Worlds Together, Worlds Apart Fifth Edition By Robert Tignor, Jeremy Adelman, Peter Brown, Benjamin

CHAPTER 1: Becoming Human 2 ◆ Chapter 1 Becoming ­Human

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following is an accurate depiction of creation narratives? a. Creation narratives demonstrate that the world has existed for 13.75 billion years. b. Creation narratives exist for all societies. c. Creation narratives place the origins of humans in Africa. d. Creation narratives do not conceive that humans were ever related to apes.

ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 5

OBJ: 1

2. Which of the following is an important physical distinction between hominins and other animals? a. hunting prowess c. opposable thumbs b. language d. bipedalism ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Easy REF: p. 8 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 2

3. When did significant cultural differences emerge among humans? a. They developed while they were hunter-gatherers. b. They developed when hominins moved out of Africa. c. They developed with the advent of settled agriculture. d. They developed when humans began to produce art.

ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 4 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 4

4. Which of the following allowed hominins to create and use tools? a. opposable thumbs c. creation myths b. the development of language d. increased powers of observation ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 9 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

5. Which of the following is true of hominins such as Australopithecus africanus? a. Hominins were only found in southern Africa. b. Hominins were the only animal species to adapt to changing environments. c. Hominins emerged between 6 and 7 million years ago. d. Hominins developed into different species.

ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 8 MSC: Understanding

1

OBJ: 2

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6. Why was Australopithecus africanus unique, compared to other animals of its time? a. It possessed a brain capacity equal to that of modern humans. b. It was bigger than other predators. c. It was faster than other predators. d. It walked on two legs.

ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 9 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 2

7. What was the single trait that marks the most successful early hominins, compared to those hominins that died out? a. large brain capacity b. the ability to produce fire c. the ability to adapt to changing physical environments d. continuous fertility ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Easy REF: p. 8 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 2

8. What early hominin capability fostered the abilities to create tools and to migrate away from hostile environments? a. refined cognitive abilities c. artistic expression b. language use d. control of fire ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Easy REF: p. 9 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 2

9. Which of the following accurately describes the social patterns of early hominins? a. They lived in nuclear family units. b. They communicated primarily through gestures. c. They coordinated several family units to hunt large predators. d. They created elaborate stories around campfires.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 9

OBJ: 2

10. Which of the following best describes hominins in eastern Africa between 3 and 4 million years ago? a. A number of hominin species coexisted, most of whom would continue to survive to the present day. b. A number of hominin species coexisted, most of whom would provide the genetic base of modern humans. c. A number of hominin species coexisted, but most would not survive to the present day. d. All the hominin species would eventually die out, setting the stage for modern humans to evolve independently.

ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 8

2

OBJ: 2

4 ◆ Chapter 1 Becoming ­Human 11. What best distinguishes Homo habilis from earlier hominins? a. Homo habilis intentionally fashioned tools to butcher animals. b. Homo habilis built shelters from wood for protection. c. Homo habilis developed an elaborate creation narrative. d. Homo habilis migrated to the Americas.

ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult REF: p. 12 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 2

12. Which of the following best describes Homo erectus children? a. They had a larger brain capacity than earlier hominins because their mothers had wider pelvises. b. They were ignored by clan members until they could hunt and contribute to the food supply. c. They depended on their mothers for food and care for many years. d. Older females, not including their mothers, often tried to kill Homo erectus children.

ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 13

OBJ: 2

13. Why was the mastery of fire by early hominins significant? a. Fire repelled hominin predators. b. Fire increased hominin capability to hunt for large game. c. Fire allowed hominins to create bronze tools. d. Fire served as a gathering point for small hominin communities.

ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Easy REF: p. 13 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 2

14. Which of the following skills was developed most recently by hominins? a. tool making c. complex language b. bipedalism d. use of fire ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Easy REF: p. 14 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 3

15. What was a major consequence of the large-scale ecological changes in Africa around 60,000 and 10,000 years ago? a. Spreading ice sheets led to the death of many animals hunted by early hominins. b. Australopithecus africanus survived by building structures to store water and grain. c. Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons fought wars to control game herds. d. Bigger-brained hominins such as Homo sapiens survived because they adapted to changing environments.

ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 14 MSC: Understanding

3

OBJ: 3

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16. Which of the following was a consequence of Homo sapiens migration out of Africa between 50,000 and 12,000 BCE? a. Homo sapiens developed distinct regional cultures in response to different environments. b. Some Homo sapiens encountered hostile Homo habilis bands in Europe. c. Homo sapiens did not move into central Asia because there were no large game animals. d. Homo sapiens sailed from island to island in the Pacific until they arrived in South America around 30,000 BCE. ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 15 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

17. Who were the Cro-Magnons? a. Neanderthals who survived in isolated locations into the twentieth century b. Homo sapiens who replaced the Neanderthals in Europe c. descendants of Homo habilis who taught tool-making skills to the Neanderthals d. the last Neanderthal clan, which became extinct around 30,000 BCE in Spain ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Easy REF: p. 18 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 3

18. What did early Homo sapiens hunter-gatherers do? a. They spent nearly every hour of the day foraging for food. b. They formed small bands that were relatively egalitarian. c. They avoided social behaviors such as friendly competitions. d. They were male-dominated societies, as men provided most of the food.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Easy REF: p. 20 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 3

19. Which of the following characteristics may have indicated that early Homo sapiens defined themselves as separate from the other parts of nature? a. tool-making techniques such as chipping and flaking b. artworks such as cave paintings and small statuettes c. communicating by gestures and simple sounds d. strong gender roles ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 22 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

20. The discovery of which of the following led scientists to believe that early humans had developed a mythology? a. runes or simple symbolic notation b. decorated bronze tools c. statuettes of enormously fat and pregnant females d. statuettes of muscular men ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 22 MSC: Remembering

4

OBJ: 3

6 ◆ Chapter 1 Becoming ­Human 21. Which of the following both integrated communities for survival and allowed knowledge to be transmitted across space and time? a. use of fire c. bipedalism b. more complex tools d. complex language ANS: D TOP: 3

DIF: Easy REF: p. 24 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 3

22. What was the key development that allowed Homo sapiens to engage dynamically with their environment? a. the mastery of fire b. the crafting of tools c. the development of complex language d. the domestication of plants ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Easy REF: p. 24 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 3

23. Which of the following statements about human language is correct? a. It expanded into nineteen separate language families as humans moved out of Africa. b. It is composed of distinctive sounds called phonemes that many animals can produce with greater range and diversity than humans. c. It has a limited number of phonemes in its vocal register, which limits the range of subtle and complex ideas humans can express. d. It differs only marginally from the language systems of other apes.

ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 24 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 3

24. Which of the following accurately describes the first plant cultivation? a. It began around 50,000 years ago. b. Cultivation originated independently in several different locations. c. Overpopulation caused by the effectiveness of new tools for hunting large game animals led to the need for new food sources. d. Cultivation originated in one region and spread to adjacent regions over time.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Easy REF: p. 24 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 4

25. Which of the following is true of the domestication of animals? a. It probably first occurred in central America, where wild dogs attached themselves to small human clans to obtain discarded animal carcasses. b. It was more difficult and less reliable than hunting game to obtain protein. c. It led some communities to move to grassy steppe lands and develop pastoralism to provide sufficient food supplies for their herds. d. It tended to disrupt relationships within communities, as pastoralists and agriculturalists competed for the same land.

ANS: C TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 25 MSC: Remembering

5

OBJ: 4

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26. Around 12,000 years ago, increasing populations and changing climate conditions were two of the major reasons that humans did what? a. They learned to domesticate plants and animals. b. They discovered fire. c. They created music and art. d. They migrated out of Africa to Afro-Eurasia.

ANS: A TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 24 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 4

27. Which of the following was an advantage of pastoralism? a. Pastoralists were more numerous than agriculturalists because their diets consisted of more protein. b. Pastoralists could exist in isolation from the turmoil of settled village and urban life. c. Pastoralists developed rich and numerous material possessions. d. Pastoralists domesticated horses, giving them decisive advantages in transportation and warfare.

ANS: D TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 28 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 4

28. Why were nomadic pastoralists important to settled agriculturalists? a. They provided a vast library of historical records. b. They left important records that influenced agricultural innovation. c. They had so little interaction with agricultural communities that farmers came to think of them as powerful mythological beings. d. They transmitted ideas, products, and peoples across long distances, linking them with a wider world.

ANS: D TOP: 4

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 28

OBJ: 4

29. When did the first agricultural revolution occur? a. It occurred in southern China as rice cultivation developed. b. It occurred as cooling temperatures across the globe forced hunters and gatherers to innovate with agriculture in order to survive. c. It occurred around 9000 BCE as settled villages began to cultivate domesticated cereals and herd animals. d. It occurred when migratory populations carried seeds to new regions where they grew abundantly.

ANS: C TOP: 4

DIF: Easy REF: p. 28 MSC: Understanding

6

OBJ: 4

8 ◆ Chapter 1 Becoming ­Human 30. To what does the “Fertile Crescent” refer? a. It refers to the Rift Valley region, in which many early hominin bones have been discovered. b. It refers to a region of Southwest Asia with rich soils and regular rainfall in which the agricultural revolution first appeared. c. It refers to the regions of southern France and northern Spain, where many cave paintings have been discovered. d. It refers to the region of Southeast Asia, where scholars found evidence of rice cultivation.

ANS: B TOP: 4

DIF: Easy REF: p. 29 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 4

31. Which crops formed the basis of village agriculture in China? a. millet and sorghum c. maize and potatoes b. yams and rice d. rice and millet ANS: D TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 30 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 4

32. The first humans in North America pursued which survival strategy? a. They hunted large mammals using chipped blades and pointed spears. b. They hunted large mammals using domesticated horses and bow technology. c. They relied on pastoralism, especially domesticated sheep and goats. d. They relied on agriculture, especially domesticated maize, squash, and beans.

ANS: A TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 30 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 4

33. What happened to early humans in the Americas? a. They domesticated pigs, sheep, and cattle. b. They experienced rapid population growth as they abandoned hunting and gathering in favor of settled agriculture. c. They developed extensive traditions of watercraft on the coast of Peru to promote trade along the coast. d. They adapted to different ecological niches and created new subsistence strategies.

ANS: D TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 30–31 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 4

34. How did the people of the Americas compare with Afro-Eurasians? a. People of the Americas were more scattered and isolated from each other. b. People of the Americas were unable to adapt to local ecozones. c. People of the Americas did not develop refined agricultural techniques. d. People of the Americas more frequently domesticated animals as a food source.

ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 33

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OBJ: 4

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35. Why did people migrate away from the Sahel around 4,000 years ago? a. Slash and burn agriculture had depleted the soil. b. Large game animals moved away from the region. c. The Sahara Desert was expanding. d. Invaders from the Fertile Crescent forced them out of their homes.

ANS: C TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 33 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 4

36. Which of the following crops formed the basis of agricultural villages in West Africa? a. rice c. maize b. yams d. wheat ANS: B TOP: 4

DIF: Easy REF: p. 33 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 4

37. What circumstances led to the spread of agriculture and village life to inland Europe? a. Traders arrived in Europe from northern Africa. b. Domesticated crops and animals were found that could grow or be herded in colder climates. c. Temperatures decreased, requiring greater cooperation for survival. d. Neanderthals merged with Homo sapiens populations, pooling their knowledge.

ANS: B TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 35 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 4

38. Which of the following is a social consequence of the first agricultural revolution? a. the development of religious rituals b. the creation of egalitarian gender roles c. the decline and elimination of warfare d. the rise of specialization and stratification ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 35

OBJ: 4

39. Which statement best characterizes gender relations among early agricultural villages? a. Gender roles remained unchanged from that of hunter-gatherer societies. b. Homo sapiens lived in bands that were usually controlled by a strong alpha female. c. As human communities turned to settled agriculture, they adopted practices of gender equality that valued women’s contributions to work. d. As cultural aspects of human life developed, culture became a potent force with biology in defining relations between males and females.

ANS: D TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 37

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OBJ: 4

10 ◆ Chapter 1 Becoming ­Human 40. What was the effect on women of settled agriculture? a. Women had more grueling agricultural labor than men. b. Women could concentrate on domestic chores and child-rearing while men labored in the fields. c. There was a drastic decline in birthrates. d. Women were dominant in the household but men were dominant in the political realm.

ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 37

OBJ: 4

TRUE/FALSE 1. Early hominins survived because their large brains allowed them to resist changes to their environment and to maintain the traditional activities that had preserved them.

ANS: F TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 9 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

2. Homo habilis carried usable rocks over long distances to places where tools were fashioned.

ANS: T TOP: 2

DIF: Easy REF: p. 12 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 2

3. Hunting and gathering societies, such as the San people in southern Africa, still persist in isolated locations.

ANS: T TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 19–20 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 4

4. Early pastoralists were closely associated with agricultural villages.

ANS: T TOP: 4

DIF: Easy REF: p. 25 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 4

5. As agricultural communities became larger and more stratified, the rough gender egalitarianism of hunting and gathering societies eroded.

ANS: T TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 37

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SHORT ANSWER 1. Compare the creation narratives identified in this chapter with the narrative of hominin evolution.

Does the fossil record support or contradict these narratives?

ANS: Vedic creation narrative describes the sacrifice of Purusha (man), and from his parts were formed, all at once, various animals (cow, horse, etc.), the sun and moon, the atmosphere, the gods Indra and Agni, and the cardinal directions. In addition, at this same time the four groups of humans were created, which were the forerunners of the castes: from his mouth came the brahman, from his arms the rajanya, from his thighs the vaishas, and from his feet the shudras.

The Popul Vuh, a Mayan creation narrative, describes the Creator and Maker making the first four men from white and yellow corn, brought to them by four animals. The first men were wise, moved well, and could see and hear. The Creator and Maker asked them what they thought of their condition and of the world. The first men then praised the Creator and Maker.

Both narratives have the first humans created all at once, by divine agency, as perfectly formed as modern humans. A difference between them is that the Vedic tale creates a hierarchy in men from their first creation from the different parts of a sacrificed man, while the Mayan tale makes no distinctions between the way the first men are made (from corn and corn meal).

In contrast, scientists today describe how creatures evolved from earlier forms, that humans were related to apes, and that all humans originally came from Africa. Although details of the evolutionary journey of humans changes as new discoveries are made, the main concept of humans evolving over long periods of time from other primates through their ability to adapt to environmental change, and then migrating from Africa to different parts of the world, is supported by the fossil and genetic record. The fossil record shows that Homo erectus and Homo habilis were hominin precursors to Homo sapiens.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 1

TOP: 1

MSC: Evaluating

2. Analyze the relationship between specific environmental changes and successful hominin adaptations.

ANS: Hominins had to react and evolve when confronted with specific environmental changes, or else they became extinct. For example, between 10 and 12 million years ago, Africa went through a cooler and drier period because of glaciation. Forests contracted, and some hominins became bipedal, which allowed them to move into the savannas to obtain food and avoid predators. Hominins such as Homo habilis used opposable thumbs and increased cognition to create tools to exploit more food sources.

Homo erectus’s true bipedal posture permitted migration away from hostile environments, such as to Southwest Asia around 1 to 2 million years ago, and onward to South Asia and East Asia.

Around 200,000 year ago, the climate began to shift drastically due to another glaciation. Much of Earth’s water was bound up in glaciers, the temperature dropped, and forests were confined to a few isolated pockets. Many species became extinct, but the Homo sapiens population rebounded: larger brains, greater agility and tool making, and greater social development permitted Homo sapiens to migrate out of Africa and spread to all parts of Earth. Homo sapiens’s superior ability to adapt to new environments eventually led to the extinction of competing human populations such as the Neanderthals.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 2

TOP: 4

10

MSC: Analyzing

11

12 ◆ Chapter 1 Becoming ­Human 3. How did the development of art give advantages to Homo sapiens over other species and express developing values in Homo sapiens’s society?

ANS: Much of the history of earlier hominins revolves around very strictly biological and natural concerns: food, water, shelter, and survival. But, with the development of art, Homo sapiens demonstrated the capability for abstract thought on a level that was unprecedented: it demonstrated consciousness of a “self.” And the self that was understood proved to be quite more complicated than simply a creature of nature. Instead, in addition to expressing a need to survive, this self also expressed an appreciation of beauty, a desire to communicate meaning, and a wish to understand the world beyond what was known (religion). The ability to draw, to paint in caves, to carve sculptures, and to make music allowed Homo sapiens to understand their environment, to bond with fellow humans, and to articulate central beliefs and mythologies. In times of stress and conflict, these behaviors gave Homo sapiens the adaptive advantage to survive.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 2

TOP: 3

MSC: Analyzing

4. Compare how pastoralist and agriculturalist societies emerged. What factors led to the emergence of each, and how did these forms of production affect the communities that developed around these activities?

ANS: With the domestication of plants and animals, humans refashioned nature to suit their needs for the first time. Scholars speculate that several shifts led to the emergence of settled agriculture out of hunting and gathering. As populations grew, many areas reached the limit of the natural food supply.

Unless the calorie content or production capacity of the land could be increased, that growing population would not be able to survive. The domestication of plants and animals increased the carrying capacity of the earth. Humans were still subject to natural disasters like floods, droughts, and pestilence, but agriculture represented a more reliable food source, especially as food storage techniques improved.

Humans used knowledge gained while hunting and gathering to fine-tune food collection techniques until they gradually began sowing seeds and caring for them. Eventually, these techniques became sophisticated enough for humans to abandon their migratory lifestyle and settle down in agricultural villages, where they applied human labor and tools to fixed plots of land for more than one growing cycle. They chose to settle in locations that had enough ecological variation to meet their needs. Once there, they began to take advantage of living in one favorable place, which spurred further agricultural innovation.

The domestication of plants also encouraged the domestication of animals, which would provide security, clothing, and a secure protein source. Animals also benefited from this relationship as humans fed and protected them. However, as the number of domesticated animals (particularly herd animals) increased, many communities were unable to grow enough food to feed them. Instead, they developed a pastoral approach in which they herded animals in marginal grassland around the agricultural centers, moving them from pasture to pasture on a seasonal basis.

Usually these two different strategies developed in concert, which often led to specialization, in which some people became exclusively agriculturalists and others pastoralists. Each would depend on the other to produce items they could exchange in trade. In some areas, especially those that would not support successful agriculture such as the steppes, people became nomadic pastoralists, horse-riding cultures who herded their animals over great distances with no fixed home. They often interacted with their more settled counterparts as conquerors, traders, and transmitters of ideas, products, and peoples.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 3

TOP: 4

11

MSC: Evaluating

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Becoming ­Human ◆

5. How did the agricultural revolution affect gender roles?

ANS: The agricultural villages that emerged as humans abandoned their hunting and gathering lifestyle represented a significant change in social organization. No longer did humans have to travel in small, kin-based groups foraging for food in seasonal migration patterns. Farming increased the caloric capacity of the land and allowed for denser settlement that meant increased numbers of humans could live in one place together. This radically changed the kind of work done within these communities. In smaller, hunting and gathering groups, men and women both had to contribute in order to guarantee the survival of the clan. Men usually hunted while women gathered and raised the children. But, despite this gendered difference in the kind of work done, both were essential to the success of the group. Thus, men and women existed in a more egalitarian society. The advent of agriculture and pastoralism eventually led to food surpluses that allowed some members of the community to do work other than farming and herding. They would then exchange their goods or services for food. Craft specialization and the build-up of surpluses led to social stratification as some people accumulated more wealth, land, prestige, and power than others.

As human society and relationships became more complex, women were often collectively disadvantaged. When humans began to think in complex symbolic ways that gave cultural meaning to biological difference, biological identities like male and female began to take on cultural meanings like man and woman. The rough gender egalitarianism of hunter-gatherers was replaced by social stratification that increasingly placed men in positions of power over women. Women increasingly took on the most repetitive tasks of agricultural production. Men increasingly occupied public roles while women were relegated to domestic work. The places where the agricultural revolution was most widespread and where populations were most dense were also the places with the greatest social and political differences and inequalities. These inequalities affected gender relations in ways that disadvantaged women and advantaged men, leading to the emergence of patriarchy.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 4

TOP: 4

12

MSC: Evaluating

13

CHAPTER 2

Rivers, Cities, and First States, 3500–2000 bce GLOBAL STORYLINES

FOCUS QUESTIONS

1. Complex socie­ties form around five ­g reat river basins.

2. Early urbanization brings changes, including new technologies, monumental building, new religions, writing, hierarchical social structures, and specialized ­labor.

3. Long-­d istance trade connects many of the Afro-­ Eurasian socie­ties.

4. Despite impressive developments in urbanization, most ­people live in villages or in pastoral nomadic communities.

1. In what areas did the world’s earliest river-­basin socie­ties arise, and how ­were they alike and dif­fer­ent?

2. What religious, social, and po­l iti­cal developments accompanied early urbanization from 3500 to 2000 bce?

3. Where did long-­d istance connections develop across Afro-­Eurasia during this period, and what influences did they have on the early socie­ties?

4. How did early urbanization compare with the way of life in small villages and among pastoral nomads?

1

CHAPTER 2: Rivers, Cities, and First States, 3500–2000 BCE 2 ◆ Chapter 2 Rivers, Cities, and First States, 3500–2000 Bce

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. What city became the first large commercial and administrative center in the world? a. Çatal Hüyük c. Harappa b. Sumer d. Uruk ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Easy REF: p. 43 MSC: Remembering

2. When did city life emerge? a. 3500–2000 BCE b. 10,000–8,000 BCE ANS: A TOP: 2

c. d.

OBJ: 1

30,000–25,000 BCE 50,000–40,000 BCE

DIF: Easy REF: p. 44 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 1

3. What was the primary requirement for the emergence of Afro-Eurasian cities, as opposed to villages? a. trading networks b. priestly classes that demanded sacrifices of labor and taxes to local gods c. the emergence of forms of slavery d. innovations in irrigation ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 44–45 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1

4. Which of the following is a significant intellectual advance of early urban enclaves? a. wheeled carts c. writing systems b. sails d. metallurgy ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 45 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 2

5. Which of the following is the location of an early river-valley civilization? a. the Amazon River basin c. the Danube River valley b. the Niger River basin d. the Nile River valley ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 44 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 1

6. What did people in river-basin cities do? a. They developed lifestyles based on the mass production of goods and divisions of labor. b. They abandoned superstitious religious practices. c. They became isolated from those living in the countryside. d. They relied upon a distinctly oral culture.

ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 45 MSC: Remembering

1

OBJ: 2

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Rivers, Cities, and First States, 3500–2000 Bce ◆ 3

7. Which of the following was crucial to the spread of pastoral nomads in the steppes region of Afro-Eurasia? a. domesticating horses b. bronze weapons c. nearby agricultural villages with which to trade d. plentiful alluvial lands along rivers ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 48 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 4

8. Which of the following statements about the rise of trade is correct? a. Trade was aided by the establishment of settled communities, which typically locally lacked some needed goods. b. Trade initially emerged as groups who migrated to the Americas sought to sustain cultural and trade contacts with groups in northeast Asia. c. Trade was limited by the lack of pack animals that could cross long distances in arid conditions. d. Trade emerged after about 500 BCE, when settled communities had reached large populations.

ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 48–49 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

9. Near which river(s) were Mesopotamian urban centers located? a. the Nile River c. the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers b. the Indus River basin d. the Yellow River ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Easy REF: p. 49 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 1

10. Which statement about the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers is correct? a. They provided easily navigable waterways that encouraged trade upstream and downstream. b. They were favorable to farming because they flooded in winter when fields were barren. c. They required farmers to develop irrigation systems to control periods of high and low water. d. Over time they carried away the topsoil in Mesopotamia, leaving the region barren.

ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 49 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 1

11. In Mesopotamia, what was the stepped platform base of a temple called? a. ziggurat c. gilgamesh b. adad cylinder d. nippur ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Easy REF: p. 52 MSC: Remembering

2

OBJ: 2

4 ◆ Chapter 2 Rivers, Cities, and First States, 3500–2000 Bce 12. What was the purpose of the Mesopotamian temple? a. It maintained a strict separation of state and religion. b. It rejected long-distance trade as bringing “foreign” elements into the community. c. It required all of its workers to focus on spiritual activities to maintain their ritual purity. d. It functioned like a large household engaged in all sorts of productive activities.

ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 52–53 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

13. Why were royal palaces introduced to Mesopotamian cities? a. The palace became the site of elaborate royal burials. b. Temples lacked bureaucracies needed to run the affairs of the city, so the palace had to provide them. c. Warrior chiefs, responsible for defending cities, built palaces (big houses) in contrast to the priesthood’s temples. d. Palaces provided the strongest point of defense for a city.

ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 53

OBJ: 2

14. Who initially ran Afro-Eurasian city-states? a. assemblies of elders and young men b. priestly classes c. warlords who controlled the use of horses d. bureaucrats who managed the irrigation systems ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 53 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 2

15. Which statement about the Sumerian family is correct? a. Husbands and wives held equal authority. b. Most men had several wives as well as concubines. c. Adoption was a way for a family to gain a male heir. d. Both sons and daughters inherited property equally.

ANS: C TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 54 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

16. What was the first use of writing in Mesopotamia? a. to record hymns to the gods b. to create king lists c. to record laws and royal edicts d. to monitor and control economic transactions ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 54 MSC: Remembering

3

OBJ: 2

Chapter 2

Rivers, Cities, and First States, 3500–2000 Bce ◆ 5

17. Why is Sargon the Great notable? a. He had military success because he spent his resources building his military instead of producing monumental architecture and artwork. b. He established the first territorial state. c. He sought to cut off his lands from foreign influence that could undermine his authority. d. He established an empire that lasted for 1,000 years.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 56 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 2

18. Who maintained the ancient Egyptian system of using the Nile floodwaters? a. local villagers c. the political elites b. the priestly class d. a group of trained specialists ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Easy REF: p. 58 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 2

19. Why did the ancient Egyptians view the world and the gods as essentially beneficent, in contrast to the worldview of the Mesopotamians? a. The Egyptians lacked internal geographical divisions. b. The Nile River predictability flooded each year. c. The Egyptian pharaohs were known to be gentle rulers. d. Egyptians had close and friendly contact with neighboring states in the Sinai Peninsula and Libya.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 58 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

20. What did Herodotus think of the Nile basin? a. The Nile basin was strongly shaped by the unpredictability of the Nile River as it flooded. b. The Nile basin had vast desert lands, which had nothing of value. c. The Nile basin formed a highly coherent culture stretched out along the banks of the Nile River. d. The Nile basin drew on vast hinterlands in the Sinai Peninsula to support its population.

ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 58 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 1

21. In ancient Egypt, which of the following was the primary task of the ruler? a. to establish a military b. to instill fear in his people c. to bring order and stability (ma’at) d. to ensure that religious beliefs were upheld ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 58 MSC: Understanding

4

OBJ: 2

6 ◆ Chapter 2 Rivers, Cities, and First States, 3500–2000 Bce 22. Which statement about the state ideology of ancient Egypt is correct? a. It included a ritual of purification for all male subjects. b. It promoted the equality of all Egyptians under the king’s authority. c. It established unlimited freedom for the king to act as he wished. d. It included a contractual relationship between the active king and the passive and serene gods.

ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 62 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

23. In scribal cultures, including Mesopotamia and Egypt, what was the role of writing? a. It was necessary for all members of society. b. It had little effect on trade and commerce. c. It sharpened the difference between urban and rural worlds. d. It became an equalizing force in the ancient world.

ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult REF: p. 62 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1

24. In comparison to Mesopotamia and Harappa, how did the Old Kingdom grow? a. It grew very slowly and sporadically. b. It grew without engaging in trade. c. It grew only by imitating its neighbors, especially Sumer. d. It grew without a uniting or centralizing city.

ANS: D TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 63 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

25. In ancient Egypt, how was demotic writing used? a. It was used exclusively by priests in temples or by royal officials in their work. b. It was used extensively because it was a cursive script written with ink on pottery or papyrus. c. It was so highly complex that far fewer people could learn to read it than the cuneiform script in Mesopotamia. d. It was not used because it was seen by the upper classes as a waste of effort that detracted from developing military skills.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Easy REF: pp. 62–63 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

26. In both Egypt and Mesopotamia, what did agrarian surpluses and urbanization lead to? a. There were heightened standards of living and increased population sizes. b. More people decided to become farmers. c. Immigration introduced many new and conflicting ideas into Egyptian society. d. The temple bureaucracy decreased in importance.

ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult REF: p. 63 MSC: Understanding

5

OBJ: 1

Chapter 2

Rivers, Cities, and First States, 3500–2000 Bce ◆ 7

27. What caused the collapse of the Old Kingdom in Egypt? a. an invasion from the people of the Nubian regions of the Nile River b. feuding between the factions of the political elite c. bickering among rival city-states d. excessive flooding from the Nile River ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Easy REF: p. 63 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 2

28. What made the Indus Valley unique in comparison to the Ganges River valley? a. The Indus Valley had plentiful water from the Himalayas that ensured flourishing vegetation. b. The Indus Valley developed its own culture in near isolation from other emerging societies. c. The Indus Valley remained relatively poor and could not support large populations in cities. d. The Indus Valley did not require the development of public works because of its natural water supply.

ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 65 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 1

29. Why do historians know very little about Harappan society today? a. Most of their cities were destroyed by floods. b. Monsoons destroyed much of their most important written records. c. It was spread over such a vast area that there was not a uniform culture. d. Their writing has not been translated.

ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 66 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 1

30. Which of the following was essential for Harappan trade with Mesopotamia? a. salt deposits in the Indus River basin b. the extraction and processing of gemstones c. the extensive documentation of trade agreements d. trade routes through eastern India ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 68

OBJ: 3

31. Which of the following suggests a contrast between Harappan and Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations? a. Harappans did not develop a centralized state. b. Harappans developed a standardized system of weights and measures. c. Harappan merchants developed long-distance trade networks. d. Harappan elites did not build palaces, grand royal tombs, or impressive monumental structures.

ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 68 MSC: Understanding

6

OBJ: 2

8 ◆ Chapter 2 Rivers, Cities, and First States, 3500–2000 Bce 32. Why did ancient China develop more slowly than other early civilizations in the Indus Valley or the Fertile Crescent? a. China lacked trade across the Sea of Japan. b. China’s geographical barriers and lack of easily domesticated plants and animals isolated it. c. China had constant dynastic warfare between the Yangshao and Longshan. d. China lacked river valleys to provide irrigation and transportation.

ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 69 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1

33. Which of the following was an indication of cultural contact with the Longshan culture? a. In different regions, the dead were left exposed to the elements, leaving few burial sites for archaeologists to investigate. b. In different regions, city-states began to arise. c. In different regions, people began to produce similar pottery and tools. d. In different regions, large-scale dynastic systems emerged that structured the political life of the society.

ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 70 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1

34. Which of the following best describes the people in the Aegean, Anatolia, and Europe, who lived outside of the river basins? a. They were considered barbarians without culture, faith, or organized life. b. They separated themselves from the urban cultures, which they saw as perverse. c. The had a distinctive warrior-based ethos. d. They lacked developed technology.

ANS: C TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 73 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 4

35. In which of the following Anatolian cities did archaeologists find grave goods, indicating trade links with Mesopotamia and Crete? a. Ur c. Alaça Hüyük b. Troy d. Knossos ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Easy REF: p. 76 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 3

36. Which of the following contributed to the development of a warfare-dominated culture in Europe? a. Weapons were produced with minerals found in river-basin agricultural economies. b. Mining output slashed the cost and increased the availability of raw materials needed for tools to clear forested land. c. Local religions required human sacrifices, so warfare was required to obtain sufficient offerings to the gods. d. Agricultural communities were producing surpluses, so residents had to protect their land and resources from encroaching neighbors.

ANS: D TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 76

7

OBJ: 4

Chapter 2

Rivers, Cities, and First States, 3500–2000 Bce ◆ 9

37. By 3500 BCE, what was one indication that Europeans had coalesced into larger communities? a. They used the mortar board plow. b. They herded cattle for meat and milk. c. They created corded ware pots. d. They constructed megaliths.

ANS: D TOP: 4

DIF: Easy REF: p. 76 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 4

38. Which of the following best describes South America, around 3500 BCE? a. Large cities emerged in several locations along the coasts and waterways. b. Small village populations lacked the technology for pottery or irrigation systems. c. Trade developed between fishing villages on the coast and agricultural villages in the interior. d. Archaeological evidence indicates that no significant mythological or religious life developed.

ANS: C TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 77 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 4

39. Which of the following was the basis for agriculture in the Niger Valley? a. wheat c. rice b. sorghum d. yams ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 79 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 2

TRUE/FALSE 1. While other river-basin societies developed trade networks, Harappan cities remained isolated from the outside world.

ANS: F TOP: 1

DIF: Easy REF: pp. 66–68 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

2. Longshan black pottery was not likely built up on a potter’s wheel because the people of East Asia did not use the wheel until the first millennium.

ANS: F TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 70

OBJ: 4

3. In the Americas, the valley of Tehuacán presented an example of high population density without urbanization.

ANS: T TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 79

8

OBJ: 4

10 ◆ Chapter 2 Rivers, Cities, and First States, 3500–2000 Bce 4. People migrated to regions around the Niger River and the Sudan because the Sahara was becoming hotter and wetter.

ANS: F TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 79 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 4

5. By the end of the third millennium BCE, most people had moved from hunting and gathering to the growing agricultural urban centers.

ANS: F TOP: 2

DIF: Easy REF: p. 79 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 4

SHORT ANSWER 1. How did the urban-rural divide express itself in different early Afro-Eurasian societies? In what ways did these societies remain dependent on one another?

ANS: In the urban societies that developed along river basins, people adopted lifestyles based on specialized labor and the mass production of goods. Society in these urban centers became increasingly complex and hierarchical, marked by great inequality. By contrast, the rural areas surrounding these cities often retained more traditional lifeways, cultivating their land or tending livestock. But the divide between these two groups was not as stark as it may seem. Rural agriculturalists exchanged their grains and animal products for goods from the urban centers. Transhumant pastoralists also continued to trade meat and animals to the urban centers for grain, pottery, and tools. The dense populations of urban centers could not survive without the agricultural surpluses from the rural areas. Therefore, family ties, trade, politics, and religion linked these areas.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 4

TOP: 4

9

MSC: Analyzing

Chapter 2 Rivers, Cities, and First States, 3500–2000 Bce ◆ 2. Compare the significance of bureaucratic and priestly classes in the emergence of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China. What factors helped to empower certain groups?

ANS: The wide floodplain of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers led to the formation of city-states in Mesopotamia. As they competed with each other for scarce resources and populations grew, power became increasingly concentrated. Temples (ziggurats) were the center of Mesopotamian city-states, and priests controlled them much like a household. Temples owned land and livestock, maintained a labor force, and operated workshops. Later, as warfare increased in the region, the king became a power to rival the temples. Both priests and kings ensured their positions in the social hierarchy by privileging their access to economic and political resources. In Sumer, the specialization of labor reinforced the social hierarchy.

The Nile basin was very narrow in contrast with Mesopotamia. So, Egyptian cities never became as large as Mesopotamian city-states, nor did they compete for scarce resources. Instead, the king was the center of Egyptian life. He was seen as divine and exerted absolute control. The predictability of the Nile was central to the success of Egyptian society. Thus, the king’s primary responsibility was to preserve ma’at, or social order. He did this through worship of the gods. The king actively worshipped the gods, and in return Egypt received their blessings and protection. The priests reinforced this relationship by outlining the correct rituals and procedures for the king. It was a system to effectively maintain the status quo. The king essentially owned all the land and people in Egypt, and an elaborate bureaucracy was created to support that centralization.

In China, the geography encouraged the development of localized agrarian groups. The lack of easily domesticated plants and animals in addition to geographic barriers meant that China urbanized more slowly than Mesopotamia and Egypt. They did become gradually more centralized and did develop evidence of localized politics, but extensive bureaucracies, secular and sacred, came later.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 2

TOP: 2

10

MSC: Analyzing

11

12 ◆ Chapter 2 Rivers, Cities, and First States, 3500–2000 Bce 3. Explain the importance of technological developments in the emergence of early Afro-Eurasian societies. How did different social needs spur certain technological developments? How did different technological developments shape certain societies?

ANS: As people settled in urban areas, new technologies appeared. The wheel was invented and used both for transportation and in mass-producing pottery. Vehicles like wagons appeared, as did advances in metallurgy and stoneworking. But two technologies stand out: irrigation and writing.

Irrigation was key to the development of early urban Afro-Eurasian societies. As population density increased agricultural need, communities had to work together to expand irrigation. In Mesopotamia, the unpredictable and violent flooding of the Tigris and Euphrates necessitated elaborate levees and canals. The bed of the Euphrates was higher than that of the Tigris, so Mesopotamians devised a method to have the Euphrates’s floodwaters drain into the Tigris. This cooperative work developed social hierarchies, centralization, and the concentration of power. In Egypt, the Nile’s flooding was predictable. There, people relied on the fertile silt that washed downstream to supplement the narrow arable floodplain. They built basins to hold the silt during flooding and then used the rich soil to plant their crops. In the Indus River valley, an elaborate network of sewers and drainage systems fed public baths, private showers, and toilets that fed into municipal sewers. This clearly indicates well-planned cities with a strong central authority.

In addition to irrigation, writing was a central development of early Afro-Eurasian cities. In most cases, it appears to be linked to commerce. In Sumer, where it developed first, they pressed signs into wet clay to form a writing called cuneiform. In Egypt, they developed two forms of writing, one devoted to sacred or divine issues (hieroglyphics) and one to secular issues (demotic). The Harappans have a symbol system of almost 400 signs that have not been translated. And in East Asia, there were early forms of writing. In all cases, writing transformed how human society functioned. It replaced the intimate oral culture of clan-based societies with a form of communication that functioned in the densely populated, more anonymous urban centers. It extended human facilities of communication and memory. And it furthered the elite’s abilities to control, produce, and trade goods; control property; and transmit ideas through literature, sacred texts, and historical records.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 1

TOP: 2

11

MSC: Analyzing

Chapter 2 Rivers, Cities, and First States, 3500–2000 Bce ◆ 4. How did changing climates affect the decline of early urban centers at the end of the third millennium BCE? ANS: The rise of cities was partly caused by a worldwide warming cycle that led to longer growing seasons and growing village populations. The breakthrough into big cities occurred in drier regions, in the alluvial plains of rivers that flooded annually. Mastering irrigation and flood control allowed farmers to create agricultural surpluses, which led to all of the things associated with the first civilizations, such as social stratification, specialization of labor, a heightened standard of living, bureaucracies, monumental architecture, increased technology and trade, and record keeping and numeracy.

However, droughts could challenge new urban centers and states. Such a drought destabilized urban centers in Egypt, Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, and China around the end of the third millennium BCE. In Egypt, the Nile no longer could be counted on for its annual flood, which led to social and political chaos and brought the end of the Old Kingdom. In southern Mesopotamia, rivers changed course, covering some fields; other fields became too saline to continue to produce crops.

Transhumant pastorals, also faced with loss of pasture for their flocks, attacked the urban areas. In the Indus Valley, the population of Harappa decreased rapidly. Further south in Gujarat, the introduction of drought-resistant millet from Africa replaced wheat as a crop. In China, the drought forced migration to more stable habitats, but the Chinese recovered before the other river valley civilizations, creating elaborate irrigation systems.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 4

TOP: 4

MSC: Analyzing

5. Analyze the development of long-distance trade routes in Afro-Eurasia.

ANS: Trade existed before the first farming villages were settled: primarily for exotic materials such as obsidian. By the mid-third millennium BCE, trade communities grew up in oases in borderlands such as the Iranian plateau. Trade was often carried by donkeys and asses across the steppes and over mountains and deserts. These caravans also carried ideas across Afro-Eurasia.

Later, as more complex urban areas developed, trade expanded. For example, in Mesopotamia, cedar wood, stone, copper and tin, gemstones, and other materials to create cities were exchanged with surrounding regions (Lebanon, Turkey, Iran, Oman, and Afghanistan) for textiles, food, and oils.

Mesopotamia became a crossroads for long-distance trade. The Harappans also traded, both along the Indus River and through mountain passes to the Iranian Plateau, as well as by sea along the coasts of the Arabia Sea. They traded copper, flint, shells, ivory, pottery flint tools, and jewelry in exchange for gold, silver, gemstones, and textiles. These trade routes spread the institutions of Harappan society to surrounding cultures. The Harappans also built fortified towns to protect strategic trade points, especially to control the extraction and trade of gemstones such as lapis lazuli, which was highly prized in Mesopotamia. In China, pastoralist nomads of the steppes introduced new technologies such as bronze.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 3

TOP: 3

12

MSC: Analyzing

13

CHAPTER 3

Nomads, Chariots, Territorial States, and Microsocieties, 2000–1200 bce GLOBAL STORYLINES

FOCUS QUESTIONS

1. Climate change and environmental degradation lead to the collapse of river-­basin socie­ties.

2. Transhumant mi­grants (with their animal herds in need of pasturage) and pastoral nomads (with their horse-­drawn chariots) interact, in both destructive and constructive ways, with settled agrarian socie­ties.

3. A fusion of migratory and settled agricultural ­peoples produces expanded territorial states—in Egypt, Southwest Asia, the Indus River valley, and Shang China—­that supplant earlier river-­basin socie­ties.

4. Microsocieties emerge in the South Pacific, the eastern Mediterranean, the northern frontier of Eu­rope, and the Amer­i­cas as a result of expanding populations and increased trade.

1. What ­were the effects of climate change on ­human settlements in the second millennium bce?

2. In what ways did transhumant herders and pastoral nomads impact settled communities?

3. How did territorial states form and interact with one another across Afro-­Eurasia? In what ways ­were ­these varied pro­cesses alike and in what ways ­were they dif­f er­ent?

4. Where in the South Pacific, the Aegean, the ­northern frontier of Eu­rope, and the early states of the Amer­i­c as did microsocieties develop, and how did geo­g raph­i­c al ­f actors affect their development?

1

CHAPTER 3: Nomads, Chariots, Territorial States, and Microsocieties, 2000–1200 2 ◆ Chapter 3 Nomads, Chariots, Territorial States, and Microsocieties, 2000–1200 Bce BCE MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following led to the collapse of the settled cities of the river basins in Afro-Eurasia around 2200 BCE? a. A radical change in climate disrupted people’s ability to grow food crops. b. Warfare between the urban centers depopulated the river valleys. c. The monsoons dropped unprecedented amounts of rain. d. Rulers were weak and corrupt.

ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 83–84 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1

2. What drove herders and pastoralists to migrate to highland plateaus bordering the inner Eurasian steppes between 2000 and 1200 BCE? a. Armies from the cities forced them out. b. Diseases ravaged their camps. c. Drought destroyed their traditional grazing land. d. Chilling cold destroyed their crops.

ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Easy REF: p. 84 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 1

3. Which of the following new military technologies permitted nomadic pastoralists to invade settled urban areas? a. steel swords c. crossbows b. horse-drawn chariots d. siege engines ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Easy REF: p. 85 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 2

4. What was the chief political innovation of the epoch around 2000 BCE? a. power reaching out from cities into distant hinterlands b. the use of chariots in warfare c. the merger of nomadic and settled peoples d. the creation of written taxation lists ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Easy REF: p. 88 MSC: Remembering

1

OBJ: 3

Chapter 3

Nomads, Chariots, Territorial States, and Microsocieties, 2000–1200 Bce ◆ 3

5. Invasion by nomadic tribes led to which of the following political developments in Egypt and Mesopotamia? a. The lack of state religions in Egypt and Mesopotamia undermined the efforts of ruling elites to resist nomadic invaders. b. The lack of horse-drawn chariots in Egypt and Mesopotamia diminished the ability of ruling classes to expand their territorial control. c. Egypt and Mesopotamia developed centralized kingdoms ruled by a charismatic ruler. d. Egypt and Mesopotamia had stable river-basin societies where populations became so large they could not be easily conquered.

ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 88 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

6. Which of the following about Amenemhet I’s elevation of the minor god Amun to prominence is correct? a. It was fiercely resisted by the priestly class, causing a civil war that destroyed the Twelfth Dynasty in Egypt. b. It contributed, politically, to greater unification of the kingdom, while also adding spiritual meaning to Egyptian society. c. It had the social consequence of raising the standing of the merchant class, who had adopted Amun as their spiritual patron. d. It was criticized after several poor rainy seasons led to drought conditions.

ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 89 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

7. Which of the following indicates the new strength and prosperity of merchants and professionals in the Old Kingdom? a. increased participation in governing under the pharaoh b. building elaborate hunting lodges in the mountains c. challenging the pharaoh’s role as shepherd of the people d. constructing tombs with representations of material goods the owners hoped to enjoy in the afterlife ANS: D TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 90

OBJ: 3

8. Which of the following about the New Kingdom in Egypt is correct? a. The kingdom contracted its territory in order to better exercise control over its lands. b. Hatshepsut proclaimed herself pharaoh. c. Trade diminished as warming temperatures destroyed agricultural surpluses. d. The bureaucracy dominated the royal family and brought widespread corruption into state finances.

ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 91 MSC: Remembering

2

OBJ: 3

4 ◆ Chapter 3 Nomads, Chariots, Territorial States, and Microsocieties, 2000–1200 Bce 9. The Battle of Qadesh is significant for which reason? a. The Egyptians and the Hittites, using thousands of chariots, fought for control of the Fertile Crescent. b. The Hyksos used their war chariots to overthrow the Old Kingdom of Egypt. c. It demonstrated the military superiority of crossbow technology. d. An army wielding iron weapons and armor easily defeated an army relying on bronze technology.

ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 92, 96 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 3

10. Which of the following kingdoms controlled much of the territory between Mesopotamia and the Nile in the second millennium BCE? a. Hittites c. Aryans b. Hyksos d. Vedic ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Easy REF: p. 96 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 3

11. Which of the following about transhumant migrants is correct? a. They traversed vast stretches of land in the steppe lands. b. They moved from city to city in search of employment. c. They moved with livestock from lowland to highland areas depending on the seasons of the year. d. They traveled from one agricultural region to another, working to plant crops during the spring and harvest them in the fall.

ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Easy REF: p. 92 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 2

12. In Sumerian Mesopotamia, what did transhumant herders traditionally do? a. They attacked the Sumerian cities. b. They paid taxes to and labored on public works projects for the Sumerian cities. c. They sought to maintain economic independence from the cities. d. They prevented order from being restored after the collapse of the Third Dynasty of Ur. ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Easy REF: p. 92 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 2

13. What did the Amorites, a pastoralist people from the western deserts of Southwest Asia, do? a. They invaded the Nile River valley. b. They joined forces with people from the Libyan desert. c. They founded the Old Babylonian dynasty. d. They formed trade alliances with the Shang.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 92 MSC: Remembering

3

OBJ: 2

Chapter 3

Nomads, Chariots, Territorial States, and Microsocieties, 2000–1200 Bce ◆ 5

14. What happened under Babylonian rule in Mesopotamia? a. New rulers designated private entrepreneurs to collect taxes, who kept a portion of tax revenues for their profits. b. The state forced individuals to donate large amounts of labor to the support of the city’s defensive walls. c. Farmers purchased land from the state in order to obtain economic independence. d. Economic innovations resulted in widespread prosperity, high wages, and social stability.

ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 93 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

15. Which of the following about the Mesopotamian kingdoms of the pastoralists is correct? a. Authority for the kings was based on their military prowess. b. Leaders were elected by influential members of the community. c. Tribal leaders distrusted merchants, whose trade routes had long traversed grazing lands. d. New territorial policies were rooted in identification with clan and tribe.

ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 93 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 3

16. Which of the following was an important message of Hammurapi’s Code? a. The king was the fearsome voice of the gods among the people. b. Adultery was a crime for both men and women. c. The responsibility to uphold a just order was the charge of the king. d. Priests bore the responsibility for upholding the gods’ justice.

ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Easy REF: p. 95 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 3

17. What did the great territorial states of Southwest Asia and North Africa do between 1400 and 1200 BCE? a. engaged in constant warfare for dominance in the region b. created an international system based on a balance of power c. eliminated the small kingdoms that sought to exist between the major states d. adopted Hebrew as the diplomatic language of the era ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 96 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 3

18. Which of the following best describes the Kassite attitude toward Mesopotamian learning? a. The Kassites sought to replace the old Epic of Gilgamesh with a new epic extolling unique Kassite virtues. b. The Kassites believed Sumerian, Akkadian, and Babylonian writing had no value. c. Kassite scribes preserved Mesopotamian tradition. d. The Kassites wrote epic narratives devoted to the achievements of Kassite gods.

ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 96 MSC: Understanding

4

OBJ: 2

6 ◆ Chapter 3 Nomads, Chariots, Territorial States, and Microsocieties, 2000–1200 Bce 19. The Hittite empire was crucial to maintaining which of the following? a. subordinating Semitic languages to Indo-European languages b. a law code that became a model for later empires in the region c. creating an elite cosmopolitan class of merchants d. a balance of power between territorial states in the river valleys ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 96

OBJ: 3

20. What did the nomadic peoples do when they entered the Indus River valley? a. They destroyed Harappan culture. b. They were unable to establish large territorial states. c. They abandoned their traditional religious practices. d. They adopted horse-drawn chariots from the Harappans.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 98 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 2

21. Which of the following is an accurate description of the Vedic people? a. The Vedic people brought large flocks of camels with them into the Indus River basin. b. The Vedic people were superb horse charioteers and masters of copper and bronze metallurgy. c. The Vedic people practiced a religion that was much simpler than the religion of the agricultural people they encountered around the Indus Valley. d. The Vedic people quickly abandoned their language and adopted the language of the Harappans.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 98

OBJ: 3

22. Which of the following characterized the Shang state? a. It did not face threats from rival territorial states along its borders. b. It established a strongly defended permanent capital in Anyang. c. It gradually became more decentralized in order to meet threats along its borders to the north. d. It was the first organized state in the region.

ANS: A TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 101

OBJ: 3

23. What was the role of the horse chariot in East Asia? a. It served as a mobile component of the infantry, which remained the basis of military power. b. It served primarily to strengthen the power of river-basin societies, as they had the resources to develop large fleets of chariots. c. It became a highly valued symbol of authority and power. d. It was used primarily for long-distance trade.

ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 103 MSC: Remembering

5

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24. The Shang dynasty improved chariot transportation by doing what? a. adding bronze fittings and harnesses b. developing a double yolk so that two horses could pull a single chariot c. developing horseshoes so that horses suffered fewer leg and foot injuries d. adding spokes to wheels to give them greater durability ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Easy REF: p. 103 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 3

25. Why did the Shang dynasty have unprecedented dominance over its neighbors? a. its superior irrigation techniques, which gave it a secure food supply b. its invention of a writing system that made its bureaucracy far more effective c. its access to copper and tin and the technology to produce bronze from them d. its adoption of the chariot, which gave it strong military advantages ANS: C TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 102 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 3

26. Which of the following were developed by the Shang? a. They developed trade as the foundation to the ruling family’s power. b. They developed new technologies in agriculture, such as draining low-lying fields and clearing forested lands. c. They developed a new, matrilineal succession. d. They created chariot legions to defend the northern borders against the pastoralist nomads.

ANS: B TOP: 4

DIF: Difficult REF: p. 104 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

27. What was the basis for Shang rulers’ wealth and power? a. monopolies on the income from the extraction of minerals b. tribute from both elites and allies c. spoils of war from conquering vast new territories in Southeast Asia d. tariffs on all goods imported from surrounding lands ANS: B TOP: 4

DIF: Easy REF: p. 104 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 3

28. Shang rulers used the shoulder blades of cattle and turtle shells for what purpose? a. to create ornamental jewelry designed to impress foreign diplomats b. as ingredients in medicinal elixirs designed to extend human life c. to discover signs from the ancestors regarding royal plans d. as fertilizers for the fields of millet, wheat, and barley ANS: C TOP: 4

DIF: Easy REF: p. 105 MSC: Remembering

6

OBJ: 3

8 ◆ Chapter 3 Nomads, Chariots, Territorial States, and Microsocieties, 2000–1200 Bce 29. Which of the following was a cultural aspect that the Shang shared with the Mesopotamians? a. Both relied on divination to guide political decisions. b. Both buried their rulers in simple graves, showing that all men are equal in death. c. Both quickly passed from bronze to iron tools and weapons. d. Both viewed the priest as the pivot between the spiritual world and the material world.

ANS: A TOP: 4

DIF: Difficult REF: p. 105 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

30. What characterized societies that developed in the South Pacific, the frontier of Europe, and the Americas? a. They controlled large chariot forces. b. They were forced to migrate because of the invasion of pastoralist nomads. c. They developed powerful states. d. They had limited interaction with other societies.

ANS: D TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 108 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 4

31. Which of the following best describes the Austronesians? a. fearsome chariot warriors b. creators of huge ceremonial bronze vessels c. sailors of the South Pacific d. writers of elaborate epic sagas ANS: C TOP: 4

DIF: Easy MSC: Applying

REF: p. 108

OBJ: 4

32. Austronesian settlements in the South Pacific were characterized by which of the following? a. pottery, written scripts, and rice cultivation b. ritual human sacrifice, rice cultivation, and stone tools c. written scripts, ritual human sacrifice, and domesticated pigs d. pottery, stone tools, and domesticated pigs ANS: D TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 109 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 4

33. Which of the following about the Aegean world is correct? a. Political centralization was quickly established due to the large common plain that dominated the landscape. b. There was little trade, as all valued commodities were close at hand. c. Polities struggled, like in Mesopotamia and Egypt, to recover from the droughts of the second millennium BCE. d. A number of islands flourished within a seaborne trading network focused on the exchange of tin and copper.

ANS: D TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 109 MSC: Understanding

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34. Which of the following was an unintended consequence of the lack of centralization in the Aegean world in the second millennium BCE? a. Sicily became a focal point of trade between Egypt, Crete, and the cities of the Euphrates River. b. Agriculture was the main livelihood in Crete and Thera. c. There was no single regime to collapse when the droughts hit in the second millennium BCE. d. Polities developed along several river systems.

ANS: C TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 110

OBJ: 4

35. Which of the following about Mycenaean society is correct? a. The main palace centers were the hulking fortresses of warlords. b. The rulers ruled directly over their people with the aid of a few chief advisers. c. Record keeping was unnecessary because of the close and direct contact between the rulers and the people. d. Colonies were not founded because rulers did not want to delegate authority to other officials.

ANS: A TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 111–12 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 5

36. Why was the transition to settled agriculture slower in western Afro-Eurasia than in the rest of the landmass? a. The techniques adopted by Southwest Asians never spread to northern Europe. b. There were no river valleys in Europe to serve as the basis of agriculture. c. Inventions such as the plow or metal working were not known in Europe. d. The large population of hunter-gatherers resisted moving to settled agriculture.

ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 113

OBJ: 4

37. What two significant innovations decisively affected the development of Europe? a. the domestication of horses and barley b. the emergence of wheeled chariots and bronze metals c. the domestication of barley and the emergence of bronze metals d. the domestication of horses and the emergence of wheeled chariots and wagons ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 114 MSC: Understanding

8

OBJ: 4

10 ◆ Chapter 3 Nomads, Chariots, Territorial States, and Microsocieties, 2000–1200 Bce 38. Which of the following about the early states in the Central Andes is correct? a. Large territorial states emerged that linked the Andean highlands with the coastal villages. b. Coastal fishermen exploited currents that allowed for large hauls of fish, which could be dried and transported. c. Pasturelands were created at the base of the Andes, in which llamas and alpacas were raised as sources of protein. d. The ecological diversity of the highlands and lowlands discouraged the development of extensive trade.

ANS: B TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 116 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 4

39. What do historians know about communities in the Central Andes? a. Much of what we know about the political and economic transactions of early communities comes from offerings left in burial chambers. b. Communities on the coast took shape around temples and the demands of religious rituals. c. Communities in the Andes highlands took shape around royal palaces. d. Statecraft occurred through diplomacy and trade, while warfare appears to have been rare.

ANS: A TOP: 4

DIF: Difficult REF: p. 116 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 4

40. Which of the following best explains why the early states in the Americas produced limited agricultural surpluses? a. The Americas completely lacked irrigation technology. b. The inhabitants of the Americas refused to expand state systems beyond the local community. c. The Peruvian ecology, capable only of producing fish, lacked the diversity necessary to support surpluses. d. The Americas lacked draft animals or large beasts of burden.

ANS: D TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 116 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 4

TRUE/FALSE 1. The rulers of the Middle Kingdom in Egypt created a cult of the pharaoh as the good shepherd and offered homage to gods at the palace to ensure regular floodwaters.

ANS: T TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 90 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

2. Much of what we know of the Kassites and Hittites comes from correspondence found in Egypt.

ANS: T TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 96 MSC: Understanding

9

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3. The nearly simultaneous collapse of Egypt and Mesopotamia around 2200 BCE was likely caused by bad rulers and the decline of long-distance trade.

ANS: F TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 97 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1

4. In the Shang dynasty in China, the ruler derived his authority through guidance from ancestors and gods.

ANS: T TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 105

OBJ: 3

5. In the Central Andes, ecological diversity promoted trade between regions.

ANS: T TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 116

OBJ: 4

SHORT ANSWER 1. How did the territorial state differ from the previous forms of states? Where and when did territorial states form, and what factors encouraged the formation of territorial states?

ANS: The territorial state represented a new political form. Generally, it was larger in scale than the urban city-states and alliances that preceded it. It centralized power, usually around a charismatic ruler, and exerted power and control over distant hinterlands. In order to preserve their rule, kings and other rulers devised rituals and other means of consolidating power and passing it on from one generation to the next. This further centralized power in the hands of the few, but it also stabilized political systems.

This stabilization found expression in fixed, identifiable borders, unlike the more amorphous city-states that came before. These new kings based their authority in widespread bureaucracies; elaborate legal codes; and large, expanding territories. The people who lived within these states felt allegiance to larger territories, rulers, and broad linguistic and ethnic communities.

Climate change—particularly long droughts—forced the migration of pastoral nomads and transhumant herders into the old river-basin societies. Their arrival destabilized economic and political systems and enabled the emergence of new forms of power. The technologies that these migrants brought, particularly the horse-drawn war chariot, radically shifted the way that rulers utilized military technology. Finally, the eventual emergence of well-balanced military kingdoms prompted a shift to statecraft and international diplomacy.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 2

TOP: 3

10

MSC: Analyzing

12 ◆ Chapter 3 Nomads, Chariots, Territorial States, and Microsocieties, 2000–1200 Bce 2. How did the domestication of the horse in Afro-Eurasia affect the development of nomadic and settled societies during the second millennium BCE? How was the horse integrated into military technologies?

ANS: Horses are faster than other draft animals, but harnessing them is more difficult. But, eventually, pastoral nomads successfully harnessed the horse and then began to make improvements such as lightening chariots so horses could pull them faster and farther. In order to make these technological improvements (creating spoked wheels and using special woods, wheel covers, axles, iron, etc.), pastoral nomads borrowed techniques perfected by settled peoples. Thus, the war chariot was a combination of innovations made by both nomadic and agrarian peoples. And it eventually revolutionized how humans made war. The chariot reduced travel time between settled areas and lessened the effectiveness of the slow-moving infantry. Instead, speed and accuracy became the determining factors in military contests. Nomad pastoralists used the chariot to challenge the settled political systems of river valleys. In the new states that emerged after this period of destabilization, the war chariot became a symbol of political might. Kings in both Egypt and China had their war chariots buried with them, but in China, which continued to rely on its infantry for defense, the chariot was used more as a status symbol than as military technology.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 2

TOP: 2

MSC: Analyzing

3. Compare the maritime development of the Aegean with that of the South Pacific in the second millennium BCE. What accounts for the similarities and differences in the societies that they developed?

ANS: The Aegean and the South Pacific shared an island landscape. For this reason, fragmentation and political decentralization were shared patterns. But the microsocieties of the South Pacific were dispersed across a huge ocean; though they engaged in active trade, this did not integrate them into mainland culture. By contrast, the Aegean Islands were in the closed maritime world of the Mediterranean. The islands became a central stopover for trade between the larger, territorial states of the mainland. So, although the Aegean did not develop a central political form, shared trade and language produced a veneer of unity.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 4

TOP: 4

11

MSC: Analyzing

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4. How did geographical factors affect the development of early territorial states in Shang China and the Indus Valley?

ANS: Territorial states emerged more slowly in the Indus Valley and in East Asia than in Egypt or Southwest Asia. In East Asia, climate change resulted in an extended drought, followed by widespread flooding, according to the Bamboo Annals. The Shang dynasty seems to have emerged from this catastrophe and gradually became more centralized. China did not have established borders, in large part because it did not have to contend with rival large territorial states as did Southwest Asia. But, like Southwest Asia, it did develop a ruling lineage. As the population grew and intervillage conflict increased in river-basin villages of the Longshan culture, conflicts arose between villages. The Shang civilization emerged, and its hereditary military leaders were able to develop a more centralized state.

Unlike most other states, the Shang military elite did not turn to improved chariots to defend against pastoralist nomads or competing states, relying instead on its superior bronze weaponry to equip its foot soldiers.

In the Indus Valley, drought also led to a decrease in population of the Harappan people and the incursion of pastoral nomads, the Vedic peoples. These nomads were unable to establish large territorial states. Like the Shang, the Vedic people were excellent bronze workers; unlike the Shang, the Vedic people relied heavily on their horse-drawn chariots to establish military control. The climate of south Asia did not favor horse breeding, so the Vedic people had to trade for horses with Central and Southwest Asia. Like the Shang, strong competitive kingdoms did not challenge Vedic control, so centralization was slower to develop in both regions than in Southwest Asia.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 4

TOP: 1

12

MSC: Analyzing

14 ◆ Chapter 3 Nomads, Chariots, Territorial States, and Microsocieties, 2000–1200 Bce 5. Analyze the ways in which territorial states in the Nile River valley and the Tigris-Euphrates River valley created new forms of centralized governance at the beginning of the second millennium BCE, following the collapse of river valley civilizations. Which states created the most centralized control, and why?

ANS: In Egypt, the first of the territorial states to revive after the droughts that plagued Afro-Eurasia, rulers developed religious and political institutions that increased state power. First, pharaohs countered the feeling of despair and chaos that prevailed following decades of drought by elevating the local cult of Amun to create Amun-Re as the patron of all Egypt. Pharaohs became the earthly champion of Amun-Re, which enhanced their legitimacy as supreme ruler. Pharaohs also created new monumental architecture, such as the temple complex at Thebes, showing the combined power of ruler and god.

Pharaohs also depicted themselves as shepherds of the people, providing charity and performing ceremonies to ensure the regular flooding of the Nile. In these ways, Middle Kingdom pharaohs united political power and religious power to forge a new territorial state.

In Mesopotamia, pastoral invaders conquered the drought-ravaged city-states. The Amorites brought their tribal, chieftain-based political structure, but expanded their governing tool kits as they expanded their territories by continuous struggles with neighboring city-states. Personal charisma and battlefield prowess were essential for these warrior kings, who controlled military resources, such as metals for weaponry and horse herds for pulling chariots. Weaker city-states were conquered and placed under the control of the king, whom they provided with tribute and laborers. Rulers such as Hammurapi sought to consolidate state authority and asserted a new legal code. After making Babylon his capital, he appointed regional governors to manage more distant provinces and ensure the loyalty of local elites. Like the pharaohs, Babylonian kings depicted themselves as shepherds of the people, and assumed responsibility over proper preparation of the fields and irrigation canals. Hammurapi’s Code maintained the hierarchies of power within the kingdom. Public art and work projects further enhanced the status of the king, but did not elevate him to godlike status, as in Egypt. Scribes transcribed ancient Akkadian and Sumerian texts, many of which portrayed the king as a legendary hero (Gilgamesh). The kings supported cultural production to unify the people and explain the new political situation, but did not unify religious and political power in the way the pharaohs did. Taxing private merchants and craftsmen permitted the king greater revenues to use in maintaining the military and public works projects.

The Egyptians created a more centralized state than did the Amorites and their descendants for several reasons. First, the Middle Kingdom was not created by invaders who subjugated an ethnically different populace. Thus, cultural unity and support for the pharaoh was easier to achieve. In addition, Egypt was blessed with a more unified landscape, the narrow Nile valley, in comparison to the patchwork of competing city-states along the Tigris-Euphrates valley. Though this competition led to strong military rulers, it made the region more difficult to rule as a centralized power, placing more power in the hands of provincial governors. Although both leaders in Egypt and Mesopotamia appealed to common culture and created public works, the pharaohs were able to build on common religious and cultural traditions, creating the role of the godlike king who restored and maintained ma’at. The pharaoh was a restorer of tradition and prosperity, while the rulers of Babylon had to enforce their control over a conquered agrarian populace. The king was a warrior-hero, but not a god.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 3

TOP: 3

13

MSC: Evaluating

CHAPTER 4

First Empires and Common Cultures in Afro-­Eurasia, 1250–325 bce GLOBAL STORYLINES

FOCUS QUESTIONS

1. Climate change, migrations, technological advances, and administrative innovations contribute to the development of the world’s first g­ reat empires.

2. The Assyrian ­peoples of the Neo-­A ssyrian Empire and then the Persians employ two dif­fer­ent approaches to consolidate and maintain empires in Southwest Asia.

3. South Asia becomes more culturally integrated despite the absence of a strong, centralized po­liti­cal authority.

4. East Asia ­under the Zhou state establishes loose po­l iti­cal integration.

1. What ­factors led to the rise of early empires and states in the centuries ­a fter 1200 bce? What ­were the main characteristics of each?

2. What are the similarities and differences in the way empires formed, or did not form, in Southwest Asia, South Asia, and East Asia?

3. What was the nature of the connection between empires and war, religion, and trade?

4. How did the emergence of empires affect ­peoples on the peripheries? What types of relationships developed between ­t hese individuals and empires?

1

CHAPTER 4: First Empires and Common Cultures in Afro-Eurasia, 1250–325 BCE 2 ◆ Chapter 4 First Empires and Common Cultures in Afro-­Eurasia, 1250–325 Bce

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. What was one of the key factors shaping human development in the first millennium BCE? a. religion c. agriculture b. literacy d. war ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Easy REF: p. 121 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 1

2. What was the chief agent of change in overland trade in the first millennium BCE? a. the ox c. the donkey b. the horse d. the camel ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Easy REF: p. 122 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 3

3. Which of the following led to migrations of nomadic populations in the first millennium BCE? a. religious renewal c. radical climate change b. new shipbuilding technologies d. bronze tools for cultivation ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 122 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1

4. Which of the following innovations characterized the early empires that emerged in the first millennium BCE? a. New imperial ideologies and beliefs were elaborated to support claims of political legitimacy. b. Rulers allowed regional governors to establish laws. c. New techniques for agriculture were imposed by the invaders. d. Respect for newly conquered peoples ended involuntary deportation and resettlement.

ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 121–22

OBJ: 1

5. Which of the following was an indicator of the depth of climate change in Afro-Eurasia around 1200 BCE? a. The Neo-Assyrians were forced to move their capitol to Uruk. b. Desperate farmers in the Indus River valley migrated westward, settling in Mesopotamia. c. New techniques in dry-weather farming flourished in the Nile valley. d. There was a two-century-long decline in large-scale urban construction and artistic representation.

ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 122

1

OBJ: 1

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6. Which of the following characterized the reliance on the military to establish and maintain order in the Neo-Assyrian Empire? a. the use of bronze weapons and infantry b. the use of brutality and terror to intimidate opponents c. the use of a smaller but more versatile military force d. the destruction of Nineveh by Assyrian forces ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 128 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 2

7. Why was the eighth-century BCE Neo-Assyrian ruler Tiglath Pileser III notable? a. He expanded the rights of the nobles over their property in order to earn their support. b. He expelled priests and other religious leaders from the state in order to stabilize his power. c. He established hereditary governors in the provinces who were given wide powers to rule in the king’s name. d. He made several reforms, which increased the amount of property in the Land of Ashur proper.

ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 129

OBJ: 2

8. Which of the following characterized the role of subjects in the Neo-Assyrian empire? a. People who lived in Assyria proper were heavily taxed and regulated in order to prevent rebellion. b. People who lived in Assyria proper were forbidden from serving in political offices in order to prevent rival factions from emerging. c. The conquered people who lived outside of Assyria were ruled directly by officials appointed by the king. d. The conquered people who lived outside Assyria joined the army on campaigns.

ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 129

OBJ: 2

9. In order to fulfill its agricultural and construction needs, what did the Neo-Assyrian empire do? a. It relocated large numbers of conquered peoples to areas in which their labor was needed. b. It obtained large numbers of slaves from Africa and central Asia. c. It instituted a labor system that required work from all families for a certain number of days per year. d. It permitted soldiers to regularly rotate back to their homes during planting and harvesting seasons.

ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 129–30

2

OBJ: 3

4 ◆ Chapter 4 First Empires and Common Cultures in Afro-­Eurasia, 1250–325 Bce 10. Which of the following marks a difference between the way Assyrians and non-Assyrians were treated under Tiglath Pileser III? a. Assyrian women were allowed moderate control over their own lives, including the right to inheritance. b. Assyrians enslaved due to debts were permitted to marry free partners and engage in financial transactions. c. Foreigners enslaved through war were granted rights of marriage and the ability to work for wages. d. Foreigners who were forcibly relocated were given full civil rights in their new localities.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 132 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

11. Which of the following about Assyrian society is correct? a. Women served as support troops in the military and thereby gained important political and social rights. b. Inheritance was divided between sons and daughters, so that daughters served as important members in family alliances. c. Queens wielded considerable power behind the throne due to the independence granted them. d. Interactions between men and women outside of the family were restricted, in order to be certain of paternity.

ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 132 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

12. Who united the Persian tribes and established the Persian Empire? a. Cyrus the Great c. Tiglath Pileser III b. Assurnasirpal II d. Darius I ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Easy REF: p. 132 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 2

13. Which of the following is correct about the Persian Empire? a. Cyrus the Great relocated the Jews from Jerusalem to Babylon. b. Darius I instituted a bureaucratic system based on central control in order to unify his realm. c. Cyrus the Great claimed to liberate conquered peoples from the oppression of their own kings. d. Darius I forced Persian traditions and customs on subject peoples.

ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 132 MSC: Understanding

3

OBJ: 4

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14. Though both the Neo-Assyrian Empire and the Persian Empire asserted military power to forge their empires, what was an important difference between them? a. The Persians did not have to control a multiethnic population. b. The Persians’ ancestors were farmers, not pastoralists. c. The Persians used infantry exclusively in their army. d. The Persians asserted imperial power based on persuasion and appeal to common benefit.

ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 132 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 2

15. Which of the following best describes Zoroastrianism? a. It was based on animistic nomadic beliefs. b. It treated humans as capable of choosing between good and evil. c. It emphasized the rule of twelve gods, named for the lunar months, over the affairs of humans. d. It required that corpses be buried in bare earth so that they would decompose quickly and be reunited with nature.

ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 134 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

16. Which of the following was an important Persian building project? a. a fifty-mile canal linking the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea b. a network of ports on the Indian Ocean to facilitate trade and commerce c. open irrigation canals through the desert to improve agriculture d. the Royal Road, for use by merchants, government couriers, and the military ANS: D TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 136 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

17. What do the architectural decorations of the Persian Empire indicate? a. The empire was a homogenized state of people who adopted Persian culture. b. The Persians preserved their nomadic culture. c. The empire was a society of diverse, obedient peoples. d. The empire used terror to control local peoples.

ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 138 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

18. Which of the following is evidence of effect of the climate change around 1200 BCE on the lands bordering the eastern Mediterranean? a. Increased rains led to increased harvests for the Mycenaeans and a high point for their culture. b. The pharaohs were forced to commit military resources to prevent invasions from Nubia. c. Hittite rulers dispatched envoys to offer grain to provinces suffering from drought. d. An Assyrian chronicle spoke of a famine so severe that people ate human flesh.

ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 138

4

OBJ: 3

6 ◆ Chapter 4 First Empires and Common Cultures in Afro-­Eurasia, 1250–325 Bce 19. Which of the following about the Sea Peoples is correct? a. They were migrants from southern Africa who adopted boats as a primary means of transportation. b. They disrupted the social order of the Minoans on the island of Crete. c. They settled in northern Africa, from where they dominated the western Mediterranean Sea. d. They became known as the Carthaginians.

ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 139 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 4

20. The culture of individual warrior-heroes that emerged in the eastern Mediterranean and the Aegean Islands was evoked in which piece of literature? a. the Epic of Gilgamesh c. the Book of the Dead b. the Vedas d. the Iliad ANS: D TOP: 3

DIF: Easy REF: p. 141 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 3

21. Which of the following about the Phoenicians is correct? a. They were Greek sailors who settled in North Africa. b. They developed seaworthy crafts from the massive cedar trees. c. They were politically ambitious to establish a maritime empire throughout the Indian Ocean. d. They did not produce manufactured or agricultural goods themselves, but only acted as traders.

ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 142–43 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 4

22. The Phoenicians developed which groundbreaking innovation? a. ships with stern-post rudders c. water-powered irrigation systems b. monotheism d. the alphabet ANS: D TOP: 3

DIF: Easy REF: p. 143 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 4

23. Which of the following correctly characterizes what scholars know about the Israelites’ origins? a. Judah served as a trader-state with special status, controlling trade with Egypt under Assyrian authority. b. The Israelites were a pastoral nomadic people who moved into Judah from the Arabian desert and established dominance. c. Judah was a hybrid society that merged aspects of the states of South Asia with its own traditions. d. Material signs of a local regional culture began to emerge around 1200 BCE, culminating in the emergence of a kingdom under kings David and Solomon.

ANS: D TOP: 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 143–44

5

OBJ: 4

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24. Which of the following about the emergence of monotheism among the Israelites is correct? a. It was universally encouraged by the priestly elite, who hoped to expand its power by developing a single ethnic community worshipping a single deity. b. It was rejected by the prophets, who broke off to form splinter groups. c. It unified a people who had long rejected all outside cultural influences. d. It came after a period of henotheism, in which one god has power and ascendancy over other spirits and deities that still exist.

ANS: D TOP: 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 144

OBJ: 4

25. To what does the word mahajanapada refer? a. the sixteen “great communities” that occupied the Ganges River basin b. the ritual of sacrificing horses c. the earliest holy book of the Vedic people d. the lowest social group in the Vedic caste system ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Easy REF: p. 145 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 3

26. For the Vedic people, which of the following is correct about the four-group division system? a. It was uniformly enforced throughout South Asia. b. It was a way to stratify an increasingly agricultural and settled world. c. It provided for equal land distribution among all four castes. d. It originated with the Vedic people’s nomadic life on the central Asian plains.

ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 147 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

27. Who were the Brahmans in Vedic society? a. They rejected the older culture of the Aryans that represented their nomadic past. b. They rejected all beliefs and practices other than their own when they wrote the Vedas. c. They frequently challenged the authority of the political leaders by claiming spiritual authority. d. They were priests who performed rituals.

ANS: D TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 147 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

28. In what way did the Vedas promote cultural unity? a. by creating common ritual practices and supporting the hereditary raja states b. by creating the Kshatriyas to memorize and interpret the Vedic works c. by incorporating the religious beliefs of the Harappan people d. by making movement between social classes possible ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 147

6

OBJ: 3

8 ◆ Chapter 4 First Empires and Common Cultures in Afro-­Eurasia, 1250–325 Bce 29. The Upanishads teach that all people are part of a cosmic universe called what? a. Upanishads c. Brahma b. Manu d. Vedanta ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 148 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 3

30. In contrast to the societies of Southwest Asia and North Africa, where empires provided political integration, what happened in South Asia? a. A single ethnic group provided cultural and political unity. b. A loose confederation of trading states provided political stability. c. No stable methods of governance arose. d. The common Vedic culture and beliefs provided the unifying bond.

ANS: D TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 148 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

31. Which of the following was a way in which the Zhou asserted political power? a. The ruler’s power was transmitted through clan networks. b. They copied the Shang patrimonial state, centered on ancestor veneration. c. They paid tribute to pastoralists to keep them from invading. d. They claimed descent from the First Emperor.

ANS: B TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 149 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

32. Which of the following about the Zhou dynasty is correct? a. It geographically extended its power slowly as regional aristocracies joined a hierarchical system under its rule. b. It centralized its authority as it crushed numerous intrigues and attacks from local rulers. c. It used religious rituals and ideas to unify political rivals. d. It established a unified realm organized through appointed provincial governors.

ANS: A TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 149 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

33. For what major public works project did the Zhou dynasty take over responsibility? a. the network of roads c. dikes and irrigation systems b. the Great Wall d. the wall of the capital city ANS: C TOP: 4

DIF: Easy REF: pp. 151–52 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 3

34. How did the Zhou rulers seek to legitimize their takeover of the Shang dynasty? a. by appealing to astronomical occurrences to verify that the gods supported them b. by promoting agricultural prosperity c. by establishing social stability with the defeat of various bandits d. by asserting moral superiority ANS: D TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 152 MSC: Understanding

7

OBJ: 3

Chapter 4

First Empires and Common Cultures in Afro-­Eurasia, 1250–325 Bce ◆ 9

35. What was the Zhou doctrine that legitimated the rule of a dynasty called? a. the divine sanction c. the divine right of kings b. the mandate of heaven d. the duty of kingship ANS: B TOP: 4

DIF: Easy REF: p. 152 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 3

36. What happened to China’s growing wealth under the Zhou dynasty? a. It was concentrated in the cities, leaving the countryside relatively poorer. b. It permitted the Zhou kings to reduce tax rates. c. It was creating severe inflationary pressure that disrupted the political system. d. It was so large that nomadic people from the north were starting to become dependent on trade with China.

ANS: D TOP: 4

DIF: Difficult REF: p. 152 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

37. Which of the following is the primary reason that the Zhou made efforts to perfect their astronomical system? a. They were strong believers in astromancy. b. They needed to be able to date the reigns of Zhou rulers. c. They needed to provide work for unemployed scholars who might otherwise write satires about the Zhou court. d. Since the Zhou ruled by the will of the heavens, they needed to create an accurate calendar for agricultural and religious events.

ANS: D TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 153

OBJ: 3

38. Which of the following is a valid comparison between the Zhou and other Afro-Eurasia states? a. Like the Neo-Assyrians, the Zhou state became a regional superpower, dominating nearby principalities. b. Like the Persians, the Zhou expected regional lords to keep the provinces in line. c. Like the Neo-Assyrians, the Zhou used terror and intimidation to control the provinces. d. The Zhou, unlike the Vedic people, used religion as a means to forge unity.

ANS: B TOP: 4

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 156

OBJ: 2

39. Which of the following is correct about the decline of the Zhou dynasty? a. The Zhou family attacked the people of the steppe to try to demonstrate its military power. b. The Zhou expanded its family rituals in order to retain the appearance of power. c. The Zhou managed to hold on to power until a peasant revolt drove the Zhou from their capital. d. The Zhou dynasty was soon discredited as a failed regime and became a model of the errors of a territorial state.

ANS: B TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 154

8

OBJ: 3

10 ◆ Chapter 4 First Empires and Common Cultures in Afro-­Eurasia, 1250–325 Bce TRUE/FALSE 1. Zoroastrian teachings and the Vedic texts both drew their religious ideas from their pastoral and tribal roots.

ANS: T TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 133 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

2. The Phoenicians’ most iconic trade item was an expensive purple dye.

ANS: T TOP: 3

DIF: Easy REF: p. 142 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 4

3. The battle at Salamis marked the beginning of a reversal for the Persian military, who continued to lose ground to the Greeks.

ANS: T TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 142 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 4

4. In the Vedic tradition, atman refers to the eternal being that governs the process of reincarnation.

ANS: F TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 148 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 3

5. For centuries after its founding, the Zhou dynasty’s authority went unchallenged and reforms were unnecessary.

ANS: F TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 153 MSC: Understanding

9

OBJ: 3

Chapter 4

First Empires and Common Cultures in Afro-­Eurasia, 1250–325 Bce ◆

SHORT ANSWER 1. Compare the Zhou state to the Neo-Assyrian state and Persian Empire. How did they form different types of states? How did each try to integrate its realm?

ANS: The Zhou state operated in a decentralized fashion, whereas the Neo-Assyrian and Persian Empires were more centralized. The Zhou state began as a group of regional powers. But, eventually, they built on the system of local administration developed by the Shang dynasty, which gave them greater unity.

The Zhou built up a patrilineal state that centered on ancestor worship in which the ruler’s power passed down through genealogies of male ancestors back to the gods. This created a remarkably stable political structure reinforced by the ideology of the mandate of heaven, a belief that supported the reign of moral rulers and built on the possibility of a transfer of power in the case of immoral rulers.

The Zhou did not integrate their realms as thoroughly as the Persians or Neo-Assyrians and did not truly become a regional power or territorial empire.

By contrast, the Neo-Assyrian state built a highly centralized state based on the exercise of military power. They were highly expansionist and therefore engaged in almost constant warfare.

They embraced an ideology that glorified imperial masters and the subjugation and harsh treatment of subjects. They differentiated between themselves and their vassals, who had to pay exorbitant tributes.

They also utilized deportation and forced labor as ways to control subjects and conquered peoples.

The Persians also built a centralized state, but one based more on persuasion and mutual benefit than on raw military power like the Neo-Assyrians. The Persians developed a bureaucracy that was both highly centralized (like the Neo-Assyrians) and highly local (like the Zhou). It made use of the local tradition, economy, and rule while binding together multicultural people in a single empire.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 2

TOP: 2

MSC: Evaluating

2. How did migrating peoples affect the Afro-Eurasian empires after 1200 BCE? Discuss the origins of these migrating peoples, the states they disrupted, and the ways in which they aided cultural integration.

ANS: Beginning around 1200 BCE, demographic changes put the inhabitants of the Danube River in central Europe onto the world historical stage. Prior to this period, this region’s changes had largely been propelled by influences from outside (the imperial centers of Southwest Asia and Egypt). But rapid population growth and the development of natural resources (particularly metallurgy of a new metal, iron) meant that this region had a newfound importance. The new population of this region, now armed with iron weapons, moved in large groups into southeastern Europe, the Aegean, the eastern Mediterranean, and eventually Southwest Asia. These migrations weakened the established power structures in these regions such as the Hittites, Minoans, Mycenaeans, and Egyptians. In South Asia, climate change—in particular, drought and dust storms—drove the Zhou people to settle on the edges of the Shang state, eventually succeeding them as the ruling dynasty. These migrations demonstrated the increasing value of mobility and communication as people competed for increasingly scarce resources. As a result, smaller, more innovative communities emerged.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 4

TOP: 2

10

MSC: Evaluating

11

12 ◆ Chapter 4 First Empires and Common Cultures in Afro-­Eurasia, 1250–325 Bce 3. What relationships developed between larger states and peripheral societies in the Aegean and the Levant? What was the impact of the peripheral societies?

ANS: Climate change and migration destabilized the established states of Southwest Asia and the Mediterranean, permitting new societies to arise on the periphery of larger states. For example, the migration of the Sea People, invaders from the Danube region in Europe, destabilized existing empires (such as Egypt, Minoan civilization, and the Hittites) before settling on the southern coast of the Levant, becoming known as the Philistines. The societies that developed on the periphery of larger states, such as the Neo-Assyrian and the Persians, exerted influence far disproportionate to their size.

For example, Greeks on the Southwest Asian mainland resisted Persian authority. They fought a series of extended conflicts that eventually left Athens as a major sea power in the Mediterranean and weakened the military might of Persia. On the other hand, the Phoenicians preferred to coexist with their more powerful neighbors instead of opposing them, as had the Greeks. The Phoenicians developed innovations in shipbuilding and seafaring that allowed them to sail as far west as modern-day Morocco and Spain. As they carried trade goods around the Mediterranean, they spread ideas and cultures of the groups with whom they came into contact, as well as spreading their major invention, the alphabet. Finally, the Israelites had an impact on world history out of proportion to their population and geographic size. Their impact was the emergence of monotheistic religious traditions that spread through the diaspora of these people in the wake of successive conquests by larger empires.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 4

TOP: 2

MSC: Evaluating

4. Discuss the social, religious, and political structure of Vedic society in South Asia. Of what importance was the state to the process of cultural integration?

ANS: In South Asia, it was language and belief systems that brought people together, not political structures.

Unlike their counterparts in Mesopotamia and Egypt, the rulers in this region (modern Pakistan, Bangladesh, and northern India) did not have previous political systems on which to draw. Instead, flood and earthquakes had weakened the earlier Harappan urban centers in the Indus River valley, and its peoples had migrated or died out. Therefore, the new Vedic migrants lacked an urban tradition to draw upon or adopt. Instead, they kept their own rituals (which they eventually recorded in the Vedas) and languages, while absorbing some elements of local traditions and beliefs. So, though they culturally integrated the region, they did not politically integrate it. Initially, the political structure was largely clan-based kingdoms or small chieftainships. Later, as urban culture expanded, occupationally based classes called castes replaced these lineages. Thus, Vedic society in South Asia was rigidly stratified but not politically integrated.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 3

TOP: 3

11

MSC: Evaluating

Chapter 4

First Empires and Common Cultures in Afro-­Eurasia, 1250–325 Bce ◆

5. Compare the ways the new states in Southwest Asia and East Asia used public works as a way to assert legitimacy and integrate their empires.

ANS: In Southwest Asia, since so many Assyrians were recruited into the army, the Neo-Assyrians used forced labor from their conquered provinces in agricultural and construction work. This practice not only allowed the Neo-Assyrian state to create a series of regional capitals (complete with monumental buildings, citadels, and walls) but also helped keep conquered subjects subdued. Deportation and forced labor was a frequent fate of rebellious groups such as the Israelites. Neo-Assyrian state ideology used elaborate architectural complexes to stage displays of pomp and power. Images of foes being beaten into submission were used on palace walls. The Persians, in contrast, used public works as a way to assert imperial identity and unity of their multicultural empire. The Great Royal Road provided rapid and dependable communication, a means to move officials and troops, a means to collect tribute, and also a route for merchants. The Persians also built canals, such as the one linking the Red Sea and the Nile River, encouraging trade from the periphery of the empire. A major public works project, in use long after the demise of the empire, was the invention of qanats, underground water tunnels. Further, the Persians employed crafts workers from all over the empire to create a new architectural style. The large halls and open spaces in reception rooms allowed thousands of people to bring tribute from throughout the empire—connecting subject peoples to one central imperial authority. Visual propaganda depicted a diverse and loyal population bringing gifts and tribute to the king.

The Zhou did not build a state as centralized and integrated as those in Southwest Asia. Instead, they used material culture and statecraft to maintain primacy among regional powers. The Zhou used their ideology of the patrimonial state and the mandate of heaven as a legitimizing principle. Elaborate court rituals and bronze ritual objects (often produced by Shang craftsmen forcibly transported to Zhou towns) awed regional lords and contributed to the sense of legitimacy of Zhou rule. Under the mandate of heaven, the ruler was responsible for the well-being of his people—specifically flood control and support for agriculture. The Zhou constructed dikes, canals, levees, and terraces to support fertile agricultural lands to feed the growing population. Much of the labor was in the form of tribute.

Canals linked the rice fields in the south and the millet fields in the north, easing the possibility of famine, such as the one that had led to the rise of the Zhou by causing the downfall of the Shang.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 3

TOP: 3

12

MSC: Evaluating

13

CHAPTER 5

Worlds Turned Inside Out, 1000–350 bce GLOBAL STORYLINES

FOCUS QUESTIONS

1. A range of challenges—­w arfare, po­l iti­c al upheaval, economic pressures, and social developments—­ transform the empires and states of Afro-­Eurasia.

2. “Second-­generation” socie­ties arise across Afro-­ Eurasia in a pivotal period sometimes called the Axial Age. 3. Axial Age thinkers reshape ­peoples’ views of the world and their place in it.

4. Complex new socie­ties develop in the Amer­i­cas and sub-­Saharan Africa.

1. What types of challenges did Afro-­Eurasian empires and states face in the first millennium bce? How ­were the solutions they devised alike and how ­were they dif­fer­ent?

2. Which teachers and prophets ­were the key thinkers of the Axial Age, and what ­were their distinctive ideas?

3. In what ways did po­l iti­cal and social transformations influence Axial Age thinkers across Afro-­Eurasia (East Asia, South Asia, and the Mediterranean)?

4. How did the po­l iti­cal, cultural, and social developments across Afro-­Eurasia compare with ­those occurring in the Amer­i­cas and sub-­Saharan Africa?

1

CHAPTER 5: Worlds Turned Inside Out, 1000–350 BCE 2 ◆ Chapter 5 Worlds Turned Inside Out, 1000–350 Bce

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following emerged from the rampant destruction during the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States periods? a. new smelting techniques, allowing the development of bronze battle axes b. new political institutions and ideologies c. an increase in the number of political entities d. an increase in population ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 163 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1

2. What happened during the Warring States period of the Eastern Zhou dynasty? a. The territorial states sought to maintain a balance of power and would re-form coalitions if one state became too powerful. b. The Zhou king lost all formal authority over the territorial states. c. The warfare among the territorial states remained small in comparison with that in Southwest Asia. d. Power became concentrated in the major states’ rulers.

ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 164 MSC: Understanding

3. What did Confucius set out in search of? a. the secret to everlasting life b. fame ANS: D TOP: 3

c. d.

OBJ: 3

wealth an enlightened ruler

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 165 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 3

4. Which of the following accurately reflects Confucius’s belief concerning why people behave ethically? a. It is a human characteristic to do so. b. in order to achieve a place in heaven c. out of respect for the teachings of scholars d. for fear of punishment ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 165 MSC: Remembering

1

OBJ: 3

Chapter 5

Worlds Turned Inside Out, 1000–350 Bce ◆ 3

5. Which of the following is true about Confucius? a. He believed that scholars were corrupted by government work and should establish themselves as moral spokespersons removed from political activity. b. He taught that strong, coercive laws and punishments were needed to maintain moral order in society. c. He set forth a new moral framework stressing correct performance of ritual, responsibility, loyalty to the family, and perfection of moral character. d. He only accepted individuals of noble background as his students, as he believed commoners were too crude for moral contemplation.

ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 165

OBJ: 3

6. Which of the following is correct about Daoism? a. It criticized Confucianism for teaching an unnatural social equality. b. It taught that the best way to live was to follow the natural order of things. c. It established a ritualized system of meditation as the foundation of controlling events in one’s life. d. It believed that its followers had a responsibility to enter government service in order to promote moral behavior.

ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 165–66 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 3

7. The notion that people are primarily evil and require moral education and authoritarian control is characteristic of which branch of Chinese thought? a. Confucianism c. Mohism b. Daoism d. Legalism ANS: D TOP: 3

DIF: Easy REF: p. 167 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 3

8. What distinguished governments in the Warring States period from other Afro-Eurasian political systems at the time? a. political fragmentation b. the bonds that rulers forged with their scholarly elites c. the strong city-state d. philosopher kings ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 167 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1

9. Qin government minister Shang Yang implemented which key political reform? a. solidifying direct rule of regions under the sovereign b. rewarding or punishing nobles for their military achievements (or lack thereof) c. decreasing the power of the state in favor of locally elected councils d. creating a lenient legal code that stressed rewards for good behavior rather than punishments for crimes ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 167 MSC: Remembering

2

OBJ: 1

4 ◆ Chapter 5 Worlds Turned Inside Out, 1000–350 Bce 10. Which of the following accurately compares Chinese territorial states and Mediterranean city-states? a. Mediterranean city-states developed siege warfare and defensive walls, but the Chinese territorial states fought only on open plains where their chariots were free to maneuver. b. Both relied on nobles fighting from chariots. c. Both relied heavily on the navy to win battles. d. Chinese territorial states could produce armies of up to 1 million men, while Athens could produce only 20,000.

ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 168

OBJ: 1

11. Which of the following about the Warring States period in China is correct? a. Social relations became more fluid as commoners were able to gain more economic power. b. Bureaucratic officials were replaced with loyal family members. c. Peasants were permitted to travel broadly in order to obtain the best price for their crops. d. Gender relations became more flexible as the economic value of women increased due to their work in the fields.

ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 169 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 1

12. Which of the following accurately characterizes economic changes in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods in China? a. Peasants participated in a market economy, using minted coins to buy and sell products and services. b. A declining population led to a higher standard of living for massive numbers of Chinese peasants. c. Peasants’ productivity decreased, as peasants could now enjoy the benefits of their own labor. d. Public projects, such as draining swamps and improving irrigation and canals, opened more acreage for agriculture.

ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 168

OBJ: 1

13. In South Asia, what were specialized subcastes that maintained a communal structure by marrying within their own group called? a. Jati c. varna b. Shudras d. Vaishyas ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Easy REF: p. 170 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 4

14. In South Asia, what happened as cities grew around 500 BCE? a. Civic authorities showed interest in issues of sanitation. b. Carefully organized city planning emerged. c. They served primarily as administrative and ritual centers. d. They were quickly abandoned, as local agriculture could not produce sufficient surplus to support large-scale urban life.

ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 172 MSC: Understanding 3

OBJ: 4

Chapter 5

Worlds Turned Inside Out, 1000–350 Bce ◆ 5

15. What happened in the new cities in South Asia around 500 BCE? a. Rulers reserved to themselves the right to mint coins. b. Accounting and financial record keeping had not yet emerged, which limited the growth of financial transactions. c. City dwellers, compared to rural peasants, had more material wealth but lived more uncertain lives. d. Traders found that kings were able to disrupt their activities, as kings made decisions about warfare without considering the concerns of the traders.

ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 172 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 4

16. Which of the following characterized the new cities in South Asia around 500 BCE? a. New cities such as Taxila had well-planned streets and water drainage similar to that of Mohenjo Daro. b. The rigidity of the caste system prevented social mobility. c. Individuals who did the dirtiest jobs became outcastes known as Brahmans. d. An elaborate division of labor suggested high degrees of specialization and commercialization.

ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 172 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 4

17. Which of the following most accurately describes Jainist beliefs? a. The good life involves enjoying moderation in all things. b. Prayer rituals to the gods must be strictly observed so that the gods will intercede in the universe to aid the believer. c. Peasants were the most numerous followers of Mahavira. d. Every living creature has a soul and must not be harmed.

ANS: D TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 175

OBJ: 3

18. Which of the following about Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, is correct? a. He lived part of his life with ascetics. b. He criticized the Brahmans for having abandoned their rituals and sacrifices. c. He sought funding for his teachings by supporting royal power throughout South Asia. d. He came from a family of poor peasants.

ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Easy REF: p. 175 MSC: Understanding

4

OBJ: 2

6 ◆ Chapter 5 Worlds Turned Inside Out, 1000–350 Bce 19. Which of the following best describes the relationship of Mahavira and the Buddha with Brahman spiritual authority? a. Both Mahavira and the Buddha accepted the elaborate cosmology of Brahman scholars. b. Both Mahavira and the Buddha received most of their support from rural farmers. c. Both Mahavira and the Buddha objected to the ritual sacrifices of animals by the Brahmans. d. Both Mahavira and the Buddha relied upon the oral transmission of their teachings, whereas the Brahmans relied upon writing down their teachings in order to spread their knowledge widely.

ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 173

OBJ: 2

20. What is the purpose of Buddhism’s Eightfold Path? a. to enforce the practice of extreme asceticism b. to create a trancelike state by following eight distinct rituals c. to embrace desire as the key to reaching a state of contentment d. to rid oneself of desire and to reach nirvana ANS: D TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 175–76 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 2

21. Which of the following characterized the borderland societies of the eastern Mediterranean around 1000 BCE? a. They became dominated by large regional states such as Persia. b. Because of their geographic location on the Mediterranean Sea, new ideas such as the alphabet and use of money spread rapidly. c. Several territorial states arose in the western Mediterranean and then invaded the eastern Mediterranean in a search for raw materials. d. Because these societies were insular, there was little reason for warfare between them.

ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 176

OBJ: 3

22. Which of the following about most city-states in the Mediterranean basin is correct? a. The small family unit was the most important social unit. b. The social equality of the household was seen as a model for social equality in public life. c. Adult women were recognized as the public voice of the concerns of the family. d. Women were allowed to hold property.

ANS: A TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 178 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 4

23. Which of the Mediterranean city-states was LEAST likely to experience internal strife? a. Athens c. Sparta b. Thebes d. Olympia ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 178 MSC: Understanding

5

OBJ: 1

Chapter 5

Worlds Turned Inside Out, 1000–350 Bce ◆ 7

24. In the Mediterranean city-states, what was at the center of the city? a. temple to the city’s god b. palace of the king c. administrative offices of the city officials d. marketplace ANS: D TOP: 4

DIF: Easy REF: p. 179 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 4

25. What is the most spectacular evidence of the economic growth of the Mediterranean city-states? a. population growth b. the speed with which they established colonies throughout the Mediterranean c. the rapid urbanization in their growing cities d. the extensive use of coinage as a method to exchange value ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 179–80

OBJ: 3

26. Which of the following was a reason for the rise of chattel slavery in the Mediterranean city-states after 500 BCE? a. Individuals voluntarily became slaves for a specified time as an act of religious devotion. b. The inhabitants of frontier communities in the north militarily overwhelmed the city-states, creating a new volume of slaves. c. The explosion of money-based market economies led to an ethos in which everything, even human beings, acquired a monetary value. d. Following an economic collapse, many people were so impoverished that they sold themselves into slavery to pay their debts.

ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 180–81 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 4

27. Which of the following statements about philosophy in the Greek city-states is correct? a. It focused on humans and their place in society. b. It was always presented through written texts. c. It sought to create systems of thought in which the identity of the thinker was not relevant. d. It was practiced freely by society, including women and slaves who participated in public debates.

ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 186

OBJ: 2

28. What was the purpose behind Plato’s creation of The Republic? a. He wanted to create a model city-state where democracy allowed the participation of all citizens in the government. b. He described his vision of a perfect city ruled by an oligarchy. c. He thought that if humans would imitate his model, the Greek cities would be less susceptible to the decline that he saw in his own time. d. He hoped that he could achieve a wider audience by having Euripides turn the dialogue into a drama.

ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 186

6

OBJ: 2

8 ◆ Chapter 5 Worlds Turned Inside Out, 1000–350 Bce 29. Which of the following is an accurate comparison of Plato and Aristotle? a. Plato was concerned with analyzing politics and governance; Aristotle was only concerned with poetry and science. b. Aristotle believed that the path to knowledge was through close study of things in the natural world to discover underlying patterns, but Plato thought that things in the natural world were merely flawed copies of ideal forms in a thought world. c. Aristotle analyzed more than 150 city-states; Plato based his research only on Sparta. d. Plato believed that water was the substance from which all other things were derived, while Aristotle believed that substances were composed of small, indivisible particles called atoma.

ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 186

OBJ: 2

30. Which of the following about Chavín society is correct? a. It established devotional cults focused on astronomical events and the movement of stars and planets. b. It established a spiritual center in caves on the coast of Peru that echoed with “divine voices.” c. It had priests who took hallucinogenic drugs that they believed would turn them into jaguars. d. It collapsed suddenly and left little imprint on later culture/societies.

ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 186–87 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

31. Which of the following about Olmec cities is correct? a. They served as political centers from which kings established their authority. b. They evidenced little planning or organization in their construction. c. They lacked a clearly developed artistic or iconographic tradition. d. They were devotional centers featuring massive earthen mounds, platforms, palaces, and plazas.

ANS: D TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 188 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

32. Olmec cities included substantial spaces dedicated to what? a. stages for theatrical presentations b. ball courts for athletic competition c. amphitheaters for musical competitions d. ponds for swimming competitions ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Easy REF: p. 189 MSC: Remembering

7

OBJ: 4

Chapter 5

Worlds Turned Inside Out, 1000–350 Bce ◆ 9

33. Which of the following describes both the Olmecs and the Vedic people during the first millennium BCE? a. Domesticated animals permitted long-distance trade networks to become very active. b. Cultural cohesion was achieved through tiered social ranks. c. The absence of monumental cities indicated a lack of wealth. d. Frequent long-distance communication allowed various societies to share technology.

ANS: B TOP: 4

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 191

OBJ: 4

34. Which of the following best describes Olmec culture in Mesoamerica? a. It forged a network for the exchange of sacred ritual objects. b. It emerged from the large cities where most people lived. c. It was built upon the previous cultures/societies of South America. d. It lacked a common language or religious life.

ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Easy REF: p. 191 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

35. Which of the following is the most likely reason for the loss of Olmec urban centers in the middle of the first millennium BCE? a. The Olmec population dropped drastically, because of a prolonged drought. b. The Olmecs were invaded and conquered by the Toltecs, as seen by the destruction of many ritual centers. c. The machinery for bringing resources to the Olmec capitals failed, leading to the collapse of the social and cultural hierarchy. d. The Olmec rulers claimed to descend from divine ancestors, angering the priestly class.

ANS: C TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 191

OBJ: 4

36. Which of the following played a critical role in the historical development of Africa in the first millennium BCE? a. the lush agricultural promise of the rain forests b. the opportunities for hunting big game in the savanna c. the continuing drying out of the region and the expansion of the deserts d. the Sahel receiving more rainfall and becoming more densely populated ANS: C TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 191 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 4

37. Which of the following about the Sudanic peoples of sub-Saharan Africa is correct? a. They shared few cultural traits since they spread across a region some 4,000 miles from west to east. b. They adhered to a cosmology in which there were no gods but only natural spirits. c. They did not domesticate large animals such as horses and cattle, although this enabled them to travel over longer distances. d. They had polities led by sacred kings.

ANS: D TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 193

8

OBJ: 4

10 ◆ Chapter 5 Worlds Turned Inside Out, 1000–350 Bce 38. Historians today recognize the peoples of Nubia a. as a society that borrowed its culture exclusively from Egypt. b. as a culture deeply influenced by Egypt and the cultures of sub-Saharan Africa. c. as a society that completely shunned Egyptian ideas. d. as a “first-generation” society, developing its own culture in isolation.

ANS: B TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 193 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 4

39. Which of the following is an accurate comparison between the Sudanic people and the Olmecs in the first millennium BCE? a. Bronze tools were created by both groups in this period. b. Neither group developed the ability to smelt iron. c. The Olmecs, but not the Sudanic peoples, relied extensively on trade. d. The Sudanic people, unlike the Olmecs, had domesticated several large animals, including cattle and some horses.

ANS: D TOP: 4

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 193–94

OBJ: 4

TRUE/FALSE 1. During the Spring and Autumn period of the Eastern Zhou dynasty, China experienced levels of anarchic violence unseen for generations.

ANS: T TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 163 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1

2. In Zhou China, a tradition developed of scholar-bureaucrats participating in debate over how to create a stable and harmonious government.

ANS: T TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 167 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

3. Both Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, and Mahavira came from outside the Vedic tradition.

ANS: T TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 173 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

4. The Chavín trade in painted textiles, ceramics, and gold objects spanned the region from the Pacific coast on the west to the watershed of the Amazon basin on the east.

ANS: T TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 186 MSC: Remembering

9

OBJ: 4

Chapter 5

Worlds Turned Inside Out, 1000–350 Bce ◆

5. One difference between sub-Saharan Africa and Eurasia was that sub-Saharan African farmers did not develop plow agriculture.

ANS: T TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 192

10

OBJ: 4

11

12 ◆ Chapter 5 Worlds Turned Inside Out, 1000–350 Bce SHORT ANSWER 1. What changes in political and social structure occurred in East Asia, South Asia, and the Mediterranean basin during the first millennium BCE? How did these innovations encourage reflection about the nature and purpose of government and society?

ANS: The Mediterranean, East Asia, and South Asia all saw increasing fragmentation and regionalism that resulted in competition and warfare during the first millennium BCE. However, they responded to this political destabilization in different ways. In China, as the region descended into political chaos and disintegration during the Spring and Autumn period and then the Era of Warring States, the Eastern Zhou rose to preeminence. Zhou rulers moved away from a hereditary basis for office holding and increased reliance on the bureaucracy, which, ironically, strengthened the importance of the ruler and stabilized dynastic control, as thinkers like Confucius urged respect for the social hierarchy, but one not based on birth. Further, rampant warfare and political competition prompted a rise in diplomacy and statecraft as the small regional states surrounding the Eastern Zhou struggled to maintain a balance of power. Trained diplomats became the norm, which ushered in a new government professionalism. Increasingly, royal appointees replaced hereditary officeholders. Thus, the unstable political situation coupled with the new professionalism in government prompted thinkers to debate ideas of human nature and the role of government. Most prominent among them was Confucius, who argued that superior men (junzi) were essential to good government. These men became superior through education and were motivated by benevolence and good works rather than profit and power.

The fact that anyone could become junzi was a radical departure from the hereditary elitism of the old order. Confucius did not abandon a social hierarchy, but he felt that one’s position depended on education, not birth. Other Chinese thinkers responded to Confucius. Laozi stressed the dao (the way) of nature that argued for a noninterventionist model. Xunzi and Han Fei supported Legalism, a statist-oriented view that argued for strong moral education and authoritarian control.

In South Asia, as in East Asia, political turmoil persisted as states fought each other for dominance. The Vedic peoples created a variety of local state forms, most commonly oligarchies or hereditary monarchies. The social structure based on the four varna was well entrenched in religious beliefs, and the religious leaders, the Brahmans, supported the Kshatriya rulers. Dissidents in South Asia therefore did not challenge the political system but rather challenged Brahmanic control of society. Ascetics such as Mahavira argued that every living thing had a soul and should not be harmed. This extreme form of nonviolence had long-lasting influence in the region even beyond the scope of Jainism. The Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama) also rejected the old socioreligious forms, particularly Brahmanic ritual and sacrifice. He did accept the idea of reincarnation, but he (like Mahavira) rejected the idea of supernatural beings and logically explained the cause of human suffering (desire).

In the Mediterranean, the competition between city-states and defending against larger powers such as Persia led to self-rule and the development of political and economic systems that fostered competition and individualism. Greek thinkers offered new views about nature and politics that stressed secular rather than religious ideas (similar to East Asia and in contrast to South Asia).

Philosophers debated how the universe worked, human nature, and the perfect state. They competed with each other (like the city-states themselves) to form the most perfect arguments. Socrates stressed the importance of honor and integrity as opposed to wealth and encouraged questioning authority.

Plato, one of Socrates’s students, envisioned a perfect society of philosopher-kings, which he believed might combat the political decline he saw around him. Aristotle argued that things should be decided based on collected evidence and used his technique to study the 150 Greek city-states. He proposed institutional changes and codes of moral conduct to allow the city-states to function better. However, the independent city-state was doomed as new, larger states came to dominate the region.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 3

TOP: 2 11

MSC: Analyzing

Chapter 5

Worlds Turned Inside Out, 1000–350 Bce ◆

2. Compare how the societies in Mesoamerica, South America, and sub-Saharan Africa were affected by the connections that they had or failed to have with other societies. How did these societies structure their broad social relations?

ANS: South American societies were very diverse and extremely localized. But this decentralization did not prevent common social structures and cultures from emerging. The Chavín in the Andes began to share a common belief system. They were united more by belief and faith than by political system.

They literally organized themselves vertically, with peoples on the coast trading with peoples located above them on mountainsides and in forests. Like the Chavín, the Olmecs of Mesoamerica were also united by culture and religion. They formed decentralized villages united by shared sacred centers.

The Olmecs shared belief systems, a single language, and a priestly class that directed ritual, despite their dispersed social landscape. Unlike the Chavín, however, the combination of an integrated culture and complex social structure gave the Olmecs a great degree of cohesion. In sub-Saharan Africa, people did not develop plow agriculture, so population density remained relatively low. People also tended to own land communally. But, unlike the Americas, which lacked large domesticated animals to aid in transport, African peoples were not reliant simply on their feet to get around. They developed distinct communities that shared some basic common elements like a cosmology dominated by a high god, polities led by sacred kings, and burial customs of interring servants alongside dead rulers to serve them in the afterlife. Meroë and the Nok culture were both sacred kingships that served as spectacular examples of these African cultures.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 4

TOP: 1

MSC: Analyzing

3. How did South Asia and the Mediterranean basin develop economically in the first millennium BCE? How did these economic developments affect the growth of urban society and the emerging ideas of thinkers and philosophers in these societies?

ANS: Cities began to emerge in South Asia around 500 BCE. They soon became centers of commercial exchange. These new cities were exciting because they offered new opportunities for some despite the rigid formal hierarchy of the caste system. As professional options expanded, traders and artisans formed guilds that began to wield some economic power that in turn provided their members with some degree of protection and autonomy. Not all people had the same opportunities in the new cities.

Cities created a new social class: those who did dirty work deemed to be polluting were called untouchables. Some people grew dissatisfied with their positions in the rigid social hierarchy of South Asia and joined the ranks of dissident thinkers who rejected the old social order. They became Buddhists or Jains who rejected the role of supernatural beings and Brahmans.

Likewise, the economic development of the Mediterranean affected social development. Here, maritime technology created connected but independent city-states. They governed themselves. This did not mean that they all had the same system; some were oligopolies, some were ruled by a popularly acclaimed head, and some were democracies. But they traded with each other and engaged in competition. They developed economic innovations that supported the emergence of a free market: the alphabet, coins, and the central marketplace. This expansion of the market caused these cities to broaden their trade networks and engage in colonization. Eventually, that led to the emergence of chattel slavery. Thinkers responded to these developments by debating (competitively, like the Warring States and a competitive, free market economy) about the nature of human existence and the perfect state.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 3

TOP: 1

12

MSC: Evaluating

13

14 ◆ Chapter 5 Worlds Turned Inside Out, 1000–350 Bce 4. Compare and contrast Buddhist and Confucian philosophies. How did each seek to respond to different sets of issues?

ANS: Confucius responded to the political and social instability of the Era of Warring States. He looked to the early Zhou period as a golden age that could serve as a model for political success. As such, historians and educators became central figures in Chinese politics. He argued that the state should be modeled on the patriarchal society, a structure that would restore order and stability within a social hierarchy based on education rather than on birth. Soon, his ideas became a central feature of imperial China within an alliance between scholars and the state, even though Chinese philosophers debated how to interpret those ideas. As a result, the goal of Chinese philosophy became creating a framework for a stable, harmonious, and unified society. The Buddha was a contemporary of Confucius, and he, too, was responding to social chaos and disintegration, though philosophers in South Asia, unlike in China, did not exclusively serve the state or a particular ruler, allowing for freer speculation on a broader range of issues. He rejected the Brahmanic order. He invoked a logical interpretation of the order of the universe rather than invoking divine intervention. He elaborated the idea of karma, the universal principal of cause and effect. In both Confucianism and Buddhism, the role of a founding teacher stands out.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 2

TOP: 3

MSC: Analyzing

5. Why was the period from 800 to 200 BCE in Afro-Eurasia known as the “Axial Age”?

ANS: The period from 800 to 200 BCE was the deepest dividing line in history, a transitional period of political and social upheavals between the collapse of the first-generation empires in Afro-Eurasia and the later, larger empires of Alexander the Great, Rome, and the Han. This period was the Axial Age because: (1) the thinkers’ ideas were a pivot point that seemed to turn the world in a new direction; (2) these new movements occurred along the east-west axis that extended from the Mediterranean to East Asia; and (3) the Axial Age thinkers’ influence in ethical thought continues to the present.

The thinkers of the “Axial Age” were clearly a pivot point in world history. The political and social upheavals following the decline of the foundational ancient empires created a dynamic period where the ethical, philosophical, and religious beliefs accepted in the previous period no longer seemed valid. New religious leaders such as Mahavira and the Buddha challenged the dominance of the Brahmans in traditional South Asian Vedic society. In China, thinkers created three different responses to political chaos. Confucius created an ideal of stability and order by basing government on the ideal patriarchal family and elevating the role of scholar-gentleman. Daoism asserted that the best way to live was to follow the natural order of things, detached from everyday governance. The Legalists believed that strict laws and harsh punishments were required to ensure proper conduct among officials and the people. In the Mediterranean basin, the interstices between collapsing empires gave way to two great stands in Western thought: the rational, scientific approach of the Greek philosophers and the monotheism of the Hebrew prophets, which paved the way for modern Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The belief systems founded during the Axial Age continue to affect society today.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 2

TOP: 2

13

MSC: Evaluating

CHAPTER 6

Shrinking the Afro-­Eurasian World, 350 bce–250 ce GLOBAL STORYLINES

FOCUS QUESTIONS

1. Conquests by Alexander the ­Great and the influence of his successor states spread Hellenism across Southwest Asia and into South Asia.

2. The Mauryan Empire accelerates the integration of South Asia and helps Buddhism spread throughout that region and beyond.

3. “Silk Roads,” both over land and sea, facilitate the movement of commodities (spices, metals, and silks) and ideas (especially Buddhism and Hellenism) across Afro-­Eurasia.

1. What was Hellenism, and in what ways did it have an impact across Afro-­Eurasia?

2. How did Alexander’s incursion in central and South Asia promote po­l iti­cal changes in ­those areas, and what ­were t­ hose changes?

3. In what areas did Buddhism spread during this period, and what forces influenced its spread?

4. Where did the early “Silk Road” develop, and how impor­tant ­were t­ hese trade routes in connecting Afro-­Eurasia?

1

CHAPTER 6: Shrinking the Afro-Eurasian World, 350 BCE–250 CE 2 ◆ Chapter 6 Shrinking the Afro-­Eurasian World, 350 bce–250 ce

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following statements about Alexander the Great’s conquests is correct? a. They led to the creation of a unified bureaucracy across the conquered territories. b. They resulted in the establishment of a long-lasting empire. c. They destabilized and isolated the conquered regions. d. They exposed Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and Mesopotamia to a money-based economy and the cultural ideas associated with the Greek city-states.

ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Easy MSC: Applying

REF: p. 201

OBJ: 2

2. What was one of the ways that Alexander the Great introduced institutional stability to Afro-Eurasian trading systems? a. Alexander created a large empire with uniform laws and institutions that lasted for hundreds of years. b. Governments under Alexander’s control did not plunder cities but instead actively promoted trade. c. Alexander required all merchants and caravans to agree to a trade contract forbidding unlawful competition. d. Alexander’s army defeated the major central Asian nomadic groups such as the Xiongnu, creating a new stability along the trade routes.

ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 200

OBJ: 2

3. Which statement about Philip II of Macedonia is correct? a. He inherited a unified kingdom and neighboring states that had been conquered by his father. b. He allied with the Greek city-states so that he could draw upon their resources without having to defeat them militarily. c. He used income from gold mines to finance new military technology and a full-time army. d. He was killed in battle when his Greek allies betrayed him.

ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 201 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1

4. What was one of the major results of Alexander the Great’s military campaigns? a. establishing an empire supported by political and military institutions b. smashing the barriers that had separated peoples on the eastern and western ends of Southwest Asia c. preventing Syria and Mesopotamia from trading in commodities from the Mediterranean basin d. preventing a massive redistribution of wealth ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 201

1

OBJ: 2

Chapter 6

Shrinking the Afro-­Eurasian World, 350 bce–250 ce ◆ 3

5. What happened after Alexander the Great’s death? a. His wife, Roxana, ruled for the next decade but could not hold the empire together. b. Alexander’s generals modeled the kingdoms they established on the regional rulers they had defeated. c. The established kingdoms relied upon councils working with local elites to manage the many modest-sized territories. d. The opportunities for women to exercise power diminished as the new kingdoms adopted the male warrior ethos of Macedonia.

ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 204 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

6. What was the Egyptian Queen Berenice an example of? a. the potential for expanded political roles of women in the kingdoms Alexander’s conquests had created b. the dangers of opposing Alexander’s armies, as evidenced by her public execution c. the powerlessness of women in the political world of the Greek polis d. the increasing importance of women as merchants on the Silk Road ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 204 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

7. What did the political states that emerged following Alexander the Great do? a. They sought to establish their neighboring societies as tribute states. b. They became fiercely independent from one another. c. They formed modest-sized states that could be better regulated. d. They coalesced into larger units that displayed a uniformity unknown to the city-states.

ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 205 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

8. Which of the following about Hellenistic culture is correct? a. It did not spread outside of the Mediterranean basin. b. It was attractive to ruling elites for its powerful modes of thinking and behaving. c. It was broadly embraced by Jewish populations, who merged it with a monotheistic religion. d. It was rejected by the inhabitants of Rome, for it conflicted with their militaristic culture.

ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 205

OBJ: 1

9. What was Koine Greek? a. the common Greek language that became the international language of the Hellenistic world b. the Greek silver coin that became the standard currency of the Mediterranean basin c. the model of the Greek marketplace that served as the center of civic life d. the Greek catapult that was central to the military success of the growing territorial states ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 205 MSC: Remembering

2

OBJ: 1

4 ◆ Chapter 6 Shrinking the Afro-­Eurasian World, 350 bce–250 ce 10. Which of the following was a model “cosmopolitan” city? a. Athens c. Persepolis b. Alexandria d. Sparta ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Easy REF: p. 206 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 1

11. Under Hellenism, ways of thinking changed in response to a more culturally unified world. This was seen especially in what way? a. a growing concern for the individual, who was now seen as a citizen belonging to the whole world, rather than to a particular city b. a complete abandonment of local cultures in favor of Greek culture c. a devotion to the state that superseded all other concerns d. the development of a political structure that focused on individual cities and the civic identity they promoted ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 207

OBJ: 1

12. Which Hellenistic philosopher taught that peace of mind could only be obtained by “not caring”? a. Diogenes c. Stoicho b. Zeno d. Epicurus ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Easy REF: p. 207 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 1

13. Who taught that living a good life required understanding the rules of the natural order and being able to control one’s passions? a. Diogenes c. Zeno b. Plato d. Epicurus ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 207–08 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 1

14. What did the circulation of money in the Mediterranean basin and Europe do? a. It permitted societies to import cultural items from elsewhere in the Mediterranean region. b. It caused gold to become scarce, raising prices significantly. c. It became a specialized occupation of the Greeks, as other societies did not develop their own process of coinage. d. It led borderland people to outlaw the use of coins to try to maintain control over their barter economies.

ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 209

3

OBJ: 1

Chapter 6

Shrinking the Afro-­Eurasian World, 350 bce–250 ce ◆ 5

15. What happened in Judea after Alexander the Great’s conquests? a. The ruling elite fiercely rejected Hellenism and any effort to weaken Jewish identity. b. The Maccabees led a revolt against Hellenistic culture in Judea. c. The failure of the Maccabee revolt resulted in Judea being declared a province of the Persian Empire and subject to harsh punishments. d. The Jews in Alexandria were outcasts for their rejection of Hellenistic ideas and practices.

ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 210

OBJ: 2

16. What was the reason for the reaction of most of the Jewish people to Hellenism? a. Hellenism had little lasting impact because of the difference in languages. b. Many Jews looked to Hellenism as a way to throw off the harsh rule of the Persians. c. The Jewish people readily embraced Hellenism, as it was their first exposure to a foreign culture. d. Many Jews rejected Hellenistic culture as immoral and threatening to their monotheistic beliefs.

ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 210

OBJ: 1

17. Which of the following best describes the way that Carthage responded to Hellenistic culture? a. Carthaginians rejected Hellenistic culture as a rival to their expanded trade system. b. Carthaginians welcomed Hellenistic culture because it facilitated communication and exchange. c. Carthaginians adopted Hellenistic culture as part of their rivalry with Rome. d. Carthaginians adopted Hellenism only after they became convinced that they must do so in order to expand their trade routes into the western Mediterranean.

ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 211 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1

18. When Alexander the Great withdrew from the Indus Valley, which empire established itself in the political vacuum? a. the Seleucid Empire c. the Mauryan Empire b. the Bactrian Empire d. the Parthian Empire ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Easy REF: p. 212 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 2

19. The Kalinga edict asserted which of the following? a. A oka was destined to rule all of South Asia. b. A oka intended to rule according to dhamma, respect for all living things. c. A oka expressed pride in the victory over Kalinga. d. The Kalinga campaign strengthened A oka’s devotion to Jainism.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 213 MSC: Understanding

4

OBJ: 3

6 ◆ Chapter 6 Shrinking the Afro-­Eurasian World, 350 bce–250 ce 20. Which of the following statements about the Seleucid Empire is correct? a. The Hellenic population was confined to the capital city of Kandahar. b. Greek invaders maintained a separate residence and identity from the local population. c. The Greek population established institutions familiar to them from the polis. d. The Greek populations quickly adopted the local languages and abandoned the use of the Greek language.

ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 216

OBJ: 1

21. Which of the following shows the extent to which King Menander mingled Greek and Indian influences? a. Greeks planted crops that were familiar to them, such as vineyards and olive orchards, while Indians planted lentils and rice. b. Indians rejected Indian patron deities and began to sacrifice to Greek gods. c. Menander’s policies forbade any but Greek or Indian merchants to trade in the Indian Ocean region. d. One of Menander’s coins showed an inscription in Greek on one side and in the local Prakrit language on the other.

ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 218

OBJ: 3

22. Which statement about the spread of Hellenism in South Asia is correct? a. It resulted in Buddhism adopting some aspects of Hellenistic thought. b. It was fiercely resisted by Buddhist monks, who saw Hellenism as militaristic and immoral. c. It was resisted by political leaders, who based their claims to legitimacy on religious principles. d. It was promoted by political leaders, who saw it as a way to undermine the power of religious leaders.

ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 218–20

OBJ: 3

23. Which statement about the Mahayana School of Buddhism is correct? a. It rejected the divinity of the Buddha. b. It was primarily adopted by a sect of Buddhist monks in the mountains of Nepal. c. It was worldly and accommodating. d. It emphasized that life was filled with suffering.

ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 220 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

24. In Mahayana Buddhism, what were the enlightened demigods who helped individuals obtain nirvana called? a. asvaghosas c. amithabas b. kushans d. bodhisattvas ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Easy REF: p. 220 MSC: Remembering

5

OBJ: 3

Chapter 6

Shrinking the Afro-­Eurasian World, 350 bce–250 ce ◆ 7

25. Which of the following was one of the effects of the Hellenistic influence on Buddhist art? a. the recurring use of militaristic imagery b. the exclusive use of Greek-style clothing on figures c. the presentation of the Buddha and bodhisattvas in realistic human form d. the depiction of the Buddha as an ornately dressed prince ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 221–22 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

26. Which of the following is correct about Buddhist art? a. It imposed South Asian artistic norms on diverse populations. b. It adopted styles from the diverse populations that produced it. c. It focused on severe images of the suffering of life. d. It emphasized closed monasteries, where monks lived in seclusion.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 222 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

27. What two areas did the Silk Road connect? a. China to the Mediterranean b. South Asia to China c. Central Asia to the Mediterranean d. South Asia to Central Asia ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Easy REF: p. 222 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 4

28. What happened as trade expanded following Alexander the Great’s conquests? a. Traders traveled across the entire Silk Road to sell their products in distant lands. b. The effectiveness of new land routes inhibited the development of maritime commerce. c. The early culture/societies of Egypt and Mesopotamia lost their preeminence as sources of innovation and knowledge. d. Southeast Asia, especially the islands of Indonesia, remained disconnected from the trade networks linking Afro-Eurasia.

ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 223

OBJ: 4

29. The nomadic horsemen of central Asia had what crucial advantage when interacting with other peoples? a. They developed superior bridles and yokes to aid horses in transporting goods. b. They had unique knowledge of the mountain passes through which trade goods flowed. c. They developed political ties with dozens of local kings who allowed them to carry trade goods. d. Because of their mobility, they had acquired resistance to many diseases.

ANS: D TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 226

6

OBJ: 4

8 ◆ Chapter 6 Shrinking the Afro-­Eurasian World, 350 bce–250 ce 30. In what way does the “Parthian shot” epitomize the military of pastoral nomads? a. It showed the effectiveness of the Chinese rockets borrowed by the Parthians. b. It showed the highly mobile horseback fighting style that was so effective on arid plains and deserts. c. It showed the advantages of Parthian siege engines in capturing caravan cities on the Silk Road. d. It showed that the Parthians had assimilated the style of warfare common to Greek and Persian armies.

ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Difficult REF: p. 226 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 4

31. Who were the most powerful of the nomadic people from the Asian steppe? a. Yuezhi c. Xiongnu b. Xinjiang d. Kushans ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Easy REF: p. 227 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 4

32. What did the Kushan dynasty do? a. It undermined the Hellenistic influences in central Asia. b. It undermined the local cultural traditions in central Asia. c. It stabilized the trading routes through central Asia. d. It adopted urban life and abandoned nomadic symbols such as equestrian culture.

ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 227 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 4

33. Which of the following about the city of Petra, carved out of rock cliffs by the Nabateans, is correct? a. It lasted only a few decades because of the lack of water. b. It reflected the influence of Nubian architecture. c. It was not accessible by camel caravan. d. It was a caravan center for the incense trade.

ANS: D TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 229 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 4

34. What was the most desired commodity in long-distance trade? a. spices c. silk b. ivory d. gold ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Easy REF: p. 231 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 4

35. Which of the following about Chinese silk is correct? a. It served mainly as a cloth for summer due to its light nature. b. It was a luxury commodity because its poor durability made it too fragile for use by those who undertook physical labor. c. It was made from the fibers of hemp plants. d. It was used as currency in China’s diplomatic and military activities.

ANS: D TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 231 MSC: Understanding

7

OBJ: 4

Chapter 6

Shrinking the Afro-­Eurasian World, 350 bce–250 ce ◆ 9

36. Which of the following reflects Chinese society around 300 BCE? a. Independent farmers increasingly submitted to serfdom for protection against invading armies. b. Merchants lost power to the military. c. Trade was closely regulated by the emperor, who exercised a monopoly on the taxation of commerce. d. Power shifted away from the agrarian elite and into the hands of traders and financiers.

ANS: D TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 232

OBJ: 4

37. Which of the following characterized Buddhism in its spread to the west along the Silk Road? a. Buddhism made little gain in the Iranian plateau, largely because of the influence of Hellenism. b. Buddhist monks began to translate Buddhist texts into Greek. c. Buddhism spread rapidly in China, gaining large numbers of adherents. d. Buddhism was unable to dislodge Zoroastrianism from its dominance on the Iranian plateau.

ANS: D TOP: 3

DIF: Difficult REF: p. 232 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

38. Which of the following about the Indian Ocean trade is correct? a. It involved longer stays at sea than voyages in the Mediterranean Sea. b. It provided an ideal body of water in which to develop maritime trade due to its calm waters. c. It included the main Mediterranean exports of slaves, porcelain, and spices. d. It had the city of Athens as its key transit point between the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean.

ANS: A TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 233 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 4

39. In the first few centuries BCE, Arab sailors took advantage of which new maritime technology? a. New weapons such as catapults were used to protect merchant ships from pirates. b. Stern–post rudders were used to guide ships. c. Knowledge of monsoon winds facilitated trade in the Mediterranean Sea. d. large ships called dhows that were rigged with triangular sails to capture the wind ANS: D TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 233 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 4

40. What was a similarity of Hellenism and Buddhism? a. They were spread by conquering armies. b. They were distinct and isolated cultures. c. They spread into Europe and sub-Saharan Africa. d. They radiated out from their origins along trade routes.

ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 233

8

OBJ: 3

10 ◆ Chapter 6 Shrinking the Afro-­Eurasian World, 350 bce–250 ce TRUE/FALSE 1. One of the most significant acts of Alexander the Great was to confiscate the wealth of Persian kings and release it into the money economies of the Mediterranean city-states.

ANS: T TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 201 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

2. Hellenistic Greek culture was universally accepted throughout the Mediterranean world and Southwest Asia.

ANS: F TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 205 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1

3. The Mauryan Empire established the tradition in South Asia of small kingdoms with strong administrative organization.

ANS: F TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult REF: p. 212–13 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

4. Gandharan and Mahayana Buddhist art are known for their differing applications of Hellenistic influences on religious traditions.

ANS: T TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult REF: p. 221 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 3

5. The revolution in navigational techniques and knowledge dramatically reduced the cost of long-distance shipping and multiplied the number of ports around large bodies of water.

ANS: T TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 233

9

OBJ: 4

Chapter 6 Shrinking the Afro-­Eurasian World, 350 bce–250 ce ◆ SHORT ANSWER 1. How did Alexander the Great’s conquests alter the political landscape of the Afro-Eurasian world?

What types of political regimes emerged in the wake of Alexander?

ANS: Alexander the Great and his army cut a swath across Afro-Eurasia that broke down boundaries between regions and peoples to a greater extent than ever before. In so doing, he also began the spread of Hellenism, a process by which individual cultures of the Greek city-states gave way to a uniform culture that stressed the common identity of all who embraced Greek ways. Thus, Alexander’s military campaigns began a process that established Greek-oriented communities across Afro-Eurasia and North Africa. They shared common features of language, art, architecture, drama, politics, philosophy, and much more. After Alexander’s early death, his empire splintered into smaller successor kingdoms and territories ruled by his former generals. The Seleucids, Antigonids, and Ptolemies all competed with each other for dominance, sometimes through diplomacy and sometimes through war. The influence of Hellenism was not merely restricted to these successor kingdoms. Other regions adopted elements of Greek culture and incorporated it into their own regional political and cultural pathways. Hellenism had influence in Carthage, Rome, South Asia, and central Asia.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 2

TOP: 1

MSC: Evaluating

2. Analyze the economic changes that were set in motion by Alexander the Great’s conquests.

ANS: The two major economic changes were the introduction of large-scale plantation slavery and a money-based economy. Alexander’s war unleashed large amounts of new wealth as the treasures of Persia were released into the market system. A small elite among the Hellenistic kingdoms and Rome became fabulously wealthy and bought large tracts of land and slaves (often captives taken from conquered peoples) to work the land. The slave plantations produced crops to sell, rather than food to eat. While the owners grew rich, the free peasants who had previously worked the land moved to overcrowded cities, where employment was difficult to find. The increasing use of coinage instead of barter promoted the importation of commodities, leading to increased commercial exchanges. Leaders on the borderlands, such as the Celts, even sold their own people as slaves to acquire money to satisfy their taste for luxury goods. By definition, then, money broadened trading networks.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 1

TOP: 1

10

MSC: Analyzing

11

12 ◆ Chapter 6 Shrinking the Afro-­Eurasian World, 350 bce–250 ce 3. Compare and contrast the influence of Hellenism in Carthage, Judea, and Bactria. What aspects of Hellenistic culture had broad appeal to each of these cultures/societies?

ANS: Carthage, a city that was already well established and prosperous, adopted Hellenistic culture because it facilitated communication and exchange. Carthaginian culture took on elements of Hellenistic culture, with some Carthaginians going to Athens to become philosophers. They adopted Greek elements in their public architecture and Greek design in jewelry and decoration. By contrast, the acceptance of Hellenistic culture in Judea was met with more resistance. The Jews had much experience in resisting foreign rule. So, while some members of the Jewish elite began to adopt elements of Hellenistic culture, many Jews rejected the language, music, gymnasia, nudity, public art, and secularism as deeply immoral and threatening to their beliefs. Eventually, this resistance led to full-scale revolt, when the Maccabees led a revolution against their Seleucid rulers. They established an independent Jewish state, but eventually their descendants began to adopt elements of Hellenistic culture such as calling themselves kings, minting coins with Greek legends, and presiding over a largely secular state. In central Asia, the Hellenistic state of Bactria broke away from the Seleucids to establish its own independent state. It expanded into regions formerly controlled by the Mauryan Empire and established Indo-Greek cities that combined both Indian and Greek influences. It served as a bridge that connected the Indian and Mediterranean worlds. There is evidence of the performance of Greek dramas and gymnasia. Greek temples were sites of assimilation in which local deities were depicted in Greek garb. Most men and women spoke Greek, often as a second language. Hellenistic culture offered an attractive package of language, art, architecture, drama, politics, philosophy, and more. It was especially attractive to ruling elites who used its status as “high culture” to cement their positions in the social hierarchy. Further, a shared language and culture opened connections between disparate regions and allowed for expanded and easy economic exchange.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 1

TOP: 1

MSC: Analyzing

4. “The horse-riding nomads of Inner Afro-Eurasia made long-distance trade possible.” Construct an argument in support of this statement, addressing the role of these nomads and their effects on populations in South Asia, China, and central Asia.

ANS: Nomadic populations were vital to the development of trade during this period. They had long been accustomed to carrying their own vital supplies over long distances. This was a skill that transferred easily to carrying trade goods from one region to another. These nomadic groups were the pioneers of the slow but painful development of overland trade. One advantage that nomadic peoples had developed during their long years of contact with others was an exposure (and therefore acquired resistance) to certain diseases. They also found their environment changed and challenged so that they soon engaged in wars of conquest against settled peoples. The Xiongnu was a tribal confederation originally from the Mongolian steppes. They soon developed bronze technology that allowed them to control a vast region, pushing out other nomadic groups such as the Yuezhi who later established the Kushan dynasty. The Xiongnu harried the northern regions of China, but were also the conduit for trade for Chinese silk. Other nomadic groups pushed into areas destabilized by the collapse of previous regimes and installed their own rulers, such as the Kushans in Bactria, who were instrumental in keeping the Silk Road open to merchants. The Parthians’ social order was founded on nomadic pastoralism. Originally from central Asia, they moved into the region vacated by the defeated Persian Empire and fought the Seleucids, and later the Romans, for the area in what is now Iraq and Iran. Their highly mobile mounted archers became the epitome of nomadic warfare.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 4

TOP: 3

11

MSC: Evaluating

Chapter 6 Shrinking the Afro-­Eurasian World, 350 bce–250 ce ◆ 5. In what ways did Buddhist beliefs and practices change during the first few centuries BCE? What were the factors that shaped these changes?

ANS: Influenced by the successful spread of Hellenism, Buddhism became the chief expansionist faith during this period. Monks traveled the same paths as merchants and spread the word of new religions.

They built monasteries in remote areas that soon became sites of pilgrimage and stops along the Silk Road. The sangha became wealthier than ever before. Buddhism responded to Hellenistic, nomadic, Persian, and Mesopotamian influences by developing a new school of theology. Mahayana Buddhism believed that the Buddha was a god, not simply an ethical teacher. This was a worldly and accommodating theology that embraced a spiritual pluralism in step with the new cosmopolitan culture. Mahayana Buddhism believed in bodhisattvas, or enlightened gods who were ready to reach nirvana but stayed behind in order to help others attain it. In this cosmology, nirvana became a heaven of sorts, instead of the more abstract version in the Buddha’s original teachings. Buddhist art took on elements of Greek and Roman aesthetics and depicted the Buddha and bodhisattvas in human form.

This was a more attractive and accessible form of Buddhism that outlined a clearer path for all peoples to achieve nirvana. It spread quickly along the pathways of the Silk Road. Monks translated Buddhist texts into Chinese. In China, waves of migration slowly helped the faith take root. In the west, the faith spread but made little headway because of the influence of Zoroastrianism.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 3

TOP: 2

12

MSC: Analyzing

13

CHAPTER 7

Han Dynasty China and Imperial Rome, 300 bce–300 ce GLOBAL STORYLINES

FOCUS QUESTIONS

1. Flourishing at roughly the same times, Han China and the Roman Empire become power­f ul and enduring “globalizing empires.”

2. The Han dynasty, building on Qin foundations, establishes a bureaucratic imperial model and social order in East Asia.

3. The Roman Empire becomes a Mediterranean superpower exerting far-­reaching po­l iti­cal, ­legal, ­economic, and cultural influence.

1. What features of the Han dynasty and the Roman Empire made them globalizing empires?

2. What po­liti­cal, social, economic, and cultural ele­ments characterized the development of the Han dynasty from its beginnings through the third ­century ce?

3. What ­were the steps in the pro­cess of Rome transitioning from a minor city-­state to a dominating Mediterranean power?

4. How ­were Han China and Imperial Rome similar and dif­fer­ent in terms of po­liti­cal authority, economic activity, cultural developments, and military expansion?

1

CHAPTER 7: Han Dynasty China and Imperial Rome, 300 BCE–300 CE 2 ◆ Chapter 7 Han Dynasty China and Imperial Rome, 300 bce–300 ce

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following was a means by which both the Roman and Han empires incorporated their conquered neighbors into their realms? a. requiring tribute of slaves from conquered territories b. offering civic representation to conquered peoples c. allowing local laws to remain in conquered territories d. tightly restricting the flow of trade goods within conquered territories ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 238 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1

2. In contrast to Han China, Roman expansion and empire building were characterized by what? a. a process of constructing an empire according to past models b. a process of continual experimentation, innovation, and adaptation c. reliance on military forces to secure imperial gains d. the exclusion of conquered peoples from political participation ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 239

OBJ: 3

3. Which of the following cultural characteristics was common to both the Romans and the Han? a. Both were strongly traditional and idealized their ancestors. b. Both believed that imperial art and architecture should not detract from the glorification of the common citizen. c. Both valued minimalism in art. d. Both sought to eliminate the role of religious rituals and ceremonies in civic life.

ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 239

OBJ: 4

4. How did Zheng, the first emperor of the Qin dynasty, attempt to secure his throne? a. Zheng had himself appointed emperor by a council of the competing Warring States, ensuring broad support for his reign. b. Zheng took the title “King of Kings” to emphasize his superiority over lesser rulers. c. Zheng forced the rulers of defeated states to move to his capital, Xianyang, to ensure that they were not plotting rebellion. d. Zheng allowed local rulers to retain authority because they could more efficiently collect taxes and put down local rebellions.

ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 239–40 MSC: Understanding

1

OBJ: 2

Chapter 7 Han Dynasty China and Imperial Rome, 300 bce–300 ce ◆ 3 5. Which of the following represents one of Qin Shi Huangdi’s techniques of governance? a. He eliminated the nobility as a distinct designation of status in society to prevent possible opposition to his rule. b. He ruled directly over the massive new state he had conquered, not trusting any advisers or bureaucrats. c. He required regional and local officials to answer directly to the emperor, who could dismiss them at will. d. He placed all provinces under the rule of a military governor, who had absolute power to keep the peace and collect tribute.

ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 240–41

OBJ: 2

6. Which of the following was a long-lasting cultural impact of Qin rule? a. encouraging Daoist art and scientific studies b. establishing a uniform written script c. granting teachers the right to present any material they chose d. encouraging private publication and ownership of books ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 241

OBJ: 2

7. Which of the following was the most enduring of the public works created by the Qin Empire? a. building roads into newly seized pasturelands in the steppes b. erecting massive defensive walls along the border c. endowing Buddhist monasteries in Dunhuang d. creating the Forbidden City in the heart of Anyang ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 243

OBJ: 2

8. Which of the following is the primary cause of the collapse of the Qin Empire? a. The Xiongnu invaded the center of the Qin Empire and released the Qin’s imprisoned rivals. b. Qin rule weighted heavily on taxpayers and constant warfare consumed massive tax revenues. c. Shi Huangdi’s son and eldest grandson joined to stage a mutiny against the emperor. d. Peasants refused to allow their sons to be conscripted into the army, which became too small to keep order.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 243

OBJ: 2

9. In contrast to the Qin dynasty, the Han Empire was distinguished by what? a. the alliance between the imperial family and the scholar-gentry class b. the alliance between the imperial family and the nobility c. the alliance between the imperial family and Buddhist religious officials d. the alliance between the imperial family and Daoist religious officials ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 246

2

OBJ: 2

4 ◆ Chapter 7 Han Dynasty China and Imperial Rome, 300 bce–300 ce 10. Which of the following is a characteristic of early Han rule? a. The majority of land was directly administered by the Han imperial family. b. The Han rejected education for fear that scholars would incite rebellions. c. The ruling family had to compromise with the aristocratic groups. d. The Han used severe policies with border peoples in order to establish their authority.

ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 246

OBJ: 2

11. How did the Han solve the problem of staffing a competent bureaucracy? a. by selecting promising young military officers to work in bureaucratic offices b. by requiring noble families to designate one son for bureaucratic work c. by drawing heavily on the expertise of religious officials d. by establishing institutions of learning, including an imperial university ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 246

OBJ: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 246 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

12. What did Han Confucian scholars invent? a. windmills and writing b. gunpowder and rockets c. standardized weights and measures d. paper and the magnetic compass ANS: D TOP: 2

13. In contrast to Rome, Han monumental architecture was primarily associated with what? a. sites of mass entertainment, such as theaters b. religious shrines and temples c. palaces and tombs of rulers d. state offices and public buildings ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 248

OBJ: 4

14. Which of the following comparisons accurately reflects Han social ideals? a. Peasants were subject to a range of controls, while merchants were praised for the wealth they produced in society. b. Peasants were honored for their productive labors, while merchants were subject to a range of controls. c. Peasants and merchants were both praised for their productivity. d. Peasants and merchants were both distrusted as uneducated and uncultured.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 250 MSC: Understanding

3

OBJ: 2

Chapter 7 Han Dynasty China and Imperial Rome, 300 bce–300 ce ◆ 5 15. According to common belief during the Han dynasty, what would a cluster of calamities, prodigies, and heavenly omens usually portend? a. The people should rally in defense of the emperor to prevent further disorder. b. The emperor possessed the mandate of heaven. c. The emperor had lost the mandate of heaven. d. The emperor should be put to death for angering the gods.

ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Easy REF: p. 250 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 2

16. What hampered the Han military’s effort to expand the empire in southwestern China? a. long supply lines that could not be adequately defended b. lack of immunity to malaria c. insufficient cavalry to repel nomads in southern deserts d. an army too disorganized to defend the northern frontiers ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 251

OBJ: 2

17. To help secure the frontier along the desert regions, what did Emperor Wu do? a. He built the Great Wall of China. b. He established military and farming settlements in which soldiers and their families could settle. c. He forced all men in conquered communities to serve in the army for five years. d. He relocated rebellious peoples into central China.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 251 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 2

18. Which of the following was a consequence of Han farmers’ deforestation? a. lowering the level of the Yellow River b. decreased flooding of the Yellow River c. massive runoffs of soil into the Yellow River d. more grazing for rhinoceroses and elephants ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 252

OBJ: 2

19. Which of the following contributed to the fall of Wang Mang? a. the fall of the hereditary privileged elite b. the massive flooding of the Yellow River, which affected half of the population c. the rise of a millenarian Confucian cult called the Red Eyebrows d. the widespread drought that ruined the agriculture upon which the state depended ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 252

4

OBJ: 2

6 ◆ Chapter 7 Han Dynasty China and Imperial Rome, 300 bce–300 ce 20. What was a consequence during the Later Han dynasty of the landed elites’ manipulating tax system? a. Free peasants were forced to become tenants whose rents rose rapidly. b. Merchants saw declining wealth and power as long-distance trade decreased. c. Landowners supported Buddhist monasteries to compensate for their treatment of peasants. d. Political authority was increasingly centralized within the hands of the newly rich scholar-officials.

ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 253

OBJ: 2

21. Which of the following accurately describes the Yellow Turbans in China? a. They were Buddhist clerics who came to China from northern India. b. They called for a strengthening of the powers of the emperor over those of the local nobility. c. They proclaimed a Daoist belief in a “Great Peace” and demanded equal distribution of all farmland. d. They embraced a more tolerant version of Confucianism that emphasized conformity to rituals.

ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 253–54 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

22. Which of the following is an accurate comparison between the Han and Roman empires? a. The Han economy was based on agriculture, while Rome’s was based on trade. b. The Han and the Romans both used large amounts of slave labor. c. The Han and the Romans both based governance of their provinces on state-trained scholar elites. d. The Han Empire covered a large contiguous landmass, while the Roman Empire was spread around the Mediterranean.

ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 254

OBJ: 4

23. What undermined Etruscan power on the Italian peninsula? a. lack of natural resources b. trade wars with the Carthaginians c. invasion by the Gauls d. superior Phoenician naval power ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 254

5

OBJ: 3

Chapter 7 Han Dynasty China and Imperial Rome, 300 bce–300 ce ◆ 7 24. What technique did the Romans use to create their military might? a. building a naval fleet that permitted them to use the Mediterranean as a rapid transport route for the army b. developing a series of new weapons that gave the Romans a decisive technological advantage over their adversaries c. forming a special contingent of slave-soldiers to serve as support personnel for the regular army d. organizing communities they conquered on the Italian peninsula into a system that provided a huge reservoir of manpower for the army ANS: D TOP: 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 255

OBJ: 3

25. Which of the following was a consequence of Rome’s power elite using the wealth acquired from conquests around the Mediterranean to buy large tracts of land in Italy and Sicily? a. Free citizen farmers could gain more work as overseers and tenants on these new estates. b. Free citizen farmers were driven from their lands into the cities, reducing the number of men available for the army. c. The Gracchus brothers successfully instituted land reforms guaranteeing each citizen a basic amount of land. d. The Gracchus brothers used the votes of the irate farmers to win election as consuls.

ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 260

OBJ: 3

26. During the Republic, to whom did Rome’s poor citizens look for protection of their interests? a. the Senate, to protect their interests against large landowners b. army commanders, to provide them with land and a decent income c. leaders of the state religion, who promoted the equality of all people d. the faction that opposed the Gracchus brothers, who attempted to strip the poor of their citizenship ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 260

OBJ: 3

27. What was one of the most important factors that led to establishment of one-man rule of the Roman Republic? a. lands seized from poor Roman citizens by Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus b. the sudden deurbanization of Rome, as city dwellers migrated into the countryside c. ambitious generals whose rivalry led to a series of civil wars d. the massive number of deaths inflicted upon Romans by the Gauls ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: pp. 260–61

6

OBJ: 3

8 ◆ Chapter 7 Han Dynasty China and Imperial Rome, 300 bce–300 ce 28. Roman emperors used which of the following to calm the people’s concerns about the reinstitution of monarchy? a. They presented themselves as civil rulers whose power depended on the consent of the Roman citizens and the power of the army. b. They justified their power through religious ceremonies and auguries led by the pontifex maximus. c. They claimed that the only way to prevent civil strife was through the citizens’ surrendering ancient liberties to the strongest military leader. d. They claimed that they could not become tyrants since they had no control over the military.

ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 261

OBJ: 3

29. Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the ways the Han and Roman empires were governed? a. Monarchs in both empires were successful in directly administering the functions of government. b. In comparison with the Han Empire, the Roman Empire was relatively understaffed in central government officials. c. Provincial governors in both empires had to depend on local help, sometimes aided by elite slaves who served as government bureaucrats. d. While both Han and Roman emperors claimed to defend the empire from “barbarians,” only the Han professionalized the army and presented themselves as victorious battlefield commanders.

ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 261

OBJ: 4

30. Which of the following characterized daily life in the imperial city of Rome? a. The emperor assured the inhabitants of Rome basic food and water supplies. b. Rome was much smaller than Chang’an, and experienced little crime or violence. c. Rome was relatively free from disease because of the sewage systems. d. Water was supplied by local wells, which frequently went bad.

ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 264 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

31. Which of the following characterized Roman social structure? a. The wealthy fulfilled their public obligations through their political offices rather than through private charity. b. The emperors were expected to focus on military issues, leaving the care of the poor to lesser officials. c. Men and women of wealth and high social standing acted as patrons, protecting lower-class clients. d. The wealthy rarely sponsored construction of civic buildings such as libraries, bath houses, or theaters.

ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 265 MSC: Understanding

7

OBJ: 3

Chapter 7 Han Dynasty China and Imperial Rome, 300 bce–300 ce ◆ 9 32. What factor of Roman civil society long outlasted the empire? a. the system of patronage b. the legal system and extensive written laws c. the unquestioned authority of the paterfamilias d. the idea of citizenship for all adult males ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 265

OBJ: 3

33. Roman family life was characterized by which of the following? a. Roman law gave husbands and fathers complete authority over their families. b. Compared to the women in the Greek city-states, Roman women exercised much less freedom and control over their wealth and property. c. As Roman imperial society expanded, the importance of family units diminished in urban centers as children were able to act more independently. d. Roman women were rarely educated or in control of their own lives.

ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 266

OBJ: 3

34. How did Roman mining operations contribute to the efficient functioning of the Roman economy? a. They helped create an industrial economy. b. They provided capital leading to the growth of a middle class. c. They provided iron for bridges along Roman roads, which better connected the economy of disparate places. d. They supported massive, standardized coinage.

ANS: D TOP: 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 267

OBJ: 3

35. Which of the following is a valid comparison of Roman and Han mining operations? a. Rome and the Han both imported most of their iron ore from tributary states. b. Rome exported far more bronze and copper tools than did the Han. c. Roman and Han mines both polluted the environment, but Roman pollution was more extensive. d. Rome used free conscript laborers in its mines, while the Han used slaves.

ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 267

OBJ: 4

36. What was the context for the foundations of early Christianity? a. a conflict between the Jewish people and their Islamic neighbors b. a rejection of Southeast Asian polytheism c. a direct confrontation with Roman imperial authority d. the waning influence of Zoroastrianism ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 268 MSC: Understanding

8

OBJ: 3

10 ◆ Chapter 7 Han Dynasty China and Imperial Rome, 300 bce–300 ce 37. What marked the limits of Roman expansion to the east? a. the Parthian Empire c. the Himalayas b. the Indian Ocean d. the Persian Empire ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Easy REF: p. 271 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 3

38. What was the major commodity that the Romans wanted from the German and Goth populations to their north? a. gold c. slaves b. wine d. furs ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Easy REF: p. 272 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

39. Why was Rome more dependent than China on slaves and “barbarian” immigrants to expand its workforce? a. Rome wanted to bring more people into its empire. b. Rome had a smaller and less dense population than China. c. China only relied on slaves for agricultural work; Rome used slaves for all types of labor. d. China’s empire was based on geographically contiguous territory; Rome surrounded a large body of water.

ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 273 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 4

TRUE/FALSE 1. The Romans and the Han were not content merely to exercise influence over their neighbors: they wanted to fully incorporate them into their realms.

ANS: T TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 238

OBJ: 1

2. Wang Mang built legitimacy with the people through effective response to the flooding of the Yellow River in 11 CE. ANS: F TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 253

OBJ: 2

3. Christians were systematically persecuted during the first century CE in Rome.

ANS: F TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 271 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

4. People from beyond the frontiers of the empire frequently served in “ethnic units” in the Roman military.

ANS: T TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 273 MSC: Understanding

9

OBJ: 3

Chapter 7 Han Dynasty China and Imperial Rome, 300 bce–300 ce ◆ 5. Philosophy and religion underpinned the Roman state in the same way that Confucianism buttressed China.

ANS: F TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 273 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 4

SHORT ANSWER 1. Compare and analyze the ways the Roman and Han empires promoted peace and stability along their borders.

ANS: Both Han China and Imperial Rome established imperial systems that enabled subject peoples to become members of these empires, rather than simply conquered peoples. They did this by using administrative strategies like extending laws, offering systems of representation, exporting belief systems, colonizing lands, and promoting trade within and beyond the empires. If conquered peoples resisted, they did not benefit from the imperial infrastructure, and they became the targets of relentless military attacks. Eventually, this dominance established peace in the respective empires, the Pax Sinica in China and the Pax Romana in Rome.

In Han China, the Pax Sinica ushered in a period of flourishing long-distance trade, urban growth, rising standards of living, and a surge in population. The Han enjoyed tribute from their vassal states but did not intervene in the domestic policy of these states unless they rebelled. Instead, the Han relied on trade and markets to encourage their vassals to work within the tribute system. To patrol their borders, the Han extended the Great Wall and established military and farming settlements along the borderlands. The state supported these soldier-settlers with seeds, tools, and technical support. By contrast, the Pax Romana emerged after half a century of civil war and came at a price: authoritarian one-man rule. Augustus Caesar concentrated much of the state’s surplus wealth, the most important titles, and the positions of power in his own hands. He ruled the empire with its massive war machine focused on extending the empire’s borders. Labeling outsiders as “barbarians,” Rome engaged in near constant wars on its borderlands. But Romans also traded with outsiders, even those with whom they fought.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 4

TOP: 1

10

MSC: Analyzing

11

12 ◆ Chapter 7 Han Dynasty China and Imperial Rome, 300 bce–300 ce 2. Compare the imperial structures of the Han and Roman empires and analyze how the imperial structures related to social hierarchies in each society.

ANS: In Han China, the emperor was at the head of a vast administrative bureaucracy that was more centralized than Rome’s. But the emperor was dependent on the people for their support. This did not mean that the people chose their rulers but that they could reject rulers who did not promote general well-being. So, the emperor embraced a Confucian ideal in which he balanced the people’s mandate, the power of bureaucratic officials, and his own autocratic rule. This balance was echoed in the social hierarchy. There was a free peasant class that owned and tilled its own land. The Han court honored them because they embraced an agrarian ideal. But in reality, powerful elites still dominated the social hierarchy. The imperial family and nobles were at the top, followed by high-ranking officials and scholars, followed by great merchants and manufacturers, and then local magnates. Below these elites were lesser clerks, small landowners, artisans, small merchants, hired laborers, and tenant farmers.

The more destitute became government slaves who relied on the state for food and clothing. At the bottom were convicts and a relatively small number of private slaves.

By contrast, the Roman Empire began as a republic with citizens who claimed certain rights and privileges. Even after Octavian concentrated power in a single person, the Senate still existed, and Roman emperors were always careful to present themselves as civil rulers whose power depended on the consent of the citizens. Still, imperial powers were immense. Roman subjects tended to see the emperors as heroic or semidivine, believing that the good ones became gods upon their death. The social hierarchy in Rome formalized differences and relations between people of more or less power and was far more formal than that of Han China. The stark difference between elites (patricians) and nonelites (plebeians) was cemented in the patron–client relationship, which was a mutually beneficial relationship in which the powerful protected the powerless in exchange for their support. This relationship also found expression in the basic social unit of Rome, the family, led by the powerful paterfamilias. In contrast to Han China and its reliance on the free peasant farmer, Rome relied heavily on the labor of slaves, especially in its mines and large agricultural plantations. The slave population of Han China was around 1 percent, while that of Rome was 10 percent.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 4

TOP: 1

11

MSC: Analyzing

Chapter 7 Han Dynasty China and Imperial Rome, 300 bce–300 ce ◆ 3. Evaluate the role that national identity and unity played in the transition of Rome from a city-state to an imperial power.

ANS: Roman national identity was bound up in an unusual war ethos. Beginning when Rome was a city-state, every male citizen was expected to bear arms to defend Rome. A heightened sense of honor drove Romans into battle, guided by the example of great warriors from the past such as Cincinnatus and Horatio, first in conflict with the Etruscans and later with surrounding Latin and non-Latin peoples in the Italian peninsula. Rome required conquered territories to send men annually to the army, increasing its size, and making further conquests possible. At first, conquered tribes in the Italian peninsula were considered to be barbarians—not Romans. Gradually, a series of conflicts with Latin tribes and other groups forced the Romans to change their notions of what it meant to be Roman, eventually extending citizenship to those under the sway of Roman rule. After Rome controlled the Italian peninsula, Romans turned their attention to Carthage, their remaining rival for power in the western Mediterranean. The superior numbers of the Roman army ultimately led to the destruction of Carthage, and Rome became an imperial power. The Roman army continued to draft, train, and field extraordinary numbers of men, embedding the ideals of the war ethos deeply in each generation, which set the stage for the eventual downfall of the republic at the hands of competing generals and the beginning of imperial rule.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 3

TOP: 3

MSC: Evaluating

4. How did Confucian ideas shape Han political structures?

ANS: The Han, whose first emperor was a peasant who had taken his position of power militarily, later embraced Confucian ideals. Confucian scholars were in a position to write histories that characterized the Qin as cruel and ruthless despots and to embrace historic ideals that confirmed the Han’s claim to the mandate of heaven. These ideals asserted that the people’s welfare was the foundation of legitimate rule. Soon, Confucian scholars enjoyed unprecedented status in the empire, where they now tutored princes and oversaw the training of future bureaucrats. They embraced three central ideals: honoring tradition, respecting the lessons of history, and emphasizing the emperor’s responsibility to heaven. Later, Confucianism took on religious overtones. Increasingly, Confucius was depicted in texts as a man with aspects of divinity, an uncrowned monarch, or even a demigod. Thus, Confucian thinking increasingly infused local expressions of dynamic and popular Chinese religion. Imperial cults, magic, and sorcery reinforced the court’s interest in divination, which was used to evaluate and critique the emperor and other powerful figures.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 2

TOP: 2

12

MSC: Evaluating

13

14 ◆ Chapter 7 Han Dynasty China and Imperial Rome, 300 bce–300 ce 5. Analyze the ways that the Roman Empire and the Han dynasty exploited their respective environments.

ANS: Both the Han and the Romans opened new agricultural land to grow crops for their increasing populations. The Han also increased production of mulberry trees to feed silk worms to create an export crop. In doing so, the Han inadvertently deforested vast expanses of China, leading to erosion and soil runoff into the rivers. The Yellow River gets its name from the quantity of soil that washes into it. Silting in the rivers also led to the many floods that China is known for (and that helped topple dynasties). Further, by destroying the old-growth forests, the Han eliminated the habitat for elephants, rhinoceroses, and other animals. The Romans helped feed their expanding population by draining swamps and by clearing wasteland to create new agricultural land. As the land in the Italian Peninsula and the provinces came under control of a small elite, plantations switched to monoculture to create crops for sale and export to urban markets. Romans also exploited mineral resources—lead, copper, and silver—whose smelting created pollution that could be seen not only locally but on a global scale in the sediment of lakes and in glacial deposits. Both of these empires show the impact of favoring development without regard for environmental consequences.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 4

TOP: 1

13

MSC: Analyzing

CHAPTER 8

The Rise of Universal Religions, 300–600 ce GLOBAL STORYLINES

FOCUS QUESTIONS

1. Universalizing religions—­notably Chris­tian­ity and Buddhism—­appeal to diverse, widespread populations and challenge the power of secular rulers and thinkers.

2. Across Afro-­Eurasia, ­these universalizing religions offer continuity even as power­f ul empires, ­specifically, the Roman Empire in the west and the Han dynasty in China, fall away.

3. Along the Silk Road, the merchants and rulers of Sasanian Persia, Sogdiana, and South Asia profoundly influence the exchange of goods, ­people, and ideas between east and west.

4. In the “worlds apart,” common cultural beliefs help unify newly or­ga­n ized polities in Mesoamerica and new communities of Bantu-­speakers in sub-­Saharan Africa.

1. What characteristics made Chris­tian­ity and Buddhism universal religions, and why did they have such wide appeal in Afro-­Eurasia?

2. What was the nature of the relationship between empires and universal religions across Afro-­Eurasia during this period?

3. To what extent did connections between po­l iti­cal unity and religious development influence sub-­ Saharan Africa and Mesoamerica in the fourth to sixth centuries ce?

4. How did unifying po­l iti­cal and cultural developments in sub-­Saharan Africa and Mesoamerica compare with ­those occurring in Afro-­Eurasia during this period?

1

CHAPTER 8: The Rise of Universal Religions, 300–600 CE 2 ◆ Chapter 8 The Rise of Universal Religions, 300–600 Ce

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which two faiths in particular aspired to universality in the period between 300 and 600 CE? a. Buddhism and Hinduism c. Islam and Hinduism b. Hinduism and Confucianism d. Christianity and Buddhism ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Easy REF: p. 278 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1

2. Which of the following factors inhibited religions from becoming universalizing religions? a. They had too few followers. b. They were tied to a specific locality or ethnic group. c. They did not have a specific creed. d. They did not create sacred texts.

ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 278 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1

3. The growth of early Christianity coincided with the appearance of what central figures in matters of faith? a. prophets c. martyrs b. priests d. disciples ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Easy REF: p. 279 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 1

4. What issue brought Christians into a Mediterranean-wide debate on the nature of religion? a. the nature of God b. the idea of salvation and eternal life c. obedience to God rather than to human rulers d. the source of evil in the world ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 282 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1

5. Which of the following statements concerning Christian churches built after the conversion of Constantine indicates the structure of the religion? a. Only male Christian converts were permitted inside. b. The spaces for the bishop and clergy were separate from the congregation. c. The buildings were small and intimate. d. The buildings were elaborately decorated.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 284

1

OBJ: 2

Chapter 8

The Rise of Universal Religions, 300–600 Ce ◆ 3

6. For what purpose did Constantine summon bishops to the Council of Nicaea? a. to establish the primacy of the pope over matters of doctrine and faith b. to finalize the selection of books making up the Christian Bible c. to bring unity to diversity of belief in disparate Christian communities d. to establish the celibacy of Christian priests ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 284 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 2

7. The so-called barbarian invasions of the Roman Empire in the late fourth and fifth centuries CE were, in actuality, what? a. a consolidation of power among non-Roman tribes under kings who could coordinate widespread attacks against Roman troops b. an armed insurrection against Christian missionaries who tried to force the conversion of pagan peoples to Christianity c. a more violent and chaotic form of immigration pouring into the empire d. a massive slave revolt in the provinces that destroyed the empire ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult REF: p. 286 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

8. Which of the following was a major cause of the Roman Empire’s fall in the west? a. Byzantine invasions of the Italian Peninsula b. mismanagement and corruption among the Roman elite c. overextension of the empire, leading to high taxes and constant demands for more manpower d. slave uprisings occurring after Christian missionaries taught slaves the ideal of brotherhood among all believers ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 286

OBJ: 2

9. How did Roman landowners in Gaul respond to the threat of peasant revolts and barbarian invasions? a. They imported slave labor from Spain. b. They allied themselves with Christian Goths to provide stability. c. They abandoned their lands and returned to the Italian Peninsula. d. They embraced a version of Christianity that called for them to abandon riches and enter monasteries.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 286–87 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

10. What notion, perhaps derived from China, spurred Attila to attempt to conquer much of Eurasia? a. Daoist ideas about proper government b. successful Confucian-trained bureaucracy c. propitious omens and auguries d. divine right to rule all the tribes of the north ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 287 MSC: Understanding

2

OBJ: 2

4 ◆ Chapter 8 The Rise of Universal Religions, 300–600 Ce 11. What replaced the political unity provided by imperial Rome after its collapse in western Europe? a. The Christian church brought cultural unity centered on the authority of regional bishops under the bishop of Rome. b. Gothic kingship united all of western Europe under Germanic rule. c. A common spoken language, Latin, provided communication between small Germanic chiefdoms. d. Opposition to the Huns united disparate Germanic and Latin chiefdoms.

ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 287 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

12. Which of the following was Emperor Justinian’s most enduring legacy? a. selecting Byzantium as the new capital of the Eastern Roman Empire b. instituting a major reform and codification of Roman law c. conquering the Sasanian Empire d. establishing fiscal responsibility by frugally controlling his personal expenses ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 288

OBJ: 2

13. What was the Hagia Sophia’s symbolic importance? a. It showed the dominance of church over state. b. It showed the role of public games and spectacle in Byzantine life. c. It represented the flowing of Christian and imperial culture. d. It represented the role of martyrs in Byzantine culture.

ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 288 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

14. For the Byzantine Empire, which of the following was a negative impact of trade connections to the east? a. an outbreak of bubonic plague during Justinian’s reign b. higher prices for grain in Constantinople c. displacement of skilled silk workers from Constantinople d. the arrival of numerous competing religions in the empire ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 289

OBJ: 2

15. Which effect of climate change weakened the Byzantine Empire? a. Colder, wetter weather made crops rot in the fields in Southwest Asia. b. Earthquakes caused avalanches that closed key waterways, limiting trade. c. Flooding led rivers to change course, damaging important agricultural areas. d. Drier weather proved fatal to the prosperity of agricultural villages in Southwest Asia.

ANS: D TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 290 MSC: Remembering

3

OBJ: 2

Chapter 8

The Rise of Universal Religions, 300–600 Ce ◆ 5

16. Which of the following events weakened both Persia and Rome, making them easier prey for Arab armies in the seventh century? a. losing campaigns with nomads from central Asia b. prolonged warfare between the Sasanians and the Byzantines c. failure to incorporate new military technology d. persecution of religious minorities ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 292–94

OBJ: 2

17. The status of Nestorian Christians in the Sasanian Empire exemplified which of the following? a. the Sasanian Empire’s persecution of non-Zoroastrians b. universalizing religious communities spreading across Asia along trade routes c. the lack of political unity in the Sasanian Empire d. merging Christian and Zoroastrian beliefs ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 294 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

18. The Sogdians were responsible for which of the following achievements? a. blending Christian and Jewish beliefs to create a new religion b. adopting the techniques of siege warfare from Alexander’s heirs c. linking the two ends of the Silk Road through its oasis cities d. organizing the caravan trade across the Sahara Desert ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 294 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

19. Which of the following slowed Hinduism from becoming a universalizing religion? a. Hinduism was intertwined with the varna system, which was specific to South Asia. b. Hinduism was less accessible to a wider audience than Brahmanism. c. Hinduism was supplanted in South Asia by Jainism. d. Hinduism rejected written sacred texts in favor of oral tradition.

ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 299

OBJ: 2

20. Which of the following was a major difference between Mahayana and Hinayana (Theravada) Buddhism? a. The Hinayana school became a major universalizing religion, while the Mahayana school remained centered in South Asia. b. The Hinayana school was accepted by Hinduism, while the Mahayana school was not. c. The Mahayana school encouraged bhakti devotion, but the Hinayana school rejected it. d. The Mahayana school accepted the divinity of both the Buddha and the bodhisattvas, while the Hinayana school accepted only the divinity of the Buddha.

ANS: D TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 299

4

OBJ: 2

6 ◆ Chapter 8 The Rise of Universal Religions, 300–600 Ce 21. Which of the following facilitated the spread of Brahmanism in South and Southeast Asia? a. Sanskrit emerged as a common language of the elites. b. The Gupta Empire conquered Southeast Asia. c. The Vedas were translated into the vernacular languages of Southeast Asia. d. Brahmans abandoned the strict rules of caste in order to appeal to more people.

ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 299 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 2

22. What was the impact of the Code of Manu on South Asia? a. It established government control and coercion over social behavior. b. It only applied to individual actions, so Hindu religious expansion was unaffected. c. It provided mechanisms for absorbing new groups into the system of varnas and jatis, propelling Hinduism into every aspect of life. d. It represented social relations and could easily be transported to new societies.

ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 300 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

23. Which of the following did the Northern Wei dynasty pursue after it took control of part of the old Han territory? a. It maintained many Chinese traditions of statecraft. b. It refashioned the Chinese military traditions to emphasize the military practices of the nomadic tribes. c. It abolished the practice of forced labor for large, public projects. d. It worked to systematically destroy all evidence of previous dynasties, especially the Han. ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 301 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

24. Why did the progressive land reform policies of the Northern Wei dynasty fail to bridge the cultural divide between the Han and the Tuoba? a. The Han were insulted that the Tuoba wanted to redistribute their land. b. The Han nobility had all fled south, and Han peasants refused to work for the Tuoba. c. The Tuoba had little interest in farming, so were not interested in working with the Han. d. Empress Fang had overreached her powers as regent, raising strong opposition to the Northern Wei dynasty.

ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult REF: p. 302 MSC: Understanding

5

OBJ: 2

Chapter 8

The Rise of Universal Religions, 300–600 Ce ◆ 7

25. What was an important difference between Daoism and Buddhism in China during the Six Dynasties period? a. Daoism provided the Wei rulers with legitimacy, while Buddhism remained the official practice of the southern Han. b. Daoism sought ways to prolong life, while Buddhism sought enlightenment through transcendental experiences. c. Daoism taught a notion of karmic retribution, while Buddhists sought salvation through penance and ceremony. d. Daoism attempted focus on reason, while Buddhism focused on the occult and magical.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 303

OBJ: 2

26. Which of the following statements concerning Buddhism in the third and fourth centuries CE is accurate? a. Buddhist travelers had become frequent visitors in the streets and temples of the competing capitals. b. Buddhism had already been widely adopted and would now develop its Chinese forms without continued influence from South Asia. c. Buddhism had been outlawed as an example of negative foreign influence. d. Buddhist thought found little support due to the violence and chaos of constant war.

ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 303 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

27. Which of the following is an accurate comparison of Buddhist monasteries in China and Christian monasteries in the west? a. Both were refuges from worldly affairs that were supported by royal courts and pious warriors. b. Both consisted of thousands of monasteries. c. Both reflected universalizing faiths that tried to be the same in all places and at all times. d. Both absorbed the wisdom and even the deities of other peoples they touched.

ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 305 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

28. What did Bantu peoples do as they began migrating out of West Africa? a. They moved rapidly, absorbing most of the local hunting and gathering populations. b. They were forced farther and farther west as local populations prevented them from settling in their lands. c. They swept all before them, eliminating most of the local populations. d. They conquered all of sub-Saharan Africa, establishing a single empire that eventually rivaled that of ancient Egypt.

ANS: A TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 306 MSC: Remembering

6

OBJ: 3

8 ◆ Chapter 8 The Rise of Universal Religions, 300–600 Ce 29. For what reason did the second wave of Bantu-speaking migrants entering central Africa revert to subsistence farming? a. The tropical rain forest was so rich in edible plants that humans did not need intensive agriculture. b. The region was infested with tsetse flies carrying sleeping sickness that wiped out the Bantus’s cattle. c. The Bantus lacked the iron technology needed to farm in that region. d. The local populations prevented the Bantus from obtaining the best farm land.

ANS: B TOP: 4

DIF: Difficult REF: p. 306 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

30. What new crop introduced by the Bantu into the rain forests of central Africa radically changed regional agriculture and slowed deforestation? a. the yam c. the banana b. manioc d. date palms ANS: C TOP: 4

DIF: Difficult REF: p. 306 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 3

31. What did the western Bantu-speaking people do? a. They created priestly rule under the control of healers and spirit guides. b. They established centralized political systems whose kings ruled by divine right. c. They established independent city-states governed by rich merchants. d. They organized themselves into small-scale societies that relied on family and clan connections.

ANS: D TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 307 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

32. Which of the following was the most prominent political and social organization among western Bantu-speaking communities? a. small-scale societies, which used the age-grade system b. the caste system, which supported a warrior elite c. central polities ruled by divine-right kings d. an oligarchy supported by large numbers of plantation slaves ANS: B TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 307 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

33. Which technological innovation allowed the Bantu to become successful agriculturalists in different ecological zones? a. digging sticks c. crop rotation b. iron smelting d. ox-drawn plow ANS: B TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 306 MSC: Remembering

7

OBJ: 3

Chapter 8

The Rise of Universal Religions, 300–600 Ce ◆ 9

34. Which of the following is an accurate comparison between the way Bantu “big men” and Eurasian elites achieved status and wealth? a. Eurasian elites achieved status through education, while “big men” relied on the support of their age groups. b. Eurasian nobles were usually military leaders, while “big men” opposed territorial expansion. c. “Big men” attracted followers based on courage, valor, and wisdom, while Eurasian nobility was based on inheritance. d. Bantu ruling elders included women beyond childbearing age, while Eurasian elites rarely included women.

ANS: C TOP: 4

DIF: Difficult REF: p. 307 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

35. Which of the following is an accurate statement concerning the city-state of Teotihuacán? a. It influenced its neighbors beyond the Valley of Mexico mostly through cultural and economic diffusion. b. It lacked monumental architecture and large urban areas. c. It forced its political culture on neighboring peoples as it established sovereignty over them. d. It became an empire as it expanded its influence throughout Mesoamerica.

ANS: A TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 309–10 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 3

36. Which of the following inhibited the Mayans from developing a great metropolis? a. The Mayans settled in a region that was hot, infertile, lacked navigable river systems, and that was vulnerable to hurricanes. b. The Mayans were unable to develop long-distance trade because they lacked large domesticated pack animals. c. The Mayans’ religious beliefs were centered on worship of the natural world, so they did not need to build large cities or monumental architecture. d. The Mayans’ low population growth rates over several centuries failed to produce the manpower needed to build a large urban center.

ANS: A TOP: 4

DIF: Difficult REF: p. 310 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 4

37. In what way did both Mayan kings and many rulers of Afro-Eurasian empires legitimate their authority? a. Both claimed divine approval for their rule and traced their lineage directly back to the gods. b. Both obtained the financial support of powerful merchants. c. Both centralized authority to undermine the authority of the priestly class. d. Both isolated themselves from the public in order to create a sense of mystery about kingship.

ANS: A TOP: 4

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 310

8

OBJ: 4

10 ◆ Chapter 8 The Rise of Universal Religions, 300–600 Ce 38. Which of the following accurately describes Mayan culture? a. Mayan rulers did not construct monumental architecture because there was no universalizing religion. b. Mayan priests were skilled mathematicians who integrated mathematics with astronomy and worked out an accurate calendar. c. Mayan spiritual centers were abandoned after the Aztecs conquered them. d. Mayan funerary tradition emphasized that the soul would return to nature following the body’s decomposition while being exposed to the elements.

ANS: B TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 310–11 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

39. What was the main purpose of warfare in Mayan lands? a. to provide a way to release population pressure b. to support the role of the Mayan king as he centralized authority in all of Mayan society c. to provide victims for the bloodletting rituals of rival dynasties d. to unite the Mayan communities against a common enemy, the Aztecs ANS: C TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 312 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 3

40. What led to the collapse of Mayan urban centers? a. The people of Teotihuacán defeated the Maya. b. A catastrophic earthquake caused many of the Mayan cities to collapse. c. The Maya lacked a common faith to unite disparate communities. d. After years of warfare, the ruling households collapsed and people abandoned the cities.

ANS: D TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 312

OBJ: 3

TRUE/FALSE 1. The remembered heroism of women martyrs helped balance the increasingly all-male hierarchy of the Christian church.

ANS: T TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 279

OBJ: 2

2. Barbarian invasions caused the collapse of the ancient world.

ANS: F TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 290 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

3. Sogdian merchants were known to the Chinese for their commercial skills.

ANS: T TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 294 MSC: Understanding

9

OBJ: 2

Chapter 8

The Rise of Universal Religions, 300–600 Ce ◆

4. The civil wars marking the end of the Han Empire hindered the flow of ideas and religious beliefs from the west.

ANS: F TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 296 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

5. The Mayans, unlike the Han or the people of Teotihuacán, did not build a great central metropolis.

ANS: T TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 310

OBJ: 4

SHORT ANSWER 1. What are the characteristics of a universal religion? Why did universalizing religions develop in regions of Afro-Eurasia and North Africa, but not in the Americas or sub-Saharan Africa in this time period?

ANS: Religions with universal aspirations are not tied to a specific region or ethnic group. Christianity and Buddhism appealed to diverse, widespread populations and adapted as they moved from one cultural or geographical area to another. Both religions provided a deep sense of community to their converts, promoted universal rules and principles, and were spread by charismatic missionaries. Both received support from powerful empires. Constantine and Justinian helped make Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire. The Northern Wei adopted Buddhism as the state religion to distinguish it from the Confucian-based Han dynasty. Both religions continued to flourish even as empires collapsed. Christian and Buddhist monasteries provided refuge for their followers from worldly chaos. The expansion of long-distance trade in this period facilitated the spread of missionaries and sacred objects far from their points of origin. Rome was established around the Mediterranean with its sea trade and had built roads to far parts of the empire. In addition, changing the language of Christian texts from Aramaic and Hebrew to Greek facilitated the spread of scriptures throughout the Roman world. Christian missionaries created new written languages to permit the wider spread of their message. They adapted the texts to alphabetic scripts in the languages of Egypt, Nubia, and Ethiopia and created written languages in Georgia and the Caucasus. The Silk Road helped Buddhism and Christianity to spread from oasis to oasis from west to east. Sacred texts and artifacts followed missionaries and monks. A Buddhist scholar, Kumaravija, was brought to the Chinese court, where he translated the sacred texts from Sanskrit and developed a “Middle Way” more in line with Chinese culture. Geographical and ecological conditions in sub-Saharan Africa and the Americas inhibited the easy transfer of ideas from one region to another. Lacking navigable rivers and roads, in addition to barriers such as tropical forests, deserts, and mountains, meant that the web of interchange between relatively isolated groups was less dense. Groups in Africa lacked a common written language, necessary for the development of universalizing scriptures. Therefore, belief systems remained localized.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 1

TOP: 1

10

MSC: Understanding

11

12 ◆ Chapter 8 The Rise of Universal Religions, 300–600 Ce 2. Identify the similarities and differences between the development of Christianity in the Roman Empire and the development of Buddhism in China. How did each provide continuity as the two empires collapsed?

ANS: Christianity began in the Roman Empire and spread among the imperial structures that had been built to support the empire. After Constantine’s conversion, the faith was no longer illegal. Churches and public places of worship sprang up, often built with imperial funding. The faith had a universalistic appeal that was not based on a specific locale or identity. It appealed across class, race, ethnicity, and gender. The organization of the religion itself began to echo the structures of the Roman Empire. The pope, bishops, and clergy were organized much like the administration of municipalities. As the Roman Empire declined, the church stepped in to offer shelter to the poor, justice in the form of arbitration and judgment, and moments of splendor. In the Christian church, “Rome” lived on long after the empire itself had disappeared.

Buddhism also had a universalizing appeal, but instead of developing within a single imperial state, as happened with Christianity in the Roman Empire, it spread to China from outside (i.e., India) along the Silk Road, aided by the Sasanians and Sogdians who controlled the central Asian trade routes. The decline of both the Roman Empire and Han China was associated with the “barbarization” or opening of these societies to cultures along their boundaries. This brought new influences. In China, the Silk Road, nomads in the military, and proselytizing Buddhist monks brought new influences from the so-called “western regions”. This meant that Buddhism took much the same role as Christianity in Rome, adapting to the Chinese empire and gaining popularity through imperial and elite patronage. For example, the Tuoba people, who were regarded as barbarians by the Han, established the Northern Wei dynasty after almost two centuries of civil war. Tuoba rulers adopted Buddhism as a legitimizing alternative philosophy to the Confucian ideals of the Han. So, like Christianity, Buddhism adapted to the changing world.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 2

TOP: 2

11

MSC: Analyzing

Chapter 8

The Rise of Universal Religions, 300–600 Ce ◆

3. Compare how Buddhism offered religious and political alternatives to Hinduism in India and to Confucianism in China. How did Buddhism challenge and adapt to Hinduism and Confucianism?

ANS: Buddhism was more of a universalizing faith than Hinduism. It advocated an individual path to nirvana rather than the more rigid adherence to caste accepted by Hinduism. It had spread quickly to the cities and commercial centers of India and beyond. It had become a literate culture, and merchants and monks carried texts along the paths of the Silk Road. Brahmans therefore began to concentrate on the more rural areas in their effort to compete for followers. Hinduism therefore took on more agrarian elements and even adopted rituals and ideas from Buddhism. In fact, some Hindus came to regard Buddha as an avatar of one of their gods, Vishnu. Thus, Hinduism and Buddhism existed side by side in India, competing for followers and influencing each other. It would result in the emergence of an amalgamated Indic culture. So, India developed a distinctive culture based on the intertwining of Hinduism and Buddhism.

In contrast, Buddhism spread to China from the outside, along the Silk Road. It grew in popularity as scholars translated key Buddhist texts into Chinese and clarified Buddhist terminology, often using terms familiar from Daoism, and concepts for Chinese adherents. In the imperial disintegration that followed the end of the Han dynasty, Buddhism appealed to people because it represented the idea that people were defined by faith rather than by kinship or sociopolitical status promoted by Han-sponsored Confucian classical learning. Buddhism emphasized personal devotional acts and established a clergy set apart from worldly affairs. Ironically, however, Buddhism also provided a way of establishing new sociopolitical status. For example, the Tuoba people, who were regarded as barbarians by the Han, established the Northern Wei dynasty after almost two centuries of civil war.

Their rulers adopted Buddhism as a legitimizing alternative philosophy to the Confucian ideals of the Han. DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 2

TOP: 3

12

MSC: Applying

13

14 ◆ Chapter 8 The Rise of Universal Religions, 300–600 Ce 4. Explain the ways that the Bantu and Mayan peoples organized their political and social systems as well as the role religion served in organizing these societies.

ANS: In sub-Saharan Africa and the Americas, it was not easy for ideas, institutions, peoples, and commodities to circulate broadly, because of ecological and geographical barriers. So, the religions that emerged here were more localized than universalizing. The Bantu were a group that migrated out of West Africa in two great waves. Their skill as agriculturalists allowed them to settle in diverse environments and successfully adapt their methods to multiple ecological zones. This ecological diversity prevented the Bantu from establishing common political, social, and cultural institutions.

Instead, their political and social structures reflected the areas in which they settled. While the Eastern Bantu peoples lived in areas conducive to rule by kings, the Western Bantu established political and social order based on family and clan structures. Individuals, “big men”, would rise to the top based on their specific talents. These men were believed to have some control over the world of nature, which was inhabited by spirits and powerful forces that needed appeasement.

The Americas also lacked the integrating artery of a giant river, but despite this the Mayans developed a common culture that ruled over large stretches of Mesoamerica through a series of kingdoms built around ritual centers rather than cities. The highly stratified Mayan social structure was headed by a king, who led public rituals that often involved the shedding of blood. Rulers and their wives shared their own blood, but more often the blood came from people defeated in the near constant warfare between Mayan communities. They acted aggressively in trade, expanding their borders through tributary relationships. The extraordinary feature of Mayan society was that its people were defined not by a great ruler or great capital city, but by their shared religious beliefs, worldview, and sense of purpose. Thus, like the Bantu, religion instead of politics was the uniting feature of the Mayans. However, unlike the Bantu, the Mayans achieved a unity through many villages linked by tribute payments to a ritual center. The Maya may have numbered as many as 10 million, achieving a large population in a cultural system without big cities.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 3

TOP: 4

13

MSC: Analyzing

Chapter 8

The Rise of Universal Religions, 300–600 Ce ◆

5. Compare the political and cultural developments of the Maya in Mesoamerica with those of the Wei in northern China.

ANS: China, under the Qin and Han dynasties, had created a system of governance and culture that was so deeply embedded that non-Chinese successor states adopted it, such as the Wei after the collapse of the Han dynasty. The Wei adopted the traditions of Chinese statecraft and court ritual. They used classical Chinese for record keeping and political discourse. They used the census as a basis to tax land and conscript labor. The Wei honored Confucian traditions, but at the same time continued to support Buddhist temples, monasteries, and monumental cave sites along the Silk Road to appeal to their nomadic base. Buddhism in China adapted, as it had elsewhere, to the local cultural traditions.

Sacred texts were translated into Chinese from Sanskrit and a new form of Buddhism arose—the Middle Way. Buddhism provided legitimacy to the northern states, such as the Wei. Unlike China, the Mayans did not have the experience of a centralized empire to build upon, one that bequeathed a unifying administrative system and bureaucracy. Without a major navigable river or large floodplain, the Mayans lacked the resources a centralized state needed. The Maya arose on the periphery of the territory controlled by Teotihuacán that was hot, infertile, and subject to hurricanes.

In contrast to China and Teotihuacán, though the Mayans had a large population, they did not have a large urban center. Instead, their cities were much smaller ritual centers linked to hundreds of agrarian villages in diverse ecological zones. What linked the villages to the ritual centers was a common Mayan language and tribute payments, similar to the conditions in northern China where the classical Chinese language and bureaucracy provided unity in governance and common cultural and religious beliefs. A dozen small kingdoms dotted the Mayan region, whose semidivine kings and aristocracy sponsored elaborate rituals involving bloodletting—their own and that of captives taken in combat with other kingdoms. Like the Chinese, the Maya developed written language and a class of scribes, which helped integrate the society through shared histories associated with the ruling families. The Mayans also were expert mathematicians and astronomers who, like the Chinese, developed an accurate calendar governing agricultural cycles as well as rituals. Mayan architects built massive funerary pyramids. Like the northern states in China, Mayan kingdoms were in a state of near-constant warfare. However, the Mayans’ goal was not to add territory but to exact tribute—most frequently in the form of war captives to be sacrificed. Mayan religious traditions and common language and culture provided unity similar to that of the Chinese, but the Mayans’ geographical and ecological conditions inhibited the development of a centralized state and its enduring administrative structure capable of surviving the collapse of the civilization.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 4

TOP: 4

14

MSC: Analyzing

15

CHAPTER 9

New Empires and Common Cultures, 600–1000 ce GLOBAL STORYLINES

FOCUS QUESTIONS

1. The universalizing religion of Islam, based on the message of the prophet Muhammad, originates on the Arabian Peninsula and spreads rapidly across Afro-­Eurasia.

2. The expanding Tang dynasty in East Asia consolidates its bureaucracy, strug­gles with religious pluralism, and extends its influence into central and East Asia.

3. Chris­t ian­ity splits over religious and po­l iti­cal differences, leading to a divide between Roman Catholicism in the west and Greek Orthodoxy in the east.

1. Why did a universal religion arise in the Arabian Peninsula at the beginning of the seventh ­century ce, and how do its origins compare with ­those of other religions covered in this book (Judaism, Buddhism, and Chris­tian­ity)?

2. How and where did Islam, Buddhism, and Chris­tian­ ity spread in the period 600–1000 ce?

3. What ­were the orga­nizational structures of the Abbasids, Tang China, and Christendom?

4. What ­were the forces of opposition and change within the Islamic, Tang, and Christian worlds?

5. In what ways did the interactions between religion, empire, and commercial exchange affect developments across Afro-­Eurasia during this period?

1

CHAPTER 9: New Empires and Common Cultures, 600–1000 CE 2 ◆ Chapter 9 New Empires and Common Cultures, 600–1000 Ce

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following led al-Mansur to establish a new capital for the Abbasid empire at Baghdad? a. the desire to reaffirm Mesopotamia’s centrality and exalt the universalist ambitions of Islam b. the destruction of Damascus in conflicts between the Abbasids and Umayyads c. the desire to block expansion from the Iranian plateau d. the lack of previous imperial capitals in the region ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 317

OBJ: 2

2. Which of the following is an accurate description of Mecca before the introduction of Islam? a. Learned men gathered there to debate the doctrines of Zoroastrianism and Judaism. b. The Roman and Ptolemaic empires had already influenced the city and its surrounding region. c. Mecca was a kind of paradise, with flowing rivers, lush grasses, and bountiful fruit trees. d. Mecca contained a revered sanctuary where polytheistic Meccans worshipped.

ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 318

OBJ: 1

3. Islam supplanted family, clan, and tribal communities and created a new community of the faithful.

What was this community called? a. the umma c. the jihad b. the sharia d. the hijra ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Easy REF: p. 319 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 1

4. What spurred Islam’s remarkably rapid territorial expansion under the “rightly guided” caliphs? a. The caliphs declined to convert nonbelievers and tolerated diverse beliefs, which permitted Islam to adapt to many different societies. b. The caliphs moved the capital to Baghdad, which was at a nexus of trade routes that allowed rapid military movement. c. The caliphs promoted the Five Pillars, which required the forced conversion on Christians and Jews. d. The caliphs linked religious uprightness with territorial expansion and empire building.

ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 321 MSC: Understanding

1

OBJ: 2

Chapter 9

New Empires and Common Cultures, 600–1000 Ce ◆ 3

5. What was the impact of the Five Pillars of Islam on regional political structures? a. They included declaring allegiance to Islamic political rulers. b. They created a doctrinal and legal structure for the empire. c. They committed the believer to participating in jihad to spread the faith. d. They alienated potential converts, thereby limiting the early spread of the religion.

ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 320 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1

6. In what way were the Abbasid rulers similar to the Roman emperors? a. Both increasingly relied upon diverse populations far from the imperial center to fill their armies. b. Both effectively balanced the center and the periphery in imperial administration. c. Both empires ultimately relied upon a single ethnicity for support. d. Both located the center of religious devotion inside their imperial capital city.

ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 323

OBJ: 3

7. Which of the following best characterizes the role and position of women in early Islamic society? a. Women had a shifting status, as patriarchy was only starting to emerge in Arabian communities. b. Women lost all rights to inherit or own property. c. Women from poor families were required to wear veils and be secluded, while women from wealthy families were allowed open access to male society. d. Women enjoyed the right to divorce freely and to take multiple husbands.

ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 323–24

OBJ: 3

8. Which of the following accurately describes Abbasid culture? a. The Abbasid rulers ordered the burning of all non-Muslim books and the execution of anyone found to possess these banned books. b. The Abbasids encouraged mathematicians, who pioneered advances in arithmetic, geometry, algebra, and trigonometry. c. The Abbasids believed correct knowledge of the world began with the birth of Muhammad; therefore, it was pointless to study the pre-Islamic past. d. The Abbasids absorbed the European invention of paper, allowing for the mass production of the Quran.

ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 326

OBJ: 3

9. Which of the following characterized scholars in Baghdad? a. They ensured that the wealth and talent from the Arabian Peninsula made their way to Iran. b. They created paper, a new type of medium for record keeping. c. They translated the works of Aristotle, Hippocrates, Archimedes, and Galen from Greek. d. They symbolized the preferential treatment given to ethnic Arabs by the Abbasid regime.

ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 324 MSC: Understanding

2

OBJ: 3

4 ◆ Chapter 9 New Empires and Common Cultures, 600–1000 Ce 10. The Quran offered women which of the following protections? a. Dowries went directly to the bride, rather than to her guardian. b. A man could take only one wife. c. All children could inherit equal shares of their father’s estates. d. Both men and women could initiate a divorce.

ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 324 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1

11. Which of the following accurately describes Ibn Sina’s scholarship? a. Ibn Sina was knowledgeable in the Frankish language, the language of academia at the time. b. Ibn Sina shared Abbasid learning with non-Muslim students. c. Ibn Sina studied Indian religious practices because they fascinated him. d. Ibn Sina wrote the standard medical text used in both Southwest Asia and Europe for centuries.

ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 327

OBJ: 2

12. Why was Ghana celebrated in Baghdad? a. It was set in the golden sands of the Sahara, which provided much of the city’s building material. b. It was the terminus of North Africa's major trade routes. c. It was the site of the famous gold mines of King Solomon. d. It was the site where the so-called “golden” scholarship originated.

ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 328 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 5

13. Which of the following demonstrates the cultural influence of Muslim merchants in Africa? a. Swahili, which became the language of trade in East Africa b. Yoruba literature, which described the journeys of sufi missionaries in West Africa c. Ghanaian mosques, which reflected the influence of Hagia Sophia d. Shona epics, which praised military exploits ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 328

OBJ: 5

14. Which of the following represented the greatest challenge to creating a unified Islamic culture? a. The Quran was translated into many local languages, such as Swahili, leaving doubts as to which translation was the most accurate. b. Numerous prophets, each with his own group of supporters, had arisen since the death of Muhammad. c. Strains associated with choosing the first four caliphs left a legacy of protest. d. Islam devalued the role of merchants, thus preventing its spread along the trade routes.

ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 328

3

OBJ: 3

Chapter 9

New Empires and Common Cultures, 600–1000 Ce ◆ 5

15. Who, according to the Sunnis, should succeed the Prophet? a. the direct descendants of Muhammad’s sons b. the four rightly guided caliphs and then the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties c. individuals with impeccable religious credentials d. Ali, the son-in-law of Muhammad, and Ali’s descendants ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 328 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

16. Which of the following accurately describes the origins of the Fatimid regime? a. The Fatimids began when a Shiite religious and military leader overthrew the Sunni ruler in Egypt. b. The Fatimids established themselves as a Sunni regime and refused to acknowledge the legitimacy of the Abbasid caliphs. c. The Fatimids began as religious purifiers, who destroyed earlier centers of learning that had attracted Islamic scholars from all over Afro-Eurasia. d. The Fatimids brought the Egyptian population into the Shiite faith and established Egypt as the primary base for Shiism.

ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 329–30 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

17. Which of the following accurately describes Islamic authority around 1000 CE? a. It disrupted trade networks and tended to isolate the eastern and western halves of Afro-Eurasia from each other. b. It ran out of energy at the fringes of Islam’s reach, creating political fragmentation within the Muslim world. c. It banned alternate faiths, especially Christianity and Judaism. d. It limited agricultural and commercial experimentation in favor of sharia, which promoted stability and tradition.

ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 331

OBJ: 3

18. In what way did the relationship between religion and power differ for Islam and Christianity? a. Islam and Christianity were both universalizing religions, but Islam was not linked to political power. b. Unlike Islam, Christianity was not linked to any political power. c. Christianity, unlike Islam, provided a set of moral and ethical rules that were applied to laws and governance. d. The followers of Muhammad had to create an empire to facilitate the expansion of their faith, while Christianity inherited an empire when Constantine converted.

ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 331

4

OBJ: 2

6 ◆ Chapter 9 New Empires and Common Cultures, 600–1000 Ce 19. Which of the following best explains why Tang China and the Abbasids competed directly for dominance in central Asia, in contrast to the relationship of the Han and Roman empires? a. Afro-Eurasia had become more closely integrated through trade, conversion, and political contacts, as both the Tang and Abbasids expanded into central Asian border regions. b. During the Roman and Han empires, there had been no trade between east and west, so central Asia was not so important. c. During the Roman and Han empires, central Asia was a power vacuum, permitting bandits to attack the trade routes and inhibiting interaction. d. Powerful steppes tribes such as the Sasanians prevented the Han and Romans from expanding into central Asia, while they encouraged the Abbasids to expand toward the Tang borders.

ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 331

OBJ: 4

20. Which of the following accurately demonstrates the cosmopolitan nature of Tang China? a. Buddhism was imported into China from Japan through Korea. b. The Inner Asian state of Annam sent tribute in the form of women and blood horses to China. c. Buddhism and new ideas in medicine and mathematics were imported from India. d. Chinese methods of governance reflected Abbasid influence.

ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 331

OBJ: 5

21. Which of the following was an environmental factor involved in the Tang’s overthrow of the Sui? a. Drought led to a revolt of the peasants and the Tang took control during the disorder. b. The Yellow River changed course and the extensive flooding led to revolts as the population faced starvation, allowing the Tang to seize power from the Sui. c. Infertile soil caused by blowing loess led to starvation among the peasants, who then revolted against the Sui. d. The Tang dammed the major rivers, forcing the starving population to change loyalties from the Sui. ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 332

OBJ: 2

22. Which of the following was most responsible for promoting rapid population growth in cities in the Muslim world from 300 to 600 CE? a. New crops from India such as sorghum allowed farmers to grow more food. b. New rice varieties needing less water supplanted millet and increased the food supply. c. Plagues and disease decreased, allowing the population to increase. d. Warfare declined, allowing populations to increase.

ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 332 MSC: Understanding

5

OBJ: 4

Chapter 9

New Empires and Common Cultures, 600–1000 Ce ◆ 7

23. In what way was the Tang military in China similar to that of Islamic forces? a. Both consisted of large groups of highly trained infantry. b. Both reduced the size of the empire to more defensible borders. c. Both relied upon pastoral nomadic soldiers from the Inner Afro-Eurasian steppes. d. Both rejected the use of cavalry because their enemies relied on it.

ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 332–33

OBJ: 3

24. Which of the following statements about the civil service examination under the Tang dynasty is correct? a. It was eliminated because it allowed government officials to gain authority independently of the imperial family. b. It allowed commoners from southern China to outperform the aristocratic families of northern China. c. It demonstrated to the poor the futility of seeking education since they had no chance of obtaining government office. d. It increased the influence of Buddhism since Buddhist texts were at the heart of the curriculum.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult REF: p. 337 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

25. Which of the following stemmed from Empress Wu’s attempts to secure her rule? a. She expanded the military and recruited her administrators from the civil examination candidates. b. She ordered scholars to write epic poems comparing her to military heroes from the past. c. She destroyed the Confucian schools because they taught that women should be subordinate to men. d. She sought to ban Buddhism from China because Buddhist monks rejected her authority.

ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 338

OBJ: 3

26. What was the role of the eunuch bureaucracy in the Tang dynasty? a. It was responsible for keeping the emperor’s household fed and cleaned. b. It mediated between the emperor and the provincial governments. c. It was limited by military officers who refused to work with it. d. It had very little respect because the eunuchs were not considered to be true men.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 338

OBJ: 3

27. The economic achievements of the Tang Dynasty were enhanced by which of the following? a. establishing large, privately owned plantations to grow cotton and silk b. limiting trade on the Silk Road to concentrate on the local handicraft market c. using the Grand Canal and Yangzi River to aid transportation and communication d. focusing on the iron and silver trade with Japan ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 338 MSC: Understanding

6

OBJ: 3

8 ◆ Chapter 9 New Empires and Common Cultures, 600–1000 Ce 28. What did the Tang gain by dismantling Buddhist landholdings and monasteries? a. The Tang ensured that no religion would rival their power. b. The Tang created new prose styles to mark their rejection of the past. c. The Tang gained the trust of the Muslim merchants on the Silk Road. d. The Tang created religious homogeneity in China under Daoism.

ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult REF: p. 340 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 4

29. Which of the following demonstrates the relationship between the Silla state in Korea and the Tang Empire? a. The Tang engaged in constant warfare with the Silla. b. The Tang borrowed a new form of Buddhism from the Silla. c. The Silla modeled their capital city on the Tang capital at Chang’an. d. The Silla refused to send tribute to the Tang.

ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 341

OBJ: 3

30. Which of the following accurately describes the development of early civilization in southern Japan? a. Social equality became a distinctive characteristic of the “Tomb Culture” society. b. Japanese clans prevented Korean immigrants from coming to the islands. c. Women had little or no power, as Japan imported patriarchal culture from India. d. The ruling Yamato clan incorporated Korean immigrants into native Japanese kinship groups.

ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 341 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

31. In what way were the Yamato rulers of Japan bolstered by adopting Buddhism as the state religion? a. by limiting the political power of Shinto priests b. by linking the Yamato to a universalizing religion that stretched from India to Korea c. by allowing the Yamato an entrance into the Silk Road trade system d. by forcing Korea to recognize the Yamato as equals ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 344 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 4

32. What was an important effect of the reforms instituted by Nakatomi no Kamatari? a. The power of the ruler was enhanced by exalting the emperor under the mandate of heaven. b. The clan chief embraced Buddhist ideals on the proper role of the state. c. Shintoism was instituted as a single state religion, and other religious practices were outlawed. d. Confucian models of government were rejected as too binding on imperial expressions of power.

ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 343

7

OBJ: 4

Chapter 9

New Empires and Common Cultures, 600–1000 Ce ◆ 9

33. Which of the following characterized Charlemagne’s rule? a. His empire was smaller in both population and wealth compared to regimes of the Islamic world. b. He ruled for fewer than twenty years but managed to halt the slave trade. c. His empire incorporated much of the old Byzantine Empire. d. He introduced to Europe an urban-based culture that valued educated citizens over warriors.

ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 346

OBJ: 2

34. Who was the Christian bishop who argued that the “City of God” was represented by the universal Catholic Church? a. Ambrose of Milan c. Thomas Aquinas b. Augustine of Hippo d. Clement of Alexandria ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Easy REF: p. 347 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 1

35. For what reason did monasticism take rapid hold in northern Europe? a. Monastic communities represented an opportunity to mediate between believers and God. b. Warrior monks helped conquer land from Germanic pagans. c. The charitable works of monks and nuns among the urban poor brought popular support to monastic life. d. The monastic lifestyle offered similarities between the lives of Christian clerics and those of Jewish and Muslim religious leaders.

ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Difficult REF: p. 348 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1

36. What explained the spread of both Buddhism and Christianity? a. Both were militant religions that relied on armies to spread their doctrines to unbelievers. b. Both rejected any role for women in their religious communities. c. Both adhered strongly to a single creed and did not adapt to local cultures. d. Both were religions of monks, whose communities offered protection from the strife that surrounded them.

ANS: D TOP: 3

DIF: Difficult REF: p. 349 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1

37. What technological advantage led to the Vikings’ successful conquests and trade? a. sophisticated longships that could travel up rivers b. superior metallurgy techniques that produced stronger and more durable weapons c. the ingestion of medicinal herbs that eliminated pain during battle d. the development of gunpowder technologies that they had learned from merchants along the Silk Road ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 350 MSC: Understanding

8

OBJ: 4

10 ◆ Chapter 9 New Empires and Common Cultures, 600–1000 Ce 38. Which of the following accurately describes the Vikings? a. They raided land from ocean coasts but avoided following rivers inland for fear of losing their naval advantages in narrow, shallow rivers. b. They opened a trading link between the Baltic and Kiev, creating a commercial avenue from Scandinavia to Baghdad. c. They lost their military strength when crushed by Charlemagne at L’Anse aux Meadows. d. They quickly abandoned their warlike ethos and adopted settled agriculture once they arrived in Europe.

ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 350 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 4

39. Why did the Vikings fail spectacularly when they attacked Constantinople? a. Their supply lines were overextended and they soon began to starve. b. The city was landlocked, so the Vikings had to leave their ships to besiege the city. c. They faced, for the first time, a city defended by well-engineered late Roman walls and Greek fire. d. The slaves the Vikings were bringing to sell in Constantinople rose up and joined the Byzantine side.

ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 351

OBJ: 3

40. Which of the following most accurately compares Roman Catholicism and Greek Orthodoxy? a. The differences between Roman Catholicism and Greek Orthodoxy were based on basic tenets of faith. b. Both Roman Catholicism and Greek Orthodoxy believed that Jesus became human to atone for humanity’s sins. c. The key differences between Roman Catholicism and Greek Orthodoxy were in heritage, customs, language, and levels of civilization. d. Both Roman Catholicism and Greek Orthodoxy were retreating from Islam’s expansion.

ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 352

OBJ: 1

TRUE/FALSE 1. Muhammad rejected the notion that the development of Islam was in any way indebted to Judaism or Christianity.

ANS: F TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 319 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1

2. Unsuccessful examination candidates and power-hungry eunuchs contributed to the collapse of the Tang Empire.

ANS: T TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 340 MSC: Understanding

9

OBJ: 2

Chapter 9

New Empires and Common Cultures, 600–1000 Ce ◆

3. The Silla opposed Tang rule and extirpated all aspects of Tang culture in Korea.

ANS: F TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 341

OBJ: 4

4. The Vikings established a colony on the coast of Labrador in North America by 1000 CE. ANS: T TOP: 3

DIF: Easy REF: p. 350 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 4

5. As Greek Orthodoxy spread into the Balkans, Kievan Russia flourished because of the strong protection of Emperor Charlemagne.

ANS: F TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 352

OBJ: 3

SHORT ANSWER 1. Compare the ways that religion aided or inhibited the efforts of the Tang dynasty and the Umayyads and Abbsids to build unified empires in their respective regions.

ANS: The Tang did not espouse a universalizing religion or create a state one. In fact, the ruling elite initially supported religious pluralism within China, reflecting the eastward spread of religions along the trade routes (e.g., Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Manicheanism, Buddhism, and Islam) as well as indigenous Daoism and Confucianism. Tang rulers focused on getting their neighbors to emulate Chinese institutions and to pay tribute instead of trying to convert others to their “state” religion. Later, the Confucian scholar-bureaucrats began anti-Buddhist campaigns, viewing Buddhism as a foreign religion whose celibate clergy undercut the family, the foundation of Confucian thought, and whose monasteries amassed great wealth. Later Tang rulers broke up the vast holdings of Buddhist monasteries, thus ensuring that no religion would rival the power of the state.

Successor dynasties also kept religious establishment weak and fragmented, and China remained a pluralistic society. Because of its role in the academies and the examination system, however, Confucian philosophy continued as the basis of the governmental bureaucracy.

The Islamic state, on the other hand, had a universalizing religious mission: to bring all humankind under the authority of the religion espoused by the Prophet Muhammad. The developing Islamic empire had to contend with the dual nature of its identity: both a religion and an empire. It had great success at both, but each threatened the other. As the empire grew, it united diverse peoples and cultures. The universalizing thrust of the religion was one that attracted non-Arab converts, thereby expanding the faith. But the Umayyads did not allow non-Arab Muslims to hold high political office.

This insistence on ethnic Arab leadership caused a fracture between the expansionist religion and the expansionist state, which eventually led the Abbasids to overthrow the Umayyads. As Islam spread, the empire became increasingly decentralized, and competing dynasties emerged in Spain, North Africa, and places farther east. The diversity was enhanced by sharia law, giving the responsibility to interpret law to the local ulama instead of the secular ruler. The growing diversity meant that Islam could not hold its widely dispersed believers under a single regime. The different polities shared many legal elements, especially those governed by sharia law, but their secular structures began to be much divided. Eventually, a schism between Shiites and Sunnis over the proper heirs to the Prophet left the faith permanently divided, reflecting political division as well.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 3

TOP: 2 10

MSC: Analyzing

11

12 ◆ Chapter 9 New Empires and Common Cultures, 600–1000 Ce 2. Compare the influence of Tang China on Korea with that of the Byzantine empire on eastern Europe.

ANS: The Tang dynasty was the only large empire in east Asia and had both direct and indirect influence on its neighbors. For example, the Korean state of Silla became a tributary of China. Silla ruling elites adopted Chinese as their written language and thus Chinese literature and other cultural influences.

The Silla organized its court and bureaucracy—and even the construction of its capital city—on Chinese models. However, the Silla continued to hold on to the idea that birth, not learned achievement, should influence social and political power. The Silla also did not establish a full-blown Tang-style government: that remained for its successor, the Koryo dynasty. Indigenous shamanistic practices remained strong, especially in the villages.

Unlike the Tang, the Byzantine empire was not the only empire in its region. On the west, Charlemagne was attempting to re-create a Holy Roman empire based on Roman Catholic beliefs.

Also in the region was a rapidly expanding Islamic state. Despite various onslaughts, the Byzantine empire continued to persist. Like the Tang, it influenced less advanced groups within its region. In the tenth century, with the collapse of Charlemagne’s empire, eastern Europe became open to Greek Orthodoxy, which spread from Constantinople. Also, similar to the Tang, the Greek alphabet became the basis of written languages for the Slavs, but as an alphabet to record Christian scriptures in the local languages instead of adopting the language itself with the writing system. As was the case with Korea and the Tang, deep admiration for the ancient culture and traditions of Constantinople led Balkan Slavs, Russians, and Arabs to convert to Greek Orthodoxy. So, both the Tang and the Byzantine empire exerted great cultural influence on peripheral states. As the only empire in the region, the Tang had perhaps greater influence in governance and erudition. The Silla did not merely adopt Chinese writing; they also adopted Chinese literature and education. The eastern Europeans kept their vernacular, but adopted the Greek alphabet and religion from their Byzantine neighbors.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 4

TOP: 2

MSC: Analyzing

3. Compare the Vikings’ impact on western and eastern Europe. How did the Vikings affect the development of eastern Christianity?

ANS: The Vikings exposed the weakness of Charlemagne’s empire. The Vikings’ motives were to loot the now-wealthy Franks and to establish themselves as the dominant warrior class of northern Europe.

They had great success because of their great military technological advantage: ships of unparalleled sophistication. These ships were light and agile, with a shallow draft, and they could penetrate far up the rivers of northern Europe. They could also travel over open seas. Vikings emptied northern Europe of its treasure, colonized Iceland and Greenland, and even reached the Americas. The Vikings traveled the rivers of Europe and crossed into Russia. They opened river-basin trade networks that connected the Baltic Sea to Kiev to Baghdad and Constantinople. They essentially linked Scandinavia with Baghdad. Although the Vikings initially attempted to sack Constantinople (and spectacularly failed), the Vikings were profoundly impressed by the Greek Orthodox Church they encountered in Constantinople. As the Vikings expanded into eastern Europe, so did the religion of the East Roman Empire: Greek Orthodoxy.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 4

TOP: 3

11

MSC: Applying

Chapter 9

New Empires and Common Cultures, 600–1000 Ce ◆

4. How did the emergence of Islam shape the transmission of knowledge across Afro-Eurasia? How did the spread of Islam compare with initial growth of Christianity and Buddhism?

ANS: Islam’s expansionist political and religious program put it in touch with many different cultures. For the most part, it had an open and tolerant approach to other monotheistic religions and especially other fields of knowledge. In the libraries of the major cities of the Islamic empire, scholars collected and recorded the latest scientific, philosophical, medical, and literary works from around Afro-Eurasia, including classical Greek philosophy, Indian mathematics, the invention of paper from China, and siege warfare techniques from China and Byzantium. As the political reach of Islam spread, so, too, did Islamic knowledge. A few examples of Islam’s wide cultural impact include the remarkable architecture of the Grand Mosque of Cordova and Madinate al-Zahra in Spain, the al-Azhar mosque drawing scholars from all over Afro-Eurasia to Fatimid al-Qahira, and the development of Swahili culture in East Africa. By 1000 CE, Islam had grown into a vast political and religious empire. Like Christianity and Buddhism, it aspired to universality. But unlike Christianity and Buddhism, it was linked from the very beginning with political power. Muhammad and his followers created an empire to facilitate the expansion of their faith, whereas Christianity inherited its empire (after being blocked by that empire), and Buddhism began in a region without a centralized political state and spread to one where it legitimized the outsiders who claimed alternative power.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 1

TOP: 1

MSC: Analyzing

5. Compare the Christian communities that emerged in western and eastern Europe between 600 and 1000 CE. What factors contributed to the emergence of these distinct regions?

ANS: Compared to the Islamic world and Tang China, western Europe was little more than a rustic backwater. By the fifth century, the Roman military had given way to a multitude of warrior leaders who operated largely locally. Yet, major changes were underway, spurred by Christianity, which had taken over the mantle of Rome. Western Europe was far removed from the old centers of high culture, and it soon embraced its borderland frontier mentality. They firmly believed that the Catholic Church would unite all believers. Two things contributed to this belief: (1) the increasing textuality of the faith, which led to a devotion to Latin and the singular scriptures; and (2) monasticism, which emphasized that men and women who had little in common with “normal” people were best suited as mediators between believers and God. These two basic beliefs contributed to the emerging centrality of Rome. There was only one bishop left in the west, the pope in Rome. The Catholic Church united behind this one remaining symbolic center, which led to the papacy as we know it today.

The story in the east was very different. Christianity in the east Roman Empire was associated with an empire that had long outlasted many challenges and military attacks. This ability to preserve its heartland, particularly Constantinople and Hagia Sophia, bolstered the confidence of the eastern Roman Church. The historic church and its religion, Orthodox Christianity, won admiration from the Russians, the Bulgarians, the Slavs, and other peoples who encountered it in the expanding trade networks. This admiration paralleled that of western Europe for Roman popes. By 1000, there were two Christianities: the new and confident “borderland” Roman Catholicism of the west and the ancient Greek Orthodoxy, protected by the inheritance of the “Roman” state of Constantine and Justinian. Western Catholics believed that their church was destined to expand everywhere. Eastern Romans were less evangelical, but more tenacious. They believed that their church would forever survive the regular ravages of invasion. The two sides disliked each other: eastern Romans thought their western counterparts barbarous and grasping, while the western Catholics contemptuously called the eastern Romans “Greeks” and condemned them for their “Byzantine” cunning.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 3

TOP: 3 12

MSC: Analyzing

13

CHAPTER 10

Becoming “The World,” 1000–1300 ce GLOBAL STORYLINES

FOCUS QUESTIONS

1. Advances in maritime technology lead to increased sea trade, transforming coastal cities into global ­trading hubs and elevating Afro-­Eurasian trade to unpre­ce­dented levels.

2. Intensified trade and religious and linguistic integration shape four major cultural “spheres”: the Islamic world, India, China, and Eu­rope.

3. Sub-­Saharan Africa is drawn into Eurasian exchange, resulting in a true Afro-­Eurasia–­w ide network.

Meanwhile, the Amer­i­cas experience more limited po­l iti­cal, economic, and cultural integration.

4. The Mongol Empire integrates many of the world’s major cultural spheres.

1. What technological advances occurred during this period, especially in ship design and navigation, and how did they facilitate the expansion of Afro-­ Eurasian trade?

2. What types of social and po­l iti­cal forces ­shaped the Islamic world, India, China, and Eu­rope at this time?

To what degree did ­these forces integrate cultures and geo­g raph­i­cal areas?

3. How did sub-­Saharan Africa compare with the Amer­i­cas in terms of internal integration and external interactions?

4. In what ways did the Mongol Empire influence ­peoples and places within Afro-­Eurasia?

1

CHAPTER 10: Becoming “The World,” 1000–1300 CE 2 ◆ Chapter 10 Becoming “The World,” 1000–1300 Ce

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following was a consequence of trade shifting from land-based trade routes to sea-based trade routes? a. Coastal trading cities expanded dramatically. b. Banditry decreased. c. Trade in luxury goods decreased. d. The world’s regions were not as well connected.

ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Easy REF: p. 358 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1

2. What was the main usefulness of the lateen sail? a. It permitted easy sailing up river. b. It allowed maximum speed sailing with the wind. c. It limited the lateral motion of the ship in high winds. d. It maximized use of monsoon trade winds.

ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Easy REF: p. 358 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 1

3. The magnetic needle compass was important because it allowed navigators to do what? a. know the direction of their home ports b. sail under cloudy skies on the open seas c. calculate longitude d. control speed of their ships ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Easy REF: p. 358 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 1

4. How did changes in navigation and multiple-masted cargo ships impact trade? a. Inland oases remained vital as transshipment points for goods to the coasts. b. Political authorities did not profit as much from maritime trade as they had from caravan trade. c. Most shipping firms were government owned. d. Merchants gave up using overland trade routes such as the Silk Road.

ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 359 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1

5. What led to the growth of Melaka as a cosmopolitan entrepôt? a. its strategic location and proximity to Malayan tropical produce b. its importance as a site for Muslim pilgrimages c. its control of the slave trade between West Africa and Europe d. its importance as a provincial administrative center for the Song ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 359–60 MSC: Remembering

1

OBJ: 1

Chapter 10 Becoming “The World,” 1000–1300 Ce ◆ 3 6. Which of the following is a reason for the success of Islamic trading firms in the Mediterranean? a. They benefited from favored trading status with the Holy Roman Empire. b. They established a commercial law apart from religion so that all people could participate in trade. c. They benefited from a legal system that promoted a favorable business environment. d. They established a state bank so that the royal family could earn a share of trading profits by lending out money.

ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 359 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

7. Which of the following reflects the attitude exhibited by Muslim rulers toward Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians, as long as they accepted Islam’s political rule? a. Non-Muslim religious leaders forfeited their property to Muslim clerics. b. Non-Muslims were free to choose their own religious leaders and settle internal disputes. c. Non-Muslims were forbidden to engage in trade or certain crafts. d. Sufi missionaries forced non-Muslim religious leaders to convert.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 361 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

8. What forced Turkish nomadic pastoralists out of central Asia in the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries? a. freezing temperatures and a lack of rainfall b. flooding caused by increased rainfall c. invasions by the Song d. decreased overland trade ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Easy REF: p. 361 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

9. Which of the following shows the impact of Ibn Rushd’s work outside of the Muslim world? a. He proved that faith was incompatible with reason, influencing church thinking for generations. b. He wrote the Shah Nama, which influenced Chinese literature. c. His thinking influenced Christian legal scholars of the Maliki school. d. His thinking about faith and reason heavily influenced Thomas Aquinas.

ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult REF: p. 364 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 2

10. In which of the following ways was Ibn Rushd’s thought similar to that of Confucius? a. He argued for preservation of the five relationships. b. He argued that an educated class, entrusted with the proper forms of reasoning, would best serve the common people. c. He argued that one must reject politics, whose entanglements would interfere with pursuit of the proper path to wisdom. d. He argued against the evils of patriarchy.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 364

2

OBJ: 2

4 ◆ Chapter 10 Becoming “The World,” 1000–1300 Ce 11. Which of the following was the most successful Islamic state in India during the thirteenth century? a. the Delhi Sultanate c. the Mughal dynasty b. the Ghazna kingdom d. the Chola kingdom ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Easy REF: p. 366 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 2

12. Which of the following exemplifies the cultural diversity and blending that took place in the Delhi Sultanate? a. Multiple languages flourished, including Turkic, Persian, and many local Indian languages. b. The Turks adopted local clothing styles as better suited to the climate. c. Sultans adopted the religious architectural style of the local populations. d. Local populations converted rapidly to Islam.

ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Easy REF: p. 367 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 2

13. Which of the following accurately describes the long-range impact on India of the Turkish invasions? a. India became less tolerant and diverse. b. Hindu worship declined because the Turks favored Buddhism. c. India became more integrated and peaceful. d. The Turks excluded Jewish and Christian merchants, which damaged India’s trade.

ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 368

OBJ: 2

14. Why was the Song dynasty unable to completely secure its reign? a. The Song were unable to control the trade in silk and porcelain. b. The Song were unable to contain the Annamese military. c. The Song were unable to control the scholar-gentry. d. The Song were unable to contain the Jurchen, a nomadic group.

ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 368 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 2

15. How did some emperors lessen the power of the hereditary aristocracy? a. They sent them to the north to form a border guard against the nomadic tribes. b. They confiscated their estates if they did not swear loyalty directly to him. c. They granted more power in the military and bureaucracy to the palace eunuchs. d. They increased the number and power of scholar officials in the government bureaucracy.

ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 369–70

3

OBJ: 2

Chapter 10 Becoming “The World,” 1000–1300 Ce ◆ 5 16. Which one of the following accurately characterizes the Song dynasty’s power? a. The Song maintained a strong military presence in the north to protect their access to blood-sweating horses. b. The Song were relatively weak militarily, despite some of their technological advantages. c. The Song had little influence on peoples outside of their borders. d. The Song accepted large annual tribute payments from tribes who lived along the border of the empire.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 371

OBJ: 2

17. What helped crystallize Chinese cultural identity during the Song dynasty? a. A print culture established classical Chinese as the common language among educated classes in East Asia. b. A belief in a single religious tradition provided common ground for all Chinese. c. Rejection of all non-Han peoples led to cultural unity. d. The Song government’s adoption of Southern China’s spoken language created a unified official language.

ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 371

OBJ: 2

18. Between 1000 and 1300 CE, which of the following accurately describes Japan’s leaders outside of Heian? a. They embraced the military as a means to counteract the power of provincial elites. b. They were able to centralize power over private landowners to a larger degree. c. They began to distance themselves from Chinese influence concerning political and social authority. d. They oversaw a highly advanced commercial and urban society.

ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult REF: p. 372 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

19. By the beginning of the fourteenth century, which of the following new social groups supported regional nobles in their competition for political and cultural power with the emperor in Heian? a. Confucian scholar-gentry c. impoverished peasants b. ambitious samurai d. powerful women ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Easy REF: p. 372 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 2

20. Why was the Malay Peninsula home to so many trading ports? a. It connected the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean with the South China Sea. b. It was a source of much sought-after mineral wealth. c. It was the halfway point between Arabia and India. d. It retained its Brahmanic-Vedic traditions despite Islamic expansion.

ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Easy REF: p. 373 MSC: Remembering

4

OBJ: 2

6 ◆ Chapter 10 Becoming “The World,” 1000–1300 Ce 21. Which of the following was the most important political and social change after the collapse of Charlemagne’s empire? a. While monasteries became more independent, their political power decreased. b. The popes claimed more political authority to replace the vacuum left after Charlemagne’s death. c. The class of knights subjugated previously free peasants, leading to serfdom in much of western Europe. d. Merchants became wealthier with the revival of long-distance trade, and demanded more political power.

ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 376–77 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

22. What was the economic basis of feudalism in western Europe? a. slavery c. iron smelting b. long-distance trade d. manorialism ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Easy REF: p. 377 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 2

23. Which of the following was a consequence of the agrarian resurgence in northern Europe that was facilitated by the use of heavier draft animals and the development of metal-clad plows? a. feudalism b. massive deforestation c. transfer of wealth from manors to abbeys d. increased trade with Kiev ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 377

OBJ: 2

24. In what ways was Christian Europe changing during the period from 1000 to 1300 CE? a. Catholicism became a faith for only the peasant population. b. New religious orders and universities arose, and the number of church responsibilities increased. c. Priests instituted widespread witch hunts to eliminate all vestiges of pre-Christian religions. d. The identity of Christians was being challenged by contact with Muslims in Spain.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 380 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

25. Which of the following accurately describes Francis of Assisi and his followers? a. They preached that European believers should weep, confess their sins to their local priest, and strive to become better Christians. b. They confined themselves to monasteries and pressured other religious orders to do likewise. c. They emulated the scholarship and intellectual life of Thomas Aquinas. d. They emphasized the commonalities between the Christian, Jewish, and Islamic traditions.

ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Easy REF: p. 380 MSC: Remembering

5

OBJ: 2

Chapter 10 Becoming “The World,” 1000–1300 Ce ◆ 7 26. Which of the following best summarizes the effect of the Crusades on Southwest Asia? a. The Crusades were economically devastating to the important centers of trade such as Jerusalem. b. Muslim leaders did not see knights as a threat and the Crusades were irrelevant. c. The establishment of the Crusader states threatened to undermine the religious dominance of Islam. d. The Crusades struck a permanent blow to the prestige and power of cities like Baghdad and Cairo.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 382

OBJ: 2

27. Which of the following is one of the elements vital to the creation of Europe’s Christian identity? a. the church’s refusal to embrace foreign ideas and learning b. the church’s support of increased independence for the peasantry c. the emergence of universities and a class of intellectuals associated with them d. the dissolution of the monasteries, allowing the laity to commune directly with God ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 382–83

OBJ: 2

28. Why were the Spanish conquest of Toledo and the expulsion of Muslim forces from Sicily said to be more important than the Crusades? a. These campaigns marked the first time European knights united behind a single general. b. These campaigns marked new cooperation between western Europe and the Byzantine Empire. c. These campaigns marked turning points in relations between Christian and Muslim power in the Mediterranean. d. These campaigns marked the first cooperation between Christians and Jews to defeat the common Muslim enemy.

ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 382 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

29. What allowed the Mande-speaking peoples to become the primary agents for social and economic integration within West Africa? a. their expertise in metal working, especially iron b. their control of trade routes to coastal cities such as Zanzibar and Malindi c. their refusal to trade in slaves d. their political organization and expertise in commerce ANS: D TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 383 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 3

30. What was the predominant form of social organization in the tropical rain forests of western and central Africa? a. urban communities linked together through long-distance trade b. small-scale farming societies led by local councils c. pastoral communities led by shamans d. seminomadic hunting and gathering communities that believed in divinely chosen kings ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 385 MSC: Understanding 6

OBJ: 3

8 ◆ Chapter 10 Becoming “The World,” 1000–1300 Ce 31. In addition to salt, what were the most valuable commodities in the trans-Sahara trade from the eleventh through fifteenth centuries? a. kola nuts and malaguetta peppers c. hardwood and ivory b. iron and yams d. gold and slaves ANS: D TOP: 3

DIF: Easy REF: p. 385 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 3

32. What was an effect of Mansa Musa’s hajj on the Muslim world? a. It led Muslim armies to attempt to conquer the gold-rich kingdom of Mali. b. It created a demand for West African objects of art in Cairo and Alexandria. c. It demonstrated that West Africa was no longer on the isolated periphery of Muslim lands. d. It forced other central African states to submit to Mali.

ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 386

OBJ: 3

33. Which of the following describes the importance of Timbuktu in the fourteenth century? a. It was a commercial center in southern India that was a way station for traveling Buddhist monks. b. It was a commercial center in southern India that connected Arab and Chinese trade. c. It was a commercial center in West Africa that was an intellectual center for Muslim scholars. d. It was a commercial center in West Africa that provided the majority of spices to Arabia and Europe.

ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 386 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

34. What feature helped integrate eastern and southern Africa into long-distance trading systems? a. Monsoon winds made east Africa a logical end point for Indian Ocean trade routes. b. Mandinka people were the most active traders in the Indian Ocean and established entrepôt cities along the coast. c. Iron mines in the area were exploited by Bantu-speaking people during their migrations. d. Timbuktu and Jenne were major trade centers.

ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 386

OBJ: 3

35. Which of the following is a similarity between the Chimú and the Han and Sui empires? a. Frequent rainfall in the foothills made irrigation systems unnecessary. b. There was no rigid social hierarchy, which meant the state could expand rapidly. c. The emperors ruled directly with a small bureaucracy and few royal officials. d. The bureaucracy oversaw the construction and maintenance of irrigation canals.

ANS: D TOP: 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 388

7

OBJ: 3

Chapter 10 Becoming “The World,” 1000–1300 Ce ◆ 9 36. Which of the following accurately describes the Toltecs of Mesoamerica? a. They were a distinct ethnic group that moved into Mesoamerica from North America around 1000 CE. b. They rose to power rapidly because they filled the void left by the decline of the city of Teotihuacán. c. They developed a distinct culture that was unusual in that their cities and architecture were not borrowed from other Mesoamerican peoples. d. They built a major agricultural empire without developing substantial trade.

ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 389 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

37. Which of the following is a similarity between Chan Chan, Tula, and Cahokia? a. All three were built on major river systems. b. All three were built near a sea coast. c. All three were the hubs of major regional trading networks. d. All three had populations in excess of 50,000 people.

ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 389

OBJ: 3

38. Which of the following correctly characterizes the Cahokians? a. The Cahokians planted fields with potatoes as their staple crop. b. The Cahokians built, without draft animals or the use of the wheel, large earthen mounds for use in religious ceremonies. c. The Cahokians recruited Mesoamericans to serve as workers in the fields. d. The Cahokians successfully defeated tribes from the Great Plains who attacked the settlement in a territorial dispute.

ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 390

OBJ: 3

39. Which of the following constitutes a reason for the beginning of the Mongol invasions under Chinggis Khan? a. the need to find new grazing land for their herds, which were growing too quickly for available resources b. the desire to spread the Mongol religion of the sky god, Tengri, as a universalizing religion c. the wish to preempt the manufacture of silk cloth, in order to break the Korean monopoly d. the interest in finding the source of the Amur River to control its waters for farming ANS: A TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 392–93 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 4

40. What was one of the reasons for the Mongols’ success in conquering and governing extensive realms? a. They incorporated some of the ways and technology of conquered people. b. They supported local intellectual life in all of their territories. c. They created a strong navy to expand and protect their realms. d. They adopted one official state religion throughout their territories.

ANS: A TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 393

8

OBJ: 4

10 ◆ Chapter 10 Becoming “The World,” 1000–1300 Ce TRUE/FALSE 1. Sharia’s prohibition against earning interest on a loan had a chilling effect on Muslim merchants.

ANS: F TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 359 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

2. Some historians believe that Muslim astronomers’ observations of planetary motion influenced Copernicus.

ANS: T TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 365 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 2

3. The Americas, unlike sub-Saharan Africa, remained separated from the rest of the world in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.

ANS: T TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 387 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

4. One reason for the collapse of Cahokia was an invasion by the woodland tribes to the north.

ANS: F TOP: 3

DIF: Easy REF: p. 390 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

5. Mongol women took part in battles and athletic competitions such as wrestling.

ANS: T TOP: 4

DIF: Easy REF: p. 392 MSC: Remembering

9

OBJ: 4

Chapter 10

Becoming “The World,” 1000–1300 Ce ◆

SHORT ANSWER 1. How did the major commercial centers in the Afro-Eurasian world foster commercial exchange and establish a new commercial class?

ANS: During the period from 1000 to 1300 CE, the advent of new technologies like the needle compass, maps, better shipbuilding, and navigation made trade by sea much more cost effective and less dangerous than the old overland trade routes. Soon, maritime trade became the dominant form of commercial exchange. Because ships could carry such large loads and because of innovations in agriculture, what was traded also changed. Thus, new commercial centers emerged in Afro-Eurasia to support these developing networks of maritime shipping. Four major urban commercial hubs came to dominate the system: Alexandria and Cairo in Egypt, the Chinese city of Quanzhou in the east, the city of Melaka in the Malaysian Archipelago, and Kollan on the tip of the Indian Peninsula. They were linked through trade that was fostered by a developing professional force called the karim, which accompanied ships and protected them. Also, governments helped to protect trade in many of these regions. Often merchants from abroad would settle in foreign places for years at a time. There they built personal connections with other traders and locals. They were respectful of the different cultures and traditions they encountered because they fostered business relations. These cities helped to link the cultures and peoples of the world while also creating separate cultural spheres.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 1

TOP: 1

10

MSC: Analyzing

11

12 ◆ Chapter 10 Becoming “The World,” 1000–1300 Ce 2. Compare the Muslim societies that emerged in Mali and India with the Muslim societies in Baghdad and Cairo. How did different political and social contexts affect the forms of Islam practiced by local rulers?

ANS: The spread of Islam dramatically changed sub-Saharan Africa’s relationship to the rest of the world.

Once the camel bridged the Sahara, a booming trade emerged that spawned new political organizations. The Empire of Mali extended previously existing Mande trade routes that connected West Africa with the Atlantic and Mediterranean. No longer was Africa an isolated periphery. In fact, when Mali’s King Mansa Musa went on the hajj to Mecca, his visit was a sensation because of his impressive wealth and spectacular display. Mali boasted two of West Africa’s largest cities: Jenne and Timbuktu. The latter became a center of Muslim intellectual life in West Africa. Scholars gathered to debate the tenets of Islam and to ensure that the faithful, even when distant from the Muslim heartland, practiced their religions with no taint of pagan observances. These clerics acquired Islamic treatises from all over the world to add to their personal libraries. In India, Turkish warlords eventually conquered the rajas of India. There, they established sultanates that integrated elements of indigenous cultures with their own. They recruited local artisans to build mosques and palaces. The Turkish sultans did not force their subjects to convert and embraced the religious tolerance that was the hallmark of the Islamic empire. The newcomers practiced their faith while the locals continued to practice their own. But some customs began to merge. The local population embraced some elements of Turkish culture, adopting Central Asian–style clothing and some manufacturing and artistic techniques. The sultanates allowed the locals to worship as they saw fit and to administer their own communal law. The rulers did collect the jizya.

Thus, these two border communities embraced different relationships between the state and religion. In part, this was due to different relationships to the governed forged by local rulers versus foreign conquerors. In Baghdad and Cairo, centers of the Islamic state, the political systems began to fragment as different factions of the religions sought dominance. Shiites, Sunnis, Sufis, and so on all struggled for control. By the fourteenth century, the Islamic heartland had fractured into three regions.

In the east, the remnants of the old Abbasid state survived, if only in name. In the center, military men of non-Arab origin held the reins of power. In the west, Arab rulers prevailed, but there was also the influence of Berbers and other groups.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 2

TOP: 2

11

MSC: Analyzing

Chapter 10

Becoming “The World,” 1000–1300 Ce ◆

3. Compare the impact of geography and trade on development of civilizations in Andean South America and West Africa.

ANS: In contrast to Afro-Eurasia, the growth of civilizations in the Americas was impeded by geographical isolation. The mountains, deserts, dense forests, and the longitudinal orientation of the continents all conspired to keep regional cultures separated. In addition, except for llamas and alpacas, there were no beasts of burden—either for farming or pulling wheeled vehicles or riding—which hindered long distance trade. However, strong regional centers continued to develop during this time, as well as the beginnings of an empire in the Andean region. The Chimu on the Pacific coast created a complex irrigation system and turned the arid coastline into a series of oases. In addition to feeding a spread-out population, these oases grew cotton that was exported by llama caravan and human porters to distant markets in the mountains. A bureaucracy oversaw the construction and maintenance of the canals, while provincial administrators oversaw the hinterlands. The largest city, Chan Chan, was a walled city, containing 30,000 people and ten palaces. Monuments for storage attest to the trade in luxury items such as fine cloth, gold and silver objects, and precious shells. In the highlands, along the shores of Lake Titicaca, the Tiahuanaco created a high-altitude state. The harsh mountain environment limited growth, so this state never became as large as the Chimu on the coast. However, herders and farmers along the lake thrived and traded long distance with people in semitropical valleys. Agrarian staples were produced in the lowlands: dried fish and cotton from the coast, fruits and vegetables from lowland valleys. An advanced engineering project conveyed water to the top of a sandstone pyramid in Tiahuanaco, with simulated rain flowing down its sides. Tiahuanaco supported populations as large as 115,000. Despite these accomplishments, the Andean civilizations remained relatively small in area and cut off from larger trading systems.

In comparison, West Africa prospered rapidly once the Saharan Desert was crossed, connecting it to larger transregional trade systems. In the eleventh century, the Mande-speaking peoples controlled an area that spread from the savanna into the tropical rain forests as far as the Atlantic Ocean. This allowed them to obtain trade items such a kola nuts and peppers from the coastal woodlands to exchange for iron products and textiles from inland. Into the fifteenth century, Mande-speaking peoples dominated the trans-Sahara trade for commodities such as gold and salt, manufactures, and slaves. Perhaps the best-known representative of this trade system was Mansa Musa of the Malian Empire. The savanna people developed cavalry, which not only allowed them to conquer more territory but also allowed them to better protect the valuable trade routes (similar to the Mongols and the Silk Road routes). By the time of Mansa Musa, West Africa was no longer peripheral to the Afro-Eurasian trading system. During his hajj to Mecca, Mansa Musa displayed, in addition to the wealth of gold for which Mali was famous, rich brocades and Persian silks. His largest cities, Jenne and Timbuktu, were at crossroads on the trans-Saharan trade routes. By the fourteenth century, Timbuktu was not only a thriving commercial center but also a major religious and intellectual center.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 3

TOP: 3

12

MSC: Analyzing

13

14 ◆ Chapter 10 Becoming “The World,” 1000–1300 Ce 4. Compare how the Delhi Sultanate and the Song dynasty established their authority and managed both their internal and external affairs. What similar methods did they use to secure their authority?

ANS: In India, Turkish warlords eventually conquered the rajas of India. There, they established the Delhi Sultanate, whose rulers strengthened the cultural diversity and tolerance that were already hallmarks of the Indian social order. They recruited local artisans to build mosques and palaces. The Turkish sultans did not force their subjects to convert and embraced the religious tolerance that was the hallmark of the Islamic empire. The newcomers practiced their faith while the locals continued to practice their own. But some customs began to merge. The local population embraced some elements of Turkish culture, adopting Central Asian–style clothing and some manufacturing and artistic techniques. The sultanates allowed the locals to worship as they saw fit and to administer their own communal law. The rulers did collect the jizya. Ultimately, in India, Islam demonstrated that it did not have to be a conquering religion to prosper.

The Song dynasty reunified China after almost half a century of fragmentation after the dissolution of the Tang. Like the Islamic world and India, China began participating in long-distance trade. The Song emperors ushered in a period of social and cultural vitality. They established a central bureaucracy of scholar-officials chosen through competitive civil service examinations. At the top level, the emperor himself eventually administered these examinations. This meritocratic system weakened the influence of the old aristocracy. Militarily, the Song were weaker than their enemies from the steppes and had to bribe them with tribute and generous trade agreements. Paradoxically, increased exchange with outsiders hardened the lines between the Chinese and others. Residents of China’s interior regarded themselves as a distinctive people possessing a superior culture. They referred to themselves as Han and considered themselves the only authentic Chinese. Thus, Song China lacked a culture of amalgamation and mutual recognition like the Turks had established in the Delhi Sultanate.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 2

TOP: 2

MSC: Analyzing

5. What was the impact of the Mongol conquests on trade and cultural exchange in China?

ANS: Like other nomadic tribes, the Mongols had traded with settled peoples for grain and manufactured goods. Their first forays under Chinggis Khan were along the caravan routes, first south to China and then westward as far as Russia. The Mongols created a network of khanates that connected much of Afro-Eurasia and northern Africa. Mongol control facilitated overland travel and trade to an unprecedented level, with much of the trade still being centered on goods and technology from Yuan China. The relative ease of travel across Mongol territory is reflected in the narratives of Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta. As conquerors, the Mongols in China took political control, but did little to change the culture. Chinese cities were allowed a great deal of local autonomy, and the bureaucracy used by previous dynasties continued—and thus Confucian ideals continued to be taught. Unlike in Muslim and Christian empires, the Mongols did not attempt to enforce a single religion on their vast realms but permitted monks and missionaries to travel safely along the trade routes. Mongol toleration brought elements of Christianity, Judaism, Islam, and Zoroastrianism into China. The Mongols also introduced Persian, Islamic, and Byzantine influences on China’s architecture, art, science, and medicine.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 4

TOP: 4

13

MSC: Understanding

CHAPTER 11

Crises and Recovery in Afro-­Eurasia, 1300–1500 GLOBAL STORYLINES

FOCUS QUESTIONS

1. The spread of the Black Death and the collapse of the Mongol Empire set off crises across Afro-­Eurasia, with major demographic, po­l iti­cal, economic, and cultural consequences.

2. Continuity in religious beliefs and cultural institutions accompanies changes in po­l iti­cal structures in Eu­rope, the Muslim world, and China.

3. In central Eurasia, new rulers replace the Mongols following the Black Death, using a blend of religion, military expansion, administrative control, and cultural tolerance.

4. In western Christendom, new monarchies establish po­l iti­cal order, and the Re­nais­sance brings a cultural rebirth to socie­ties devastated by plague.

5. In East Asia, the Ming dynasty replaces the Mongol Yuan dynasty, using an elaborate Confucian bureaucracy to oversee infrastructure and long-­d istance exchange.

1. What ­were the nature and origins of the crises that spanned Afro-­Eurasia during the ­fourteenth ­century? How extensive ­were their effects, locally and transregionally?

2. In what ways did religious belief systems maintain continuity from the ­fourteenth through the fifteenth centuries?

3. How similar and dif­fer­ent ­were the ways in which regional rulers in postplague Afro-­Eurasia attempted to construct unified states? What ­were their greatest successes?

4. How did the art and architecture of dif­fer­ent regions reflect po­l iti­cal realities, and what themes communicate ­these messages to viewers?

5. In what dif­fer­ent ways did the Iberian kingdoms, the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires, the Ming dynasty, and Eu­ro­pean polities extend their territory and regional influence?

1

CHAPTER 11: Crises and Recovery in Afro-Eurasia, 1300–1500 2 ◆ Chapter 11 Crises and Recovery in Afro-­Eurasia, 1300–1500

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following contributed to the Black Death’s impact on Afro-Eurasian populations? a. Bandit groups in China undercut the Yuan dynasty. b. Climate changes had brought years of famine. c. Infected victims died quickly and in great agony. d. Plague was spread by household pets such as cats and dogs.

ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult REF: p. 404 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 1

2. Which of the following allowed the Ottoman Turks to triumph over other warrior bands in Anatolia? a. They welcomed those with different religious beliefs. b. They rejected Islamic religious authority, which forbade warfare against fellow Muslims. c. They had no geographic base to defend, thus freeing them to remain constantly on the attack. d. They adopted Shiism from the Safavids, thus neutralizing a major threat on their borders.

ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 411 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 5

3. South Asia was less severely affected by the Black Death than were settlements along the Silk Road and Mediterranean Sea because a. South Asian societies had escaped the Mongol conquest and were not directly linked to Mongol-controlled trade routes. b. South Asians had a natural immunity to the microbes that caused the plague. c. no rats live in South Asia because the climate does not support them. d. most people in South Asia are not pastoralists, but live in settled agricultural villages.

ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 404–405 OBJ: 1 MSC: Understanding

4. Which of the following best demonstrates Suleiman’s achievements in Istanbul? a. Suleiman ordered the construction of Suleymaniye Mosque to be located opposite the Hagia Sophia. b. Suleiman destroyed Hagia Sophia, the domed Byzantine cathedral, because it symbolized Christian resistance. c. A larger set of law courts was built on the site of the Hippodrome. d. Only Muslims were allowed inside Istanbul, displaying Suleiman's commitment to an Islamic empire.

ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 414 MSC: Understanding

1

OBJ: 4

Chapter 11

Crises and Recovery in Afro-­Eurasia, 1300–1500 ◆ 3

5. How did the Ottoman sultan’s role change in the latter fifteenth century? a. The sultan came to be considered “the shadow of God” on earth. b. The sultan’s home, Topkapi palace, became a training school for the bureaucracy. c. The sultan withdrew into the seclusion of Topkapi palace instead of personally leading his soldiers. d. Ottoman dynastic and familial traditions no longer had any place in governance.

ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 414 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 4

6. The Janissaries were a. conscripted through the devshirme from Muslim families in Anatolia. b. conscripted through the devshirme to serve the provincial governors. c. bureaucrats who helped Ottoman sultans limit the autonomy of local rulers. d. taken from their homes after they turned eighteen.

ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Difficult REF: p. 415 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 3

7. Which of the following is the best description of the economic impact of the Black Death on Afro-Eurasia? a. South Asian societies were most disrupted by the Black Death, with the destruction of the Brahman caste. b. The plague left much of the Islamic world in a state of near political collapse, destroying the Umayyad caliphate. c. Infected victims died slowly, coughing blood and oozing pus from sores the size of tennis balls. d. The death of many farmers led to food shortages, which in turn led to rapidly rising prices, work stoppages, and unrest.

ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 408 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1

8. In which Muslim state did the clerics view themselves as both religious and political enforcers against any heretical authority? a. the Ottoman Empire b. the Safavid dynasty c. the Mughal dynasty d. the Ming dynasty ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 416 MSC: Understanding

2

OBJ: 3

4 ◆ Chapter 11 Crises and Recovery in Afro-­Eurasia, 1300–1500 9. Which of the following was a result of the Black Death in Europe? a. Traditional political institutions gained strength, because only strong states seemed capable of dealing with the plague. b. The wealthy were able to escape the Black Death because they could afford the best medical care. c. Some individuals, believing that the church had lost God’s favor, retreated into personal spirituality to put their lives in order. d. Population densities recovered quickly because of the introduction of new food crops from the Americas.

ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult REF: p. 408 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

10. Populations in both China and Western Europe succumbed to the plague in large numbers because both had a. been conquered by the Mongols and had no strong political structure. b. suffered from years of famine and food shortages that had weakened their populations. c. little settled agriculture. d. large pastoral populations that spread the plague.

ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 404 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1

11. In order to reestablish political order following the crises of the fourteenth century, many dynastic rulers a. fostered beliefs and rituals that confirmed their legitimacy (for example, by stating that their power had a divine source). b. turned to popularly elected councils and civil servants for support. c. rejected support from traditional religious leaders because of the people’s loss of faith in the answers they provided. d. closed trade routes to concentrate on the problems of the local populace.

ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Difficult REF: p. 408 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 3

12. Which of the following accurately describes a way that Shiism influenced the Safavids? a. The Safavids believed that the shah was chosen and ordained by God. b. The Safavids believed that clerics should remain passive and allow the shah to deal with heresy. c. The Safavids were more decentralized in their governance than the Sunni Ottomans. d. The Safavids were more tolerant of other forms of Islam than the Sunni Delhi Sultanate.

ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 416

3

OBJ: 2

Chapter 11

Crises and Recovery in Afro-­Eurasia, 1300–1500 ◆ 5

13. Which of the following is an accurate assessment of the dynamic within the Islamic heartland by the sixteenth century? a. The Ottomans were more tolerant of sects within Islam than were the Safavids or the Mughals. b. The Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals maintained peaceful relationships with each other since they were all ruled by Muslim descendants of the Mongols. c. The Mughals of India and the Safavids were more open-minded toward non-Muslim religions within their territories than were the Ottomans. d. The Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals all established their legitimacy through military power, religious backing, and a loyal bureaucracy.

ANS: D TOP: 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 409–410 OBJ: 3

14. Which of the following were part of the religious revival that took place after Timur’s conquest of the Delhi Sultanate? a. Sikhism, Sufism, Tengrism b. Mahayana Buddhism, Shiism, Sufism c. Bhakti Hinduism, Sikhism, Sufism d. Bhakti Hinduism, Sikhism, Zoroastrianism ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 417 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

15. Which of the following factors led to the downfall of the Delhi Sultanate? a. the Mongol invasions of the early fourteenth century b. the Black Death c. rebellions caused by forced conversions to Sunni Islam d. the invasion of Timur (Tamerlane) ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 417

OBJ: 3

16. Which region in Afro-Eurasia probably suffered the most from the Black Death and yet made a spectacular comeback? a. China b. South Asia c. the Ottoman Empire d. Europe ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Easy REF: p. 418 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 1

17. Which of the following was the most important factor in the rise of the Ottoman Empire? a. Speaking Arabic allowed the Ottomans to communicate with neighboring tribes. b. The Ottomans had an intensive agricultural base, which led to a large population. c. Mongol forays into Anatolia destabilized the region. d. The Red Turban revolt transpired.

ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 411

4

OBJ: 3

6 ◆ Chapter 11 Crises and Recovery in Afro-­Eurasia, 1300–1500 18. The Ottoman Empire conquered and absorbed much of what Christian power? a. Syria b. the Holy Roman Empire c. the Byzantine Empire d. the Franks ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Easy REF: pp. 411–412 OBJ: 3 MSC: Remembering

19. To consolidate rule over their conquered empire, the Ottoman sultans a. adopted Byzantine administrative practices while maintaining devotion to Islam. b. left the protection of Islamic holy cities to the local inhabitants. c. left the city of Istanbul to crumble while building their new imperial capital at Bursa. d. embraced a warrior ideal while shunning civil bureaucratic administration.

ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 412–413 OBJ: 3 MSC: Understanding

20. Seeing themselves as “the shadow of God” on earth, Ottoman sultans a. forced all of their subjects to convert to Islam. b. assumed the role of protectors of holy cities in Greece and Italy. c. funded construction of elaborate mosques. d. made Arabic the official language of the administration.

ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Easy REF: p. 413 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 4

21. Which of the following statements best describes the Ottoman rulers’ stance toward regional differences within their territory? a. They demanded strict conformity to the Shiite branch of Islam. b. They were flexible and tolerant. c. Their policies forced the Turkish language on Arabs and Europeans. d. They abandoned control of rural areas to local authorities and focused their attention exclusively on controlling urban areas.

ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 414–415 OBJ: 3 MSC: Understanding

22. Which of the following accurately describes the European economic situation in the latter part of the fifteenth century? a. The most successful economies were in Iberia, where there were few wars to drain the treasury. b. French merchants were able to control the major trade routes in Europe as a result of long-term peace. c. Muslim and Jewish merchants controlled banking throughout Spain. d. The Italian city-states developed sophisticated banking techniques and were trading in silk and spices with the eastern Mediterranean.

ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 423

5

OBJ: 3

Chapter 11

Crises and Recovery in Afro-­Eurasia, 1300–1500 ◆ 7

23. Which work best exemplifies the Renaissance humanist belief that secular learning, not just religious theology, should inform political power? a. David b. The Divine Comedy c. Danse Macabre d. The Prince ANS: D TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 426

OBJ: 4

24. What was the Western European Christian church’s response to challenges to its authority following the plague? a. The church threw its support behind one ruler for all of Europe. b. The church demanded strict obedience and persecuted those who questioned its doctrines. c. The church gave up its attempts to reassert its former secular powers. d. The church became less hierarchical.

ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 419 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

25. In the fourteenth century, political stabilization in southern Europe was aided by a. the growth of Latin as an international language. b. the Catholic Church, which realized that a powerful king could secure the church’s authority. c. feudalism, which revived in the late fourteenth century. d. economic growth through sea trade with southwest Asia.

ANS: D TOP: 4

DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 420–421 OBJ: 3 MSC: Understanding

26. What happened during the Hongwu Emperor’s reign? a. China severed all ties with the Red Turban leadership. b. China established an imperial bureaucracy staffed by individuals who were appointed based on a civil service examination. c. The emperor ordered the capital to be relocated to Beijing. d. The Chinese bureaucracy became so powerful that it ultimately undermined the emperor’s rule.

ANS: B TOP: 5

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 428 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

27. How did the Ming dynasty emphasize the emperor’s centrality while also reinforcing political and social hierarchies? a. The Ming successfully undermined Buddhist institutions. b. The Ming oversaw public rituals that demonstrated the emperor’s role as the mediator of the affairs of gods and men. c. The Ming eliminated civil and military cults, considering them to be threats to Ming authority. d. The Ming declared the emperor to be the shadow of God on earth.

ANS: B TOP: 5

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 430–431 OBJ: 2

6

8 ◆ Chapter 11 Crises and Recovery in Afro-­Eurasia, 1300–1500 28. Throughout the fourteenth century, Portuguese Christian rulers attempted to consolidate power by a. rejecting the Catholic Church and trying to align themselves with Greek Orthodox Christians. b. working toward closer ties to the other states on the Iberian peninsula. c. devoting themselves to fighting the Moors. d. adopting a pacifist ideology and building a lasting state around it.

ANS: C TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 422 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

29. The Portuguese monarchs successfully consolidated their political power by a. seeking peace between the Moors and the Castilians. b. granting Atlantic islands to nobles as lucrative hereditary possessions, ensuring the political loyalty of noble families and merchants. c. allowing Portuguese nobles to elect members of their own ranks to be king. d. using advanced scientific knowledge to prevent the Black Death from devastating the Portuguese population.

ANS: B TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 422 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

30. Which of the following was a major milestone in the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain? a. They became politically isolated in Europe as other monarchs refused to make alliances with “new” rulers. b. The last Muslim stronghold in Spain—Granada—fell to Christian forces. c. Spain instituted broad religious toleration so that Jewish learning and finance could be used to support naval exploration. d. The Spanish economy oriented itself toward the Mediterranean to take advantage of new trade with the Ottoman Empire.

ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 423

OBJ: 5

31. In the late fifteenth century, Ferdinand and Isabella reacted to the Ottoman expansion by a. using the Inquisition to create a more homogeneous state. b. opening new trade routes in the Mediterranean. c. financing exploration along the western coast of Africa. d. establishing a society where Muslims, Jews, and Christians lived in relative harmony.

ANS: A TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 423

OBJ: 5

32. Which of the following religious traditions did the Ming emperors use to bolster their claim to legitimacy? a. The emperor called himself the shadow of God. b. The emperor claimed the mandate of heaven. c. The emperor refrained from collecting taxes from Buddhist monasteries such as Dongyang. d. The emperor forced all of the imperial princes to enter Buddhist monasteries, thereby removing them as alternate sources of power.

ANS: B TOP: 5

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 430

7

OBJ: 2

Chapter 11

Crises and Recovery in Afro-­Eurasia, 1300–1500 ◆ 9

33. Renaissance culture spread throughout Europe by the late sixteenth century primarily because of a. the persecution of Renaissance humanists in Spain, causing them to move to Northern Europe. b. economic prosperity and competition between political and religious leaders. c. the drastic increase in literacy as a result of the use of the printing press. d. an influx of Muslim intellectuals after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.

ANS: B TOP: 4

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 424, 426 OBJ: 4

34. Which of the following was a major consequence of the Renaissance? a. peasant revolts against the feudal order in western Europe b. the church regaining much of the power it lost in the aftermath of the Black Death c. the desire to create states based on Athenian models of democracy d. the development of a network of independent, educated people who were more interested in individual talent than noble rank ANS: D TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 426 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 4

35. Why did the Ming decide to end large-scale maritime ventures after 1433? a. The emperor had been captured and held for ransom by the Mongols, showing the need to concentrate military might along the northern border. b. Large flotillas of pirates had barred Zheng He’s fleet from traveling through the Persian Gulf. c. Zheng He’s fleet had been unable to reach its primary goal—the coast of Africa—so further explorations were abandoned. d. Sumatra and Ceylon battled Zheng He’s fleet and prevented their kings from being captured and presented to the emperor.

ANS: A TOP: 5

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 434

OBJ: 5

36. The group that eventually drove the Mongols out of China was known as a. the Red Turbans. b. the Yellow Turbans. c. the Beghards. d. the Uighurs.

ANS: A TOP: 5

DIF: Easy REF: p. 427 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 1

37. To project imperial power and grandeur, the Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty a. constructed the Forbidden City. b. overthrew the Yuan dynasty. c. began building the Great Wall. d. began building the Grand Canal.

ANS: A TOP: 5

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 428 MSC: Understanding

8

OBJ: 3

10 ◆ Chapter 11 Crises and Recovery in Afro-­Eurasia, 1300–1500 38. Emperor Hongwu, because he distrusted state bureaucrats and wished to be seen as the guardian of his subjects, a. entrusted management of the rural regions to local leaders. b. placed all authority in the hands of imperial bureaucrats. c. emphasized social equality in order to earn loyalty from the marginalized members of society. d. encouraged his prime minister to focus on provincial rule.

ANS: A TOP: 5

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 428

OBJ: 3

39. The main goal of Zheng He’s voyages was to a. learn more about the cultures beyond China’s borders. b. generate scientific knowledge. c. reestablish trade and collect tribute. d. search for new lands to which the Chinese could export their surplus population.

ANS: C TOP: 5

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 434 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 5

40. As a result of the Ming dynasty abandoning support for oceanic exploration, a. Chinese commerce ground to a halt and imperial revenue declined. b. Chinese maritime power declined and opened the way for newcomers and rivals in the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia. c. the Ming were able to position themselves to more effectively defend against military threats from the south. d. European navies were able to conquer Chinese ports in the fourteenth century.

ANS: B TOP: 5

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 434

OBJ: 5

TRUE/FALSE 1. The Ming dynasty, like the Ottomans and the European monarchies, enhanced their legitimacy by claiming divine support for their rule.

ANS: T TOP: 5

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 408

OBJ: 2

2. Women in the Ottoman sultan’s harem had no political influence.

ANS: F TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 414 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

3. The Safavids became the most tolerant of the Islamic empires.

ANS: F TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 416 MSC: Understanding

9

OBJ: 3

Chapter 11 Crises and Recovery in Afro-­Eurasia, 1300–1500 ◆ 4. During the fifteenth century, the Mughals possessed a more highly centralized system of government than did the Ming.

ANS: F TOP: 5

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 410

OBJ: 3

5. The Europeans, provoked by the Ottoman conquests, began to establish commercial connections to the east, south, and west, just as the Chinese turned away from maritime exploration and commerce.

ANS: T TOP: 4

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 435

OBJ: 5

SHORT ANSWER 1. Compare the role of the Ming and Ottoman bureaucracies in reestablishing order and creating a centralized state.

ANS: Both the Ottomans and the Ming needed to reestablish order after the ravages of the plague and the chaos attendant on the decline of Mongol control. One of the institutions of government that both dynasties favored was an effective and educated bureaucracy loyal to the ruler. These bureaucracies reflected the different cultures of the two powerful empires.

The Hongwu Emperor, after finding that imperial princes made unreliable governors, established an imperial bureaucracy loyal only to him and his successors. He drew on Han traditions by appointing officials based on their performance and by reinstating the civil service examination based on the Confucian school system. Ming bureaucrats oversaw the production of important manufactures as well as tax collection. While the ideals of a Confucian gentleman included proper performance of ceremonies and rituals, the Ming bureaucracy was not as closely tied to a state religion as was the Ottomans’.

Ottoman power rested on a firm religious foundation—unwavering loyalty to Islam. Like the Ming, the Ottomans faced difficulties in retaining control over provincial rulers, and they also established a corps of bureaucrats who owed direct allegiance to the sultan. An important difference between the two dynasties, however, came in how the bureaucrats were chosen. The Ottomans conscripted Christian youths (the devshirme) from the empire’s European territories, converted them to Islam, removed them from their families and communities, and trained them either as warriors (Janissaries) or bureaucrats. The most intellectually promising were sent to Topkapi palace, where they learned Ottoman military, religious, and administrative techniques. These devshirme conscripts were loyal to the sultan and, like the Ming bureaucrats, had received the best education their regions could offer.

Both Ottoman and Ming bureaucracies served ruler and empire first, not their own or their families’ interests, thereby creating political stability. However, the Ming drew on traditions of governance that had existed before Mongol rule, relying on shared cultural values and political precedents to create a unified state. The Ottomans, on the other hand, as invaders themselves, ruled a more polyglot empire. Their bureaucrats came from one of the conquered peoples, shorn of their ethnic traditions and religion, to be reforged as loyal functionaries in the Muslim state.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 3

TOP: 5

10

MSC: Analyzing

11

12 ◆ Chapter 11 Crises and Recovery in Afro-­Eurasia, 1300–1500 2. Analyze the similarities and differences between the persistence of traditional belief systems in Ming China and western Europe.

ANS: A good answer will show that, although challenged at first by the upheavals of the fourteenth century, both Chinese beliefs and practices and traditional Christianity persevered. In China, emperors used traditional beliefs to legitimize their rule, while in Europe, the church used its support of rulers to strengthen its own weakened status. The Ming restored traditional rites and ceremonies to assert the mandate of heaven, reestablished the Confucian school system, and reinforced Confucian social and gender hierarchies. In Europe, the Catholic Church rebounded from the loss of trust and faith that followed the plague by tying political rulers to the church through “divine right,” enforcing religious orthodoxy, and suppressing other religions (Inquisition).

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 2

TOP: 2

MSC: Analyzing

3. Compare Chinese and Portuguese maritime exploration in the fourteenth century.

ANS: A good student response should show that Portuguese monarchs viewed maritime exploration as an integral and ongoing component of their rule, while the Chinese (recovering from the Mongol invasion) suspected foreign contact and thus limited maritime exploration. Students should also recognize that Portugal demonstrated how political stabilization and the revival of trade were intertwined in Europe, with the Portuguese navy playing a crucial role in establishing a national monarchy through military force, taking control of the region from the Moors. The navy allowed the Portuguese to seize Moorish fortresses in what is now Morocco. Portugal was free to expand into new territories and trading opportunities in the North Atlantic and along the West African coast. Students also should mention the role of Prince Enrique in sponsoring maritime exploration. The Portuguese monarchs further gained the support of their nobles by granting them control of these new territories.

In direct contrast, the Ming dynasty thought overseas expansion created problems of order and control rather than opportunities. The major exception to this attitude was under the Yongle Emperor, who sent an armada under Zheng He to reestablish tributary relations and trade with distant regions around the Indian Ocean. When the emperor died, maritime exploration waned; later Ming rulers saw it as expensive and unnecessary. Also, military threats from the north turned Ming military attention elsewhere, and they soon withdrew all support for maritime exploration.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 5

TOP: 4

11

MSC: Analyzing

Chapter 11 Crises and Recovery in Afro-­Eurasia, 1300–1500 ◆ 4. Compare the bureaucratic structures of the Ming and Ottoman dynasties. How did each support the strength of the ruling family?

ANS: Student essays should include the following key points: both the Ottomans and the Ming created elaborate bureaucracies to support their rule; the Ming reinforced traditional Han Chinese bureaucratic practices and institutions, such as the Confucian civil service. In contrast, the more tolerant Ottomans—lacking preexisting institutions and having conquered diverse peoples—generally adapted systems and institutions from their conquered people or from their neighbors. Both the Ottoman and the Ming created an elaborate hierarchy with the ruler at the top, and below the ruler was a civilian bureaucracy that demanded obedience and revenue from its subjects. The Ming social and administrative hierarchies were based on indigenous Confucian models. The Ottomans were less demanding of conformity from their subjects than were the Ming. Students should explain that the devshirme and the function of the Janissaries in Ottoman administration were very different from the Confucian civilian service established by the Ming. Both the Ottomans and the Ming entrusted the management of the rural areas of their empire to local leaders and officials, and both constantly had to monitor the loyalty of distant governors with trusted bureaucrats.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 3

TOP: 5

MSC: Analyzing

5. In what ways did the Ottoman Empire and the Ming dynasty use architecture and the arts to enhance their legitimacy and project power?

ANS: Both empires used architecture and art to project an image of imperial grandeur and power. The Ottomans rebuilt the crumbling infrastructure of Constantinople/Istanbul and created new buildings and mosques glorifying their Muslim rule. Suleiman the Magnificent constructed the grand Suleymaniye Mosque—opposite the Hagia Sophia—to visually elevate Islam and the sultan’s role as supporter of Sunni Islam. The Topkapi Palace also reflected the Ottomans’ emphasis on religion and reinforced the grandeur and power of the sultan. The buildings containing the official residences were nestled within courtyards, mosques, and special dwellings for the harem. Topkapi became the center of government, a place where bureaucrats were trained and the grand vizier carried out his duties in running the empire. Subjects appearing at the palace each week to present petitions to the sultan could not help but be overawed by the size and majesty of the “center of the world.” The Hongwu Emperor, in addition to rebuilding a Chinese state, rebuilt the capital of Nanjing to reflect imperial grandeur.

The Yongle Emperor created an even more grandiose style when he moved the capital to Beijing. The capital proper required 100,000 artisans and over a million laborers to create three separate walled enclosures. Inside the walls were boulevards and gates with imposing towers. The palace itself (with more than 9,000 rooms) projected the wealth and power of the ruler, as did the Topkapi palace for the Ottomans. Like Topkapi, the Forbidden City was the seat of government; its scale and grandeur were designed to dwarf visitors and awe them with the richness of the buildings and furnishings.

Ceremonies such as the kowtow added to the sense that the emperor was indeed godlike.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 4

TOP: 2

12

MSC: Evaluating

13

CHAPTER 12

Contact, Commerce, and Colonization, 1450–1600 GLOBAL STORYLINES

FOCUS QUESTIONS

1. Ottoman expansion and Portuguese overseas ventures begin a complex pro­cess that changes the ways ­peoples around the world interact with one another.

2. For the first time, major world empires are oceanic, overseas empires rather than continental empires.

3. Despite the long-­term significance of Eu­ro­pean activity in the Amer­i­cas, most Africans and Asians are barely aware of the Amer­i­cas or the expansion of long-­d istance trade.

4. Within Eu­rope, dynastic states concentrate attention and resources on their own internal rivalries. Religious revolts, especially the Protestant Reformation, intensify ­those rivalries.

5. Asian empires thrive in the sixteenth ­c entury, thanks to commercial expansion and po­l iti­c al consolidation.

1. What ­were the broad patterns in world trade ­a fter 1450? How ­were the major features of world trade in Asia, the Amer­i­cas, Africa, and Eu­rope alike and dif­fer­ent?

2. What ­factors enabled Eu­ro­pe­ans to increase their trade relationships with Asian empires in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? How significant was each ­factor?

3. How similar and dif­fer­ent ­were the practices and the impact of Eu­ro­pean explorers in Asia and the Amer­i­cas?

4. Within the Afro-­Eurasian polities, what types of social and po­l iti­cal relationships developed during this period? What ­were the sources of conflict?

5. In what ways did Eu­ro­pean colonization of the Amer­i­cas affect African and Amerindian ­peoples?

How did ­those groups respond?

1

CHAPTER 12: Contact, Commerce, and Colonization, 1450–1600 2 ◆ Chapter 12 Contact, Commerce, and Colonization, 1450–1600

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The Ottoman Sultans used all of the following approaches to manage their expanding empire EXCEPT a. training janissaries as the military elite. b. seizing young recruits to serve as future bureaucrats. c. supplanting local leaders with hand-chosen loyalists. d. suppressing non-Islamic religions.

ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 441 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 4

2. Which of the following factors led to China’s economic expansion in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? a. improved agricultural techniques b. the expansion of trade with Europeans c. thriving and elaborate internal trade networks d. the conquest of neighboring states ANS: C TOP: 5

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 461 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1

3. Why were the Portuguese and other Europeans motivated to find new routes to Asia? a. They were responding to the conquest of Constantinople and the rise of Ottoman power in the Mediterranean. b. They were responding to the Black Death, which had made their old trade routes too dangerous to use. c. They needed a new source of gold and silver and believed it could be found in Asia. d. They wanted to establish a closer relationship with the Chinese and learn more about their agricultural techniques.

ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 440

OBJ: 2

4. Why was China’s demand for silver so high during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? a. Silver was believed to be the most beautiful metal. b. Silver was used to pay taxes and as money in internal markets. c. Silver was used in decorating porcelains for export. d. Silver was thought to have medical value.

ANS: B TOP: 5

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 461 MSC: Understanding

1

OBJ: 1 | 2

Chapter 12 Contact, Commerce, and Colonization, 1450–1600 ◆ 3 5. After 1570, why was Japan supplanted as the primary source of silver for China? a. The Spanish discovered new sources of silver in the Philippines, which was closer to China than Japan was. b. The Japanese closed their doors to all external trade, in order to avoid European domination. c. The Spanish took control of the Philippines and used it as a conduit for silver from their colonies in the Americas. d. Japanese silver was mined out, leaving them with little to trade internationally.

ANS: C TOP: 5

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 461

OBJ: 1 | 2

6. What actions did Ottoman officials take to assist the caravan trade transporting goods from China to the Ottoman heartland? a. Officials oversaw the raising of camel herds to rent to merchants. b. Officials sent soldiers to accompany caravans to protect them from bandits. c. Officials forced nomadic desert peoples to adopt settled, agricultural lifestyles. d. Officials established caravanseries for travelers’ refreshment and protection.

ANS: D TOP: 5

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 461 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1

7. What led Portuguese traders to explore the coast of Africa in the mid-sixteenth century? a. Gold’s value rose dramatically during and after the Black Death, and the Portuguese believed that Africa was a source of precious metals. b. The Spanish had taken control of the gold coming from the Americas, so the Portuguese had to look elsewhere. c. The Portuguese were denied access to the Mediterranean trade in gold by their rivals, the Dutch. d. The Holy Roman Empire refused to allow the Portuguese merchants a share of trade in gold mined in the Carpathian Mountains.

ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 444

OBJ: 1

8. Which of the following attributes made the caravel useful in exploring African coasts? a. The caravel had four masts with square sails, allowing it to sail into the winds that roared up the African coast. b. The caravel was a method of finding longitude, which allowed Portuguese mariners to locate themselves out of sight of land. c. The caravel was a Muslim invention that allowed sailors to determine latitude by measuring the height of the sun above the horizon. d. The caravel was sturdy enough to sail rough Atlantic seas, while its ability to tack using its triangular sails made it maneuverable in coastal estuaries.

ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 444

2

OBJ: 2

4 ◆ Chapter 12 Contact, Commerce, and Colonization, 1450–1600 9. From where did the Europeans get the model of sugar cane production used in their American colonies? a. South Asia c. East Asia b. West Africa d. South Africa ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Easy REF: pp. 444–445 OBJ: 1 | 5 MSC: Remembering

10. What was Portugal’s primary goal in the Indian Ocean trade? a. to take over the trade or tax local merchants b. to conquer as much territory as possible c. to develop cooperative relationships with local rulers d. to sell African products in Asian markets ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 445 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1 | 3

11. Which of the following best explains why the Portuguese dominated the Indian Ocean sea lanes in the early sixteenth century? a. The Portuguese developed the joint stock company, which allowed them to invest more freely. b. The Portuguese used their superior navigational abilities to travel outside the sight of land. c. The Portuguese mounted small cannons on their vessels to bombard ports and rival ships. d. The Portuguese negotiated an exclusive trade relationship with the Ming for porcelain.

ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 444

OBJ: 1 | 2 | 3

12. Which of the following accurately describes Columbus’s first impression of the Taino people? a. He believed that they were childlike primitives. b. He believed that they would not be able to understand Christian doctrine. c. He believed that they could become trade partners with the Spanish. d. He believed that they were ferocious warriors.

ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 448–449 OBJ: 3 | 5 MSC: Understanding

13. Which of the following are reasons why the Taino peoples were initially repulsed by the Europeans? a. Europeans’ light skin and eye color b. Europeans’ hairiness and bad manners c. Europeans’ unwillingness to trade d. Europeans’ lack of female companions ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 449

3

OBJ: 3 | 5

Chapter 12 Contact, Commerce, and Colonization, 1450–1600 ◆ 5 14. What was the benefit to the Spanish crown of an encomienda? a. The crown could use the encomienda to directly oversee missionary work among the Indians. b. The crown could use the encomienda to export Iberian prisoners to work mines in the Americas. c. The crown received special taxes on the extraction of precious metals from the encomenderos. d. The crown could use the encomenderos as forced labor on sugar plantations.

ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 449

OBJ: 1 | 2 | 3 | 5

15. Which of the following was essential to the Aztec state’s legitimacy? a. a bureaucratic government b. a federation of allied nations c. kinship and clan networks d. guild and professional groups ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 450 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3 | 5

16. In the early sixteenth century, which of the following contributed to the Aztecs’ constant warfare? a. The Aztecs’ neighbors were unwilling to trade with them, requiring warfare to secure highly desired luxury items such as rare quetzal feathers. b. The Aztecs believed that the gods required human hearts and blood, leading to the sacrifice of thousands of war captives. c. The Aztecs and their neighbors were engaged in a bitter struggle to obtain control of the Yucatan Peninsula. d. The Aztecs’ neighbors attempted to choke off their access to the sea, denying the Aztecs sources of fish protein and coastal trade.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 450–451 OBJ: 5

17. Which of the following was the determinative factor in the Spaniards’ conquest of the Aztecs? a. The Aztecs thought that Cortez was a god and were afraid to fight him. b. The Spanish overwhelmed the Aztecs by force of numbers. c. Smallpox spread rapidly among the Aztec warriors and elites. d. The Aztecs were hated by their neighbors, who joined forces with the Spanish.

ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 453

OBJ: 3 | 5

18. Which of the following allowed the Spanish to defeat both the Aztec and Inca Empires? a. Both empires’ armies were smaller and less experienced than the Spanish forces. b. Both empires suffered from internal weakness and divisions that were exploited by the Spanish. c. Both empires lacked knowledge that the Spaniards had landed, giving the Spanish the element of surprise. d. Both empires’ religions prevented them from mustering forces to oppose the Spanish.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 453–454 OBJ: 3 | 5

4

6 ◆ Chapter 12 Contact, Commerce, and Colonization, 1450–1600 19. The establishment of colonies in the Americas in the sixteenth century provided Europeans with which of the following advantages in global trade? a. Elaborate cotton and wool textiles manufactured in the Americas were highly prized in Asia. b. Europeans could take advantage of the Aztecs’ superior shipbuilding techniques. c. American manufactures were eagerly received in Africa and Asia. d. European products that were not esteemed in Afro-Eurasia could be sold in the Americas.

ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 456

OBJ: 1 | 3

20. The Columbian Exchange led to which of the following? a. Afro-Eurasian farmers became less competitive compared to American farmers. b. Syphilis spread throughout the Western Hemisphere. c. Corn (maize) replaced some traditional crops in China and Africa. d. The Afro-Eurasian landscape came to look more like the Americas.

ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 467

OBJ: 1 | 3 | 5

21. What percent of the Amerindian population was killed by Afro-Eurasian diseases during the sixteenth century? a. 90 percent c. 50 percent b. 70 percent d. 30 percent ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Easy REF: p. 467 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 1 | 3 | 5

22. Which of the following characterized the Spanish tributary empires? a. The Spanish refrained for religious reasons from intermingling with indigenous women who were part of their conscripted labor force. b. The Spanish relied solely on European economic structures in order to gain access to goods and labor from native peoples. c. The Spanish controlled territory but worked to extract wealth without extensive settlement of Iberian immigrants. d. The Spanish retained indigenous rulers as puppets through whom they could govern.

ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 468

OBJ: 3 | 5

23. Which areas of the Americas produced the bulk of the silver that fueled global commerce in the sixteenth century? a. Brazil and the Andes b. Mesoamerica and the Andes c. Mesoamerica and Brazil d. the Andes and the Caribbean ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Easy REF: p. 454 MSC: Remembering

5

OBJ: 1 | 2 | 3 | 5

Chapter 12 Contact, Commerce, and Colonization, 1450–1600 ◆ 7 24. What was Europe’s main contribution to the Atlantic system? a. labor c. raw materials b. land d. military technology ANS: D TOP: 5

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 473

OBJ: 2 | 3

25. What was the primary reason for the rapid increase in the importation of Africans in sixteenth-century Brazil and the Caribbean? a. Africans were used as labor in the silver mines. b. Africans were used as labor for sugar plantations. c. Africans were used as domestic servants. d. Africans were used as skilled craftsmen in urban areas.

ANS: B TOP: 5

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 472

OBJ: 1 | 4 | 5

26. Why was it necessary to continue to import large numbers of African slaves to replenish labor on sugar plantations? a. Slaves worked in large groups comprising more than 200 individuals per plantation. b. Most of the slaves were women, and lost time from their labors raising children. c. Most slaves came in family groups, and could not be separated to work on newly created plantations. d. Most of the slaves were men, who suffered high mortality rates due to overwork and poor conditions.

ANS: D TOP: 5

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 472

OBJ: 1 | 2 | 3 | 5

27. Which of the following sparked Martin Luther’s challenge to the Catholic Church? a. Luther believed that true knowledge of God came through meditation. b. Luther wanted German cathedrals to rival those of Rome in their grandeur. c. Luther was disgusted with corrupt church practices such as the selling of indulgences. d. Luther was shocked by what he experienced as an itinerant monk.

ANS: C TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 456 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 4

28. Which of the following beliefs was shared by Luther and Calvin? a. the belief that ordinary people needed priests to act as intermediaries between themselves and God b. the belief that humans could gain admittance to heaven through their pious actions c. the belief that the source of religious knowledge lay in the Scriptures d. the belief that clergymen need to be celibate ANS: C TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 456–457 OBJ: 4

6

8 ◆ Chapter 12 Contact, Commerce, and Colonization, 1450–1600 29. The Protestant Reformation encouraged the growth of nationalism in Europe by encouraging people to a. identify their religion with their local state and language. b. be more tolerant of one another. c. end the requirement that priests be celibate. d. revive ancient pagan traditions in Christian observances.

ANS: A TOP: 4

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 457

OBJ: 4

30. In the Council of Trent, the Catholic Church responded to the challenges posed by the Protestant Reformation in which of the following ways? a. The church modified certain doctrines such as the intercessory power of saints. b. The church increased missionary efforts abroad. c. The church relaxed its penalization of heresy. d. The church translated the Bible into local languages to appeal to more followers.

ANS: B TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 458–459 OBJ: 4

31. What circumstance permitted the English and Dutch to expand their trade in Asia and the Americas? a. They explored new areas of the Americas and started their own silver mines. b. They found a passage through the Americas to Asia and got rich through trade with China. c. They took advantage of Spain’s bankruptcy caused by religious and dynastic wars. d. They received opportunities to trade in the Americas and Asia from the Catholic Church as part of an attempt to achieve rapprochement.

ANS: C TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 460

OBJ: 1 | 4

32. Which of the following was a way in which the spread of Protestant beliefs contributed to protracted warfare in Europe between the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries? a. Some Protestants requested support from the Ottoman Turks, asking them to attack the eastern sections of the Holy Roman Empire. b. Common people took up arms to defend their religious beliefs and practices instead of leaving warfare to professional soldiers. c. The growth of Calvinism led the Lutheran Church to call for a new crusade against unbelievers. d. Some Spanish princes used Protestant beliefs as a way to challenge the authority of the Habsburg emperors.

ANS: B TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 459

7

OBJ: 4

Chapter 12 Contact, Commerce, and Colonization, 1450–1600 ◆ 9 33. In what way was the rule of the Mughals under Akbar different from that of contemporary European monarchs? a. European monarchs did not arrange political marriages with their rivals, while the Mughals did intermarry with Hindus. b. The Mughals ruled over a Muslim state with few non-Muslim citizens, while European rulers ruled over states with many religious groups. c. Akbar encouraged discussion between members of different religions instead of attempting to force religious conformity. d. The Mughals relied on trade to generate wealth, while Europeans relied on agriculture.

ANS: C TOP: 5

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 464

OBJ: 3 | 4

34. During the sixteenth century, to what use did Mughals put their increased global and local commerce? a. They tried to force the Dutch and English out of the Indian Ocean trade. b. They formed closer tributary ties with Ming China. c. They sponsored their own voyages of exploration. d. They used the resources to glorify their court’s architecture and art.

ANS: D TOP: 5

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 466

OBJ: 2 | 4

35. In Ming China, where did women find the greatest opportunities to obtain wealth and influence? a. as performers in the new entertainment districts b. healers, consorts, and power brokers c. as merchants in trading centers such as Macao d. as authors of Confucian guides for proper behavior ANS: B TOP: 5

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 461

OBJ: 4

36. What was a similarity between the Ming and the Mughal dynasties? a. Both were able to limit European traders to port cities. b. Both prided themselves on restoring indigenous rule after a period of foreign conquest. c. Both faced declining populations due to the arrival of diseases from the Americas. d. Both ruled over homogeneous populations.

ANS: A TOP: 5

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 460

OBJ: 2 | 3

37. Which of the following characterized the Portuguese presence in sixteenth-century Macao? a. The Portuguese were the largest group of traders at Macao. b. The Portuguese took over much of the silver trade between China and Korea. c. The Portuguese used Macao as an entry into the lucrative import-export trade with China. d. The Portuguese established a permanent colony in China.

ANS: C TOP: 5

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 462, 466 OBJ: 2 | 3 MSC: Understanding

8

10 ◆ Chapter 12 Contact, Commerce, and Colonization, 1450–1600 38. In what way did the Spanish capture of Manila in 1571 inaugurate the first worldwide trade circuit? a. The Spanish now controlled all of the world’s major entrepôt cities. b. Manila gave the Spanish a base to trade silver from the Americas to China, and then Chinese goods to Europe. c. The Spanish had become the first people to sail all the way around the world. d. Control of Manila enhanced Spanish power at the expense of the Mughals and Chinese, increasing Spanish control of trade networks.

ANS: B TOP: 5

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 466

OBJ: 2 | 3

39. What advantage was provided by the English East India Company’s royal charter? a. It gave the English more legitimacy than other European traders at the Mughal court. b. It provided a subsidy from the English crown. c. It gave exclusive rights to import East Indian goods into England. d. It gave the right to leave coastal enclaves and trade in the Chinese interior.

ANS: C TOP: 5

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 467

OBJ: 1 | 2 | 3

40. During the sixteenth century, what impact did the European presence in the Indian Ocean and South China Sea have on Asian dynasties? a. The European presence undermined Asian rulers’ control of territory and people. b. The European presence encouraged the militarization of empires and more warfare. c. The European presence was so minimal that it made no impact. d. The European presence enhanced Asian rulers’ wealth and might.

ANS: D TOP: 5

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 467

OBJ: 2 | 3

41. What was Egypt’s main significance within the Ottoman Empire? a. It served as the largest source of recruits for the Ottoman military. b. It provided a geopolitical boundary to prevent the Iberian powers from further expansion. c. It served as the Ottoman’s breadbasket. d. It was the Empire’s principal center for literary and cultural innovation.

ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 441–442 OBJ: 1 MSC: Remembering

42. Which of the following were the primary methods and goals of early Portuguese expansion into the Indian Ocean? a. mass migration and the production of commodities for export b. strategic checkpoints and extraction of bribes for passage from merchants headed east c. direct rule and proselytism of native populations around the Indian Ocean d. violent seizure of land and resettlement of domestic convict populations ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 445

9

OBJ: 1 | 3

Chapter 12 Contact, Commerce, and Colonization, 1450–1600 ◆ 11 43. How did the encomienda system work in the Caribbean? a. Spanish settlers were granted a quota of African slaves to perform plantation labor. b. Each Spanish settler was granted an equal portion of land to farm. c. Select Spanish settlers were granted the right to extract a quantity of Indian labor. d. Spanish missionaries were granted a certain number of Indians that they were required to convert.

ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 449 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1 | 3 | 5

44. Where did Luther’s and Calvin’s critiques of the Catholic Church have the most appeal? a. in regions ruled by Catholic “outsiders” b. in the least commercially advanced parts of Europe c. in regions under the most threat from Ottoman invasion d. in regions suffering from agricultural downturns ANS: A TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 457 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 4

45. What differentiated Chinese merchants from Islamic traders? a. Chinese merchants were almost nonexistent because of Ming prohibitions on trade. b. Chinese merchants were not profit-driven and contributed their earnings to the emperor. c. Islamic traders had more autonomy as they were not subject to any central authority. d. Islamic traders were unwilling to engage with non-Muslim merchants.

ANS: C TOP: 5

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 462–463 OBJ: 1

46. By the end of the seventeenth century, what best characterized the role of Europeans in Asia? a. European colonists had seized several substantial Asian territories. b. The Dutch had displaced the Portuguese and English as the sole European presence in Asia. c. Europeans in Asia were primarily missionaries, who lacked commercial interests. d. Europeans held a few coastal enclaves and had not significantly transformed Asian trade.

ANS: D TOP: 5

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 467

OBJ: 1 | 3

47. What impact did the arrival of corn have in West Africa beginning in the sixteenth century? a. Corn contributed the caloric energy needed to transform rain forest into arable land. b. Though corn was easier to cultivate than previous crops, it diminished Africans’ health outcomes. c. Corn supported numerous small-scale producers at the expense of larger states. d. Corn was an unappealing crop in West Africa and never replaced local staples.

ANS: A TOP: 5

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 470 MSC: Understanding

10

OBJ: 4 | 5

12 ◆ Chapter 12 Contact, Commerce, and Colonization, 1450–1600 48. What did the Battle at Lepanto in 1571 demonstrate? a. The Ottomans’ seapower was backward when compared to that of Europeans. b. Ottoman control in Southeast Europe had ended. c. Only a united European effort could combat the Ottomans’ advance. d. The Protestant Reformation had not greatly undermined European unity.

ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 443

OBJ: 3

49. Which of the following characterized Ottoman expansion into North Africa and the Middle East in the sixteenth century? a. gradual incorporation of Egypt and Syria, based on shared religious beliefs b. rapid incorporation of Egypt and Syria, based on shared geopolitical threats c. fierce opposition in Egypt and Syria, resulting from insurmountable logistical challenges d. failed conquest of Egypt and Syria, resulting from insurmountable logistical challenges ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 441–442 OBJ: 4 MSC: Understanding

TRUE/FALSE 1. Portuguese colonists and Amerindians were more likely to marry than were Spanish and Amerindians.

ANS: F TOP: 5

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 471

OBJ: 3 | 5

2. The experience of conquering the Aztec Empire taught the Spanish that effective conquest had to be accomplished quickly, completely destroying indigenous symbols of legitimate authority.

ANS: T TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 453

OBJ: 3 | 5

3. The Aztecs and Incas used conscripted labor to build public wealth, while the Spanish used forced labor to enrich private individuals.

ANS: T TOP: 5

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 470

OBJ: 3 | 5

4. The number of Africans sold into captivity in the Atlantic slave trade far exceeded that in the Muslim slave trade.

ANS: F TOP: 5

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 472

OBJ: 5

5. The first Atlantic sugar plantations worked by enslaved Africans were in Africa.

ANS: T TOP: 5

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 472 MSC: Understanding

11

OBJ: 1 | 5

Chapter 12 Contact, Commerce, and Colonization, 1450–1600 ◆ 13 6. Following the Council of Trent, the Cistercians sent missionaries to the Americas, India, Japan, and China.

ANS: F TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 467 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 4

7. In the sixteenth-century Indian Ocean, the Portuguese were not much more than troublesome pirates.

ANS: T TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 444 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1 | 2

8. Cortés’s conquest of Mexico would have been unfeasible without the help of Doña Marina and other Mexican allies.

ANS: T TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 460

OBJ: 1 | 3 | 5

9. Precious metals mined in the Spanish American colonies ended up almost entirely in royal coffers in Spain.

ANS: F TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 462 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1 | 2

10. The Americas proved a better market than Eurasia for European manufactured goods over the course of the sixteenth century.

ANS: T TOP: 2 | 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 464

OBJ: 1 | 3 | 5

11. Religious conflict provided Spain with the opportunity to demonstrate its hegemonic position in Europe.

ANS: F TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 468

12

OBJ: 4

14 ◆ Chapter 12 Contact, Commerce, and Colonization, 1450–1600 SHORT ANSWER 1. Compare global trading networks in 1450 with those in 1600. What was consistent, and what changed? What factor or factors contributed to the changes you identified?

ANS: In 1450, there were no truly global trading networks, as the Americas were isolated from Afro-Eurasia. Within Afro-Eurasia, overseas and overland trade networks flourished, recovering from the disruption caused by the Black Death. The largest network, surrounding the Indian Ocean, was dominated by Muslim merchants who gathered at strategic trading hubs throughout the region. No single ruler dominated the trade, but many were able to enrich themselves by taxing it.

China was also an important player in Afro-Eurasian trade, even though much of its trade was internal. China’s demand for silver and gold pressured Asian traders to acquire them to exchange for silk and porcelain. Europe, in contrast, was a peripheral player; until the Muslim conquest of Constantinople in 1453, it acquired most of its Asian goods via the eastern Mediterranean. By 1600, however, Europeans had integrated the world into a single trade network. Beginning with the Portuguese, whose command of naval and military technologies such as the caravel and the cannon had been improving, they had established seaborne trading empires in the Indian Ocean, using control of key hubs and their naval power to tax the preexisting flow of trade.

After the Spanish—who had been seeking a westward route to China—discovered the Americas at the end of the fifteenth century, they conquered the indigenous empires and established productive silver mines, allowing them to trade with the Chinese. After 1571, the Spanish oversaw a trade network that sent silver from the Americas to China, Chinese goods to Europe, and European goods to the Americas. Despite these changes, the power of the major Asian empires, the Ming in China and the Mughals in India, remained constant. Both were large, strong states, too powerful for Europeans to challenge directly. Traders from Spain, Portugal, and other European states were confined to coastal enclaves.

The development of a global trade network affected these empires positively; new crops such as corn allowed China’s agriculture to become more productive and its population to grow, while India’s economy became more monetized and its state more efficient. On the other hand, the reach of European states and traders dramatically changed. By 1600, they controlled large parts of the Americas, whose population had been decimated by diseases introduced in the Columbian exchange.

While Europeans had inserted themselves into existing Asian networks, they had disrupted American networks, remaking them for their own benefit. The beginnings of plantation agriculture in the Americas also affected Africa, leading to the development of the transatlantic slave trade.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 1 | 2

TOP: 1 | 2

13

MSC: Analyzing

Chapter 12 Contact, Commerce, and Colonization, 1450–1600 ◆ 15 2. Compare the influence of Europeans on the Ming Empire during the sixteenth century with their influence on the Aztec Empire and explain the reasons for the differing impact.

ANS: Europeans had very little direct influence on the Ming Empire during the sixteenth century. The Ming were a large, strong state, and most Chinese trade was conducted internally. The Ming were able to keep Europeans confined to coastal enclaves such as Macao and to avoid granting them diplomatic recognition. Because European demand for Chinese goods such as silk and porcelain was high but the only good the Chinese demanded in large quantities from their trade partners was silver, the European traders had no way of making China dependent on them. What influence Europe did have on Ming China was indirect, resulting from larger patterns like the Columbian exchange, which introduced new crops that allowed China’s population to grow, and the development of global trade networks, which sent more silver to China, which helped its economy to prosper.

European influence on the Aztecs, in contrast, was profound. The Spanish destroyed the Aztec Empire and replaced it with a system that turned its methods of extracting tribute and labor from its subjects to their own ends, acquiring resources and using Amerindians as labor in the silver mines of their new colony, New Spain. There were many reasons for the great difference in European impact on these sixteenth-century empires. One was location. The Aztecs’ isolation from Afro-Eurasia left them unprepared for the arrival of the Spanish, leading to uncertainty that initially gave the Spanish forces the element of surprise. They were also vulnerable to Afro-Eurasian diseases like smallpox, which decimated the Aztec population and contributed to their defeat. The Chinese, in contrast, were not surprised by other Afro-Eurasians or affected by their diseases.

Another difference was the relative political and social strength of each empire. The Ming state was strong and centralized. Chinese society was also well organized and integrated economically and socially, able to continue functioning even when the Ming themselves were overthrown in 1644. The Aztec Empire was built on conquest, extracting tribute and captives from the peoples it subjugated. Its many unhappy subjects, such as the Tlaxcalans, were willing to ally with the Spanish against it, while there was disunity even among the Aztec noble elite.

A third difference was technological. Some of the technologies that the Spanish used in their conquest of the Aztecs, such as gunpowder, had originated in China; although the Ming recognized that European weapons, such as their cannon, were effective, they were not surprised by the use of steel, horses, or guns. The Aztecs were unused to these weapons and vulnerable to them.

Finally, there was a difference in European intent. European traders wanted Chinese products and were willing to accept Chinese terms in order to acquire them. What the Spanish sought from the Aztecs, on the other hand, were the precious metals gold and silver. To get them they were willing to plunder treasuries, take over land, and establish mines of their own.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 2 | 3 | 5

TOP: 1 | 2 | 5

14

MSC: Evaluating

16 ◆ Chapter 12 Contact, Commerce, and Colonization, 1450–1600 3. Following the Protestant Reformation, how did European rulers seek to resolve the problems posed by religious pluralism? What were the consequences of their responses?

ANS: European rulers responded to religious diversity in several ways. Christian rulers saw Muslims in Europe and the Mediterranean as their enemies. Their own kingdoms were primarily Christian, although there was also a Jewish population in Europe. When Christendom began to split into camps during the Protestant Reformation, which challenged the Catholic Church’s control over Christian doctrine and practice, states as well as individual believers declared themselves to be either Catholic or some form of Protestant. The English under Henry VIII and Elizabeth I developed a new Protestant state church, the Anglican Church. Some German princes declared themselves to be Lutherans. The quest for religious conformity led to conflict, but also helped to drive Europe’s expansion into the world.

One motivation for the voyages of Columbus, which began the process of integrating the Americas with Afro-Eurasia, was the need to raise money to continue Spain’s push against Islamic rulers—1492, the year Columbus reached the Americas, was also the year that the Spanish defeated the last Islamic kingdom on the Iberian peninsula and expelled both Muslims and Jews. Later, the Protestant Reformation motivated common people to defend their beliefs, either Catholic or Protestant. This contributed to warfare in central Europe in the sixteenth century, and civil war in France, and Dutch revolt against Spanish rule. More often, religious differences intensified preexisting rivalries and differences, such as the Dutch Protestants’ desire to escape from the rule of the Catholic Spanish Habsburgs. By adding more urgency to warfare and rivalry, European attitudes toward religion encouraged the development of global trade and the exploration and conquest of the Americas, all of which helped to fund religiously driven conflicts at home. The economic effect of these wars, however, could be devastating. The Spanish, for example, bankrupted themselves financing their European conflicts.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 4

TOP: 4

15

MSC: Analyzing

Chapter 12 Contact, Commerce, and Colonization, 1450–1600 ◆ 17 4. Assess the impact of silver from the Americas on trade, governance, and international relationships in at least two European powers as well as the Mughal Empire and Ming dynasty China.

ANS: The impact of silver from the Americas in different parts of Afro-Eurasia depended on existing patterns of trade, governance, and international relations, and on the ways in which each area participated in developing global trade relationships. The Spanish, who conquered the Aztec and Inca empires and established large silver mines in Mesoamerica and the Andes, introduced huge amounts of American silver into Afro-Eurasian economies. Their wealth allowed them to finance wars against their rivals, like the English, and to attempt to prevent Habsburg subjects like the Dutch from gaining independence; however, even with this increased flow of funds, the costs of European warfare drove the Spanish into bankruptcy several times during the sixteenth century. It also contributed to intensified rivalry between the Spanish and other Europeans, many of whom sought to grab a share of the wealth through piracy and privateering.

In Asia, China had already established a trade in silver with the Japanese before the introduction of American metal, and used silver as currency. Silver was the only commodity that the Chinese could not produce themselves but wanted in large amounts. American silver therefore facilitated trade between China. Other Asian states such as the Mughal Empire traded goods for silver so it could trade the silver for Chinese products, and the Europeans entered the Indian Ocean and South China Sea trade networks. The increased flow of silver into China meant that a wider range of transactions could be carried out using more trusted currency, encouraging economic growth and a boom in production.

Possession of silver allowed Europeans to participate more fully in trade with China; in 1571, when the Spanish conquered Manila in the Philippines, they created the first global trade circuit, trading American silver to China and Chinese goods in Europe. American silver intensified preexisting trade, political and economic relationships in Europe and Asia, and facilitated the development of global economic networks.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 1 | 2 | 4

TOP: 1 | 2 | 5

16

MSC: Evaluating

18 ◆ Chapter 12 Contact, Commerce, and Colonization, 1450–1600 5. What were the differences between the tributary model of empire developed by the Spanish in the Americas and the plantation complex developed by the Portuguese? Define each of these terms, explain how each system worked, and consider what circumstances influenced each to develop as it did.

ANS: The Spanish tributary model of empire was based on the exploitation of native labor. Using a combination of traditional systems of extracting tribute in goods and labor that they had inherited from the Aztec and Inca empires, and the encomienda system under which grant-holders were given access to labor by the Spanish crown, Spanish colonists demanded labor for use in public works, in mines, and on their own estates. While the Aztecs and Incas had used tributary labor for public purposes, the Spanish used it for private gain.

The Portuguese plantation complex, in contrast, was based on the exploitation of American land and imported labor from Africa. Unlike the Spanish encomienda grants of rights over Amerindian labor to its colonists, the Portuguese crown granted large amounts of land in Brazil to its favored colonists. The Portuguese adopted the model of growing sugar that they had pioneered on Madeira, the Canary Islands, and Cape Verde to these new, fertile regions and imported a large, continuous stream of African slaves who worked the plantations under appalling conditions and were replaced with new slaves when they died.

Both systems developed as they did because of a combination of each colonial power’s earlier history with overseas expansion and the circumstances of the land it found. The first Spanish experiments with overseas empires had been on Hispaniola and other Caribbean islands, where they established an extractive economy to mine gold and developed the encomienda system to control Indian labor. When they moved onto the American mainland and conquered the Aztecs and Incas, they had a legal system in place that was compatible with Aztec and Inca labor recruitment methods, which were then encouraged to develop further by the discovery and exploitation of silver mines.

The Portuguese were initially restricted to the east coast of Brazil by the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), in which the pope had divided the Americas between the Spanish and Portuguese. This area had no mineral deposits or indigenous empires, and Portuguese attempts to exploit native labor led the Amerindians to fight back or flee. They too looked to their past, to their earlier development of the Atlantic plantation colonies using African slavery, in order to exploit the land and circumstances of their American possessions. Both models were very profitable. The tributary empire of the Spanish sent hundreds of thousands of tons of silver to Spain, while the plantation model spread from Brazil to the Caribbean, and sugar eventually displaced silver as the most profitable American export.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 3 | 5

TOP: 2

17

MSC: Analyzing

CHAPTER 13

Worlds Entangled, 1600–1750 GLOBAL STORYLINES

FOCUS QUESTIONS

1. Transoceanic trade networks (on an unpre­ce­dented scale) create vast wealth and new kinds of in­equality.

2. A sharp drop in global temperatures produces the ­Little Ice Age, which ­causes the shrinking of farm­ land and pasturage and leads to warfare, disease, famine, and ­dying on a scale comparable in some areas to that of the Black Death.

3. Silver gives Eu­ro­pe­ans a commodity to exchange with Asians and begins to tilt the balance of wealth and power from Asia ­toward Eu­rope.

4 New World sugar also accelerates the shift of power in the Atlantic world from the Spanish and Portu­ guese to the British and French.

5. Eu­ro­pean merchants and African leaders radically increase the volume and vio­lence of the slave trade, destabilizing African socie­ties.

6. Rulers in India, China, Japan, and Rus­sia enlarge their empires, while Muslim empires struggle.

1. What ­were the major steps in the integration of global trade networks in the seventeenth and eigh­ teenth centuries? What ­were some examples of re­sis­ tance to this integration?

2. What effects did the ­Little Ice Age have on dif­fer­ent parts of the world?

3. How did the Atlantic slave trade change African socie­ties socially and po­l iti­cally?

4. What effect did New World silver and increased trade have on Asian empires?

5. How was the impact of trade and religion on state power in vari­ous regions alike and dif­fer­ent?

6. What was the significance of Eu­ro­pean consumption of goods (like tobacco, textiles, and sugar) for the global economy?

1

CHAPTER 13: Worlds Entangled, 1600–1750 2 ◆ Chapter 13 Worlds Entangled, 1600–1750

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. What led European countries other than Spain and Portugal to turn to cultivation in order to extract wealth from their American colonies? a. The English had a strong tradition of agriculture and few commercial connections. b. Little mineral wealth was found in the English, French, or Dutch colonies. c. The Dutch did not have the right technology to transport heavy cargos across the open ocean, so they turned to farming. d. Other European countries saw the negative impact of mineral wealth on Spain and so rejected it as a source of income.

ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 486

OBJ: 1 | 6

2. Which of the following was the most lucrative source of wealth for European planters in the Americas in the seventeenth century? a. rice c. spices b. corn d. sugar ANS: D TOP: 1 | 4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: pp. 487–488 OBJ: 1 | 6

3. What was the economic philosophy called that assumed that the world’s wealth was fixed and one country could only increase its wealth at the expense of another? a. capitalism c. monetarism b. absolutism d. mercantilism ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Easy REF: p. 482 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 1 | 5

4. What, according to mercantilist thinkers, was the purpose of colonies? a. to encourage international cooperation through free trade b. to enrich the states that had founded them c. to allow merchants to profit by diversifying their economic investments d. to act as laboratories in which new methods of state administration could be tested ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 482

OBJ: 1 | 5

5. Which of the following was a consequence of the increasing wealth of European states? a. A growing division arose between monarchs and merchants. b. An expanding diet led to a decrease in European tooth decay. c. European states grew rich enough to wage almost unceasing wars against one another. d. People started to believe that European states should open up their colonial markets to trade with their European rivals.

ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 483

1

OBJ: 2 | 5

Chapter 13 Worlds Entangled, 1600–1750 ◆ 3 6. Which of the following best describes the initial relationship that developed between French North American colonists and the Amerindians? a. The French allied with the English against the Amerindians. b. Wars with the French displaced native peoples from their homelands. c. The French relied on native peoples’ knowledge of trapping and adapted to Amerindian ways. d. The French brought new agricultural techniques, which improved the diet of native peoples.

ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 486 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1

7. The English colonial model in the New World differed from that of other European states in that it a. depended on enslaving native peoples to mine silver. b. depended on peaceful relationships and trade with native peoples. c. resulted from a desire to spread Christianity to as many parts of the world as possible. d. dispossessed native peoples from their lands in order to accommodate a growing English settler population.

ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 484–486 OBJ: 1

8. What was a consequence of the Europeans introducing firearms into North America? a. Native peoples refused to use firearms, clinging to traditional weapons. b. Amerindian groups used the weapons to unite against the European invaders. c. Amerindian groups fought each other as they sought to increase their hunting and trapping ranges. d. Native peoples traded guns for alcohol, which they then bartered for trade goods.

ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 486

OBJ: 1

9. Which of the following accurately describes labor on Caribbean sugar plantations? a. Slaves often dropped dead from exhaustion, working up to 16-hour days. b. Plantation managers, in order to have a healthy and productive workforce, provided their slaves with an adequate diet. c. Indentured Europeans and convicts provided the bulk of plantation labor. d. Family groups provided stability for Caribbean slave populations.

ANS: A TOP: 1 | 4 | 5

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 488 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1 | 6

10. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, what was the average life expectancy of an African slave brought to the Caribbean? a. 6 months c. 10 years b. 3 years d. 15 years ANS: B TOP: 1 | 4 | 5

DIF: Easy REF: p. 488 MSC: Remembering

2

OBJ: 1 | 6

4 ◆ Chapter 13 Worlds Entangled, 1600–1750 11. Which of the following was the most common way that African slaves in the Americas resisted the conditions of their enslavement? a. They formed committees to petition the government for better conditions. b. Hundreds of violent slave revolts broke out across the Caribbean. c. Slaves tried to increase their productivity so that their masters would free them as a reward. d. Thousands of slaves fled to the remote interiors of Brazil or the Caribbean islands.

ANS: D TOP: 5

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 488

OBJ: 1

12. All of the following resulted from the Little Ice Age EXCEPT a. it became easier for Swedish armies to invade Denmark. b. rice production increased in China. c. there was increased famine in the Senegambia region. d. increased peasant unrest put economic pressure on elites.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 483 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 2

13. Which of the following groups benefited most from the wealth generated by the Atlantic system? a. European sailors c. European elites b. African warriors d. African elites ANS: C TOP: 1 | 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 488

OBJ: 1

14. What role did Europeans play in the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century slave trade in Africa? a. Europeans relied on the Muslim slave trade in North and East Africa to bring slaves from the interior. b. Europeans introduced the idea of slavery to Africa for the first time, ending centuries of peaceful agriculture and hunting. c. Europeans sent armies armed with firearms to invade the African interior, seizing prisoners as slaves. d. Europeans remained in coastal enclaves, depending on indigenous political and trading networks to bring slaves to them.

ANS: D TOP: 1 | 5

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 488–495 OBJ: 1 | 3 | 5

15. Which of the following was a consequence of the fact that European buyers preferred male slaves? a. Gender imbalance in the Americas contributed to the continuation of the transatlantic slave trade. b. Polyandry became common in the Americas, monogamy in Africa. c. The population loss in Africa was accentuated by the lack of males. d. Slave-catchers for all African markets targeted men more than they did women.

ANS: A TOP: 5

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 490

3

OBJ: 3

Chapter 13 Worlds Entangled, 1600–1750 ◆ 5 16. Which of the following describes events in the Kongo kingdom in the seventeenth century? a. The Portuguese decisively defeated Queen Nzinga, opening the country to Portuguese control. b. Kidnapping became so prevalent that cultivators worked their fields bearing weapons, leaving their children behind in guarded stockades. c. Members of the Kongo royal family united to oppose the Europeans. d. The Kongo kingdom conquered the Asante and traded captured prisoners as slaves.

ANS: B TOP: 5

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 494 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3 | 5

17. How did the Asante kingdom use its access to gold to begin its growth and development? a. The Asante used their gold to buy firearms, which they used to raid neighboring communities for captives to be sold as slaves. b. The Asante used their gold to trade across the Saharan caravan routes for salt, which was a necessity of life in the rain forest. c. The Asante used gold to bribe the Europeans to keep them from capturing their people as slaves. d. The Asante used gold to finance scholarly and architectural centers like Timbuktu.

ANS: A TOP: 5

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 495

OBJ: 3 | 5

18. Which of the following was a long-term effect of the Atlantic trade on Africa? a. Traditional holders of power, such as village elders and women, became even more powerful. b. Power struggles between warrior elites decreased as they united to fight the Europeans. c. On top of the population lost to the slave trade, diseases from the Americas decimated the African people. d. American food crops produced more calories per acre than traditional African staples, which partially offset the population loss of the slave trade.

ANS: D TOP: 5

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 495

OBJ: 3

19. In general, the slave trade helped to shift wealth toward which African social group? a. village elders c. religious leaders b. warriors d. subsistence farmers ANS: B TOP: 5

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 495

4

OBJ: 3 | 5

6 ◆ Chapter 13 Worlds Entangled, 1600–1750 20. In 1600, what enabled the Dutch East India Company to raise ten times the capital that the English East India Company could raise? a. Amsterdam had the most efficient money market with the lowest interest rates in the world. b. The Dutch controlled the trade in East Indian spices and used their sale to generate capital. c. The English had not yet developed financial systems such as joint stock companies and banks. d. The Dutch monarchs provided large amounts of capital to the Dutch East India Company.

ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 502

OBJ: 1

21. For what reason did the Dutch kill or enslave nearly the entire population of the Bandanese Islands? a. The Dutch wanted to construct a fort to protect themselves from the Spaniards in Manila. b. The Dutch wanted revenge after the traditional chiefs of Banda killed Dutch diplomats. c. The Dutch wanted to buy nutmeg at a low price in the Bandanese Islands and sell nutmeg at many times that price in Europe. d. The Dutch wanted to intimidate the inhabitants of the nearby Maluku islands to sell their silk only to the Dutch.

ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 502–503 OBJ: 1 | 6

22. Since there was no demand for European products in Asia, what steps did the Dutch take to reduce the need to use precious metals to pay for Asian spices? a. Dutch privateers captured Spanish treasure ships bound for Manila. b. The Dutch used their merchant ships to increase their participation in intra-Asian trade. c. The Dutch introduced the opium trade to Southeast Asia. d. Dutch merchants used paper money and letters of credit to pay for spices.

ANS: B TOP: 1 | 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 503

OBJ: 1 | 4

23. Which of the following factors made the Safavid Empire the most unstable of the large Muslim states? a. weak rulers and internal divisions b. loss of trade revenue and land to the Mughals c. invasion by the Portuguese and Dutch d. the influence of Europeans and Indians at the Safavid court ANS: A TOP: 2 | 6

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 504

5

OBJ: 5

Chapter 13 Worlds Entangled, 1600–1750 ◆ 7 24. Which of the following helped to destabilize the Ottoman Empire during the seventeenth century? a. Mughal invaders took over large amounts of Ottoman territory in the eastern part of the empire. b. The Ottomans lacked the initiative to make needed administrative reforms. c. The Ottoman population was declining due to diseases from the Americas, leaving it too weak to resist foreign encroachment. d. Military campaigns and a growing population strained the empire’s resources.

ANS: D TOP: 2 | 3 | 6

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 496

OBJ: 4 | 5

25. How did Plains Amerindians enhance their power in North America at the expense of both other tribes and Europeans? a. They constructed a series of monumental walled cities. b. They exploited germ warfare against Europeans who did not have immunity. c. They used horses in strategic raids. d. They proselytized extensively among neighboring Amerindians and Europeans.

ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 487

OBJ: 1 | 5

26. Which of the following was a consequence of the political and economic disorder in the Ottoman Empire in the seventeenth century? a. The Mamluks in Egypt asserted political and commercial autonomy. b. The influence of merchants in Ottoman politics increased. c. The Koprulu reforms failed to reenergize the Ottoman government. d. The Ottoman sultans turned to the Safavids for military support.

ANS: A TOP: 2 | 6

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 496–497 OBJ: 2

27. Aside from land rents, what was a major source of revenue for the Mughal emperors? a. additional taxes on foreign merchants b. tribute from overseas conquests c. savings from decreasing the cost of government d. Europeans’ increased demand for Indian textiles ANS: D TOP: 1 | 6

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 504 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1 | 4 | 5

28. Why can historians claim that Mughal rulers were victims of their own success? a. The combination of prosperity and dependence on local elites for governance allowed the local elites to become more autonomous. b. The policy of religious toleration encouraged fighting among representatives of different religions. c. Mughal support for the orthodox ulama led to rebellions among heterodox Muslims and non-Muslims. d. Peasant revolts against the cash economy undermined the empire’s tax base.

ANS: A TOP: 1 | 6

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 504

6

OBJ: 1 | 4 | 5

8 ◆ Chapter 13 Worlds Entangled, 1600–1750 29. During the seventeenth century, rising levels of global commerce increased prosperity in the Ming and Mughal Empires but also led to which of the following? a. great pandemics c. a decline in centralized state control b. widespread famine d. the loss of political independence ANS: C TOP: 1 | 3 | 6

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 499, 505 OBJ: 1 | 4 | 5

30. Which of the following accurately describes the role of silver in early seventeenth-century China? a. The primacy of silver made peasants’ lives easier. b. China increasingly relied on the global trading system for silver, making the Chinese economy vulnerable to dislocation. c. The quantity of Japanese silver specie shipped to China rose steadily throughout the period. d. The Dutch, English, and Spanish cooperated with one another to ensure China received a steady supply of New World silver.

ANS: B TOP: 1 | 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 499

OBJ: 1 | 4

31. The Ming dynasty’s administrative and economic difficulties were evidenced by a. decreased revenues caused by increasing monetization. b. failure to maintain a bureaucracy. c. failure to respond effectively to natural disasters. d. decreased support for foreign trade.

ANS: C TOP: 2 | 6

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 497 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

32. Which of the following strategies contributed to the early success of the Qing dynasty? a. They lightened taxes on the peasants and increased taxes on the gentry. b. They presented themselves as upholders of familial values and traditional Chinese culture. c. They promoted intermarriage between Manchus and the Han. d. They retracted the Ming Canton system.

ANS: B TOP: 6

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 499–500 OBJ: 5

33. In what way did the Canton system seek to control trade? a. It allowed no official trade between Chinese and European merchants. b. It required European traders to have Chinese merchants act as guarantors for their good behavior and payment of fees. c. It required European merchants to check in at Canton before proceeding into China’s interior to trade. d. It only allowed Dutch merchants to trade with China.

ANS: B TOP: 3 | 6

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 501

7

OBJ: 1 | 5

Chapter 13 Worlds Entangled, 1600–1750 ◆ 9 34. Which of the following was used by Tokugawa Ieyasu to secure relative peace, which lasted for two centuries after his death? a. He gave more power to the daimyo to control rogue samurai called ronin. b. He declared himself shogun and established a hereditary system of succession. c. He arranged marriages among the children of local authorities to solidify political bonds. d. He kept the population in check to avoid famine and peasant revolts.

ANS: B TOP: 2 | 6

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 505–506 OBJ: 5

35. For what reason did the Tokugawa shoguns expel all foreign traders except for the Dutch? a. The Japanese did not have the capacity to collect taxes from dispersed trading companies. b. The Japanese feared that British technology would destabilize Japan. c. The Dutch were Protestants and did not proselytize. d. The Dutch would not undercut the Japanese economy by importing silver.

ANS: C TOP: 1 | 3 | 6

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 506 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1 | 5

36. In what way was the principality of Moscow similar to both Japan and China in this period? a. All three controlled diverse populations through strong central government. b. All three used territorial expansion and commercial networks to consolidate state power. c. All three consolidated power through identification with one religion. d. All three granted favorable trade status to the Dutch.

ANS: B TOP: 1 | 6

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 508–509 OBJ: 1 | 2 | 5

37. Which of the following led Russians to migrate to Siberia? a. Many were fleeing serfdom and religious persecution. b. Many wanted to improve their economic status by acquiring free land from the government. c. Some believed they were taking part in a glorious crusade against polytheistic native Siberians. d. Some wanted to work in the lucrative salt mines.

ANS: A TOP: 2 | 6

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 510

OBJ: 1 | 5

38. Which of the following was a consequence of the Thirty Years’ War? a. Protestant states triumphed in central and eastern Europe, replacing the Austrian Habsburgs. b. Central Europe’s populations and economies did not recover for more than a century. c. The German economy prospered as it was a center for manufacturing new weapons such as cannons. d. Russia emerged as a great European power in the power vacuum that followed the Treaty of Westphalia.

ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 511

8

OBJ: 2 | 5

10 ◆ Chapter 13 Worlds Entangled, 1600–1750 39. How did Dutch merchants contribute to the development of European commerce? a. They established a stock exchange, a banking system, and a system for insuring cargoes. b. They raised the price of shipping in order to help Europeans make a profit in the Atlantic trade. c. They encouraged the monetization of European economies by importing large quantities of silver and gold. d. They invented mercantilism.

ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 512

OBJ: 1 | 4 | 5

40. Which of the following was an effect of the enclosure of common lands in the English countryside during the seventeenth century? a. Chartered companies increased in number and spread to the countryside. b. Serfdom was imposed on the remaining English peasants. c. Agricultural productivity dropped drastically, leading to famines. d. Landowners began to plant new crops to sell in distant, instead of domestic, markets.

ANS: D TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 512

OBJ: 2 | 5

41. Under the French model of absolutism, to whom was the king accountable? a. the nobility c. God b. jurists d. the people ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Easy MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 512–513 OBJ: 5

42. Which of the following prevented English monarchs, such as Queen Elizabeth I, from establishing an absolutist regime? a. English monarchs were legally required to obtain the consent of Parliament in order to raise funds. b. England was religiously unified, removing an issue that allowed monarchs to discredit their opponents. c. England was composed of several independent duchies, which refused to allow the monarch to have absolute power. d. English monarchs never wanted to centralize their authority.

ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 513

OBJ: 5

43. Why did European wars expand into global confrontations? a. European countries called on their allies in Africa and Asia to support them militarily. b. European armies skirmished around the globe over religion. c. The Portuguese attacked English and Dutch outposts in Asia and the Americas. d. Conflicts over overseas colonies and trade routes replaced earlier regional religious and territorial struggles.

ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 514

9

OBJ: 1 | 5

Chapter 13 Worlds Entangled, 1600–1750 ◆ 44. What was a global effect of the Seven Years’ War? a. France and Spain both gained new territorial holdings in the Americas. b. Russia completed its annexation of Siberia and controlled lands from the Baltic to the Pacific. c. Great Britain emerged as the world’s strongest colonial power, making it harder for indigenous people to pit European powers against one another. d. Indigenous people who sided with the winners, the Dutch and the British, were able to gain favorable concessions including release of people held as forced laborers on plantations and in mines.

ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 514

OBJ: 1

45. Which of the following undermined both the Ottoman and Mughal Empires? a. The inability to placate diverse ethnic groups led to warfare, which undermined their political systems. b. The influx of silver from the Americas created inflation, which undermined their economic autonomy. c. The territorial expansion of Russia took provinces from both the Ottoman and Mughal Empires. d. Religious strife within Islam sapped the government and social systems of both the Ottomans and Mughals.

ANS: B TOP: 1 | 3 | 6

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 508

OBJ: 4

TRUE/FALSE 1. In general, English colonists had a much more antagonistic relationship with Indians in North America than did French colonists.

ANS: T TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 486

OBJ: 1

2. The demographic impact of the Atlantic slave trade on Africa in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was as devastating as the impact of Afro-Eurasian diseases on Amerindians in the sixteenth century.

ANS: F TOP: 4 | 5

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 488–495 OBJ: 1 | 3

3. The Mughal dynasty made a successful effort to develop a naval presence in the Indian Ocean to forestall the growing European influence in the region.

ANS: F TOP: 1 | 6

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 504

10

OBJ: 1 | 4 | 5

11

12 ◆ Chapter 13 Worlds Entangled, 1600–1750 4. The Tokugawa shogunate, unlike many other states in the seventeenth century, regulated foreign intrusion and managed to remain free of outside exploitation.

ANS: T TOP: 1 | 3 | 6

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 505–508 OBJ: 1 | 4 | 5

5. Under the absolutist system of King Louis XIV of France, the king could overrule his jurists and proclaim law.

ANS: T TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 512–513 OBJ: 5

11

Chapter 13 Worlds Entangled, 1600–1750 ◆ SHORT ANSWER 1. Describe the establishment of the Qing dynasty in China and the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan and compare the ways each asserted its legitimacy and responded to the challenges of global economic integration.

ANS: The Qing dynasty was founded by Manchus in 1644. Their home in Manchuria was northeast of China proper, and they had been fighting against the Chinese army before its leaders, after the collapse of the Ming dynasty, approached them with the offer of an alliance. As a result, the Manchus, rather than any of the Chinese rebel factions that emerged during the last, unstable years of the Ming, were able to establish themselves as a stable successor dynasty.

The Tokugawa also seized power during a period of disorder. Japan’s powerless emperor and competing daimyo families with private armies had led the kingdom into internal conflict. Before the military leader Tokugawa Ieyasu established the shogunate, military leaders had sought to create cohesion and stability among the daimyo by arranging marriages among them and by requiring them to leave family members resident in the capital as insurance for their good behavior. Tokugawa built on these reforms when, in 1603, he declared himself to be Japan’s shogun, or military ruler, and created a dynasty by declaring that henceforth the shogunate would be hereditary.

Both dynasties had to demonstrate their legitimacy by restoring order. Tokugawa shifted the capital from the emperor’s home at Kyoto to his own administrative center at Edo (later Tokyo) and created a system in which resources flowed from the villages to the daimyo and from the daimyo to the shogun. Peace and centralization in turn created an environment where agriculture prospered and Japan’s population expanded. The Qing, in addition to restoring order, had to establish their credibility as rulers of China despite their Manchu ethnic background. While they did enact some regulations symbolizing Manchu superiority, such as a Manchu-style dress code for Chinese men, they also embraced Chinese values, such as the importance of family and hierarchy, and institutions like the Confucian civil service exam system. For both dynasties, controlling the effects of global economic integration was an important part of maintaining stability. The Tokugawa, who initially welcomed foreign traders, realized that they might disrupt the centrally oriented Tokugawa system.

They responded by restricting foreign traders to a single port in southern Japan and by restricting most foreign European traders to a single Dutch ship each year. They also identified Christianity as a potentially disruptive influence, expelled missionaries, and banned its practice. While Japan was not totally isolated from the outside world, Japanese people’s interactions with it were heavily regulated by the shogunate. The Qing also regulated foreign traders, ultimately confining them to one port, Canton, and instituting a “Canton system” that required them to deal through Chinese merchants who were responsible for their debts and good behavior. Where the Japanese sought to buffer themselves from the outside, however, the Qing were also expansionists. Among their accomplishments was preventing the expansionist Russians from acquiring control of China’s central Asian hinterland.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 4 | 5

TOP: 2 | 6

12

MSC: Analyzing

13

14 ◆ Chapter 13 Worlds Entangled, 1600–1750 2. Describe the colonial empires that emerged in North America and the Caribbean between 1600 and 1750. Analyze the factors that shaped a colony’s development.

ANS: Although many European countries controlled islands in the Caribbean, the English and French emerged as the two largest players with their acquisitions of Jamaica and the western part of Santo Domingo (today’s Haiti, called Saint-Domingue by the French in the colonial era), respectively, from the Spanish. Both of these colonies became profitable centers of plantation agriculture, using slave labor to produce sugar for the world market. Despite the Caribbean climate, which led those Europeans who could afford to do so to become absentee owners, and the violence and deprivation at the heart of the slave system (which, with the life span of African slaves in the New World averaging only 3 years, dictated continued reliance on the Atlantic slave trade and inspired violent revolts among the slaves), the Caribbean became the key part of the American colonial networks.

The English and French also had other American colonies. The French established New France along the St. Lawrence River, which became a center of the fur trade, while English groups established colonies such as Massachusetts Bay and Virginia along the Atlantic coast of North America. All of these colonies were affected by their environments because colonists’ behavior reflected their wish to extract the resources available at each location. The French, who developed a slave-based plantation colony on Saint-Domingue, where the native population had been decimated by disease, were also known for their cooperation with Amerindians in Canada, where their knowledge and technical skills were necessary for the success of the fur trade that made New France profitable.

The English colonies in North America, which emphasized farming, developed a tendency to claim ownership of land and to push its native inhabitants out, creating a much less harmonious relationship with the Indians than the French had in Canada. However, other factors also influenced colonial development, particularly the economic philosophies of the colonial powers. The Dutch also developed colonies in the Caribbean and, temporarily, North America, but their specialty was in shipping goods from other colonies rather than producing their own, in line with their aspiration to become “universal carriers.”

The French and English subscribed to mercantilism, a theory that argued that the world’s wealth was fixed and countries could only increase their own wealth at the expense of others. As mercantilists, they believed that the role of colonies was to provide wealth to their mother countries by exporting more goods to them than they imported in return. Pressure to meet this expectation, and the idea that colonies should trade only with their mother countries, influenced the development of colonies by encouraging the production of raw materials for export.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 1 | 5

TOP: 1 | 4 | 5

13

MSC: Analyzing

Chapter 13 Worlds Entangled, 1600–1750 ◆ 3. Compare the evolution of the English state and its policies with the evolution of the Russian state and its policies during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

ANS: At the end of the sixteenth century, the Romanov dynasty took power in Russia. The Romanov tsars adopted the absolutist model pioneered by the early seventeenth-century French kings, in which power rests with the king, who is not accountable to his subjects. The Romanovs monopolized the rights to tax, make war, judge, and coin money.

In England, by contrast, participation in the Protestant Reformation had created an environment in which the state Anglican Church was one of several Protestant groups in the kingdom, as well as the outlawed but still present Catholics. The English experienced their own period of political chaos during the seventeenth century, including civil wars and an interruption of the monarchy by 12 years as a commonwealth with no king.

This reflected two major issues. English kings, who had come in the seventeenth century from Scotland, hoped to move closer to the absolutist model but were prevented from doing so by the fact that the English Parliament had the power to approve or disprove taxes that the crown sought to levy; one element that contributed to social disorder was disagreement over the appropriate relationship between the nobility and the monarchy. In addition, religious differences fueled the conflict, which ended in 1688 with a compromise. The would-be absolutist and pro-Catholic James II was replaced with his Protestant daughter Mary and her Protestant Dutch husband, a solution that signaled that the kingdom would remain Protestant with a degree of religious toleration (although Catholicism continued to be banned officially) and monarchs would rule with the consent of Parliament.

Despite these major differences in governance, the English and Russians had one important thing in common—both were expansionist states. However, their expansion reflected their circumstances and different experiences with absolutist philosophy. For the English, expansion meant the development of global commerce and overseas empires in pursuit of wealth. It was part of a process of globalization and commercialization that also included innovations at home such as the enclosure movement, which commercialized agriculture at the expense of traditional peasant communities.

While the Russians also sought wealth, they were concerned with issues of security and the need to end the threat from steppe nomads. The major thrust of their expansion was across Siberia to the Pacific, where, although they encountered the Chinese and Japanese, those empires repelled them rather than engaging in significant trade. This expansion was not tied to commercialization. Indeed, peasants—who after 1649 were legally serfs, tied to their land and forced to work for its owners—remained the foundation of Russia’s economy. Although Peter the Great instituted a Swedish-style bureaucracy in Russia after defeating the Swedes militarily, that institution remained subordinate to the nobility and the power of the tsar.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 1 | 5

TOP: 1 | 6

14

MSC: Analyzing

15

16 ◆ Chapter 13 Worlds Entangled, 1600–1750 4. Compare the impact of global economic integration on the Ottoman Empire with its impact on the Mughal Empire. How did each dynasty respond to external economic inputs, and how important were they for the evolution of each empire?

ANS: The Ottoman Empire tried to ignore the growth of global economic integration but was damaged by it; the Mughal Empire was relatively open to global trade, but trade was only one of several factors in its decline. The Ottomans, located immediately adjacent to Europe and the Mediterranean, responded to the growth of trade by restricting it and attempting to maintain economic autonomy. But the influx of silver led to inflation and, ultimately, political instability. Disorder at the center encouraged the emergence of breakaway regimes in the provinces, including the Ottoman breadbasket, Egypt. There, Mamluk administrators reduced the Ottoman governor to a figurehead and, without formally leaving the empire, kept Egypt’s fiscal resources for themselves, limiting central revenues.

While the Ottomans did institute a series of economic and political reforms, including balanced budgets and a stronger military, which allowed them to resume their expansion into Europe, they were halted at Vienna in 1683, signaling an end to their expansion. While the Ottomans continued to rule their empire, they had lost the battle to make it a self-contained, self-sufficient society and economy; the Ottoman Empire was forced to adapt to the new system. In contrast, the Mughals of India had welcomed European traders to their ports, knowing that the newcomers were not strong enough to challenge Mughal authority. The foundation of their wealth was rents from land, and benefits from trade—including New World crops that allowed more land to be brought under cultivation, as well as growing trade fueled by silver—enhanced their position. The Mughals themselves paid minimal attention to the newcomers. Similar to the Ottoman experience, however, the arrival of European traders did provide imperial subjects an avenue for autonomy. The Mughals were, in a way, victims of their own success—their empire, which covered almost all of India, was so huge that they were highly dependent on local elites for support. The costs of expansion had already strained Mughal subjects’ coffers, leading to unrest and revolts. Regional elites such as the Marathas of western India fought for increased autonomy.

Eventually large parts of India became Mughal territories in name only, administered in fact by autonomous leaders who depended on local resources, including the production of goods for overseas trade. As the Mughals lost control of the tax-collecting apparatus, they also became dependent on merchants and traders for loans and, like the Ottomans, were open to their influence. While the Mughal Empire, like the Ottomans, continued to rule, its power had been diminished. While the degree to which external economic inputs affected their change in status was different, in both cases the rise of a global trade network contributed to the decline.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 1 | 4 | 5

TOP: 1 | 3

15

MSC: Analyzing

Chapter 13 Worlds Entangled, 1600–1750 ◆ 5. Analyze the impact of the Atlantic slave trade on African societies between 1600 and 1750. In the aggregate, which social groups benefited, and which did not? How did participation in the slave trade contribute to the formation of states, and what were its pitfalls?

ANS: While the impact of the Atlantic slave trade on the individuals who were enslaved and sent to the Americas was uniformly negative, its effect on African societies was more ambiguous. For urban merchants whose wealth and power were increased by trade, warriors whose skills were in demand, and princes who were able to create strong states, the presence of the slave trade was beneficial. Their gains came at the expense of rural villagers and traditional local authorities such as: village elders, whose ways of life were disrupted by the trade; people who controlled older forms of wealth such as herds and land, which were eclipsed by the new trade; and those leaders who were unable to harness the slave trade’s potentially destructive power and found themselves caught in disorder or civil war.

For those leaders who were able to benefit, the slave trade contributed to the formation of states by providing a commodity that was demanded by global trade networks. Further, the gender imbalance caused by the Atlantic slave trade’s preference for young male workers threatened to exacerbate the decline in population and upset traditional economic roles. However, this imbalance was partly offset by an increase in polygyny, which allowed more women to reproduce than would have been possible under monogamy. Thus, the longer-term impact on the population was not as great as it might have been and, combined with the added nutrition from new food crops from the Americas, the African population slowly recovered.

In West Africa, the Asante state began to emerge in what is now Ghana in the early eighteenth century. The Asante had access to gold, some of which they exchanged for weapons. Weapons were used to catch slaves, who were then traded to Europeans for more manufactured goods and weapons.

A trade network based in the Asante capital, Kumasi, eventually spread throughout the kingdom and to the coast, helping to solidify the kingdom’s authority.

In contrast, the Kongo kingdom of central Africa was destabilized by the trade. A civil war began in the mid-seventeenth century and lasted for over a century, during which many combatants and bystanders were enslaved and exported. Captured soldiers were sold into slavery; others took advantage of the disorder to kidnap rural villagers as they worked in their fields. The spread of guns and gunpowder, funded by the slave trade, both fueled the war and made the capture of slaves much more efficient. On a societal level, social disorder, the decline of effective governance, and outright warfare—the fate of places targeted by the slave trade—were also potential outcomes for those who participated in the lucrative but risky venture.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 3 | 5

TOP: 1 | 5

16

MSC: Analyzing

17

CHAPTER 14

Cultures of Splendor and Power, 1500–1780 GLOBAL STORYLINES

FOCUS QUESTIONS

1. Growing global commerce enriches rulers and merchants, who express their power through patronage for the arts.

2. Distinctive cultures flourish in the major regions of the world, blending new influences with local traditions to varying degrees.

3. While the Islamic and Asian worlds confidently retain their own belief systems, the Amer­i­cas and Oceania increasingly face Eu­ro­pean cultural pressures.

1. What ­were the connections between cultural growth and the creation of a global market?

2. In what ways did each culture in this period reflect the ideas of the state in which it was produced? How ­were the vari­ous cultures alike and how ­were they dif­fer­ent in this regard?

3. What ­were the dif­fer­ent responses to foreign cultures across Afro-­Eurasia in the period 1500–1780? How ­were they similar and how ­were they dif­fer­ent?

4. How did hybrid cultures emerge in the Amer­i­cas, and what was the connection between ­these cultures and Enlightenment ideology?

5. In what ways did race and cultural differences play a role in the pro­cess of global integration?

1

CHAPTER 14: Cultures of Splendor and Power, 1500–1780 2 ◆ Chapter 14 Cultures of Splendor and Power, 1500–1780

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following is a similarity between the ways that the rulers of Muslim and Chinese empires used the new wealth circulating in global trade? a. Chinese and Muslim rulers financed pure scientific research. b. Chinese and Muslim rulers glorified their regimes through magnificent architecture and art. c. Chinese and Muslim rulers lowered taxes on their peasant populations. d. Chinese and Muslim rulers established new universities to teach western knowledge.

ANS: B TOP: 1 | 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 520

OBJ: 2 | 3

2. How did Europe’s cultural exchanges with the Americas and the Pacific compare with its exchanges with China and the Islamic world? a. Unlike cultures in China and the Islamic world, indigenous cultures in the Americas and the Pacific were undermined by contact with Europeans. b. Chinese and Islamic rulers, as well as indigenous leaders in the Americas and Pacific, brought artists from all over the world to glorify their regimes. c. Chinese and Islamic rulers, as well as indigenous leaders in the Americas and Pacific, eagerly supported Christian missionaries. d. Unlike cultures in China and the Islamic world, indigenous cultures in the Americas and the Pacific were eager for trade contact with Europeans.

ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 520

OBJ: 3

3. In what way did the Islamic world in the period between 1500 and 1780 change from its earlier pattern of cultural development? a. The Islamic world reunified under a single political authority, the caliphate. b. The Islamic world began a program of overseas expansion. c. The Islamic world lost its ability to make beautiful textiles and other products for trade. d. The Islamic world developed three distinctive cultural traditions centered on the Mughal, Ottoman, and Safavid Empires.

ANS: D TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 520 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2 | 3

4. What was the role of the Ottoman tekkes schools? a. They taught devotional strategies to prepare students to enter Sufi orders. b. They provided an elite corps of martial artists for the Ottoman army. c. They led persecution of religious minorities such as Jews and Christians. d. They challenged Ottoman rule as insufficiently guided by religious principles.

ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult REF: p. 521 MSC: Understanding

1

OBJ: 2

Chapter 14 Cultures of Splendor and Power, 1500–1780 ◆ 3 5. Which group closed off the studies into European science, history, and geography begun by Ibrahim Muteferrika? a. the devshirme c. the Sufis b. the janissaries d. the ulama ANS: D TOP: 2 | 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 544 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

6. What did the Ottomans see as evidence that the Islamic world had a monopoly on truth, enlightenment, and culture? a. Europeans had much less wealth than the Ottomans. b. Nowhere else could the famous tulips of the Tulip Period be grown. c. Ottoman military successes proved God’s favor for their culture. d. Ottoman science was more advanced than European science.

ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 521

OBJ: 2 | 3

7. Which of the following is an important cultural achievement of the Safavids? a. The art of the period reflected the majesty and aloofness of the Safavid shahs. b. The Safavids created a blending of Sunni and Shia poetry. c. The Safavid Empire provided a home for Shiite Islam, and blended it with traditional Persian culture. d. The Safavid capital, Isfahan, was modeled after the Topkapi palace in Istanbul.

ANS: C TOP: 2 | 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 522

OBJ: 2

8. Which of the following shows the early Mughal Empire’s attitude toward the culture of South Asia? a. Islamic traditions dominated artistic and poetic expression. b. Hindu traditions in jurisprudence formed the basis of Mughal law. c. Hindus and Muslims joined to suppress the culture of other ethnic groups in South Asia. d. Hindus and Muslims shared the flourishing of art, architecture, and music.

ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 523

OBJ: 2

9. Which of the following is often seen as the epitome of the blending of Persian, Islamic, and Indian traditions? a. the palace at Isfahan c. the Taj Mahal b. the empire’s legal system d. the peacock throne ANS: C TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 525 MSC: Understanding

2

OBJ: 2

4 ◆ Chapter 14 Cultures of Splendor and Power, 1500–1780 10. Which of the following supported the Mughal nobility’s lavish lifestyle? a. Tribute from the conquered peoples in central Asia provided the funds for extravagant buildings such as the Taj Mahal. b. Foreign trade brought in silver and advanced the money economy, which helped the nobility prosper. c. Confiscatory taxation on farmers funded the Mughal military-based nobility. d. Mughal nobles were entitled to collect a tithe from all non-Muslims.

ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 525–526 OBJ: 1

11. Which of the following reflects a difference between China and the Islamic Empires? a. China’s internal market fueled its growth and culture, instead of the foreign trade that provided wealth to the Islamic Empires. b. China alone relied on its own traditions for cultural inspiration. c. China had long been a center of learning, but the Islamic Empires relied on outside sources of learning. d. China, unlike the Mughals and Ottomans, ruled over a homogeneous population.

ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 527

OBJ: 1 | 2

12. Which of the following were the most popular books published in Ming China? a. almanacs and books of astronomical observations b. medical encyclopedias c. travel guides d. study guides for civil service examinations ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 528

OBJ: 2

13. How did the literary culture of late Ming and early Qing China affect elite women’s lives? a. Elite women’s success as writers, readers, and editors encouraged them to assume a wider range of social roles. b. Elite women read about the lives of poor women and developed a new sense of female solidarity that crossed class boundaries. c. Elite women were generally able to participate as writers, readers, and editors, despite increasing constraints on their lives. d. Elite women were not encouraged to participate in literary culture, but the most popular books had strong female characters.

ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 529

3

OBJ: 2

Chapter 14 Cultures of Splendor and Power, 1500–1780 ◆ 5 14. Why did Ming China escape the sectarian warfare that ravaged Europe? a. All Chinese people shared one religion, so there was nothing to cause conflict. b. Chinese government was so centralized that regional leaders lacked the ability to fight in defense of their religious beliefs. c. European visitors told Chinese leaders about religious warfare in their homeland, and the Chinese vowed to avoid making the same mistake. d. The Chinese believed it was the emperor, rather than any religious group, that held the mandate of heaven, so no sect was favored over the others.

ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 529

OBJ: 2

15. Why did the Chinese devote a great deal of attention to astronomy and calendrical science? a. They wanted to decipher the mysteries of the universe and gain greater control over nature. b. They believed that the stability of the kingdom depended on the emperor’s ability to calculate correct dates for festivals, court sessions, mourning periods, and agricultural work. c. They needed a clear understanding of the constellations and other celestial features in order to navigate the world’s oceans. d. They believed that astronomy was the key to a universal and objective understanding of the natural world.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 529–530 OBJ: 2 MSC: Understanding

16. For what reason did the Chinese take little interest in the maps brought by Matteo Ricci? a. Chinese maps exhibited a higher degree of geometric and mathematical precision. b. The Chinese knew that the earth was round, and they ridiculed the flat earth shown in Ricci’s maps. c. The Chinese believed that Ricci’s maps made China seem an unimportant country on the edge of the world. d. Chinese maps reflected more knowledge of other parts of the world.

ANS: C TOP: 2 | 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 544–545 OBJ: 2 | 3

17. How did popular culture in Tokugawa Japan subvert its social order? a. The most popular plays were those that made fun of the shogun. b. It idolized groups such as actors, musicians, and courtesans, who were ordinarily at the bottom of the social hierarchy. c. It argued that people should be able to rise in the social hierarchy through attention to propriety and virtuous behavior. d. It offered women opportunities for independence and autonomy.

ANS: B TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 530–532 OBJ: 2

4

6 ◆ Chapter 14 Cultures of Splendor and Power, 1500–1780 18. What was a consequence of the “native learning” movement promoted by some Japanese intellectuals? a. Buddhism was branded a foreign contaminant of Japanese culture. b. Shinto beliefs were incorporated into “Dutch learning.” c. Zen monasteries spread across the country. d. Shamanism was suppressed, especially among women.

ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 532

OBJ: 2 | 3

19. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, what led the Japanese to consider how to control and integrate foreign learning (especially from China and Europe)? a. Foreign powers forced Japan to modernize by adopting “modern” science and culture. b. Before the seventeenth century, Japan had not come into contact with foreign ideas or culture. c. Earlier, foreign ideas rarely traveled beyond coastal regions, but by the eighteenth century, expanded networks of exchange facilitated their spread throughout the country. d. Members of middle class idealized foreign culture, leading the shoguns to fear that learning about Enlightenment ideals might lead the merchants to overthrow the emperor.

ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 533

OBJ: 3

20. What type of significant artwork was produced by the Oyo Empire and Benin? a. detailed paintings of plant life c. sophisticated bronzes b. intricate silver jewelry d. enormous marble palaces and temples ANS: C TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Easy REF: p. 534 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 2

21. How did Asante kings use the wealth they acquired from trade? a. They sponsored feasts to allow themselves an opportunity to dine with their subjects. b. They led religious ceremonies, characterized by lavish displays of ornate religious artifacts. c. They showed their link to wealth and power by displaying gold-covered spears, maces, and elephant tails. d. They commissioned the creation of epic poems about the divine origins of the Asantehene.

ANS: C TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 534

OBJ: 1 | 2

22. What ideas did European Enlightenment thinkers hold in common? a. They wanted to improve their societies and search for universal, objective knowledge. b. They wanted to encourage European monarchs to rule as enlightened despots. c. They wanted men and women to participate as equals in the pursuit of better government. d. They wanted to encourage people to become more religious so that they could achieve enlightenment.

ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 538 MSC: Understanding

5

OBJ: 2

Chapter 14 Cultures of Splendor and Power, 1500–1780 ◆ 7 23. What were some of the broader consequences of the Enlightenment? a. increased respect for the wisdom of classical and medieval authorities b. the expansion of educational opportunities for rural women c. increased respect for traditional elites and clerics d. the expansion of literacy and the spread of critical thinking ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 535

OBJ: 2

24. Francis Bacon’s method of scientific inquiry asserted which of the following? a. Conducting experiments was the only way that humans could begin to understand the workings of nature. b. Scientific knowledge should be based on the work of traditional authorities, such as Aristotle. c. Only members of the clergy could safely conduct scientific experiments without imperiling their souls. d. The best way to learn was to inquire into the ways that other cultures did scientific research.

ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 537 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

25. What was the political rationale for monarchs such as Louis XIV and Charles II to support scientific academies? a. The crown hoped to gain the support of the women who hosted the salons. b. If the crown was seen to support scientific progress, the great minds of the academies would also be seen to support the crown. c. If the crown supported the academies, the new ideas and technology that were discovered would belong to the crown. d. The crown hoped to gain votes from the growing middle class, who were fascinated by new scientific discoveries.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 537

OBJ: 2

26. What can historians use as evidence that the ideals of the Enlightenment were not universally accepted? a. Many governments employed censors and punished radical thinkers. b. Riots occurred in university towns against the imposition of secular knowledge in the schools. c. Artisans guilds passed rules against applying Newtonian physics to their crafts. d. Women wrote in their journals that they refused to conduct experiments because they feared a loss of femininity.

ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: pp. 537–538 OBJ: 2

6

8 ◆ Chapter 14 Cultures of Splendor and Power, 1500–1780 27. Which of the following statements is supported by John Locke’s notion of the “social contract”? a. All people have an innate drive to truck, barter, and exchange. b. There are rules organizing innate cultural differences between different ethnic groups. c. The only way to maintain the state’s relationship with citizens is through harsh punishments. d. People have a right to rebel against corrupted government.

ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 538

OBJ: 2

28. Which of the following did Adam Smith see as a valid reason for creating an economy with less government regulation? a. Wealth that resulted from early factories would result in population growth. b. He believed that the laws of God did not permit the guilds’ imposition of controls on labor. c. He believed that free and fair competition provided the best opportunity to produce wealth. d. Mercantilists advocated rational self-interest, which could not advance the common good.

ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 539

OBJ: 2

29. Which of the following was one of the goals of the authors of the Encyclopédie? a. They sought to gather all the knowledge scattered over the face of the earth and to present it in useful form. b. They sought to create a catalog of all of the works of western authors. c. They wanted to portray all other cultures as being inferior to European culture. d. They wanted to evaluate the world’s regions according to their adherence to rational science.

ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 539–540 OBJ: 2

30. Which of the following was a way in which the arts were used by artists or their patrons to send a social message between 1500 and 1750? a. Ottoman and Qing rulers used architecture to communicate their wish for a more open relationship with their subjects. b. Intellectuals in Benin used poetry to express their longing for a bygone golden age. c. European women such as Mary Wollstonecraft took up the pen to counter the belief that women could not act as rational beings. d. Mughal painters used styles imported from Europe to communicate their wish for greater cultural blending.

ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 539

7

OBJ: 2

Chapter 14 Cultures of Splendor and Power, 1500–1780 ◆ 9 31. What types of characteristics did Carolus Linnaeus use to define racial categories? a. artistic ability and linguistic sophistication b. form of governance and linguistic sophistication c. physical appearance and form of governance d. linguistic sophistication and physical appearance ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 543 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3 | 5

32. Which group of humans was consigned to the bottom of Linnaeus’s classification? a. Pacific peoples c. East Asians b. Amerindians d. Africans ANS: D TOP: 2 | 3

DIF: Easy REF: p. 543 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 3 | 5

33. How did the European missionary presence differ in the Americas from that in East Asia before 1800? a. Missionaries to the Americas were backed up by colonial officials and military power. b. Missionaries to East Asia were more willing to accept the blending of multiple religious traditions. c. Missionaries to the Americas were more successful at impressing their audiences with examples of European cartography. d. Missionaries to East Asia failed to learn anything about the people they sought to convert.

ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 545

OBJ: 4

34. Which of the following statements best characterizes the effect of attempts to convert both Amerindians and Africans to Christianity during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? a. Africans and Amerindians were integrated into the European clergy. b. Africans and Amerindians became ultra-orthodox, criticizing the behavior of their European missionary teachers. c. Africans and Amerindians completely gave up their previous gods and belief systems. d. Africans and Amerindians used Christianity to supplement their existing beliefs, not replace them.

ANS: D TOP: 2 | 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 545–546 OBJ: 4

35. Which of the following helps explain the degree of intermarriage between European men and native women in the Americas? a. Amerindians sought to ally themselves with European Christians in order to hasten the conversion process. b. Amerindian women were attempting to repopulate the Americans after the deaths brought by European disease. c. Initially, European colonists were overwhelmingly male. d. European wives died out rapidly in the harsh climates of North America.

ANS: C TOP: 2 | 3

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 546–547 OBJ: 4 | 5 MSC: Understanding

8

10 ◆ Chapter 14 Cultures of Splendor and Power, 1500–1780 36. Which of the following is a reason that Creoles in Spanish and Portuguese colonies were drawn to Enlightenment ideas? a. Enlightenment ideas were popular in Portugal and Spain. b. Creoles wanted to imitate their English counterparts in North America. c. Creoles believed in the equality of all humankind. d. Enlightenment ideas helped to justify their dissatisfaction with colonial rule.

ANS: D TOP: 2 | 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 547–548 OBJ: 4 | 5

37. In what way was the U.S. Declaration of Independence an Enlightenment document? a. It argued for the rise of a meritocracy based on talent, not rank. b. It proposed that democracy was the best form of government. c. It announced that all men were endowed with equal rights. d. It avowed that only a government based on Christian ideals could provide a just society.

ANS: C TOP: 2 | 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 548

OBJ: 4

38. How did Captain Cook’s voyages to Australia reflect Enlightenment ideas? a. They included scientists to describe and classify Australia’s fauna, flora, people, and natural features. b. They were ordered to create a free and open market economy in Australia. c. They were instructed to respect the heritage and cultural autonomy of Australia’s Aborigines. d. They were organized by a group of intellectual women who wanted to promote scientific knowledge.

ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 549–551 OBJ: 3 | 5

39. Which of the following is a similarity between indigenous peoples in the Pacific and the Americas? a. Both groups were forced to work in silver mines for European owners. b. Both groups had large numbers of people perish from European-introduced disease. c. Both groups believed that the Europeans were gods. d. Both groups were taken as slaves and sent to Europe and Asia.

ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 551

OBJ: 5

40. In what way might the transporting of British prisoners to Australia be considered an Enlightenment concept? a. Once their terms of incarceration were completed, all residents in Australia were to have equal rights to life, liberty, and property. b. The costs of incarceration in Britain would go down according to free market principles. c. Civilized British society would not be undermined by uncivilized populations. d. Transportation was a more enlightened form of punishment than hanging.

ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 551

9

OBJ: 5

Chapter 14 Cultures of Splendor and Power, 1500–1780 ◆ 11 41. Which of the following did Captain Cook and Christopher Columbus have in common? a. Both of them sailed to obtain scientific knowledge as well as empire. b. Both of them were killed by people they met in their travels. c. Both of them returned home with news of gold that could be exploited. d. Both of them changed local ecologies by introducing European flora and fauna to unfamiliar environments.

ANS: D TOP: 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 551

OBJ: 5

TRUE/FALSE 1. In the sixteenth century, the world’s most dynamic cultures were in Europe because of their control of the Atlantic trade.

ANS: F TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 520 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2 | 3

2. The Ottoman Empire was more ethnically, religiously, and linguistically diverse than any previous Muslim state.

ANS: T TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 521 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2 | 3

3. In China, the economy’s increasing commercialization helped weaken government controls on what could be printed.

ANS: T TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 528–529 OBJ: 2 | 3

4. Japan, unlike Asian land-based empires, embraced outside influences that could be put to good use.

ANS: T TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 533

OBJ: 3

5. As Africa became increasingly caught up in global economic exchanges during this period, African culture was heavily influenced by European culture.

ANS: F TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 534–535 OBJ: 1 | 2 | 3

10

12 ◆ Chapter 14 Cultures of Splendor and Power, 1500–1780 SHORT ANSWER 1. Analyze how the Enlightenment was defined both in terms of ideas and in terms of social practices, and explain the context from which those ideas and practices emerged.

ANS: The term Enlightenment describes a period of cultural flowering in European history during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It can be used to refer to the intellectual trends of the day, which emphasized the power of human reason, the perfectibility of humankind, the presence of universal rights, and the existence of universal laws to explain the workings of the universe and all human societies. It can also refer to the environment in which those ideas flourished, which was marked by a rise in literacy, a decline in religious persecution, and the growing popularity of scientific experimentation. The Enlightenment was a movement of elites, since most of the common people in western European societies continued to interpret the world using religious and folk traditions.

However, the Enlightenment proved a very expansive movement.

Its ideas, which sought to replace traditional distinctions of social status based on rank with recognition of individual merit, appealed to many literate people, spreading through port cities, commercial centers, and venues such as coffeehouses and salons. They also contributed to a broader cultural climate that questioned conventional wisdom and defied established beliefs and institutions such as the church and the monarchy, coexisting with political satirists, exposers of financial fraud, and the authors of bawdy tales that ridiculed authority figures. For their criticism of superstition and corruption, some Enlightenment intellectuals were imprisoned. Some of their ideas—like the pursuit of objective, verifiable knowledge— appealed to absolutist monarchs, and the movement depended on the patronage of royal, aristocratic, and commercial elites. But the latter did not approve of criticism that was too pointed in its attacks on established systems of religion or governance. Despite this potential for subversion, Enlightenment ideas emerged in response to a time of religious and political conflict in sixteenth- and early-seventeenth-century Europe, when the wars of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation caused great destruction to large parts of the continent. The Protestant Reformation had encouraged the spread of literacy and the diffusion of new ideas, which now came to include a wish for a world with less religious strife.

Enlightenment thinkers also drew upon the tradition of experimental science, coming to believe that knowledge came from collecting and organizing data rather than studying established authority.

Finally, Europe’s increasing contact with and knowledge about other parts of the world encouraged the wish for universal knowledge and the need to make sense of the diversity of the cultures they encountered. Here the limitations of Enlightenment principles become evident—although they sought objective knowledge and universal laws, their thoughts about other cultures reflected Europeans’ sense that their own ways were superior. Likewise, although Enlightenment ideas encouraged residents of Europe’s overseas colonies to assert their own rights to equality and self-determination, the movement resisted extending those privileges to women, the lower classes, and nonwhite peoples.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 2 | 4

TOP: 2

11

MSC: Analyzing

Chapter 14 Cultures of Splendor and Power, 1500–1780 ◆ 13 2. How was Captain Cook a symbol of his age? How did the worldview he represented contribute to the impact he, and other explorers, had on the societies they encountered? How did European thinkers use his discoveries to assert European superiority?

ANS: Captain Cook was a symbol of his age in two ways. He represented the European wish to colonize and control other parts of the world, and he represented the wish to observe, experiment, and contribute to the assembly of universal knowledge that characterized the Enlightenment. His voyages of exploration served both of these objectives. The first voyage had an advertised, scientific goal and included several scientists sent to observe and describe the plants, animals, and natural phenomena of the Pacific, but also had a secret mission to claim the unknown Southern Continent for Great Britain before the French or Dutch could do so. His third voyage, more explicitly combining the two elements, carried a cargo of European domestic plants and animals with which to seed the Pacific.

In particular, Australia was deeply affected by this type of expansionism. After the British officially took possession of eastern Australia, they planned to make it a source of needed raw materials as well as a strategic outpost. They introduced sheep for wool and intended to harvest timber and flax. They also introduced people, including a colony of British convicts as well as free migrants, who increased in numbers to over 1 million in less than a century. The remaining indigenous Aborigines, a group already decimated by Afro-Eurasian diseases to which they had no immunity, were forced from their land by a colonization that was, compared to that of the Americas, faster and more decisive. Cook and other Pacific explorers also provided written accounts that introduced Europeans to the Australian Aborigines, Hawaiians, and other indigenous peoples of Oceania. This information, like their botanical and zoological discoveries, was incorporated into the universal knowledge-gathering project of Enlightenment-era scientists and social scientists.

Thinkers like Bernier, Linnaeus, Blumenbach, and the Comte de Buffon used Cook’s discoveries to fit Pacific peoples into their project of classifying all the world’s peoples according to a combination of physical characteristics such as skin color and hair texture, and social characteristics like their type of government. In this system of racial classification and hierarchy, Pacific peoples fit somewhere in the middle, between Europeans (top) and Africans (bottom). In some cases, their homes on isolated tropical islands led European observers to consider them as “noble savages,” people who had not been corrupted by culture and society. However, Captain Cook made a final contribution to the attitudes of Europeans with his violent death at the hands of the Hawaiians in 1779; afterward, Pacific cultures were viewed as “darker” by European colonizers and seekers of universal knowledge.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 1 | 2 | 5

TOP: 2 | 3

12

MSC: Evaluating

14 ◆ Chapter 14 Cultures of Splendor and Power, 1500–1780 3. Compare the points of view expressed in Chinese, European, and Islamic ideas about cartography between 1500 and 1780. How did they reflect the broader perspectives of their respective societies?

ANS: Islamic, Chinese, and European maps reflected the priorities of the societies that created them. In Chinese mapmaking, accurate depictions of places, precise scale, and the shape of the earth were less important than the textual explanations, moral messages, and political messages that were also included. Graphically, China was usually placed at the center, illustrating its emperor’s role as ruler of all under heaven, with other countries arranged around it. This reflected China’s view of itself as central and as superior to other cultures, illustrated by the objections made by Chinese viewers to a map of the world presented by the Jesuit Matteo Ricci that China was depicted as too small and not central enough. Their lack of interest in a revised, China-centered version of Ricci’s map indicates their general lack of interest in issues, like the shape of the world, that were of great interest to Europeans.

European maps evolved to reflect the increasing amount of geographic information that exploration made available to them. For Europeans, accurate scale and distance were very important.

European maps of the world usually placed Europe in a central position, and mapmaking methods like the Mercator projection made it appear relatively larger than it was. The Mercator projection was designed to aid navigation, however, reflecting the European interest in commerce and its rational approach to knowledge. Islamic audiences had mixed reactions to Europeans’ geographic innovations.

The Mughals rejected a European atlas on the grounds that no one could understand it. While the Ottoman intellectual and publisher Ibrahim Mutaferrika published translations of European geographies, his printing press was ultimately shut down by the conservative Islamic scholars and jurists of the ulama. A Safavid map is centered on the Islamic holy city of Mecca, illustrating the importance of religion in cartography.

In all three cases, mapmaking and attitudes toward maps reflected societies that were comfortable in their own cultural worlds. While Islamic cultures selectively adopted outside technological and artistic influences, most leaders saw no need to revise their view of the world. Likewise, the Chinese saw no reason to change their approach to mapmaking. For their part, European maps reflected a cultural context in which reliance on traditional authority was being replaced by reliance on observation and factual data. In their eagerness to introduce their innovations to audiences like the Mughals, they also reflected the belief that their knowledge applied universally.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 1 | 2 | 5

TOP: 2 | 3

13

MSC: Analyzing

Chapter 14 Cultures of Splendor and Power, 1500–1780 ◆ 15 4. Compare the cultural traditions that developed in Tokugawa Japan with those of Enlightenment-era western Europe. What were the characteristics of each cultural world? What influences led each to develop as it did? Be sure to address popular culture as well as the culture of the elites.

ANS: In both Tokugawa Japan and Enlightenment-era western Europe, elite cultural practices and institutions coexisted with flourishing popular cultures. In both cases, elite culture reflected the patronage of royalty, religious institutions, the aristocracy, and, in the Japanese case, the shogunate.

European elites patronized science, collected art, and supported the work of Enlightenment intellectuals. In Japan, they patronized arts like the masked Noh theater and the tea ceremony, encouraged schools for actors and tea masters, and participated in art forms like calligraphy. Neither group of elites was able fully to control cultural activity, however. In urban Japan, ukiyo or “floating world” culture developed, centered around an alternative set of institutions and performers such as kabuki theater and female geisha entertainers. Although the shogunate attempted to control it, for example by outlawing female actors from performing on stage, it was unable to reassert total control over a world in which people who were generally considered to have low morals (like actors, courtesans, and musicians) were idolized, while higher status individuals like samurai were required to leave their status symbols, their swords, behind when they entered. Likewise, the rise of literacy in Japan and the proliferation of booksellers and lenders made it difficult for the shogunate to censor critical publications.

Western Europe also experienced the rise of a raucous popular literary culture, including pamphlets charging corruption and financial wrongdoing, bawdy bestsellers, political satire, and works that combined them, like pornographic attacks on the French royal family. Rising literacy rates also encouraged the growth of coffeehouse culture, where aristocrats and businessmen could discuss politics, finance, and technologies; and salons, where hostesses gathered philosophers, writers, gossips, and others to exchange ideas. This range of activities extended across the Atlantic to Europe’s American colonies, where creole societies emulated the architecture, arts, and fashion of their home countries and used the philosophy of the Enlightenment to justify their own demands for equality and autonomy. The cultural developments of the Enlightenment era, centered on port cities and commercial centers, reflected Europe’s expansiveness and need to respond to change. Japan, while less expansive, was more open to outside influences than were other Asian states. Although attachment to Japanese tradition remained an important part of both elite culture and popular culture, it was traditionally connected to China, and willing to learn from the West, through its Dutch trade partners, as well. Within the kingdom, expanded exchange networks allowed new ideas to be integrated into a broader cross section of Japan.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 2 | 3

TOP: 1 | 2 | 3

14

MSC: Analyzing

16 ◆ Chapter 14 Cultures of Splendor and Power, 1500–1780 5. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, European thinkers developed new ideas about how the world’s people could be classified. Discuss the origins of this system of thought and compare it with the systems of classification used in China.

ANS: The new system for classifying the world’s peoples that European intellectuals developed during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was based on the idea of race. Before the late seventeenth century, this term, when used to describe people, was applied narrowly to describe groups like a ruling family. In 1684, French scholar François Bernier became the first person to apply it as it is presently used, to divide people into groups based on qualities such as their skin color, hair texture, and facial features.

During the eighteenth century, European scientists, such as the naturalist Carolus Linnaeus, used this idea to classify humanity. Linnaeus, in his Systema Naturae (1735), sought to classify all the world’s creatures by assigning each one a genus and species. He assigned humans the name Homo sapiens, which he divided into five subspecies. Four of them were based on geographic origin (Africa, Asia, the Americas, and Europe). The fifth, later dropped, was a catchall for mythical strange humans, “wild men,” and the disabled. Linnaeus’s four geographical subspecies identified and ranked humans based on a combination of physical characteristics and cultural characteristics, such as what he understood to be their forms of government. Europeans, at the top of the list, had pale skin and were ruled by laws; Africans, at the bottom, were alleged to be ruled by personal whim. Other European scientists expanded on this system. The Comte de Buffon argued that the ideal form of humanity, against which real humans could be judged and ranked, was found in ancient Greek nude sculptures.

Using this method of measurement, he, too, placed Europeans at the top of the hierarchy and Africans at the bottom. Newly discovered groups like Pacific Islanders could also be placed in the hierarchy. In that case, they were considered to rank somewhere between Europeans and Africans.

Europeans were not the only group of people whose way of viewing the world justified their sense of their own superiority. The Chinese, with their large, culturally insular empire, described foreigners based on distinctive or strange physical features. They described Europeans based on their ash-white skin color and their thick beards, and people from Southeast Asia as black, wavy-haired devils. In both cases, attitudes toward outsiders reinforced the classifiers’ sense of themselves as normal, attractive, and superior. However, the Chinese descriptions of strange outsiders were simply descriptions.

European classifications of other people, while descriptive, were based on a different set of criteria.

They had a tradition of dividing people into “civilized” and “uncivilized” based on elements such as literacy and observable cultural complexity, which was reflected in the rankings they gave others.

Africans’ place at the bottom reflected the fact that Europeans held millions of Africans as slaves in the Americas. The European system differed from the Chinese system because it presented assumptions, descriptions, and prejudices about others as an objective, rational, and universally applicable system of knowledge.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 3 | 5

TOP: 2 | 3

15

MSC: Analyzing

CHAPTER 15

Reordering the World, 1750–1850 GLOBAL STORYLINES

FOCUS QUESTIONS

1. A new era based on radically new ideas of freedom and the nation-­state emerges in the Atlantic world.

2. The industrious and industrial revolutions transform communities and the global economy.

3. The worldwide balance of power shifts decisively ­toward northwestern Eu­rope.

1. What ­were the new ideas of freedom, and how did they differ from earlier understandings of this term?

2. How did po­l iti­cal and economic developments in the Atlantic world compare with ­those in regions elsewhere?

3. What key developments constituted the industrial revolution? How did ­these changes alter the socie­ties that began to industrialize during this time?

4. What ­were the patterns of global trade and economic growth, and how did they relate to po­l iti­cal changes?

5. What ­were the similarities and differences between groups of ­people who held power in each region?

What changes occurred in ­these socie­ties?

1

CHAPTER 15: Reordering the World, 1750–1850 2 ◆ Chapter 15 Reordering the World, 1750–1850

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. In the eighteenth century, which of the following was an argument made against the mercantile system? a. The mercantile system did not support mining bullion in the Americas. b. The mercantile system promoted free trade between American colonies. c. The mercantile system kept people from sharing in the wealth that was circulating around the Atlantic world. d. The mercantile system decreased the power of kings and aristocrats.

ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 556

OBJ: 1 | 4

2. Calls for political revolution in the eighteenth-century Atlantic world relied on which of the following new ideas? a. nationalism and democracy b. absolutism and capitalism c. nationalism and mercantilism d. absolutism and socialism ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Easy REF: p. 556 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 1

3. Which of the following accurately describes a reason cited by the colonists for the North American War of Independence? a. Britain’s North American colonies were impoverished and would not be able to prosper as long as Britain retained control. b. Many Amerindians turned to the American revolutionaries to help them resist the aggressive advances of the land-hungry British. c. King George III insisted that colonists help pay for Britain’s war with France and for the benefits of being subjects of the British Empire. d. North American colonists did not have local assemblies, which they required to be democratic.

ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 557

OBJ: 1 | 2

4. Which of John Locke’s ideas formed the basis of the Declaration of Independence? a. liberty, equality, and fraternity b. laissez-faire c. a social contract binding both ruler and ruled d. universal suffrage ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 557–560 OBJ: 1 MSC: Understanding

1

Chapter 15 Reordering the World, 1750–1850 ◆ 3 5. Who constituted “the people,” according to political arrangements Americans made during the War of Independence? a. women over 30 years old b. former slaves who had a trade c. Amerindians who had fought with the colonists d. propertied white men ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Easy MSC: Applying

REF: p. 560

OBJ: 1

6. How did the idea that “all men were created equal” affect revolutionary American society? a. It led to the argument that everyone should pay the same amount in taxes. b. It encouraged people to overturn social hierarchies and stop deferring to those who claimed higher rank. c. It undermined the belief in the importance of private property. d. It led slave owners to use less force in controlling their slaves, eventually even freeing them.

ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 560

OBJ: 1 | 5

7. Which document resulted from elite Americans’ fear that their revolution was becoming too radical and threatened to plunge the nation into anarchy? a. the Constitution b. the Bill of Rights c. the Declaration of Independence d. the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 560

OBJ: 1 | 2

8. Why did King Louis XVI summon the Estates-General into session in 1788? a. to improve the status of the French peasantry b. to levy new taxes in order to improve his credit c. to discuss new ways in which France could work against British interests d. to create a more egalitarian legal system in France ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 562 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

9. Which of the following accurately characterizes both the American and French Revolutions? a. Both introduced republican forms of government. b. Both granted political equality to all people. c. Both avoided written documents, preferring informal agreements on fundamental rights. d. Both emancipated slaves in their territories as part of the revolution.

ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 562

2

OBJ: 2 | 5

4 ◆ Chapter 15 Reordering the World, 1750–1850 10. Which of the following was a product of radical French revolutionaries who controlled the French government during the 1790s? a. They established the world’s largest army. b. They abolished religion in all forms. c. They created a legal system based on reforming criminals instead of punishing them. d. They declared France to be a constitutional monarchy.

ANS: A TOP: 1 | 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 565

OBJ: 2 | 5

11. Which of the following characterized the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte in France? a. a respect for the authority of other European leaders b. an increase in popular democracy c. a centralized, efficient state d. a separate legal code for the French colonies and future conquests ANS: C TOP: 1 | 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 565

OBJ: 2 | 5

12. Which of the following was a consequence of Napoleon’s failed attempt to create a French continental empire? a. Nationalism was crushed once and for all, leaving Europe at the mercy of large, multiethnic states ruled by foreign monarchs. b. The huge French army defeated the Ottoman Empire and provided freedom for oppressed minorities in North Africa and the Middle East. c. The reforms of the French Revolution were totally wiped out after Napoleon’s defeat and an absolutist monarchy was reinstituted. d. Europe was divided between those who wanted to restore the status quo and those who wanted to create a society based on individual rights and limited government.

ANS: D TOP: 1 | 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 566

OBJ: 1 | 2 | 5

13. Which of the following is a valid comparison between the American and the Saint Domingue Revolutions? a. The American colonists wanted only economic freedom, but the people of Saint Domingue were guided by Enlightenment ideas. b. Both revolutions ended in the abolition of slavery and the establishment of representative rule. c. The leaders of the American Revolution were primarily owners of property, but the leaders of Saint Domingue were primarily slaves. d. Neither revolution was inspired by the Enlightenment.

ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 566–567 OBJ: 1 | 5

3

Chapter 15 Reordering the World, 1750–1850 ◆ 5 14. Which of the following is a consequence of the revolution in Saint Domingue? a. It discouraged the revolutionaries in Latin America. b. President Thomas Jefferson refused to recognize the new nation, worried that its success might inspire similar revolts in the United States. c. Napoleon, having restored slavery in France, waged a successful war that restored French control and slavery on Saint Domingue. d. After defeating the French in Saint Domingue, the revolutionaries offered their assistance to those who wished to rebel in Brazil.

ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 568–569 OBJ: 1 | 5

15. Why were elite Iberian-Americans initially reluctant to embrace the idea of independence? a. They feared that it might generate revolts among slaves or Amerindians. b. They feared that cooperation among the various colonies of the Spanish empire would undermine their positions of wealth and power. c. They feared that without a strong monarchy, the Catholic Church would gain too much influence. d. They feared that independence would lead peninsulares to return to Europe.

ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 570 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1 | 5

16. Why did King Pedro separate Brazil from Portuguese rule and declare Brazil to be a constitutional monarchy? a. He did not want Brazil to fall under Napoleon’s control. b. He feared an uprising among the local elites. c. Only a monarchy could organize a strong army to protect Brazil from invasion by Simón Bolívar. d. There was a rebellion among Amerindians in the Amazon region, but Portugal refused to send troops.

ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 570

OBJ: 1 | 5

17. Which of the following accurately describes the political revolution against the Spanish monarchy in early nineteenth-century Latin America? a. It was largely a revolt by Amerindians against poor treatment by the Spanish. b. It depended on support from the United States for its success. c. It was crushed by the colonial elite, who used their Spanish identity to justify their control. d. It became a social struggle among Amerindians, slaves, mestizos, and whites.

ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 571

4

OBJ: 1 | 2 | 5

6 ◆ Chapter 15 Reordering the World, 1750–1850 18. What factor contributed most to Mexico’s declaration of independence in 1821? a. calls for redistribution of wealth and property among Amerindians and the poor b. cooperation between creoles and peninsulares c. loss of faith in the Spanish king’s ability to rule effectively d. cooperation between Mexican and South American elites ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: pp. 570–571 OBJ: 1 | 2

19. Who benefited most from the revolutions against Spanish rule in the Americas? a. local military chieftains, who formed alliances with land owners b. Simón Bolívar, who went on to found the federation of “Gran Columbia” c. Andean tribes, who were now free from the domination of the peninsulares d. mestizos, who were able to take control of the new republics from the creole elites ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 572

OBJ: 1 | 5

20. Which of the following accurately indicates part of the process by which the slave trade was ended in the North Atlantic? a. The Dutch persuaded the French and other European governments to prohibit the slave trade. b. The United States was the first North Atlantic power to prohibit the slave trade, and others followed its lead. c. Britain posted a naval squadron off the coast of West Africa to prevent any slave trade north of the equator. d. European and American revolutionaries all agreed that free wage labor was inherently more productive than forced labor.

ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 572

OBJ: 1 | 4

21. What did Europeans mean when they proposed that Africans should engage in “legitimate” trade? a. Africans should stop using mercantilist forms of protectionism, and engage in free trade. b. Africans should only sell slaves to European traders who had been licensed by their home governments. c. Africans should begin to produce goods on an industrial scale for sale in the world market. d. Africans should sell raw materials instead of slaves, and buy manufactured goods from Europe.

ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 573 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2 | 4

22. What effect did the end of the Atlantic slave trade have in Africa? a. People no longer needed states to protect them from slave raiders. b. Former victims of the slave trade began to gain strength and attack their neighbors. c. Expertise in slave trading did not prepare states for success in plantation agriculture. d. Slavery increased within Africa to provide labor for commercial crops such as palm oil and cloves.

ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 573–574 OBJ: 2 | 4 | 5

5

Chapter 15 Reordering the World, 1750–1850 ◆ 7 23. Which of the following accurately describes global trade in the mid-nineteenth century? a. The global trade of luxury goods, such as silk and porcelain, profoundly changed the societies that produced them. b. People increasingly worked to produce goods they could sell in the global market instead of producing subsistence crops. c. Most goods were carried overland by railroad instead of by sea on sailing ships. d. The people in the agricultural hinterlands were largely unaffected by changing global markets.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 574

OBJ: 2 | 3 | 4

24. Where did participation in global trade first begin to have a significant impact on the lives of ordinary people? a. Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean trade network b. European Russia and Siberia c. northwestern Europe and British North America d. southern Europe and the Mediterranean ANS: C TOP: 2 | 3

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 574–575 OBJ: 3 | 4 MSC: Remembering

25. Which of the following factors helped create the “industrious” revolution? a. Households were moved by revivalist preachers to work harder to avoid time for sinning. b. Because of changing climates, households had to work much longer hours to grow enough food. c. Because of competition with slave and other forms of forced labor, most households had to include their children in laboring to provide enough income to survive. d. Households gave up leisure time to produce more goods for the market in order to buy products produced elsewhere.

ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 574

OBJ: 3 | 4

26. In the eighteenth century, global trade was stimulated by poor people in western Europe consuming which of the following products? a. tea, rum, and beef c. coffee, tea, and sugar b. coffee, chocolate, and vodka d. tea, sugar, and turnips ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 575

OBJ: 3 | 4

27. The wealth generated by the expansion in trade in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries led to the emergence of which of the following social groups? a. the bourgeoisie c. the nobility of the robe b. the proletariat d. the yeomanry ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 575–576 OBJ: 3 | 5

6

8 ◆ Chapter 15 Reordering the World, 1750–1850 28. In what way did Britain’s political and social environment contribute to the industrial revolution? a. It encouraged women to participate in creating new technology. b. It allowed merchants and industrialists to invest heavily in such inventions as steam power. c. It encouraged land-owning nobility to grow crops for food for the working class population. d. It restricted access to rapidly expanding international and internal markets.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 576

OBJ: 3

29. What invention transformed sugar refining, pottery making, and textile making? a. the cotton gin c. the printing press b. the water frame d. the steam engine ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult REF: p. 576 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 3

30. How did the industrial revolution affect Europe’s relationships with other parts of the world? a. Europe became more powerful economically by exporting more goods than it imported. b. Europe pulled back from its earlier interest in overseas colonization. c. Europe became more dependent on other parts of the world for financial support. d. Europe became vulnerable to trade embargoes by Asian empires.

ANS: A TOP: 2 | 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 577–578 OBJ: 3 | 4

31. Which of the following explains why China did NOT become the epicenter of the industrial revolution? a. The Qing did not foster experimentation or create the links between thinkers and investors. b. The Qing put too much emphasis on overseas trade, draining capital needed to industrialize. c. The Qing believed that science was against the principles of Confucianism. d. The Qing passed protective tariffs to protect local merchants, which stifled trade and innovation.

ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 577 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3 | 4

32. In early nineteenth-century industrial societies, why did migration to urban areas increase so rapidly? a. Cities offered more comfortable and modern housing. b. There was a growing demand for factory workers in the cities. c. Peasants wanted to avoid the rigid work discipline of the rural farms. d. Cities provided free public education to their residents.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Easy MSC: Applying

REF: p. 578

7

OBJ: 3 | 4

Chapter 15 Reordering the World, 1750–1850 ◆ 9 33. Which of the following methods was used by Tsar Nicholas I to maintain absolute rule in Russia? a. He claimed that enlightened despotism was the most advanced form of government. b. He attempted to gain the loyalty of the people by abolishing serfdom. c. He expanded the secret police and enforced censorship. d. He bought the loyalty of the Decembrists with gifts of lands and titles.

ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 582

OBJ: 2 | 5

34. Which of the following actions was undertaken by Muhammad Ali to attempt to create the most powerful state in the eastern Mediterranean? a. He used diplomacy, not the army, as the model for modern state building. b. He sought the advice of the English to reform his government. c. He reduced spending on education so that more time would be spent on agriculture. d. He deepened irrigation canals and constructed a series of dams across the Nile.

ANS: D TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 582–583 OBJ: 2 | 5

35. In the Ottoman Empire, why did reform attempts, such as the Tanzimat, ultimately fail to produce revolutionary change? a. Merchants refused to lend money to the sultan to finance his reforms. b. Reform relied too much on the personal whim of rulers. c. The clergy promoted change, but the military resisted it. d. Land owners could not hire enough labor to grow crops for export.

ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 584

OBJ: 2 | 5

36. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, how did India’s traditional trade patterns change? a. India turned inward and abandoned the Indian Ocean trade in favor of internal trade. b. The East India Company retreated from Bengal, ending years of lucrative tax collection. c. The East India Company sponsored scholarship to encourage Indians to adopt laissez-faire philosophy. d. India became an importer of British goods such as cotton textiles, and an exporter of raw materials.

ANS: D TOP: 2 | 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 586–587 OBJ: 4

37. What was the primary goal of liberal European reformers, such as Lord Macaulay, concerning changes to India’s educational and cultural systems? a. to continue the orientalists’ respect for India’s classical languages, philosophies, and cultures b. to increase education in science and engineering c. to create a class that was Indian in blood but English in taste and culture d. to end the exploitation of India’s rural people ANS: C TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 587

8

OBJ: 4

10 ◆ Chapter 15 Reordering the World, 1750–1850 38. How did the migration of Qing peasants differ from the migration of workers in Britain? a. Qing peasants migrated to the large coastal cities to take part in trade; British agrarian labor moved to the interior of the island. b. Qing peasants were encouraged by the government to migrate westward to secure the frontiers; British agrarian labor moved to cities for factory jobs. c. British agrarian labor voluntarily moved to newly enclosed lands; the movement of Qing peasants was state sponsored. d. British rural workers moved to work in more profitable agricultural jobs in Australia; the movement of Qing peasants was internal.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 589

OBJ: 2 | 4

39. Which of the following was included in 1842 Treaty of Nanjing? a. The British acquired the right to trade at all Chinese ports. b. The British agreed not to export more opium to China. c. The Chinese ceded the island of Hong Kong to the British. d. The Chinese acquired the right to tax the opium being imported.

ANS: C TOP: 2 | 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 591

OBJ: 4

40. How did the trade relationship between China and Europe change in the early nineteenth century? a. European rulers and upper classes suddenly developed a taste for Chinese silks, teas, jade, tableware, jewelry, paper, and ceramics. b. Westerners consumed less tea, so the overall amount of trade declined. c. The English colonized China. d. The balance of trade between China and Europe was reversed.

ANS: D TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 591

OBJ: 4

TRUE/FALSE 1. The American Revolution was the first of a series of revolutions to shake the Atlantic world, inspired by new ideas of freedom.

ANS: T TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 557 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1 | 5

2. Napoleon’s assumption of power marked a return to pre-revolutionary absolute monarchy in France.

ANS: F TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 565

OBJ: 1 | 2 | 5

3. The French Revolution and Napoleonic wars shattered the ties between Spain and Portugal and their American colonies.

ANS: T TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 570

9

OBJ: 1 | 2 | 5

Chapter 15

Reordering the World, 1750–1850 ◆

4. The industrial revolution brought more demanding work routines to Africa and Asia as well as to Europe and North America.

ANS: T TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 578

OBJ: 2 | 3

5. Napoleon’s invasions repressed attempts to reform society in both Russia and the Ottoman world.

ANS: F TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 581–582 OBJ: 1 | 2 | 5

SHORT ANSWER 1. Explain how independence movements in the United States, Haiti, and Spanish America understood the concepts of Enlightenment ideology.

ANS: The American, Haitian, and Spanish American revolutions all began as revolts against colonial control, based on the ideas of popular sovereignty and liberty. In the thirteen colonies, settlers expressed their unhappiness in terms of Enlightenment philosopher John Locke’s idea that government was based on a social contract, giving the people the right to rebel if the government broke the contract, and also challenging the idea of social deference with the idea that “all men are created equal.” Although arguments from women for more political rights were rejected, men ceased to defer to one another based on class or birth distinctions. After the end of the Revolutionary War, this democratic, egalitarian attitude led to protests, after which elite Americans determined that too much democracy was becoming dangerous. The resulting Constitutional Convention ended with a stronger, more centralized government, but with protection for individual liberty through the Bill of Rights.

In Haiti (Saint Domingue), revolution began with a slave revolt during the French Revolution. It drew on African as well as European ideas, including the idea that liberty and equality should be extended to enslaved people. Former slaves understood “liberty” in economic as well as political terms; after the war ended, most chose to become independent cultivators rather than working for wages on plantations, pursuing their own freedom but damaging their country’s economic prospects.

In Spanish America, there were many revolts and calls for freedom, including populist calls for redistribution of wealth in Mexico. The successful revolutions, however, were carried out by elite creoles who were concerned about the Spanish king’s ability to govern and who wanted to protect their own social and economic status. The revolutions in this empire were marked by conflict among racial groups and between rich and poor. The victorious creoles continued the repressive behavior of the empire, but now in the name of liberty.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 1 | 2 | 5

TOP: 1

10

MSC: Analyzing

11

12 ◆ Chapter 15 Reordering the World, 1750–1850 2. During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, economic and political developments centered in western Europe required responses in other parts of the world. Compare how Russia, China, and West Africa were affected by changes originating in western Europe, and explain why each region responded as it did.

ANS: During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, western European political and economic life was increasingly influenced by Enlightenment ideas of political liberty, individualism, and free trade. Combined with Europe’s central role in world trade and its military power, these ideas demanded responses from other states and regions regardless of the form their interactions with western Europe took. The Russian Empire directly experienced the military might of western Europe in 1812, when it was invaded by Napoleon’s troops. Although Russian forces defeated the French, after Napoleon the tsars could no longer claim that their enlightened despotism was the most advanced form of rule in the Western world. They had to respond to French revolutionary values. During the 1810s and 1820s some elite Russians became familiar with Western ideas and institutions, culminating in the Decembrist revolt of 1825. The Decembrists wanted to replace Russian absolutism with Western innovations, such as a constitutional monarchy or freedom for Russia’s serfs. After suppressing the rebels, Tsar Nicholas II responded by turning away from the West, reinforcing absolute rule with a new ideology emphasizing faith, hierarchy, and obedience. Doing so allowed the state to maintain its power and control.

The Chinese faced external challenges to their economy and, by extension, their political system.

The Qing Empire, already stressed from massive population growth, was unable to control the growing opium trade, which the British East India Company used to shift the balance of trade toward Britain. Officialdom was divided between prohibiting and regulating the trade; the prohibitionists sought to stamp it out, but failed to account for the growing power of British naval forces, which protected their position in the Opium Wars. China was forced to accede to British wishes, opening more ports for trade and dropping its opposition to the opium trade. China’s reaction, based on a long-established view of itself as strong and central and western Europe as weak and unimportant, led to a decrease in the Qing’s control over their empire.

In West Africa, western European politics and economics also combined to force changes in local politics. For reasons reflecting both Enlightenment ideals of liberty (the slave trade was immoral) and free trade (slave labor was less efficient than free labor), the British led the movement to abolish the slave trade in the early nineteenth century. African states that depended on the trade had to react. Although their interaction with Western ideologies was minimal, great changes still took place. Some states, like the Yoruba kingdom, were unable to maintain power without the weapons and other goods provided by the slave trade, and declined. Other states and rulers, like Jaja of Opobo, took advantage of Europe’s new emphasis on “legitimate” trade in other items to use slave labor in producing goods like palm oil for the world market. Because African-European interactions centered on trade, changes in this region reflected economic shifts.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 2 | 3 | 4

TOP: 3

11

MSC: Analyzing

Chapter 15

Reordering the World, 1750–1850 ◆

3. Compare the impact of the industrial revolution in China and Great Britain. Why did Great Britain move toward industrialization while China did not?

ANS: Both Great Britain and China were participants in the industrial revolution, a process that began in the latter part of the eighteenth century. In both cases, families worked more, producing enough food to create surpluses as well as participating in trade networks with the products of their home manufactures. Trade networks were expanding, global trade was growing, and state revenues were increasing in both areas. However, the context in which each empire participated was unique.

China, a large empire, was mostly self-contained as it experienced these changes, while the smaller Great Britain did so in a more globalized context. Both experienced migration, but China’s peasants moved to its internal frontiers while British migrants moved to its colonies overseas. The British were committed to global trade, while the Chinese found little to interest them in European manufactures. The British had access to raw materials and markets in the Americas, and the Chinese did not have these commercial connections or easy access to cheap sources of domestic fuel.

There were also differences in the priorities of the two governments. The Qing, whose administration as a ruling Manchu minority was conservative in character, were unable to respond effectively to the challenges posed by population growth and environmental degradation. They also encouraged their intelligent students to join the bureaucracy, the traditional path, while the culture of Great Britain encouraged people to experiment with science and engineering, interests that weren’t encouraged by the Chinese. Ultimately, the combination of global connections and a culture that fostered scientific and technological innovation would pull the British toward industrialization, while the Chinese, facing the limits of the industrial revolution, became more vulnerable to British pressures.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 2 | 3 | 4

TOP: 2 | 3

12

MSC: Analyzing

13

14 ◆ Chapter 15 Reordering the World, 1750–1850 4. Analyze the impact of industrialization in northeastern Europe between 1750 and 1850. What factors encouraged this transformation, and how was society changed?

ANS: Industrialization resulted from a series of technical innovations, such as the steam engine, which allowed for greater efficiency and quality of production, as well as saving labor. Together, these made for fast progress in manufacturing. Industrialization was encouraged by cross-class alliances between inventors and investors who supported their work and marketed their products; in addition, growing networks of trader-financiers had emerged to facilitate global trade, which encouraged expansion of production. Growing opportunities led to transformation. In some industries, most famously the textile industry, change often meant the development of large factories, which replaced older traditions of dispersed production and trade.

In many industries, however, firms benefited from technological advances while remaining small, which created patterns of heavily industrialized belts with many producers. In both cases, new groups of people emerged—both industrial workers and the bourgeois accountants, lawyers, and others who emerged to facilitate trade and production. Industrialization encouraged urbanization, particularly in Great Britain, which had more centralized industries than did France. Urbanization, in turn, exposed migrants and, in particular, the growing class of poor industrial workers to poor sanitation, pollution, and disease.

Moving to cities for work also made people dependent on industrial work. All members of families would work for very low wages to contribute to family incomes. Understandings of time shifted, from the seasonal schedule of farming to the daily work discipline imposed by employers.

Workers became vulnerable to unemployment, which meant no income at all. In the absence of any social safety net, some turned to protest and others joined the movement of emigrants out of Great Britain. At the same time, middle-class individuals, including public figures like Charles Dickens, continued to prosper, in some cases beginning to advocate for better working conditions in the industrial world.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 3 | 5

TOP: 2

13

MSC: Analyzing

Chapter 15

Reordering the World, 1750–1850 ◆

5. Compare the responses of the Ottoman sultans and the Egyptians to the growing European presence in the Ottoman world during the nineteenth century. Why did each group respond as it did, and what tactics did each pursue? How successful were they?

ANS: At the turn of the nineteenth century, Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Egypt. Although he did not retain power, this event marked the beginning of a period of change in the Ottoman Empire. Although technically part of the Empire, Egypt was for all intents and purposes autonomous. After the withdrawal of the French, a reforming leader, Muhammad Ali, seized power and sought to remake Egyptian society along lines inspired by the West, particularly France. He modernized the Egyptian army and introduced schools of medicine, engineering, and agriculture. He worked to make Egypt a major exporter of cotton and attempted to build a local textile industry, a project that failed because of a lack of skilled labor and energy to run the machines. Despite his modernizations, Egypt remained a peasant economy, and another tactic was increased exploitation of the peasantry who were recruited for unpaid work on public works and made to plant cotton for industrial use or export. Paradoxically, Muhammad Ali’s success led to his downfall—when the Egyptian army began to threaten Anatolia and the Ottoman Empire, European forces forced it to retreat, then forced Muhammad Ali to decrease its size and to open Egypt to European merchants, ending his hope of creating an industrial economy of his own.

The larger Ottoman Empire, in contrast, was an established society with long-standing institutions, such as the janissary corps and ulama, that were opposed to change and willing to attack their enemies. Not until Sultan Mahmud II was able to eliminate the janissaries in the 1820s could the Ottomans begin an Egypt-like pattern of reform and response to European presence. They also modernized their army, introduced Western education, and took steps to reform civil administration through the Tanzimat reforms, which guaranteed legal equality for Ottoman subjects regardless of religion. The Ottoman reforms were limited by continued pressure from conservative religious and administrative elites, as well as the influence of the merchants to whom the Sultans owed a great deal of money. The Ottomans also continued to demand greater amounts of European goods. Nevertheless, despite the limited nature of their reforms, the Ottoman Empire survived and continued to govern itself.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 2 | 3 | 5

TOP: 2 | 3

14

MSC: Analyzing

15

CHAPTER 16

Alternative Visions of the Nineteenth Century GLOBAL STORYLINES

FOCUS QUESTIONS

1. Protest movements challenge the nineteenth-­century order based on industrial capitalism, the nation-­state, and colonization.

2. Led by prophets, po­liti­cal radicals, and common ­people, the movements arise among marginal groups and regions and express visions of an ideal, utopian future.

3. The movements differ markedly, depending on the local circumstances of the global forces of change.

4. Although most movements are defeated, they give voice to the views of peasants and workers and have a lasting effect on the policies of ruling elites.

1. What alternative visions challenged the ideals of industrial capitalism, colonialism, and nation-­states in this period?

2. How similar ­were the utopian goals, immediate outcomes, and long-­term influence of rebel movements around the world? How did they differ?

3. How did an urge for social justice animate the alternative visions?

4. What role did religion play in ­these alternative social visions?

1

CHAPTER 16: Alternative Visions of the Nineteenth Century 2 ◆ Chapter 16 Alternative Visions of the Nineteenth Century

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following nineteenth-century principles derived from the revolutions of the late eighteenth century? a. mercantilism b. government by and for property-holding citizens c. the emergence of international law d. monarchical absolutism ANS: B TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 596

OBJ: 1 | 2

2. Viewed collectively, the actions of rebels and dissidents in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries reflected which of the following? a. their dislike of capitalism and colonialism b. their embrace of Enlightenment ideals and European technology c. the level of bureaucratic organization within their own societies d. the support they received from outside sources such as foreign missionaries ANS: A TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 596

OBJ: 1 | 2

3. The leaders of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Islamic revitalization movements sought to reestablish the glory of Islam through which practice? a. abolishing slavery in all Muslim lands b. making alliances between Islam and other religious traditions c. increasing the Islamic presence in world markets d. establishing new religiously based governments in lands already under Muslim control ANS: D TOP: 1 | 2 | 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 597 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1 | 4

4. The impetus of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab's Islamic reform movement was a reaction to which of the following? a. the presence of multiple Islamic empires such as the Mughals and the Ottomans b. the tendency of some Muslims to experiment with European ideas and technologies c. polytheistic beliefs that had taken root among some Muslims d. debates among representatives of different religions at the Mughal court ANS: C TOP: 2 | 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 597

1

OBJ: 1 | 4

Chapter 16 Alternative Visions of the Nineteenth Century ◆ 3 5. Which of the following groups was most attracted to Wahhabi Islam? a. people who believed their current version of Islam was too restrictive and needed to compromise with local cultural traditions b. people who felt threatened by new commercial activities and the increasing pace of intellectual change c. people who belonged to Sufi sects and devoted themselves to Muslim saints d. people who supported the power of the Ottoman Empire in the Arabian Peninsula ANS: B TOP: 2 | 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 597

OBJ: 1 | 4

6. Wahhabi Islam was a direct threat to the political power of which of the following? a. the Napoleonic Empire c. the House of Saud b. the Ottoman Empire d. the British Empire ANS: B TOP: 2 | 3

DIF: Easy REF: p. 597 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 1 | 4

7. Both Usman dan Fodio and Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab drew on which of the following inspirations for Islamic reform? a. the rejection of the corrupting power of wealth in the established Islamic empires b. the similarities between Islam and other Abrahamic religions c. the life of Muhammad and early Islamic practices d. the connections that had emerged between Islam and regional religious traditions ANS: C TOP: 1 | 2 | 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 597–598 OBJ: 4

8. Which of the following groups supported Usman dan Fodio’s revolt against the Hausa city-states? a. ruling elites c. Igbo merchants b. Fulani tribes people d. Hausa women ANS: B TOP: 1 | 2 | 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 598 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 4

9. How did the status of Islam in West Africa change after the establishment of the Sokoto caliphate? a. It changed from a minority religion to the majority religion in the region. b. It changed from an urban religion to the religion of rural pastoralists. c. It changed from a polytheistic religion to a monotheistic religion. d. It changed from a warlike religion to a peaceful religion.

ANS: A TOP: 2 | 4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 601

2

OBJ: 4

4 ◆ Chapter 16 Alternative Visions of the Nineteenth Century 10. Why did small-scale settlements in southern Africa give way to larger states during the early nineteenth century? a. Larger states were better equipped to compete for limited land and resources. b. Larger states were more efficient at gathering goods for trade with Europeans, and benefited from European technologies. c. Larger states were better at utilizing agricultural land, allowing them to relieve population pressure more effectively than smaller settlements. d. Larger states were able to experiment with new leadership styles, ending their dependence on traditional forms of political order.

ANS: A TOP: 2 | 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 601–602 OBJ: 1 | 3

11. During the early nineteenth century, which of the following led to a crisis in southern Africa? a. outbreaks of epidemic disease that depleted the population b. the introduction of opium by the British c. overpopulation that strained the region’s resource base d. Islamic reform movements challenging existing rulers ANS: C TOP: 2 | 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 601 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1 | 3

12. In which of the following ways did the Zuku leader, Shaka, resemble Mongol leaders? a. Both used cavalry and archers as the core of their military forces. b. Both had the ability to incorporate defeated communities into the state. c. Both were known for their ability to tolerate challenges from within their state. d. Both came from peasant roots, rising to positions of authority based on their prowess as warriors.

ANS: B TOP: 2 | 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 602

OBJ: 1 | 3

13. The Taiping Rebellion was a nineteenth-century example of what Chinese tradition? a. Confucian codes of administration b. rejection of outside influences as inferior to Chinese ideas c. millenarian peasant revolts d. violent uprisings by members of ethnic minority groups ANS: C TOP: 2 | 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 603

OBJ: 2 | 3 | 4

14. Which of the following contributed to social and political instability in both China and Africa? a. decreasing opium consumption b. declining involvement in foreign trade c. pressure from a growing population d. increased standards of living among the peasantry ANS: C TOP: 1 | 2 | 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 603

3

OBJ: 1 | 2 | 3

Chapter 16 Alternative Visions of the Nineteenth Century ◆ 5 15. Which of the following was a sharp contrast between millenarian revolts such as the Taiping Rebellion and orthodox institutions? a. millenarian revolts were often led by scholars. b. millenarian movements were inspired by Confucian, not Daoist, ideals. c. millenarian movements were supported by militias raised by the gentry. d. millenarian revolts often had women in leadership roles.

ANS: D TOP: 1 | 2 | 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 605–606 OBJ: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4

16. Hong Xiuquan believed that he was a. an administrative prodigy who could reform Qing governance. b. the heir to the tradition of Muhammad. c. a representative leader of the Chinese peasantry. d. Jesus’s younger brother sent to rid the world of evil.

ANS: D TOP: 2 | 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 605 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2 | 3 | 4

17. Which of the following is a similarity between the goals of Hong, the leaders of the Islamic revitalization movements, and Shaka? a. They all proposed a return to the ways of traditional Islam. b. They all sought to restore lost harmony and perceived the present world as unjust. c. They all rejected foreign religious ideas. d. They all believed that lack of harmony was caused by foreign rule.

ANS: B TOP: 1 | 2 | 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 607

OBJ: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4

18. What was one of the reasons for the collapse of the Taiping Rebellion? a. It failed to attract strong support from the peasants. b. It received support from western powers, which alienated the majority of the Chinese people. c. It failed to attract strong support from the landed gentry and other elite groups. d. Its followers were mainly Manchus, which alienated the Han Chinese majority.

ANS: C TOP: 2 | 4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 606–607 OBJ: 2 | 3

19. The goals of European reactionaries during the Restoration period included which of the following? a. secularization of the state b. curtailment of royal privileges c. rejection of change d. reversal of the beginnings of industrialization ANS: C TOP: 1 | 2 | 4

DIF: Easy REF: p. 609 MSC: Understanding

4

OBJ: 1 | 2 | 3

6 ◆ Chapter 16 Alternative Visions of the Nineteenth Century 20. In Restoration-period Europe, which of the following was a goal of liberal thinkers? a. returning to pre-revolutionary patterns of political and economic authority b. supporting individuals’ right to speak, think, and act as they chose c. exporting European innovations to other parts of the world d. continuing to pursue political reforms without attempting economic reforms ANS: B TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 609 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1 | 2 | 3

21. On what idea could disparate groups of radicals agree? a. popular sovereignty c. constitutional monarchy b. return to the status quo d. abolishing of private property ANS: A TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 609

OBJ: 1 | 2 | 3

22. How did nationalist thinkers define “the nation”? a. in terms of shared economic interests b. in terms of adherence to the same religion c. in terms of a common language, culture, and history d. in terms of shared family relationships ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 609 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1 | 2

23. From which groups did European nationalist movements draw their greatest number of supporters? a. the middle class and the landless peasants b. the liberal aristocracy and the commercial middle class c. the landed aristocracy and financiers d. the clergy and rural workers ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 609

OBJ: 1 | 2

24. In what way did nineteenth-century nationalist goals prove destructive in the twentieth century? a. Nationalist goals led to class warfare. b. Nationalist goals conflicted with economic modernization. c. The nationalist goals of different groups proved incompatible with one another. d. The nationalist goals of the nineteenth century limited twentieth-century cultural and literary experimentation.

ANS: C TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 610

OBJ: 1 | 2

25. Which of the following was called for in the People’s Charter? a. the creation of land charters to protect the property rights of small farmers b. the creation of charters outlining the rights of workers in mines and mills c. the eight-hour day, weekends off, and safer working conditions in factories d. annual parliamentary elections, universal male suffrage, and the secret ballot ANS: D TOP: 2 | 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 610 MSC: Remembering

5

OBJ: 2 | 3

Chapter 16 Alternative Visions of the Nineteenth Century ◆ 7 26. Why did Charles Fourier consign dirty jobs such as cleaning latrines to adolescents? a. He believed that in the interest of harmony, everyone had to work. b. He believed that all work was ennobling, and the young should be taught this at an early age. c. He believed that adolescents would move on to better jobs after they had proved themselves. d. He believed that adolescents liked to muck about in filth.

ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 611

OBJ: 2

27. How would life in Fourier’s phalanx qualify as a reform of Restoration Europe’s economic order? a. All members would work at diverse tasks for short periods of time. b. All members would receive the same pay for their work. c. All members would learn how to do all of the necessary tasks to keep the phalanx running. d. All members would do what they could, and take what they needed from the community.

ANS: A TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 611

OBJ: 1 | 2

28. Why were women especially drawn to Fourier’s proposed reforms? a. Women longed for a way to address the social problems of poverty, prostitution, and the exploitation of workers. b. Women were captivated by Fourier’s charismatic speaking style. c. Women were pleased to see the unpleasant jobs spread around to all groups instead of being consigned to women. d. Women longed for a way to return to an idealized country life.

ANS: A TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 611

OBJ: 1 | 2 | 3

29. Why did Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels call their theories “scientific” socialism? a. because their arguments were based in statistical analysis b. because their inspiration came from Newton’s grand synthesis of knowledge, the Principia c. because their arguments were rooted in a materialist view of history d. because all their statements had been verified through experimentation ANS: C TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 611 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1 | 2 | 3

30. What did Marx and Engels believe would be the outcome of the conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat? a. a victory by the bourgeoisie that would reduce the proletariat to slavery b. a victory by the bourgeoisie that would result in the reinforcement of capitalism and private property, and things would stay as they were c. a victory by the proletariat that would lead to the return of an idealized form of feudalism d. a victory by the proletariat that would result in the destruction of capitalism, the end of private property, and the eventual withering away of the state ANS: D TOP: 1 | 2 | 4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 612

6

OBJ: 1 | 2 | 3

8 ◆ Chapter 16 Alternative Visions of the Nineteenth Century 31. What did the groups that led the 1848 revolutions in Europe have in common? a. They shared a desire for independent nations and to overthrow the existing elites. b. They shared a belief in the triumph of the proletariat. c. The groups were all middle class, such as doctors, university professors and students, and lawyers. d. The groups were all working class, such as artisans, printers, and peasants.

ANS: A TOP: 1 | 4

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 612

OBJ: 1 | 2

32. Which of the following was a common factor in the Shawnee, Maya, and Indian rebellions against colonial control? a. a rejection of traditional cultural and political resources b. nonviolent resistance against colonial power c. the use of prophecy and charismatic leadership d. reliance on Christian traditions taught by missionaries ANS: C TOP: 2 | 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 612

OBJ: 2 | 4

33. Which of the following was required of Shawnee culture if they were to be able to cooperate with U.S. government officials? a. that men rather than women take over farming b. that they commit to communal life, similar to Fourier’s phalanxes c. that men move to urban areas and take jobs for cash payments d. that they abandon their native language ANS: A TOP: 1 | 2 | 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 614

OBJ: 1 | 2 | 3

34. The Shawnee prophet Tenskwatawa was similar to Hong Xiuquan in which of the following ways? a. Both drew on native as well as Muslim traditions in their preaching. b. Both led rebellions that were ultimately successful. c. Both had religious visions and embraced a strict moral code. d. Both used western astronomy to prove their personal powers.

ANS: C TOP: 2 | 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 614

OBJ: 2 | 4

35. Why did American officials fear Tecumseh’s message even more than his brother’s? a. Officials feared that Tecumseh’s support of the ghost dance would draw away workers for American farms. b. Officials feared that Tecumseh’s large army would be able to attack Washington, DC, and other eastern cities. c. Officials feared that Christians would begin to convert to the visionary future preached

by Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa. d. Officials feared that Tecumseh’s attempt to create a confederation of Native American tribes could lead to a nation comparable to that of the Aztecs.

ANS: D TOP: 1 | 2 | 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: pp. 616–617 OBJ: 2

7

Chapter 16 Alternative Visions of the Nineteenth Century ◆ 9 36. How did the outcome of the War of 1812 hasten the ethnic cleansing of Native Americans east of the Mississippi? a. Both the British and the French slaughtered large numbers of Native Americans in the conflict. b. The Shawnee migrated to Canada, leaving the lands south of the Great Lakes free of Native American tribes. c. The British withdrew their support from south of the Great Lakes, leaving the Shawnee at the mercy of land hungry American settlers. d. Other tribes west of the Mississippi who had sided with the Americans supported the removal of the eastern tribes.

ANS: C TOP: 1 | 4

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 617

OBJ: 1 | 2

37. Prior to the mid-nineteenth century, how did the Mayan experience of colonial rule differ from that of other indigenous Mexican peoples? a. A stronger missionary presence meant that more Mayans converted to Christianity. b. The Mayans escaped forced labor recruitment and social disruption because their territory lacked minerals or fertile land. c. Conflict between the Spanish and the Portuguese meant that more Mayans were killed in war. d. The Mayans were less able to participate in trade than other Mexican natives because they lacked port cities.

ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 618

OBJ: 2

38. What was a goal of the Mayans in the Yucatan peninsula when they revolted against the Mexican government in 1847? a. They wanted complete cultural autonomy. b. They wanted political independence. c. They wanted to retain the right to own their land individually. d. They wanted political equality with other Mexicans.

ANS: D TOP: 2 | 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 618 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2 | 3

39. Which of the following was the most important device used by Mexicans to lure Mayans into plantation labor? a. Debt peonage forced fathers and sons to work for low wages on sugar plantations. b. The imposition of the new caste of “Indians” meant Mayans had few political rights and could be forced into plantation servitude. c. Mexicans lured Mayans with promises of teaching them new agricultural techniques that would enrich Mayan villages. d. Mayans were forced to work on plantations to free their wives and children who had been taken hostage by the plantation owners.

ANS: A TOP: 1 | 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 618

8

OBJ: 1

10 ◆ Chapter 16 Alternative Visions of the Nineteenth Century 40. In what way did the Mayans who followed José María Barrera resemble the Chinese who followed Hong in the Taiping Rebellion? a. Both the Mayans and the Chinese were driven by hunger to surrender to work on plantations. b. Both the Mayans and the Chinese were led by ruling elites who sympathized with the plight of the peasants. c. Both the Mayans and the Chinese followed visionaries who formed alternative religions that combined Christian beliefs, symbols, and rituals with traditional beliefs and legends. d. Both the Mayans and the Chinese were able to create enduring semiautonomous states within the larger nation.

ANS: C TOP: 2 | 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 619

OBJ: 2 | 4

41. What change did the British East India Company make in its approach to ruling India during the 1840s? a. It ceded its control of India to the British crown. b. It annexed more land and stripped native aristocrats of their privileges. c. It encouraged the Mughal emperor to rule as an absolute monarch. d. It banned the practice of the Hindu religion in India.

ANS: B TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 619–621 OBJ: 1 MSC: Understanding

42. What event sparked the Great Rebellion of 1857? a. British reprisals against peasants who refused to pay their taxes b. the British East India Company issuing IOUs to soldiers in lieu of their salaries c. a rumor that cow and pig fat had been used to grease the cartridges used in soldiers’ rifles d. a rumor that the food provided by the British East India Company violated soldiers’ religious beliefs ANS: C TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Easy REF: pp. 621–622 OBJ: 1 | 3 | 4 MSC: Remembering

43. In what way did the peasants show their divergence from the Indian elite in the Great Rebellion of 1857? a. Peasants attacked Hindu princes who were seen as capitulating to Mughal rulers. b. Peasants followed traditional leaders only, not those who had training under the British. c. Peasants attempted to overthrow the Mughal dynasty because it had betrayed the Islamic faith. d. Peasants attacked both Indian and British people and places that represented their oppression.

ANS: D TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 623

9

OBJ: 1 | 2 | 3

Chapter 16

Alternative Visions of the Nineteenth Century ◆ 11

44. Which of the following characterized the British counterinsurgency effort in India? a. The British bribed rebel leaders to stop the uprising. b. The British responded brutally; villages were destroyed and leaders were tied to cannons and executed. c. The British expended a great deal of effort to preserve Indian lives and property to avoid alienating the population. d. As a gesture of goodwill, the British returned the land that they had previously annexed.

ANS: B TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 623 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

45. How did the British change their approach to ruling India after 1857? a. The British began to use railroads, roads, and telegraph lines to link the region together. b. India came under the British crown’s direct control. c. The British stopped allowing Indians to serve in the British army. d. The British restored control of cotton manufacturing to India.

ANS: B TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 624–625 OBJ: 1 MSC: Understanding

TRUE/FALSE 1. Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Islamic reform movements sought to overcome the division between Shiites and Sunnis.

ANS: F TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 596–597 OBJ: 2 | 4 MSC: Understanding

2. Marx and Engels believed that the conflict between proletariat and bourgeoisie would be succeeded by other stages of class conflict.

ANS: F TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 612 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1 | 2 | 3

3. Both Chinese and Native American rebellions were inspired by popular religious movements.

ANS: T TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 603, 612 OBJ: 2 | 4

4. In the Caste War, the defeat of the Maya was facilitated because the Mexican war with the United States ended in 1848.

ANS: T TOP: 1 | 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 617–619 OBJ: 1 | 2 | 3

5. The British avoided the use of technologies like the railroad and telegraph in India because they feared that rebels could turn their tools against them.

ANS: F TOP: 1 | 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 621

10

OBJ: 1 | 2

12 ◆ Chapter 16 Alternative Visions of the Nineteenth Century SHORT ANSWER 1. Compare the Caste War in Mexico with the Rebellion of 1857 in India. What alternative visions of social order did the indigenous peoples of these areas propose, and how similar were they? What was the fate of each movement, and why?

ANS: In both cases, the rebellions began as reactions to increasingly repressive regimes. In India, the British East India Company’s rule grew harsher during the 1840s and 1850s as it annexed more territories, deposed traditional leaders, and reorganized its administration in ways that increased the tax burden on common people and decreased their security, while eliminating the livelihoods of those whom the traditional princes and chiefs had employed. In the Yucatan region of Mexico, the 1840s saw increasing pressure from plantation agriculture, which needed labor, and the Mexican government, which needed soldiers and tax revenue.

One key difference, however, was that Mexico was an independent country while India was under foreign rule. The Maya rebels of 1847 began by seeking legal equality with other Mexicans through the repeal of caste laws that restricted their rights and made them pay special taxes. When Mexican elites responded violently to this request, sparking the Caste War, the Maya turned to cultural separatism. The rebels created a new community in the forest centered on the town of Chan Santa Cruz, which became an administrative center and the home of a new religion blending traditional Maya and Christian elements. They were able to withdraw from contact with mainstream Mexican society.

The target of Indian discontent, the British East India Company (BEIC), was a foreign corporation, and Indian rebels sought to push it out of India. The initial mutineers marched to Delhi and symbolically re-created the pre-British order by officially restoring the Mughal emperor, who had become a figurehead, to power. Other centers of revolt emerged among the BEIC’s Indian military forces, Indian elites answered calls to fight the BEIC as an enemy of the Hindu and Muslim religions, and peasants attacked people and places associated with the BEIC—including Indians such as moneylenders who had benefited from BEIC rule. Unlike the Maya, they did not achieve a unified focus.

The Maya revolt dragged on as a guerrilla war until the early twentieth century; however, the Chan Santa Cruz community was abandoned by people who were victims of poverty and disease and were forced into work in the expanding plantation economy of the Yucatan. Ultimately, the economic causes of the rebellion, not the Mexican military, defeated the Maya. The BEIC put down the Indian Rebellion by 1858 but was then relieved of its position by the British government, which went on to guarantee freedom of religion, adherence to treaties, and some role for Indians in government.

Although it had economic components, it was resolved through political ends in a way that maintained British rule, but offered some concessions to Indians.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4

TOP: 1 | 2 | 3

11

MSC: Analyzing

Chapter 16

Alternative Visions of the Nineteenth Century ◆ 13

2. Compare the ideas of Charles Fourier with those of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. What problems did each see arising from industrializing society, and what remedies did they propose? What contributed to the differences between their views?

ANS: Fourier along with Marx and Engels were all concerned with the impact of industrialization on European societies, but they emphasized different problems and proposed different remedies. For Fourier, the major problems were the division of labor in industrial production and repressive nineteenth-century morality, both of which he believed destroyed people’s natural passions and talents. He sought a solution that would preserve human diversity; eliminate the influence of merchants, whom he believed were a corrupting social force; and provide better working conditions.

His remedy was the idea of the phalanx, a collective composed of 1500 to 1600 people, who would live together harmoniously and work at different tasks. He would preserve diversity both through the range of personalities and by allowing for rich and poor within the phalanx; at the same time, however, everyone would work efficiently at a wide variety of different tasks—the polar opposite of the division of labor. Work would remain interesting as people pursued their chosen tasks, learned what they wished to know, and worked under comfortable conditions.

However, for Marx and Engels, the major problem was the industrial system itself. They believed that industrial production and its relationships between employers and employees had brought about a new conflict between owners and the laborers they exploited. They foresaw that this class divide would become more severe as industrialization progressed; since poor, exploited workers did not provide much of a market for industrial products, employer behavior would lead to overproduction and underconsumption, which would result in more wage cuts, higher unemployment, and ultimately a rebellion on the part of the workers (proletariat), after which capitalism would be destroyed and a “dictatorship of the proletariat” would be established. As a solution, they called on workers to begin the revolution, for example in The Communist Manifesto (1848).

These very different responses reflected different priorities and experiences. Fourier, writing at the beginning of the nineteenth century, wished to avoid the excesses and violence of the French Revolution and offered reform through planning and organization as an alternative. Marx and Engels, a generation later, considered themselves to be “scientific” socialists, and based their argument on a reading of history as a destructive cycle of conflict to which they offered an end. They read Fourier and used his ideas in describing what the dictatorship of the proletariat would look like; they were also, however, more concerned with how one got to that point than was Fourier, leading to their emphasis on the coming revolution.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 1 | 2 | 3

TOP: 1 | 2 | 4

12

MSC: Analyzing

14 ◆ Chapter 16 Alternative Visions of the Nineteenth Century 3. Describe and compare the religious doctrines put forth by Tenskwatawa and al-Wahhab. To what forces was each reacting? How did they draw on traditional ideas within their societies?

ANS: Al-Wahhab was a Muslim who was reacting to a perceived decline in Islamic life, evidence of which he found in practices such as the veneration of saints by Sufi Muslims and the worship of trees, stones, and other polytheistic practices in the Hijaz. His followers were drawn from people who felt threatened by changing intellectual and commercial currents in the eighteenth-century Middle East, but al-Wahhab, an educated man, stressed the oneness of Islam and the need for a pure Islamic faith.

Tenskwatawa, a Shawnee from the Ohio Valley in North America, was reacting to the increased pressure placed by American expansionism on Native American societies. After experiencing a vision, he began to urge his people to stop drinking and to return to traditional customs and technologies, such as hunting with bows and arrows rather than guns procured from the Americans and British. He claimed that if they did so, dead people and animals would return to them and the Americans would be driven out. Those who did not cooperate would be punished after their deaths.

Both of these visions expressed the wish to return to a purer state and an old way of life that would benefit the visionary and his people. In Tenskwatawa’s case, he sought to end the pressure from settlers and traders. His alliance with his brother, the military leader Tecumseh, added a military dimension to his campaign as the Shawnee and their allies used concrete as well as spiritual means to oppose the Americans. In al-Wahhab’s case, the opposition—degraded Islam—was more diffuse; his followers also attacked it, however, in military campaigns in Iraq and the Arabian Peninsula that eventually threatened Ottoman authority enough to draw down opposition upon them, leading to the Wahhabis’ defeat. Al-Wahhab was choosing from among a range of local traditions, accepting and promoting the idea of a pure, orthodox Islam and rejecting other traditions. Ironically, Tenskwatawa’s combination of a message of self-help with a paradisiacal future for the Shawnee drew from a wider range of forces, including Christianity, the source of his vision of hell.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 2 | 4

TOP: 2 | 3 | 4

MSC: Analyzing

4. Examine the development of Usman dan Fodio’s Sokoto caliphate. In addition to Islamic revival, what factors encouraged the growth of this kingdom?

ANS: The roots of the Sokoto caliphate lay in the revolt of Usman dan Fodio against the leaders of the Hausa city-states of northern Nigeria. Dan Fodio, like other educated Fulani Muslims, felt that the state of Islam in West Africa generally had fallen away from orthodoxy. This became the context first for his withdrawal from the Hausa states to a new community, Gudu, whose establishment he based on Muhammad’s withdrawal from the nonorthodox world. In 1804, he proceeded to revolt against the Hausa states, which ended with their overthrow and the creation of a new confederation of Islamic, Fulani states ruled by himself and his allies. This would become the Sokoto caliphate. In addition to the impetus of Islamic revivalism, a number of factors contributed to his success and the development of the new state. One was dissatisfaction with the Hausa leaders. Dan Fodio’s allies and followers included not only his own Fulani people, mostly herders spread across the savanna, but also Hausa peasants who felt ill-treated by their rulers. He also encouraged broad mobilization among his supporters, including women as well as men, to participate in the revolution. The Sokoto caliphate also became a well-governed institution. The mobilizing power of Islamic revival was important in the foundation of the Sokoto caliphate, but it was not the only factor.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 2 | 3 | 4

TOP: 2 | 3

13

MSC: Analyzing

Chapter 16

Alternative Visions of the Nineteenth Century ◆ 15

5. Compare the changes to existing social structures proposed by Hong Xiuquan’s Taiping movement and Charles Fourier’s utopian socialism.

ANS: The Taiping movement proposed to overthrow the Chinese social order. Some of the changes it proposed were changes of form rather than function, such as the replacement of traditional Confucian exams with new examinations based on knowledge of the Bible and Hong Xiuquan’s writings. Others responded to specific problems, like the prohibition of drinking and opium use. At base, though, it wanted to remake society, confiscating property and rejecting Confucian values. Relations between the sexes would shift, with men and women living separate, segregated lives and women serving in the military. Fourier’s Utopian socialism also dispensed with traditional family structure—although his Christian communalist followers, seeking to make it more palatable to the European mainstream, created a variation that allowed monogamous family units within the utopian framework. Instead, Fourier proposed that people should live in communities known as phalanxes, for which residents should be chosen in order to achieve a balance among 810 personality types. His goal was not to overthrow social order, but to create a system in which people could work efficiently and comfortably at a variety of interesting tasks, thereby preserving human diversity and striking back against the threat posed by industrial labor practices. The primary similarity between the ideas of Hong and Fourier is that both wanted people to abandon the traditional household and family in favor of large-scale social organization that, in the opinion of the reformer who proposed it, would be more just, more efficient, and more conducive to virtuous behavior among the residents.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 2 | 3 | 4

TOP: 1 | 2 | 3

14

MSC: Analyzing

CHAPTER 17

Nations and Empires, 1850–1914 GLOBAL STORYLINES

FOCUS QUESTIONS

1. Nation-­state building and imperialism change the map of the world.

2. Industrialization, science, and technology enable states in North Amer­i­c a and western Europe—­ and, to a lesser extent, Japan—to overpower other regions po­l iti­c ally, militarily, and eco­nom ­ical ­ly.

3. Eu­ro­pean, American, and Japa­nese imperialists encounter significant opposition in Africa and Asia.

1. Which institutions enabled elites in western Eu­rope, the Amer­i­cas, and Japan to consolidate nation-­states, and to what degree did they succeed during this period?

2. How did industrialization, science, and technology affect the expansion of power­f ul states into the rest of the world?

3. In what ways ­were the reactions to imperialism in Asia and Africa alike and in what ways dif­fer­ent?

How effective ­were t­ hese responses?

4. To what extent did colonies contribute to the wealth and po­l iti­cal strength of the nation-­states that controlled them?

1

CHAPTER 17: Nations and Empires, 1850–1914 2 ◆ Chapter 17 Nations and Empires, 1850–1914

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. How did the development of nation-states contribute to the spread of imperialism? a. Imperialism allowed new nation-states to compete with large, established empires like Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. b. The conquest of new territories was seen as a measure of a nation-state’s strength. c. Imperial possessions provided more people who could potentially become members of the nation. d. Empires allowed nation-states to compensate for their lack of up-to-date industrial technology.

ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 630

OBJ: 1

2. Which of the following statements best reflects the impact of Enlightenment thinkers on nineteenth-century nationalists? a. The political boundaries of a nation should reflect people’s shared past, culture, and tradition. b. People should be politically divided based on their religious beliefs and practices, with one state for each religion. c. Workers need to abandon local identities in order to band together and focus on overthrowing capitalism, their shared enemy. d. All people are equally prepared for self-government and political autonomy.

ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 630

OBJ: 1

3. Which of the following was a method that dominant elites used to spread their values and institutions throughout the nation-state? a. making links with the working class through expanded suffrage b. broadening public education in the national language c. creating local parliaments so that everyone had a say in government d. encouraging the preservation of local literature and folk tales ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Easy MSC: Applying

REF: p. 630

OBJ: 1

4. During the second half of the nineteenth century, the widespread circulation of which of the following advanced imperialism? a. Enlightenment ideas c. vernacular literature b. new diseases d. capital ANS: D TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 630

1

OBJ: 1 | 2

Chapter 17

Nations and Empires, 1850–1914 ◆ 3

5. Which of the following attitudes created tension between the concept of nation-state and colonial empire? a. Colonies were viewed as valuable sources of new technological and scientific information. b. The mother countries drafted colonists to increase the size of their armies for European military campaigns. c. Colonies were seen as subordinate to their mother countries, often with no representation in their governments. d. The mother countries refused to educate their colonial subjects.

ANS: C TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 630

OBJ: 2

6. What did American nation-states do with territories taken from indigenous peoples? a. American nation-states allowed conquered peoples autonomy and the right to determine the fate of their territorial possessions. b. American nation-states turned these territories into new provinces by sending settlers to the hinterlands. c. American nation-states incorporated Indian landholdings into the nation economically, but kept them distinct politically and socially. d. American nation-states treated conquered areas as colonial outposts.

ANS: B TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 631 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1 | 2

7. In the United States, how did Americans of European descent justify expanding their territory westward? a. They appealed to common law and demanded that the British respect U.S. expansion into Canadian territory. b. They justified their expansion under the concept of enlightened self-interest. c. They claimed that their expansion across the North American continent was God’s will. d. They justified their continental expansion by walking softly and carrying a big stick.

ANS: C TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 631

OBJ: 1 | 2

8. How did the United States’ understanding of itself change after the Civil War? a. Its sense of national identity, and the strength of the national government, grew stronger. b. Its sense of national identity grew weaker, since serious unresolved regional differences continued to exist. c. Its identity as a major agricultural exporter grew to be equal to that of Germany or of Great Britain. d. Its identity as a multiethnic state grew stronger.

ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 631

2

OBJ: 1

4 ◆ Chapter 17 Nations and Empires, 1850–1914 9. After the Civil War, how did the United States encourage the incorporation of its western territories? a. It encouraged settlers to move to the hinterlands with promises of cheap land for homesteading. b. It enticed farmers to move west by guaranteeing them profits from producing farm goods to meet American consumers’ insatiable demands. c. The government published popular adventure literature about the West. d. The U.S. government extended voting rights to American Indians.

ANS: A TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 634

OBJ: 1 | 2

10. What new economic development permitted the accumulation of capital needed to invest in new industries? a. a national commercial bank c. the limited-liability, joint-stock company b. the restoration of the silver standard d. free trade with European empires ANS: C TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 633

OBJ: 1 | 2

11. Which of the following contributed to Canada’s difficulties in forming a robust national identity during the late nineteenth century? a. Many western Canadians wished to unite with Alaska. b. There were sharp cultural divisions between French- and English-speaking Canadians. c. Canada depended on immigrants to settle its western territories. d. Canada had bloody conflicts with indigenous peoples, just like the United States.

ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 634

OBJ: 1

12. What motivation drove Canada’s nineteenth-century policy toward its indigenous population? a. Canadians acknowledged the legitimacy of native cultural traditions. b. Canadians wished to make a quick profit by displacing the Amerindians. c. Canadians maintained their French colonial tradition of cooperation with the Amerindians. d. Canadians wished to avoid bloodshed and conflict with indigenous peoples that might drive off settlers.

ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 635

OBJ: 1

13. Which of the following helps to explain why privileged elites in Latin America held more political and economic power than elites in the United States? a. There were fewer immigrants to Latin America, so old colonial elites had no challengers. b. Large estate holders in Latin America controlled far more of the richest lands to produce export crops. c. There were fewer Amerindian and peasant uprisings in Latin America, and fewer challenges to the ruling elites. d. The threat of revolts in the homesteader frontiers in Latin American created the need for stronger central government.

ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 635–636 OBJ: 1

3

Chapter 17

Nations and Empires, 1850–1914 ◆ 5

14. Which of the following contributed to the end of Brazil’s rubber boom? a. Increased production outside of Brazil led to more competition and lowered prices. b. Rain forest land was damaged by cattle grazing and wildfires. c. Hostile Amerindians attacked rubber plantations and convoys. d. The expense of building the Manaus Opera House bankrupted many elites.

ANS: A TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 637

OBJ: 1 | 2

15. In early nineteenth-century Europe, what hampered the implementation of the nationalistic idea that the location of “the people” should form the basis for setting national boundaries? a. Monarchs felt that allegiance to them should determine national boundaries. b. Multiethnic land empires collapsed. c. There was no agreement as to who “the people” should be. d. Each side in military conflicts tried to gain control of as many people as possible.

ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 637 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1

16. The idea that a nation was composed of its entire population replaced what earlier definition of a nation? a. A nation was composed of everyone who participated in economic production. b. A nation was composed of those willing to fight and die for it. c. A nation was composed of everyone whose ancestors had followed the same king. d. A nation was composed of kings, clergymen, and nobles.

ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 637

OBJ: 1

17. Which of the following developments contributed heavily to the growth of nationalism in nineteenth-century Europe? a. the revival of religious faith b. the expansion of literacy and the periodical press c. an end to regional warfare d. the clergy’s support ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 638

OBJ: 1

18. In which of the following situations were factors like a shared language, insufficient to create a national bond? a. Prussia’s relationship with Brandenburg b. Russia’s relationship with Siberia c. Great Britain’s relationship with Ireland d. Piedmont-Sardinia’s relationship with Tuscany ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 641–642 OBJ: 1

4

6 ◆ Chapter 17 Nations and Empires, 1850–1914 19. What did Bismarck of Germany and Cavour of Italy have in common? a. Both were liberal prime ministers who exploited national sentiment to promote unification. b. Both were popular newspaper publishers who promoted nationalism. c. Both were popular newspaper publishers who opposed national unification. d. Both were conservative prime ministers who exploited liberal national sentiment to promote unification.

ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 638

OBJ: 1

20. What kind of states resulted from the unifications of Germany and Italy? a. states that became homogenous democracies b. states with persistent internal divisions and centralized power wielded by their monarchs c. states in which constitutional monarchs ruled in conjunction with strong parliaments d. states in which economic development benefited people throughout society ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 638–639 OBJ: 1

21. How did nationalism challenge the Austrian Empire? a. by forcing it to define who was an Austrian b. by eroding the loyalty of its peasant population c. by encouraging groups such as the Czechs and the Hungarians to press for autonomy d. by encouraging the emperor to foster a more democratic government ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 640

OBJ: 1

22. How did the Franco-Prussian War encourage the growth of French nationalism in the late nineteenth century? a. It encouraged the French to unify around their antipathy toward the Germans. b. It encouraged the French to end class struggles. c. It encouraged the French to support and promote their national literature and language. d. It encouraged the argument that national identity was more important than class identity for the French.

ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 641

OBJ: 1

23. Why was electricity the most important power source for the second industrial revolution? a. Britain was rich in coal, so it did not have to rely on foreign supplies to power its factories. b. Electrical power generation plants were pollution free. c. Factories could be located near concentrations of workers and production costs were lower. d. Some new industries, such as the iron industry, were dependent solely on electricity.

ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 642

5

OBJ: 2

Chapter 17

Nations and Empires, 1850–1914 ◆ 7

24. Which of the following was a consequence of the development of limited-liability, joint-stock companies? a. The scale of industrial enterprises dramatically increased. b. Imperial expansion decreased. c. Employee ownership of corporations increased. d. The influence of individual financiers declined.

ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 643

OBJ: 2

25. In what way did the second industrial revolution lead to greater global economic integration? a. The demand for silk and spices increased as people in the North Atlantic region became more prosperous. b. Necessary raw materials such as coal and iron had to be exported to Europe’s overseas colonies. c. The demand for energy led to scouring the world for geothermal power sources. d. Necessary raw materials such as rubber, copper, oil, and bauxite were not readily available in the North Atlantic states and had to be imported from overseas.

ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 643

OBJ: 2

26. Which of the following reflects Charles Darwin’s key scientific theory? a. Europeans were superior to Africans and Asians. b. Species evolved under the pressures of natural selection. c. Individuals passed on to their offspring traits they had acquired. d. The weak would dominate the strong.

ANS: B TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Easy REF: p. 644 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

27. How did social Darwinists use the idea of “survival of the fittest”? a. to justify allowing species to go extinct b. to argue for instituting physical education programs in schools c. to justify strong nations’ domination of weaker ones d. to argue against social inequality ANS: C TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 644

OBJ: 2

28. Which British colony served as a model for later European endeavors by developing the colony’s infrastructure to maximize profits from trade? a. India c. Algeria b. the Gambia d. Australia ANS: A TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Easy REF: p. 646 MSC: Remembering

6

OBJ: 2

8 ◆ Chapter 17 Nations and Empires, 1850–1914 29. What was the general goal of imperial powers, such as Great Britain, in the late nineteenth century? a. to create an integrated, competitive global economy b. to monopolize as large a proportion as possible of the finite global supply of gold c. to profit by instructing other regions of the world in industrial production methods d. to force their colonies to buy their manufactured goods while exporting staple commodities ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 646

OBJ: 2 | 4

30. Which of the following was an unintended consequence of the British Raj in India? a. The Indian subcontinent industrialized, replacing China as the Asian main exporter of finished goods. b. A new Indian identity emerged, despite the lack of a common language or political sovereignty. c. European diseases spread, killing a large percentage of the population. d. New European crops were introduced, leading to a population explosion and environmental disaster.

ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 646–647 OBJ: 3

31. Which of the following was an important unintended consequence of the European partition of Africa in the late nineteenth century? a. European colonizers engaged in many wars with each other over African territory. b. Increased immigration occurred from Africa to Europe. c. People from throughout Africa began to think of themselves as members of a single nation. d. Boundary lines drawn by Europeans divided existing African ethnic, linguistic, cultural, and commercial units among several different colonies.

ANS: D TOP: 2 | 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 650

OBJ: 2 | 3

32. Which of the following was a reason why Europeans colonized Africa? a. to live in healthier climates than those of industrialized European cities b. to prevent Africans from converting to Islam c. to acquire personal power and imperial glory d. to assist in Africa’s industrialization ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 648–650 OBJ: 2 | 4

33. What allowed King Menelik II of Ethiopia to defeat the Italian forces? a. He allied himself with the Germans against the Italians. b. Unlike other Europeans, the Italians did not use advanced weapons in the field. c. He was able to equip his loyal, united armies with European weapons. d. The Italian invasion forces were decimated by tropical diseases.

ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 650

7

OBJ: 3

Chapter 17

Nations and Empires, 1850–1914 ◆ 9

34. After revolts in several of their African colonies, what changes did Europeans make in their colonial structures? a. More efficient administrations began to provide health care and education to the colonized peoples. b. Indigenous people were frequently promoted to officer rank in colonial armies. c. Europeans directly incorporated missionaries into colonial administration. d. Europeans focused on attempting to bring the benefits of superior civilization to Africa.

ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 651

OBJ: 3

35. In what way was American imperialism in the 1890s different from earlier forms of U.S. expansionism? a. It sought to incorporate new territories into the national political body. b. It took control of new territories without seeking to incorporate them or their people into the national political body. c. It was undertaken in order to encourage American settlement in the newly conquered territories. d. It proposed that the United States had a mission to spread its culture beyond its current boundaries.

ANS: B TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 656

OBJ: 2 | 4

36. After the Spanish-American War, American expansionism increasingly involved which of the following? a. conquering new territories in Asia and Africa b. subsidizing settlement by Americans in newly conquered lands c. establishing peaceful trade relationships d. turning nominally independent countries into dependent states ANS: D TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 656

OBJ: 2 | 4

37. Which of the following best describes the beliefs of a social Darwinist in the late nineteenth century? a. Modern culture was created by white Europeans and Americans, who were more fully evolved than the darker peoples of the world. b. The American Declaration of Independence demonstrated that all men possess the unalienable right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. c. The French Revolution proved that all people deserve to be members of a sovereign, culturally homogeneous nation. d. All of humanity was created by God, in God’s image, and all people are therefore equal.

ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 656–657 OBJ: 2

8

10 ◆ Chapter 17 Nations and Empires, 1850–1914 38. In response to Commodore Perry’s arrival in Edo Bay, how did young Japanese elites plan to modernize? a. They planned to adopt western technology, while maintaining Japanese culture. b. They planned to adopt both western technology and western culture. c. They planned to adopt both western culture and Christianity. d. They planned to adopt western forms of governance, while maintaining Japanese technological traditions.

ANS: A TOP: 2 | 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 658 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2 | 3

39. How did late nineteenth-century Japanese capitalism differ from late nineteenth-century American capitalism? a. It excluded women from all financial affairs. b. It relied on personal relationships instead of impersonal investment. c. It focused on exporting rice to other Asian countries. d. It was less dependent on imported raw materials for success.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 658–659 OBJ: 1 | 2

40. In what way did late nineteenth-century Japanese colonial rule in the Ryukyu Islands differ from that of the British in India or the Americans in Puerto Rico? a. The Japanese refused to train a Ryukyu governing class. b. The Japanese believed that the Ryukyu were civilized people, equal to themselves. c. The Japanese required a large military presence to control the heavily armed islanders. d. The Japanese built railroads and bridges to connect the islands.

ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 659

OBJ: 2

41. What was the primary reason why Russia expanded south into the Caucasus and east into Manchuria? a. Russia was proving its religious toleration by integrating Muslims into its empire. b. Russia wanted to acquire important deposits of rare minerals necessary for industrial growth. c. Russia was responding to perceived threats from rivals in those areas. d. Russia wanted to acquire new land on which to settle former serfs.

ANS: C TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 659–661 OBJ: 1 | 2 MSC: Understanding

42. In what way was Russia’s expansion in Asia different from American expansion in North America? a. Russia wished to exploit rich mineral resources instead of opening up land for farming. b. Russia stressed the cultural differences between itself and the peoples it conquered. c. The monetary cost of expansion for Russia and its people was far greater. d. Russia tolerated and taxed native populations instead of displacing or slaughtering them.

ANS: D TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 661

9

OBJ: 1 | 2

Chapter 17

Nations and Empires, 1850–1914 ◆

43. Which of the following was a similarity between Russian and Japanese attempts to modernize in the late nineteenth century? a. Both turned to China for support in industrializing. b. For both, modernizing included increased popular control of the government. c. Both incorporated ethnic minorities in their empire as equal citizens. d. For both, key aspects of industrialization were state-sponsored.

ANS: D TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 661–662 OBJ: 1 | 2

44. In the late nineteenth century, which of the following was an important initiative of the Chinese Self-Strengthening movement? a. territorial expansion in the southeast b. the development of coal mines and shipyards c. the development of an expansive railway system d. aligning Chinese culture with western culture ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 664

OBJ: 3

45. How did conservative Chinese leaders react to the first railroads built in China? a. They used the railroads to reinvigorate China’s internal trade networks. b. They were worried that the railroads would change the relationship between people and nature, but recognized that they were necessary. c. They saw the railroads as a threat to Chinese social harmony and had them torn up. d. They sold concessions to operate the railroads to the British and Americans.

ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 664 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

46. Which of the following was the ultimate result of China’s unwillingness to change its political and economic systems? a. vulnerability to external aggression and internal instability b. growing isolation from the world economy c. intensification of its cultural traditions d. ongoing conflict between China and Korea ANS: A TOP: 2 | 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 665

OBJ: 2 | 3

47. Through what means were popular Europeans’ perceptions of imperialism influenced before 1900? a. the emergence of strong anti-imperialist children’s magazines during the late nineteenth century b. the increasing dominance of Orientalist paintings in artistic exhibitions c. the increasing dissemination of imperial images taken with the Eastman Kodak camera d. the growth of radio broadcasts that trumpeted the successes of imperial infrastructure projects ANS: C TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 657 MSC: Understanding

10

OBJ: 2

11

12 ◆ Chapter 17 Nations and Empires, 1850–1914 TRUE/FALSE 1. Imperial expansion often met resistance from communities being incorporated into new empires.

ANS: T TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 646 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

2. In both Brazil and America, the abolition of slavery quickly led to expansion of voting rights.

ANS: F TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 636

OBJ: 1

3. After 1848, both the unified German and Italian states rejected democracy.

ANS: T TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 638

OBJ: 1

4. Tropical commodities from their colonies enriched industrialized imperial states.

ANS: T TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 643 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 4

5. Qing officials were more worried about internal turmoil than they were about European attempts to carve China up into spheres of influence.

ANS: T TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 664

11

OBJ: 2 | 3

Chapter 17

Nations and Empires, 1850–1914 ◆

SHORT ANSWER 1. Compare the roles that the second industrial revolution played in the development of Brazil and British India. How significant a difference was created by the fact that Brazil was an independent country and British India was a colony?

ANS: The second industrial revolution of the late nineteenth century intensified the global nature of industrialization. Much more so than the first industrial revolution, it depended on imported raw materials, such as rubber, oil, and bauxite, to manufacture a range of goods including chemicals and sophisticated machines. Neither Brazil nor British India was industrialized, so both served as raw materials producers. Brazil’s products included coffee, sugar, and rubber—the latter a product for which the emergence of the automobile industry had created a great deal of demand. India’s products included cotton, jute, and tea.

Colonialism did impose constraints on India that Brazil did not face, including some related to industrialization. British administration ruled India according to assumptions that benefited itself, like the idea that a colonial possession should serve as a raw materials producer and a consumer of finished goods, not a producer of finished goods. Similarly, much of the value of its products was siphoned off by the British in order to recoup the costs of colonial rule. While Brazil was free from these concerns, however, indigenous planter elites seeking to maintain their privileges had a similar impact on the lives of the majority of Brazil’s people. One of the last countries to abolish slavery, Brazil was structured in such a way that the bulk of its people were excluded from participation in politics and, ideologically, from inclusion in the nation itself. Brazilian elites, free to govern themselves where Indians were not, would have seen major differences between their status and India’s; for the Indian masses and Brazil’s peasant, former slave, and Amerindian populations, the difference in political structures might not have mattered as much.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 2 | 3 | 4

TOP: 1 | 2

12

MSC: Analyzing

13

14 ◆ Chapter 17 Nations and Empires, 1850–1914 2. Compare the efforts of China and Japan to respond to growing European and American power. How successful was each country, and why?

ANS: Both China and Japan were assaulted by the growing power of the west in the mid-nineteenth century—the Chinese by the Opium Wars and the Japanese by the arrival of an American military force led by Commodore Matthew Perry, who demanded that Japan abandon its policy of strictly limiting foreigners access to Japanese markets. In both cases, military action was followed by the imposition of humiliating treaties and limitations on the sovereignty of the defeated Asian kingdom.

Both countries responded with strategies based on the idea that they could adapt western technologies and modernizing innovations to their own needs, while maintaining their own unique cultural traditions.

The Japanese use of this strategy was stunningly successful, beginning in the last days of the Tokugawa Shogunate and continuing after its overthrow in 1868, during the Meiji Restoration.

Motivated by the wish to restore Japanese greatness, the political leaders of Meiji Japan experimented with a wide range of new policies and technologies. The state promoted industrial development, the development of a national currency, and a modern infrastructure—all of which are also factors that contributed to the development of nationalism by building pride and cohesion. It stressed Japan’s ethnic and cultural homogeneity and its traditions, but also built a modern army, used to repel potential western threats and to engage in imperial expansionism in East Asia. Japan introduced a constitution in 1889—but suffrage was limited, and business relationships were based on traditional personal relationships. Japan found an acceptable method of balancing modernity and Japanese identity. The Chinese failed to do so.

China’s early response, the Self-Strengthening movement, included experiments with new technologies like railroads and steamships and an educational mission to the United States, but China’s conservative administrative leadership drew back from any change that seemed to threaten the Chinese way of life, withdrawing the students when they became too involved in American culture and tearing up the railroad tracks—which they believed threatened the harmony between people and nature. In any case, the movement was too small in scale to have a significant impact on the huge Chinese empire. After China’s defeat by Japan in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895, reformers attempted a second modernization project, the Hundred Days. During this brief window of reform, its proponents planned to start a banking system and postal service and encouraged the development of commerce and technology. After the Hundred Days, however, conservatives regained control.

Japan had two advantages that China did not. First, its administrative leadership also led the movement to reform Japan’s government and economy, while in China a traditional administrative leadership, schooled in the Confucian classics and suspicious of outside innovations, resisted them despite pressure from the west and the possibility of additional military conflicts. Second, Japan was much smaller than China and able to reform within its compact archipelago before becoming an imperial power itself, while China’s reforms were too small in scale to have a significant impact.

Finally, the location of Japan and China ultimately contributed to their very different outcomes; once Japan emerged as a rising imperial power, China and its traditional sphere of influence became its major target.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 1 | 3

TOP: 2 | 3

13

MSC: Analyzing

Chapter 17

Nations and Empires, 1850–1914 ◆

3. Analyze the relationship between nationalism, imperialism, and industrialization in the late-nineteenth-century world. How did each factor influence the other, and why?

ANS: In the nineteenth-century western world, nationalism and industrialization were two of the major social forces at work. While late-nineteenth-century industrialization and the growth of large-scale, mechanized means of production do not initially appear to have strong links to nationalism, the idea was that a state should derive its legitimacy from the people who lived within it and who were a cohesive unit defined according to shared history, culture, and other factors such as language or religion. However, there was also a third force at work, which helped to bring them together—imperialism, the quest for control of additional territories.

Nationalism encouraged industrialization, since a strong, dynamic state was one with a growing, developing economy. At this time, nationalism and national pride also demanded that countries acquire control of territory; those colonies, in turn, were used to provide raw materials that were essential for industrial production—such as copper, oil, rubber, and bauxite—and to serve as markets for the final products of the industrial economy. The development of an industrial economy also helped to foster nationalism in home countries.

Industrial development required a number of infrastructure developments in order to succeed. It needed unified national currencies, strong transportation networks, stable markets, and reliable supplies of raw materials. Projects like promoting national currencies, countrywide road and railroad networks, the development of financial institutions, and making education increasingly available—all of which helped to facilitate industrial development—were also used by the administrative leadership of states like Japan and Germany as part of the project of creating and reinforcing national links and loyalties and emphasizing the bounds of the national community. Although nationalism was not a prerequisite for industrialization and industrialization was not necessary for the emergence of nationalism, where both occurred in the same time and place they reinforced and supported one another.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 1 | 2 | 4

TOP: 1 | 2

14

MSC: Evaluating

15

16 ◆ Chapter 17 Nations and Empires, 1850–1914 4. Analyze the impact of imperialism on conquered peoples and explain the reasons for the differences between the images and ideologies of imperialism distributed in the western world and the actual experiences of the conquered peoples.

ANS: The impact of imperialism on conquered peoples was overwhelmingly negative. With localized campaigns of resistance rarely sufficient to hold off well-equipped professional western armies, peoples in places like Africa and Indonesia had to submit, sometimes after disruptive, protracted guerrilla campaigns. In Africa, early colonial rule often took the form of individuals or small groups of Europeans establishing what amounted to personal fiefdoms in which military forces (recruited or compelled from local populations) bullied the community as a whole into cooperation. In some places, like King Leopold’s Congo, this amounted to the enslavement of the indigenous people.

Once it was well established, colonial rule became more efficient and rational, but it still had multiple motives including pacification, religious conversion, and profit. In areas that were considered hospitable for European settlement, like southern Africa, native Africans also faced pressure from incoming settlers. Colonial commerce brought little benefit, and traditional economies and social orders were disrupted by colonial demands. In some cases, like the gold mines of South Africa, large numbers of laborers were recruited to leave their homes and work as migrants for months on end. Not only were conditions poor, but those who remained behind, particularly women, were left to take care of their absent partners’ tasks as well as their own. Producing raw materials for the world economy added to the workloads of colonial subjects and did not make their lives easier.

The images and ideologies distributed in the western world tended to ignore this economic reality. In some cases, advertising suggested the idea that colonization would civilize and improve subject peoples, for example, through cleanliness via the use of industrially produced soap. More generally, there was a belief that nonwestern peoples were backward, sensual, and incapable of progressive governance. Ironically, some of the evidence put forth to support this viewpoint reflected the impact of colonization itself, as in the case of India, which was seen as needing modernization but had lost its status as a major producer of textiles because of British colonial policies.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 3 | 4

TOP: 2 | 3

15

MSC: Evaluating

Chapter 17

Nations and Empires, 1850–1914 ◆

5. Compare the Russian experience of state building and territorial expansion in the nineteenth century with that of the United States. What factors drove each country’s expansion, the treatment of conquered people, and the type of national identity that emerged?

ANS: Both the Russian and the American experiences of nation building and territorial expansion during the nineteenth century reflected a number of factors, including competition with neighbors for territory, the need for natural resources, and the impact of war. Both countries’ expansion was centered on contiguous territory, not overseas expansion; both had to address the question of how the new territories should relate to the established state.

The United States’ sense of itself during much of this period included the idea of Manifest Destiny, which argued that expansion across the North American continent was inevitable, an expression of God’s will. Among the territories whose acquisition was justified by this ideal of American cultural superiority was California, which in the 1850s was the center of a gold rush and resource boom. The Civil War (1861–1865), a conflict whose complex causes included the question of whether new lands—once incorporated into the U.S. body politic as states—should be open to slave labor, resulted in a victory for the North, which fought for continued unity and the ending of slavery.

After the war, the United States developed an invigorated nationalism—learning to speak of itself in the singular—and a stronger national government, which oversaw the integration of territory through programs including homesteading to encourage people to settle in new areas, and the encouragement of railroad building that contributed to connecting regions and people, as well as economic development. American nation building had little room for those who were not part of or easily integrated into a white American cultural community; after the brief Reconstruction period, black former slaves were systematically excluded from economic and political progress, while Native American peoples were dispossessed and restricted to small areas. For those who were included in the community, the American national identity of the late nineteenth century was confident, strong, and expansive.

In contrast, much Russian expansion during the nineteenth century—into central Asia, eastern Europe, and Siberia—was defensive, as the empire sought to acquire territory before potentially aggressive neighbors such as Germany in Europe, China in East Asia, and Persia and British India in central Asia. While Russians did migrate into the new territories and built infrastructure, like the Trans-Siberian railroad, to aid in the extraction of resources and the connection of regions, Russian expansion required far more attention to the question of how conquered peoples would fit into the state. An autocracy, the state-sanctioned Russian national identity emphasized elements like loyalty; paradoxically, this made it more flexible in its approach to conquered people than the United States.

Russia governed its very diverse population through local administrators who acted as small-scale autocrats. In some cases, like that of central Asian Muslims, this facilitated the continuation of local customs; in others, like Ukraine, they sought to assimilate a related culture into Russian identity. On the other hand, the Russian tsars’ insistence on the primacy of the monarchy limited the ability of a civil society to emerge, and Russian political life, despite expansion, remained limited and prone to outbursts of violence.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 1 | 2

TOP: 1 | 2

16

MSC: Analyzing

17

CHAPTER 18

An Unsettled World, 1890–1914 GLOBAL STORYLINES

FOCUS QUESTIONS

1. Numerous ­factors lead to global instability: vast population movements, worldwide financial crises, class conflict, the rise of ­women’s consciousness, and hatred of colonial domination.

2. Class conflict, economic instability, and ­g reat power rivalry within Eu­rope combine with growing protest from overseas to undermine Eu­rope’s dominant position in world affairs.

3. New forms of scientific thinking and artistic expression, known as cultural modernism, challenge the dominant western view of pro­g ress and open Eu­rope and North Amer­i­ca to the cultural achievements of nonwestern socie­ties.

1. What was the connection between migration and the development of nationalism in this period?

2. How did China’s responses to imperialism compare with ­those in Africa?

3. What po­l iti­cal, economic, and social crises swept through the world in this period? What impact did they have on dif­fer­ent regions of the world?

4. How did new cultural forms at the turn of the ­century reflect challenges to the world order as it then existed?

5. In what ways did race, nation, and religion unify populations but also make socie­ties more difficult to govern and economies more difficult to manage?

1

CHAPTER 18: An Unsettled World, 1890–1914 2 ◆ Chapter 18 An Unsettled World, 1890–1914

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Of the many factors that contributed to the unsettled nature of the turn-of-the-twentieth-century world, which of the following led most directly to the Maji-Maji Revolt? a. increasing anticolonial sentiments b. global labor migration c. increasing economic inequality, despite growth in production d. urbanization and industrialization ANS: A TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 669

OBJ: 2 | 3

2. What characteristic of the present-day world economy emerged during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? a. reliance on free trade ideology to justify economic expansionism b. reliance on a gold standard c. an unequal relationship between the industrialized world and the non-industrialized world d. the growth of long-distance overland trade routes ANS: C TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 669–670 OBJ: 3

3. In the period from 1845 to 1900, what factors in China led large numbers of people to immigrate to the Americas and Oceania? a. expulsion of dissidents by the Qing government b. population pressure and a shortage of cultivatable land c. promises of freedom from oppressive rule d. the one-child policy ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 670

OBJ: 1

4. Between 1840 and 1914, which of the following led to large-scale migration within individual industrialized states’ national boundaries? a. laboring on plantations c. religious pilgrimages b. ethnic cleansing d. factory jobs in urban centers ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 671

OBJ: 1

5. Which of the following was the destination of most South Asian emigrants? a. the commercial centers of western Europe, where they could work as bankers b. other British colonies, where they could work as laborers c. port cities, where they established new trading houses d. gold rushes in California and Brazil, where they profited from mining ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 670

1

OBJ: 1

Chapter 18 An Unsettled World, 1890–1914 ◆ 3 6. Which of the following was a result of the influence of the city planning movement on urban life at the turn of the twentieth century? a. the development of growth boundaries surrounding urban areas b. limits on the number of new migrants to cities c. better sanitation and cultural amenities like museums and opera houses d. suburban-style developments created to house members of the working classes ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 671

OBJ: 3 | 4

7. In which African colonies was resistance to colonial rule the strongest? a. colonies where Europeans ruled autocratically b. colonies in which Europeans had conquered African peoples, regardless of the manner in which Europeans ruled c. colonies where Europeans left African traditional leadership in place d. the arrival of railroads and telegraph lines, which bisected traditional ethnic boundaries ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 675

OBJ: 2

8. What military tactics, which became more common during the twentieth century, were implemented during the Anglo-Boer War? a. concentration camps and guerrilla campaigns b. machine guns and cavalry c. poison gas and machine guns d. spotter balloons and guerrilla campaigns ANS: A TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 677

OBJ: 2

9. The Herero revolt in German Southwest Africa was so intense that the Germans resorted to which of the following? a. withdrawal from their African colonies c. poisonous gas b. extermination orders against the Herero d. a negotiated truce ANS: B TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 678

OBJ: 2

10. Advocates for imperialism reacted to news of the turmoil in the Belgian and German African colonies with sentiments reflected by which statement below? a. In these specific situations civilization had not yet been imposed on backward populations. b. European countries should grant their colonies independence as soon as the people were ready to assume self-government. c. African colonial subjects were too difficult to continue to control. d. Colonial subjects had been enthralled by hostile religious leaders.

ANS: A TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 678

2

OBJ: 2

4 ◆ Chapter 18 An Unsettled World, 1890–1914 11. The “open door policy” for access to China included which of the following concomitant attacks on traditional Chinese culture? a. ending foot binding b. forcing all publications to be printed in English c. imposing western-style music d. supporting Christian missionaries ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 678

OBJ: 2

12. Which of the following is an example of the foreign pressure that led to the decline of Qing dynastic authority? a. the Sino-Japanese War c. the Self-Strengthening movement b. the Maji-Maji Revolt d. the Taiping Rebellion ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 678 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

13. The Boxer Rebellion was similar to the earlier Taiping Rebellion in which of the following ways? a. Both were composed primarily of Chinese scholar elites. b. Both included a pro-Christian component in its ideology. c. Both responded to hardship and poor economic conditions in China. d. Both remained loyal to the Qing and vented their anger against foreigners.

ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 678–680 OBJ: 2

14. Which of the following resulted from late nineteenth-century industrial capitalism? a. decreasing disparities in accumulated wealth b. decreasing the number of agrarian poor c. acceleration of economic boom-and-bust cycles d. many small producers competing with each other ANS: C TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 681

OBJ: 3

15. Which of the following was a response to the rise of giant banks and industrial corporations? a. Many economists and politicians wanted the state to manage national economies. b. Many economists and politicians wanted a return to truly free markets. c. International financial integration decreased. d. Support for zaibatsu decreased.

ANS: A TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 681–682 OBJ: 3

16. Which of the following was a consequence of the 1907 financial crisis in the United States? a. It proved that government regulation did not work. b. American investors fled U.S. banks and turned to Europe as a place to invest their funds. c. Investment in railroads declined drastically. d. It showed how quickly national financial matters could become international affairs.

ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 682

3

OBJ: 3

Chapter 18 An Unsettled World, 1890–1914 ◆ 5 17. Which group was most likely to resist the system created by Frederick Winslow Taylor? a. farmers c. laborers b. financiers d. women ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 682

OBJ: 3

18. Which of the following factors challenged the nineteenth-century idea of “separate spheres” for women and men? a. the cult of domesticity b. the movement of more women into the paid labor force c. the Red Lantern movement d. the participation of large numbers of women in electoral politics ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 684–685 OBJ: 3

19. Which of the following was often cited by western imperialists as evidence for the improvement of women’s lives under colonial rule? a. Colonial laws prohibited sati and female genital mutilation. b. Colonial laws required equal pay for women employed in plantation agriculture. c. Women had equal access to education in missionary and colonial schools. d. Women were freed from homesteading chores when African gold and silver mines opened.

ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 683

OBJ: 3

20. Which of the following was a common response to class conflict in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century western Europe? a. violent revolution and overthrow of repressive governments b. the growth of labor parties to participate in electoral politics c. reinforcement of autocratic political systems d. the rise of anarchism as a major political force ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 686 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

21. Why was the Mexican Revolution considered to be the most successful turn-of-the-twentieth-century revolution? a. It transformed the country and forced later politicians to respect peasants’ rights and land reform. b. The country finally threw off colonial control and joined the other independent nations in Latin America. c. The economic strength of Mexican ranchers was left intact, while more political power was given to the middle classes. d. Peasants gained complete control of the economy and political system after purging the rich land owners.

ANS: A TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: pp. 686–687 OBJ: 3

4

6 ◆ Chapter 18 An Unsettled World, 1890–1914 22. Which of the following was the most enduring legacy of the Mexican Revolution? a. emphasis on preserving racial hierarchy in the Mexican population b. the development of new national myths based on the bravery of the creole elite c. ideological appeals made to the Mexican middle class d. the creation of communal landholdings for Mexican peasants ANS: D TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 687

OBJ: 3

23. How did German chancellor Otto von Bismarck seek to defuse socialist activism in his country? a. by infiltrating radical groups with secret state agents b. by enacting social welfare measures c. by deporting known prorevolutionary activists to Russia d. by starting his own revolution and overthrowing the Kaiser ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 687 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3 | 5

24. Progressive reformers’ goals included which of the following? a. recognizing cultural diversity and the protection of workers’ ways of life b. protesting colonial rule and promoting independence for the world’s peoples c. creating a more efficient society and correcting the undesirable outcomes of urbanization and industrialization d. encouraging industrial progress and developing financial centralization ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 688

OBJ: 3 | 5

25. At the turn of the twentieth century, “modernism” reflected which of the following? a. Intellectuals, artists, and scientists sensed that traditional answers were no longer adequate to explain the changes in society. b. Confidence that nineteenth-century economic and social progress would extend into the twentieth century. c. Enlightenment ideals and trust in reason were extended into a new intellectual environment. d. Intellectuals were unwilling to look beyond Europe for cultural and intellectual inspiration.

ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 688

OBJ: 4

26. One result of the emergence of popular culture was a. the decline of institutions such as art museums and opera houses. b. increased cultural unity, as everyone read the same books and newspapers. c. the growth of the fashion industry. d. the use of cultural choices to assert social or class identity.

ANS: D TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 689

5

OBJ: 4

Chapter 18 An Unsettled World, 1890–1914 ◆ 7 27. Which of the following is an example of a form of entertainment appealing to the masses that emerged at the end of the nineteenth century? a. opera c. sports b. novels d. dancing ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Easy REF: p. 689 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 4

28. The idea of “the primitive” was used by early twentieth-century European artists to symbolize which of the following? a. forces that reason could not control c. repression of sexual desire b. the diversity of nature d. the triumph of the Enlightenment ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 689 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 4

29. How did the assumptions made by scientists in the modernist era differ from those of Enlightenment-era scientists? a. Modernist scientists believed they had found the key to controlling nature. b. Modernist scientists thought in terms of probabilities rather than certainties. c. Modernist scientists relied more on received tradition than had Enlightenment scientists. d. Modernist scientists found their inspiration within the theories of Newton and Galileo.

ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 690

OBJ: 4

30. Which of the following questions challenged Chinese intellectuals at the turn of the twentieth century? a. whether to support the Boxer Rebellion b. how to blend popular culture with elite culture c. how to reduce emigration from China d. how to balance western thought and traditional Chinese culture ANS: D TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 691

OBJ: 2 | 3

31. By the end of the nineteenth century, how did European and American nationalist and racial ideas compare to those of the rest of the world? a. Westerners, because of immigration, became more comfortable with multiethnic societies, while people in other parts of the world were drawn more to define themselves in terms of racial and ethnic purity. b. Westerners were increasingly concerned with protecting their national and racial purity, while discussions of identity in other parts of the world were part of the opposition to western domination. c. Westerners became increasingly fascinated with their own racial identity and cultural past, while people in Africa and Asia maintained their own sense of racial identity but were drawn to western culture, which they felt was more modern. d. Westerners rejected ethnic nationalism as unworkable in the modern world, but people in Africa and Asia clung to nationalism as a way to reject colonization.

ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 692

6

OBJ: 5

8 ◆ Chapter 18 An Unsettled World, 1890–1914 32. Which of the following was an exception to the general rule of unrestricted migration during the late nineteenth century? a. the Chinese Exclusion Act in the United States b. the Japanese Exclusion Act in Canada c. the German Exclusion Act in France d. the Korean Exclusion Act in China ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Easy REF: p. 693 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1 | 5

33. Which of the following caused some Americans to fear the loss of their pioneering individualism? a. increased immigration from Central and South America b. the growth of cities c. the 1890 announcement of the closing of the American frontier d. increasing industrialization ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 693 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1 | 3

34. Which of the following was a direct response to anxiety over a loss of dominance by people of European descent in the United States during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? a. the expulsion of Mexican Americans from the southwestern United States b. increased support for more restrictive immigration policies c. the closing of the frontiers to new immigrants d. increased support for more immigrants from southern and eastern Europe ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 693

OBJ: 1 | 5

35. In Europe at the turn of the twentieth century, which of the following was a manifestation of anxiety about race? a. increased anti-American sentiment b. greater government regulation of foreign banks c. the spread of the franchise to the working class d. the growth of anti-Semitic thought and behavior ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 703 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 5

36. In Latin America during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, which of the following upset traditional racial hierarchies? a. theories of evolution that implied all humans had shared origins b. the growth of industries that valued cheap Amerindian labor over higher-priced European labor c. the arrival to the region of large numbers of poor immigrants from Europe d. the growth of a large, wealthy class of mestizo entrepreneurs ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 694–695 OBJ: 1 | 5

7

Chapter 18 An Unsettled World, 1890–1914 ◆ 9 37. On what was Sun Yat-sen’s version of Chinese nationhood based? a. Han Chinese nationalism b. the modernization of the Qing military establishment c. the strength of China’s multinational, multicultural population d. communist political philosophy ANS: A TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 696–697 OBJ: 2 | 5

38. Which of the following contributed to the Qing dynasty’s downfall? a. Manchu military victories b. the Qing court’s refusal to admit that reforms were needed c. resentment felt by peasants and laborers about the high cost of reform d. direct intervention by European military forces ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 697

OBJ: 3 | 5

39. According to Sun Yat-sen, what was demonstrated by the existence of different racial or ethnic groups in China? a. China would be made stronger by having different groups, such as the Tibetans or Muslims, as part of their society. b. It showed incomplete assimilation into Han culture. c. Chinese nationalism was based on expelling the Manchus while accepting all other peoples within China’s borders. d. It showed that the Manchus had failed to completely conquer China.

ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 697–698 OBJ: 3 | 5

40. Why did Indian nationalism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries pose a different challenge to British rule than had the 1857 Indian Rebellion? a. The nationalist leaders imagined an Indian national community that encompassed the whole of British India rather than defending local identities. b. The nationalists’ anarchic beliefs meant that their actions could not often be predicted. c. The nationalists had much stronger ties to India’s peasant majority than had the 1857 rebels. d. The nationalists relied on religious symbolism, which the 1857 rebels had ignored.

ANS: A TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 699

8

OBJ: 5

10 ◆ Chapter 18 An Unsettled World, 1890–1914 41. Indian intellectuals used western culture to promote Indian nationalism in which of the following ways? a. They set up schools to ensure that Indians of all classes could read and understand important documents such as the Jamaica Letter. b. They created a unifying national language and religion so all Indians could concentrate on expelling the British. c. They facilitated the spread of nationalist ideas throughout British India by creating modern cultural forms such as newspapers, pamphlets, and journals. d. They popularized and translated into Hindi and Urdu stories about western heroes of independence such as Rob Roy and William Tell.

ANS: C TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 698

OBJ: 3 | 5

42. In order to establish a modern national identity, both Indian and Latin American intellectuals turned to which of the following? a. They turned to universalizing religion to create a common bond. b. They rewrote the histories of ancient empires and kingdoms to create a cultural basis for national identity. c. They created a new literary tradition in indigenous languages. d. They disavowed all western education and returned to traditional forms of knowledge.

ANS: B TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 698–699 OBJ: 3 | 5

43. What did Pan-Islamism ask of Muslims? a. to withdraw from political concerns and focus on their religious activities b. to support the multiethnic empires in which they lived c. to create nation-states with majority-Muslim populations d. to put aside differences between Shiite and Sunni and work against European aggression ANS: D TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 700 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3 | 5

44. In what way did pan-Germanism differ from German nationalism? a. German nationalism rejected the inclusion of German-speaking people outside of Prussian national borders, but all German-speakers were included in pan-Germanism. b. German nationalism, unlike pan-Germanism, created a vibrant political and social movement. c. Pan-Germanism motivated people to define their identity by race or blood instead of national boundaries. d. Pan-Germanism only existed in eastern Europe, in areas not under the control of the German state.

ANS: C TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 703

9

OBJ: 5

Chapter 18

An Unsettled World, 1890–1914 ◆

45. Which populations were involved in the Anglo-Boer War? a. South African blacks and British colonists in South Africa b. South African blacks, British colonists in South Africa, and Afrikaners c. British and German colonists in South Africa d. British colonists in South Africa and Afrikaners ANS: B TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Easy REF: pp. 675–677 OBJ: 2 MSC: Understanding

46. How did changes in Jesuit proselytism in China relate to the Boxer Rebellion? a. The Boxers responded to Jesuit efforts to convert commoners, not just elites. b. The Boxers responded to Jesuits who promoted mass rebellion against the Qing dynasty. c. The Boxers responded to Jesuits who helped the sale of arms to commoners. d. The Boxers responded to Jesuit encouragement of Chinese emigration.

ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 678–679 OBJ: 2

47. In what way did colonialism influence the lives of women in the colonies? a. Their salaries tended to increase dramatically. b. Women had increasing access to jobs in colonial administration. c. Women often took on an increasing burden of labor. d. The traditional division between male and female spheres increasingly broke down.

ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: pp. 683–684 OBJ: 3

48. What role did the US government play in response to the 1894 Pullman Strike? a. It deployed federal troops to help suppress the strike. b. It served as a mediator between the railway union and the railway. c. It passed legislation protecting the rights of laborers. d. It concluded that it would not participate in such disputes.

ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 686 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

49. What did Darwinist theory mean when it spoke of “degeneration”? a. Modernist art demonstrated a degeneration from classical styles. b. Colonial uprisings revealed the degeneration of supposedly rational colonial policies. c. Race-mixing was leading to the degeneration of the superior white race and nations. d. International trade was causing the degeneration of nation-states.

ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 693

10

OBJ: 1 | 3 | 5

11

12 ◆ Chapter 18 An Unsettled World, 1890–1914 50. Which of the following ideas was part of Sun Yat-sen’s program? a. The multiracial China envisioned by the Manchu Dynasty was unacceptable. b. An absolute monarchy under Han control could regenerate the nation. c. China needed to follow the European model and develop a colonial empire. d. China needed to reject western technological innovations.

ANS: A TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 697–698 OBJ: 2 | 3

TRUE/FALSE 1. Most governments imposed few restrictions on immigration before 1914.

ANS: T TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 671 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1

2. One effect of the Anglo-Boer War was that the horrors the British perpetrated led them to question their belief in themselves as enlightened colonial rulers.

ANS: T TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 677

OBJ: 2 | 3

3. Modern artists, such as Picasso and Gauguin, turned increasingly to traditional realism in order to appeal to the masses.

ANS: F TOP: 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 688–690 OBJ: 4

4. Red Lantern women lived and fought alongside their male counterparts in the Boxer Rebellion in order to prevent the Boxers being swayed by Christian women.

ANS: F TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 680

OBJ: 2 | 3 | 5

5. As large banks and huge industrial corporations gained control of the international economy, most critics called for a return to free market capitalism.

ANS: F TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 682

OBJ: 3

6. The majority of international immigration between 1840 and 1940 came from Europe to the Americas.

ANS: F TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 674 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1

7. The Boxer Rebellion targeted foreigners and foreign symbols.

ANS: T TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Easy REF: pp. 680–681 OBJ: 2 MSC: Understanding

11

Chapter 18

An Unsettled World, 1890–1914 ◆

8. Economic conditions in late nineteenth-century Europe and America resembled Adam Smith’s vision of laissez-faire capitalism.

ANS: F TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 681

OBJ: 3

9. Al-Afghani called upon Shia and Sunni to overcome their religious divides and confront the west together.

ANS: T TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 700 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2 | 5

10. Nineteenth-century Hindu intellectuals incorporated both Hindu and Islamic traditions into their vision of Indian identity.

ANS: F TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 699

12

OBJ: 5

13

14 ◆ Chapter 18 An Unsettled World, 1890–1914 SHORT ANSWER 1. Analyze the impact of worldwide mass migrations between 1840 and 1914 on the economies and societies of the places in which the migrants settled.

ANS: The period between 1840 and 1914 was a time of tremendous global migration. Among the largest migrant groups were Europeans, who traveled to North America, Australia, southern Africa, and Latin America; South Asians who traveled from India to Burma, Southeast Asia, East Africa, and the Caribbean; and Chinese migrants who traveled to the Americas, New Zealand, Hawaii, the West Indies, and, above all, Southeast Asia. In addition, there were smaller groups of long-distance migrants, such as the Japanese, and large internal or regional migrations, such as European Russians into Siberia and Americans from the eastern United States into its western regions.

While some migrants, such as colonial administrators, missionaries, and those attracted to gold and other mineral rushes, were sojourners (temporary residents at their destinations), millions of people migrated permanently. Their reasons can be summarized as a movement from areas where their labor was not productive to areas where it was; in other words, their destinations were places where the potential rewards outweighed the risks of travel and stress of life in an unknown land. The stream of migrants included the Irish who were pushed toward North America in the 1840s by the horrors of the Irish potato famine; Chinese migrants who took jobs in the Caribbean as plantation workers, replacing freed slaves unwilling to do that work; and Indians who moved from one British-controlled territory to another. The impact of the immigrants and the infusions of labor power that they brought were, from an economic perspective, overwhelmingly positive. It helped to bring about the increase in economic productivity that characterized the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century world.

On the other hand, immigration also inspired surges of racism and xenophobia in destination regions. In the United States, Americans of European descent used race to define their nation, moving to exclude Chinese migrants by law in the 1880s and later reacting to an influx of migrants from southern and eastern Europe by questioning their right to “white” status and considering new restrictions on immigration. When Jews from eastern Europe moved westward in response to persecution, their arrival led to questions of whether Jews could successfully assimilate into European society and to an increase in anti-Semitic thought and activity. While the material impact of migration was positive, it also contributed to the sense of uncertainty common in the western world at the turn of the twentieth century.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 1

TOP: 1

13

MSC: Analyzing

Chapter 18

An Unsettled World, 1890–1914 ◆

2. Compare the ways in which people in India, sub-Saharan Africa, and China fought against western pressure during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

ANS: In India, where the British had consolidated control after the Mutiny of 1857, resistance to colonial rule took forms other than violent uprising. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Indians resisted colonial control through nonviolent forms of activism informed by nationalism. Elite Indians formed institutions such as the Indian National Congress, demanding the right to increased political participation within their colonial context. Masses were drawn to movements like Swadeshi, which asserted Indian desires for autonomy through promotion of Indian nationalism and traditions, by promoting Indian industry and manufacturing, and by boycotting British goods.

In sub-Saharan Africa, where European powers had consolidated control at the end of the nineteenth century, colonial rule included vicious cycles of resistance and repression. Colonial rule itself, regardless of tactics, led to resistance; all colonial powers were capable of using violence to repress it. Nevertheless, African peoples rebelled. In East Africa, the Maji-Maji Revolt relied on traditional beliefs to attract adherents; its leaders claimed that they could protect their followers from European bullets with blessed water. Nor was resistance limited to the indigenous population. In South Africa, Afrikaners—descendants of Dutch immigrants to the Cape of Good Hope—defended their republics from British desires to control their reserves of gold, first using western political arguments to defend their autonomy, then through military force, leading to the Anglo-Boer War. While China was not officially a colonial territory, it faced pressure from European countries wanting spheres of influence, from the rising power of the Japanese, and from the American idea that an “open door” should allow all foreigners access to China. The Qing dynasty appeared to be incapable of governing efficiently or of protecting the Chinese from the outside traders and missionaries who were increasingly aggressive.

The Boxer Rebellion at the turn of the twentieth century began with traditional Chinese martial artists who argued that the gods were angry about the western presence. The Boxers, who attracted peasants, laborers, and boatmen to their cause, believed that they had magical and spiritual power that would allow them to defeat the westerners, their primary targets. While these regions exhibited very different tactics in their responses to varied western presences, there is a common thread in their resistance. Those groups that relied on traditional beliefs and social organization and those that appealed to nationalism and arguments for political control within the western model were both arguing for autonomy, a desire that appeared regardless of each group’s relationship to the western world.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 2 | 5

TOP: 2

14

MSC: Analyzing

15

16 ◆ Chapter 18 An Unsettled World, 1890–1914 3. Define the concept of cultural modernism in the context of the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century challenges to the existing worldview.

ANS: Modernism arose in a milieu that challenged Enlightenment claims that it was possible to provide complete, coherent rational explanations and representations of all aspects of human life. It also reflected growing doubt about the west’s civilizing mission to the rest of the world and unhappiness with industrial, urban life. These doubts appeared in diverse forms. In fine arts, artists such as Picasso drew on nonwestern traditions of African and Oceanic art presenting “the primitive” in reaction to the Enlightenment ideals of progressive human nature. Painters also explored impressionism and cubism, rejecting the realism of the previous generation of artists. Other artists explored the irrationality of dreams. Scientists challenged the Newtonian ideal of a clockwork universe functioning according to knowable and predictable natural laws. For example, Einstein, in his theories of relativity, proposed a universe where observations of speed and gravitation were not absolute, but depended upon the location and other conditions of the observer.

Further challenge to Enlightenment thinking came from thinkers such as Nietzsche and Freud.

Nietzsche rejected traditional mores and attempts to know “the Truth” as life-destroying quests for power. Freud rejected the very core of Enlightenment thinking: Locke’s notion of the rational mind.

Instead, Freud believed, humans were driven by unconscious longings and childhood traumas. The challenges of modernism were interpreted differently in other parts of the world. In China, for example, the key question was to find the balance between western thought and Chinese learning.

Painters of the Shanghai School incorporated foreign influences as well as traditional Chinese techniques. Writers created fantasy novels that drew on indigenous supernatural beliefs as well as western science. The Chinese dilemma reflected a worldwide concern over the challenges of modernism.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 4

TOP: 3

15

MSC: Understanding

Chapter 18

An Unsettled World, 1890–1914 ◆

4. Assess the ways in which the concept of nationalism was used outside of established nation-states.

Who were its proponents? What were their goals, and to what degree were these goals successful?

ANS: By the end of the nineteenth century, ideas about nationhood had become connected to ideas about race. People’s biological identity, their ancestry, became a common way of determining who was entitled to enjoy the privilege of membership in a nation. In addition to nation-states, nationalism in this vein could be used by people who belonged to states that had not previously used an inclusive nation-state model of governance, by colonial subjects, by subjects of multiethnic empires, and by groups spread among many states.

In nineteenth-century Latin America, states such as Mexico had developed definitions of citizenship and national membership that excluded Indians and other nonwhite people. At the turn of the twentieth century, Mexican nationalists began to develop a new national narrative in which Mexico’s precolonial traditions and Indian origins became sources of the nation’s strength. After Mexico’s revolution, these helped to tie an expanded national community together. In China, which was a dynastic empire rather than a nation-state, the nationalist leader Sun Yat-sen proposed a vision of the future that was not only democratic but also reliant on a race-based form of nationalism, arguing that everyone needed to be assimilated into one dominant Chinese group, the Han. In India, which had no pre-British history as a unified state and had a very diverse population, western-educated Indian elites used western ideas of nationhood to reconceptualize Indians as a unique people with a shared culture and history—a mythologizing process that ignored large parts of India’s actual history, such as the role of Islamic leaders in that history. The elites could then use this new national history to challenge British control of India in a context the British found legitimate.

Finally, “pan” nationalist movements sought to bring together people from multiple states who shared a specific ethnic or religious identity. These included pan-Islamic, pan-Slavic, pan-German, and Zionist (Jewish nationalist) movements, none of which were an unqualified success. Religiously based nationalist movements faced competition from other loyalties, and while the ethnic “pan” movements of Europe succeeded in destabilizing the eastern European status quo, neither an all-Slav nor an all-German state emerged at this time. The goal of harmonizing the boundaries of a state and its inhabitants as a nation could succeed where a state already existed; elsewhere, its success was, at best, mixed.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 5

TOP: 1

16

MSC: Analyzing

17

18 ◆ Chapter 18 An Unsettled World, 1890–1914 5. Compare the overthrow of the Díaz government in Mexico with the overthrow of the Qing dynasty in China. What were the circumstances of each revolution, and what ideas drove them? What role did nationalism play in each case?

ANS: The Mexican Revolution began in 1910. The long-standing Díaz government was unable to overcome an unstable economy and lost the support of many of Mexico’s elites. They made common cause with peasants and workers, who were angry about poverty and the unequal distribution of land, and were willing to take up arms against Díaz. In both northern and southern Mexico, armies of rural people fought and defeated Díaz’s armies, as well as went after the estates of the wealthy. This civil war lasted ten years and led to the deaths of an estimated 10 percent of Mexico’s people. At the revolution’s end, ideas of popular sovereignty and democracy emerged as key to a new political climate. Leaders had to agree to demands for land reform and public participation. In return, they promoted a nationalism that evoked Mexico’s precolonial past and stressed the heroism of its rural people.

The Qing dynasty was overthrown in 1911. It was unable to find a response to western military and economic pressure that would satisfy both outsiders and the Chinese people; its conservative leadership failed to modernize its administration; and, while intellectuals continued to grapple with the question of how China might balance western and Chinese ideas as it moved forward, this debate failed to translate into concrete changes in governance or mass society. The empire had few supporters, since most peasants and workers saw it as simply an exploitative force, while urban and western-educated Chinese saw it as backward. Outside its borders, Chinese emigrants were open to ideas like Sun Yat-sen’s argument that China should become a nation-state. When a mutiny took place in 1911, very few people were willing to support the Qing, leading not only to their overthrow, but also to the end of China’s dynastic system of rule.

In both cases, established governments lost the support of a critical mass of their subjects, including those who had traditionally supported them. Also in both cases, nationalism was only one among several factors in the fomenting of revolution, playing a secondary role in comparison to the combination of long-standing political and economic grievances and lack of support for the government that led to both revolutions. Nationalism did help to answer the question of what would replace the overthrown regimes. In Mexico, cultural nationalism that emphasized rural heroism helped to legitimize the revolution; in China, Sun’s idea of a Chinese nation-state offered one solution to the question of what might replace the Qing.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 2 | 3

TOP: 1

17

MSC: Analyzing

CHAPTER 19

Of Masses and Visions of the Modern, 1910–1939 GLOBAL STORYLINES

FOCUS QUESTIONS

1. The ­Great War (World War I) engulfs the globe, exhausts Eu­rope, and promotes production and consumption on a mass scale.

2. The victors’ peace imposed on Germany produces resentment and economic instability, while Woodrow Wilson’s League of Nations struggles to keep the peace.

3. Eu­ro­pean countries’ efforts to rebuild their economies ­a fter the ­Great War by cutting expenses and returning to the gold standard cause the ­Great Depression, whose severe repercussions reverberate globally.

4. Three strikingly dif­fer­ent visions for building a better world compete: liberal democracy, authoritarianism, and anticolonialism.

1. What ­were the ­causes of World War I, and how did the war disrupt socie­ties around the world?

2. In what ways did the development of modern, mass socie­ties cause the ­Great Depression? How ­were they affected by it?

3. What ­were the ideologies of liberal democracy, authoritarianism, and anticolonialism? How ­were they alike, and how ­were they dif­fer­ent? How successful was each during this period?

4. In what ways did access to consumer goods and other aspects of mass society influence po­l iti­cal conflict in Asia, Africa, and Latin Amer­i­ca?

1

CHAPTER 19: Of Masses and Visions of the Modern, 1910–1939 2 ◆ Chapter 19 Of Masses and Visions of the Modern, 1910–1939

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. During the 1920s and 1930s, most ideas about “being modern” acknowledged that modernity implied a. stylistic innovation. c. mass production and consumption. b. realism in art. d. strong, authoritarian leadership.

ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 707–708 OBJ: 2 MSC: Understanding

2. Which of the following was a major consequence of World War I? a. European claims of a superior level of culture were supported by military victories. b. The interdependence of global trade networks intensified in the 1920s and 1930s. c. Social hierarchies in European societies were shaken up or overthrown. d. States were free to act without the support of their citizens or subjects.

ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 708

OBJ: 1

3. The tension in Europe that led to World War I was partly caused by a growing nationalist rivalry between which two states? a. Great Britain and Germany c. France and Russia b. Great Britain and France d. Russia and Great Britain ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Easy REF: pp. 708–709 OBJ: 1 MSC: Remembering

4. Which of the following was a consequence of the mass mobilizations required by World War I? a. Fewer colonial soldiers were required since a high number of European men were called up. b. European food production to supply the military rapidly increased. c. Traditional gender boundaries were undermined. d. Unionized labor movements demanded higher wages.

ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 711

OBJ: 1

5. Which of the following is the reason why Tsar Nicholas II abdicated in February 1917? a. His generals believed that protests against the tsar in the capital threatened the war effort along the Eastern Front. b. His generals believed that the troops along the Eastern Front were needed to fight the Ottomans, but the tsar did not agree. c. The tsar abdicated because his son was desperately ill and needed his father’s care. d. The tsar abdicated in protest over the failures of the Russian military against the German army.

ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 715

1

OBJ: 1

Chapter 19 Of Masses and Visions of the Modern, 1910–1939 ◆ 3 6. Which of the following accurately characterizes the October 1917 Bolshevik Revolution? a. The Bolshevik Revolution was an overthrow of the Russian monarchy. b. The Bolshevik Revolution was an attempt by military and political elites to restore order. c. The Bolshevik Revolution was proclaimed by socialists in order to overtake the earlier “bourgeois” revolution. d. The Bolshevik Revolution was initiated by the Ottomans in order to pull Russia out of World War I. ANS: C TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 716

OBJ: 1 | 3

7. Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points most directly influenced which provision of the Treaty of Versailles? a. the organization of a League of Nations b. the requirement that Germany pay reparations to the victorious Allied nations c. the assignment of blame for the World War I to Germany d. the transfer of Germany’s concessions in China to Japan ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 716

OBJ: 1

8. Which of the following demonstrated authoritarian governments’ inability to exercise total control over mass culture? a. Germany was unable to suppress Triumph of the Will. b. Powerful radio transmitters permitted stations to reach larger national audiences. c. Jazz recordings were available in Germany and the Soviet Union. d. Josephine Baker was very popular after the war.

ANS: C TOP: 1 | 4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 719

OBJ: 3

9. Which of the following industries best represents the development of mass culture in the United States after World War I? a. the steel industry c. the shipping industry b. the railroad industry d. the advertising industry ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 719–720 OBJ: 2

10. How did World War I contribute to the rise of mass production? a. The state took greater control of economic decision making. b. Large amounts of standardized war materiel had to be produced as quickly and cheaply as possible. c. The development of economic nationalism was encouraged by the combatant states. d. Campaigns encouraged people to buy more goods in order to show their patriotism.

ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 720 MSC: Understanding

2

OBJ: 1

4 ◆ Chapter 19 Of Masses and Visions of the Modern, 1910–1939 11. Why did Henry Ford pay his automobile factory workers more than double the usual industrial wage? a. High pay was the only way to entice workers to become cogs in a depersonalized labor process. b. Ford employed primarily veterans of World War I and saw high wages as his patriotic duty. c. Ford was influenced by modern socialist ideals. d. Ford understood that consumers drove production and wanted his workers to be able to consume.

ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 721

OBJ: 2

12. Which of the following was a cause of the Great Depression? a. abandoning the gold standard b. the rise of protectionism and decline of free trade c. the Soviet Union’s isolation from the League of Nations d. low interest rates in the United States ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 722

OBJ: 2

13. Which of the following was a consequence of countries’ imposing protective tariffs? a. Manufacturers cut back on production and laid off millions of workers. b. Local industries and products were able to drive out foreign imports. c. The flow of trade within a hemisphere was made easier. d. The production of raw materials soared.

ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 722

OBJ: 3

14. Which of the following was implied by the economic theories promoted by John Maynard Keynes? a. The role of business and economic production was to serve the interests of the state. b. Human nature was best served by an economy made up of many small producers in competition with one another. c. The ideal human society was one in which everyone contributed what they could and took what they needed. d. At times states needed to compensate for failures in the market by stimulating the economy with job creation and increasing supply of currency.

ANS: D TOP: 3 | 4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 722

OBJ: 2 | 3

15. Which of the following is a similarity among European states’ response to World War I? a. All states, even democracies, suspended many democratic rights and intervened in both production and consumption. b. Democratic states, such as Britain and France, held fast to liberal policies despite the war. c. The war and economic crises that followed led all states to reduce the scope of their control. d. In Russia, France, and Britain, liberal capitalism prevailed following the war.

ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 723

3

OBJ: 1

Chapter 19 Of Masses and Visions of the Modern, 1910–1939 ◆ 5 16. By the end of the 1930s, how did most people perceive the liberal democratic model of governance? a. revolutionary and exciting c. weak and vulnerable b. established and successful d. incompetent and disastrous ANS: C TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 723

OBJ: 3

17. How did World War I change the role of states? a. It made them afraid of overstepping and causing another war. b. It led to an increase in the size and scope of their role in society. c. It encouraged them to cooperate more closely with one another after the war. d. It led to more autonomy for individual citizens and subjects.

ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult REF: p. 723 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1

18. How did the French Popular Front government respond to threats of a rightist coup in the 1930s? a. It instituted a 40-hour workweek, the right to collective bargaining, and a minimum wage. b. It called up the military in Paris to suppress riots. c. It ejected the French Communist Party from its national coalition. d. It made the fascist party illegal in France and reaffirmed its adherence to liberal capitalism.

ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 723

OBJ: 1

19. Which of the following describes the first response of the United States government to the Great Depression? a. It created a jobs program to help the unemployed return to productivity. b. It expanded the role of the state to meet the economic crisis. c. It promoted more active participation in the League of Nations. d. It insisted on individual thrift and self-reliance, not government handouts.

ANS: D TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 725

OBJ: 3

20. Which of the following describes the overall impact of the New Deal? a. It offered a quick end to the Great Depression in the United States. b. It preserved the American system of capitalism. c. It caused the emergence of authoritarian rule in the United States. d. It generated an extensive redistribution of wealth in American society.

ANS: B TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 726 MSC: Understanding

4

OBJ: 3

6 ◆ Chapter 19 Of Masses and Visions of the Modern, 1910–1939 21. What did the authoritarian political systems of Germany, Japan, and Italy have in common? a. All were defeated in World War I. b. All of them lost their colonies after the Versailles Treaty was signed. c. All were excluded from the League of Nations. d. All disliked the left-wing government that emerged in the Soviet Union.

ANS: D TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 726

OBJ: 3

22. How did Stalin plan to replace capitalist agriculture with socialist agriculture in the Soviet Union? a. by replacing the market for agricultural products with a subsistence economy where everyone was responsible for growing their own food b. by requiring all farmers to sell their produce to state-run marketing cooperatives that would guarantee farmers a significant profit c. by forcing peasant farmers to join state-run agricultural collectives d. by making it illegal for anyone to profit from the sale of farm machinery or animals ANS: C TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 727 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

23. On what did Soviet governance under Stalin rely to ensure citizen compliance with its policies? a. terror c. cooperation b. tacit support from church hierarchies d. bribery and corruption ANS: A TOP: 4

DIF: Easy MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 727–728 OBJ: 3

24. Italian fascists considered themselves to be the defenders of which of the following? a. large corporations and the capitalist system in which they participated b. the Italian monarchy and aristocracy c. peasants, nonsocialist workers, veterans, and students d. unionized factory workers and miners ANS: C TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 728–729 OBJ: 3

25. Under what circumstances did Benito Mussolini initially gain control of the Italian government? a. The Fascist Party achieved a large majority of the vote in national elections. b. The Fascist Party overthrew the Italian government in a violent coup d’état. c. Mussolini was appointed prime minister by the Italian king. d. Mussolini used intimidation tactics to force the prime minister to do his bidding.

ANS: C TOP: 4

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 729

OBJ: 3

26. Which of the following is accurate for both Hitler and Mussolini? a. Both began their political careers as socialists. b. Neither won an electoral majority before being appointed to power. c. Both were appointed chancellor by their respective kings. d. Neither had actual military experience in World War I. ANS: B TOP: 4

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 729

5

OBJ: 3

Chapter 19 Of Masses and Visions of the Modern, 1910–1939 ◆ 7 27. Which of the following was a reason why Hitler and the Nazis were popular with the German electorate? a. They refused to resort to force or public disturbances. b. They supported the Weimar Republic. c. They claimed success in restoring order and improving the economy. d. They nationalized agriculture and industry.

ANS: C TOP: 2 | 4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 730

OBJ: 3

28. Which of the following is an element common to all the authoritarian systems of the mid-twentieth century? a. state-supported anti-Semitism b. a willingness to use violence and terror against their own citizens c. a willingness to allow private enterprises to manage themselves without state interference d. a refusal to allow public roles for women ANS: B TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 732

OBJ: 3

29. Which of the following initiated Japan’s turn toward authoritarian rule? a. the Korean rebellion against Japanese rule b. World War I ending c. Emperor Hirohito’s coming to power d. an uprising of naval officers and army cadets ANS: C TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 731–732 OBJ: 3

30. How did Latin American governments respond to the decline of their export economies and access to foreign capital during the 1920s and 1930s? a. They created their own alternative international banking system. b. They worked to make domestic industry their main engine of economic growth. c. They withdrew from the world economy and became entirely self-sufficient. d. They convinced their citizens to accept a lower standard of living through an austerity program.

ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 734

OBJ: 4

31. Which of the following best describes a corporatist political system? a. a system in which the state limits itself to performing functions that private interests are unwilling or unable to carry out b. a system in which the state assumes complete control of economic activity and sets goals for the society as a whole c. a system in which large corporations control such a high percentage of national wealth that they are able to influence government policies and functions d. a system in which the state establishes political parties and encourages interest groups such as chambers of commerce and trade unions to associate with those parties ANS: D TOP: 3 | 4

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 734

6

OBJ: 4

8 ◆ Chapter 19 Of Masses and Visions of the Modern, 1910–1939 32. In what ways did Getulio Vargas seek support from Brazilian blacks? a. He supported public schools and paved roads. b. He legalized Candomblé dances and samba schools. c. He enfranchised literate women voters. d. He built steel mills and factories.

ANS: B TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 735

OBJ: 3 | 4

33. In general, anticolonial nationalist movements wanted to a. use their indigenous cultural and religious traditions as sources for mobilization. b. use violent means to gain their independence from colonial rule. c. use local religions as a template that could lead to a better form of government. d. rely on indigenous prophetic movements to oppose colonial control.

ANS: A TOP: 4

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 736

OBJ: 3

34. What role did African people play in governing Europe’s African colonies in the post–World War I period? a. Africans had a significant voice in colonial administration and governance. b. People of African descent were often elected to the legislative bodies of their colonizer. c. African traditions provided the templates that Europeans used to rule their colonies. d. Africans had little voice in colonial governance and made their opinions known through protest.

ANS: D TOP: 4

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 736

OBJ: 3 | 4

35. Which African leader invoked precolonial traditions as a basis for resisting British colonialism in Kenya? a. Blaise Diagne c. Jomo Kenyatta b. Mohandas K. Gandhi d. Bambatha Zondi ANS: C TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 737 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3 | 4

36. Which individual was most responsible for mobilizing a mass anticolonial movement in British-controlled India? a. Jawaharlal Nehru c. Mohammad Ali Jinnah b. Mohandas K. Gandhi d. Mustafa Kemal ANS: B TOP: 4

DIF: Easy REF: p. 738 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3 | 4

37. What was Satyagraha? a. a philosophy of nonviolent resistance b. a philosophy of self-reliance c. an Indian epic poem d. a dance with martial overtones that upset authorities ANS: A TOP: 4

DIF: Easy REF: p. 738 MSC: Remembering

7

OBJ: 3 | 4

Chapter 19 Of Masses and Visions of the Modern, 1910–1939 ◆ 9 38. Following World War I, Indian nationalists embraced which of the following methods of combating colonial control? a. Indians joined forces with other colonized peoples in Africa and Asia to wage war against all western domination. b. Indians cooperated with British rule to prove that they were ready for self-government. c. Indians supported the actions of educated elite lawyers and merchants in the Indian National Congress. d. Indians boycotted British goods, refused to pay taxes, and refused to send their children to British schools.

ANS: D TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 738–739 OBJ: 1 | 3 | 4

39. Why did Gandhi choose salt as the testing ground for his principles of civil disobedience? a. Salt, a government monopoly, symbolized Indians’ subjugation to British rule. b. Salt was easy to make in India and so it would not be difficult to replace British sources. c. The British were not as heavily invested in the salt trade as they were in tea and opium production. d. The British would likely react more leniently to civil disobedience if its purpose was to collect salt for personal use.

ANS: A TOP: 4

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 738

OBJ: 1 | 3 | 4

40. Jawaharlal Nehru disagreed with Gandhi in which of the following ways? a. Nehru advocated for the creation of a separate Muslim state. b. Nehru believed that India needed to embrace science and technology to develop as a modern nation. c. Nehru wanted a revolution, not peaceful protests. d. Nehru backed the industrial proletariat and class consciousness as the motivation for resistance.

ANS: B TOP: 4

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 739–740 OBJ: 3 | 4

41. What prevented the republic established in China in 1911 from gaining legitimacy? a. opposition from the Guomindang b. opposition from Chiang Kai-shek c. factional and regional conflicts d. lack of support from the military or rural elites ANS: C TOP: 4

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 742

OBJ: 3 | 4

42. Which of the following best describes the purpose of the White Wolf movement in China? a. a Communist Party initiative to radicalize peasants b. a peasant uprising meant to rid the countryside of Christian missionaries c. a peasant-supported band of armed men who robbed the rich to give to the poor to restore justice d. Chiang Kai-shek’s plan to instill moral purpose and discipline in the Chinese public ANS: C TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 743 MSC: Understanding 8

OBJ: 3 | 4

10 ◆ Chapter 19 Of Masses and Visions of the Modern, 1910–1939 43. Which of the following was Mustafa Kemal’s first action to create a European-style secular state in Turkey? a. replacing the sultanate with a republic b. reinforcing the role of Islam in law and politics c. putting a Swiss legal code into place d. instituting western-style dress codes for Turkish public life ANS: A TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 743

OBJ: 1 | 3 | 4

44. How did the goals of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt differ from those of the Wafd? a. The Muslim Brotherhood wanted to use the nation-state as a means of returning to a pure form of Islam, while the Wafd was primarily a secular nationalist group. b. The Muslim Brotherhood advocated using western weapons as they undertook a traditional Islamic holy war, while the Wafd wanted to use civil disobedience to achieve their goals. c. The Wafd was a peasant group, while the Muslim Brotherhood was composed of merchants and military leaders. d. The Wafd argued that Egypt should embrace liberal capitalism, while the Muslim Brotherhood supported socialism.

ANS: A TOP: 4

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 744

OBJ: 4

45. Which of the following models of political modernity was accepted most often in western Europe and the Americas by the 1930s? a. the anticolonial model c. the hybrid corporatist model b. the authoritarian model d. the liberal democratic model ANS: D TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 745 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

46. How did World War I affect the status of women in Europe and the United States? a. It opened factory jobs to women, which they kept after the war. b. It led to the first integration of women in the infantry. c. It contributed to expanding voting rights to women in several countries. d. It led to a return to more conservative gender norms.

ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 715

OBJ: 1

47. What was the Russian motivation for signing the 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk? a. Lenin believed that Germany was ripe for communism and should be a partner. b. Lenin wanted Russia to focus on defending socialism at home. c. Lenin envisioned a pacifist international policy for Bolshevik Russia. d. Lenin wanted to secretly industrialize Russia for a full-scale attack on Germany.

ANS: B TOP: 1 | 4

DIF: Difficult REF: p. 716 MSC: Understanding

9

OBJ: 1

Chapter 19

Of Masses and Visions of the Modern, 1910–1939 ◆

48. What impact did the self-determination principle of Wilsonianism have beyond Europe? a. People roundly dismissed Wilson’s principle as empty words. b. The lack of long-distance communication technology meant that few learned about it. c. Various groups used the principle to voice anticolonial and national sentiment. d. It mainly resonated in the Western Hemisphere.

ANS: C TOP: 1 | 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 716–719 OBJ: 1 | 4

49. How did World War I affect the relative strength of Japan? a. negatively, as its European markets for goods collapsed b. positively, as European and American competition declined in the manufacturing sector c. negatively, as the League of Nations halted its plans for expansion d. positively, as Japan was paid large indemnities for its support of the Allies ANS: B TOP: 1 | 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 730

OBJ: 1 | 3

50. What was the general impact of the Great Depression in Latin America? a. Crucial exports declined and Latin America was unable to repay its loans. b. Its strong domestic markets shielded the region from the global economic downturn. c. Governments refrained from intervening in depressed economic markets. d. Governments responded to labor unrest by suppressing unions with federal troops.

ANS: A TOP: 1 | 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 734

OBJ: 2 | 3 | 4

TRUE/FALSE 1. Introducing new types of weapons broke the stalemate on the Western Front in World War I. ANS: F TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 711

OBJ: 1

2. Like other authoritarian movements, the Bolsheviks first acquired power through legal, electoral means.

ANS: F TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 715–716 OBJ: 3

3. The Ottoman massacre and deportation of over a million Armenians during World War I is generally considered to have been the world’s first genocide.

ANS: T TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 711 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 3

4. The introduction of the assembly line by American automobile manufacturer Henry Ford allowed his company to increase production sharply while dramatically reducing costs.

ANS: T TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 720

10

OBJ: 2

11

12 ◆ Chapter 19 Of Masses and Visions of the Modern, 1910–1939 5. For Gandhi, the most effective route to accomplishing Indian independence was for all Indians to embrace self-reliance and nonviolent resistance to colonial rule.

ANS: T TOP: 4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 738

OBJ: 3 | 4

6. Russian soldiers suffered the highest casualty rate in World War I. ANS: F TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 714

OBJ: 1

7. European politicians refused to conscript colonial subjects during the war.

ANS: F TOP: 1

DIF: Easy REF: p. 715 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1

8. The Wilsonian principle of self-determination was unequally applied in different regions.

ANS: T TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: pp. 716–719 OBJ: 1

9. The US and the Soviet Union emerged from World War I as the leading global economic powerhouses.

ANS: F TOP: 1 | 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 720

OBJ: 1 | 4

10. In contrast to Europe, the political system in the postwar United States did not receive attacks from the right and left.

ANS: F TOP: 3 | 4

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 725–726 OBJ: 2 | 3

11

Chapter 19

Of Masses and Visions of the Modern, 1910–1939 ◆

SHORT ANSWER 1. Analyze the ways in which World War I and the economic crisis of the 1920s and 1930s changed the role of the state.

ANS: World War I and the economic crisis of the 1920s and 1930s collectively changed the role of the state by increasing the range of its involvement in social and economic life, and raising the degree to which it could involve itself in the lives of individuals and communities. Before World War I, the role of advanced industrial states in economies and societies was limited, although in some cases they had created the foundations of a social safety net with pensions and insurance plans, as in Germany, or taken steps to regulate the worst corporate and financial excesses, as in the United States. World War I changed the role of the state through its total mobilization of societies, both on the battlefield and at home. The huge armies left states with large groups of veterans, while the mass production of war materials involved civilians, including women, in the war effort. These groups’ pressure on their states to provide benefits such as veterans’ and widows’ pensions in exchange for their service required an expanded state presence after the war. On the other hand, mobilization through the use of mass media, which allowed the state to interact more directly with individual citizens, also gave states the ability to more readily influence the thoughts and beliefs of their citizens.

After the war, while the United States spent the 1920s seeking to return to limited government involvement, European countries continued to experiment both with increased economic regulation and social safety regulations, and with the illiberal use of censorship and propaganda that had characterized wartime. Combined with the disruption the war had caused, the economic crisis of the 1920s and 1930s encouraged these tendencies by calling the efficacy of capitalism with limited government regulation—a basic assumption of the liberal democratic model—into question. States including Russia, Germany, Italy, Japan, and Spain established authoritarian regimes, linked by their reliance on strong leadership, extensive state involvement in society, and close relationships between government, industry, and workers. The New Deal in the United States, begun in 1933, also expanded the role of the state in economic life with a number of regulatory and job-creating measures, albeit on a smaller scale than the European challenges to liberalism and with the ultimate outcome of preserving the capitalist model. By the end of the 1930s, involvement in a wider range of activities and stronger, central authority had become hallmarks of the western state.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 1 | 2 | 3

TOP: 1 | 3 | 4

12

MSC: Analyzing

13

14 ◆ Chapter 19 Of Masses and Visions of the Modern, 1910–1939 2. What led to the rise of mass culture between 1910 and the 1930s? Why did mass culture often become synonymous with national culture?

ANS: The rise of mass culture was rooted in technological and economic change. The growth of new media, most notably radio and film, allowed content providers, whether governments or entertainers, to reach huge audiences at one time. Because mass culture is a culture of the masses—the working and middle classes—increasing incomes and amounts of leisure time also allowed this audience to enjoy the new mass media.

World War I also contributed to the rise of mass culture. Newspapers and the theater, as well as film and radio, were used as propaganda, building networks and behavioral habits that remained after the war was over. Further, the need to produce huge amounts of materials quickly and efficiently for the war encouraged the development of mass production methods that were later turned to peacetime production of consumer goods.

The mass culture created by this combination of circumstances could easily become a national culture for several reasons. First, the ability to syndicate radio programs and distribute films on a national level led to cultural homogenization, as well as creating a sense of community. Particularly in the United States, the development of advertising directed consumer tastes and preferences, which also contributed to the development of a national culture. States could also use the new media to promote stronger links between themselves and their people. In particular, authoritarian states consciously made use of the media to build loyal, mobilized populations. Italian leader Benito Mussolini used the radio to address his people; in Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union (USSR), film became a vehicle with which the state could disseminate its message to the people. Mass media promoted national cultures both in a colloquial sense—cultural similarities among the inhabitants of a nation-state—and in a direct, political sense by strengthening and homogenizing the ties between leaders, the state, and the citizens.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 2

TOP: 1

13

MSC: Evaluating

Chapter 19

Of Masses and Visions of the Modern, 1910–1939 ◆

3. Analyze the factors that encouraged the rise of authoritarian political systems during the 1920s and 1930s and compare the governments that emerged in Italy, Germany, Japan, and the USSR. ANS: During the 1920s and 1930s, authoritarian regimes emerged on both the right side and the left side of the political spectrum. Right-wing governments such as those that emerged in Italy, Germany, and Japan disliked the left-wing, communist USSR; however, all of them shared a rejection of the liberal democratic model. During a period marked by economic malaise and political instability, liberal democracy appeared to be weak and ineffectual, and its hands-off approach to the economy was seen as incapable of resolving the economic crises of the 1920s and, especially, the Great Depression.

Authoritarian regimes of the right and left shared goals that reflected this common dislike. They sought to restore social order, to promote the public welfare, and to build robust economies—in other words, they sought to provide the benefits associated with liberal democracy and capitalism, without the associated problems such as boom-and-bust economies, political disorder, and the moral decline that some commentators saw in post–World War I societies.

The authoritarian governments that emerged in Italy, Germany, Japan, and the USSR used similar methods to pursue these goals. All of them assumed that a modern state required state direction, rejecting the liberal ethos, and to greater or lesser degrees involved themselves in economic production. The Soviets nationalized the means of production; the Italians enforced cooperation between government and industry. They also relied on the development of mass organizations, such as the Hitler Youth in Germany the Soviet Communist Youth League, and the Italian squads marching to the anthem “Giovinezza” (Youth), to build loyalty and spread their messages and controlled the mass media to spread their own messages and censor dissenting ones. All of them employed strong, top-down leadership and established personality cults around their leaders. Yet they were by no means interchangeable. In part, this reflects their specific circumstances.

Italian fascism, which emerged from the social disorder of the years immediately following World War I, saw itself as a protector of veterans and common people. Japanese authoritarianism, which emerged following the ascension of Emperor Hirohito and in response to the onset of the Great Depression, was facilitated by the powerful Japanese military and was less interested in the promotion of social welfare programs. The Soviet Union, the product of a violent revolution and civil war, relied heavily on fear and terror tactics, including a huge network of forced labor camps, or gulags. In addition, its Marxist ideology, which differed from the other authoritarian states, justified its assumption of direct control over industry and agriculture. While these states reflected a range of circumstances and ideologies, their shared distaste for liberal democracy led to similar outcomes.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 3

TOP: 4

14

MSC: Analyzing

15

16 ◆ Chapter 19 Of Masses and Visions of the Modern, 1910–1939 4. Compare the development of Turkey under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk with the development of Brazil under Getulio Vargas. What changes were made in each country, and why? To what global events were they responding?

ANS: Both Brazil under Vargas and Turkey under Atatürk made radical social and political changes as a result of international shifts that had left their countries vulnerable in some way. Brazil had become economically vulnerable by the early 1930s. Like other Latin American countries, it was primarily a producer of raw materials and agricultural products, which declined in value on the international markets, relative to manufactured items during and after World War I. Latin American countries were also major borrowers of foreign capital, leaving them heavily indebted and without profitable industries when creditors, facing the financial crash of 1929 and ultimately the Great Depression, called in their debts. Many sitting governments lost the confidence of their people and fell, opening the way for mass politics.

Vargas, who came to power in 1930, replaced the traditional narrow approach to building a political community in Brazil with a wide-ranging, corporatist approach that pulled in diverse groups that had previously been excluded, including black Brazilians (disenfranchised since the abolition of slavery), workers, and women. He encouraged the development of a mass culture in Brazil through his own personality cult and the promotion of indigenous art forms like the samba. At the same time, he replaced traditional political parties with a new system in which people would be represented in government based on their social and economic interests, and cooperated closely with Brazilian industrialists to create a self-sufficient Brazilian economy that would be less dependent on imports.

In contrast, the challenge facing Atatürk was primarily political. The Ottoman Empire, which fought with the Central Powers in World War I, was dismembered afterward, and most of its non-European territory was parceled out among the victorious countries. Fearing that Anatolia might be colonized, Ottoman military leaders joined the Turkish nationalist movement and worked to make Turkey a nation-state in the western mode. Led by Mustafa Kemal, they fought against Greek troops sent to enforce the peace, took control of the peninsula, and were recognized in a new Treaty of Lausanne.

Kemal sought to make Turkey a modern, western-style society. As its leader, he removed Islam from public life and the legal system, installed a new legal code imported from Switzerland, Romanized the Turkish language, and declared a western-style dress code. Schools and the military were used to transmit Turkish nationalism. He also used elements of the new authoritarian systems, such as suppressing dissent and spreading a national myth that central Asian Turks had invented culture/society. In both countries, the changes were designed to protect and strengthen the state from the changing political and economic circumstances of the twentieth-century world.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 4

TOP: 4

15

MSC: Analyzing

Chapter 19

Of Masses and Visions of the Modern, 1910–1939 ◆

5. Describe the evolution of anticolonial activism and modernism during the first part of the twentieth century. What special challenges did anticolonial activists face and what were their visions of their future?

ANS: Anticolonial activism and modernism faced two challenges unlike those faced by other nationalist and modernist strains. In addition to thinking about governance, activists had the additional and primary goal of removing their colonial rulers. They also confronted the challenge of balancing western ideas with their own diverse indigenous traditions, in most cases hoping to mix elements of both in a postcolonial order. During the course of the first part of the twentieth century, anticolonial activism spread and became more insistent.

Europeans had justified their conquest of large parts of Asia and Africa by positioning themselves as possessors of a superior culture/society; World War I damaged those claims, but in most cases did not lead to independence. Instead, the victors divided Germany’s colonies and much of the Ottoman Empire among themselves. In Africa after the war, anticolonial sentiment was expressed in a range of ways, but increasingly included educated nationalist leaders, such as Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya, who challenged both the methods of colonial rule and the right of the colonizers, and used an idealized version of the African past as an ideal for the future. In India, where the anticolonial movement was much older and more established, a range of visions for the future emerged. Mohandas Gandhi counseled Indians to abandon British imperialism in favor of a return to community, tradition, and self-reliance as a way of achieving self-rule (swaraj). Jawaharlal Nehru envisioned a modern, scientific India with state-sponsored planning. Others increasingly envisioned themselves as Hindu or Muslim nationalists rather than simply “Indians.”

In Egypt, which officially gained its independence in 1922 but remained under the control of the British, the Muslim Brotherhood envisioned a future in which a nation-state with a mobilized population could be used for very different ends: renunciation of the west and return to a purely Islamic way of life. Anticolonial activists shared the ideal of a life free of western domination; however, their goals for postcolonial life reflected diversity and experimentation.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 3 | 4

TOP: 4

16

MSC: Analyzing

17

CHAPTER 20

The Three-­World Order, 1940–1975 GLOBAL STORYLINES

FOCUS QUESTIONS

1. World War II shatters the European-­centered global order, weakening Eu­rope and Japan, and unsettling empires.

2. The United States and its liberal-­democratic allies (the First World) engage in a Cold War with the Soviet Union and its communist allies (the Second World).

3. Decolonized states in Asia, Africa, and Latin Amer­ i­ca (the Third World) strug­gle to find a “third way” but find themselves caught between rival superpowers.

1. How did World War II contribute to the creation of the three-­world order ­a fter 1945?

2. To what extent was World War II a global war?

3. What roles did the United States and the Soviet Union play in the Cold War? 4. What ­were the goals of Third World countries during this period, and to what degree ­were t­ hese goals achieved?

5. How similar and dif­fer­ent ­were civil rights issues in the First, Second, and Third worlds? In what ways did each “world” address ­these and other rights?

1

CHAPTER 20: The Three-World Order, 1940–1975 2 ◆ Chapter 20 The Three-­World Order, 1940–1975

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Following World War II, which of the following emerged as the prevailing global political organization? a. the multiethnic empire b. the Warsaw Pact c. the nation-state d. the European Economic Community ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 749 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 1

2. Which of the following issues led to the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union? a. Their expanding overseas empires impinged on one another, creating borderland conflicts. b. They had diametrically opposed political and economic ideologies. c. They had been on opposing sides during World War I and II. d. They both wanted to colonize western Europe’s former colonies.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 750

OBJ: 3

3. Which of the following was one of the principal causes of World War II? a. The Germans and the Russians had a long-standing agreement to divide the world between them. b. The Great Depression led to decreased military spending in Germany and Japan, which invited aggression from their neighbors. c. Communism failed to expand its presence in Europe. d. Resentment lingered over the punitive treaties imposed after World War I. ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 750

OBJ: 1

4. Which of the following accurately compares the Germans and Japanese during the 1930s and 1940s? a. Both encouraged veneration of the emperor. b. The Germans, but not the Japanese, forced large numbers of prisoners of war (POWs) and conquered people to work for their war efforts. c. Both developed theories of racial superiority. d. The Japanese, but not the Germans, behaved brutally toward the peoples of the territories they conquered.

ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 750

1

OBJ: 1

Chapter 20

The Three-­World Order, 1940–1975 ◆ 3

5. Which of the following is a reason why historians have described World War II as a total global conflict? a. World War II led to significant transformations of all the major prewar forms of government. b. Fighting in World War II took place on three continents and included soldiers from all continents except Antarctica. c. All countries in the world were involved in the war, suffering severe financial losses and dislocation to their economies. d. Class, race, and gender boundaries were dissolved by the needs of total war in all the combating nations.

ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 750–751 OBJ: 2

6. Which of the following techniques did Hitler use to create his racially based new world order? a. He set up puppet governments that complied with deportation orders for Jews. b. He authorized a land invasion of India to block supplies of petroleum from reaching the British. c. He assisted the Soviets in creating their own concentration camps to house those deemed racially inferior. d. He accepted the work of German Jewish scientists and artists if they would agree to support his programs.

ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 753

OBJ: 2

7. Which of the following European claims did the systematic implementation of the Nazi genocide challenge? a. Europeans had claimed that social Darwinism supported their racial superiority. b. Europeans had claimed that science, technology, and an efficient bureaucracy would make life better for all. c. Europeans had claimed that liberal capitalism was the most efficient governmental and economic system. d. Europeans had claimed that their democratic political system was superior to all others.

ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 753 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1

8. How did Japan justify its conquest of neighboring territory during World War II? a. Japan claimed that its conquests were protecting East Asia from American colonial aggression. b. Japan claimed that it was driving out European imperialists and establishing “Asia for the Asians.” c. Japan claimed that if it failed to take over, Europeans would extend their colonial presence into the region. d. Japan claimed that conquest was necessary in order to forestall the spread of world communism.

ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 756 MSC: Understanding

2

OBJ: 2

4 ◆ Chapter 20 The Three-­World Order, 1940–1975 9. For which of the following reasons did President Harry Truman authorize use of the atomic bomb in 1945? a. Germany refused to surrender, even though the Soviets, British, and Americans were converging on Berlin. b. Truman feared that if he did not use the bomb, the Russians would continue their drive to spread communism into western Europe. c. The bomb had never been tested, and scientists needed to know if the theory behind it was valid. d. An Allied invasion of Japan would cost hundreds of thousands of American lives, since the Japanese had vowed to defend the main islands to the last man, woman, and child.

ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 757

OBJ: 1

10. Why did communism appeal to many Europeans after World War II? a. The USSR offered a large amount of aid for economic and military redevelopment throughout Europe. b. Capitalism failed to provide adequate supplies of weapons to protect them from German invasions. c. Many eastern Europeans, reacting to the horrors of fascism, looked to the Soviets for solutions to rebuild society. d. The Soviet Union demonstrated how effective communism was at protecting human rights.

ANS: C TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 757

OBJ: 1 | 3

11. What was the goal of the Marshall Plan? a. Its goal was to build an “iron curtain” across the center of Europe, blocking the expansion of communism. b. Its goal was to limit the appeal of communism in Europe by providing grants for reconstruction to democratic governments. c. Its goal was to ensure that eastern European states would have communist governments, providing a buffer between the USSR and Germany. d. Its goal was to humiliate the Soviets by showing how little resources the Soviets could muster to rebuild Europe.

ANS: B TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 758 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1 | 3

12. Which of the following first tested President Truman’s containment policy? a. the Berlin blockade b. the bombing of Nagasaki c. the Marshall Plan d. the siege of Stalingrad ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 758

3

OBJ: 3

Chapter 20

The Three-­World Order, 1940–1975 ◆ 5

13. Why did Stalin believe that the Soviet Union deserved to dominate eastern Europe? a. The Soviet Union had refrained from using nuclear weapons in Europe, and should be rewarded. b. The Soviet Union had been promised control of eastern Europe at the Yalta conference. c. The Soviet Union had sacrificed so many people in the war against fascism. d. The Soviet Union had more money than did the United States to rebuild the devastated region after the war.

ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 758

OBJ: 3

14. Why did the development of more effective nuclear weapons ultimately decrease the risk of a direct confrontation between the United States and the USSR? a. Cooperating to develop the new weapons minimized the tension between the two powers. b. Any conflict that involved nuclear weapons had the potential to destroy the world. c. The spread of nuclear weapons to other states created new common enemies for the old allies. d. Both countries felt secure in their own arsenals and were less concerned about their individual rivals.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 758–760 OBJ: 3 MSC: Understanding

15. How did the Korean War transform Japan’s relationship with the winners of World War II? a. Japan became an important ally of the United States in the fight against communism. b. Japan became an important ally of the Soviet Union in the fight to expand communism. c. Japan once again became a strong, aggressive neocolonial power. d. Japan used the Korean War as an opportunity to attempt to redress the war crimes it had committed in World War II. ANS: A TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 760

OBJ: 3

16. Which of the following saved Chinese communists from being overwhelmed by Nationalist forces in the Chinese Civil War? a. The Soviet Union changed its support from the Nationalists to the communists. b. Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek died suddenly, throwing the Nationalist army into disarray. c. The Japanese invasion diverted Nationalist troops from pursuing the communists into the Chinese interior. d. The Nationalist army was diverted to fight against the Germans, who had hopes of conquering China.

ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 760

4

OBJ: 1 | 2

6 ◆ Chapter 20 The Three-­World Order, 1940–1975 17. Which of the following reflects the Chinese Communist Party’s approach toward women? a. It rejected women’s rights in order to build support with the patriarchal Chinese peasantry. b. It subordinated women’s individual rights to the rights of the family as an institution. c. It believed that women were selfish to demand more rights during the war with Japan. d. It freed women from oppressive laws and customs as part of its government.

ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult REF: p. 760 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 5

18. Which of the following factors encouraged the British to transfer power quickly to the Indian National Congress following World War II? a. The threat of radicalized peasant uprisings prompted the British to expedite the transfer of power to the middle-class leaders of the Indian National Congress. b. The British had to give up the rule of India because Indian nationalists threatened violent revolution over the British attempt to select the Indian cricket team to tour Australia in 1946. c. The British, exhausted from World War II, were unable to cope with the cost of famine relief in 1946. d. The outbreak of civil war between Hindus and Muslims in South Asia in 1945 encouraged the British to leave India as quickly as possible.

ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 763

OBJ: 4

19. Which of the following led to the internal migration of 12 million South Asians in 1947? a. Millions of South Asians moved from rural poverty to seek better lives in urban centers. b. Both Hindus and Muslims left their homes to relocate to the new countries, India or Pakistan, after more than a million people were killed in religious conflicts. c. Millions of dalits, the lowest caste in India, moved from Hindu provinces to Muslim provinces, where they were promised equality under law. d. Millions of people returned from overseas British-controlled plantations and factories to seek independent incomes in the new India.

ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 764

OBJ: 4

20. Which of the following groups of Africans led anticolonial movements immediately following World War II? a. religious leaders, rural peasants, and urban artisans b. urban unemployed, former servicemen, western-educated indigenous elites c. current and former members of colonial legislatures d. primary school dropouts unable to find gainful employment ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 765 MSC: Understanding

5

OBJ: 4

Chapter 20

The Three-­World Order, 1940–1975 ◆ 7

21. Which of the following encouraged the European powers to surrender their African colonies? a. The European powers determined that it was time to live up to their Enlightenment ideals. b. The United States encouraged decolonization, but the USSR opposed it. c. The treaty ending World War II called for immediate decolonization. d. The European powers were too deep in debt to invest more in pacifying the discontented Africans.

ANS: D TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 765

OBJ: 4

22. Why did many African leaders think that Africa would move swiftly to a special African form of socialism following decolonization? a. They believed that the common African traditions that informed negritude would enable them to embrace social justice and equality. b. They believed that they had been most prosperous under, and wanted to return to, Islamic caliphates. c. They believed that the colonial experience had provided them with strong economic principles to begin independence. d. They believed that the model provided by the First World was best suited to African conditions.

ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: pp. 766–768 OBJ: 4

23. Which of the following led European Jews to migrate to Palestine during the first half of the twentieth century? a. They believed that returning to their place of origin would lead to self-determination. b. They sought assimilation into an existing regional Semitic culture. c. They wished to create a new European colony in the Middle East, to replace the Ottoman Empire. d. They hoped to learn Palestinian agricultural techniques, in order to achieve economic success.

ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 768

OBJ: 4

24. Which of the following actions were meant by the term blitzkrieg? a. extensive aerial bombardment by the Allies followed by infantry invasion of Germany b. the Nazi plan to strike western Europe before turning against the Soviet Union c. tank-led assaults, followed by motorized infantrymen and finally foot soldiers d. all-out assault on civilian populations who had helped the Nazis after the civilians were no longer useful ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 751 MSC: Understanding

6

OBJ: 1

8 ◆ Chapter 20 The Three-­World Order, 1940–1975 25. How did the Arab-Israeli War of 1947–1948 help shatter the legitimacy of Arab ruling elites? a. Arab ruling elites did not have the funds to make adequate provision for large numbers of Palestinian refugees. b. Arab ruling elites counseled caution in challenging the partition, but their military fought anyway. c. Arab states were poorly prepared to take on the Israeli Defense Force and eventually lost territory granted to them by the United Nations’ partition. d. Arab states lacked sufficient diplomatic training to effectively challenge the United Nations’ partition.

ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 769

OBJ: 4

26. Why did Egypt emerge as a potent symbol of pan-Arab nationalism in 1956? a. Egypt’s military under Nasser was able to reclaim the Suez Canal from the British, French, and Israelis. b. Because Egypt was the site of the oldest civilization in the region, it had great prestige. c. Egypt was the site of origin of the Muslim Brotherhood, which soon came to power after they overthrew the king. d. Egypt had been the capital of the last Muslim Caliphate, so it was the symbolic home of pan-Arab sentiments.

ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 770

OBJ: 4

27. Which of the following is a reason why the Algerian War of Independence shocked French citizens and the colons? a. The colons controlled Algeria’s best land and finances. b. The French government had declared that Algeria was not a colony, but an integral part of France. c. France had already granted independence to all of its other African colonies. d. The colons introduced terror tactics to force the population to choose between them and the nationalists.

ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 770

OBJ: 4

28. Which of the following is a similarity between the decolonization experiences of Algeria and South Africa? a. Both countries suffered violent civil wars to end colonial control. b. Both countries were independent before the end of World War II. c. Both countries had large numbers of European settlers, which prevented a smooth transfer of power. d. Both countries had trained large numbers of indigenous people in the civil service and military, making transition to independence easier.

ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 770

7

OBJ: 4 | 5

Chapter 20

The Three-­World Order, 1940–1975 ◆ 9

29. Which of the following is a reason why some First World powers supported South Africa during the 1950s and 1960s? a. South Africa was anticommunist. b. South Africa was a strategic military and commercial outpost. c. South Africa had developed a democratic society. d. South Africa, especially Johannesburg, was an important center for global finance.

ANS: A TOP: 2 | 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 771

OBJ: 3 | 5

30. Which of the following accurately depicts the Vietnamese intelligentsia under French rule? a. The Vietnamese intelligentsia rejected western culture and returned to traditional Shinto values. b. The Vietnamese intelligentsia were granted land and mining concessions to ensure their loyalty. c. Western-educated Vietnamese living overseas strongly supported the colonial government. d. Western-educated Vietnamese worked as clerks, teachers, and petty officials, but had few opportunities for advancement.

ANS: D TOP: 3

DIF: Difficult REF: p. 772 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 4

31. Which of the following was the main reason why the United States became involved in the conflict between North and South Vietnam? a. The United States supported South Vietnam because it feared the spread of communism throughout Southeast Asia. b. The United States supported North Vietnam because it admired Ho’s nationalist goals. c. The United States felt it could be a neutral arbitrator in the region, since the United States had not been a colonial power in the region. d. The United States became involved in order to get access to petroleum reserves off the eastern coast of Vietnam.

ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 772

OBJ: 3

32. Which of the following is a reason that communism lost its appeal in post–World War II western Europe? a. Communist political parties were outlawed in western European countries. b. Strong economic growth led to increased standards of living and expanded access to services like education and health care. c. Observers who visited the Soviet Union were able to observe and report on the differences between communist theory and Soviet practice. d. Europeans had successfully prosecuted Nazis and Fascists, so saw nothing to be gained from another authoritarian system such as communism.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 773 MSC: Understanding

8

OBJ: 1

10 ◆ Chapter 20 The Three-­World Order, 1940–1975 33. During the 1950s, Americans expressed anxiety about communism in which of the following ways? a. Anticommunist rhetoric led to attacks on civil liberties of individuals suspected of being communists or communist sympathizers. b. Hollywood produced fewer movies than before because so many directors, stars, and writers were blacklisted. c. Americans bought more consumer goods, which were usually made in the United States. d. American society became more egalitarian so that communism would be less appealing.

ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 773

OBJ: 3

34. Which of the following people provided the model for protest that Martin Luther King Jr. adopted in his pursuit of civil rights? a. Nelson Mandela c. Ho Chi Minh b. Mohandas Gandhi d. Gamal Abdel Nasser ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 774

OBJ: 5

35. In comparison with life in First World countries, which of the following best describes life for ordinary people in Second World countries? a. higher standards of living but lower levels of economic security b. greater social egalitarianism and more opportunities for self-expression c. lower standards of living but higher levels of economic security d. higher standards of living but greater demands for military and community service ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 775 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3 | 5

36. Which of the following was a response to Khrushchev’s speech in 1956 attempting to separate Stalinism from true communism? a. Supporters of Stalin attempted to regain control of the Politburo. b. Polish and Hungarian intellectuals tried to break away from strict communist controls. c. The Soviet army commanders withdrew troops from eastern Europe. d. The Politburo gave orders to have Stalin’s supporters quietly poisoned to avoid open disunity among the communist elite.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 775

OBJ: 3

37. During the Cold War, what did the United States and the Soviet Union expect from Third World countries? a. They expected them to join one or the other of the two opposing Cold War camps. b. They expected them to encourage world peace and nuclear disarmament. c. They expected them to remain politically neutral. d. They expected them to adapt elements from First World and Second World political philosophies to their own specific circumstances.

ANS: A TOP: 2 | 3

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 776–777 OBJ: 3 MSC: Understanding

9

Chapter 20 The Three-­World Order, 1940–1975 ◆ 38. Multinational corporations had which of the following impacts on Third World countries? a. They removed raw materials, and then left the local government to clean up the mess. b. They provided important technical knowledge that Third World countries could use to build their industrial bases. c. They expanded countries’ agricultural and manufacturing sectors, but impeded the growth of local firms. d. They allowed Third World countries to free themselves from dependence on the institutions of international capitalism.

ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 776–777 OBJ: 3 | 4 MSC: Understanding

39. Under what circumstances did the Cold War become a “hot” war? a. It became a hot war when the United States and the Soviet Union became involved in armed conflict. b. It became a hot war when the Soviet Union enforced its will on its eastern European satellite states. c. It became a hot war when the United States and the Soviet Union armed their Third World allies and encouraged proxy wars. d. It became a hot war when the United States and the Soviet Union established foreign military bases in Third World countries.

ANS: C TOP: 2 | 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 750

OBJ: 3

40. Which of the following factors led to the failure of Mao Zedong’s Great Leap Forward in 1958? a. Peasants refused to cooperate in communal living because it conflicted with traditional Chinese values. b. First World corporations refused to buy any of the items produced in the local Chinese communal factories. c. The Red Guards were not behind the Great Leap Forward and undercut its effectiveness. d. The communes failed to provide enough food to avoid famine and the manufactured goods were inferior.

ANS: D TOP: 2 | 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 777

OBJ: 4

41. Which Cold War event brought the world closest to nuclear war? a. the Cuban Missile Crisis b. the Bay of Pigs invasion c. the Prague Spring d. the Battle of Dien Bien Phu ANS: A TOP: 2 | 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 780

10

OBJ: 3

11

12 ◆ Chapter 20 The Three-­World Order, 1940–1975 42. In which of the following ways did the United States attempt to counter growing radicalism in Latin America? a. The United Sates accepted the right of Latin American peoples to choose their own form of governance. b. President Kennedy sent advisors to dole out aid, explain how to reform local land systems, and to demonstrate the benefits of liberal capitalism. c. President Kennedy condemned the persecution and execution of protestors in Argentina, Uruguay, and Venezuela. d. The United Sates supported policy makers who supported the democratically elected government of socialist Salvador Allende in Chile.

ANS: B TOP: 2 | 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 781

OBJ: 3 | 4 | 5

43. In post–World War II western Europe, the “woman question” concerned what new problem? a. Women were making gains in the workplace, but without a proportional decrease in domestic responsibility. b. Women were being advised to focus their lives around acquiring a husband and children. c. Women were more likely to be sympathetic to communism than were men. d. More women were moving into the workplace, but there were not enough available jobs to accommodate them.

ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 781 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 5

44. In which of the following ways was the Prague Spring in 1968 similar to the Hungarian uprising in 1956? a. Both were attempts to undercut the Marshall Plan in eastern Europe. b. Both were primarily revolts conducted according to the principles of nonviolent civil disobedience. c. Both were responding to the Cultural Revolution. d. Both attempts to decrease communist authoritarianism in eastern Europe were crushed by the Soviet military.

ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 784

OBJ: 3 | 5

45. Which of the following was a consequence of Rachel Carson’s book, The Silent Spring? a. It led to the environmental movement which questioned many of the ideas about economic progress and material prosperity upon which the “American Dream” had rested. b. It led to more pesticides being used on crops in Third World countries in order to increase food production. c. It led to the creation of the Pure Food and Drug Act. d. It, along with Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique, created the modern women’s liberation movement.

ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 782

11

OBJ: 5

Chapter 20 The Three-­World Order, 1940–1975 ◆ 46. What was the cause of the 1973 oil embargo enacted by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) ? a. OPEC wanted to force increased exploration for petroleum and other energy resources. b. Arab oil-producing states wanted to pressure Israel’s First World allies by halting oil exports to them. c. Threats of war in the Persian Gulf led to closing off the oil fields for fear that they might be destroyed in the fighting. d. OPEC states were running low on petroleum reserves and needed to find a way to slow down oil consumption.

ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 785

OBJ: 4

47. How did Pacific Rim nations such as South Korea and Taiwan escape the typical Third World cycle of poverty and dependence? a. They closely followed the international market model. b. They built a new system from the basic ideas of Karl Marx. c. They used regulation to promote new industries and required multinationals to cooperate with local firms. d. They used the World Bank to fund infrastructure projects and the International Monetary Fund to prop up their currencies.

ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 785

OBJ: 4

48. Which of the following polices did Nasser pursue after the overthrow of the Egyptian king? a. a massive redistribution of land from large landholders to smallholders and the landless b. the institution of strictly religious instruction in public schools c. the opening of the political system to more political parties d. the return of the Suez Canal to its original owners, the British and the French, after they provided aid to the government ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 770 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 4

49. Which region was the last to undergo decolonization ? a. western Africa c. Southeast Asia b. North Africa d. southern Africa ANS: D TOP: 3

DIF: Easy REF: p. 770 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 1

50. What were the primary postwar functions of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund? a. to decrease poverty and stabilize monetary systems in the Third World b. to facilitate the expansion of western multinational corporations into the Third World c. to promote a middle way of economic development between central planning and free markets d. to enable the United States to establish military bases around the world ANS: A TOP: 2 | 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 776

12

OBJ: 3 | 4

13

14 ◆ Chapter 20 The Three-­World Order, 1940–1975 TRUE/FALSE 1. The reason Nazi bureaucrats decided to exterminate, instead of deporting, the Jewish population of eastern Europe was that they believed deportation was too costly.

ANS: T TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 752

OBJ: 1 | 2

2. Japan began its military expansion into mainland Asia after World War II began.

ANS: F TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 754

OBJ: 1 | 2

3. NATO and the Warsaw Pact were both designed to help contain the spread of communism.

ANS: F TOP: 2 | 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 758

OBJ: 3 | 4

4. India and China both achieved political independence peacefully.

ANS: F TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 763

OBJ: 1

5. The Cold War superpowers stayed out of civil wars in Third World countries, believing that such conflicts ought to be resolved internally.

ANS: F TOP: 2 | 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 777 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

6. Roughly equal numbers of military personnel and civilians died during World War II. ANS: F TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 754

OBJ: 1

7. The 1950 Group Areas Act required South Africans to live in their designated racial “homeland.”

ANS: T TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 771 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 5

8. Francophone writer Frantz Fanon argued that violence against European oppressors would provide catharsis to peoples in the Third World.

ANS: T TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 777

OBJ: 4 | 5

9. The Soviet Union quashed all national attempts to increase autonomy in its fifteen republics.

ANS: F TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 784

13

OBJ: 3

Chapter 20 The Three-­World Order, 1940–1975 ◆ 10. Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique called for a return to traditional gender roles.

ANS: F TOP: 1

DIF: Easy REF: pp. 782–783 OBJ: 5 MSC: Understanding

SHORT ANSWER 1. Assess the claim that World War I shocked the European-centered world order but World War II destroyed it. How was the Second World War different from the first, and how did their outcomes differ?

ANS: World War II differed from World War I in its scale and in the degree to which many of the participating countries and their citizens were affected by the fighting—in both cases, World War II overshadowed the already significant experience of World War I. Whereas World War I was fought primarily in and around Europe, the involvement of the Japanese in World War II gave that war a Pacific theater as well as a European theater. More of World War II was fought in colonized territory than World War I had been. The war led to more noncombatant involvement as producers of goods for the war efforts—but also as victims. World War II was marked by extensive use of bombing, particularly in urban areas, a tactic that did not distinguish between soldiers and civilians. It was used by both Allied and Axis powers, and culminated with the introduction of a new type of weapon, the nuclear bomb. World War II also differed in its ideological component. Although World War I was sparked by the assassination of Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand, it was facilitated by an entangling network of European political alliances stemming from growing rivalry between Great Britain and Germany, both of which sought economic and imperial supremacy. World War II emerged from the expansionism of imperial Japan and Hitler’s Germany, both of which married a wish for more land and resources with virulently racist ideologies that justified their subjugation and destruction of conquered peoples.

For all of these reasons, the outcome of World War II entailed larger changes than did the outcome of World War I. The states of western and central Europe were decimated by the war, as was Japan. Furthermore, the atrocities of the war, including the Holocaust, belied Europe’s traditional claims to a superior culture/society that had previously been used to justify colonization. The world that emerged after World War II was one in which Europe was no longer economically or politically dominant; it had to cede that position to the two large powers left standing after the war, the United States and the USSR. It was a world in which the economic and ideological underpinnings of imperialism had been undermined, paving the way for decolonization. And it was a world in which future European alliances would reflect the needs of the Americans and Soviets, not internal rivalries.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 1 | 2

TOP: 1

14

MSC: Evaluating

15

16 ◆ Chapter 20 The Three-­World Order, 1940–1975 2. Analyze the impact of the Cold War–era international politics on decolonization and nation-building movements in the Third World.

ANS: After World War II, the world’s new dominant powers were the United States and the Soviet Union, neither of which philosophically supported the continuation of European imperialism. This limited the ability of the old European powers to maintain control. While the linkage was not absolute, it could be crucial. For example, in Vietnam (French Indochina), the fact that communists led the major anticolonial force made it impossible for it to gain American support. In Egypt, the unwillingness of the Americans and Soviets to support the challenge by England, France, and Israel to the nationalization of the Suez Canal helped the nationalization to stand, creating in Egypt a symbol for anticolonial and pan-Arab nationalism.

However, the influence of the Cold War powers persisted after decolonization had been completed. Neither the United States nor the Soviet Union accepted the idea, put forth by many leaders of newly independent states, that a country could be neutral in the Cold War. Both sought to create allies of nonaligned states. The Soviets supported communist insurgencies and governments; the Americans would throw their support to almost any government that claimed to be anticommunist and consequently supported the creation of military alliances similar to the North Atlantic Treaty organization (NATO) in Southeast Asia and the Middle East.

Moreover, both superpowers involved themselves in arming and militarizing Third World countries. As a result, these countries became more vulnerable to civil wars, destabilization, and military coups d’état. As Third World countries experimented with alternatives to the two Cold War camps, the superpowers were also willing to intervene in the domestic workings of other countries. In Latin America, where radical revolutionaries tended to ally themselves with the communists in reaction to the American support of multinational corporations and repressive governments, the Americans responded to the perceived threat in their backyard with a range of tactics. Some of these were benign, such as providing technical advisors and foreign aid. Others, like employing the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to undermine or overthrow governments it did not support, were profoundly destabilizing and destructive. At times, international politics could play a deciding role in the course of postcolonial nations’ development.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 3 | 4

TOP: 3

15

MSC: Analyzing

Chapter 20 The Three-­World Order, 1940–1975 ◆ 3. Evaluate the factors that led to decolonization following World War II. Discuss at least one specific example of each of the following: negotiated transitions, civil wars, or incomplete decolonizations.

ANS: After World War II, European powers had lost the economic power and claims to moral authority that had underpinned their empires and, during the ensuing decades, most of their colonies achieved independence. However, colonial histories as well as postwar circumstances influenced the patterns that decolonization followed. In British India and those parts of sub-Saharan Africa that did not have significant populations of European settlers, decolonization was often negotiated between colonizer and colonized, reflecting the growing strength of anticolonial activist movements and the realization that the level of coercion that would be required to maintain colonial control would be higher than acceptable.

Indians had already been advocating for independence before the war; afterward the British negotiated with a range of leaders and acknowledged an intractable religious divide, resulting in independence and partition in 1947. In Britain’s African colonies, where anticolonial movements attracted a coalition of veterans, educated elites, and urban migrants, they also negotiated with charismatic leaders, such as Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana. While the French initially sought to assimilate their African colonies more closely to France, they too responded to activist pressure and negotiated the end of their empire. While these transitions were peaceful, the overall outcome was not necessarily so, as in India where partition was followed by killings and mass migrations. In China, which while not a formal colony had been under informal western control before the war, internal rivalries between communists and nationalists reemerged in a renewed civil war. The war was now aided by the new Cold War, as each side could turn to its respective camp for aid; ultimately, it ended with a victory for the Chinese Communist Party.

Decolonization could also be complicated by a number of factors. One was the presence of European settler migrants, who did not want to give up what they viewed as their land and its privileges. In colonies like French Algeria and British Kenya, armed insurrections preceded decolonization and the departure of many settlers. In the Middle East, war immediately followed the decision by the United Nations to partition Palestine into an Arab state and a Jewish state. In South Africa, an independent country with a strong settler presence, whites protected their privileges with an extreme system of segregation and racial hierarchy called apartheid—which inspired first nonviolent and then violent resistance from the African majority. The Cold War could also play a role, as it did in Vietnam, where anticolonial warfare shaded into Cold War conflict and led to the partition of the country and, ultimately, continued warfare. In all cases, the course of decolonization depended on a combination of local history and circumstances, as well as geopolitical concerns.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 4

TOP: 3

16

MSC: Evaluating

17

18 ◆ Chapter 20 The Three-­World Order, 1940–1975 4. What motivated the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War? Analyze the political, social, and economic impacts of the Cold War had on the populations of the First and Second Worlds.

ANS: The Cold War was a struggle between the Soviet Union, which wanted to expand the reach of communism in eastern Europe and beyond, and the United States, which wanted to contain the presence of communism to its established strongholds in the Soviet Union and eastern Europe. Both the Soviet communists and the Americans, who practiced a system based on capitalism and liberal democracy, believed that their ideologies had universal applicability, and wanted to spread them as widely as possible.

The First World that emerged after World War II consisted of North America, western Europe, and Japan, led by the United States. After World War II, the Americans were concerned that communism, with its claims of egalitarianism and fast industrialization, was proving attractive to many western Europeans. They countered with the Marshall Plan, some $13 billion worth of reconstruction and development aid that allowed western European countries to rebuild and regain their economic prosperity and reduce class tensions. Western Europe became a key part of an American-led alliance of capitalist and anticommunist democracies, a group which was mirrored by the military NATO alliance. Economic success led to increased standards of living and greater access to social goods such as education and health care; in exchange, however, Europeans and other members of the First World anxiety over nuclear weapons and the threat of communism increased.

American politicians attacked individuals’ and communities’ civil liberties on the grounds that they were hunting communists, while Europeans protested the stationing of nuclear weapons on their soil.

The Second World consisted of the Soviet Union and its eastern European satellites, which the USSR, with a combination of coercion, force, and cajoling, had guaranteed would install communist governments after World War II. They formed the Warsaw Pact in 1955, creating a standoff between east and west. The Soviet model guaranteed its people full employment (the state was the sole employer) and muted class distinctions; goods were scarce, but cheap. Second World residents often believed that their system was more just than that of the First World, where poverty persisted, and 25 percent of Americans lived in poverty even during the prosperous 1950s. On the other hand, the Soviet system was also marked by repression, a vast network of prison camps or gulags, and forcible Soviet reprisals against attempts, like Czechoslovakia’s Prague Spring, to loosen communist control or ties to the USSR. By the 1960s, some degree of autonomy was allowed, but it was circumscribed.

While both systems had benefits and drawbacks, overall the population of the First World was better served by its Cold War environment than that of the Second World.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 3

TOP: 2

17

MSC: Analyzing

Chapter 20 The Three-­World Order, 1940–1975 ◆ 5. What issues did Third World radicalism attempt to address? How successful were its leaders in implementing their goals?

ANS: The idea of the Third World was radical in itself, reflecting as it did the confidence that postcolonial societies could use ideas from both the communist tradition and the liberal democratic traditions to build societies that exemplified the best of both. Furthermore, the insistence of many of its leaders that indigenous traditions and cultural myths, such as Leopold Senghor’s negritude, with its insistence that Africans were communally oriented and better able to create a just and egalitarian society, challenged western claims to superiority. However, the early optimism of decolonization and the movement faded, due to warfare, corrupt leaders, and the intrusion of international capitalism exemplified by institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank, and by multinational corporations. Third World countries continued to face economic problems, inequality, and repression.

This led to a new wave of radicalism as a powerful revolutionary force, seeking to transform societies.

The idea of transformation by throwing off old ways reflected anticolonial rhetoric such as that of Frantz Fanon, who argued that simply getting rid of colonial control was not enough. Maoist China provided another example of finding one’s own method of making progress, since dismal failures like the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution were presented to the world as massive uplifts of the Chinese people. In Latin America, radicals argued that they had to throw off unjust systems that benefited multinational corporations and small groups of wealthy people at the expense of the masses.

However, radicals increasingly allied themselves with the USSR after the United States reacted to an attempt to redistribute land in Guatemala by fomenting a coup against its government. Cuba’s successful revolution became a beacon in the region. In general, though, radical revolutionaries were rarely very successful in meeting their goals. The threat they posed to the Cold War status quo and the globalizing capitalist economy guaranteed that any success on their part would be met with externally supported reactions.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 4

TOP: 3

18

MSC: Evaluating

19

CHAPTER 21

Globalization, 1970–2000 GLOBAL STORYLINES

FOCUS QUESTIONS

1. Following the collapse of the three-­world order, new global markets and communications networks integrate the world but also create deep inequalities.

2. New technologies and vast population movements make global culture more homogeneous.

3. Globalization, supranational organ­izations (like the World Bank, the Eu­ro­pean Union, and the United Nations), and religious fundamentalism erode the power of the nation-­state.

1. What transnational forces eroded the power of the nation-­state in the last third of the twentieth ­century, and how did they do so?

2. What was the relationship between global migration, new technologies, and the spread of cultural influences during and ­a fter the Cold War? 3. How did globalization and population changes affect the environment, and vice versa?

4. To what degree did globalization change socie­ties?

How similar and how dif­fer­ent was globalization ­a fter the Cold War as compared with earlier forms of globalization?

1

CHAPTER 21: Globalization, 1970–2000 2 ◆ Chapter 21 Globalization, 1970–2000

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes the effects of globalization? a. Globalization has increased the overall diversity of the world’s languages and cultures. b. Globalization has created new possibilities and also deepened disparities of income and power between and within the world’s regions and peoples. c. Globalization has decreased the diversity of the information and cultural content to which individuals are exposed around the world. d. Globalization has uniformly increased the quality of life of people throughout the world’s regions.

ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 789

OBJ: 4

2. Which of the following contributed to the globalization of the late twentieth-century world? a. the growth of empires b. the Cold War c. the increasing primacy of the nation-state d. the emergence of a unified world market ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 790

OBJ: 1

3. During the 1980s, which of the following was an effect of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan? a. Soviet citizens marched in support of the military invasion. b. India tested new nuclear weapons in fear of further Soviet expansion. c. The Soviet army developed new weapons, which were later used to crush the Polish Solidarity movement. d. The Soviet army lost prestige in the stalemate that developed.

ANS: D TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 791

OBJ: 1

4. During the 1970s and 1980s, which of the following caused internal trouble for both the Soviet Union and the United States? a. high unemployment c. the cost of the arms buildup b. dependence on imported goods d. antinuclear protest movements ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 791

1

OBJ: 1

Chapter 21 Globalization, 1970–2000 ◆ 3 5. Which of the following is an accurate comparison between the Solidarity movement in Poland in the 1980s and the Prague Spring in 1968? a. The goal of Solidarity was to overcome socialism, while the Prague Spring sought to reform it. b. Solidarity had government support, while the Prague Spring was outlawed by the government. c. Both were crushed by Soviet tanks. d. Both led to their countries breaking out of the Warsaw Pact.

ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 791

OBJ: 1

6. Mikhail Gorbachev’s perestroika reform program included which of the following? a. privatization of state-run businesses b. less autonomy for the individual republics of the Soviet Union c. multicandidate elections for Communist Party posts d. legalizing all political parties ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 791

OBJ: 1

7. During the 1970s and 1980s, which of the following most significantly weakened the Soviet bloc? a. Some of the Soviet bloc member-states defected to the Balkan alliance. b. The Soviet bloc’s western rivals outpaced the bloc economically. c. Religious warfare broke out within the Soviet bloc. d. Border disputes devastated the Soviet bloc.

ANS: B TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 793

OBJ: 1

8. Which of the following led to the end of white minority rule in Rhodesia in 1979? a. International diplomatic pressure led to a peaceful transfer of power to Robert Mugabe. b. White minority rule ended when Britain granted independence to all its African colonies. c. Independent African states supported a successful guerrilla movement under Robert Mugabe. d. African nationalist movements had exhausted Portuguese resources, leading to their withdrawal.

ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 793–794 OBJ: 1

9. How did South Africa achieve majority rule? a. South Africa achieved majority rule through negotiations between the ruling minority government and African liberation activists, followed by free elections. b. South Africa achieved majority rule through a process of mediation led by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), followed by free elections. c. South Africa achieved majority rule through forcible seizure of power by liberation activists, followed by free elections. d. South Africa achieved majority rule through a negotiated transition brokered by the United States and the Soviets, followed by free elections.

ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult REF: p. 796 MSC: Understanding 2

OBJ: 1

4 ◆ Chapter 21 Globalization, 1970–2000 10. Which of the following was an outcome of the end of colonial rule in sub-Saharan Africa? a. Ethnic and religious rivalries that colonial rule had previously kept in check came to the surface. b. Many postcolonial states were divided into smaller, ethnically homogeneous, political units. c. Armed conflicts that started with the Cold War quickly died out. d. Rigid dictatorships stifled cultural and economic innovation.

ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 796

OBJ: 1

11. Which of the following was an effect of U.S. president Richard Nixon’s decision to take the dollar off the gold standard? a. The Japanese yen gained strength in currency markets with a corresponding decline in the value of the Swiss franc. b. Nation-states such as Italy and Britain tied their currencies to the U.S. dollar. c. Second World nations found it harder to get loans from First World banks. d. International financial institutions escaped the control of national political authorities.

ANS: D TOP: 1 | 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 797

OBJ: 1

12. How did the international division of labor in the production of goods change between the period immediately following World War II and the end of the twentieth century? a. Industrial production increasingly moved to new centers of manufacturing, especially in East Asia. b. The end of the Cold War allowed the former Soviet bloc to become a manufacturing powerhouse. c. North America’s share of world industrial production increased at the expense of Europe and Asia. d. The growth of regional trade blocs lessened the global nature of industrial production.

ANS: A TOP: 1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: p. 797

OBJ: 4

13. Which of the following accurately compares respective the immigration experiences of Europe and Japan during and after the 1970s? a. Both had guest worker programs, which they each transitioned to large-scale permanent settlement. b. Both had guest worker programs, but Japan succeeded better in integrating those who settled permanently. c. Both had guest worker programs, but Europe allowed far more permanent settlement than did Japan. d. Both had guest worker programs, but each prohibited permanent settlement.

ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: p. 799

3

OBJ: 2

Chapter 21 Globalization, 1970–2000 ◆ 5 14. Which regional trade group expanded its scope to include the creation of a new international currency? a. NAFTA c. the European Union b. OPEC d. the IMF ANS: C TOP: 1 | 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 798 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1 | 4

15. Which of the following was a common pattern in global migration during the latter part of the twentieth century? a. People migrated from the western world to the Soviet bloc. b. People moved from former colonies to countries that had once colonized them. c. People moved from wealthier parts of the world to take advantage of investment opportunities in poorer parts of the world. d. People migrated from crowded cities to rural areas, seeking a better quality of life.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 798

OBJ: 2

16. What challenge did rising immigration in the latter twentieth century pose to nation-states in Europe and East Asia? a. It challenged their control of their territory. b. It challenged their sense of national selfhood that was built on cultural homogeneity. c. It challenged their ability to provide jobs for their populations. d. It challenged the legitimacy of their governments.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 802

OBJ: 2

17. In the 1970s, which of the following led to declining migration northward from southern European countries, such as Spain and Italy? a. Immigrants from North Africa were willing to work for less money and supplanted southern Europeans as workers in Germany and France. b. Northern European countries established limits on immigration to maintain their countries’ ethnic homogeneity. c. The economic situation improved in southern Europe, slowing the emigration rate. d. Japan replaced northern Europe as the economic magnet, luring immigrants with the promise of high-paying jobs and permanent residency.

ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 799

OBJ: 2

18. Which of the following sports most clearly exemplifies the globalizing impact of television in the last part of the twentieth century? a. baseball c. cricket b. soccer d. rugby ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 803

4

OBJ: 2

6 ◆ Chapter 21 Globalization, 1970–2000 19. By the end of the twentieth century, which of the following permitted large numbers of people to communicate across global networks more easily than with their neighbors? a. commercial Web browsers and the Internet b. satellite phones c. smart phones d. streaming video ANS: A TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 805 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2 | 4

20. In what way did the Internet revolution reinforce the disparity between haves and have-nots in the 1990s? a. Only people living in the west had the skills or expensive hardware to use the Internet. b. Many governments imposed heavy taxes on using the Internet, so only wealthy people could afford to shop online. c. Large numbers of the world’s people, especially in poor or rural areas, did not have access to the Internet. d. Use of the Internet required knowledge of English, which many people in poor countries did not have.

ANS: C TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 806

OBJ: 2 | 4

21. Which of the following countries used both rewards and strict penalties to bring down their birthrate in the 1980s? a. India c. Nigeria b. Brazil d. China ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 807 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

22. Why did the populations of richer nations grow more slowly than the populations of poorer nations at the end of the twentieth century? a. Access to birth control, education, and better career prospects encouraged women to postpone childbearing. b. The expense of raising children became so prohibitive that few people wanted to undertake it. c. Effective border controls ended most international migration, eliminating a factor that had inflated population growth. d. Cities were unhealthy places to live, so many children died at young ages.

ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 807

OBJ: 3

23. In the last decades of the twentieth century, which of the following had the largest impact on family life? a. Countries with more traditional cultures adopted the nuclear family. b. Divorce rates rose dramatically, diminishing the number of nuclear families. c. The legal definition of family became more rigid. d. The number of out-of-wedlock births decreased throughout the world.

ANS: B TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 808

5

OBJ: 4

Chapter 21 Globalization, 1970–2000 ◆ 7 24. Which of the following was a reason why the populations of poorer regions of the world suffered more often from preventable diseases such as cholera than the populations of wealthier regions? a. More people were migrating from country to country, searching for farmland or work, spreading the disease. b. Doctors from more affluent western countries refused to go to stricken areas because of concerns for their own safety. c. People living in urban slums in underdeveloped countries often lacked proper sewage treatment and safe water supplies. d. For religious reasons, laws prohibited vaccination in much of the underdeveloped world.

ANS: C TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 810

OBJ: 3 | 4

25. How did discrimination against women hurt developing countries’ efforts to combat poverty at the end of the twentieth century? a. Customs preventing women from participating in the marketplace limited the opportunities for economic transactions in these countries. b. Imbalances in the numbers of men and women in the population reduced the number of productive households below what it ideally would have been. c. The lack of effective antidiscrimination laws drove wages down throughout these countries’ workforces. d. Women’s lack of access to education and high rates of illiteracy limited their ability to become effective economic actors.

ANS: D TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 811–813 OBJ: 2 | 4 MSC: Understanding

26. As the feminist movement became a global movement, women worldwide called for which of the following changes to their status? a. the abolition of gender differences b. greater access to gender-specific education c. equal pay and equal opportunity for advancement d. subsidies for businesses owned by women ANS: C TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 813

OBJ: 2 | 4

27. Which of the following is a reason why homesteaders’ attempts to farm and ranch in the Amazon rainforest ultimately were unsuccessful? a. Rainforest soils were poor and easily eroded, and land titles were not secure. b. Excessive use of pesticides and herbicides poisoned the land. c. Government geologists supplanted the farmers searching for sources of fossil fuels. d. Growing “green” fuels, such as sugarcane biomass, was more lucrative but not suited to the rainforest ecosystem.

ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 815

6

OBJ: 3

8 ◆ Chapter 21 Globalization, 1970–2000 28. Which of the following led to increased agricultural production in China in the late 1970s? a. The government sponsored new farming methods that were superior to those of their competitors. b. Chinese agronomists bred new strains of rice that were immune to plant diseases. c. China’s climate was well suited for food production, especially in the western and northern parts of the country. d. The government broke up some collectives and restored the family as the basic economic unit in rural areas.

ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 814

OBJ: 3

29. Which of the following explains development economists’ beliefs that modern famines in Africa are not natural disasters, but rather are man-made? a. Famines are usually caused by scorched-earth tactics during wartime. b. Famines are caused by overpopulation and lack of resources. c. Famines usually result from government policies that ignore rural areas and inhibit the production or distribution of food. d. Famines are caused by lack of knowledge about agricultural techniques best suited to the African continent.

ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 815 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 3

30. In the 1980s and 1990s, which of the following highlighted the declining efficacy of the nation-state? a. Nation-states could not define or protect human rights. b. Nation-states could not adequately regulate human impact on the environment, such as global warming. c. Nation-states failed to maintain sufficient military might to protect their borders. d. Nation-states failed to address economic issues that left their people in poverty.

ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 816–817 OBJ: 1 | 3

31. Which of the following undermined the authority of national governments after the 1970s? a. The women’s movement sought international reforms, bypassing nation-states. b. Labor unions often fought for their workers’ rights and destabilized repressive regimes. c. Religious groups often came into conflict with one another and with secular governments. d. The United Nations’ charter took power away from individual nation-states.

ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 820–821 OBJ: 1 MSC: Understanding

32. Why were the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) accused of engaging in neo-imperialism at the end of the twentieth century? a. They backed up their economic prescriptions with military force. b. They forced changes in policy on recipients of aid in exchange for their assistance. c. They stripped resources and raw materials from poor, underdeveloped nations. d. They demanded that client states adopt western culture.

ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 818

7

OBJ: 4

Chapter 21 Globalization, 1970–2000 ◆ 9 33. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) reach a new level of influence in the latter part of the twentieth century for which of the following reasons? a. During the Cold War, the populations of Third World countries needed a voice to advocate for their autonomy from the superpower conflict. b. In the 1970s, people could not rely on the world’s many nondemocratic governments to protect human rights. c. At the end of the Cold War, the elimination of communism as a system of government created an ideological power vacuum. d. During the 1970s, developing nations began to push back against the demands of the World Bank and the IMF. ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 818–819 OBJ: 4

34. How did Amnesty International respond to countries such as Argentina and Chile killing and torturing civilians? a. by cataloguing and publicizing human right violations b. by supplying legal defense for the accused c. by setting up a truth and reconciliation commission d. by working with the Red Cross to send medical supplies to the prisoners ANS: A TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 818

OBJ: 4

35. In the latter part of the twentieth century, weak states and limits to the rule of law led to many gruesome outbreaks of violence in which of the following regions? a. Southeast Asia c. Africa b. Latin America d. the Caribbean ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 819 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 1 | 4

36. Why did the end of the Cold War lead to outbreaks of violence in the Balkans? a. Protesters were no longer afraid of being deported to Soviet labor camps if they acted violently. b. Developers and transnational corporations were fighting over access to the limited industrial infrastructure available in the region. c. People sought revenge against those whom they believed had treated them unfairly under communism. d. Demagogues led people to see themselves as citizens of ethnically defined nations rather than pluralistic communities.

ANS: D TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 818–819 OBJ: 1 | 4

8

10 ◆ Chapter 21 Globalization, 1970–2000 37. Which of the following was a primary goal of the truth commission process used during transitions from oppressive governments to democratic ones? a. to punish the perpetrators of violent acts under the old regime b. to prevent mass killings c. to force the overthrow of governments that violated human rights d. to increase the legitimacy of the new democratic government ANS: D TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 819

OBJ: 4

38. Which of the following religiously based groups had a long tradition of offering alternatives to western forms of government and political philosophy? a. Hindu nationalism c. Islamic conservatism b. Christian fundamentalism d. Falun Gong ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 820

OBJ: 4

39. In the late twentieth-century United States, which of the following was often attacked by religious conservatives? a. American participation in supranational organizations b. social changes stemming from the liberation movements of the 1960s and 1970s c. the growing gap between rich and poor in the United States d. American military intervention in Latin America ANS: B TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 821 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 4

40. Which of the following was one of the causes of the protests at Tiananmen Square in 1989? a. frustration over the reversal of the Cultural Revolution b. the failure of economic reforms c. increasing public awareness of government corruption d. little change in the standard of living ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 822

OBJ: 4

41. Which of the following led to the survival of local cultures at the end of the twentieth century? a. Local cultures lived on, and in some cases were revived, through challenges to the authority of nation-states. b. Local cultures were encouraged by the expansion of global media. c. Local cultures were revived by the arts and crafts movement. d. Local cultures were protected by the United Nations as part of its declaration of human rights.

ANS: A TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 825

9

OBJ: 2

Chapter 21 Globalization, 1970–2000 ◆ 42. What role did the Catholic Church play in late–Cold War Poland? a. Polish priests collaborated with Soviet officials to enhance Soviet control over the country. b. Polish priests had effectively no influence given the degree of atheism that was prevalent in the country. c. Pope John Paul actively supported the Polish opposition movement. d. The Vatican consciously avoided all interference in Polish politics, preferring to work with neighboring states instead.

ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 791

OBJ: 1

43. Where are the world’s youngest populations expected to be in 2050? a. Asia c. Europe b. the Americas d. Africa ANS: D TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 809

OBJ: 2 | 3

44. How was the first detection of AIDS in 1981 initially received? a. The U.S. government launched a widespread program to encourage safe sex and other precautions. b. Many people stigmatized it as a “gay cancer,” which only affected homosexual men. c. The World Health Organization coordinated a robust international response. d. Research money poured into finding a cure, funded in large part by the medical practitioners themselves.

ANS: B TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 811

OBJ: 4

45. Which of the following best characterizes the international response to Iraq’s 1990 invasion of Kuwait? a. noninterference beyond providing relief funds to stabilize the region under Iraqi control b. unilateral intervention by the United States, which aimed to secure access to petroleum resources c. a U.S.-led multinational intervention that attempted to stabilize the region after Iraq was driven out of Kuwait d. intervention by a regional coalition of Arab states, which wanted to keep the United States out of the crisis ANS: C TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 816

10

OBJ: 1

11

12 ◆ Chapter 21 Globalization, 1970–2000 46. What helps to explain the Mexican government’s conciliatory response to the 1994 Zapatista uprising? a. International media attention put pressure on the Mexican authorities to negotiate. b. The rebels’ Mayan heritage inspired a less repressive response from the government because of past actions against those people. c. The Zapatistas had appealed to the United Nations, which, in response, threatened the Mexican government with sanctions. d. Mexican authorities became anxious that the uprising would threaten their trade relations with the United States.

ANS: A TOP: 1 | 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 823–824 OBJ: 1 | 2

47. How did Islamic conservatism expand its appeal in the 1970s? a. The dawn of the Internet allowed the diffusion of conservative ideology. b. The rise of Christian conservatism in the United States inspired an Islamic response. c. Secular leadership in Muslim-majority countries lost moral credibility. d. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan sparked a conservative Islamic revival.

ANS: C TOP: 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 820

OBJ: 1

48. What did the IMF require in exchange for providing funds to heavily indebted customers in the 1980s and 1990s? a. reforms to make their political systems more democratic b. provision of national troops for international peacekeeping missions c. deregulation of markets, reorganized finances, and export-driven growth d. increased central economic planning, to insure stability.

ANS: C TOP: 1 | 3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 797

OBJ: 1

TRUE/FALSE 1. Despite heated rhetoric, the overall levels of military spending by the superpowers decreased during the 1970s and 1980s.

ANS: F TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 791

OBJ: 1

2. The development of the Internet and online trading not only helped capital to move more freely around the world, it also led to more economic volatility.

ANS: T TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 797

OBJ: 2

3. While many things about the global economy changed during the latter twentieth century, countries that depended on raw materials production remained poor and vulnerable to economic fluctuations.

ANS: T TOP: 1

DIF: Easy MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 797–798 OBJ: 4

11

Chapter 21 Globalization, 1970–2000 ◆ 4. American culture is highly influential in the globalized modern world, but it is also influenced by ideas and cultural traditions from other parts of the world.

ANS: T TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 802

OBJ: 2 | 4

5. The primary reason for the dramatic increase in the global population during the late twentieth century was an increase in the birthrate.

ANS: F TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: p. 807

OBJ: 2 | 3

6. Farmers throughout the world were able to benefit from the introduction of “green revolution” technologies to agriculture.

ANS: F TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 814

OBJ: 2 | 3

7. By the 1990s, the major sources of world manufacturing had shifted from the United States and Europe to Central and South America.

ANS: F TOP: 1

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 797 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

8. Immigration to the United States declined sharply in the final third of the twentieth century.

ANS: F TOP: 2

DIF: Moderate REF: p. 799 MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 2

9. The first commercial Internet browsers emerged in the 1990s.

ANS: T TOP: 2

DIF: Easy REF: p. 805 MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 2

10. Humanitarian agencies were able to interrupt the worst mass killings of the post–Cold War conflicts.

ANS: F TOP: 1 | 3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: p. 818

12

OBJ: 1

13

14 ◆ Chapter 21 Globalization, 1970–2000 SHORT ANSWER 1. Evaluate the degree to which a global entertainment culture was created in the last part of the twentieth century.

ANS: Migrations and new technologies helped create a global entertainment culture, which was increasingly dominated by American entertainment. Individuals around the world who could afford the technology had the opportunity to experience even greater cultural diversity. While American culture may have been the first to make its presence known on the global stage, American culture was itself a combination of multiple and diverse influences. People around the world were also introduced to one another’s cultural traditions through migration.

Exposure to diverse influences was further accelerated by the emergence of easily transmittable new technologies for entertainment, including radio, CDs, television, video, and later, the Internet. For example, Jamaican reggae music spread with Jamaican migrants around the world, including to places like South Africa, where it became a music of resistance, and to the United States, where it influenced the development of rap (which itself was disseminated around the world). While the United States led the world in the invention and spread of new communication technologies and cultural media, people from all over the world used them. Immigrant communities were able to stay in touch with the pop cultures of their countries of origin and share them with one another—wherever in the world they happened to live.

Similarly, in the world of spectator sports, soccer became a global phenomenon. Exposure to diverse cultural forms meant that previously closed and homogeneous national cultures were opened up to new and diverse cultural influences. At the same time, however, migration and technology could also reinforce the appeal of “national” cultural icons, such as Egyptian singer Umm Kulthum who gained star status among immigrant groups abroad.

Nevertheless, there were limits to the global dispersal of culture. Some people, especially those in poor or rural areas, remained disconnected from the shift to global communication technologies like the Internet. As Internet access spreads this becomes less true, yet access to global culture and cultural capital are nevertheless standards by which the world’s population can be divided into the haves and have-nots.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 2 | 4

TOP: 2

13

MSC: Analyzing

Chapter 21 Globalization, 1970–2000 ◆ 2. Compare the factors that led to political change in the Soviet Union in the 1980s with the changes in South Africa in the 1990s.

ANS: Both the governments of the Soviet Union and South Africa were reformed by a combination of internal and external factors, including economic stress and diminishing popular support for their governing ideology. By the mid-1980s, the Soviet bloc was struggling economically, unable to support itself or adequately provide consumer goods for its people, while continuing an expensive arms race with the west. The USSR faced deteriorating infrastructure and, increasingly, dissent from its eastern European satellites. The Soviets also faced internal calls for reform, such as the protests by mothers of soldiers killed in Afghanistan. In the 1990s, South Africa, the last bastion of white minority rule in sub-Saharan Africa, also faced pressure on many fronts. External opposition to apartheid had begun in the 1970s with the Olympic Games banning South African athletes. In the 1980s, foreign institutions divested themselves of South African assets and many governments imposed sanctions. In addition, South Africa faced internal opposition from its African majority, some members of whom were willing to use violence in pursuit of freedom and equality.

In both cases, internal and external pressure for change increased to the point where an individual leader became the catalyst that brought down the government. The end of the USSR was put into motion by general secretary Mikhail Gorbachev. Gorbachev hoped to reform the system by introducing a number of liberalizing and democratizing innovations: arms control; withdrawal from international military engagements; the perestroika reforms which increased autonomy within the Communist Party and the USSR; encouraging small business; and the creation of new civic groups.

Unfortunately for Gorbachev, the civic groups began to call for the liquidation of the system, which, combined with Gorbachev’s reluctance to use military force, allowed for the disintegration of the eastern bloc and the dissolution of the USSR into its constituent republics. South African reform also hinged on one man—Nelson Mandela, a leader of the antiapartheid African National Congress (ANC), who had been imprisoned for decades. As the apartheid government faced the possibility of warfare and isolation, it chose instead to negotiate. Mandela had a great deal of moral authority and was able to insist on the legalization of the ANC and other opposition groups. In combination with the government, he guided the country to free elections and a smooth transition to majority rule, with the ANC moving from a party of resistance to a political party within a democratic government.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 1 | 4

TOP: 1

14

MSC: Analyzing

15

16 ◆ Chapter 21 Globalization, 1970–2000 3. Evaluate the ways that evolving communications technology influenced the world economy and globalization since 1970.

ANS: Communications technology has been an essential part of the globalization of the world economy.

Innovations like satellite television and the Internet allowed for fast, extensive flows of information and the globalization of culture. The Internet and increasingly speedy computer technology were used to move capital across borders virtually instantaneously. This made the world economy more volatile, since events could elicit quick responses from traders who could insert or withdraw funds depending on the situation.

For example, a financial crisis in Mexico in 1985 forced the country’s leaders to ask the U.S. government for aid—because the crisis was too big for supranational institutions such as the IMF to diffuse. Computers, software, and knowledge production all became high-value industries in the world economy. Knowledge and access to information became important new factors in creating and determining wealth in what has been called the postindustrial age. This shift from manufacturing to information, in turn, reinforced the growing global division between the wealthy and the poor.

Increasingly, manufacturing is carried out for low wages in Third World countries while the services provided to people are done in higher wage countries.

DIF: Moderate

OBJ: 2 | 4

TOP: 2

MSC: Analyzing

4. Analyze the factors that shaped international migration at the end of the twentieth century, and explain how the pattern of migration differed from earlier patterns.

ANS: Ever since 1970s, the world has experienced great international migration. Like the wave of global migration that took place during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, immigrants during this current era tend to migrate from places where their labor is not well compensated to places with the potential of providing a better living; the shape of that pattern, however, is different. Europe, a major source of migrants in the earlier migration, is now a destination. It attracts migrants who come from its former colonial possessions, as well as North Africans moving into southern Europe.

The United States continues to be a major destination, but it now attracts far more migrants from Latin America, particularly Mexico, and Asia than it does from Europe. This international migration is part of a broader pattern of movement from poor, peripheral areas to more central, wealthier ones. In addition to this migration, which is a clear descendant of earlier waves of global migration, there are other trends in modern international migration. Before World War I, there were few controls on the global movement of peoples; increasing attempts to limit immigration created a new phenomenon, widespread illegal migration, which meant that large numbers of migrants had no chance of being integrated into their new countries. In addition, there are also large numbers of forced migrants, refugees forced from their homes by warfare or other violence. The pattern of migration at the end of the twentieth century differed from earlier migration in terms of the broader global organization it reflected, and in terms of the political climate that migrants had to navigate.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 2

TOP: 2

15

MSC: Analyzing

Chapter 21 Globalization, 1970–2000 ◆ 5. Why did the nation-state’s political and cultural power to define its citizens’ collective identity decline in the latter part of the twentieth century, and what other patterns of organization emerged?

ANS: In the latter part of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the nation-state was often based on a form of ethnic or civic nationalism in which its citizens shared a common history, homeland, culture, language, or allegiance to political ideals (such as the U.S. Constitution). During the latter part of the twentieth century, the nation-state lost some of its political and cultural power because of new challenges to its sovereignty and authority and the increasing prominence of alternative ways of defining membership in the nation.

With cultures growing more locally diverse and individuals moving from state to state, the earlier bond between individual identity and the state loosened. In many cases, the state itself began to lose its status as the primary political structure in the world. International organizations like the World Bank and IMF undercut the ability of states to govern themselves and set their own policies by demanding concessions in exchange for economic aid. Conversely, some states willingly ceded elements of their sovereignty by international treaty, such as the creation of the European Union, which extended its reach from trade and economic integration to developing a legislative and judicial presence. At times, the authority of the nation-state was undermined by the weakness of the state itself, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where a number of weak states were unable to exert sufficient authority to prevent internal violence. In some regions, such as southeastern Europe and Africa, ethnicity reemerged as an alternative way of defining membership in the nation, which often led to violence and, in the case of Yugoslavia, the breakup of the state into smaller, ethnically defined new polities.

Finally, religion provided new ways of organizing a country, governing, and inspiring loyalty. In India, where the shift to a market economy in the 1980s frayed the relationship between the state and its people, Hindu nationalists promised to replace the societal bond previously provided by the secular state with a shared religious one—Hindutva—that would at the same time relegate members of minority groups to lesser status. Conservative Muslim activists, such as Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran, argued that a theocratic state organized according to Islamic principles could be a viable and, as a system not derived from the west, superior form of social organization. While the nation-state model remained a basic organizing principle in international politics, it no longer was the only vehicle that defined collective identities.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: 1 | 4

TOP: 1

16

MSC: Evaluating

17