states. b. They believed these policies would give the United States the military prowess it needed to overthrow the Soviet government. c. They believed these policies would help enhance the prestige of the United States-backed United Nations. d. They believed that both the economic well-being and the security of the United States depended on these policies.

5. Why did the Soviet Union refuse to join both the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund? a. The United States dominated both institutions. b. They could not afford the contribution required to become a member. c. Both organizations had refused to lend money to the Soviet government. d. Both institutions provided funds to anticommunist rebels inside the Soviet Union.

6. The Truman-Molotov meeting provides evidence of which of the following? a. The Soviets used underhanded tactics in achieving their goals. b. Truman did not appreciate the nuances of international diplomacy and adopted a “get-tough” approach toward the Soviet Union. c. Truman privately realized that the Soviets had earnestly attempted to live up to their agreements at Yalta. .

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Chapter 24 d. The Soviets refused to negotiate on even the most trivial of issues.

7. In postwar Yugoslavia, Josip Broz . a. became the Soviet Union’s most reliable ally b. concluded a military alliance with the United States c. successfully staged a democratic revolution against a totalitarian communist regime d. established a communist government independent of Moscow 8. Which of the following unified the armed forces under a single agency, later known as the Department of Defense? a. National Security Act of 1947 b. Marshall Plan c. North Atlantic Treaty Organization d. NSC-68 9. Diplomatic records from the immediate postwar years reveal that . a. Secretary of War Stimson favored using the atomic bomb in Eastern Europe b. the Soviets had no desire to develop an atomic bomb of their own c. American possession of the atomic bomb was never mentioned directly in diplomatic discussions d. some American officials believed that the United States could deter Soviet expansion by using the atomic bomb as a bargaining tool 10. The Baruch Plan provided for which of the following? a. A unified German state b. The withdrawal of Soviet troops from Iran c. U.S. abandonment of its atomic monopoly only after the creation of an international agency to control the world’s fissionable materials d. Humanitarian loans to nations recovering from the Second World War 11. In the “long telegram,” George F. Kennan asserted that . a. the fanaticism expressed by the Soviets made even a temporary understanding with them impossible b. the United States should extend humanitarian aid to the Soviet Union c. the Soviets did not want confrontation with the United States d. the United States should use military force to liberate Eastern Europe from the Soviet Union 12. In 1947, those who criticized President Truman’s request for Congress to extend aid to the Greek government in its fight against leftists asserted that . a. the Greek resistance movement was composed of noncommunists as well as communists. b. the leaders of the resistance movement in Greece had purged the movement of all noncommunists. c. the Greek government could not be saved, regardless of whether it received American aid. d. the British were fully capable of defending the Greek government without American aid.

13. The Truman Doctrine and George F. Kennan’s “Mr. X” article both proposed a. the policy of détente b. the containment doctrine c. that the United States refrain from getting involved in the internal affairs of other nations .

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Chapter 24 d. a plan to encourage dissent and instability within the Soviet Union 14. Which of the following statements is most consistent with Walter Lippmann’s views as expressed in his book The Cold War? a. The Soviet Union had nothing to do with the start of the Cold War. b. The United States must police all parts of the world to protect itself from the worldwide Soviet menace. c. The containment doctrine is a strategic monstrosity that will drain the nation’s patience and resources. d. The containment doctrine will lead to nuclear war between the United States and the Soviet Union.

15. What was the purpose of the Marshall Plan? a. The industrialization of Latin America b. A democratic Middle East c. The economic recovery of Europe d. A communist-free China 16. The Marshall Plan was successful in that . a. it corrected Western Europe’s adverse balance-of-payments arrangement with the United States b. it brought about the complete economic integration of the Western European states c. it stopped postwar inflation in Western Europe d. it stimulated impressive industrial production and investment in Western Europe 17. Which of the following was a consequence of the Russian decision to cut off Western land access to Berlin in 1948? a. The United States, France, and Britain relinquished their sectors of Berlin to the Soviet Union. b. President Truman ordered a massive airlift of supplies to the isolated city. c. The United States threatened to use the atomic bomb if access was not restored. d. President Truman ordered an armored tank division through the Soviet zone of Germany to West Berlin.

18. Which of the following is true of the Senate debate over the North Atlantic Treaty Organization? a. Some opponents asserted that the treaty would provoke rather than deter conflict. b. Conservative Republicans complained that the treaty did not provide for the stationing of American troops in Western Europe. c. Although the treaty was fully supported by Truman, members of the president’s own party led the opposition to Senate ratification. d. Supporters of the treaty contended that it would keep the United States out of any future war between Western Europe and Russia.

19. How did the United States respond to the Soviet Union’s testing of its first atomic bomb? a. President Truman called for the formation of an international agency to control atomic energy. b. Secretary of State Acheson asked that a summit be scheduled for negotiation of differences between the superpowers. c. The United States called for an agreement between the superpowers on the number of nuclear-capable warheads each side would be allowed to have. d. The United States began development of the hydrogen bomb.

20. NSC-68

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Chapter 24 a. cautioned that a rapid arms buildup by the United States might actually cause the Soviet Union to become more aggressive b. warned that the Soviet Union and North Korea were conspiring to invade South Korea c. presented evidence that the Soviet army was preparing to invade Western Europe d. called for a much larger U.S. military budget as a response to the expansionistic communist regimes in China and the Soviet Union 21. After the Second World War, Japan’s reconstruction was a. a cooperative effort on the part of the United States, Britain, and Russia b. jointly undertaken by the United States and Russia c. monopolized by Russia d. monopolized by the United States

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22. In the year following the victory of Mao Zedong’s forces over the Nationalist Chinese, the People’s Republic of China . a. launched an offensive against the Nationalists on Formosa b. attempted to work constructively with Americans still in China c. launched attacks against the states of Indochina d. signed a treaty of friendship with the Soviet Union 23. The is a mutual defense pact between the United States and eleven other nations promising to stand united in the face of military aggression, specifically by the Soviet Union a. Atomic Diplomacy Plan b. Marshall Plan c. National Security Council d. North Atlantic Treaty Organization 24. The United States ultimately supported France in the war in Indochina because the American government . a. was firmly convinced that the French were legally entitled to the land b. wanted to punish the Vietnamese for the assistance they gave to Japan during the Second World War c. believed doing so would help curtail the further spread of communism d. believed that most Vietnamese wanted the French to remain 25. Who was the first U.S. president to support a noncommunist government in Vietnam? a. John Kennedy b. Harry Truman c. Dwight Eisenhower d. Lyndon Johnson 26. What country did President Truman believe had masterminded the North Korean attack on South Korea? a. North Korea b. Japan c. The Soviet Union d. The People’s Republic of China .

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Chapter 24 27. How did President Truman ultimately define the goal of American military involvement in the Korean War? a. North Korea was to be “contained” at the 38th parallel. b. Korea was to be reunified by force. c. The Communist governments in both North Korea and China were to be overthrown. d. Indochina was to be taken and the territory divided among the United States, France, and Great Britain.

28. China entered the Korean War in response to . a. the commitment of American troops to the war b. the taking of Seoul by U.N. and South Korean forces c. the bombing of bridges on the Yalu River and the subsequent advance of American troops toward the Chinese border d. the involvement of Nationalist Chinese forces in the war 29. General MacArthur was fired as commanding general in the Korean War because he a. did not foresee Chinese entry into the war b. denounced the concept of limited war supported by President Truman and the Joint Chiefs of Staff c. made several foolish tactical mistakes d. had secretly begun a presidential campaign

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30. What was the main obstacle to achieving a negotiated settlement in the Korean War? a. Questions concerning the number of troops, the United States could leave in South Korea b. Questions about whether the United States would sign an alliance with South Korea c. Questions regarding the fate of many North Korean and Chinese POWs who did not want to return home d. Determination of the new boundary between North and South Korea 31. What was one of the political consequences of the Korean War? a. It increased the powers of the presidency and weakened the powers of Congress in the conduct of foreign affairs. b. It heightened public support for the Democratic Party in the 1952 election. c. It increased bipartisanship in the making of American foreign policy. d. It led the Republican Party to include a plank in its 1952 platform questioning the validity of the containment doctrine.

32. As a result of the Korean War, . a. the United States decided to rearm Japan b. the Eisenhower administration decided to cut off American aid to France in Vietnam c. the globalist foreign policy of the United States became highly militarized d. Japan requested that an American military base be established at Okinawa 33. Which of the following statements is true of President Eisenhower regarding foreign policy? a. Although he had little knowledge of foreign affairs, he refused to follow the advice of key foreign policy advisers and career diplomats. b. Although he relied heavily on his secretary of state, he controlled the making of foreign policy. c. Because Congress was controlled by Democrats, he encountered persistent resistance to most of his foreign .

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Chapter 24 policy initiatives. d. Because he rejected the belief that communism posed a threat to U.S. security, he worked to reduce America’s defensive commitments abroad.

34. Which of the following is true of the “New Look” of the American military under Eisenhower and Dulles? a. It relied on strong land forces. b. It stressed superior conventional forces. c. It emphasized air power and nuclear weapons. d. It trained soldiers for guerrilla warfare.

35. The principle of “plausible deniability” holds that . a. nonaligned Third World nations should not receive foreign aid from the United States unless those nations can “plausibly” deny an affiliation with the Soviet Union b. the president of the United States is the chief instrument of American foreign policy and, as such, may deny Congress a role in foreign-policy decisions c. Congress should reassert itself in the making of foreign policy by denying foreign-aid money to nondemocratic nations d. the covert activities of the CIA should be planned and executed in such a way that the president can deny knowledge of them 36. Which of the following developments demonstrated the Eisenhower administration’s difficulty in applying the concept of liberation? a. The Suez crisis b. The Lebanon crisis c. The U-2 incident d. The Hungarian revolution 37. In the contest for power between the Soviet Union and the West, the West did not reap many propaganda points when the Soviets crushed the Hungarian uprising because . a. the United States had recently invaded Cuba in an attempt to crush the Cuban revolution b. the United States prevented its European allies from sending troops to liberate Hungary c. Great Britain, France, and Israel invaded Egypt just before the Soviets invaded Hungary d. the Soviets brought an end to the human rights abuses of the Hungarian rebels 38. Why was the planned 1960 summit meeting in Paris between Eisenhower and Khrushchev canceled? a. An attempt by dissenters in the Soviet Politburo to depose Khrushchev posed a threat to his power. b. It appeared that the meeting might benefit the Democrats in the upcoming presidential election. c. The United States refused to apologize after an American spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. d. Conservative Republicans bitterly protested Eisenhower’s willingness to meet with Khrushchev.

39. Which of the following is true of the Formosa Resolution of 1955? a. It urged Jiang Jieshi to negotiate with the People’s Republic of China concerning the status of Quemoy and Matsu. b. It gave the president the authority to use American troops to defend Formosa. c. It pledged U.S. support to the fledgling democratic movement against Jiang Jieshi’s autocratic government. .

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Chapter 24 d. It supported negotiations aimed at consolidating the governments of Formosa and mainland China.

40. The Soviet Union and the United States both coveted positive relations with Third World nations because such nations . a. could provide sites for military and intelligence bases b. had stable political systems c. were technologically advanced d. had productive industrial systems 41. How did John Foster Dulles react to the neutralist movement among some Third World nations? a. Believing that the leaders of Third World nations had to pacify their people by professing to be anti-American, Dulles worked tirelessly to provide more aid to most of the neutralist nations. b. Believing in the concept of self-determination, Dulles praised Third World nations for their independent and pragmatic approach to the Cold War. c. Believing that such nations actually favored the United States over the Soviet Union, Dulles saw the neutralist movement as unimportant and non-threatening. d. Believing that neutralism was the first step to communism, Dulles was alarmed by the neutralist movement.

42. An obstacle to relations between the United States and Third World countries in the 1950s was a. the segregation practices in the United States b. the bumbling diplomatic style of John Foster Dulles c. the opposition of the United States to the Soviet use of force in Eastern Europe d. the unwillingness of the United States to extend foreign aid to Third World nations

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43. Which of the following was a consequence of America’s foreign investments? a. Such dependence meant that it was in the best interests of the United States to support the conservative, propertied classes against revolutionaries in the Third World. b. Such dependence caused the United States to suffer more than the Third World nations from the economic decline of the 1970s. c. Such dependence led to improved relations with underdeveloped nations in the 1970s. d. Such dependence caused the United States to increase its commitment to and support for the United Nations.

44. The CIA was not successful in its relationship with a. Iran b. Guatemala c. Indonesia d. Jordan

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45. It seems likely that Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán, president of Guatemala, turned to the Soviet Union for military aid because . a. the Soviet Union would sell him weapons without any restrictions on how those weapons would be used b. he was working under the direction of the Kremlin to create a Soviet-dominated empire in Central America c. Moscow would extend credit to Arbenz for weaponry purchases, but such purchases from the United States were on a cash-only basis d. the United States was hostile to his government and its policies. .

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Chapter 24 46. Why did the CIA help to overthrow Mohammed Mossadegh? a. He ended Iran’s nonaligned status by allying with the Soviet Union. b. He attempted to nationalize foreign oil interests in Iran. c. He vowed to build a military coalition to destroy the state of Israel. d. He attempted to create an organization through which the oil-producing nations of the Middle East could control the price of oil.

47. The United States responded to Gamal Abdul Nasser’s declaration of neutrality in the Cold War by . a. threatening to use American warships to close the Suez Canal b. going back on its promise to finance the Aswan Dam project c. cutting off all foreign aid to Nasser’s government d. threatening to use “disinformation” to destabilize the Nasser government 48. When Israel, Britain, and France invaded the Suez Canal area in 1956, the Eisenhower administration . a. demanded that they pull their troops out b. provided military support to Egypt c. applauded the action d. stood by and did nothing 49. The 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine proclaimed that the United States would intervene in the Middle East if . a. the survival of Israel were endangered b. the Soviets moved troops into the area c. any government threatened by a communist takeover asked for help d. the United Nations called for United States intervention to keep the peace 50. Those members of Congress who warned the Eisenhower administration against military intervention in Vietnam did so, in part, for what reason? a. They accepted the British view that such intervention was morally wrong. b. They were reluctant to support French colonialism in Southeast Asia. c. They accepted State Department warnings that such action would jeopardize American interests in the Third World. d. Public opinion polls indicated that such action was not supported by the American people.

51. Which of the following was a provision of the 1954 Geneva accords? a. The Diem government was recognized as the legitimate government of South Vietnam. b. Vietnam would be reunified after national elections in 1956. c. The 17th parallel was established as the permanent boundary between North and South Vietnam. d. The United States could permanently station a limited number of troops in South Vietnam.

52. Why did Ngo Dinh Diem and President Eisenhower refuse to allow national elections in Vietnam as called for in the Geneva accords? a. They believed the elections would have been virtually impossible to administer. .

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Chapter 24 b. They held that the 1955 South Vietnamese election had given Diem a mandate to govern. c. They feared that Communist leader Ho Chi Minh would win. d. They realized that the Communists would never allow a genuinely free election.

53. Discuss the sources of international tension in the aftermath of the Second World War, and explain how the goals and policies of the United States and the Soviet Union clashed and led to the Cold War. 54. Analyze the career of General Douglas MacArthur in the Cold War period.

55. Examine and evaluate the response of the Truman administration to major world problems and events between 1945 and 1950.

56. Discuss the similarities and differences between American and Soviet perceptions of major world events from 1945 to 1950. Were the superpowers' responses to these world events based on reality or merely on perception? Explain.

57. Explain the containment policy and its implementation by President Truman.

58. Examine the containment policy as the cornerstone of American foreign policy during the Truman and Eisenhower administrations. What were the goals of containment as established by President Truman in the Truman Doctrine? How successful had the United States been by 1961 in achieving those objectives?

59. Discuss the objectives of the United States in launching the Marshall Plan, and assess the extent to which those objectives were achieved.

60. Examine the policy of the United States toward China between 1945 and 1949, and explain the reaction in the United States to the creation of the People's Republic of China.

61. Compare and contrast Eisenhower's reaction to the Arab-Israeli conflict to that of the Hungarian uprising.

62. Examine the policy of the United States toward Vietnam during the Truman and Eisenhower administrations.

63. Explain the basic principles on which the Eisenhower-Dulles foreign and defense policies were based, and discuss the consequences of those policies.

64. Examine the role of the CIA in the Third World during the Eisenhower administration.

65. Explain and evaluate the Eisenhower administration's perception of and response to nationalist movements in the Third World. Pay particular attention to the administration's response to Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán and Gamal Abdul Nasser.

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Chapter 24 Answer Key 1. b 2. b 3. d 4. d 5. a 6. b 7. d 8. a 9. d 10. c 11. a 12. a 13. b 14. c 15. c 16. d 17. b 18. a 19. d 20. d 21. d 22. d 23. d 24. c 25. b .

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Chapter 24 26. c 27. b 28. c 29. b 30. c 31. a 32. c 33. b 34. c 35. d 36. d 37. c 38. c 39. b 40. a 41. d 42. a 43. a 44. c 45. d 46. b 47. b 48. a 49. c 50. b 51. b .

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Chapter 24 52. c 53. Answers will vary.

54. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 25

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. The GI bill did not provide . a. college tuition b. job training c. low-interest home loans d. benefits for those dishonorably discharged 2. What made William Levitt famous? a. The design of the modern mobile home b. Modular home construction c. On-site assembly of factory-built homes d. The adaptation of assembly-line methods to the process of home construction 3. Which of the following was accomplished during the Eisenhower years? a. Congress authorized construction of an interstate highway system. b. Federal funding was provided for civilian aviation research. c. The Amtrak system was created to centralize control over the nation’s railroads. d. Congress provided the first federal grants for construction of urban mass transit facilities.

4. Which of the following was a consequence of the Highway Act of 1956? a. It led to the revitalization of inner-city neighborhoods. b. It caused a weakening of the tourist industry. c. It further separated the South from the rest of the nation. d. It encouraged the process of suburbanization.

5. A series of strikes began in late 1945 and extended through 1946 largely because . a. major unions were competing with one another to get the best deal for their members b. the Communist Party had actively recruited workers during the war and was now ready to assert itself c. most major corporations had withdrawn vacation and pension benefits that had been extended during the war years d. with the end of price controls, workers were hit hard by skyrocketing inflation 6. Federal housing programs after the Second World War a. provided increased subsidies for the construction of rental units b. sometimes made the lives of poor Americans worse c. helped to further suburban racial integration d. primarily benefited low-income families

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7. If striking workers in an industry considered vital to national security refused a presidential order to return to work, Truman requested that Congress . a. fire all strikers and prevent them from ever returning to their jobs b. imprison strikers who refused to negotiate in good faith with management representatives c. force labor and management to settle their differences within a specified period of time d. draft all such strikers into the armed forces .

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Chapter 25 8. The Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 . a. repealed most of the 1935 Wagner Act b. allowed states to pass right-to-work laws outlawing the “closed shop” c. weakened labor unions by making collective bargaining illegal d. allowed union contributions to political funds in federal elections 9. In the 1948 presidential election, Henry Wallace of the Progressive Party a. advocated friendship with the Soviet Union b. advocated that Americans defy the desegregation order of the Supreme Court c. advocated the passage of immigration-restriction laws d. pledged to send troops to Europe to liberate Eastern Europe from Soviet domination

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10. The Dixiecrats who attracted national attention in 1948 were . a. Southern activists who fought to end the poll tax and voter literacy requirements b. teams of Carolina businessmen promoting new industry in their region c. a political party made up of breakaway Democrats opposed to the Democratic Party’s position on civil rights d. union leaders who lobbied Southern state legislatures to pass pro-union laws 11. Which of the following explanations of Truman’s presidential victory in 1948 is correct? a. His opponents were political unknowns. b. The Democratic party was united. c. He won the African-American vote in key Northern states, thus gaining those states’ electoral votes. d. He won the Progressive vote.

12. Which of the following is a reason for Eisenhower’s victory in the 1952 presidential election? a. Many voters hoped he would end the Korean War. b. African Americans were led to believe he would actively work for enactment of civil rights legislation. c. He publicly denounced Joseph McCarthy. d. He promised to end American support of the French in Indochina.

13. Which of the following is true of the amendments to the Social Security Act signed into law by President Eisenhower? a. They raised benefits and expanded the program’s coverage. b. They raised benefits and reduced the program’s coverage. c. They lowered benefits and reduced the program’s coverage. d. They lowered benefits and expanded the program’s coverage.

14. The 1958 National Defense Education Act was passed in response to a. an alarming decline in the literacy rate of army draftees b. the launching of the first earth-orbiting satellite by Russia c. the growing problem of juvenile delinquency d. the decline in American exports to the world market 15. The National Defense Education Act of 1958

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Chapter 25 a. offered fellowships and loans to college students b. provided federal research grants to major universities c. created the ROTC program d. desegregated the Naval Academy 16. The aspects of elementary and high-school education that the National Defense Education Act most focused on were . a. textbooks and equipment b. school lunches and school breakfasts c. ROTC and physical education programs d. programs in mathematics, foreign languages, and the sciences 17. President Eisenhower responded to the three economic recessions that occurred during his presidency by . a. resorting to deficit spending b. persuading Congress to increase taxes c. increasing farm subsidies d. ordering massive budget cuts 18. What was the subject of President Eisenhower’s farewell address? a. World overpopulation and starvation. b. The “military-industrial complex” c. The threat of environmental pollution d. The “international communist conspiracy” 19. Many Americans accepted which of the following beliefs in the 1950s? a. The diversity within American society means that tension and conflict are inevitable in the United States. b. Citizens in a mass democracy must always harbor a healthy distrust of their elected officials and question their decisions. c. Americans must work to bring about the moral regeneration of American society. d. As the United States struggles against the Soviet Union for the future of the world, critics of America are suspect and perhaps even unpatriotic.

20. President Truman contributed to American anticommunist sentiment after the Second World War by a. recommending that “procommunist” books be removed from the nation’s libraries and bookstores b. claiming that all liberal Democrats were communist sympathizers c. releasing classified information revealing an international communist conspiracy d. ordering investigations into the loyalty of federal employees 21. One result of the anticommunist crusade during the late 1940s and early 1950s was the dismissal, as a “security risk,” of . a. alcoholics, homosexuals, and debtors in the employ of the federal government b. J. Edgar Hoover from the Federal Bureau of Investigation c. Ethel and Julius Rosenberg from the State Department d. Henry A. Wallace as Secretary of Commerce .

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Chapter 25 22. How did the CIO respond to the HUAC “witch hunts” of the late 1940s? a. It labeled them as un-American. b. It called for solidarity among all workers against management while also pledging its support for the capitalist system. c. It participated in them by expelling some unions for allegedly being dominated by communists. d. It denounced them as a management tool to weaken organized labor.

23. The Internal Security (McCarran) Act of 1950 . a. stipulated that critics of American foreign policy could not hold defense jobs b. prohibited American citizens from traveling to the Middle East, China, or Eastern Europe c. required members of “Communist-front” organizations to register with the government and prohibited them from holding government jobs d. made it illegal to belong to an organization that advocated the violent overthrow of the United States government 24. The 1954 Communist Control Act . a. put all labor unions suspected of communist domination under surveillance b. effectively made membership in the Communist Party illegal c. provided for the internment of known communists during a national emergency d. denied employment to communists in defense-related industries 25. What entity or event connects Richard Nixon, Alger Hiss, Julius Rosenberg, and Ethel Rosenberg? a. Brown v. Board of Education b. The House Un-American Activities Committee c. Smith v. Allwright. d. The SCLC 26. How did Senator Joseph McCarthy eventually contribute to his own downfall? a. He charged that fellow senators were communist dupes. b. He took on the U.S. Army in front of millions of television viewers. c. He appeared on the Senate floor in an obviously inebriated state. d. He publicly stated that President Eisenhower was a “communist sympathizer.”

27. In its report To Secure These Rights, President Truman’s Committee on Civil Rights proposed which of the following? a. An increase in the number of Supreme Court justices b. Federal aid to African American colleges c. The enactment of antilynching and antisegregation legislation d. Legislation to bring about a redistribution of wealth in the United States 28. What statement best expresses the significance of the report issued by President Truman’s Committee on Civil Rights? a. It indicated the willingness of the president to acknowledge the federal government’s responsibility to strive for racial equality. b. It indicated that the president was willing to respond to congressional demands that he provide a comprehensive legislative agenda to protect minority rights. .

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Chapter 25 c. It indicated the government’s willingness to bow to public pressure and actively protect the rights of minorities. d. It indicated that the president was unwilling to support ideas that would cost him white votes in the Southern states.

29. The Supreme Court’s decision in Smith v. Allwright benefited African Americans by a. ending racially discriminatory hiring practices b. desegregating the nation’s public schools c. desegregating all public accommodations d. outlawing whites-only primaries

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30. Supreme Court decisions in such 1940s cases as Smith v. Allwright, Morgan v. Virginia, and Shelley v. Kramer suggest that by the 1950s . a. environmentalists had little reason to expect help from the Supreme Court b. the NAACP had some reason to hope for a favorable ruling in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka c. big business could be virtually sure of a sympathetic hearing in the Supreme Court d. labor unions had no reason to expect pro-labor rulings from the Supreme Court 31. In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, the Supreme Court ruled that . a. states could require a period of silent meditation in public schools b. racially segregated public educational facilities were unconstitutional c. pro-Communist statements expressed by a public school teacher were sufficient grounds for the teacher’s dismissal d. local school boards could require students to complete a sex-education course without infringing on students’ religious rights 32. In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, the Supreme Court accepted the argument that . a. educational facilities that are separate are, by their very nature, unequal b. Society’s need for an educated citizenry outweighed any freedom-of-association rights of minors c. segregation of any public facility threatened American relations with other nations d. as taxpayers, African Americans were part owners of all facilities paid for by taxes and, therefore, had the right of equal access to those facilities 33. The target of Rosa Parks’s protest in Montgomery, Alabama was the denial of the right of African Americans to . a. use Montgomery city buses to transport African-American children to after-school activities b. sit wherever they liked on city buses in Montgomery without having to give up their seats to white passengers c. secure jobs driving Montgomery city buses d. ride on Montgomery city buses during the evening hours 34. Who held the philosophy that civil disobedience fused the spirit of Christianity was the ideal strategy of achieving racial justice through nonviolent resistance? a. Joseph R. McCarthy b. Dr. Benjamin Spock .

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Chapter 25 c. Martin Luther King Jr. d. Dwight D. Eisenhower 35. Which of the following statements is most consistent with the ideas expressed by Martin Luther King, Jr., in his speech launching the Montgomery bus boycott? a. Whites must be excluded from the African-American protest movement. b. African Americans should rely on bloc voting to end the oppression under which they live. c. African Americans should attack white racism with the same tactics used by their oppressors, namely violence and intimidation. d. The African-American protest movement is just and is right in the eyes of God. 36. Which of the following is true of White Citizens’ Councils? a. Made up primarily of the white power elite within Southern communities, they denounced the racist beliefs of the Ku Klux Klan. b. Members of these organizations attempted to implement the Brown decision in a peaceful and orderly manner. c. Made up primarily of rural whites, these organizations advocated the violent overthrow of the government of the United States. d. Supported by white professionals and businesspeople, they used their economic power against AfricanAmerican civil rights activists.

37. With regard to school desegregation, President Eisenhower . a. ordered the Justice Department to speed desegregation through court suits b. encouraged white resistance to the Brown decision by speaking ambiguously on the issue of federal enforcement of desegregation c. refused to do anything in response to Southern resistance to school desegregation d. sought but failed to pass federal legislation to desegregate public schools in the South 38. Which of the following is true of the Civil Rights Act of 1957? a. It was vetoed by President Eisenhower. b. It suspended literacy tests for voting. c. It outlawed racial discrimination in public accommodations. d. It created the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights.

39. Which of the following is considered a major contributor to the postwar economic boom? a. The success of labor unions in gaining more control over corporate affairs b. Government spending c. The growth of service industries d. Television production 40. Which of the following made possible the computer revolution? a. The invention of the transistor b. The use of radar in the Second World War c. The founding of IBM d. Funding from the federal government .

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Chapter 25 41. The 1950 agreement known as the Treaty of Detroit between the United Auto Workers and General Motors was significant because . a. it gave workers a greater role in company management b. it provided workers with health insurance, pensions, and protection against inflation, which labor exchanged for greater control in corporate affairs c. organized labor obtained representation on federal and state safety inspection agencies d. organized labor’s use of paid lobbyists increased its influence in Congress 42. The acronym COLA refers to contractual agreements that guaranteed workers a. protection against inflation. b. job security. c. a percentage of corporate profits. d. the right to participate in labor unions.

43. Industry was attracted to the Sunbelt for which of the following reasons? a. The availability of credit in the region b. The progressive political leadership in the region c. The region’s right-to-work laws which outlawed closed shops d. The region’s technical schools 44. During the 1950s, unionized blue-collar workers a. found that their wages did not keep pace with inflation b. frequently discovered that they could not afford to retire c. were able to enjoy a middle-class lifestyle d. increased tremendously in numbers and influence

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45. The importance of religion during the Cold War era was demonstrated by a. congressional legislation requiring every school in America to open each day with a prayer b. the introduction of a prohibition amendment in Congress. c. the religious messages included in popular TV shows like Leave It to Beaver d. the growth of membership in mainline Christian churches

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46. Which of the following was an important social trend during the 1950s? a. Early marriages b. A high divorce rate c. Low interest in religious activities d. Small families 47. In his book Baby and Child Care, Dr. Benjamin Spock asserted that a. mothers should not breast-feed their babies b. fathers should take an active role in bringing up their children c. a mother’s full-time attention was necessary for the well-being of her child d. mothers should ignore a baby’s crying except at feeding time

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48. In his bestselling book, William H. Whyte advanced which of the following arguments? .

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Chapter 25 a. Many corporate employees succeed through conformity rather than through individual initiative and hard work. b. Women should seek fulfillment by pursuing a career rather than through motherhood. c. When the children of the 1950s become adults, they will be more secure and more independent than any previous generation. d. Most American men suffer from an unhealthy emotional attachment to their mothers.

49. One way in which Alfred Kinsey’s work on human sexuality was important is that it . a. immediately led to a nationwide demand for sex education in American schools b. let many Americans know that they were not alone in breaking certain sexual rules c. removed the stigma attached to young women who had children outside of marriage d. triggered a nationwide movement to close down Playboy magazine 50. One of the features of the classic movie Rebel Without a Cause that ties it to the culture of the 1950s is its reflection of a. early Cold War fears of communist corruption of American youth b. parental fears that rock ‘n’ roll music promoted sexual promiscuity among American teenagers c. popular psychological theories of the 1950s such as “the crisis of masculinity” d. post-World War II pacifism 51. The roots of 1950s rock ‘n’ roll music lay in a. early jazz b. folk songs c. Indian war songs d. African-American rhythm-and-blues

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52. What is the term used to describe a generation of nonconformist writers who rejected the conventional middle class? a. Beat b. Religion c. Baby boom d. Fair deal 53. The Beats were important culturally because they . a. introduced the “bebop” style b. produced some important literary works through which they laid the groundwork for the counterculture of the 1960s c. were the first group to perform rock ‘n’ roll publicly d. introduced the new, sophisticated advertising techniques associated with the television era 54. During the 1950s, books such as The Crack in the Picture Window and The Lonely Crowd a. praised rock ‘n’ roll as the music of a revolutionary generation b. commented on the loss of individuality in middle-class consumer society. c. were shallow, juvenile writings that had virtually no long-term significance d. chastised American teenagers for their political complacency and hedonistic lifestyle .

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Chapter 25 55. One thing that the 1956 film Invasion of the Body Snatchers, William H. Whyte’s The Organization Man, and J. D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye had in common was that they all . a. promoted the acceptance of family values as the salvation of American society b. criticized the social conformity present in 1950s American society c. reflected American fears of the Soviet Union d. demonstrated the popularity of science fiction during the 1950s 56. As a result of Silent Spring, . a. most farmers stopped using pesticides until they were proven to be environmentally safe b. the widespread use of DDT in the United States ended c. the government established a process by which it began to test the safety of America’s farm produce d. environmentalists organized a boycott that was successful in forcing farmers to stop using harmful pesticides 57. Which of the following is true of organized labor during the 1950s? a. The major unions were unsuccessful in getting pension plans for their members. b. Union membership grew slowly because of the transition to a service-oriented economy. c. Since most of the new jobs created were for blue-collar workers in heavy industry, union membership increased dramatically. d. Through collective bargaining, workers considerably narrowed the wage gap between men and women.

58. Which of the following was a consequence of the increased use of automated electronic processes in American industry during the 1950s? a. Industrial productivity increased. b. Small corporations could compete successfully with large corporations. c. White-collar workers successfully unionized. d. Job opportunities for women increased.

59. During the 1950s, most Americans who were poor . a. were nonwhite b. lived in households headed by a person with an eighth-grade education or less c. were over sixty-five and lived on fixed incomes d. lived in households headed by a single woman 60. During the 1950s, it was increasingly likely that Americans below the poverty line were living in . a. small towns b. community-sponsored shelters for the homeless c. the inner cities d. rental suburban houses 61. Which of the following was a consequence of the growth of large agribusinesses and the mechanization of agriculture in the South? a. Rural poverty was largely eliminated. b. Many tenant farmers were displaced. c. Migrant workers in the region could no longer find work. .

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Chapter 25 d. African-American landowners could compete successfully with white landowners.

62. Which of the following made up the nation’s poorest group after the Second World War? a. Single women b. Mexican Americans c. Native Americans d. African Americans 63. Which of the following is true of the Eisenhower administration’s termination policy? a. It ended attempts to assimilate Indians into mainstream American society. b. It placed control of federal benefit programs on Indian reservations in the hands of Indian leaders. c. It allowed reservation lands to be sold, thus worsening the lives of many Indians. d. It allowed reservation lands to be sold, thus improving the lives of many Indians.

64. Explain and assess President Truman’s policies designed to deal with domestic economic problems from 1945 to 1948.

65. Explain the growth of the suburbs during the 1950s, and discuss the positive and negative features of life in suburban America.

66. Examine the issues and personalities and explain the outcome of the 1948 presidential election.

67. Examine the Truman administration’s record in the area of civil rights, and discuss the gains made by African Americans from 1945 to 1954.

68. Although Truman was highly unpopular when he left office, he is now regarded by historians as one of the nation’s ten best presidents. Why? 69. Defend or refute the following statement: “During the 1950s, Americans were confident to the verge of complacency about the perfectibility of American society, and anxious to the point of paranoia about the threat of communism.”

70. Discuss the factors that gave rise to the anticommunist hysteria in the United States after the Second World War. What were the consequences of this hysteria?

71. Discuss and evaluate the response of President Truman to the anticommunist hysteria of the late 1940s and early 1950s.

72. Discuss the military-industrial complex in the context of the Cold War. 73. Discuss the characteristics of McCarthyism, the tactics used by Senator McCarthy, and the consequences of McCarthy’s anticommunist crusade. What eventually caused the political demise of Senator McCarthy?

74. Discuss the content and significance of the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka decision, and explain the response of the Eisenhower administration and the Southern states to this decision.

75. Discuss the factors that created the sustained economic boom after the Second World War, and explain the consequences of this economic boom. .

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Chapter 25 76. Explain the growth of the Sunbelt during the 1950s, and discuss the political and economic consequences of this growth.

77. Examine the factors that facilitated the emergence of a national middle-class culture during the 1950s, and discuss the characteristics of that culture.

78. Discuss the ways in which the popular media (television, movies, books, and music) both reflected and shaped American society in the postwar era.

79. Analyze the ways in which “whiteness” informed mass culture and the ways in which black culture affected white America in the 1950s.

80. Discuss the impact of television on Americans and their lifestyles during the 1950s.

81. Discuss American attitudes regarding religion and sex in the 1950s.

82. Discuss the impact of changes in American society during the 1950s on women and on the American family.

83. Discuss the major trends in music and the movies during the 1950s.

84. Discuss the major fads of the 1950s.

85. Examine the environmental costs of the postwar economic boom.

86. In a period of tremendous prosperity, there were nevertheless millions of Americans who did not share in the dream.

Who were they, why were they outsiders, and why were they so easily overlooked?

87. Explain and evaluate the Eisenhower administration’s policy toward Native Americans.

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Chapter 25 Answer Key 1. c 2. d 3. a 4. d 5. d 6. b 7. d 8. b 9. a 10. c 11. c 12. a 13. a 14. b 15. a 16. d 17. a 18. b 19. d 20. d 21. a 22. c 23. c 24. b 25. b .

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Chapter 25 26. b 27. c 28. a 29. d 30. b 31. b 32. a 33. b 34. c 35. d 36. d 37. b 38. d 39. b 40. a 41. b 42. a 43. c 44. c 45. d 46. a 47. c 48. a 49. b 50. c 51. d .

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Chapter 25 52. a 53. b 54. b 55. b 56. b 57. b 58. a 59. b 60. c 61. b 62. c 63. c 64. Answers will vary.

65. Answers will vary.

66. Answers will vary.

67. Answers will vary.

68. Answers will vary.

69. Answers will vary.

70. Answers will vary.

71. Answers will vary.

72. Answers will vary.

73. Answers will vary.

74. Answers will vary.

75. Answers will vary.

76. Answers will vary. .

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Chapter 25 77. Answers will vary.

78. Answers will vary.

79. Answers will vary.

80. Answers will vary.

81. Answers will vary.

82. Answers will vary.

83. Answers will vary.

84. Answers will vary.

85. Answers will vary.

86. Answers will vary.

87. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 26

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. In the 1960 presidential election, John Kennedy . a. lost all of the Southern states b. was hurt in some states because of his Roman Catholic faith c. gained votes because of his honesty about his health problems d. lost a substantial number of votes because of his call for a reduction in the size of America’s nuclear arsenal 2. What made Vice President Nixon unappealing to voters in 1960? a. His lack of knowledge on foreign policy issues b. An unappealing television image c. His open endorsement of the civil rights movement d. The installation of nuclear-capable missiles on Formosa 3. When John Kennedy first took office as President, his top priority was a. reducing defense spending b. civil rights c. fighting the Cold War d. cutting taxes

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4. The Alliance for Progress (1961) illustrates . a. the kind of successful Soviet investment in technological development in Africa that President Kennedy thought the United States had to make b. the dozens of business-government cooperative ventures that President Kennedy promoted during his first year in office c. a series of anti-Cuba trade agreements the United States pressured South American countries to sign d. that the Kennedy administration applied the concept of nation building to Latin America by promoting economic development in the region 5. Which of the following is associated with Kennedy’s nation-building policy among Third World nations? a. The Limited Test Ban Treaty b. The Organization of American States c. The International Monetary Fund d. The Peace Corps 6. Which of the following accurately restates the Kennedy administration’s concept of counterinsurgency? a. The United States can defeat anti-American radicals by using American forces to quell unrest and lawlessness in Third World countries. b. All that is needed to defeat anti-American revolutionaries in Third World countries is to provide the people of those countries with food and medical supplies. c. By training native troops and police forces in pro-American Third World countries, the administration will be able to defeat anti-American revolutionaries in those countries. d. American economic advisors can help build stable economies in Third World nations and destroy the root cause of rebellion and revolution.

7. Which of the following is true of both the nation-building program and of counterinsurgency? .

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Chapter 26 a. These programs were based on the American assumption that the United States model of capitalism and democracy could be successfully transferred to other parts of the world. b. Each complimented the other and made it possible to place American aid in the hands of the people of the Third World who most needed that aid. c. The two ideas revived faith throughout the Third World that America was the exemplar of freedom and democracy. d. These programs drained money from all branches of the armed services, which were already underfunded.

8. Nation building did not work as President Kennedy had envisioned because . a. the monetary aid was usually funneled through a self-interested elite and often did not reach the very poor b. Congress refused to appropriate the sums of money needed to make the program succeed c. the Soviet Union gave more foreign aid to the Third World than did the United States d. Communist subversives staged violent protests, which forced many countries to reject the U.S. offer of assistance 9. What was the Soviet response to President Kennedy’s refusal to accede to their demands during the 1961 Berlin crisis? a. A withdrawal of battleships from Cuba b. The installation of nuclear weapons in East Germany c. The building of the Berlin Wall d. Withdrawal from the UN 10. Which of the following is true of the 1961 invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs? a. The invasion was planned and executed by military experts in the Pentagon. b. The invasion was based on the assumption that the Cuban people would rise up against Castro. c. The invasion was elaborately planned and skillfully executed. d. The invasion was launched only after several attempts by President Kennedy to negotiate with Castro had ended in failure.

11. Which of the following is true of the Kennedy administration’s policy toward Cuba after the Bay of Pigs fiasco? a. The administration directed American businesses to halt all trade with Cuba. b. The administration opened talks with Castro through secret emissaries. c. The administration continued trying to remove Castro from power through CIA activities. d. The administration acknowledged its mistake and pledged to respect Cuba’s sovereignty.

12. The Cuban missile crisis appears to have been most directly the outgrowth of . a. Castro's belief that the missile installations would bring jobs and spending to help the depressed Cuban economy b. President Kennedy’s anti-Castro projects, which led both Khrushchev and Castro to believe that the United States was planning an invasion c. Castro’s desire to win status and respect throughout Latin America d. Khrushchev’s determination to make Soviet inroads into Latin America 13. Khrushchev installed nuclear missiles in Cuba for which of the following reasons? a. He was preparing for a nuclear strike against the United States. b. He did so solely to persuade the United States to remove its missiles from Turkey. .

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Chapter 26 c. He did so both to deter an American invasion of Cuba and to improve the Soviet Union’s position in the nuclear balance of power. d. He was attempting to build an anti-American alliance among Latin American nations under Soviet control.

14. President Kennedy responded to the presence of Soviet missiles in Cuba by a. ordering a naval quarantine of Cuba b. ordering a surgical air strike against the installations c. publicly threatening a full-scale military invasion of Cuba d. undertaking quiet negotiations with Castro

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15. In response to the Soviet agreement to withdraw its missiles from Cuba, President Kennedy pledged that the United States would . a. establish normal diplomatic relations with Cuba b. refrain from invading Cuba c. end the economic boycott against Cuba d. abandon the American naval base at Guantanamo Bay 16. In the aftermath of the Cuban missile crisis, . a. the United States and the Soviet Union signed a nuclear test ban treaty b. the United States began to fall further behind the Soviet Union in deliverable nuclear weapons c. relations were normalized between the United States and Cuba d. the nuclear arms race cooled, with both sides reducing their nuclear arsenals 17. A beneficial effect of the Cuban missile crisis was a. major improvements in the American civil-defense system b. public support for improving relations with Cuba c. installation of a Washington-Moscow “hot line” d. tighter control of the CIA by Congress

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18. The Greensboro sit-in was . a. a televised debate on issues related to the Vietnam War b. the first in a series of nonviolent challenges to racial segregation in the South c. a takeover by flower children of San Francisco’s Greensboro Park d. a prayer vigil in response to the assassination of John F. Kennedy 19. Which of the following is true of the young people who formed the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee? a. They favored the concept of Black Power as expressed by Stokely Carmichael. b. They were committed to the tactic of nonviolence in the civil rights movement. c. They accepted Booker T. Washington’s policy of accommodation. d. They believed that African Americans should arm themselves in order to defend themselves against the injustices of white racism.

20. In response to the violence encountered by the Freedom Riders in Birmingham and Montgomery, Alabama, President Kennedy . a. sent federal marshals to Alabama to protect them, but allowed them to be arrested in Mississippi .

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Chapter 26 b. chastised those involved for engaging in civil disobedience c. provided them with military escorts for the rest of their journey d. took no action 21. When James Meredith attempted to attend the University of Mississippi as that institution’s first African-American student, President Kennedy . a. stood by while Governor Barnett ordered the university closed b. urged Meredith to attend a northern university instead c. prevented riots by quietly negotiating with the governor of Mississippi and university officials d. ordered federal marshals to protect him 22. When Martin Luther King, Jr., put children on the front lines of protest in Birmingham, Alabama in 1963, the city’s police commissioner . a. allowed the march to proceed without incident b. called out the Alabama National Guard to prevent the march c. used powerful water guns and attack dogs against the protesters d. lined the route of the march with Birmingham police to protect the children from violence 23. Which of the following is true of President John Kennedy on the issue of civil rights? a. He took no significant action during his presidency. b. He only gradually committed himself to first-class citizenship for African Americans. c. He vetoed several civil rights bills. d. He allowed George Wallace to prevent the integration of the University of Alabama.

24. Beginning in 1961 and extending through the “Freedom Summer” of 1964, those who volunteered to work in Mississippi . a. encountered little resistance from the white power structure as they worked to register African Americans to vote b. refused to participate in the creation of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party c. allowed all decisions about their activities to be made by a core of Southern African-American leaders d. risked their lives attempting to build the political power of African Americans in the South 25. In relation to his program, called the New Frontier, John Kennedy a. demonstrated an ability to move legislation through Congress b. called for an end to the missile race c. did little to push his social-policy agenda through Congress d. made no mention of the problem of poverty in the United States

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26. In his vision of the Great Society, President Johnson believed . a. it was better to provide public-works jobs to the unemployed than to provide job-training programs b. he could rely primarily on economic growth to solve the problem of poverty c. it was the responsibility of the government to provide every American with a guaranteed annual income d. that the government must actively work to improve the lives of Americans 27. Upon entering the presidency, Lyndon Johnson made which of the following his top legislative priority? .

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Chapter 26 a. Environmental protection b. Civil rights c. Military rearmament d. Housing 28. Which of the following laws outlawed legal discrimination based on race color, religion, national origin, and sex, and created means to enforce its provision? a. Voting Rights Act of 1965 b. Immigration Act of 1965 c. Civil Rights Act of 1964 d. Economic Opportunity Act 29. The provision in the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that forbade discrimination on the basis of sex was included because . a. Southern congressmen hoped it would lead to the defeat of the bill b. the Johnson administration was warned by Democratic congresswomen that they would vote against the measure unless the provision was included c. liberal congressmen hoped it would convince their undecided colleagues to support the bill d. the National Organization of Women pledged to lobby against passage of the bill if the provision was not included 30. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 . a. contained no enforcement provisions b. established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to investigate claims of job discrimination c. forbade discrimination in public accommodations, but not the voting booths d. still allowed discrimination on the basis of sex 31. This 1964 Republican presidential candidate voted against the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and opposed the Social Security system. a. Thomas Dewey b. Barry Goldwater c. Ronald Reagan d. Henry Wallace 32. In his campaign for the presidency in 1964, Barry Goldwater . a. called for negotiations with the Soviet Union to end the arms race b. indicated his support for the use of tactical nuclear weapons against the nation’s enemies c. implied that he would end America’s involvement in Vietnam d. stated that individual liberty could be achieved only when all Americans enjoyed equal opportunity in voting, employment, and housing 33. Which of the following is true of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party of 1964? a. Its delegates were certified as the true Democrats of Mississippi. b. Its delegation challenged the delegation of regular Mississippi Democrats at the Democratic National Convention. .

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Chapter 26 c. Its delegation was totally ignored at the Democratic National Convention. d. It was composed of white, middle-class racists who challenged the predominately African-American delegation of Mississippi Democrats.

34. Which of the following is true of the presidential election of 1964? a. The election marked the first time since the Civil War that a Democratic presidential candidate did not carry the states of the Deep South. b. The election temporarily turned relations between the United States and the Soviet Union into a minor issue in American politics. c. The election gave Johnson a landslide victory, but it also gave him the most conservative Congress in history. d. The election featured the most peaceful party conventions in twenty-five years.

35. Which of the following best explains why President Johnson was able to enact a sweeping program of reform legislation in 1965 and 1966? a. His proposals received overwhelming support from the public. b. The congressional Republicans decided to vote for his program. c. He was able to use the patriotic spirit engendered by the Vietnam War to win support for his program. d. In the 1964 congressional elections, the voters gave Johnson the most liberal Congress in American history.

36. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 . a. led to voter fraud and corruption in most state and federal elections b. was an unreasonable infringement on the rights of the Southern states as guaranteed under the Tenth Amendment c. had no noticeable impact on voter registration among African Americans in the South d. caused a dramatic increase in the proportion of African Americans in the South who were registered to vote 37. The Immigration Act of 1965 . a. severely restricted immigration from Asia b. lifted all immigration quotas c. ended racially based immigration quotas d. placed no quota on immigrants from the Western Hemisphere 38. Many of the laws that were part of Johnson’s War on Poverty primarily focused on a. providing adequate clothing to children living in poverty b. providing free federal housing to the homeless in America c. granting a guaranteed income to Americans below the poverty line d. improving opportunities for the nation’s poor

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39. The Medicare program, enacted in 1965, provided insurance against medical and hospital bills for . a. Vietnam veterans b. ethnic minorities c. the elderly d. welfare recipients .

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Chapter 26 40. Which of the following is true of the War on Poverty? a. It provided public-works jobs to millions of poor people. b. It especially benefited female-headed families. c. It directly attacked the housing, health, and nutritional problems of the poor. d. It alone was responsible for alleviating hunger in the United States.

41. As a result of the War on Poverty, . a. the number of elderly Americans living in poverty declined dramatically b. rural poverty was practically eliminated c. health-care costs began a slow but steady decline d. poverty in households headed by women steadily declined over a period of ten years 42. Which of the following is a legitimate criticism of the War on Poverty? a. It did not give sufficient attention to poverty in female-headed households. b. It did nothing in response to the increase in poverty among the elderly. c. It did not accomplish any significant reduction in poverty. d. It primarily focused on the problem of rural poverty, with few resources directed toward ending urban poverty.

43. The Johnson administration was characterized by which of the following? a. Limitless support for space exploration, a cheerful and optimistic White House, and confrontational dealings with the Soviet Union b. Intensification of the Vietnam War, enactment of a wealth of legislation attacking economic and social ills in the country, and a dramatic increase in black elected officials in the South c. Much-needed refurbishing of America’s infrastructure, intense efforts to win friends in Latin America, and huge tax cuts d. Major anti-crime legislation, contentious relations between the president and Congress, and defense-contract scandals 44. The term for those who supported American goals in the Vietnam War was a. hawks b. the free speech movement c. doves d. the counterculture

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45. Which of the following is true of President Johnson’s response to the August 1964 report that U.S. destroyers had been attacked twice by North Vietnamese patrol boats in the Gulf of Tonkin? a. Even though evidence of the second attack was questionable, President Johnson ordered retaliatory air strikes against North Vietnam. b. Johnson suggested the use of tactical nuclear weapons against strategic targets in North Vietnam. c. Johnson expressed grave fears that the incident would bring the United States and the Soviet Union into armed conflict. d. The incident convinced Johnson that North Vietnam was being supplied with sophisticated military equipment by the Soviet Union.

46. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution is particularly significant in American history for which of the following reasons? .

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Chapter 26 a. The resolution marked the point at which most Americans began to have serious doubts about the American role in Vietnam. b. The resolution served notice to the rest of the world that the United States no longer accepted any geographical limits on its freedom to patrol the seas. c. In enacting the resolution, Congress relinquished its war-making powers to the president. d. Passage of the resolution established the precedent of U.S. rejection of United Nations Security Council authority in international disputes.

47. The Johnson administration chose to “Americanize” the war in Vietnam despite the fact that Democratic leaders in the Senate, some administration officials, and many of America’s allies had misgivings. Why? a. Intelligence indicated that China would immediately invade Vietnam if American forces withdrew. b. Japanese leaders expressed fears of instability and disorder throughout Southeast Asia if the United States failed to defend South Vietnam. c. Johnson believed that “Americanizing” the war was the first step in convincing the United Nations to send a multinational peacekeeping force to Vietnam. d. The administration believed that America’s credibility was at stake.

48. What is the term for opponents of the American military’s involvement in Vietnam? a. Hawks b. The Free Speech Movement c. Doves d. The counterculture 49. The majority of American soldiers on the ground in Vietnam were a. career military b. draftees c. reservists d. volunteers

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50. America’s reliance on such things as carpet bombing, napalm, and crop defoliants in the Vietnam War . a. caused Ho Chi Minh to abandon the Vietcong and concentrate his resources on the North Vietnamese army b. alienated many South Vietnamese, bringing new recruits to the Vietcong c. made Vietnamese villages safer and more secure by destroying the Vietcong’s ability to wage war d. led China to send troops and military materiel to aid the Vietcong 51. Senator Fulbright’s public hearings on the Vietnam War . a. demonstrated that public officials were deeply divided over America’s role in the Vietnam War b. convinced President Johnson that he must find a way to honorably end America’s role in the war c. were merely an attempt by Senator Fulbright to embarrass the Johnson administration d. indicated that Congress had turned a deaf ear to anti-war protests 52. What triggered the 1964 race riots in Harlem? a. Violence against African-American–owned businesses by white mobs. b. Attempts by African Americans to desegregate suburban neighborhoods. .

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Chapter 26 c. The shooting of a black teenager by a white police officer. d. The assassination of an African-American state legislator.

53. Which of the following may be considered the underlying reason for the Watts race riot of 1965? a. African Americans resented the fact that they were drafted disproportionately to whites to fight in Vietnam. b. African Americans were frustrated and angry over their joblessness and lack of opportunity. c. Radical left-wing instigators incited African Americans to engage in violence. d. Whites were angry over the expansion of the African-American neighborhood of Watts into surrounding white neighborhoods.

54. The Kerner Report, issued in 1968 by the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, blamed the urban riots of the mid- to late-sixties on . a. white racism within American society b. unfair distribution among the nation’s socioeconomic classes of the burden of fighting the Vietnam War c. anger over the steep climb in taxes necessary to pay for welfare programs d. rising unemployment among the nation’s youth 55. Which of the following statements is consistent with the beliefs of Black Muslims in the mid-1960s? a. African Americans must practice the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth by turning the other cheek and loving their enemies. b. Whites are subhuman devils; therefore, African Americans must separate themselves from white society. c. African Americans must work toward the end of creating a brotherhood of man, regardless of race, creed, or national origin. d. Because politics is the primary source of power in the United States, African Americans must concentrate on getting elected to political office.

56. Malcolm X was assassinated by . a. supporters of Martin Luther King, Jr b. Black Muslims who believed he had betrayed their cause c. white assassins hired by the FBI d. a member of the Ku Klux Klan 57. Which of the following is most consistent with the belief expressed by Stokely Carmichael in his 1966 call for Black Power? a. To right the wrongs done against them, African Americans should move to several southern states, take them over, and push white residents out. b. To be truly free from white oppression, African Americans must elect black candidates, organize their own schools, and control their own institutions. c. African Americans can gain independence and dignity only by returning en masse to Africa. d. African Americans must seek revenge for the wrongs done against them by forming vigilante groups to assassinate prominent whites.

58. In response to the concept of Black Power, groups such as CORE and SNCC began to a. oppose the involvement of African Americans in American politics b. purge whites from their membership rolls .

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Chapter 26 c. support the NAACP’s approach of challenging discriminatory practices in court d. organize a back-to-Africa movement 59. The Black Panthers advocated . a. establishment of a separate state exclusively for African Americans b. extermination of the white power structure c. destruction of the capitalist system d. that African Americans rely on the American legal system to secure equality under the law 60. The Sharon Statement of 1960 and Goldwater’s presidential nomination in 1964 indicate that . a. support for the Vietnam War was waning b. the group Young Americans for Freedom had some success in achieving its goal of moving the Republican party in a more conservative direction c. strong support for an activist federal government crossed party and regional lines in the 1960s d. a significant number of Americans believed that communists had infiltrated all aspects of American government and American society 61. Which of the following is true of the Port Huron Statement? a. It called for the replacement of the American two-party system with a European-style multiparty political system. b. It condemned racism, poverty, and the Cold War. c. It called upon college students to boycott corporations whose activities served to support racism or militarism. d. It suggested the formation of a new political coalition consisting of college students and minority groups.

62. Which of the following was a factor in the emergence of the student protest movement at the Berkeley campus of the University of California in the fall of 1964? a. The university’s ban on political activity at the students’ traditional gathering place b. A sharp increase in tuition c. The mediocre quality of many academic programs d. The willingness of campus administrators to give draft officials access to student records 63. Which of the following was a major target of student protesters in the 1960s? a. College fraternities and sororities b. Sex discrimination in college-admission policies c. The practice of granting tenure to college professors d. The doctrine of in loco parentis 64. The first major march in opposition to the Vietnam War was sponsored by a. the NAACP b. Women Against War c. Students for a Democratic Society d. Young Americans for Freedom

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65. Where was the epicenter of the “Summer of Love”? .

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Chapter 26 a. Woodstock, NY b. San Francisco, CA c. Austin, TX d. Chicago, IL 66. In the late 1960s, the Haight-Ashbury section of San Francisco became a haven for a. disaffected black nationalists b. Communist revolutionaries c. young people associated with the counterculture d. fundamentalist Christians

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67. Increased use of the birth-control pill in the 1960s was in some measure responsible for a. a trend toward more casual sexual customs among young people b. a decline in the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases c. a decline in the number of abortions d. a trend away from sterilization as a means of controlling fertility

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68. The Tet Offensive in Vietnam in January 1968 led to . a. the Communist occupation and control of Saigon for a temporary period b. a renewed determination in the United States to support President Johnson’s war policies c. a wave of South Vietnamese support for American troops d. the realization by Secretary of Defense Clark Clifford that further escalation of the war would not bring victory 69. In the aftermath of the Tet Offensive, President Johnson . a. asked Hanoi to begin negotiations b. received a pledge from fellow Democrats that they would fully support his policies in Southeast Asia c. announced his intention to seek another term in office d. began a sustained bombing program above the 17th parallel 70. The race riots in 130 cities across America in April 1968 were precipitated by a. congressional defeat of an extension of the Voting Rights Act b. the announcement of another escalation of the Vietnam War c. the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr d. President Johnson’s announcement that he would not seek reelection

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71. Which of the following candidates in the 1968 presidential primaries was assassinated? a. Hubert Humphrey b. Robert Kennedy c. Eugene McCarthy d. George Wallace 72. The 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago was marred by which of the following? a. The Chicago police attacked peaceful antiwar protesters outside the convention hall. .

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Chapter 26 b. White Mississippi Democrats staged a walkout over the seating of delegates belonging to the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party. c. The inability of the delegates to choose a presidential nominee after several ballots caused turmoil and confusion. d. President Johnson’s appearance sparked a tumultuous riot on the convention floor.

73. In running for the presidency in 1968, Richard Nixon . a. criticized the containment doctrine b. called for an end to the welfare state c. pledged to halt the rise in African-American unemployment by offering job-training programs in inner-city neighborhoods d. promised to end the war in Vietnam

74. Discuss the concept of nation building and the idea of counterinsurgency as elements of President John Kennedy's foreign policy. What actions demonstrated attempts to implement these ideas? What were the consequences of these actions?

75. Defend or refute the following statement by presidential adviser and historian Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.: "In the end [counterinsurgency proved] a ghastly illusion. Its primary consequence was to keep alive the American belief in their capacity and right to intervene in foreign lands."

76. Discuss the causes and consequences of the Cuban missile crisis, and assess President Kennedy's handling of the crisis.

77. John Kennedy promised extensive domestic reform. Explain why he was able to accomplish so little. Why was his image after his assassination so much brighter than it was when he was alive?

78. Discuss President Johnson's Great Society program. What were its accomplishments? What were its failings?

79. Evaluate and compare the roles of John Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson in securing passage of the liberal domestic reform program of the 1960s. Which president, Kennedy or Johnson, deserves more credit for achieving the goals of this reform program? Why? 80. Explain how and why the United States had become so deeply involved with the defense of South Vietnam by the time of President Kennedy's assassination in 1963. How does this compare with U.S. involvement in Vietnam under President Johnson?

81. Discuss the characteristics of the soldiers who served in the Vietnam War, and examine the impact of the war on those soldiers.

82. Compare and contrast the ideologies, methods and results of the movements led by Stokely Carmichael, César Chávez and Delores Huerta, and Mario Savio.

83. Examine the factors and forces that pushed the African American protest movement to more radical action in the mid1960s. What forms did this action take? What were its results?

84. Examine the factors and forces that led to the emergence of the New Left and the counterculture of the 1960s. What were the similarities and differences between these movements? What impact did they have on American society? .

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Chapter 26 85. Discuss the crises that jolted American society in 1968. What were the short-term and long-term consequences of these crises?

86. Analyze and evaluate the impact of music on young people in the 1960s.

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Chapter 26 Answer Key 1. b 2. b 3. c 4. d 5. d 6. c 7. a 8. a 9. c 10. b 11. c 12. b 13. c 14. a 15. b 16. a 17. c 18. b 19. b 20. a 21. d 22. c 23. b 24. d 25. c .

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Chapter 26 26. d 27. b 28. c 29. a 30. b 31. b 32. b 33. b 34. a 35. d 36. d 37. c 38. d 39. c 40. c 41. a 42. a 43. b 44. a 45. a 46. c 47. d 48. c 49. b 50. b 51. a .

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Chapter 26 52. c 53. b 54. a 55. b 56. b 57. b 58. b 59. c 60. b 61. b 62. a 63. d 64. c 65. d 66. c 67. a 68. d 69. a 70. c 71. b 72. a 73. d 74. Answers will vary.

75. Answers will vary.

76. Answers will vary. .

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Chapter 26 77. Answers will vary.

78. Answers will vary.

79. Answers will vary.

80. Answers will vary.

81. Answers will vary.

82. Answers will vary.

83. Answers will vary.

84. Answers will vary.

85. Answers will vary.

86. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 27

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. Like the younger generation of African Americans, the younger generations of Mexican American and Native American activists in the late 1960s and early 1970s emphasized . a. local rather than national issues b. assimilation and cooperation with white society c. their own distinct cultures and histories d. reparations for past wrongs rather than funding for current programs 2. Kwanzaa is . a. a ritual transported from Africa to America in the eighteenth century and preserved by secret societies in African American communities b. a type of music attacked as demeaning by African-American rights activists in the 1970s c. a fashion featuring colorful shirts, caps, and head wraps brought from Africa and adopted by African Americans in the 1970s as an expression of cultural pride d. a holiday created in 1966 to celebrate the shared African heritage of all African Americans 3. Who began a movement among Chicano youth in Denver called “Crusade for Justice”? a. César Chávez and Dolores Huerta b. Dolores Huerta c. Reies Tijerina. d. Rudolfo “Corky” Gonzáles 4. Which of the following is true of La Raza Unida? a. It became the voice for militant Puerto Ricans in Los Angeles. b. It was founded in the Southwest in the 1970s by Chicano activists and was instrumental in registering tens of thousands of new voters. c. It was successful in bringing unity and a sense of common purpose to Latinos throughout the United States. d. It acted primarily as a legal-aid organization to prevent deportation of refugees from Central America.

5. Among the victories that can be attributed to the National Congress of American Indians and the Native American Rights Fund during the 1970s was the . a. return of Alcatraz Island to Native Americans b. establishment of programs credited with producing a sharp decline in the incidence of tuberculosis and suicide among Native Americans c. return of millions of acres of land to tribal ownership d. full integration of Native Americans into the U.S. military 6. The Feminine Mystique . a. improved male understanding of what women wanted from them b. helped revive the women’s movement by presenting ideas concerning the dissatisfaction of educated wives and mothers c. exposed the widespread exploitation of women in advertising d. helped women learn to adapt to women’s traditional and proper roles 7. At the time of its founding in 1966, the primary goal of the National Organization for Women was to .

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Chapter 27 . a. persuade women to run for political office b. lobby for enforcement of the sex discrimination provision of the 1964 Civil Rights Act c. improve women’s self-image d. provide safe houses for battered women and their children 8. In the late 1960s, views of radical feminists differed from those of NOW in which of the following ways? a. Radical feminists practiced personal politics through such venues as “consciousness-raising” groups; NOW was a traditional lobbying group. b. Radical feminists were concerned with political issues; NOW concentrated on social and economic issues. c. Radical feminists were associated with fundamentalist Christian groups; NOW members were not affiliated with any specific religious group. d. Radical feminists opposed the gay rights movement; NOW supported the movement.

9. Which of the following statements is most consistent with the Supreme Court’s ruling in Roe v. Wade? a. There is no inherent right to privacy embodied in the Constitution; thus, a state may prohibit the sale of contraceptives. b. The right to privacy is guaranteed by the Constitution; thus, the state has no power to regulate sexual acts between consenting adults. c. The right to privacy protects a woman’s decision to have an abortion. d. The Constitution protects the rights of the fetus over the rights of the mother after the first three months of pregnancy.

10. In their campaign against the Equal Rights Amendment, antifeminist leaders . a. proposed progressive legislation to guarantee just compensation to working women and federal aid to working mothers b. argued in favor of passing new laws that would relegate women to an inferior status in American society c. argued that the ERA would decriminalize rape and make women subject to the military draft d. engaged in a reasoned debate with those who supported the amendment 11. When did Congress pass the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act? a. 1972 b. 1973 c. 1974 d. 1975 12. The term affirmative action refers to efforts to show improvement in a. inner-city living conditions b. air quality c. the hiring of minorities d. grade level competency tests in public schools

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13. The first major government affirmative action program, the Philadelphia Plan, applied to a. college admissions at the University of Pennsylvania b. Philadelphia businesses that held contracts with the federal government .

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Chapter 27 c. promotions in state and federal governmental offices and agencies in Philadelphia d. the hiring of elementary and high-school teachers in Philadelphia schools relying on federal funding 14. The voices of Puerto Rican nationalists on the United States mainland largely emerged from which city? a. New York b. Los Angeles c. Seattle d. Denver 15. Which of the following caused resentment among white working-class men during the recession of the 1970s? a. Affirmative action programs that reduced the number of white men hired and increased the number of minorities and women hired b. Federal funding of job-training programs for African Americans but not for whites c. Attempts within major industries to equalize the wages of males and females by giving female employees substantially higher raises than male employees d. The dramatic decline in African American unemployment and the corresponding increase in white unemployment 16. The Stonewall Inn riot marked the symbolic beginning of a. violent demonstrations against the Vietnam War b. the gay rights movement c. the Gray Panthers d. radical feminism

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17. The Vietnam policy devised by President Nixon and Henry Kissinger included a. increased bombing of North Vietnam coupled with the withdrawal of some American troops b. an increase in both troop strength and bombing missions c. a reduction of American troops in Vietnam and an end to the bombing of North Vietnam d. a reduction in bombing missions coupled with an increase in ground forces

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18. The 1970 campus protest at Kent State University that ended with the deaths of four students occurred in response to . a. the incursion of American troops into Cambodia b. a scheduled visit to the campus by Vice President Spiro Agnew c. President Nixon’s denunciation of college students as “bums” d. the decision by the Nixon administration to end student draft deferments 19. Which of the following was revealed in the Pentagon Papers? a. American leaders had consistently lied to the American people about the Vietnam War. b. American corporations had played a dominant role within the government in shaping Vietnam War policies. c. The initiative for escalating American involvement in Vietnam had come from Congress rather than from President Johnson. d. Toward the end of his term, President Johnson was often unable to function coherently.

20. Which of the following is true of William Calley? .

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Chapter 27 a. He was a corporal who provided proof to U.S. Senate investigators that three American officers were victims of “fragging.” b. He was a soldier who was tried and executed for cowardice in the face of the enemy. c. He was an army lieutenant convicted for his involvement in the atrocity known as the My Lai massacre. d. He was a World War II veteran much vilified by the American Legion and other veterans groups for his outspoken opposition to the Vietnam War. 21. Where were 300 unarmed South Vietnamese civilians massacred by American soldiers in 1968? a. Hanoi b. My Lai c. Danang d. Pleiku 22. Which of the following was one of the terms of the Paris Peace Accords that ended American participation in the war in Vietnam? a. North Vietnam was to withdraw its troops immediately from South Vietnam and disband the Vietcong. b. The United States promised to withdraw all of its remaining troops from Vietnam within sixty days. c. The North Vietnamese agreed to recognize the independence of South Vietnam and the permanent division of Vietnam into two nations. d. North and South Vietnam would be reunited by merging the northern and southern governments into one.

23. Hawkish critics debating the meaning of the Vietnam War blamed the nation’s failure in Vietnam on . a. the expansionist and interventionist nature of American foreign policy b. the failure of the containment doctrine to distinguish between peripheral areas and areas vital to national security c. the emergence of the imperial presidency d. a loss of nerve within America 24. The War Powers Act of 1973 . a. represented a furthering of the trend toward an “imperial presidency” b. reorganized the administrative command structure of the military services c. strengthened the president’s powers as commander-in-chief of the armed services d. attempted to limit the president’s war-making power 25. Which of the following is considered the primary reason for the post-traumatic stress disorder suffered by thousands of Vietnam veterans? a. Many soldiers were exposed to Agent Orange. b. Soldiers had to fight in the midst of jungles, rains, and withering heat. c. Soldiers suffered from battle fatigue. d. Soldiers saw large numbers of women, children, and elderly people killed.

26. Through the Nixon Doctrine, President Nixon and his advisers demonstrated their belief that a. the containment doctrine was no longer valid b. the Middle East was far more important to the security of the United States than was South Vietnam .

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Chapter 27 c. the Vietnam War could be won simply by sending more American troops to South Vietnam d. the United States, for financial reasons, would have to rely more on regional allies to contain communism 27. The primary purpose of the Nixon-Kissinger policy of détente was to a. check Soviet expansion and limit the Soviet arms buildup b. enlarge the influence of the United Nations c. guarantee the self-determination of the Third World d. elevate the international stature of America’s European allies

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28. The 1972 arms agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union attempted to slow the arms race by limiting . a. nuclear submarines b. antiballistic missile defenses c. the number of nuclear warheads on a missile d. tactical nuclear weapons 29. One of the ways in which President Nixon and his Secretary of State Henry Kissinger tried to weaken communism was by . a. making a big show of expanding the American arsenal of nuclear weapons b. increasing America’s military presence in Turkey and Iran c. halting exports of American wheat to Russia and China d. improving relations with both the Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China at a time when tensions were increasing between those two communist nations 30. After President Nixon’s opening to China, American and Chinese conferees reached which of the following agreements? a. The Soviet Union should not be allowed to make gains in Asia. b. The United States should break its ties with the Nationalist Chinese government of Taiwan. c. China should relinquish control of the province of Kashmir to Pakistan. d. The United States should withdraw its forces from Laos and Cambodia.

31. In 1975, Secretary of State Kissinger persuaded Israel and Egypt to accept . a. Egyptian withdrawal from the Golan Heights and an end to the building of Israeli settlements in occupied lands b. Egyptian withdrawal from Jerusalem and Israeli withdrawal from the West Bank c. Egyptian recognition of Israel’s existence as a nation and an end to hostilities d. a United Nations peacekeeping force in the Sinai Peninsula 32. What statement most accurately describes the Nixon administration’s response to the election of Salvador Allende as president of Chile in 1970? a. The administration grudgingly recognized Allende’s position once it was evident that the election was valid. b. The administration worked through the CIA to encourage Chilean military officers to overthrow Allende. c. The administration extended support to Allende in order to woo him away from Soviet influence. d. The administration pressured other Latin American nations to join in a total boycott of Chilean goods. .

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Chapter 27 33. The CIA was sent by Nixon to overthrow the government of a. Chile b. Thailand c. Mexico d. Honduras

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34. Based on his domestic policy initiatives, which of the following political labels might reasonably be applied to President Nixon? a. A liberal b. An idealist c. A straightforward conservative d. A cunning politician who seemingly supported a liberal agenda but who ultimately had conservative goals 35. Which of the following was an element of Richard Nixon’s “southern strategy”? a. His support for busing as a means of integrating schools b. His nomination of two southerners for positions on the Supreme Court c. His request for an extension of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 d. His appointment of Andrew Young as United Nations ambassador 36. In response to the Supreme Court’s ruling in the Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg case, President Nixon . a. proposed that busing also be used to solve the de facto segregation of northern school systems b. sent federal troops to ensure the peaceful integration of the Charlotte-Mecklenburg schools c. urged the Charlotte-Mecklenburg school system to defy the Court’s ruling d. said that busing as a remedy to end segregated schools was reckless and extreme 37. The 1972 presidential candidate paralyzed as the result of an assassination attempt: a. George Wallace b. Richard Nixon c. George McGovern d. Ted Kennedy 38. Richard Nixon’s crime in the Watergate scandal was . a. taping conversations in the Oval Office without the permission of those being taped b. obstruction of justice, because he ordered the CIA to stop the FBI’s investigation of the break-in at the offices of the Democratic National Committee c. directly ordering the Plumbers to tap George McGovern’s phones d. hiring illegal aliens to play dirty tricks on the unexpectedly strong third party headed by George Wallace 39. Mark W. Felt, the informant who led journalists Woodward and Bernstein to a series of articles which led to Nixon’s resignation was known as . a. “Chatterbox” b. “Creep” c. “Deep Throat” d. “Tape Worm” .

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Chapter 27 40. The House Judiciary Committee voted to impeach President Nixon on three counts, including . a. waging a war against the nation of Cambodia without congressional approval b. obstruction of justice c. manipulation of the media for the purpose of defrauding the public d. impounding funds approved by Congress 41. President Richard Nixon’s second term ended . a. when he had completed his full term in disgrace and with little power b. with his mental breakdown and replacement by Vice President Spiro Agnew c. with his impeachment, conviction, and removal from office d. with his resignation in the face of certain impeachment and conviction 42. President Gerald Ford: a. Had a term of office shorter than that of any other president b. Refused to pardon Richard Nixon c. Used the veto more than any other president d. Was the first unelected president in U.S. history 43. One of Gerald Ford’s first official acts as president was to: a. Pardon Richard Nixon b. Request a new Voting Rights Act c. Release funds impounded by the Nixon administration d. Open negotiations with the Soviet Union on arms reduction 44. In the 1976 presidential campaign, Jimmy Carter presented himself to the electorate as: a. A pacifist b. A social conservative c. A fiscal liberal d. An honest politician 45. Which of the following was an accomplishment of the Carter administration? a. The establishment of national medical insurance for the poor b. The establishment of wage and price controls c. A reduction in the rate of inflation d. The establishment of an environmental “superfund” to clean up abandoned chemical-waste sites 46. The characteristic of the 1970s American economy that economists called “stagflation” consisted of economic stagnation with a combination of . a. high unemployment and low inflation b. low unemployment and high inflation c. low unemployment and low inflation d. high unemployment and high inflation .

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Chapter 27 47. As unemployment increased in 1974, the federal government discovered that a. there was little public support for action to reduce unemployment b. there was strong opposition among congressional Democrats to President Ford’s spending proposals c. people feared that direct action could lead to new foreign embargoes d. policies designed to deal with unemployment fueled the already substantial inflation rate

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48. Economic inflation in the early 1970s was caused in part by . a. President Johnson’s decision to wage an expensive war in Vietnam while simultaneously increasing spending on Great Society programs b. President Nixon’s decision to devalue the dollar by allowing it to “float” in international money markets c. the large increases in federal spending that President Nixon requested and received at the start of his term d. the growing concentration of economic power and wealth in a small number of dominant corporations 49. Which of the following statements about the American economy in the 1970s is accurate? a. As productivity lagged, workers expected wage reductions. b. Productivity increased as the expectations of workers concerning wages increased. c. Major increases in productivity were accompanied by a decrease in workers’ expectations concerning wages. d. Although productivity declined, workers’ wages usually did not.

50. Which factor made it difficult for major industries to hold the line against inflation in the 1970s? a. The quality of manufactured products increased, causing production costs to increase. b. Higher labor costs accompanied a decline in productivity. c. The supply of manufactured goods outstripped the demand for goods. d. Corporate tax rates tripled during the decade.

51. What was a major cause of inflation in the 1970s? a. Deregulation of the airline and trucking industries b. Increased industrial productivity c. Tight credit policies d. OPEC price increases 52. In the wake of skyrocketing oil prices, the United States experienced a. rising unemployment accompanied by a serious inflationary spiral b. stable employment but soaring inflation that reduced buying power c. stability in the cost of living but near-depression levels of unemployment d. a reduction in unemployment accompanied by double-digit inflation

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53. According to the tenets of monetary theory, which of the following is a prescription for reducing inflation? a. If less money is available, price increases will slow and the inflationary spiral will end. b. Credit can be eased by lowering interest rates, thus allowing the supply of money to grow quickly. c. Increased federal spending will spur economic expansion, reduce unemployment, and increase personal spending. d. Reduced federal taxes will give consumers more buying power.

54. Which of the following was a consequence of deindustrialization? .

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Chapter 27 a. Blue-collar workers were transferred by corporations into higher-paying, service-oriented positions. b. Many blue collar workers lost their jobs in the automobile and steel industries and found that the new jobs being created were in the lower paying service sector. c. The salaries for traditionally female jobs in the service sector of the economy rose substantially. d. Minimum-wage and part-time jobs became more and more scarce, putting an additional burden on retirees and students.

55. Love Canal, Three Mile Island, and the Cuyahoga River are all sites of a. counterculture music festivals of the 1970s b. major tax-revolt demonstrations c. beneficiaries of Lady Bird Johnson’s beautification campaign d. environmental disasters

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56. In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, the Supreme Court ruled in Bakke’s favor and . a. upheld the principle of affirmative action b. outlawed quotas and the principle of affirmative action c. upheld quotas but outlawed the principle of affirmative action d. upheld quotas and the principle of affirmative action 57. President Carter’s inconsistency in foreign policy was due in large part to . a. the pressure he was under to halt the nuclear arms race but at the same time reach nuclear parity with the Soviet Union b. the dilemma he faced in wanting to reduce arms sales while at the same time end the United States recession c. the changing policies of the Soviet Union toward its client states and the Third World d. the disagreements between his national security adviser and his secretary of state 58. The treaties that President Carter signed with Panama . a. called for the creation of a democratically elected government in Panama b. provided for the demilitarization of the Caribbean c. caused anti-American rioting in Panama because more Panamanian territory was placed under American control d. gave the United States the right to defend the Panama Canal after it was returned to Panama in the year 2000 59. Among President Jimmy Carter’s successes was: a. Major improvements in relations with the Soviet Union b. The brokering of the first treaty between Israel and an Arab state c. The release of American hostages from Iran d. The delay of the emergence of Islamic fundamentalism 60. Which of the following was a provision of the Camp David accords? a. Israel promised to withdraw its troops from the Sinai Peninsula. b. Israel agreed to the creation of an autonomous Palestinian state. c. Egypt promised to return the West Bank to Jordan. d. The Palestinian Liberation Organization agreed to recognize the right of Israel to exist. .

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Chapter 27 61. Which of the following was one of President Carter’s responses to the 1979 Soviet intervention in Afghanistan? a. He approved the sale of AWACS planes to the People’s Republic of China. b. He diverted shipments of grain from Russia to the rebels in Afghanistan. c. He broke off diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. d. He withdrew a major arms control treaty from Senate consideration.

62. The Carter Doctrine proclaimed that the United States would intervene against Soviet aggression in: a. the Persian Gulf b. the Mediterranean basin c. the Indian subcontinent d. Africa 63. Who was a quiet advocate of détente-style diplomacy in President Carter’s cabinet? a. Norman Podhoretz. b. Zbigniew Brzezinski c. Cyrus Vance d. Paul Nitze

64. Discuss the concept of identity politics and explain its impact on American society during the 1970s.

65. Discuss cultural nationalism among African Americans, Mexican Americans, and American Indians during the 1970s.

66. Discuss the changes that the 1970s brought for African Americans, and explain their response to those changes.

67. Discuss the changes that the 1970s brought for Hispanic Americans, and explain their response to those changes.

68. Discuss the changes that the 1970s brought for Native Americans, and explain their response to those changes.

69. Explain the idea of affirmative action and discuss the successes and failures of affirmative action in solving the problems of discrimination and inequality in American society.

70. Examine the factors and forces that led to the rebirth of feminism in the 1960s. What were its accomplishments for American women during the 1960s and 1970s?

71. Examine the issues most important to feminists during the 1970s, and discuss feminists' successes and failures in achieving their goals.

72. Discuss the changes that the 1970s brought for women in American society, and explain their response to those changes.

73. Discuss the forces and factors responsible for the emergence of an antifeminist movement. What was the consequence of this movement?

74. Discuss the forces that gave rise to the gay rights movement of the 1970s, and discuss the successes and failures of this movement. .

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Chapter 27 75. Examine the course of the Vietnam War under President Nixon, and explain the debate in the United States over the meaning of the American experience in Vietnam.

76. Examine foreign policy during the Nixon administration in theory and in action.

77. Explain the objectives of détente, and discuss the successes and failures of Nixon and Kissinger in achieving those objectives.

78. Discuss the problems the Nixon administration faced in the Middle East, and examine and assess the policies designed to deal with those problems.

79. Discuss the problems the Nixon administration faced in Chile and Africa, and examine and assess the policies designed to deal with those problems.

80. Discuss the domestic issues that faced the Nixon administration in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and explain and evaluate the administration's actions concerning those issues.

81. Explain the political strategy of Richard Nixon and the Republican Party in the late 1960s and early 1970s. What were the results of this strategy?

82. Examine the role of President Nixon and his advisers in the illegal and unethical activities associated with the Watergate scandal, and explain the threat these activities posed to constitutional government. What reforms were enacted in the scandal's aftermath?

83. Discuss the causes of the energy crisis of the 1970s. What were its consequences? Evaluate the responses of the federal government to this crisis.

84. Discuss the factors that led to the sharp inflation of the mid- to late-1970s. How did President Ford and President Carter respond? What were the consequences of their responses?

85. Discuss the accomplishments of the modern environmental movement between 1968 and 1980.

86. Analyze the rise of Saddam Hussein and discuss the position of the United States government in relationship his rise.

87. Explain the foreign policy objectives of the Carter administration, and discuss how successful President Carter was in achieving those objectives.

88. Discuss how and why Jimmy Carter's presidency fell short of its initial promise. What were Carter's most significant accomplishments? What were his shortcomings?

89. Examine the role of the United States in the Middle East peace process during the Carter administration.

90. Discuss the factors that led to the rise of Islamic orthodoxy in the Middle East in the 1970s and the response to them by the major world powers.

91. Discuss the causes and consequences of the increased polarization of American society during the 1970s.

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Chapter 27 Answer Key 1. c 2. d 3. d 4. b 5. c 6. b 7. b 8. a 9. c 10. c 11. d 12. c 13. b 14. a 15. a 16. b 17. a 18. a 19. a 20. c 21. b 22. b 23. d 24. d 25. d .

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Chapter 27 26. d 27. a 28. b 29. d 30. a 31. d 32. b 33. a 34. d 35. b 36. d 37. a 38. b 39. c 40. b 41. d 42. d 43. a 44. d 45. d 46. d 47. d 48. a 49. d 50. b 51. d .

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Chapter 27 52. a 53. a 54. b 55. d 56. a 57. d 58. d 59. b 60. a 61. d 62. a 63. a 64. Answers will vary.

65. Answers will vary.

66. Answers will vary.

67. Answers will vary.

68. Answers will vary.

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70. Answers will vary.

71. Answers will vary.

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73. Answers will vary.

74. Answers will vary.

75. Answers will vary.

76. Answers will vary. .

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Chapter 27 77. Answers will vary.

78. Answers will vary.

79. Answers will vary.

80. Answers will vary.

81. Answers will vary.

82. Answers will vary.

83. Answers will vary.

84. Answers will vary.

85. Answers will vary.

86. Answers will vary.

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91. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 28

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. Among President Reagan’s accomplishments was . a. the restoration of a mood of confidence and optimism in an America shaken by the social and economic crises of the 1970s b. an enormous reduction in the budget deficit c. improved relations with most of Latin America d. passage of major environmental-protection legislation 2. What did Ronald Reagan, as then-Governor of California, sign into law? a. A dismantling of the state’s welfare system b. One of the nation’s most liberal abortion laws c. The legalization of marijuana d. A statewide healthcare program 3. On Reagan’s agenda at the beginning of his first term was a. the prevention of wasteful defense expenditure. b. the reduction of East-West conflicts through negotiations. c. An increase in welfare subsidies for the working poor. d. The roll-back of federal environmental, health, and safety regulations.

4. During the Reagan administration, those appointed to head federal regulatory agencies a. were frequently opposed the federal regulations they were supposed to enforce b. demanded rigorous enforcement of health and safety standards in the workplace c. dismantled those agencies, thus leaving American industry to regulate itself d. often changed their anti-regulatory views after learning of corporate abuses

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5. During President Reagan’s first term, the nation’s environmental movement was reenergized because of . a. the accident at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant b. the views and actions of Reagan’s Secretary of the Interior, James Watt c. President Reagan’s veto of the Clean Air Act d. crop failures in the Midwest obviously caused by the greenhouse effect 6. In 1981, when nearly 13,000 members of the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization went on strike, President Reagan . a. refused to intervene b. ordered the Federal Aviation Administration to cut air traffic controllers’ working hours to reduce their stress and improve air safety c. fired the strikers who refused to return to work and barred them from ever being rehired as federal air traffic controllers d. ordered the National Labor Relations Board to mediate the strike 7. As president, Ronald Reagan pleased the New Right by a. imposing sanctions against South Africa .

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Chapter 28 b. supporting legislation to end television advertising by tobacco companies c. supporting environmental-protection legislation designed to promote conservation and preservation of the nation’s natural resources d. supporting Christian prayer in public schools 8. Who was the first woman to be seated on the Supreme Court of the United States? a. Anita Bryant b. Geraldine Ferraro c. Sandra Day O’Connor d. Phyllis Schlafly 9. The Supreme Court ruling in Bowers v. Hardwick is evidence of which of the following? a. Despite the conservative mood of the nation, the Supreme Court remained a bastion of liberalism. b. The Court had no sympathy with the concept of affirmative action. c. The Court had taken a decisive turn in the direction of federal power over the concept of states’ rights. d. President Reagan’s appointments to the Supreme Court made that body more conservative.

10. According to advocates of supply-side economics, an increase in savings and investments by the upper classes and corporations would lead to which of the following? a. An economic recession resulting from the withdrawal of money from circulation b. The revival of heavy industry in the United States c. A proliferation of small businesses that would increase competition within the economic system d. Renewed prosperity as profits from the top trickled down to the middle and lower classes 11. As a result of President Reagan’s economic policies, a. the poverty rate declined b. U.S. corporations suffered under the burden of higher tax rates c. the United States became the world’s largest debtor nation d. the national debt declined

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12. As a believer in supply-side economics, President Reagan called for . a. the expansion of federally guaranteed home mortgage programs b. an extension of federal grants to state and local governments to stimulate spending c. lower income-tax rates for individuals and corporations d. increases in direct federal assistance to the poor and unemployed 13. What was a consequence of the Federal Reserve Board’s 1981 decision to tighten the money supply? a. The inflation rate increased. b. Interest rates began a slow but steady decline. c. Economic activity declined and the unemployment rate increased. d. Federal budget deficits were brought under control.

14. Which of the following was a reason for the decline in inflation during the first years of Reagan’s presidency? a. A decline in the value of the dollar on foreign exchange markets b. The Federal Reserve’s decision to raise interest rates on bank loans to an unprecedented level .

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Chapter 28 c. The end of federal health and safety regulations on businesses d. A substantial decline in the balance-of-trade deficit 15. In his 1984 reelection campaign, President Reagan . a. capitalized on his administration’s accomplishments in the area of arms control b. used television ads that proclaimed “America is back” while showing heartwarming images of American life c. pledged that he would not dismantle the New Deal d. attempted to disassociate himself from the Moral Majority 16. Among the distinguishing features of the nation’s economic picture in the Reagan years was . a. a wave of business mergers, often in the form of hostile takeovers b. fewer insider trading scandals and less corruption in the world of high finance than at any other point in the twentieth century c. a significant narrowing of the income gap between the richest and poorest Americans d. the public’s increasing preference for savings accounts over stock portfolios 17. The military buildup supported by the Reagan administration was based on the belief that . a. the United States had fewer nuclear warheads than the Soviet Union b. the Soviet navy was far superior to the navy of the United States c. Soviet weaponry was technologically more sophisticated than the weaponry of the United States d. such a buildup of men and materiel would intimidate the Soviet Union 18. In the Reagan Doctrine, the Reagan administration declared that it would a. end restrictive international trade policies b. allow all nations to determine their own political and economic futures c. respect the sovereignty of all nations d. openly support anticommunist forces fighting the Soviets or Soviet-backed governments

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19. In response to the overthrow of the Somoza government by revolutionaries in Nicaragua, the Reagan administration . a. endorsed the Contadora peace plan backed by other Latin American nations b. relied on peaceful persuasion to encourage the Nicaraguan people to protest the new government’s humanrights abuses c. secured the support of European allies to cut off trade with Nicaragua d. used the CIA to covertly train and arm counterrevolutionaries whose own goal it was to overthrow the Sandinista government 20. Under Reagan, the United States supplied military aid to oppose the pro-Cuban government in a. Argentina b. Mexico c. Peru d. Nicaragua 21. Oliver North, William Casey, and John Poindexter used money from the Iran arms deal to .

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Chapter 28 a. bribe members of the Sandinista government b. buy the release of American hostages in Lebanon c. provide economic aid to El Salvador d. subvert the will of Congress by providing funds to aid the contras in Nicaragua 22. Why was international American credibility damaged as a result of its covert arms sale to Iran? a. Congress had passed legislation that prohibited arms sales to any Third World nation. b. The sale violated treaty agreements between the United States and the Soviet Union concerning nations in the Middle East. c. The United States was actively allied with Iraq in its war against Iran. d. America was trading with a country that it had condemned as a terrorist state and with which it had demanded its allies not trade.

23. President Reagan’s popularity declined and his authority over foreign affairs was diminished after 1986, largely as a result of . a. the discovery of the administration’s illegal diversion of money from a secret arms sale to Iran to fund the contras in Nicaragua b. Supreme Court decisions that halted Reagan’s efforts to impound funds approved by Congress for the expansion of social programs c. mounting ridicule of the Strategic Defense Initiative that undermined public faith in the president’s ability to make rational decisions d. Mikhail Gorbachev’s clear superiority as a negotiator 24. After arriving in Lebanon in 1982 as a peacekeeping force, American troops a. allied with the Israeli troops remaining in Lebanon b. brought peace and stability to the war-ravaged country c. became involved in the hostilities between warring Lebanese factions d. consistently maintained a strictly neutral position in the Lebanese civil war

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25. In the late 1980s, Yasir Arafat, chief of the Palestine Liberation Organization, . a. declared Lebanon to be the Palestinian homeland and gained control of the Lebanese government b. publicly rejected terrorism and accepted the right of Israel to live in peace and security c. accepted establishment of political autonomy for Palestinians in a territorial enclave within the state of Jordan d. agreed to the establishment of a United Nations arbitration commission to settle the PLO’s long-standing conflict with Israel 26. What was the initial policy of the Reagan administration regarding apartheid in South Africa? a. It organized an international boycott of South African products. b. It followed the policy of “constructive engagement.” c. It called on major American corporations to cease doing business with South Africa. d. It urged a reluctant Congress to impose economic sanctions against South Africa.

27. What caused the 1985 and 1986 talks between Soviet and American officials on strategic arms control to stall? a. The two nations could not agree on how to deal with British and French nuclear weapons aimed at the Soviet Union. .

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Chapter 28 b. Gorbachev refused to dismantle the SS-20 missiles aimed at western Europe. c. President Reagan refused to limit the Strategic Defense Initiative. d. Reagan continued to insist on deployment of the MX missile.

28. When the 1987 INF treaty was concluded between the United States and the Soviet Union, the two world superpowers agreed to . a. limit the number of nuclear warheads on each intercontinental ballistic missile b. limit their production of weapons-grade plutonium c. demilitarize outer space d. destroy all their land-based intermediate-range nuclear missiles in Europe 29. In the “culture wars” of the 1980s, the New Right advocated for a. multiculturalism b. fundamentalist Christianity c. secular humanism d. feminism

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30. Which of the following was true of women in the United States during the 1970s and 1980s? a. They met with little success in getting elected to political office. b. They witnessed the elimination of all barriers to equality. c. They took advantage of new employment opportunities and worked in increasing numbers outside the home, often out of economic necessity. d. They continued to have little success in enrolling in colleges, universities, and professional schools.

31. During the 1980s, what was a major reason for the increase in the poverty rate in America? a. Increasing elderly populations in cities b. The absence of federally funded centers that could provide job training to the chronically unemployed c. A decrease in well-paying blue-collar jobs and an increase in lower-paying service jobs d. The failure of public education to produce literate, employment-ready graduates 32. Which of the following problems experienced in the United States during the 1980s is closely associated with the use of illegal drugs? a. The quadrupling of the prison population b. The “sanctuary movement” c. The culture wars d. Homelessness among the mentally ill 33. What was a reason for the increase in homelessness rates during the 1980s? a. The elimination of Medicaid b. The release of many psychiatric patients from state mental hospitals c. The elimination of all federal housing subsidies for the impoverished d. Congress’s refusal to extend unemployment benefits during the recession of the early 1980s 34. What regions saw a boom in emigration to the United States in the 1980s? a. Australia and Africa .

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Chapter 28 b. Africa and Europe c. Europe and Latin America d. Asia and Latin America 35. What was America’s fastest-growing ethnic minority in the 1970s and 1980s? a. African Americans b. Asian Americans c. Latinos d. Native Americans 36. The purpose of the Immigration Reform and Control (Simpson-Rodino) Act of 1986 was to . a. stem the flow of illegal immigrants into the United States by penalizing employers who hired undocumented workers b. set quotas for the number of immigrants to be accepted each year into the United States from various regions of the world c. establish methods of tracking immigrants, especially those from the Middle East, once they entered the United States d. bar entry into the United States of all non-English-speaking immigrants intending to seek citizenship 37. Which of the following was a characteristic of the 1988 presidential campaign? a. Most voters were pessimistic about America’s economic future and frightened about the possibility of nuclear war. b. Most voters ignored emotional campaign rhetoric and demanded a serious discussion of environmental and social issues. c. The Republican party relied on negative campaigning and personal attacks against the Democratic candidate. d. The candidates expressed serious doubts about the stability of the American political system.

38. The November 1989 destruction of the Berlin Wall was . a. the result of explosions set off by East German police to stop the flow of refugees in to West Germany b. a clear indication that Soviet domination of eastern Europe was coming to an end c. an accident resulting from a demonstration of Soviet bitterness toward the United States for its 1918 antiBolshevik military meddling in Russia d. a faked piece of western melodrama for the benefit of a Hollywood film crew 39. What was the response of the Chinese government to pro-democracy demonstrations, largely by students, in Tiananmen Square, Beijing in June 1989? a. Chinese leaders instituted reforms that would transform China into a parliamentary democracy by 1998. b. A dialogue was opened between government officials and leaders of the pro-democracy movement. c. The army cordoned off Tiananmen Square and, by denying the demonstrators food and water, starved them into submission. d. The army stormed the square and massacred hundreds of demonstrators.

40. What was the name of the U.S Marine Colonel who became a central figure in the Iran-contra, arms-for-hostages scandal? a. Oliver North .

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Chapter 28 b. George Bush c. Oliver Bush d. George North 41. The major reason for the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War in the late 1980s was . a. Ronald Reagan’s launching of the Strategic Defense Initiative b. a major nuclear power plant disaster in the Soviet Union that virtually destroyed the Soviet economy c. a chain of industrial failures in Soviet client states initiated by American covert actions undertaken by the CIA on orders from President Reagan d. the rise to power of Mikhail Gorbachev 42. The Bush administration decided to force Panama’s General Manuel Antonio Noriega from power because . a. revelations concerning Noriega’s drug-trafficking activities caused protests in Panama b. the CIA uncovered a plot by Noriega to close the Panama Canal c. Noriega consistently opposed American aid to the contras d. United States intelligence agents discovered that he was selling arms to leftist insurgents in El Salvador 43. As a result of the invasion of Panama in 1989, the United States . a. captured Manuel Noriega and tried him for drug trafficking b. overthrew the Sandinista government c. used the CIA to oust the leftist government of that country d. ousted the dictatorial government and supplied massive reconstruction aid to rebuild the country’s economy and establish a democracy 44. What sparked the 1991 Persian Gulf War? a. Syria’s invasion of Israel b. Saudi Arabia’s invasion of Iraq c. Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait d. Iran’s battleships in the Persian Gulf 45. What end result did the United States wish to accomplish by sending troops to the Persian Gulf in 1991? a. To defend Israel against attack by Syria and Libya b. To defend Saudi Arabian oil exports to the United States and force Iraq to abandon its takeover of Kuwait c. To enforce the cease-fire between Iraq and Iran d. To force the United Arab Emirates to stop preying on American tankers in the Persian Gulf 46. President George H.W. Bush committed American troops to the 1991 Persian Gulf War . a. only after getting the approval of both America’s allies and Congress b. over the objections of America’s allies, who would agree only to economic sanctions against Iraq c. despite the opposition of the great majority of the American public, who wanted no part in another Vietnam d. without consulting either America’s allies or Congress 47. Many Americans were against the 1991 Persian Gulf War because .

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Chapter 28 a. they were afraid that Iran would come to Iraq’s aid and declare war against the United States b. they accepted Saddam Hussein’s claim that Kuwait was not a separate nation but merely a province of Iraq c. they took seriously the Soviet Union’s threat of nuclear retaliation if the United States used armed force against Iraq d. they believed that economic sanctions against Iraq should be given more time to work 48. What was one provision of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990? a. It established hiring quotas under which 5 percent of the work force of most American companies had to consist of persons officially classified as disabled. b. It extended a yearly federal stipend to all American families in which a disabled person was being cared for at home. c. It established federally funded job-training programs that were made available to all disabled Americans. d. It forbade companies with 25 or more employees from engaging in discriminatory hiring practices against the physically impaired.

49. Which of the following labels correctly describes Clarence Thomas’s political views? a. Conservative b. Liberal c. Moderate d. Progressive

50. Examine the resurgence of conservatism in American society in the 1970s and 1980s, and discuss the goals of economic and social conservatives. Were conservatives successful in achieving their goals? Explain.

51. Examine the issues and personalities and explain the outcomes of the 1980 presidential and congressional elections.

52. Examine Ronald Reagan’s economic policies and their impact on American society. What were the successes of his economic policies? What were the shortcomings or failings?

53. Discuss the causes and consequences of the 1981−1983 economic recession.

54. Discuss the reasons for, the extent of, and the effects of poverty in America during the 1980s.

55. Examine the beliefs on which the Reagan administration’s foreign policy was based, the actions that those beliefs inspired, and the domestic and international consequences of those actions.

56. Examine Ronald Reagan’s policies with regard to Central America and the Caribbean. What were the results of those policies? What criticisms were leveled against those policies?

57. Discuss the Reagan administration’s policies with regard to the Middle East. What were the results of those policies?

What criticisms were leveled against those policies?

58. Discuss the causes and consequences of the “culture wars” that began in American society during the 1980s.

59. Discuss the impact of the drug epidemic and the AIDS epidemic on American society and its people.

60. Discuss the characteristics of the new immigrants of the 1980s and explain the impact of these immigrants on .

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Chapter 28 American society.

61. Compare and contrast the opportunities available and denied to Asian immigrants, Latino immigrants, and African Americans in the 1980s.

62. Explain the Iran-Contra scandal and its impact in the United States and abroad.

63. Discuss the major personalities and issues of the 1988 presidential election, and explain the outcome of the election.

64. Discuss the factors that brought an end to the Cold War, and discuss the legacy of the war for the United States, the Soviet Union, and the world community of nations.

65. Discuss the causes and consequences of the Persian Gulf War. 66. Discuss the social and economic problems faced by the Bush administration, and explain the administration’s response to those problems.

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Chapter 28 Answer Key 1. a 2. b 3. d 4. a 5. b 6. c 7. d 8. c 9. d 10. d 11. c 12. c 13. c 14. b 15. b 16. a 17. d 18. d 19. d 20. d 21. d 22. d 23. a 24. c 25. b .

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Chapter 28 26. b 27. c 28. d 29. b 30. c 31. c 32. a 33. b 34. d 35. c 36. a 37. c 38. b 39. d 40. a 41. d 42. a 43. a 44. c 45. b 46. a 47. d 48. d 49. a 50. Answers will vary.

51. Answers will vary. .

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Chapter 28 52. Answers will vary.

53. Answers will vary.

54. Answers will vary.

55. Answers will vary.

56. Answers will vary.

57. Answers will vary.

58. Answers will vary.

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60. Answers will vary.

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62. Answers will vary.

63. Answers will vary.

64. Answers will vary.

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66. Answers will vary.

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Chapter 29

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. Which invention was at the heart of technological revolution? a. Microprocessor b. Memory Processor c. ALU d. Calculator 2. Which of the following is considered one of the sources of tension preceding the Los Angeles riots of 1992? a. The failure of Congress to renew the Voting Rights Act b. The all-white composition of the Los Angeles City Council c. The dramatic increase in hate crimes against ethnic minorities in Los Angeles d. Strained relations between African Americans and Korean immigrants 3. Due in part to Proposition 13 in 1992, the state of California a. provided state-funded health care to all California citizens b. faced bankruptcy c. repudiated its debt d. requested federal funds to prevent bankruptcy 4. President Bill Clinton embraced a. liberal b. ultra-progressive c. centrist d. conservative

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ideology during his time in office.

5. Which of the following best describes the plan accepted by President Clinton concerning gays in the military? a. Discrimination against gays in the military was prohibited as long as their sexual orientation was not revealed. b. Discrimination against gays in the military was prohibited. c. Gays could serve in the military as long as they disclosed their sexual orientation at the time of their enlistment. d. Discrimination against gays in the military was prohibited, but they were to be housed in separate barracks.

6. In the first year of his presidency, President Bill Clinton’s major goal, a program to assure affordable health care for all Americans, was defeated by . a. a close vote in the House of Representatives b. a betrayal by liberal Democrats who wanted to punish Clinton for being too conservative c. special interest groups that were too powerful to be defeated by the health-care task force d. the fear of the American public that the health-care plan was the first step toward socialized medicine 7. Who was appointed as a co-chair of President Clinton’s health-care task force? a. First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton b. Vice President Al Gore c. Secretary of Labor Alexis Herman d. Surgeon General Dr. C. Everett Koop .

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Chapter 29 8. During his first term, President Clinton suffered a major defeat over his a. proposal to ban the sale of all assault weapons b. plan to reduce federal spending c. health-care plan d. welfare-reform proposals

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9. Newt Gingrich: a. The Reform Party candidate for president in 1996 b. A Georgia congressman who led the 1994 Republican Revolution c. A type of frog ecologists wanted placed on the endangered species list and protected from logging operations in the Northwest d. A White House lawyer whose suicide was widely attributed to revelations in the Whitewater investigation 10. The Republican “Contract with America” called for which of the following? a. Decreased defense spending b. Passage of a balanced-budget amendment to the Constitution c. An increase in the capital gains tax d. A law prohibiting discrimination in employment on the basis of sexual orientation 11. As a result of the 1994 midterm elections, . a. Democrats won a majority of the state governorships b. most Republican incumbents failed to win reelection c. Republicans gained majorities in both houses of Congress d. Democrats retained control of the House but lost control of the Senate 12. The response of Americans to the legislative agenda of the Congress elected in the 1994 elections indicates which of the following? a. Americans wanted a balanced federal budget despite the consequences. b. Americans favored economy in government, but they did not favor cuts to programs such as Medicare and Social Security. c. Americans supported dismantling social programs designed to provide a “safety net” to the nation’s disadvantaged citizens. d. Americans no longer believed that the federal government should assume responsibility for protecting citizens from environmental hazards or dangers in the workplace.

13. When, in late 1995, President Clinton refused to give in to the demands of the Republican-controlled 104th Congress concerning the federal budget, the Congress . a. adjourned b. brought impeachment charges against President Clinton c. publicized incriminating evidence from the Whitewater investigation concerning Hillary Rodham Clinton d. refused to pass a continuing budget resolution, thus forcing the government to suspend all nonessential activities 14. The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996 .

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Chapter 29 a. shifted responsibility for the management of all welfare programs from the states to the federal government b. limited welfare benefits to a total of five years over an individual’s lifetime c. virtually eliminated all federal funding for the nation’s welfare programs d. guaranteed that the federal government would provide cash assistance to the nation’s poor children and to immigrants 15. Which of the following was a reason for Clinton’s victory in the 1996 presidential election? a. He put forward a plan to overhaul the nation’s health-care system. b. He took a strong stand against gun-control legislation. c. The proposals of his Republican opponent seemed reactionary to the electorate. d. He successfully redefined the “family-values” issue, thus reclaiming it from conservatives.

16. Which of the following is true of the Family and Medical Leave Act? a. It required employers to either grant workers paid family or medical leave or add an additional two weeks to the vacation time extended to employees. b. It required employers to grant a three-day work week to workers with a documented family or medical emergency. c. It required employers to grant workers up to fifty-two weeks of unpaid family or medical leave. d. It required employers to grant workers time off to care for ailing relatives or newborn children.

17. In December 1998, the House of Representatives voted to impeach President Clinton on two counts, including . a. depriving Americans of their constitutional right of free speech b. manipulation of the media for the purpose of defrauding the public c. perjury in his testimony before a grand jury d. abuse of power 18. The “Contract With America” was developed by a. Bill Clinton b. Hillary Clinton c. Timothy McVeigh d. Newt Gingrich 19. After investigations following the Oklahoma City bombing, extremist groups were uncovered that . a. supported the Brady Bill b. were black supremacists c. believed Queen Elizabeth and the Jews were secretly controlling the federal government d. had caused voter fraud in the 1992 election 20. In the aftermath of President Clinton’s impeachment, . a. the media pledged not to delve into or report on the private lives of politicians b. Newt Gingrich, Republican Speaker of the House, resigned when evidence surfaced that he had engaged in an extramarital affair c. Congress passed a joint resolution pledging not to use sexual misconduct or infidelity as a reason for the .

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Chapter 29 impeachment of high government officials d. the Republican congressmen responsible for his impeachment resigned their seats in the House of Representatives 21. The goal of the perpetrator of the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing was to avenge . a. an American attempt to kill Osama bin Laden b. America’s unquestioning support of Israel c. the deaths of members of the Branch Davidian religious sect, whom he believed had been deliberately killed by the FBI d. American undermining of the government of Haiti’s Jean-Bertrand Aristide 22. In the aftermath of the Oklahoma City bombing, groups believing that the federal government was controlled by “sinister forces” . a. made substantial gains in membership b. began to make more use of the Internet to spread their beliefs c. were identified and shut down by the FBI d. began to buy advertisements in national publications to promote their reactionary agenda 23. Which of the following is true of U.S. involvement in the United Nations humanitarian efforts in Somalia in the early 1990s? a. Boris Yeltsin responded to the operation by lodging a formal protest with the U.N. Security Council against that body’s meddling in African affairs. b. The presence of U.N. peacekeepers led rival clans in Somalia to enter into a cease-fire agreement and a democratic regime was installed. c. Libya responded by invading Somalia in an attempt to prevent its “westernization” d. When troops loyal to a Somali warlord began deadly attacks against American soldiers, the United States withdrew its troops.

24. Which of the following statements is true concerning foreign policy during the Clinton administration? a. President Clinton’s heavy reliance on American military might to solve international problems ended with the U. S. involvement in Bosnia. b. President Clinton’s willingness to use American military might to end civil wars in developing nations was apparent in his decision to send troops to end the genocide in Rwanda. c. President Clinton’s reluctance to intervene militarily in foreign countries may be seen in his refusal to yield to congressional demands that he send troops to Iraq to overthrow Saddam Hussein. d. President Clinton’s mistrust of foreign military interventions was strengthened by the difficulties that followed U.S. involvement in Somalia.

25. In 1999, the breakdown of the 1995 peace agreement on the Balkan crisis led to which of the following? a. President Clinton tried to persuade Congress to send arms to the Bosnian Muslims. b. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright publicly praised the abrogation of the agreement. c. U.S.-led NATO forces began an aerial bombardment on Serbia. d. Congress demanded the withdrawal of all American forces from the region.

26. The 1993 agreement signed by Yasir Arafat and Yitzhak Rabin a. allowed Palestinian self-rule in the Gaza Strip .

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Chapter 29 b. placed Jerusalem under U.N. control c. called for the dismantling of Israeli settlements in the West Bank d. settled the disagreement between Israel and the PLO concerning refugees 27. With regard to international efforts to protect the environment, the Clinton administration a. opposed the 1992 Rio de Janeiro Treaty as an attack on American industry b. refused to fulfill the previous Bush administration’s pledge to support the war against global warming c. signed the 1997 Kyoto Protocol on carbon dioxide emissions but never submitted it for ratification to the Republican-controlled Senate d. showed its disdain for the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, which it had signed only to mollify the nation’s environmentalists, by secretly lobbying against its ratification in the Senate 28. The mastermind of the 1995 Riyadh bombing and the bombing of the destroyer U.S.S Cole was a. Yasir Arafat b. Saddam Hussein c. Osama bin Laden d. Ali-Hassan al-Majid

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29. During the Clinton years, the American economy experienced . a. its highest unemployment rate in thirty years b. a rising standard of living for both the nation’s richest people and the nation’s poorest people c. a rapidly declining stock market d. an ever-narrowing gap between the incomes of the rich and the poor 30. Which of the following was one of the roots of the economic boom of the 1990s? a. The increased influence of organized labor b. The rapid development of information technology c. The revival of heavy industry d. The dramatic increase in U.S. exports 31. Which of the following was one of the effects of the high-tech industry on the American economy in the 1990s? a. It caused an overall loss of jobs. b. It generated improved productivity. c. It caused a significant rise in the cost of electricity. d. It fostered a revitalization of heavy industry in the Northeast.

32. Former President of Yugoslavia: a. Slobodan Milosevic b. Ivan Riber c. Josip Broz d. Sergej Kraigher 33. During President Clinton’s time in office, a. Congress failed to reduce federal spending b. the United States economy was mired in recession

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Chapter 29 c. tax revenues declined d. the federal deficit was erased, which lowered interest rates and increased investment 34. Which of the following is true of the North American Free Trade Agreement? a. The United States, Mexico, and Canada agreed to buy certain products exclusively from nations in South America in an effort to ease their debt burdens. b. It ended the trade war between Japan and the nations of North America. c. It lowered trade and investment barriers between the United States, Mexico, and Canada. d. It established a free trade zone between the nations of North America and the European Economic Community.

35. What was a reason for the extension of full diplomatic recognition to Vietnam in 1995? a. A pledge by the Clinton administration to the People’s Republic of China b. Pressure from major corporations that wanted to take advantage of the emerging market in Vietnam c. A desire to support the democratization of the Vietnamese government d. The renunciation of Communist ideology by the government of Vietnam 36. What was true of the average real wages of American workers from 1973 to the mid-1990s? a. They rose at the highest rate in the nation’s history. b. They declined steadily. c. They steadily rose and caused a significant increase in the size of the middle class. d. They declined at a higher rate than during the Great Depression of the 1930s.

37. What was the unemployment rate at the close of the 1990s? a. 8.1 percent b. 5.2 percent c. 4.3 percent d. 2.4 percent 38. Increasing criticism of NAFTA and economic globalization suggests that . a. many Americans were less enthusiastic about globalization than was President Clinton b. both ordinary workers and multinational corporations were becoming more hostile to the realities of a global market economy c. it is impossible for activists to mount large demonstrations when the issues are financially complex d. globalization made it easier than ever before for automobile workers to wage a “Buy American” campaign 39. In the 2000 presidential election, . a. experts agreed that the type of ballot used was of no significance b. the Supreme Court played no role c. Al Gore won the popular vote but did not win the Electoral College vote and therefore the presidency d. the third-party candidacy of Ralph Nader had no impact on the election’s outcome 40. In the presidential election of 2000, . a. Al Gore’s refusal to allow a recount of the votes in Florida gave that state’s electoral votes and the presidency to George W. Bush. .

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Chapter 29 b. no candidate received a majority of the electoral votes, and thus the election was decided by the House of Representatives, which gave the presidency to George W. Bush. c. the Supreme Court, in a 5-to-4 vote, ended the vote recount in Florida, thus giving Florida’s electoral votes and the presidency to George W. Bush. d. a fifteen-member Electoral Commission gave Florida’s electoral votes and the presidency to George W. Bush.

41. President Bush’s announcement that the United States would withdraw from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty with Russia and build a national missile defense system was an indication that: a. Bush was more sympathetic to his father’s views on foreign affairs than to Ronald Reagan’s. b. Bush was a sly politician who, by refusing to be swayed by the criticisms of foreign governments, intended to win over the conservative Democrats he needed to push his agenda through Congress. c. Bush was an independent thinker who was not going to be controlled by strong-minded members of his administration such as Vice President Dick Cheney and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld. d. Bush wanted the United States to plot a unilateralist course in international affairs.

42. In the aftermath of 9/11, which of the following caused many civil libertarians to charge that the Department of Justice was threatening the basic freedoms enjoyed by Americans? a. The way in which the Justice Department enforced the Homeland Security Act b. The Justice Department’s order that private planes would not fly over Washington, D.C. c. The Department’s decree that all people entering shopping malls had to undergo a search for weapons and incendiary devices. d. The Justice Department’s granting of new powers to FBI agents to monitor the Internet, mosques, and rallies 43. In the aftermath of 9/11, many governments allied with the United States objected when the Bush administration . a. announced that it would hold accountable any nation from which an attack on American soil, American facilities, or American citizens was mounted, and that the United States would respond immediately and militarily to any such attack b. adopted the most restrictive immigration policy in the nation’s history c. asserted that the United States would not wait for security threats to become real, but would instead employ preemptive action to defend the nation d. asserted that America would use its military power solely for the physical protection of the United States and U.S. citizens 44. After the attacks of September 11, 2001, . a. President Bush, Vice President Cheney, and Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld began seriously to contemplate toppling the Saddam Hussein government in Iraq b. definitive and incontrovertible evidence was uncovered that Saddam Hussein was on the verge of building a nuclear weapon c. the Bush administration seemed confused and indecisive regarding how to respond to the attacks d. it was revealed that Saddam Hussein was part of the Al Qaeda plot to attack the United States 45. In the months prior to launching war against Iraq, the Bush administration said that military action against that country was necessary because Saddam Hussein was . a. planning another invasion of Kuwait b. attempting to acquire nuclear weapons .

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Chapter 29 c. plotting an attack against Israel d. planning to end sales of Iraqi oil to the United States 46. Which statement best encapsulates the beliefs of neoconservatives with regard to military action against the Hussein regime in Iraq? a. They believed that such a war would allow the United States to reshape the Middle East, oppose tyranny, and spread democracy. b. They warned that instability in Iraq could make that country a refuge for Taliban leaders and supporters fleeing Afghanistan. c. They warned that a very large military force would be needed to stabilize post-war Iraq. d. They believed that such a move would destabilize the entire Middle East.

47. Which of the following is true of President George W. Bush in the months prior to launching the war against Iraq? a. He invoked the War Powers Act of 1973 before undertaking military action against the Saddam Hussein regime in Iraq. b. He made it clear that he would not be bound by a resolution against military action although it was passed by both houses of Congress. c. He launched the war against Saddam Hussein’s regime in Iraq without invoking the War Powers Act of 1973 or asking for congressional approval. d. He sought the approval of Congress before launching the war against Saddam Hussein’s regime, although he contended he did not really need that approval for such a step.

48. With regard to the Iraq war, policymakers in the Bush administration . a. wanted a United Nations peacekeeping force to stabilize Iraq after the overthrow of Saddam Hussein b. insisted that responsibility for postwar Iraq be put in the hands of the State Department c. paid very close attention to studies done by the State Department concerning possible problems that might be encountered in postwar Iraq d. seemed not to have planned for the postwar period 49. Which of the following caused the international community to condemn the United States? a. Revelations of abuse and torture of prisoners by American guards at Abu Ghraib prison b. The U.S. invasion of Afghanistan after the attacks of September 11, 2001 c. The U.S. decision to impose a constitution on Iraq without consulting with the Iraqi people d. Revelations that the intelligence community in the United States knew that an attack on the World Trade Center was imminent, yet had done nothing to prevent it 50. In 2007, which of the following contributed to a dramatic reduction in violence in Iraq? a. Political reconciliation among the competing factions in Iraq b. A “surge” in U.S. forces in Iraq along with an anti-insurgency strategy that emphasized protecting the civilian population c. A change in U.S. strategy that effectively closed the border between Iraq and Iran d. The U.S.-led reconstruction of Iraq’s schools, hospitals, electric power plants, and water-purification facilities 51. Which of the following was considered the centerpiece of President George W. Bush’s domestic agenda when he took office in 2001? a. Health-care reform .

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Chapter 29 b. Severe budget cuts with the aim of balancing the federal budget c. A new energy policy that attempted to prevent further global warming d. A massive tax cut 52. Which of the following is true of the administration of George W. Bush? a. It was strongly opposed to drilling for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. b. It asked Congress to repeal all environmental regulations. c. It oversaw the dismantling of environmental restrictions on the oil, timber, and mining industries. d. It supported severe restrictions on emissions by automobiles and power plants to prevent further depletion of the earth’s ozone layer.

53. Contrary to traditional conservative ideology, President George W. Bush . a. believed that the federal government had no role in the nation’s public education system b. called for tax increases for the wealthiest Americans c. oversaw the passage of a prescription drug plan for American seniors under Medicare d. held that the management of national emergencies should be dealt with at the state level, not at the federal level 54. The American electorate began to seriously question the competence of the Bush administration as a result of . a. the administration’s attempts to privatize Social Security b. the mismanagement of the government’s response to Hurricane Katrina c. the charges of perjury brought against Attorney General Alberto Gonzales d. the indecisiveness of the administration regarding how to deal with the resurgence of the Taliban in Afghanistan 55. Which of the following contributed to the nation’s economic crisis that began in 2007? a. The influence-peddling scheme of the “Keating five” which led to a housing “bubble.” b. The deregulation of financial institutions, which allowed them to engage in risky practices such as “subprime” mortgages. c. The collapse of hundreds of savings and loan institutions, which had a ripple effect throughout the American economic system. d. The overregulation of Wall Street, which began in the Clinton administration, eventually paralyzed credit markets.

56. The economic crisis that began in 2007 caused which of the following? a. The paralysis of credit markets b. Severe inflation c. A record increase in interest rates on home mortgages d. The collapse of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 57. In an attempt to prevent the collapse of the U.S. financial system, Congress passed, and President Bush signed into law, . a. the Federal Housing and Banking Authority Program b. the National Banking Recovery Act .

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Chapter 29 c. the Reconstruction Finance Act d. the Troubled Asset Relief Program 58. When Barack Obama took office in January 2009, he inherited which of the following from his predecessor? a. A balanced federal budget b. The looming threat of war in the Middle East between Israel and Syria c. A major recession that had the potential to turn into a global meltdown d. Unemployment figures which were high but were steadily going down 59. Although the U.S. economy began a recovery in 2009, the percentage of people who were unemployed or underemployed was approximately . a. 9 percent b. 10 percent c. 15 percent d. 17 percent 60. In the 2012 presidential election, President Obama’s key advantage proved to be a. steady improvement in the unemployment rate b. his promise to raise the minimum wage c. the death of Osama bin Laden d. the end of the war in Afghanistan 61. Obama’s foreign policy included a troop “surge” in a. Somalia b. Iraq c. North Korea d. Afghanistan

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62. By 2003, the second largest ethnic group in the United States was a. African Americans b. Anglo Americans c. Asian Americans d. Latino Americans

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63. Which of the following indicated an increasing level of support in the early twenty-first century for the legal equality of gay and lesbian Americans? a. The ruling by the Supreme Court striking down all laws that ban adoption by gay couples b. The extension of domestic-partner benefits to gay couples by many states and private corporations c. The passage by Congress of the Defense of Marriage Act d. The 2008 repeal of the military’s “don’t-ask-don’t-tell” policy 64. Which of the following is true of Al Qaeda during the decade following 9/11? a. It became clear that by the end of the decade that Al Qaeda’s home base was in Iran. b. By the end of the decade, the United States and its allies had largely destroyed Al Qaeda’s terror network and created a safer and more stable world order. .

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Chapter 29 c. Operating through small cells of terrorists and using the interconnectivity present in a globalized world, Al Qaeda became a truly transnational threat. d. With the overthrow of Saddam Hussein, Al Qaeda was rendered headless and powerless.

65. Analyze the multi-ethnic turmoil in Los Angeles in the early 1990s.

66. Discuss the social and economic problems faced by the Clinton administration, and explain the administration’s responses to those problems.

67. Examine the issues and personalities and explain the outcome of the 1994 congressional elections. How successful were Republicans in enacting the agenda outlined in the “Contract with America?”

68. Examine the clash in values of the “New Democrats,” both with the ideological predecessors in their own party and with the Republicans.

69. Discuss the emergence of ethnic wars in the Balkans and the situation in the Middle East. How did the Clinton administration respond to each situation and what were the consequences?

70. Examine the causes of the economic boom of the 1990s and discuss the impact of this boom on the American people and American society.

71. Discuss the assertion that the post-Cold War world was “the age of globalization.”

72. Explain the causes and consequences of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks against the towers of the World Trade Center and the Pentagon.

73. Explain the Bush administration’s policy of preemptive action, and discuss the domestic and international debate generated by the adoption of this policy.

74. Examine the causes and consequences of the 2003 war against Iraq.

75. Discuss the domestic accomplishments and failures of the administration of President George W. Bush.

76. Discuss the economic downturn that began with the housing bubble collapse in 2007 and subsequent efforts to reverse it.

77. Discuss the domestic accomplishments and failures of the Obama administration.

78. Discuss the nature, causes, and consequences of the rapid demographic changes within American society during the 1990s and early twenty-first century.

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Chapter 29 Answer Key 1. a 2. d 3. b 4. c 5. a 6. c 7. a 8. c 9. b 10. b 11. c 12. b 13. d 14. b 15. d 16. d 17. c 18. d 19. c 20. b 21. c 22. b 23. d 24. d 25. c .

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Chapter 29 26. a 27. c 28. c 29. b 30. b 31. b 32. a 33. d 34. c 35. b 36. b 37. c 38. a 39. c 40. c 41. d 42. d 43. c 44. a 45. b 46. a 47. d 48. d 49. a 50. b 51. d .

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Chapter 29 52. c 53. c 54. b 55. b 56. a 57. d 58. c 59. d 60. c 61. d 62. d 63. b 64. c 65. Answers will vary.

66. Answers will vary.

67. Answers will vary.

68. Answers will vary.

69. Answers will vary.

70. Answers will vary.

71. Answers will vary.

72. Answers will vary.

73. Answers will vary.

74. Answers will vary.

75. Answers will vary.

76.76. .

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Chapter 29 77. Answers will vary.

78. Answers will vary.

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