TEST BANK for Wong's Nursing Care of Infants and Children 12th Edition by Marilyn Hockenberry, Eliza

Test Bank For Hockenberry Wong's Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 12th Edition 2024 Chapter 1-34 Chapter 01: Perspectives of Pediatric Nursing MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. What is the major cause of death for children in the United States? a. Heart disease b. Childhood cancer c. Injuries d. Congenital anomalies ANS: C

Unintentional injuries (accidents) are the leading cause of death after age 1 year through adolescence. The leading cause of death for those younger than 1 year is congenital anomalies, and childhood cancers and heart disease cause a significantly lower percentage of deaths in children older than 1 year of age.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 2. Parents of a hospitalized toddler ask the nurse, ―What is meant by family-centered care?‖ The

nurse should respond with which statement? a. Family-centered care reduces the effect of cultural diversity on the family. b. Family-centered care encourages family dependence on the health care system. c. Family-centered care recognizes that the family is the constant in a child‘s life. d. Family-centered care avoids expecting families to be part of the decision-making process.

ANS: C

The three key components of family-centered care are respect, collaboration, and support.

Family-centered care recognizes the family as the constant in the child‘s life. The family should be enabled and empowered to work with the health care system and is expected to be part of the decision-making process. The nurse should also support the family‘s cultural diversity, not reduce its effect.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 3. Evidence-based practice (EBP), a decision-making model, is best described as which? a. Using information in textbooks to guide care b. Combining knowledge with clinical experience and intuition c. Using a professional code of ethics as a means for decision making d. Gathering all evidence that applies to the child‘s health and family situation ANS: B

EBP helps focus on measurable outcomes; the use of demonstrated, effective interventions; and questioning the best approach. EBP involves decision making based on the integration of the best research evidence combined with clinical expertise and patient values.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment 4. The nurse is talking to a group of parents of school-age children at an after-school program

about childhood health problems. Which statement should the nurse include in the teaching? a. Childhood obesity is the most common nutritional problem among children. b. Immunization rates are the same among children of different races and ethnicity. c. Dental caries is not a problem commonly seen in children since the introduction of fluorinated water. d. Mental health problems are typically not seen in school-age children but may be diagnosed in adolescents.

ANS: A

When teaching parents of school-age children about childhood health problems, the nurse should include information about childhood obesity because it is the most common problem among children and is associated with type 2 diabetes. Teaching parents about ways to prevent obesity is important to include. Immunization rates differ depending on the child‘s race and ethnicity; dental caries continues to be a common chronic disease in childhood; and mental health problems are seen in children as young as school age, not just in adolescents.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 5. The nurse is planning care for a hospitalized preschool-aged child. Which should the nurse

plan to ensure atraumatic care? a. Limit explanation of procedures because the child is preschool aged. b. Ask that all family members leave the room when performing procedures. c. Allow the child to choose the type of juice to drink with the administration of oral medications. d. Explain that EMLA cream cannot be used for the morning lab draw because there is not time for it to be effective.

ANS: C

The overriding goal in providing atraumatic care is first, do no harm. Allowing the child, a choice of juice to drink when taking oral medications provides the child with a sense of control. The preschool child should be prepared before procedures, so limiting explanations of procedures would increase anxiety. The family should be allowed to stay with the child during procedures, minimizing stress. Lidocaine/prilocaine (EMLA) cream is a topical local anesthetic. The nurse should plan to use the prescribed cream in time for morning laboratory draws to minimize pain.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 6. Which situation denotes a nontherapeutic nurse–patient–family relationship? a. The nurse is planning to read a favorite fairy tale to a patient. b. During shift report, the nurse is criticizing parents for not visiting their child.

c. The nurse is discussing with a fellow nurse the emotional draw to a certain patient. d. The nurse is working with a family to find ways to decrease the family‘s

dependence on health care providers.

ANS: B

Criticizing parents for not visiting in shift report is nontherapeutic and shows an under involvement with the parents. Reading a fairy tale is a therapeutic and age-appropriate action.

Discussing feelings of an emotional draw with a fellow nurse is therapeutic and shows a willingness to understand feelings. Working with parents to decrease dependence on health care providers is therapeutic and helps to empower the family.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Integrated Process: Caring MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 7. The nurse is aware that which age-group is at risk for childhood injury because of the

cognitive characteristic of magical and egocentric thinking? a. Preschool b. Young school age c. Middle school age d. Adolescent ANS: A

Preschool children have the cognitive characteristic of magical and egocentric thinking, meaning they are unable to comprehend danger to self or others. Young and middle school-aged children have transitional cognitive processes, and they may attempt dangerous acts without detailed planning but recognize danger to themselves or others. Adolescents have formal operational cognitive processes and are preoccupied with abstract thinking.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment 8. The school nurse is assessing children for risk factors related to childhood injuries. Which

child has the most risk factors related to childhood injury? a. Female, multiple siblings, stable home life b. Male, high activity level, stressful home life c. Male, even tempered, history of previous injuries d. Female, reacts negatively to new situations, no serious previous injuries ANS: B

Boys have a preponderance for injuries over girls because of a difference in behavioral characteristics, a high activity temperament is associated with risk-taking behaviors, and stress predisposes children to increased risk taking and self-destructive behaviors. Therefore, a male child with a high activity level and living in a stressful environment has the highest number of risk factors. A girl with several siblings and a stable home life is low risk. A boy with previous injuries has two risk factors, but an even temper is not a risk factor for injuries. A girl who reacts negatively to new situations but has no previous serious illnesses has only one risk factor.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment

9. An adolescent patient wants to make decisions about treatment options, along with his

parents. Which moral value is the nurse displaying when supporting the adolescent to make decisions? a. Justice b. Autonomy c. Beneficence d. Nonmaleficence ANS: B

Autonomy is the patient‘s right to be self-governing. The adolescent is trying to be autonomous, so the nurse is supporting this value. Justice is the concept of fairness.

Beneficence is the obligation to promote the patient‘s well-being. Nonmaleficence is the obligation to minimize or prevent harm.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. Which responsibilities are included in the pediatric nurse‘s promotion of the health and

well-being of children? (Select all that apply.) a. Promoting disease prevention b. Providing financial assistance c. Providing support and counseling d. Establishing lifelong friendships e. Establishing a therapeutic relationship f. Participating in ethical decision making ANS: A, C, E, F

The pediatric nurse‘s role includes promoting disease prevention, providing support and counseling, establishing a therapeutic relationship, and participating in ethical decision making; a pediatric nurse does not need to establish lifelong friendships or provide financial assistance to children and their families. Boundaries should be set and clear.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 2. The nurse is conducting a teaching session for parents on nutrition. Which characteristics of

families should the nurse consider, that can cause families to struggle in providing adequate nutrition? (Select all that apply.) a. Homelessness b. Lower income c. Migrant status d. Working parents e. Single parent status ANS: A, B, C

Families that struggle with lower incomes, homelessness, and migrant status generally lack the resources to provide their children with adequate food intake, nutritious foods such as fresh fruits and vegetables, and appropriate protein intake. Working parents and single parent status do not mean the families will struggle to provide adequate nutrition.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 3. The nurse is preparing to complete documentation on a patient‘s chart. Which should be

included in documentation of nursing care? (Select all that apply.) a. Reassessments b. Incident reports c. Initial assessments d. Nursing care provided e. Patient‘s response of care provided ANS: A, C, D, E

The patient‘s medical record should include initial assessments, reassessments, nursing care provided, and the patient‘s response of care provided. Incident reports are not documented in the patient‘s chart.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Communication and Documentation MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment 4. Which actions by the nurse demonstrate over involvement with patients and their families?

(Select all that apply.) a. Buying clothes for the patients b. Showing favoritism toward a patient c. Focusing on technical aspects of care d. Spending off-duty time with patients and families e. Asking questions if families are not participating in care ANS: A, B, D

Actions that show over involvement include buying clothes for patients, showing favoritism toward a patient, and spending off-duty time with patients and families. Focusing on technical aspects of care is an action that indicates under involvement, and asking questions if families are not participating in care indicates a positive action.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Integrated Process: Caring MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 5. Which are included in the evaluation step of the nursing process? (Select all that apply.) a. Determination if the outcome has been met b. Ascertaining if the plan requires modification c. Establish priorities and selecting expected patient goals d. Selecting alternative interventions if the outcome has not been met e. Determining if a risk or actual dysfunctional health problem exists ANS: A, B, D

Evaluation is the last step in the nursing process. The nurse gathers, sorts, and analyzes data to determine whether (1) the established outcome has been met, (2) the nursing interventions were appropriate, (3) the plan requires modification, or (4) other alternatives should be considered. Establishing priorities and selecting expected patient goals are done in the outcomes identification stage. Determining if a risk or actual dysfunctional health problem exists is done in the diagnosis stage of the nursing process.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 6. Which should the nurse teach to parents regarding oral health of children? (Select all that

apply.) a. Fluoridated water should be used. b. Early childhood caries is a preventable disease. c. Dental caries is a rare chronic disease of childhood. d. Dental hygiene should begin with the first tooth eruption. e. Childhood caries does not happen until after 2 years of age.

ANS: A, B, D

Oral health instructions to parents of children should include use of fluoridated water and dental hygiene beginning with the first tooth eruption. In addition, early childhood caries is a preventable disease and should be included in the teaching session. Dental caries is a common, not rare, chronic disease of childhood. Childhood caries may begin before the first birthday.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 7. The school nurse is explaining to older school children that obesity increases the risk for

which disorders? (Select all that apply.) a. Asthma b. Hypertension c. Dyslipidemia d. Irritable bowel disease e. Altered glucose metabolism ANS: B, C, E

Overweight youth have increased risk for a cluster of cardiovascular factors that include hypertension, altered glucose metabolism, and dyslipidemia. Irritable bowel disease and asthma are not linked to obesity.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 8. Which actions by the nurse demonstrate clinical reasoning? (Select all that apply.) a. Basing decisions on intuition b. Considering alternative action c. Using formal and informal thinking to gather data d. Giving deliberate thought to a patient‘s problem e. Developing an outcome focused on optimum patient care ANS: B, C, D, E

Clinical reasoning is a cognitive process that uses formal and informal thinking to gather and analyze patient data, evaluate the significance of the information, and consider alternative actions. Clinical reasoning is a complex developmental process based on rational and deliberate thought and developing an outcome focused on optimum patient care. Clinical reasoning is based on the scientific method of inquiry; it is not based solely on intuition.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment COMPLETION 1. The nurse is determining if a newborn is classified in the low birth weight (LBW) category of

less than 2500 g. The newborn‘s weight is 5 pounds, 4 oz. What is the newborn‘s weight in grams? Record your answer in a whole number. __________________ ANS:

2386 Convert the 4 oz to a decimal by dividing 4 by 16 = 0.25. Use 5.25 pounds and divide by 2.2 to get 2.386 kg. Multiply by 1000 to convert to grams = 2386.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance

Chapter 02: Family, Social, Cultural, and Religious Influences on Child Health Promotion Hockenberry: Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 12th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Children are taught the values of their culture through observation and feedback relative to

their own behavior. In teaching a class on cultural competence, the nurse should be aware that which factor may be culturally determined? a. Ethnicity b. Racial variation c. Status d. Geographic boundaries ANS: C

Status is culturally determined and varies according to each culture. Some cultures ascribe higher status to age or socioeconomic position. Social roles also are influenced by the culture.

Ethnicity is an affiliation of a set of persons who share a unique cultural, social, and linguistic heritage. It is one component of culture. Race and culture are two distinct attributes. Whereas racial grouping describes transmissible traits, culture is determined by the pattern of assumptions, beliefs, and practices that unconsciously frames or guides the outlook and decisions of a group of people. Cultural development may be limited by geographic boundaries, but the boundaries are not culturally determined.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 2. The nurse is planning care for a patient with a different ethnic background. Which should be

an appropriate goal? a. Adapt, as necessary, ethnic practices to health needs. b. Attempt, in a nonjudgmental way, to change ethnic beliefs. c. Encourage continuation of ethnic practices in the hospital setting. d. Strive to keep ethnic background from influencing health needs.

ANS: A

Whenever possible, nurses should facilitate the integration of ethnic practices into health care provision. The ethnic background is part of the individual; it should be difficult to eliminate the influence of ethnic background. The ethnic practices need to be evaluated within the context of the health care setting to determine whether they are conflicting.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Caring MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 3. How is the family systems theory best described? a. The family is viewed as the sum of individual members. b. A change in one family member cannot create a change in other members. c. Individual family members are readily identified as the source of a problem. d. When the family system is disrupted, change can occur at any point in the system.

ANS: D

Family systems theory describes an interactional model. Any change in one member will create change in others. Although the family is the sum of the individual members, family systems theory focuses on the number of dyad interactions that can occur. The interactions, not the individual members, are the problem.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 4. When discussing discipline with the mother of a 4-year-old child, which should the nurse

include? a. Parental control should be consistent. b. Withdrawal of love and approval is effective at this age. c. Children as young as 4 years rarely need to be disciplined. d. One should expect rules to be followed rigidly and unquestioningly.

ANS: A

For effective discipline, parents must be consistent and must follow through with agreed-on actions. Withdrawal of love and approval is never appropriate or effective. The 4-year-old child will test limits and may misbehave. Children of this age do not respond to verbal reasoning. Realistic goals should be set for this age-group. Discipline is necessary to reinforce these goals. Discipline strategies should be appropriate to the child‘s age and temperament and the severity of the misbehavior. Following rules rigidly and unquestioningly is beyond the developmental capabilities of a 4-year-old child.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 5. A parent of a school-age child tells the school nurse that the parents are going through a

divorce. The child has not been doing well in school and sometimes has trouble sleeping. The nurse should recognize this as what? a. Indicative of maladjustment b. A common reaction to divorce c. Suggestive of a lack of adequate parenting d. An unusual response that indicates a need for referral ANS: B

Parental divorce affects school-age children in many ways. In addition to difficulties in school, they often have profound sadness, depression, fear, insecurity, frequent crying, loss of appetite, and sleep disorders. The child‘s responses are common reactions of school-age children to parental divorce.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 6. A mother brings 6-month-old Eric to the clinic for a well-baby checkup. She comments, ―I

want to go back to work, but I don‘t want Eric to suffer because I‘ll have less time with him.‖ Which is the nurse‘s most appropriate answer? a. ―I‘m sure he‘ll be fine if you get a good babysitter.‖ b. ―You will need to stay home until Eric starts school.‖ c. ―Let‘s talk about the childcare options that will be best for Eric.‖ d. ―You should go back to work so Eric will get used to being with others.‖

ANS: C

Asking the mother about childcare options is an open-ended statement that will assist the mother in exploring her concerns about what is best for both her and Eric. The other three answers are directive; they do not address the effect that her working will have on Eric.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 7. A foster parent is talking to the nurse about the health care needs for the child who has been

placed in the parent‘s care. Which statement best describes the health care needs of foster children? a. Foster children always come from abusive households and are emotionally fragile. b. Foster children tend to have a higher-than-normal incidence of acute and chronic health problems. c. Foster children are usually born preterm and require technologically advanced health care. d. Foster children will not stay in the home for an extended period, so health care needs are not as important as emotional fulfillment.

ANS: B

Children who are placed in foster care have a higher incidence of acute and chronic health problems and may experience feelings of isolation and confusion; therefore, they should be monitored closely. Foster children do not always come from abusive households and may or may not be emotionally fragile; not all foster children are born preterm or require technically advanced health care; and foster children may stay in the home for extended periods, so their health care needs require attention.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 8. The nurse is planning to counsel family members as a group to assess the family‘s group

dynamics. Which theoretic family model is the nurse using as a framework? a. Feminist theory b. Family stress theory c. Family systems theory d. Developmental theory ANS: C

In family systems theory, the family is viewed as a system that continually interacts with its members and the environment. The emphasis is on the interaction between the members; a change in one family member creates a change in other members, which in turn results in a new change in the original member. Assessing the family‘s group dynamics is an example of using this theory as a framework. Family stress theory explains how families react to stressful events and suggests factors that promote adaptation to stress. Developmental theory addresses family change over time using Duvall‘s family life cycle stages based on the predictable changes in the family‘s structure, function, and roles, with the age of the oldest child as the marker for stage transition. Feminist theories assume that privilege and power are inequitably distributed based upon gender, race, and class.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity

9. The nurse is reviewing the importance of role learning for children. The nurse understands

that children‘s roles are primarily shaped by which members? a. Peers b. Parents c. Siblings d. Grandparents ANS: B

Children‘s roles are shaped primarily by the parents, who apply direct or indirect pressures to induce or force children into the desired patterns of behavior or direct their efforts toward modification of the role responses of the child on a mutually acceptable basis.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 10. The nurse is explaining different parenting styles to a group of parents. The nurse explains

that an authoritative parenting style can lead to which child behavior? a. Shyness b. Self-reliance c. Submissiveness d. Self-consciousness ANS: B

Children raised by parents with an authoritative parenting style tend to have high self-esteem and are self-reliant, assertive, inquisitive, content, and highly interactive with other children.

Children raised by parents with an authoritarian parenting style tend to be sensitive, shy, self-conscious, retiring, and submissive.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 11. The nurse is discussing parenting in reconstituted families with a new stepparent. The nurse is

aware that the new stepparent understands the teaching when which statement is made? a. ―I am glad there will be no disruption in my lifestyle.‖ b. ―I don‘t think children really want to live in a two-parent home.‖ c. ―I realize there may be power conflicts bringing two households together.‖ d. ―I understand contact between grandparents should be kept to a minimum.‖ ANS: C

The entry of a stepparent into a ready-made family requires adjustments for all family members. Power conflicts are expected, and flexibility, mutual support, and open communication are critical in successful relationships. So, the statement that power conflicts are possible means teaching was understood. Some obstacles to the role adjustments and family problem-solving include disruption of previous lifestyles and interaction patterns, complexity in the formation of new ones, and lack of social supports. Most children from divorced families want to live in a two-parent home. There should be continued contact with grandparents.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity

MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. The parents of a 5-year-old child ask the nurse how they can minimize misbehavior. Which

responses should the nurse give? (Select all that apply.) a. Set clear and reasonable goals. b. Praise your child for desirable behavior. c. Don‘t call attention to unacceptable behavior. d. Teach desirable behavior through your own example. e. Don‘t provide an opportunity for your child to have any control.

ANS: A, B, D

To minimize misbehavior, parents should (1) set clear and reasonable rules and expect the same behavior regardless of the circumstances, (2) praise children for desirable behavior with attention and verbal approval, and (3) teach desirable behavior through their own example.

Parents should call attention to unacceptable behavior as soon as it begins and provide children with opportunities for power and control.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 2. Which describe the feelings and behaviors of early preschool children related to divorce?

(Select all that apply.) a. Regressive behavior b. Fear of abandonment c. Fear regarding the future d. Blame themselves for the divorce e. Intense desire for reconciliation of parents ANS: A, B, D

Feelings and behaviors of early preschool children related to divorce include regressive behavior, fear of abandonment, and blaming themselves for the divorce. Fear regarding the future and an intense desire for reconciliation of parents is a reaction later school-age children have to divorce.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Integrated Process: Caring MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 3. Which describe the feelings and behaviors of adolescents related to divorce? (Select all that

apply.) a. Disturbed concept of sexuality b. May withdraw from family and friends c. Worry about themselves, parents, or siblings d. Expression of anger, sadness, shame, or embarrassment e. Engage in fantasy to seek understanding of the divorce ANS: A, B, C, D

Feelings and behaviors of adolescents related to divorce include a disturbed concept of sexuality; withdrawing from family and friends; worrying about themselves, parents, and siblings; and expressions of anger, sadness, shame, and embarrassment. Engaging in fantasy to seek understanding of the divorce is a reaction by a child who has preconceptual cognitive processes, not the formal thinking processes adolescents have.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Integrated Process: Caring MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 4. The nurse is teaching parents about the effects of media on childhood obesity. The nurse

realizes the parents understand the teaching if they make which statements? (Select all that apply.) a. ―Advertising of unhealthy food can increase snacking.‖ b. ―Increased screen time may be related to unhealthy sleep.‖ c. ―There is a link between the amount of screen time and obesity.‖ d. ―Increased screen time can lead to better knowledge of nutrition.‖ e. ―Physical activity increases when children increase the amount of screen time.‖ ANS: A, B, C

Several studies have demonstrated a link between the amount of screen time and obesity.

Advertising of unhealthy food to children is a long-standing marketing practice, which may increase snacking in the face of decreased activity. In addition, both increased screen time and unhealthy eating may also be related to unhealthy sleep. Increased screen time does not lead to a better knowledge of nutrition or increased physical activity.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity

Chapter 03: Hereditary Influences on Health of the Child and Family Hockenberry: Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 12th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which genetic term refers to a person who possesses one copy of an affected gene and one

copy of an unaffected gene and is clinically unaffected? a. Allele b. Carrier c. Pedigree d. Multifactorial ANS: B

An individual who is a carrier is asymptomatic but possesses a genetic alteration, either in the form of a gene or chromosome change. Alleles are alternative expressions of genes at a different locus. A pedigree is a diagram that describes family relationships, gender, disease, status, or other relevant information about a family. Multifactorial describes a complex interaction of both genetic and environmental factors that produce an effect on the individual.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance

2. The nurse is assessing a neonate who was born 1 hr ago to healthy parents in their early

forties. Which finding should be most suggestive of Down syndrome? a. Hypertonia b. Low-set ears c. Micrognathia d. Long, thin fingers and toes ANS: B

Children with Down syndrome have low-set ears. Infants with Down syndrome have hypotonia, not hypertonia. Micrognathia is common in trisomy 16, not Down syndrome.

Children with Down syndrome have short hands with broad fingers.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 3. Turner syndrome is suspected in an adolescent girl with short stature. What causes this? a. Absence of one of the X chromosomes b. Presence of an incomplete Y chromosome c. Precocious puberty in an otherwise healthy child d. Excess production of both androgens and estrogens ANS: A

Turner syndrome is caused by an absence of one of the X chromosomes. Most girls who have this disorder have one X chromosome missing from all cells. No Y chromosome is present in individuals with Turner syndrome. These young women have 45 rather than 46 chromosomes.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 4. Which is a sex chromosome abnormality that is caused by the presence of one or more

additional X chromosomes in a male? a. Turner b. Triple X c. Klinefelter d. Trisomy 13 ANS: C

Klinefelter syndrome is characterized by one or more additional X chromosomes. These individuals are tall with male secondary sexual characteristics that may be deficient, and they may be learning disabled. An absence of an X chromosome results in Turner syndrome. Triple X and trisomy 13 are not abnormalities that involve one or more additional X chromosomes in a male (Klinefelter syndrome).

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 5. Parents ask the nurse about the characteristics of autosomal dominant inheritance. Which

statement is characteristic of autosomal dominant inheritance? a. Females are affected with greater frequency than males. b. Unaffected children of affected individuals will have affected children. c. Each child of a heterozygous affected parent has a 50% chance of being affected. d. Any child of two unaffected heterozygous parents has a 25% chance of being

affected.

ANS: C

In autosomal dominant inheritance, only one copy of the mutant gene is necessary to cause the disorder. When a parent is affected, there is a 50% chance that the chromosome with the gene for the disorder will be contributed to each pregnancy. Males and females are equally affected.

The disorder does not ―skip‖ a generation. If the child is not affected, then most likely he or she is not a carrier of the gene for the disorder. In autosomal recessive inheritance, any child of two unaffected heterozygous parents has a 25% chance of being affected.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 6. Parents ask the nurse about the characteristics of autosomal recessive inheritance. Which is

characteristic of autosomal recessive inheritance? a. Affected individuals have unaffected parents. b. Affected individuals have one affected parent. c. Affected parents have a 50% chance of having an affected child. d. Affected parents will have unaffected children.

ANS: A

Parents who are carriers of a recessive gene are asymptomatic. For a child to be affected, both parents must have a copy of the gene, which is passed to the child. Both parents are asymptomatic but can have affected children. In autosomal recessive inheritance, there is a 25% chance that each pregnancy will result in an affected child. In autosomal dominant inheritance, affected parents can have unaffected children.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 7. Which is characteristic of X-linked recessive inheritance? a. There are no carriers. b. Affected individuals are principally males. c. Affected individuals are principally females. d. Affected individuals will always have affected parents.

ANS: B

In X-linked recessive disorders, the affected individuals are usually male. With recessive traits, usually two copies of the gene are needed to produce the effect. Because the male only has one X chromosome, the effect is visible with only one copy of the gene. Females are usually only carriers of X-linked recessive disorders. The X chromosome that does not have the recessive gene will produce the ―normal‖ protein, so the woman will not show evidence of the disorder. The transmission is from mother to son. Usually, the mother and father are unaffected.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 8. A father with an X-linked recessive disorder asks the nurse what the probability is that his

sons will have the disorder. Which response should the nurse make? a. ―Male children will be carriers.‖ b. ―All male children will be affected.‖

c. ―None of the sons will have the disorder.‖ d. ―It cannot be determined without more data.‖ ANS: C

When a male has an X-linked recessive disorder, he has one copy of the allele on his X chromosome. The father passes only his Y chromosome (not the X chromosome) to his sons.

Therefore, none of his sons will have the X-linked recessive gene. They will not be carriers or be affected by the disorder. No additional data are needed to answer this question.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 9. The inheritance of which is X-linked recessive? a. Hemophilia A b. Marfan syndrome c. Neurofibromatosis d. Fragile X syndrome ANS: A

Hemophilia A is inherited as an X-linked recessive trait. Marfan syndrome and neurofibromatosis are inherited as autosomal dominant disorders. Fragile X is inherited as an X-linked trait.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 10. Chromosome analysis of the fetus is usually accomplished through the testing of which? a. Fetal serum b. Maternal urine c. Amniotic fluid d. Maternal serum ANS: C

Amniocentesis is the most common method to retrieve fetal cells for chromosome analysis.

Viable fetal cells are sloughed off into the amniotic fluid, and when a sample is taken, they can be cultured and analyzed. It is difficult to obtain a sample of the fetal blood. It is a high-risk situation for the fetus. Fetal cells are not present in the maternal urine or blood.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 11. A couple has given birth to their first child, a boy with a recessive disorder. The genetic

counselor tells them that the risk of recurrence is one in four. Which statement is a correct interpretation of this information? a. The risk factor remains the same for each pregnancy. b. The risk factor will change when they have a second child. c. Because the parents have one affected child, the next three children should be unaffected. d. Because the parents have one affected child, the next child is four times more likely to be affected.

ANS: A

Each pregnancy has the same risks for an affected child. Because an odds ratio reflects the risk, this does not change over time. The statement by the genetic counselor refers to a probability. This does not change over time. The statement ―Because the parents have one affected child, the next child is four times more likely to be affected‖ does not reflect autosomal recessive inheritance.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 12. The nurse is reviewing a client‘s prenatal history. Which prescribed medication does the nurse

understand is not considered a teratogen and prescribed during pregnancy? a. Phenytoin (Dilantin) b. Warfarin (Coumadin) c. Isotretinoin (Accutane) d. Heparin sodium (Heparin) ANS: D

Teratogens, agents that cause birth defects when present in the prenatal environment, account for much of adverse intrauterine effects not attributable to genetic factors. Types of teratogens include drugs (phenytoin [Dilantin], warfarin [Coumadin], isotretinoin [Accutane]). Heparin is the anticoagulant used during pregnancy and is not a teratogen. It does not cross the placenta.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 13. A hospitalized school-age child with phenylketonuria (PKU) is choosing foods from the

hospital‘s menu. Which food choice should the nurse discourage the child from choosing? a. Banana b. Milkshake c. Fruit juice d. Corn on the cob ANS: B

Foods with low phenylalanine levels (e.g., some vegetables [except legumes]; fruits; juices; and some cereals, breads, and starches) must be measured to provide the prescribed amount of phenylalanine. Most high-protein foods, such as meat and dairy products, are either eliminated or restricted to small amounts.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 14. The nurse understands that which occurring soon after birth can indicate cystic fibrosis? a. Murmur b. Hypoglycemia c. Meconium ileus d. Muscle weakness ANS: C

A symptom of cystic fibrosis is a meconium ileus soon after birth. A murmur can be a sign of a congenital heart disease. Hypoglycemia can be a sign of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.

Muscle weakness can be a sign of myotonic dystrophy.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 15. A newborn has been diagnosed with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Which assessment

finding should the nurse expect? a. Ambiguous genitalia b. Prenatal growth retardation c. An abnormally large tongue d. Legs and arms significantly shorter than torso ANS: A

A newborn diagnosed with congenital adrenal hyperplasia can have ambiguous genitalia or virilization of female external genitalia caused by elevated androgen levels. Prenatal growth retardation is present with Bloom syndrome. An abnormally large tongue is seen with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Legs and arms significantly shorter than torso are seen with achondroplasia.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 16. Parents of a child with hemophilia A ask the nurse, ―What is the deficiency with this

disorder?‖ Which correct response should the nurse make? a. ―Hemophilia A has a deficiency in red blood cells.‖ b. ―Hemophilia A has a deficiency in platelets.‖ c. ―Hemophilia A has a deficiency in factor IX.‖ d. ―Hemophilia A has a deficiency in factor VIII.‖ ANS: D

Hemophilia A is deficient in factor VIII. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency shows low red blood cells (hemolytic anemia). Immunosuppression may be the cause of a deficient number of platelets. Hemophilia B is deficient in factor IX. DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 17. A child with Prader-Willi syndrome has been hospitalized. Which assessment findings does

the nurse expect with this syndrome? a. Nonverbal b. Insatiable hunger c. Abnormal, puppet like gait d. Paroxysms of inappropriate laughter ANS: B

Prader-Willi syndrome is characterized by insatiable hunger that can lead to morbid obesity in childhood. Abnormal, puppet like gait, paroxysms of inappropriate laughter, and nonverbal are characteristics seen in Angelman syndrome.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 18. Which ethnic group is at risk for Tay-Sachs disease?

a. b. c. d.

Black African Mediterranean Ashkenazi Jewish Southern and Southeast Asian

ANS: C

The Ashkenazi Jewish ethnic group is at higher risk for Tay-Sachs disease. The black African, Mediterranean, and Southern and Southeast Asian ethnicities are at higher risk for sickle cell anemia disease.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 19. A child has been found to have a deficiency in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A

(HMG-CoA) reductase. Which condition is this child at risk for? a. Increased uric acid b. Hypercholesterolemia c. Increased phenylketones d. Altered oxygen transport ANS: B

HMG-CoA leads to a disruption of metabolic feedback mechanism and accumulation of end-product (cholesterol) with the resulting condition of hypercholesterolemia.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 20. Early diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) and phenylketonuria (PKU) is essential to

prevent which? a. Obesity b. Diabetes c. Cognitive impairment d. Respiratory distress ANS: C

Untreated, both PKU and CH cause cognitive impairment. With newborn screening and early intervention, cognitive impairment from these two disorders can be prevented. Obesity, diabetes, and respiratory distress do not result from both CH and PKU. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. The nurse is reviewing the characteristics of autosomal dominant inheritance. Which are true

about these characteristics? (Select all that apply.) a. A carrier state exists. b. The phenotype appears in consecutive generations. c. Males and females are equally likely to be affected. d. Parents who have affected children are usually asymptomatic. e. Children of an affected parent have a 50% chance of being affected.

ANS: B, C, E

Characteristics of autosomal dominant inheritance include the phenotype appears in consecutive generations, males and females are equally affected, and children of an affected parent have a 50% chance of being affected. A carrier state and parents who have affected children are usually asymptomatic are characteristic of autosomal recessive inheritance.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 2. The nurse is reviewing the characteristics of autosomal recessive inheritance. Which are true

about these characteristics? (Select all that apply.) a. Most affected persons are males. b. Males and females are equally affected. c. All daughters of an affected male are carriers. d. Carrier parents have a 25% chance of producing an affected child. e. Carrier parents have a 50% chance of producing a carrier child in each pregnancy.

ANS: B, D, E

Characteristics of autosomal recessive inheritance include males and females are equally affected, carrier parents have a 25% chance of producing an affected child, and carrier parents have a 50% chance of producing a carrier child in each pregnancy. Most affected persons who are males and all daughters of an affected male are carriers are characteristics of X-linked recessive inheritance.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 3. Which are signs and symptoms the nurse should assess in the newborn that can indicate an

inborn error of metabolism? (Select all that apply.) a. Jaundice b. Strabismus c. Poor feeding d. Acrocyanosis e. Metabolic acidosis ANS: A, C, E

Signs of inborn errors of metabolism include jaundice, poor feeding, and metabolic acidosis.

Strabismus and acrocyanosis are normal findings in the newborn.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 4. The nurse is interviewing a prenatal client about specific risk factors that are indications for

prenatal testing. Which specific risk factors should the nurse note? (Select all that apply.) a. Previous twins b. Inherited disorder c. Previous preterm birth d. Cytomegalovirus infection e. Previous stillbirth or neonatal death ANS: B, D, E

Specific risk factors that are indications for prenatal testing include inherited disorder, cytomegalovirus infection (teratogenic infection), and previous stillbirth or neonatal death.

Previous twins or previous preterm birth are not specific risk factors that are indications for prenatal testing.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 5. The nurse is teaching nursing students about assessment clues to genetic disorders in the

newborn. Which should the nurse include in the teaching session? (Select all that apply.) a. Low-set ears b. Mongolian spots c. Epicanthal folds d. Cephalohematoma e. Forehead prominence ANS: A, C, E

Assessment clues to genetic disorders in the newborn include low-set ears, epicanthal folds, and forehead prominence. Mongolian spots and cephalohematoma are findings in a newborn that are not indicative of a genetic disorder.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance

Chapter 04: Communication and Physical Assessment of the Child and Family Hockenberry: Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 11th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which is the single most important factor to consider when communicating with children? a. Presence of the child‘s parent b. Child‘s physical condition c. Child‘s developmental level d. Child‘s nonverbal behaviors ANS: C

The nurse must be aware of the child‘s developmental stage to engage in effective communication. The use of both verbal and nonverbal communication should be appropriate to the developmental level. Nonverbal behaviors vary in importance based on the child‘s developmental level and physical condition. Although the child‘s physical condition is a consideration, developmental level is much more important. The presence of parents is important when communicating with young children but may be detrimental when speaking with adolescents.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Integrated Process: Communication and Documentation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 2. When the nurse interviews an adolescent, which is especially important? a. Focus the discussion on the peer group. b. Allow an opportunity to express feelings.

c. Use the same type of language as the adolescent. d. Emphasize that confidentiality will always be maintained.

ANS: B

Adolescents, like all children, need opportunities to express their feelings. Often, they interject feelings into their words. The nurse must be alert to the words and feelings expressed. The nurse should maintain a professional relationship with adolescents. To avoid misunderstanding or misinterpretation of words and phrases used, the nurse should clarify the terms used, what information will be shared with other members of the health care team, and any limits to confidentiality. Although the peer group is important to this age-group, the interview should focus on the adolescent.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Integrated Process: Communication and Documentation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 3. Which parameter correlates best with measurements of total muscle mass? a. Height b. Weight c. Skinfold thickness d. Upper arm circumference ANS: D

Upper arm circumference is correlated with measurements of total muscle mass. Muscle serves as the body‘s major protein reserve and is considered an index of the body‘s protein stores. Height is reflective of past nutritional status. Weight is indicative of current nutritional status. Skinfold thickness is a measurement of the body‘s fat content.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 4. With the National Center for Health Statistics criteria, which body mass index (BMI)-for-age

percentiles should indicate the patient is at risk for being overweight? a. 10th percentile b. 75th percentile c. 85th percentile d. 95th percentile ANS: C

Children who have BMI-for-age greater than or equal to the 85th percentile and less than the 95th percentile are at risk for being overweight. Children who are greater than or equal to the 95th percentile are considered overweight. Children whose BMI is between the 10th and 75th percentiles are within normal limits.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 5. What is the earliest age at which a satisfactory radial pulse can be taken in children? a. 1 year b. 2 years c. 3 years d. 6 years

ANS: B

Satisfactory radial pulses can be taken in children older than 2 years. In infants and young children, the apical pulse is more reliable.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 6. Where is the best place to observe for the presence of petechiae in dark-skinned individuals? a. Face b. Buttocks c. Oral mucosa d. Palms and soles ANS: C

Petechiae, small distinct pinpoint hemorrhages, are difficult to see in dark-skinned individuals unless they are in the mouth or conjunctiva.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 7. During a routine health assessment, the nurse notes that an 8-month-old infant has a

significant head lag. Which is the most appropriate action? a. Recheck head control at next visit. b. Teach the parents appropriate exercises. c. Schedule the child for further evaluation. d. Refer the child for further evaluation if the anterior fontanel is still open.

ANS: C

Significant head lag after age 6 months strongly indicates cerebral injury and is referred for further evaluation. Head control is part of normal development. Exercises will not be effective. The lack of achievement of this developmental milestone must be evaluated.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 8. The nurse has just started assessing a young child who is febrile and appears ill. There is

hyperextension of the child‘s head (opisthotonos) with pain on flexion. Which is the most appropriate action? a. Ask the parent when the neck was injured. b. Refer for immediate medical evaluation. c. Continue assessment to determine the cause of the neck pain. d. Record ―head lag‖ on the assessment record and continue the assessment of the child.

ANS: B

Hyperextension of the child‘s head with pain on flexion is indicative of meningeal irritation and needs immediate evaluation. No indication of injury is present. This situation is not descriptive of head lag.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance

9. During a funduscopic examination of a school-age child, the nurse notes a brilliant, uniform

red reflex in both eyes. The nurse should recognize that this is which? a. A normal finding b. A sign of a possible visual defect and a need for vision screening c. An abnormal finding requiring referral to an ophthalmologist d. A sign of small hemorrhages, which usually resolve spontaneously ANS: A

A brilliant, uniform red reflex is an important normal finding. It rules out many serious defects of the cornea, aqueous chamber, lens, and vitreous chamber.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 10. Which is the most frequently used test for measuring visual acuity? a. Snellen letter chart b. Ishihara vision test c. Allen picture card test d. Denver eye screening test ANS: A

The Snellen letter chart, which consists of lines of letters of decreasing size, is the most frequently used test for visual acuity. The Ishihara vision test is used for color vision. The Allen picture card test and Denver eye screening test involve single cards for children ages 2 years and older who are unable to use the Snellen letter chart.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 11. The nurse is testing an infant‘s visual acuity. By which age should the infant be able to fix on

and follow a target? a. 1 month b. 1 to 2 months c. 3 to 4 months d. 6 months ANS: C

Visual fixation and ability to follow a target should be present by ages 3 to 4 months. One to two months is too young for this developmental milestone. If an infant is not able to fix and follow by 6 months, further ophthalmologic evaluation is needed.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 12. What is an appropriate screening test for hearing that the nurse can administer to a 5-year-old

child? a. Rinne test b. Weber test c. Pure tone audiometry d. Eliciting the startle reflex

ANS: C

Pure tone audiometry uses an audiometer that produces sounds at different volumes and pitches in the child‘s ears. The child is asked to respond in some way when the tone is heard in the earphone. The Rinne and Weber tests measure bone conduction of sound. Eliciting the startle reflex may be useful in infants.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 13. What is the appropriate placement of a tongue blade for assessment of the mouth and throat? a. On the lower jaw b. Side of the tongue c. Against the soft palate d. Center back area of the tongue ANS: B

The side of the tongue is the correct position. It avoids the gag reflex yet allows visualization.

On the lower jaw and against the soft palate are not appropriate places for the tongue blade.

Placement in the center back area of the tongue elicits the gag reflex.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 14. When auscultating an infant‘s lungs, the nurse detects diminished breath sounds. What should

the nurse interpret this as? a. Suggestive of chronic pulmonary disease b. Suggestive of impending respiratory failure c. An abnormal finding warranting investigation d. A normal finding in infants younger than 1 year of age ANS: C

Absent or diminished breath sounds are always an abnormal finding. Fluid, air, or solid masses in the pleural space all interfere with the conduction of breath sounds. Further data are necessary for diagnosis of chronic pulmonary disease or impending respiratory failure.

Diminished breath sounds in certain segments of the lungs can alert the nurse to pulmonary areas that may benefit from chest physiotherapy. Further evaluation is needed in all age-groups.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 15. The nurse is assessing a child‘s capillary refill time. This can be accomplished by doing what? a. Inspect the chest. b. Auscultate the heart. c. Palpate the apical pulse. d. Palpate the nail bed with pressure to produce a slight blanching.

ANS: D

Capillary refill time is assessed by pressing lightly on the skin to produce blanching and then noting the amount of time it takes for the blanched area to refill. Inspecting the chest, auscultating the heart, and palpating the apical pulse will not provide an assessment of capillary refill time.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 16. Which heart sound is produced by vibrations within the heart chambers or in the major

arteries from the back-and-forth flow of blood? a. S1 and S2 b. S3 and S4 c. Murmur d. Physiologic splitting ANS: C

Murmurs are the sounds that are produced in the heart chambers or major arteries from the back-and-forth flow of blood. S1 and S2 are normal heart sounds. S1 is the closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves, and S2 is the closure of the pulmonic and aortic valves. S3 is a normal heart sound sometimes heard in children. S4 is rarely heard as a normal heart sound. If it is heard, medical evaluation is required. Physiologic splitting is the distinction of the two sounds in S2, which widens on inspiration. It is a significant normal finding.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 17. Examination of the abdomen is performed correctly by the nurse in which order? a. Inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation b. Inspection, percussion, auscultation, and palpation c. Palpation, percussion, auscultation, and inspection d. Inspection, auscultation, percussion, and palpation ANS: D

The correct order of abdominal examination is inspection, auscultation, percussion, and palpation. Palpation is always performed last because it may distort the normal abdominal sounds. Auscultation is performed before percussion. The act of percussion can influence the findings on auscultation.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 18. During examination of a toddler‘s extremities, the nurse notes that the child is bowlegged.

The nurse should recognize that this finding is which? a. Abnormal and requires further investigation. b. Abnormal unless it occurs in conjunction with knock-knee. c. Normal if the condition is unilateral or asymmetric. d. Normal because the lower back and leg muscles are not yet well developed.

ANS: D

Lateral bowing of the tibia (bowlegged) is an expected finding in toddlers when they begin to walk. It usually persists until all their lower back and leg muscles are well developed. Further evaluation is needed if it persists beyond ages 2 to 3 years, especially in African American children.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance

19. What is the appropriate placement of a tongue blade for assessment of the mouth and throat? a. On the lower jaw b. Side of the tongue c. Against the soft palate d. Center back area of the tongue ANS: B

The side of the tongue is the correct position. It avoids the gag reflex yet allows visualization.

On the lower jaw and against the soft palate are not appropriate places for the tongue blade.

Placement in the center back area of the tongue elicits the gag reflex.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. The nurse is performing an otoscopic examination on a child. Which are normal findings the

nurse should expect? (Select all that apply.) a. Ashen gray areas b. A well-defined light reflex c. A small, round, concave spot near the center of the drum d. The tympanic membrane is a nontransparent grayish color e. A whitish line extending from the umbo upward to the margin of the membrane ANS: B, C, E

Normal findings include the light reflex and bony landmarks. The light reflex is a well-defined, cone-shaped reflection that normally points away from the face. The bony landmarks of the eardrum are formed by the umbo, or tip of the malleus. It appears as a small, round, opaque, concave spot near the center of the eardrum. The manubrium (long process or handle) of the malleus appears to be a whitish line extending from the umbo upward to the margin of the membrane. The tympanic membrane should be light pearly pink or gray and translucent, not nontransparent. Ashen gray areas indicate signs of scarring from a previous perforation.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 2. The nurse is assessing breath sounds on a child. Which are expected auscultated breath

sounds? (Select all that apply.) a. Wheezes b. Crackles c. Vesicular d. Bronchial e. Bronchovesicular ANS: C, D, E

Normal breath sounds are classified as vesicular, bronchovesicular, or bronchial. Wheezes or crackles are abnormal or adventitious sounds.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying

TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 3. The nurse is performing an oral examination on a preschool child. Which strategies should the

nurse use to encourage the child to open the mouth for the examination? (Select all that apply.) a. Lightly brush the palate with a cotton swab. b. Perform the examination in front of a mirror. c. Let the child examine someone else‘s mouth first. d. Have the child breathe deeply and hold his or her breath. e. Use a tongue blade to help the child open his or her mouth.

ANS: A, B, C, D

To encourage a child to open the mouth for examination, the nurse can lightly brush the palate with a cotton swab, perform the examination in front of a mirror, let the child examine someone else‘s mouth first, and have the child breathe deeply and hold his or her breath. A tongue blade may elicit the gag reflex and should not be used.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 4. The nurse is assessing heart sounds on a school-age child. Which should the nurse document

as abnormal findings if found on the assessment? (Select all that apply.) a. S4 heart sound b. S3 heart sound c. Grade II murmur d. S1 louder at the apex of the heart e. S2 louder than S1 in the aortic area ANS: A, C, E

S4 is rarely heard as a normal heart sound; it usually indicates the need for further cardiac evaluation. A grade II murmur is not normal; it is slightly louder than grade I and is audible in all positions. S3 is normally heard in some children. Normally, S1 is louder at the apex of the heart in the mitral and tricuspid area, and S2 is louder near the base of the heart in the pulmonic and aortic area.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Communication and Documentation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 5. The nurse understands that blocks to therapeutic communication include what? (Select all that

apply.) a. Socializing b. Use of silence c. Using clichés d. Defending a situation e. Using open-ended questions ANS: A, C, D

Blocks to communication include socializing, using clichés, and defending a situation. Use of silence and using open-ended questions are therapeutic communication techniques.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing

TOP: Integrated Process: Communication and Documentation MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity

Chapter 05: Pain Assessment in Children Hockenberry: Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 12th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which is the most consistent and commonly used data for assessment of pain in infants? a. Self-report b. Behavioral c. Physiologic d. Parental report ANS: B

Behavioral assessment is useful for measuring pain in young children and preverbal children who do not have the language skills to communicate that they are in pain. Infants are not able to self-report. Physiologic measures are not able to distinguish between physical responses to pain and other forms of stress. Parental report without a structured tool may not accurately reflect the degree of discomfort.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 2. Children as young as age 3 years can use facial scales for discrimination. What are some

suggested anchor words for the preschool age-group? a. ―No hurt.‖ b. ―Red pain.‖ c. ―Zero hurt.‖ d. ―Least pain.‖ ANS: A

―No hurt‖ is a phrase that is simple, concrete, and appropriate to the preoperational stage of the child. Using color is complicated for this age-group. The child needs to identify colors and pain levels and then choose an appropriate symbolic color. This is appropriate for an older child. Zero is an abstract construct not appropriate for this age-group. ―Least pain‖ is less concrete than ―no hurt.‖ DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 3. What is an important consideration when using the FACES pain rating scale with children? a. Children color the face with the color they choose to best describe their pain. b. The scale can be used with most children as young as 3 years. c. The scale is not appropriate for use with adolescents. d. The FACES scale is useful in pain assessment but is not as accurate as physiologic

responses.

ANS: B

The FACES scale is validated for use with children ages 3 years and older. Children point to the face that best describes their level of pain. The scale can be used through adulthood. The child‘s estimate of the pain should be used. The physiologic measures may not reflect more long-term pain.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 4. What describes nonpharmacologic techniques for pain management? a. They may reduce pain perception. b. They usually take too long to implement. c. They make pharmacologic strategies unnecessary. d. They trick children into believing they do not have pain.

ANS: A

Nonpharmacologic techniques provide coping strategies that may help reduce pain perception, make the pain more tolerable, decrease anxiety, and enhance the effectiveness of analgesics.

The nonpharmacologic strategy should be matched with the child‘s pain severity and be taught to the child before the onset of the painful experience. Tricking children into believing they do not have pain may mitigate the child‘s experience with mild pain, but the child will still know the discomfort was present.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 5. Which nonpharmacologic intervention appears to be effective in decreasing needlestick pain? a. Tactile stimulation b. Commercial warm packs c. Doing procedure during infant sleep d. Oral sucrose ANS: D

Sucking attenuates behavioral, physiologic, and hormonal responses to pain. The addition of sucrose has been demonstrated to have calming and pain-relieving effects for infants. Tactile stimulation has a variable effect on response to procedural pain. No evidence supports commercial warm packs as a pain control measure. With resulting increased blood flow to the area, pain may be greater. The infant should not be disturbed during the sleep cycle. It makes it more difficult for the infant to begin organization of sleep and awake cycles.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 6. A 6-year-old child has patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) for pain management after

orthopedic surgery. The parents are worried that their child will be in pain. What should your explanation to the parents include? a. The child will continue to sleep and be pain free. b. Parents cannot administer additional medication with the button. c. The pump can deliver baseline and bolus dosages. d. There is a high risk of overdose, so monitoring is done every 15 minutes.

ANS: C

The PCA prescription can be set for a basal rate for a continuous infusion of pain medication.

Additional doses can be administered by the patient, parent, or nurse as necessary. Although the goal of PCA is to have effective pain relief, a pain-free state may not be possible. With a 6-year-old child, the parents and nurse must assess the child to ensure that adequate medication is being given because the child may not understand the concept of pushing a button. Evidence-based practice suggests that effective analgesia can be obtained with the parents and nurse giving boluses as necessary. The prescription for the PCA includes how much medication can be given in a defined period. Monitoring every 1 to 2 hr for patient response is sufficient.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 7. Which drug is usually the best choice for patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) for a child in the

immediate postoperative period? a. Codeine sulfate (Codeine) b. Morphine (Roxanol) c. Methadone (Dolophine) d. Meperidine (Demerol) ANS: B

The most commonly prescribed medications for PCA are morphine, hydromorphone, and fentanyl. Parenteral use of codeine is not recommended. Methadone in parenteral form is not used in a PCA but is given orally or intravenously for pain in the infant. Meperidine is not used for continuous and extended pain relief.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 8. A child is in the intensive care unit after a motor vehicle collision. The child has numerous

fractures and is in pain that is rated 9 or 10 on a 10-point scale. In planning care, the nurse recognizes that the indicated action is which? a. Give only an opioid analgesic at this time. b. Increase dosage of analgesic until the child is adequately sedated. c. Plan a preventive schedule of pain medication around the clock. d. Give the child a clock and explain when she or he can have pain medications.

ANS: C

For severe postoperative pain, a preventive around the clock (ATC) schedule is necessary to prevent decreased plasma levels of medications. The opioid analgesic will help for the present, but it is not an effective strategy. Increasing the dosage requires an order. The nurse should give the drug on a regular schedule and evaluate the effectiveness. Using a clock is counterproductive because it focuses the child‘s attention on how long he or she will need to wait for pain relief.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Implementing TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 9. The parents of a preterm infant in a neonatal intensive care unit are concerned about their

infant experiencing pain from so many procedures. The nurse‘s response should be based on which characteristic about preterm infants‘ pain?

a. They may react to painful stimuli but are unable to remember the pain experience. b. They may perceive and react to pain in much the same manner as children and

adults. c. They do not have the cortical and subcortical centers that are needed for pain

perception. d. They lack neurochemical systems associated with pain transmission and

modulation.

ANS: B

Numerous research studies have indicated that preterm and newborn infants perceive and react to pain in the same manner as children and adults. Preterm infants can have significant reactions to painful stimuli. Pain can cause oxygen desaturation and global stress response.

These physiologic effects must be avoided by use of appropriate analgesia. Painful stimuli cause a global stress response, including cardiorespiratory changes, palmar sweating, increased intracranial pressure, and hormonal and metabolic changes. Adequate analgesia and anesthesia are necessary to decrease the stress response.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 10. The nurse is caring for a child receiving a continuous intravenous (IV) low-dose infusion of

morphine for severe postoperative pain. The nurse observes a slower respiratory rate, and the child cannot be aroused. The most appropriate management of this child is for the nurse to do which first? a. Discontinue infusion and administer naloxone (Narcan). b. Direct the charge nurse to call a Code Blue. c. Discontinue morphine until the child is fully awake. d. Document clinical findings.

ANS: A

The management of opioid-induced respiratory depression includes lowering the rate of infusion and stimulating the child. If the respiratory rate is depressed and the child cannot be aroused, then IV naloxone should be administered. The child will be in pain because of the reversal of the morphine. The morphine should be discontinued, but naloxone is indicated if the child is unresponsive.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 11. The nurse is teaching a staff development program about levels of sedation in the pediatric

population. Which statement by one of the participants should indicate a correct understanding of the teaching? a. ―With minimal sedation, the patient‘s respiratory efforts are affected, and cognitive function is not impaired.‖ b. ―With general anesthesia, the patient‘s airway cannot be maintained, but cardiovascular function is maintained.‖ c. ―During deep sedation, the patient can be easily aroused by loud verbal commands and tactile stimulation.‖ d. ―During moderate sedation, the patient responds to verbal commands but may not respond to light tactile stimulation.‖

ANS: D

When discussing levels of sedation, the participants should understand that during moderate sedation, the patient responds to verbal commands but may not respond to light tactile stimulation, cognitive function is impaired, and respiratory function is adequate. In minimal sedation, the patient responds to verbal commands and may have impaired cognitive function; the respiratory and cardiovascular systems are unaffected. In deep sedation, the patient cannot be easily aroused except by painful stimuli; the airway and spontaneous ventilation may be impaired, but cardiovascular function is maintained. With general anesthesia, the patient loses consciousness and cannot be aroused with painful stimuli, the airway cannot be maintained, and ventilation is impaired; cardiovascular function may or may not be impaired.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 12. The nurse is planning to administer a nonopioid for pain relief to a child. Which timing should

the nurse plan, so the nonopioid takes effect? a. 15 minutes until maximum effect b. 30 minutes until maximum effect c. 1 hr until maximum effect d. 1 1/2 hr until maximum effect ANS: C

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can provide safe and effective pain relief when dosed at appropriate levels with adequate frequency. Most NSAIDs take about 1 hr for effect, so timing is crucial.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 13. The nurse is planning pain control for a child. Which is the advantage of administering pain

medication by the intravenous (IV) bolus route? a. Less expensive than oral medications. b. Produces a first-pass effect through the liver. c. Does not need to be administered frequently. d. Provides most rapid onset of effect, usually in about 5 minutes.

ANS: D

The advantage of pain medication by the IV bolus route is that it provides the most rapid onset of effect, usually in about 5 minutes. IV medications are more expensive than oral medications, and the IV route bypasses the first-pass effect through the liver. Pain control with IV bolus medication needs to be repeated hourly for continuous pain control.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 14. A burn patient is experiencing anxiety over dressing changes. Which prescription should the

nurse expect to be ordered to control anxiety? a. Lorazepam (Ativan) b. Oxycodone (OxyContin) c. Fentanyl (Sublimaze) d. Morphine Sulfate (Morphine)

ANS: A

A benzodiazepine such as lorazepam is prescribed as an antianxiety agent. Oxycodone, fentanyl, and morphine sulfate are opioid analgesics.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 15. A cancer patient is experiencing neuropathic cancer pain. Which prescription should the nurse

expect to be ordered? a. Lorazepam (Ativan) b. Gabapentin (Neurontin) c. Hydromorphone (Dilaudid) d. Morphine sulfate (MS Contin) ANS: B

Anticonvulsants (gabapentin, carbamazepine) have demonstrated effectiveness in neuropathic cancer pain. Ativan is an antianxiety agent, and Dilaudid and MS Contin are opioid analgesics.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 16. What is a significant common side effect that occurs with opioid administration? a. Euphoria b. Diuresis c. Constipation d. Allergic reactions ANS: C

Constipation is one of the most common side effects of opioid administration. Preventive strategies should be implemented to minimize this problem. Sedation is a more common result than euphoria. Urinary retention, not diuresis, may occur with opiates. Rarely, some individuals may have pruritus.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 17. A preterm infant has just been admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit and will undergo

numerous painful procedures. The infant‘s parents ask the nurse about pain in the neonate and further asked about anesthesia for these procedures. What should the nurse‘s explanation be? a. Nerve pathways of neonates are not sufficiently myelinated to transmit painful stimuli. b. The risks accompanying anesthesia and analgesia are too great to justify any possible benefit of pain relief. c. Neonates do not possess sufficiently integrated cortical function to interpret or recall pain experiences. d. Pain pathways and neurochemical systems associated with pain transmission are intact and functional in neonates and should be considered when giving care.

ANS: D

Pain pathways and neurochemical systems associated with pain transmission are intact and functional in neonates. Painful stimuli cause a global stress response, including cardiorespiratory changes, palmar sweating, increased intracranial pressure, and hormonal and metabolic changes. Adequate analgesia and anesthesia are necessary to decrease the stress response. The pathways are sufficiently myelinated to transmit the painful stimuli and produce the pain response. Local and systemic pharmacologic agents are available to permit anesthesia and analgesia for neonates.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. Which are components of the FLACC scale? (Select all that apply.) a. Color b. Capillary refill time c. Leg position d. Facial expression e. Activity ANS: C, D, E

Facial expression, consolability, cry, activity, and leg position are components of the FLACC scale. Color is a component of the Apgar scoring system. Capillary refill time is a physiologic measure that is not a component of the FLACC scale.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 2. Additional biobehavioral interventions may be helpful in reducing pain. Which of the

following may be considered? (Select all that apply.) a. Transcutaneous nerve stimulation b. Distraction c. Steroidal treatment d. Percutaneous nerve ablation e. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) ANS: A, B, E

Biobehavioral interventions prevent and treat pain by interrupting the pain, fear, anxiety, and stress cycle. Distraction, relaxation, guided imagery, hypnosis, CBT, massage, heat, cold, and transcutaneous nerve stimulation can help with pain control. Steroids are a pharmacologic treatment for inflammatory disorders, and the percutaneous nerve ablation is a minimally invasive procedure often seen for lower lumbar disorders.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity COMPLETION

1. A health care provider prescribes promethazine (Phenergan), 9 mg IV every 6 to 8 hr as

needed for pruritus. The medication label states: ―Promethazine 25 mg/1 mL.‖ The nurse prepares to administer one dose. How many milliliters will the nurse prepare to administer one dose? Fill in the blank. Record your answer using two decimal places. ________________ ANS:

0.36 Follow the formula for dosage calculation.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 2. A health care provider prescribes diphenhydramine (Benadryl), 1 mg/kg PO every 4 to 6 hr as

needed for pruritus. The child weighs 10 kg. The medication label states: ―Diphenhydramine 12.5 mg/5 mL.‖ The nurse prepares to administer one dose. How many milliliters will the nurse prepare to administer one dose? Fill in the blank. Record your answer in a whole number. ________________ ANS:

4 Follow the formula for dosage calculation.

Multiply 1 mg  10 kg to get the dose = 10 mg

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 3. A health care provider prescribes hydroxyzine (Atarax), 0.6 mg/kg PO every 4 to 6 hr as

needed for pruritus. The medication label states: ―Hydroxyzine 10 mg/5 mL.‖ The child weighs 20 kg. The nurse prepares to administer one dose. How many milliliters will the nurse prepare to administer one dose? Fill in the blank. Record your answer in a whole number. ________________ ANS:

6 Follow the formula for dosage calculation.

Multiply 0.6 mg  20 kg to get the dose = 12 mg

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 4. A child receiving morphine sulfate (Morphine) is experiencing respiratory depression. A

health care provider prescribes naloxone (Narcan), 0.5 mcg/kg IV in 2-minute increments until breathing improves. The medication label states: ―Naloxone 400 mcg/1 mL.‖ The child weighs 40 kg. The nurse prepares to administer one dose. How many milliliters will the nurse prepare to administer one dose? Fill in the blank. Record your answer using two decimal places. ________________ ANS:

0.05 Follow the formula for dosage calculation.

Multiply 0.5 mcg  40 kg to get the dose = 20 mcg

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 5. A health care provider prescribes Kytril (granisetron), 10 mcg/kg IV every 4 to 6 hr as needed

for nausea. The medication label states: ―Kytril 100 mcg/1 mL.‖ The child weighs 15 kg. The nurse prepares to administer one dose. How many milliliters will the nurse prepare to administer one dose? Fill in the blank. Record your answer to one decimal place. _______________ ANS:

1.5 Follow the formula for dosage calculation.

Multiply 10 mcg  15 kg to get the dose = 150 mcg

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

Chapter 06: Childhood Communicable and Infectious Diseases Hockenberry: Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 12th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Pertussis vaccination should begin at which age? a. Birth b. 2 months c. 6 months d. 12 months ANS: B

The acellular pertussis vaccine is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics beginning at age 6 weeks. Infants are at greater risk for complications of pertussis. The vaccine is not given after age 7 years, when the risks of the vaccine become greater than those of pertussis. The first dose is usually given at the 2-month well-child visit. Infants are highly susceptible to pertussis, which can be a life-threatening illness in this age-group.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 2. A mother tells the nurse that she does not want her infant immunized because of the

discomfort associated with injections. What should the nurse explain? a. This cannot be prevented. b. Infants do not feel pain as adults do. c. This is not a good reason for refusing immunizations. d. A topical anesthetic can be applied before injections are given.

ANS: D

To minimize the discomfort associated with intramuscular injections, a topical anesthetic agent can be used on the injection site. These include EMLA (eutectic mixture of local anesthetic) and vapor coolant sprays. Pain associated with many procedures can be prevented or minimized by using the principles of atraumatic care. Infants have neural pathways that will indicate pain. Numerous research studies have indicated that infants perceive and react to pain in the same manner as do children and adults. The mother should be allowed to discuss her concerns and the alternatives available. This is part of the informed consent process.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 3. Which serious reaction should the nurse be alert for when administering vaccines? a. Fever b. Skin irritation c. Allergic reaction d. Pain at injection site ANS: C

Each vaccine administration carries the risk of an allergic reaction. The nurse must be prepared to intervene if the child demonstrates signs of a severe reaction. Mild febrile reactions do occur after administration. The nurse includes management of fever in the parent teaching. Local skin irritation may occur at the injection site after administration. Parents are informed that this is expected. The injection can be painful. The nurse can minimize the discomfort with topical analgesics and nonpharmacologic measures.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 4. Which muscle is contraindicated for the administration of immunizations in infants and young

children? a. Deltoid b. Dorsogluteal c. Ventrogluteal d. Anterolateral thigh ANS: B

The dorsogluteal site is avoided in children because of the location of nerves and veins. The deltoid is recommended for 12 months and older. The ventrogluteal and anterolateral thigh sites can safely be used for the administration of vaccines to infants.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 5. Which vitamin supplementation has been found to reduce both morbidity and mortality in

measles? a. AA b. B1 c. CC d. Zinc ANS: A

Evidence suggests that vitamin A supplementation reduces both morbidity and mortality in measles.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 6. The nurse is teaching a nursing student about standard precautions. Which statement made by

the student indicates a need for further teaching? a. ―I will use precautions when I give an infant oral care.‖ b. ―I will use precautions when I change an infant‘s diaper.‖ c. ―I will use precautions when I encounter blood and body fluids.‖ d. ―I will use precautions when administering oral medications to a school-age child.‖ ANS: D

Standard precautions involve the use of barrier protection (personal protective equipment [PPE]), such as gloves, goggles, a gown, or a mask, to prevent contamination from (1) blood, (2) all body fluids, secretions, and excretions except sweat, regardless of whether they contain visible blood, (3) nonintact skin, and (4) mucous membranes. Precautions should be taken when giving oral care, when changing diapers, and when encountering blood and body fluids.

Further teaching is needed if the student indicates the need to use precautions when administering an oral medication to a school-age child.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 7. The nurse is preparing an airborne infection isolation room for a patient. Which

communicable disease does the patient likely have? a. Varicella b. Pertussis c. Influenza d. Scarlet fever ANS: A

An airborne infection isolation room is the isolation for persons with a suspected or confirmed airborne infectious disease transmitted by the airborne route such as measles, varicella, or tuberculosis. Pertussis, influenza, and scarlet fever require droplet transmission precautions.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment 8. An infant with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is being admitted to the hospital. The nurse

should stress the importance of: a. enteric precautions b. hygiene/cough etiquette c. the use of a respirator d. bloodborne disease precautions ANS: B

Respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette stresses the importance of source control measures to contain respiratory secretions to prevent droplet and fomite transmission of viral respiratory tract infections.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment 9. The nurse is administering the first hepatitis A vaccine to an 18-month-old child. When

should the child return to the clinic for the second dose of hepatitis A vaccination? a. After 2 months b. After 3 months c. After 4 months d. After 6 months ANS: D

Hepatitis A vaccine is now recommended for all children beginning at age 1 year (i.e., 12 to 23 months). The second dose in the two-dose series may be administered no sooner than 6 months after the first dose.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 10. The nurse is preparing to administer a measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (MMRV)

vaccine. Which is a contraindication associated with administering this vaccine? a. The child has recently been exposed to an infectious disease. b. The child has symptoms of a cold but no fever. c. The child is having intermittent episodes of diarrhea. d. The child has a disorder that causes a deficient immune system.

ANS: D

The MMRV (measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella) vaccine is an attenuated live virus vaccine. Children with deficient immune systems should not receive the MMRV vaccine because of a lack of evidence of its safety in this population. Exposure to an infectious disease, symptoms of a cold, or intermittent episodes of diarrhea are not contraindications to receiving a live vaccine.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment 11. An immunocompromised child has been exposed to chickenpox. What should the nurse

anticipate being prescribed to the exposed child? a. Acyclovir (Zovirax) b. Valacyclovir (Valtrex) c. Amantadine (Symmetrel) d. Varicella-zoster immune globulin ANS: D

The use of varicella-zoster immune globulin or immune globulin intravenous (IGIV) is recommended for children who are immunocompromised, who have no previous history of varicella, and who are likely to contract the disease and have complications as a result. The antiviral agent acyclovir (Zovirax) or valacyclovir may be used to treat varicella infections in susceptible immunocompromised persons. It is effective in decreasing the number of lesions; shortening the duration of fever; and decreasing itching, lethargy, and anorexia. Symmetrel is an antiviral used to treat influenza.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment 12. The clinic nurse is instructing parents about caring for a toddler with ascariasis (common

roundworm). Which statement made by the parents indicates a need for further teaching? a. ―We will wash our hands often, especially after diaper changes.‖ b. ―We know that roundworm can be transmitted from person to person.‖ c. ―We will be sure to continue the nitazoxanide (Alinia) orally for 3 days.‖ d. ―We will bring a stool sample to the clinic for examination in 2 weeks.‖ ANS: B

Ascariasis (common roundworm) is transferred to the mouth by way of contaminated food, fingers, or toys. Further teaching is needed if parents state it is transmitted from person to person. Frequent hand washing, especially after diaper changes, continuing the Alinia for 3 days, and re-examining the stool in 2 weeks are appropriate actions.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 13. The nurse is assessing a child suspected of having pinworms. Which is the most common

symptom the nurse expects to assess? a. Restlessness b. Distractibility c. Rectal discharge d. Intense perianal itching ANS: D

Intense perianal itching is the principal symptom of pinworms. Restlessness and distractibility may be nonspecific symptoms. Rectal discharge is not a symptom of pinworms.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 14. A child has been diagnosed with giardiasis. Which prescribed medication should the nurse

expect to administer? a. Acyclovir (Zovirax) b. Metronidazole (Flagyl) c. Erythromycin (Pediazole) d. Azithromycin (Zithromax) ANS: B

Metronidazole is an antibiotic effective against anaerobic bacteria and certain parasites. It is prescribed to treat giardiasis. Zithromax is an antibiotic frequently used to treat respiratory infections. Zovirax is an antiviral medication and Pediazole is an antibiotic used to treat respiratory and skin infections.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. The nurse is planning to administer immunizations to a 6-month-old infant. Which

interventions should the nurse implement to minimize local reactions from the vaccines?

(Select all that apply.) a. Select a needle length of 1 inch. b. Administer in the deltoid muscle. c. Inject the vaccine into the vastus lateralis. d. Draw the vaccine up from a vial with a filter needle. e. Change the needle on the syringe after drawing up the vaccine and before injecting.

ANS: A, C

To minimize local reactions from vaccines, the nurse should select a needle of adequate length (25 mm [1 inch] in infants) to deposit the antigen deep in the muscle mass and inject it into the vastus lateralis muscle. The deltoid may be used in children 18 months of age or older but not in a 6-month-old infant. A filter needle is not needed to draw the vaccine from a vial.

Changing the needle on the syringe after drawing up the vaccine before injecting it has not been shown to decrease local reactions.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 2. The nurse is preparing to admit a 1-year-old child with pertussis (whooping cough). Which

clinical manifestations of pertussis should the nurse expect to observe? (Select all that apply.) a. Earache b. Coryza c. Conjunctivitis d. Low-grade fever e. Dry hacking cough ANS: B, D, E

The clinical manifestations of pertussis include coryza, a low-grade fever, and a dry hacking cough. The child does not have an earache or conjunctivitis.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 3. The nurse is preparing to admit a 2-year-old child with rubella (German measles). Which

clinical manifestations of rubella should the nurse expect to observe? (Select all that apply.) a. Sore throat b. Conjunctivitis c. Koplik spots d. Lymphadenopathy e. Discrete, pinkish red maculopapular exanthema ANS: A, B, D, E

The clinical manifestations of rubella include a sore throat; conjunctivitis; lymphadenopathy; and a discrete, pinkish red maculopapular exanthema. Koplik spots occur in measles but not rubella.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 4. The clinic nurse is assessing a child with bacterial conjunctivitis (pink eye). Which

assessment findings should the nurse expect? (Select all that apply.) a. Itching b. Swollen eyelids c. Inflamed conjunctiva d. Purulent eye drainage e. Crusting of eyelids in the morning ANS: B, C, D, E

The assessment findings in bacterial conjunctivitis include swollen eyelids, inflamed conjunctiva, purulent eye drainage, and crusting of eyelids in the morning. Itching is seen with allergic conjunctivitis but not with bacterial conjunctivitis.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 5. The clinic nurse is assessing a child with a heavy ascariasis lumbricoides (common

roundworm) infection. Which assessment findings should the nurse expect? (Select all that apply.) a. Anemia b. Anorexia c. Irritability d. Intestinal colic e. Enlarged abdomen ANS: B, C, D, E

The assessment findings in a heavy ascariasis lumbricoides infection include anorexia, irritability, intestinal colic, and an enlarged abdomen. Anemia is seen in hookworm infections but not ascariasis.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

Chapter 07: Health Promotion of the Newborn and Family Hockenberry: Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 12th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. What is a function of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in newborns? a. Generates heat for distribution to other parts of body. b. Provides ready source of calories in the newborn period. c. Protects newborns from injury during the birth process. d. Insulates the body against lowered environmental temperature.

ANS: A

Brown fat is a unique source of heat for newborns. It has a larger content of mitochondrial cytochromes and a greater capacity for heat production through intensified metabolic activity than does ordinary adipose tissue. Heat generated in brown fat is distributed to other parts of the body by the blood. It is effective only in heat production. Brown fat is in superficial areas such as between the scapulae, around the neck, in the axillae, and behind the sternum. These areas should not protect the newborn from injury during the birth process. The newborn has a thin layer of subcutaneous fat, which does not provide for conservation of heat.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 2. In term newborns, the first meconium stool typically occurs within the first ____ hr after birth. a. 6 b. 8 c. 12

d. 24 ANS: D

The first meconium stool should occur within the first 24 hr. It may be delayed up to 7 days in very low-birth-weight newborns.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 3. Which is true regarding an infant‘s kidney function? a. Conservation of fluid and electrolytes occurs. b. Urine has color and odor similar to the urine of adults. c. A functional deficiency in the ability to concentrate urine. d. Normally, urination does not occur until 24 hr after delivery.

ANS: C

At birth, all structural components are present in the renal system, but there is a functional deficiency in the kidney‘s ability to concentrate urine and to cope with conditions of fluid and electrolyte stress such as dehydration or a concentrated solute load. Infants‘ urine is colorless and odorless. The first voiding usually occurs within 24 hr of delivery. Newborns void when the bladder is stretched to 15 mL, resulting in about 20 voiding‘s per day.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 4. The Apgar score of an infant 5 minutes after birth is 8. Which is the nurse‘s best interpretation

of this? a. Resuscitation is likely to be needed. b. Adjustment to extrauterine life is adequate. c. Additional scoring in 5 more minutes is needed. d. Maternal sedation or analgesia contributed to the low score.

ANS: B

The Apgar reflects an infant‘s status in five areas: heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color. A score of 8 to 10 indicates an absence of difficulty adjusting to extrauterine life. Scores of 0 to 3 indicate severe distress, and scores of 4 to 7 indicate moderate difficulty. All infants are rescored at 5 minutes of life, and a score of 8 is not indicative of distress; the newborn does not have a low score. The Apgar score is not used to determine the infant‘s need for resuscitation at birth.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 5. Which statement best represents the first stage or the first period of reactivity in the infant? a. Begins when the newborn awakes from a deep sleep. b. Is an excellent time to acquaint the parents with the newborn. c. Ends when the amounts of respiratory mucus have decreased. d. Provides time for the mother to recover from the childbirth process.

ANS: B

During the first period of reactivity, the infant is alert, cries vigorously, may suck his or her fist greedily, and appears interested in the environment. The infant‘s eyes are usually wide open, suggesting that this is an excellent opportunity for mother, father, and infant to see each other. The second period of reactivity begins when the infant awakes from a deep sleep and ends when the amounts of respiratory mucus have decreased. The mother should sleep and recover during the second stage, when the infant is sleeping.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 6. Which statement reflects accurate information about patterns of sleep and wakefulness in the

newborn? a. States of sleep are independent of environmental stimuli. b. The quiet alert stage is the best stage for newborn stimulation. c. Cycles of sleep states are uniform in newborns of the same age. d. Muscle twitches and irregular breathing are common during deep sleep.

ANS: B

During the quiet alert stage, the newborn‘s eyes are wide open and bright. The newborn responds to the environment by active body movement and staring at close-range objects.

Newborns‘ ability to control their own cycles depend on their neurobehavioral development.

Each newborn has an individual cycle. Muscle twitches and irregular breathing are common during light sleep.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 7. What should the nurse use when assessing the physical maturity of a newborn? a. Length b. Apgar score c. Posture at rest d. Chest circumference ANS: C

With the newborn quiet and in a supine position, the degree of flexion in the arms and legs can be used for determination of gestational age. Length and chest circumference reflect the newborn‘s size and weight, which vary according to race and gender. Birth weight alone is a poor indicator of gestational age and fetal maturity. The Apgar score is an indication of the newborn‘s adjustment to extrauterine life.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 8. The nurse should expect the apical heart rate of a stabilized newborn to be in which range? a. 60 to 80 beats/min b. 80 to 100 beats/min c. 120 to 140 beats/min d. 160 to 180 beats/min ANS: C

The pulse rate of the newborn varies with periods of reactivity. Usually, the pulse rate is between 120 and 140 beats/min. Sixty to 100 beats/min is too slow for a newborn, and 160 to 180 beats/min is too fast for a newborn.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 9. Which finding in the newborn is considered abnormal? a. Nystagmus b. Profuse drooling c. Dark green or black stools d. Slight vaginal reddish discharge ANS: B

Profuse drooling and salivation are potential signs of a major abnormality. Newborns with esophageal atresia cannot swallow their oral secretions, resulting in excessive drooling.

Nystagmus is an involuntary movement of the eyes. This is a common variation in newborns.

Meconium, the first stool of newborns, is dark green or black. A pseudomenstruation may be present in normal newborns. This is a blood-tinged or mucoid vaginal discharge.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 10. The nurse observes flaring of nares in a newborn. What should this be interpreted as? a. Nasal occlusion b. Sign of respiratory distress c. Snuffles of congenital syphilis d. Appropriate newborn breathing ANS: B

Nasal flaring is an indication of respiratory distress. A nasal occlusion should prevent the child from breathing through the nose. Because newborns are obligatory nose breathers, this should require immediate referral. Snuffles are indicated by a thick, bloody nasal discharge without sneezing. Sneezing and thin, white mucus drainage are common in newborns and are not related to nasal flaring.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 11. The nurse is assessing the reflexes of a newborn. Stroking the outer sole of the foot assesses

which reflex? a. Grasp b. Perez c. Babinski d. Dance or step ANS: C

This is a description of the Babinski reflex. Stroking the outer sole of the foot upward from the heel across the ball of the foot causes the big toes to dorsiflex and the other toes to hyperextend. This reflex persists until approximately age 1 year or when the newborn begins to walk. The grasp reflex is elicited by touching the palms or soles at the base of the digits.

The digits will flex or grasp. The Perez reflex involves stroking the newborn‘s back when prone; the child flexes the extremities, elevating the head and pelvis. This disappears at ages 4 to 6 months. When the newborn is held so that the sole of the foot touches a hard surface, there is a reciprocal flexion and extension of the leg, simulating walking. This reflex disappears by ages 3 to 4 weeks.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 12. Which is most important in the immediate care of the newborn? a. Maintain a patent airway. b. Administer prophylactic eye care. c. Maintain a stable body temperature. d. Establish identification of the mother and baby.

ANS: A

Maintaining a patent airway is the primary objective in the care of the newborn. First, the pharynx is cleared with a bulb syringe followed by the nasal passages. Administering prophylactic eye care and establishing identification of the mother and baby are important functions, but physiologic stability is the first priority in the immediate care of the newborn.

Conserving the newborn‘s body heat and maintaining a stable body temperature are important, but a patent airway must be established first.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 13. An appropriate nursing intervention to maintain a patent airway in a newborn would include: a. Positioning the newborn supine after feedings. b. Wrapping the newborn as snugly as possible. c. Placing the newborn to sleep in the prone (on abdomen) position. d. Using a bulb syringe to suction as needed, suctioning the nose first and then the

pharynx.

ANS: A

Positioning the newborn supine after feedings is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics to prevent sudden newborn death syndrome. The child can be wrapped snugly but should be placed on the side or back. Placing a newborn to sleep in the prone (on abdomen) position is not advised because of the possible link between sleeping in the prone position and sudden newborn death syndrome. A bulb syringe should be kept by the bedside, if necessary, but the pharynx should be suctioned before the nose.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 14. The nurse quickly dries the newborn after delivery. This is to conserve the newborn‘s body

heat by preventing heat loss through which method? a. Radiation

b. Conduction c. Convection d. Evaporation ANS: D

Evaporation is the loss of heat through moisture. The newborn should be quickly dried of the amniotic fluid. Radiation is the loss of heat to a cooler solid object. The cold air from either the window or the air conditioner will cool the walls of the incubator and subsequently the body of the newborn. Conduction involves the loss of heat from the body because of direct contact of the skin with a cooler object. Convection is similar to conduction but is the loss of heat aided by air currents.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 15. The nurse is teaching a class on breastfeeding to expectant parents. Which is a

contraindication for breastfeeding? a. Mastitis b. Twin births c. Inverted nipples d. Maternal cancer therapy ANS: D

Mothers receiving chemotherapy with antimetabolites and certain antineoplastic drugs should not breastfeed. The drugs are passed to the newborn through the breast milk. Mastitis, twin births, and inverted nipples are not contraindications.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 16. A mother who breastfeeds her 6-week-old infant every 4 hr tells the nurse that he seems

―hungry all the time.‖ The nurse should recommend: a. newborn cereal. b. supplemental formula. c. more frequent feedings. d. no change in feedings.

ANS: C

Infants who are breastfed tend to be hungry every 2 to 3 hr. They should be fed frequently.

Six weeks is too early to introduce newborn cereal. Supplemental formula is not indicated.

Giving additional formula or water to a breastfed infant may satiate the infant and create problems with breastfeeding. The infant requires additional feedings. Four hours is too long between feedings for a breastfed infant.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 17. A new mother wants to be discharged with her infant as soon as possible. Before discharge,

what should the nurse be certain of? a. The infant has voided at least once. b. The infant does not spit up after feeding. c. Jaundice, if present, appeared before 24 hr.

d. A follow-up appointment with the practitioner is made within 48 hr.

ANS: D

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that newborns discharged early receive follow-up care within 48 hr in either a primary practitioner‘s office or the home. The child should void every 4 to 6 hr. Spitting up small amounts after feeding is normal in newborns; it should not delay discharge. Jaundice within the first 24 hr of life must be evaluated.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 18. The nurse is caring for a patient who has chosen to breastfeed her infant. Which statement

should the nurse include when teaching the mother about breastfeeding problems that may occur? a. ―If you experience painful nipples, cleanse your nipples with soap two times per day and keep your nipples covered as much as possible.‖ b. ―If you experience plugged ducts, continue to breastfeed every 2 to 3 hr and alternate feeding positions.‖ c. ―If mastitis occurs, discontinue breastfeeding while taking prescribed antibiotics and apply warm compresses.‖ d. ―If engorgement occurs, use cold compresses before a feeding and wear a well-fitting bra at night.‖ ANS: B

If a woman experiences plugged ducts, the best interventions are to continue breastfeeding every 2 to 3 hr and alternate feeding positions while pointing the infant‘s chin toward the obstructed area. Other interventions include massaging breasts and applying warm compresses before feeding or pumping. If painful nipples occur, the woman should avoid soaps, oils, and lotions and air the nipples as much as possible. If mastitis occurs, the woman should continue breastfeeding to keep the breast well drained. If engorgement occurs, the woman should use a warm compress before feedings and wear a well-fitting bra 24 hr a day.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 19. An infant is being discharged at 48 hr of age. The parents ask how the infant should be bathed

this first week home. Which is the best recommendation by the nurse? a. Bathe the infant daily with mild soap. b. Bathe the infant daily with an alkaline soap. c. Bathe the infant two or three times this week with mild soap. d. Bathe the infant two or three times this week with plain water.

ANS: D

A newborn infant‘s skin has a pH of approximately 5. This acidic pH has a bacteriostatic effect. The parents should be taught to use only plain warm water for the bath and to bathe the infant no more than two or three times the first 2 weeks. Soaps are alkaline. They will alter the acid mantle of the infant‘s skin, providing a medium for bacterial growth.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance

MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. The nurse is completing a physical and gestational age assessment on an infant who is 12 hr

old. Which components are included in the gestational age assessment? (Select all that apply.) a. Arm recoil b. Popliteal angle c. Motor performance d. Primitive reflexes e. Square window f. Scarf sign ANS: A, B, E, F

The components of the typical gestational age assessment include posture, square window, arm recoil, popliteal angle, scarf sign, and heel to ear. Motor performance and reflexes are parts of the behaviors in the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 2. The nurse is teaching parents about the visual ability of their newborn. Which should the

nurse include in the teaching session? (Select all that apply.) a. Visual acuity is between 20/100 and 20/400. b. Tear glands do not begin to function until 8 to 12 weeks of age. c. Infants can momentarily fixate on a bright object that is within 8 inches. d. The infant demonstrates visual preferences of black-and-white contrasting patterns. e. The infant prefers bright colors (red, orange, blue) over medium colors (yellow, green, pink).

ANS: A, C, D

Visual acuity is reported to be between 20/100 and 20/400, depending on the vision measurement techniques. The infant has the ability to momentarily fixate on a bright or moving object that is within 20 cm (8 inches) and in the midline of the visual field. The infant demonstrates visual preferences of black-and-white contrasting patterns. The visual preference is for medium colors (yellow, green, pink) over dim or bright colors (red, orange, blue). Tear glands begin to function until 2 to 4 weeks of age.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 3. Which assessments are included in the Apgar scoring system? (Select all that apply.) a. Heart rate b. Muscle tone c. Blood pressure d. Blood glucose e. Reflex irritability ANS: A, B, E

The Apgar score is based on observation of heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color. Blood pressure and blood glucose are not part of the Apgar scoring system.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing

TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 4. The nurse is completing a respiratory assessment on a newborn. What are normal findings of

the assessment the nurse should document? (Select all that apply.) a. Periodic breathing b. Respiratory rate of 40 breaths/min c. Wheezes on auscultation d. Apnea lasting 25 seconds e. Slight intercostal retractions ANS: A, B, E

Periodic breathing is common in full-term newborns and consists of rapid, nonlabored respirations followed by pauses of less than 20 seconds. The newborn‘s respiratory rate is between 30 and 60 breaths/min. The ribs are flexible, and slight intercostal retractions are normal on inspiration. Periods of apnea lasting more than 20 seconds are abnormal, and wheezes should be reported.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Communication and Documentation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity COMPLETION 1. A health care provider prescribes vitamin K intramuscular 1 mg one time within 1 hr of birth.

The medication label states: ―Vitamin K 2 mg/1 mL.‖ The nurse prepares to administer one dose. How many milliliters will the nurse prepare to administer one dose? Fill in the blank.

Record your answer to one decimal place. ________________ ANS:

0.5 Follow the formula for dosage calculation.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

Chapter 08: Health Problems of Newborns Hockenberry: Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 12th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The parents of a newborn ask the nurse what caused the baby‘s facial nerve paralysis. The

nurse‘s response is based on remembering that this is caused by what? a. Birth injury

b. Genetic defect c. Spinal cord injury d. Inborn error of metabolism ANS: A

Pressure on the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) during delivery may result in injury to the nerve. Genetic defects, spinal cord injuries, and inborn errors of metabolism did not cause the facial nerve paralysis. The paralysis usually disappears in a few days but may take as long as several months.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 2. A mother is upset because her newborn has erythema toxicum neonatorum. The nurse should

reassure her that this is what? a. Easily treated b. Benign and transient c. Usually not contagious d. Usually not disfiguring ANS: B

Erythema toxicum neonatorum, or newborn rash, is a benign, self-limiting eruption of unknown cause that usually appears within the first 2 days of life. The rash usually lasts about 5 to 7 days. No treatment is indicated. Erythema toxicum neonatorum is not contagious.

Successive crops of lesions heal without pigmentation.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 3. What should be included in nursing care of an infant with oral candidiasis (thrush) include? a. Avoid use of a pacifier. b. Continue medication for the prescribed number of days. c. Remove the characteristic white patches with a soft cloth. d. Apply medication to the oral mucosa, being careful that none is ingested.

ANS: B

The medication must be continued for the prescribed number of days. To prevent relapse, therapy should continue for at least 2 days after the lesions disappear. Pacifiers can be used.

The pacifier should be replaced with a new one or boiled for 20 minutes once daily. One of the characteristics of thrush is that the white patches cannot be removed. The medication is applied to the oral mucosa and then swallowed to treat Candida albicans infection in the gastrointestinal tract.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 4. A mother brings her 6-week-old infant in with complaints of poor feeding, lethargy, fever,

irritability, and a vesicular rash. What does the nurse suspect? a. Impetigo b. Candidiasis c. Neonatal herpes d. Congenital syphilis

ANS: C

Neonatal herpes is one of the most serious viral infections in newborns, with a mortality rate of up to 60% in infants with disseminated disease. Bullous impetigo is an infectious superficial skin condition most often caused by Staphylococcus aureus infection. It is characterized by bullous vesicular lesions on previously untraumatized skin. Candidiasis is characterized by white adherent patches on the tongue, palate, and inner aspects of the cheeks.

Congenital syphilis has multisystem manifestations, including hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, hemolytic anemia, and thrombocytopenia.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 5. Which is a bright red, rubbery nodule with a rough surface and a well-defined margin that

may be present at birth? a. Port-wine stain b. Juvenile melanoma c. Cavernous hemangioma d. Strawberry hemangioma ANS: D

Strawberry hemangiomas (or capillary hemangiomas) are benign cutaneous tumors that involve only capillaries. They are bright red, rubbery nodules with rough surfaces and well-defined margins. They may or may not be apparent at birth but enlarge during the first year of life and tend to resolve spontaneously by ages 2 to 3 years. A port-wine stain is a vascular stain that is a permanent lesion and is present at birth. Initially, it is a pink; red; or, rarely, purple stain of the skin that is flat at birth; it thickens, darkens, and proportionately enlarges as the infant grows. Melanoma is not differentiated into juvenile and adult forms. A cavernous hemangioma involves deeper vessels in the dermis and has a bluish red color and poorly defined margins.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 6. What is an infant with severe jaundice at risk for developing? a. Encephalopathy b. Bullous impetigo c. Respiratory distress d. Blood incompatibility ANS: A

Unconjugated bilirubin, which can cross the blood–brain barrier, is highly toxic to neurons.

An infant with severe jaundice is at risk for developing kernicterus or bilirubin encephalopathy. Bullous impetigo is a highly infectious bacterial infection of the skin. It has no relation to severe jaundice. A blood incompatibility may be the causative factor for the severe jaundice.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 7. When should the nurse expect breastfeeding-associated jaundice to first appear in a normal

infant?

a. b. c. d.

2 to 12 hr 12 to 24 hr 2 to 4 days After the fifth day

ANS: C

Breastfeeding-associated jaundice is caused by decreased milk intake related to decreased caloric and fluid intake by the infant before the mother‘s milk is well established. Fasting is associated with decreased hepatic clearance of bilirubin. Zero to twenty-four hours is too soon; jaundice within the first 24 hr is associated with hemolytic disease of the newborn.

After the fifth day is too late. Jaundice associated with breastfeeding begins earlier because of decreased breast milk intake.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 8. Which intervention may decrease the incidence of physiologic jaundice in a healthy full-term

infant? a. Institute early and frequent feedings. b. Bathe newborn when the axillary temperature is 36.3° C (97.5° F). c. Place the newborn‘s crib near a window for exposure to sunlight. d. Suggest that the mother initiate breastfeeding when the danger of jaundice has passed.

ANS: A

Physiologic jaundice is caused by the immature hepatic function of the newborn‘s liver coupled with the increased load from red blood cell hemolysis. The excess bilirubin from the destroyed red blood cells cannot be excreted from the body. Feeding stimulates peristalsis and produces more rapid passage of meconium. Bathing does not affect physiologic jaundice.

Placing the newborn‘s crib near a window for exposure to sunlight is not a treatment of physiologic jaundice. Colostrum is a natural cathartic that facilitates meconium excavation.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 9. What is an important nursing intervention for a full-term infant receiving phototherapy? a. Observing for signs of dehydration b. Using sunscreen to protect the infant‘s skin c. Keeping the infant diapered to collect frequent stools d. Informing the mother why breastfeeding must be discontinued ANS: A

Dehydration is a potential risk of phototherapy. The nurse monitors hydration status to be alert for the need for more frequent feedings and supplemental fluid administration. Lotions are not used; they may contribute to a ―frying‖ effect. The infant should be placed nude under the lights and should be repositioned frequently to expose all body surfaces to the lights.

Breastfeeding is encouraged. Intermittent phototherapy may be as effective as continuous therapy. The advantage to the mother and father of being able to hold their infant outweighs the concerns related to clearance.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying

TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 10. Rh hemolytic disease is suspected in a mother‘s second baby, a son. Which factor is important

in understanding how this could develop? a. The first child was a girl. b. The first child was Rh positive. c. Both parents have type O blood. d. She was not immunized against hemolysis.

ANS: B

Hemolytic disease of the newborn results from an abnormally rapid rate of red blood cell (RBC) destruction. The major causes of this are maternal–fetal Rh and ABO incompatibility.

If a Rh-negative mother has previously been exposed to Rh-positive blood through pregnancy or blood transfusion, antibodies to this blood group antigen may develop so that she is isoimmunized. With further exposure to Rh-positive blood, the maternal antibodies agglutinate with the RBCs of the fetus that has the antigen and destroy the cells. Hemolytic disease caused by ABO incompatibilities can be present with the first pregnancy. The gender of the first child is not a concern. Blood type is the important consideration. If both parents have type O blood, ABO incompatibility should not be a possibility.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 11. When should the nurse expect jaundice to be present in a full-term infant with hemolytic

disease? a. At birth b. Within 24 hr after birth c. 25 to 48 hr after birth d. 49 to 72 hr after birth ANS: B

In hemolytic disease of the infant, jaundice is usually evident within the first 24 hr of life.

Infants with hemolytic disease are usually not jaundiced at birth, although some degree of hepatosplenomegaly, pallor, and hypovolemic shock may occur when the most severe form, hydrops fetalis, is present. Twenty-five to seventy-two hours after birth is too late for hemolytic disease of the infant. Jaundice at these ages is most likely caused by physiologic or early-onset breastfeeding jaundice.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 12. A woman who is Rh negative is pregnant with her first child, and her husband is Rh positive.

During her 12-week prenatal visit, she tells the nurse that she has been told that this is dangerous. What should the nurse tell her? a. That no treatment is necessary. b. That an exchange transfusion will be necessary at birth. c. That no treatment is available until the infant is born. d. That administration of Rh immunoglobulin is indicated at 26 to 28 weeks of gestation.

ANS: D

The goal is to prevent isoimmunization. If the mother has not been previously exposed to the Rh-negative antigen, Rh immunoglobulin (RhIg) is administered at 26 to 28 weeks of gestation and again within 72 hr of birth. The intramuscular administration of RhIg has virtually eliminated hemolytic disease of the infant secondary to the Rh factor. Unless other problems coexist, the newborn will not require transfusions at birth.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 13. The nurse is planning care for an infant receiving calcium gluconate for treatment of

hypocalcemia. Which route of administration should be used? a. Oral b. Intramuscular c. Intravenous d. Intraosseous ANS: C

Calcium gluconate is administered intravenously over 10 to 30 minutes or as a continuous infusion. If it is given more rapidly than this, cardiac dysrhythmias and circulatory collapse may occur. Early feedings are indicated, but when the ionized calcium drops below 3.0 to 4.4 mg/dl, intravenous calcium gluconate is necessary. Intramuscular or intraosseous administration is not recommended.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 14. The nurse is caring for a breastfed full-term infant who was born after an uneventful

pregnancy and delivery. The infant‘s blood glucose level is 36 mg/dl. Which action should the nurse implement? a. Bring the infant to the mother and initiate breastfeeding. b. Place a nasogastric tube and administer 5% dextrose water. c. Start a peripheral intravenous line and administer 10% dextrose. d. Monitor the infant in the nursery and obtain a blood glucose level in 4 hr.

ANS: A

A full-term infant born after an uncomplicated pregnancy and delivery who is borderline hypoglycemic, as indicated by a blood glucose level of 36 mg/dl, and who is clinically asymptomatic should probably re-establish normoglycemia with early institution of breastfeeding or bottle-feeding. The newborn does not require a nasogastric tube and 5% dextrose water or a peripheral intravenous line with 10% dextrose because the blood glucose level is only borderline. The infant does need to be monitored, but breastfeeding should be started, and the blood glucose level checked in 1 to 2 hr.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 15. A pregnant client asks the nurse to explain the meaning of cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD).

Which explanation should the nurse give to the client? a. ―It means a large for gestational age fetus.‖ b. ―It is the narrow opening between the ischial spines.‖ c. ―There is an uneven size between the fetus‘ presenting part and the pelvis.‖

d. ―The shape of the pelvis is an android shape and is unfavorable for vaginal

delivery.‖ ANS: C

Cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD) means a disproportion (or uneven size) between the fetus‘ presenting part and the maternal pelvis. It does not mean a large for gestational age fetus or that the pelvis is an android shape. The narrow opening between the ischial spines is called the transverse measurement.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 16. The nurse is caring for a newborn with Erb palsy. The nurse understands that which reflex is

absent with this condition? a. Root reflex b. Suck reflex c. Grasp reflex d. Moro reflex ANS: D

Erb palsy (Erb-Duchenne paralysis) is caused by damage to the upper plexus and usually results from stretching or pulling away of the shoulder from the head. The Moro reflex is absent in a newborn with Erb palsy. The root and suck reflex are not affected. A grasp reflex is present in newborns because the finger and wrist movements remain normal.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 17. A newborn has been diagnosed with brachial nerve paralysis. The nurse should assist the

breastfeeding mother to use which hold or position during feeding? a. Reclining b. The cradle hold c. The football hold d. The cross-over hold ANS: C

In brachial nerve paralysis, the affected arm is gently immobilized on the upper abdomen.

Tucking the newborn under the arm (football hold) puts less pressure on the newborn‘s affected extremity. The other positions place the newborn‘s body next to the mother‘s and can cause pressure on the affected arm.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 18. The parents of an infant with a cleft palate ask the nurse, ―What follow-up care will our infant

need after the repair?‖ Which is an accurate response by the nurse? a. ―Your infant will not need any subsequent follow-up care.‖ b. ―Your infant will only need to be evaluated by an audiologist.‖ c. ―Your infant will only need follow-up with a speech pathologist.‖ d. ―Your infant will need follow-up with audiologists and orthodontists.‖ ANS: D

A cleft palate means that audiologists will evaluate the child‘s hearing throughout early childhood and work closely with otolaryngologists to determine if pressure-equalizing (PE) tubes are needed. An infant with a cleft palate will also go through multiple phases of orthodontic intervention to align the teeth and the maxillary arches. Follow-up will be needed as the child grows. Following up with only an audiologist or only a speech pathologist would not be adequate.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 19. An infant requires surgery for repair of a cleft lip. Which is an important priority of

preoperative nursing care? a. Initiating discharge teaching b. Performing baseline physical and behavioral assessment c. Observing for allergic reactions to preoperative antibiotics d. Determining whether this defect exists in other family members ANS: B

It is essential to assess the infant before surgery to obtain a baseline. Postoperative changes can be identified, and a determination can be made regarding pain or change in status. The parents are not ready for discharge teaching. Their focus is on the congenital defect and surgery. Although a remote possibility, allergic reactions rarely occur on the first dose.

Determining whether this defect exists in other family members is an important part of the history but is not a priority before surgery.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 20. The nurse is caring for an infant with hyperbilirubinemia and hemolytic disease. Which

medication should the nurse anticipate being prescribed to decrease the bilirubin level? a. Phenytoin (Dilantin) b. Valproic acid (Depakene) c. Carbamazepine (Tegretol) d. Phenobarbital (Phenobarbital) ANS: D

Phenobarbital is used to decrease the bilirubin level in a newborn with hemolytic disease.

Phenobarbital promotes (1) hepatic glucuronyl transferase synthesis, which increases bilirubin conjugation and hepatic clearance of the pigment in bile and (2) protein synthesis, which may increase albumin for more bilirubin binding sites. Dilantin, Depakene, and Tegretol are antiseizure medications and do not lower bilirubin levels.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. The nurse is teaching a new nurse about types of physical injuries that can occur at birth.

Which soft tissue injuries should the nurse include in the teaching? (Select all that apply.) a. Petechiae b. Retinal hemorrhage

c. d. e. f.

Facial paralysis Cephalhematoma Subdural hematoma Subconjunctival hemorrhage

ANS: A, B, F

Soft tissue injuries that can occur at birth include petechiae, retinal hemorrhage, and subconjunctival hemorrhage. Facial paralysis and cephalhematoma are head injuries that occur at birth, and a subdural hematoma is considered a neurologic injury related to the birthing process.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 2. Which interventions should the nurse implement for a newborn with a subgaleal hemorrhage?

(Select all that apply.) a. Monitor bilirubin levels. b. Monitor hematocrit levels. c. Prepare the newborn for skull radiography. d. Monitor the newborn‘s level of consciousness. e. Place a warm compress on the affected area.

ANS: A, B, D

An increase in serum bilirubin levels may occur as a result of the degrading red blood cells within the hematoma. Monitoring the newborn for changes in level of consciousness and a decrease in the hematocrit are keys to early recognition and management. Computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, not skull radiography, is useful in confirming the diagnosis. A warm compress would be contraindicated because it may dilate blood vessels and increase bleeding.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 3. An infant with an isolated cleft lip is being bottle fed. Which actions should the nurse plan to

implement to assist with the feeding? (Select all that apply.) a. Use an NUK nipple. b. Use cheek support. c. Enlarge the nipple opening. d. Position the infant upright. e. Thicken the formula with rice cereal.

ANS: A, B, D

A bottle-fed infant with an isolated cleft lip should be fed with cheek support (squeezing the cheeks together to decrease the width of the cleft), which may help the infant achieve an adequate anterior lip seal during feeding. Systems that have a wider base, such as an NUK (orthodontic) nipple or a Playtex nurser, allow the infant with a cleft lip to feed more successfully. The infant should be positioned upright with the head supported. This position helps gravity to direct the flow of liquid so that it is swallowed rather than entering into the nasal cavity. Enlarging the nipple opening would allow too much milk too fast for an infant with a cleft palate. Thickening the formula with rice cereal is done for infants with gastroesophageal reflux, not cleft lip.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 4. The nurse suspects a newborn has a fractured clavicle. What are signs of a fractured clavicle?

(Select all that apply.) a. An asymmetric Moro reflex b. Limited use of the affected arm c. Crying when the arm is moved d. Muscles of the hand are paralyzed e. The arm hangs limp alongside the body ANS: A, B, C

A newborn with a fractured clavicle may have no signs, but the nurse should suspect a fracture if an infant has limited use of the affected arm, malpositioning of the arm, an asymmetric Moro reflex, or focal swelling or tenderness or cries when the arm is moved.

Paralyzed hand muscles and an arm that hangs limp alongside the body are signs of Erb palsy.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 5. The nursery nurse is aware that which are risk factors for hyperbilirubinemia? (Select all that

apply.) a. An infant born preterm b. An infant born to a mother with diabetes c. An infant born to a white mother d. An infant fed exclusively with formula e. An infant born with a metabolic disease ANS: A, B, E

Prematurity increases the risk of hyperbilirubinemia. An infant born to a mother with diabetes is also at risk for hyperbilirubinemia. Infants with metabolic disorders such as galactosemia or hypothyroidism may also develop hyperbilirubinemia. Neonates of East Asian ethnicity (China, Taiwan, Macao, Hong Kong, Japan, and Korea) are at higher risk for high mean serum bilirubin levels than neonates of any different ethnic origin. Exclusive breastfeeding is another risk factor for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, not feeding exclusively with formula.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

Chapter 09: The High-Risk Newborn and Family Hockenberry: Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 12th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which statement explains why a neutral thermal environment is essential for a high-risk

neonate? a. The neonate produces heat by increasing activity and shivering. b. Metabolism slows dramatically in the neonate experiencing cold stress. c. It permits the neonate to maintain a normal core temperature with minimum oxygen consumption.

d. It permits the neonate to maintain a normal core temperature with increased caloric

consumption.

ANS: C

A high-risk neonate is at greater risk for cold stress than a term infant because of the smaller muscle mass and fewer deposits of brown fat for producing heat, lack of insulating subcutaneous fat, and poor reflex control of skin capillaries. By definition, a neutral thermal environment is one that permits the infant to maintain a normal core temperature with minimum oxygen consumption and caloric expenditure. Smaller muscle mass and poor reflex control of skin capillaries decrease the ability of a high-risk neonate to compensate for an environment that is not thermoneutral. Metabolism increases in an infant experiencing cold stress, creating a compensatory increase in oxygen and caloric consumption. Increased caloric consumption is to be avoided. Neonates need available calories for growth.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 2. When caring for a neonate in a radiant warmer, what should the nurse be alert to? a. Exposure to prolonged cold stress. b. Need for Plexiglas shields to protect the infant. c. Transepidermal water loss leading to dehydration. d. Increased risk of infection from the open environment.

ANS: C

Radiant warmers result in greater evaporative fluid loss than normal, thus predisposing the infant to dehydration. Plastic wrap can help reduce this loss. Daily fluid requirements are increased to compensate. The radiant warmer protects the infant from cold stress. Plexiglas shields are not used in radiant warmers because they block the radiant heat waves. With clean and aseptic technique, there is not a greater risk of infection.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 3. Which statement is true concerning the nutritional needs of preterm infants? a. The secretion of lactase is low. b. Carbohydrates and fats are better tolerated than protein. c. The demand for nutrients is less than in full-term infants. d. Breast milk lacks the proper concentration of nutrients.

ANS: A

The enzyme lactase is not readily available in an infant‘s body until after 34 weeks of gestation. Formulas containing lactose are not well tolerated. Carbohydrates and fats are less well tolerated than protein. Preterm infants require significantly higher intake of calories and other nutrients than full-term infants. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends 105 to 130 kcal/kg/day. Breast milk from the infant‘s mother is considered the ideal enteral nutrition for the infant. Several commercial formulas are designed for preterm infants.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 4. While a mother is feeding her high-risk neonate, the nurse observes the neonate having

occasional apnea, pallor, and bradycardia. What is the most appropriate nursing action?

a. b. c. d.

Let the neonate rest before breastfeeding again.

Resume gavage feedings until the neonate is asymptomatic.

Recognize that this may indicate an underlying illness.

Use a high-flow, pliable nipple because it requires less energy to use.

ANS: C

Apnea, pallor, and bradycardia may be signs of an underlying illness. The infant should be evaluated to ensure he or she is not developing problems. The infant can rest while waiting for the evaluation. If the child is becoming ill, the capacity to digest enteral feedings may be compromised. The type of nipple that is being used should not produce the signs being observed.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 5. A preterm neonate has begun breastfeeding, but the infant tires easily and has weak sucking

and swallowing reflexes. What is the most appropriate nursing intervention? a. Encourage the mother to breastfeed. b. Resume orogastric feedings of formula. c. Try nipple feeding the preterm infant formula. d. Feed the remainder of breast milk by the enteral route.

ANS: D

If a preterm infant tires easily or has weak sucking when breastfeeding is initiated, the nurse should feed the additional breast milk by the enteral route. The nurse supports the mother in the attempts to breastfeed and ensures that the infant is receiving adequate nutrition. Breast milk should be used as long as the mother can supply it.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 6. A preterm infant is being fed by gavage. What is an important consideration for this infant? a. Warm the feeding to body temperature before feeding. b. Feed the infant in an isolette to minimize handling. c. Provide a pacifier for nonnutritive sucking during bolus feeding. d. Do not allow the infant to have increased stress by becoming hungry.

ANS: C

Nonnutritive sucking during feedings will help the infant associate sucking with food. This can minimize feeding resistance and aversion. Warming the feeding to body temperature is not necessary. The food can be at room temperature. If possible, the infant should be held in a feeding position. The infant should be allowed to become hungry so that the food and nonnutritive sucking are associated with satisfying the hunger.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 7. The nurse is caring for a 3-week-old boy born at 29 weeks of gestation. While taking vital

signs and changing his diaper after stooling, the nurse observes his skin is slightly mottled, his arms and legs are limp and extended, he has the hiccups, his respirations are deep and rapid, and his heart rate is regular and rapid. The nurse should recognize these behaviors as signs of what?

a. b. c. d.

Stress Subtle seizures Preterm behaviors Onset of respiratory distress

ANS: A

These are signs of stress or fatigue in a newborn. Neonatal seizures usually have some type of repetitive movement, from twitching to rhythmic jerking movements. The behavior of a preterm infant may be inactive and listless. Respiratory distress is exhibited by retractions and nasal flaring.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 8. The nurse is planning care for a family expecting their newborn infant to die because of an

incurable birth defect. What should the nurse‘s interventions be based on? a. Tangible remembrances of the infant (e.g., lock of hair, picture) prolong grief. b. Photographs of infants should not be taken after death. c. Funerals are not recommended because the mother is still recovering from childbirth. d. The parents should be given the opportunity to ―parent‖ the infant, including seeing, holding, touching, or talking to the infant in private.

ANS: D

Providing care for the neonate is an important step in the grieving process. It gives the parents a tangible person for whom to grieve, which is a key component of the grieving process.

Tangible remembrances and photographs can make the infant seem more real to the parents.

Many neonatal intensive care units make bereavement memory packets, which may include a lock of hair, handprints, footprints, a bedside name card, and other individualized objects.

Families need to be informed of their options. The ritual of a funeral provides an opportunity for the parents to be supported by relatives and friends.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 9. Which is a critical factor responsible for respiratory distress syndrome in a newborn? a. Absence of alveoli b. Immature bronchioles c. Overdeveloped alveoli d. Deficient surfactant production ANS: D

The successful adaptation to extrauterine breathing requires numerous factors, which most term infants successfully accomplish. Preterm infants with respiratory distress are not able to adjust. The most likely central cause is the abnormal development of the surfactant system.

The number and state of development of the alveoli are not central factors in respiratory distress syndrome. The instability of the alveoli related to the lack of surfactant is the causative issue. The bronchioles are sufficiently developed in newborns.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

10. What are possible preterm infant complications from oxygen therapy and mechanical

ventilation? a. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia and retinopathy of prematurity b. Anemia and necrotizing enterocolitis c. Cerebral palsy and persistent patent ductus arteriosus d. Congestive heart failure and cerebral edema ANS: A

Oxygen therapy, although lifesaving, is not without hazards. The positive pressure created by mechanical ventilation creates an increase in the number of ruptured alveoli and subsequent pneumothorax and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Oxygen therapy puts the infant at risk for retinopathy of prematurity. Anemia, necrotizing enterocolitis, cerebral palsy, persistent patent ductus, congestive heart failure, and cerebral edema are not primarily caused by oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 11. A preterm infant with respiratory distress syndrome is receiving inhaled nitric oxide (NO).

What is the reason for administering the inhaled nitric oxide? a. To mature the lungs. b. To deliver a level of oxygen that is safe. c. To increase the removal of pulmonary debris such as meconium. d. To reduce pulmonary vasoconstriction and pulmonary hypertension.

ANS: D

NO is used for infants with conditions such as meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia, sepsis, and congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Most infants with these disorders do have mature lungs. NO is not oxygen. Inhaled NO is beneficial for infants with meconium aspiration syndrome, but it does not work by removing debris. Inhaled NO is a significant treatment for infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary vasoconstriction, and subsequent acidosis and severe hypoxia. When inhaled into the lungs, it causes smooth muscle relaxation and reduction of pulmonary vasoconstriction and subsequent pulmonary hypertension.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 12. What is most descriptive of the signs observed in neonatal sepsis? a. Seizures b. Sudden hyperthermia c. Decreased urinary output d. Subtle, vague, and nonspecific physical signs ANS: D

The signs of neonatal sepsis are usually characterized by the infant generally ―not doing well.‖ Poor temperature control, usually with hypothermia, lethargy, poor feeding, pallor, cyanosis or mottling, and jaundice, may be evident. Seizures are not a manifestation of sepsis. Severe neurologic sequelae may occur in low-birth-weight infants with sepsis. Hyperthermia is rare in neonatal sepsis. Urinary output is not affected by sepsis.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding

TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 13. What is a priority of care for an infant with an intraventricular hemorrhage? a. Avoid use of analgesia. b. Keep the infant‘s head to the right side. c. Minimize interventions that cause crying. d. Encourage the staff and parents to hold the infant.

ANS: C

The priority goal is to decrease intracranial pressure (ICP). Allowing the infant to cry will cause an increase in pressure. Analgesia is used as necessary to maintain the child pain free.

This reduces ICP. The infant should be positioned with the body and head in the midline position. Turning the child‘s head to the right side can cause cerebral venous congestion and increased ICP. The child should have minimum stimulation to avoid increases in ICP. DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 14. What is a characteristic of most neonatal seizures? a. Clonic b. Generalized c. Well organized d. Subtle and barely discernible ANS: D

Seizures in newborns may be subtle and barely discernible or grossly apparent. Most neonatal seizures are subcortical and do not have the etiologic or prognostic significance of seizures in older children. Clonic seizures are slow, rhythmic jerking movements. Generalized seizures are bilateral jerks of the upper and lower limbs that are associated with electroencephalographic discharges. Neonatal seizures are not well organized.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 15. The nurse is caring for a preterm infant who is receiving caffeine citrate for treatment of apnea

of prematurity. What signs should indicate caffeine toxicity? a. Bradycardia and hypotension b. Oliguria and sleepiness c. Vomiting and irritability d. Constipation and weight loss ANS: C

Caffeine citrate is the medication of choice for the treatment of apnea of prematurity because it has fewer side effects, requires once-daily dosing, has slower elimination, and has a wider therapeutic range than other options. Caffeine toxicity can still occur, so the preterm infant needs to be monitored for signs of toxicity, including vomiting and irritability. Bradycardia, hypotension, oliguria, sleepiness, constipation, and weight loss are not symptoms of toxicity.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

16. The nurse is preparing to administer a gavage feeding to an infant. The nurse should place the

infant in which position for the feeding? a. Supine with the head flat b. Sitting upright in a car seat c. Left side-lying with the head flat d. Prone with the head slightly elevated ANS: D

The gavage feeding is best performed when an infant is in a prone or a right side-lying position with the head slightly elevated. Supine and left side-lying with the head flat would not be a recommended position. The infant should not be gavage fed sitting in a car seat.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 17. Parents of an infant born at 36 weeks of gestation ask the nurse, ―Will our infant need a car

seat trial before being discharged?‖ What is the nurse‘s best response? a. ―Yes, to see if the car seat is the appropriate size.‖ b. ―Yes, to determine if blanket rolls will be needed.‖ c. ―No, your infant was old enough at birth to not need a trial.‖ d. ―Yes, to monitor for possible apnea and bradycardia while in the seat.‖ ANS: D

It is recommended that infants younger than 37 weeks of gestation have a period of observation in an appropriate car seat to monitor for possible apnea and bradycardia. The trial is not done to check the size of the car seat or to determine if blanket rolls will be needed. The infant was born at 36 weeks of gestation, so it is recommended to perform a car seat trial.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 18. The nurse is caring for an infant born at 37 weeks of gestation of a nondiabetic mother just

admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit for observation. The nurse notes that which lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio obtained before delivery indicates no risk of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)? a. 1.4:1 b. 1.6:1 c. 1.8:1 d. 2:1 ANS: D

An L/S ratio of 2:1 in nondiabetic mothers indicates virtually no risk of RDS. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 19. The health care provider has prescribed surfactant, beractant (Survanta), to be administered to

an infant with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). The nurse understands that the beractant will be administered by which route? a. Orally b. Intravenously c. Via the ET tube

d. Intramuscularly ANS: C

Surfactant is administered via the ET tube directly into the infant‘s trachea.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. The neonatal intensive care nurse is caring for a neonate born at 36 weeks of gestation in an

incubator. Which actions should the nurse plan to assure adequate skin care for the neonate?

(Select all that apply.) a. Changing any adhesives every 12 hr b. Removing adhesives or skin barriers slowly c. Using an adhesive remover when removing tape d. Applying emollient as needed for dry, flaking skin e. Using cleanser or soaps no more than two or three times a week ANS: B, D, E

Skin care for the neonate involves removing adhesive or skin barriers slowly, supporting the skin underneath with one hand and gently peeling away from the skin with the other hand.

Emollient should be applied as needed for dry, flaking skin, and cleansers or soaps should be used no more than two or three times a week because they can dry the skin. Adhesive remover, solvents, and bonding agents should be avoided. Adhesives should not be removed for at least 24 hr after application, not 12.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 2. The nurse is caring for a neonate on positive-pressure ventilation. The nurse monitors for

which complications of positive-pressure ventilation? (Select all that apply.) a. Pneumothorax b. Pneumomediastinum c. Respiratory distress syndrome d. Meconium aspiration syndrome e. Pulmonary interstitial emphysema ANS: A, B, E

Positive-pressure introduced by mechanical apparatus increases complications such as pulmonary interstitial emphysema, pneumothorax, and pneumomediastinum. Respiratory distress syndrome and meconium aspiration syndrome are not complications of positive-pressure ventilation.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 3. The home care nurse is visiting a 6-month-old infant with bronchopulmonary dysplasia

(BPD). The nurse assesses the child for which signs of overhydration? (Select all that apply.) a. Edema b. Serum sodium of 140 mEq/L

c. Urine specific gravity of 1.008 d. Weight gain of 1 pounds in 1 week ANS: A, D

Nurses must be alert to signs of overhydration in an infant with BPD such as changes in weight, electrolytes, output measurements, and urine specific gravity and signs of edema.

Six-month-old infants gain around 4 to 5 oz a week. One pound in 1 week would indicate fluid retention. Serum sodium of 140 mEq/L and urine specific gravity of 1.008 are normal values and indicate adequate fluid balance.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 4. The nurse is caring for a neonate with an intraventricular hemorrhage. What interventions

should the nurse avoid to prevent any increase in intracranial pressure? (Select all that apply.) a. Keeping the head of the bed flat b. Keeping the environment quiet c. Handling the neonate minimally d. Suctioning the endotracheal tube frequently e. Maintaining the neonate‘s head in a midline position ANS: A, D

Some nursing procedures increase intracranial pressure (ICP). For example, blood pressure increases significantly during endotracheal suctioning in preterm infants, and head positioning produces measurable changes in ICP. ICP is highest when infants are in the dependent (flat) position and decreases when the head is in a midline position and elevated 30 degrees.

Keeping the environment quiet, handling the neonate minimally, and maintaining the neonate‘s head in a midline position are measures to keep the ICP down.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 5. The nurse is admitting a drug-exposed newborn to the neonatal intensive care unit. The nurse

should assess the newborn for which signs of withdrawal? (Select all that apply.) a. Tremors b. Nasal stuffiness c. Loose, watery stools d. Hypoactive Moro reflex e. Decrease in respiratory rate ANS: A, B, C

Signs of withdrawal in a drug-exposed newborn include increased tone; increased respiratory rate; disturbed sleep; fever; excessive sucking; and loose, watery stools. Other signs observed included projectile vomiting, mottling, crying, nasal stuffiness, hyperactive Moro reflex, and tremors.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment

Chapter 10: Health Promotion of the Infant and Family Hockenberry: Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 12th Edition

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. At which age does an infant start to recognize familiar faces and objects, such as his or her

own hand? a. 1 month b. 2 months c. 3 months d. 4 months ANS: C

The child can recognize familiar objects at approximately age 3 months. For the first 2 months of life, infants watch and observe their surroundings. The 4-month-old infant is beginning to develop hand–eye coordination.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 2. During the 2-month well-child checkup, the nurse expects the infant to respond to sound in

which manner? a. Respond to name. b. React to loud noise with Moro reflex. c. Turn his or her head to side when sound is at ear level. d. Locate sound by turning his or her head in a curving arc.

ANS: C

At 2 months of age, an infant should turn his or her head to the side when a noise is made at ear level. At birth, infants respond to sound with a startle or Moro reflex. An infant responds to his or her name and locates sounds by turning his or her head in a curving arc at age 6 to 9 months.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 3. Which characteristic best describes the fine motor skills of an infant at age 5 months? a. Neat pincer grasp b. Strong grasp reflex c. Builds a tower of two cubes d. Able to grasp object voluntarily ANS: D

At age 5 months, the infant should be able to voluntarily grasp an object. The grasp reflex is present in the first 2 to 3 months of life. Gradually, the reflex becomes voluntary. The neat pincer grasp is not achieved until age 11 months. At age 12 months, an infant will attempt to build a tower of two cubes but will most likely be unsuccessful.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance

4. The nurse is checking reflexes on a 7-month-old infant. When the infant is suspended in a

horizontal prone position, the head is raised, and the legs and spine are extended. Which reflex is this? a. Landau b. Parachute c. Body righting d. Labyrinth righting ANS: A

When the infant is suspended in a horizontal prone position, the head is raised, and the legs and spine are extended; this describes the Landau reflex. It appears at 6 to 8 months and persists until 12 to 24 months. The parachute reflex occurs when the infant is suspended in a horizontal prone position and suddenly thrust downward; the infant extends the hands and fingers forward as if to protect against falling. This appears at age 7 to 9 months and lasts indefinitely. Body righting occurs when turning the hips and shoulders to one side causes all other body parts to follow. It appears at 6 months of age and persists until 24 to 36 months.

The labyrinth-righting reflex appears at 2 months and is strongest at 10 months. This reflex involves holding infants in the prone or supine position. They can raise their heads.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 5. In terms of gross motor development, what should the nurse expect an infant age 5 months to

do? a. b. c. d.

Sit erect without support.

Roll from the back to the abdomen.

Turn from the abdomen to the back.

Move from a prone to a sitting position.

ANS: C

Rolling from the abdomen to the back is developmentally appropriate for a 5-month-old infant. The ability to roll from the back to the abdomen is developmentally appropriate for an infant at age 6 months. Sitting erect without support is a developmental milestone usually achieved by 8 months. A 10-month-old infant can usually move from a prone to a sitting position.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 6. The nurse is discussing development and play activities with the parent of a 2-month-old boy.

Which statement by the parent would indicate a correct understanding of the teaching? a. ―I can give my baby a ball of yarn to pull apart or different textured fabrics to feel.‖ b. ―I can use a music box and soft mobiles as appropriate play activities for my baby.‖ c. ―I should introduce a cup and spoon or push–pull toys for my baby at this age.‖ d. ―I do not have to worry about appropriate play activities at this age.‖ ANS: B

Music boxes and soft mobiles are appropriate play activities for a 2-month-old infant. A ball of yarn to pull apart or different textured fabrics are appropriate for an infant at 6 to 9 months.

A cup and spoon or push–pull toys are appropriate for an older infant. Infants of all ages should be exposed to appropriate types of stimulation.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 7. The parents of a 2-month-old boy are concerned about spoiling their son by picking him up

when he cries. What is the nurse‘s best response? a. ―Allow him to cry for no longer than 15 minutes and then pick him up.‖ b. ―Babies need comforting and cuddling. Meeting these needs will not spoil him.‖ c. ―Babies this young cry when they are hungry. Try feeding him when he cries.‖ d. ―If he isn‘t soiled or wet, leave him, and he‘ll cry himself to sleep.‖ ANS: B

Parents need to learn that a ―spoiled child‖ is a response to inconsistent discipline and limit setting. It is important to meet the infant‘s developmental needs, including comforting and cuddling. The data suggest that responding to a child‘s crying can decrease the overall crying time. Allowing him to cry for no longer than 15 minutes and then picking him up will reinforce prolonged crying. Infants at this age have other needs besides feeding. The parents should be taught to identify their infant‘s cues. Counseling parents on letting the baby cry himself to sleep when not soiled or wet refers to sleep issues, not general infant behavior.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 8. The nurse is interviewing the father of a 10-month-old girl. The child is playing on the floor

when she notices an electrical outlet and reaches up to touch it. Her father says ―no‖ firmly and moves her away from the outlet. The nurse should use this opportunity to teach the father what? a. That the child should be given a time-out. b. That the child is old enough to understand the word ―no.‖ c. That the child will learn safety issues better if she is spanked. d. That the child should already know that electrical outlets are dangerous.

ANS: B

By age 10 months, children are able to associate meaning with words. The father is using both verbal and physical cues to alert the child to dangerous situations. A time-out is not appropriate. The child is just learning about the environment. Physical discipline should be avoided. The 10-month-old child is too young to understand the purpose of an electrical outlet.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 9. A breastfed infant is being seen in the clinic for a 6-month checkup. The mother tells the

nurse that the infant recently began to suck her thumb. Which is the best nursing intervention? a. Reassure the mother that this is normal at this age. b. Recommend the mother substitute a pacifier for her thumb. c. Assess the infant for other signs of sensory deprivation.

d. Suggest the mother breastfeed the infant more often to satisfy her sucking needs.

ANS: A

Sucking is an infant‘s chief pleasure, and the infant may not be satisfied by bottle-feeding or breastfeeding alone. During infancy and early childhood, there is no need to restrict nonnutritive sucking. The nurse should explore with the mother her feelings about a pacifier versus the thumb. No data support that the child has sensory deprivation.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 10. The mother of a 3-month-old breastfed infant asks about giving her baby water because it is

summer and very warm. What should the nurse tell her? a. Fluids in addition to breast milk are not needed. b. Water should be given if the infant seems to nurse longer than usual. c. Clear juices are better than water to promote adequate fluid intake. d. Water once or twice a day will make up for losses resulting from environmental temperature.

ANS: A

Infants who are breastfed or bottle-fed do not need additional water during the first 4 months of life. Excessive intake of water can create problems such as water intoxication, hyponatremia, or failure to thrive. Juices provide empty calories for infants.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 11. The mother of a 6-month-old infant has returned to work and is expressing breast milk to be

frozen. She asks for directions on how to safely thaw the breast milk in the microwave. What should the nurse recommend? a. Heat only 10 oz or more. b. Do not thaw or heat breast milk in a microwave oven. c. Always leave the bottle top uncovered to allow heat to escape. d. Shake the bottle vigorously for at least 30 seconds after heating.

ANS: B

Using a microwave oven to thaw or heat breast milk decreases the anti-infective properties of the breast milk, lowers the vitamin C content, and changes the fat content. Breast milk should be thawed overnight in a refrigerator or in a warm water bath. A microwave should not be used. If steam is created, the milk is too hot. The bottle should be inverted several times after defrosting or warming.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 12. What is the best age to introduce solid food into an infant‘s diet? a. 2 to 3 months b. 4 to 6 months c. When birth weight has tripled d. When tooth eruption has started ANS: B

Physiologically and developmentally, 4- to 6-month-old infants are in a transition period. The extrusion reflex has disappeared, and swallowing is a more coordinated process. In addition, the gastrointestinal tract has matured sufficiently to handle more complex nutrients and is less sensitive to potentially allergenic food. Infants of this age will try to help during feeding. Two to three months is too young. The extrusion reflex is strong, and the child will push food out with the tongue. No research indicates that the addition of solid food to a bottle has any benefit. Infant birth weight doubles at 1 year. Solid foods can be started earlier. Tooth eruption can facilitate biting and chewing; most infant foods do not require this ability.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 13. The parent of 2-week-old infant asks the nurse if fluoride supplements are necessary because

the infant is exclusively breastfed. What is the nurse‘s best response? a. ―The infant needs to begin taking them now.‖ b. ―Supplements are not needed if you drink fluoridated water.‖ c. ―The infant may need to begin taking them at age 6 months.‖ d. ―The infant can have infant cereal mixed with fluoridated water instead of supplements.‖ ANS: C

Fluoride supplementation is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics beginning at age 6 months if the child is not drinking adequate amounts of fluoridated water.

Supplementation is not recommended before age 6 months regardless of whether the mother drinks fluoridated water. Infant cereal is not recommended at 2 weeks of age.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 14. An infant, age 5 months, is brought to the clinic by his parents for a well-baby checkup. What

is the best advice that the nurse should include at this time about injury prevention? a. ―Keep buttons, beads, and other small objects out of his reach.‖ b. ―Do not permit him to chew paint from window ledges because he might absorb too much lead.‖ c. ―When he learns to roll over, you must supervise him whenever he is on a surface from which he might fall.‖ d. ―Lock the crib sides securely because he may stand and lean against them and fall out of bed.‖ ANS: A

Aspiration of foreign objects is a great risk at this age. Parents are instructed to keep small objects out of the infant‘s reach. At this age, the child is not mobile enough to reach windowsills. If windowsills have cracked or chipped paint, it needs to be removed before he is a toddler. This child should already be rolling over. This information is reinforced but should have been taught earlier. Pulling to a stand occurs between 8 and 12 months of age.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 15. In teaching parents about appropriate pacifier selection, the nurse should recommend which

characteristic?

a. b. c. d.

One-piece unit Detachable shield for cleaning Soft, pliable material Ribbon or string to secure to clothing

ANS: A

A good pacifier should be easily grasped by the infant. One-piece construction is necessary to avoid having the nipple and guard separate, posing a risk for aspiration. The material should be sturdy and flexible. If the pacifier is too pliable, it may be aspirated. No ribbon or string should be attached. This poses additional risks.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 16. The parent of an 8.2-kg (18-pounds) 9-month-old infant is borrowing a federally approved car

seat from the clinic. The nurse should explain that the safest way to put in the car seat is what? a. Front facing in back seat b. Rear facing in back seat c. Front facing in front seat with air bag on passenger side d. Rear facing in front seat if an air bag is on the passenger side ANS: B

A rear-facing car seat provides the best protection for an infant‘s disproportionately heavy head and weak neck. The middle of the back seat is the safest position for the child. Severe injuries and deaths in children have occurred from air bags deploying on impact in the front passenger seat.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 17. An infant weighed 8 pounds at birth and was 18 inches in length. What weight and length

should the infant be at 5 months of age? a. 12 pounds, 20 inches b. 14 pounds, 21.5 inches c. 16 pounds, 23 inches d. 18 pounds, 24.5 inches ANS: C

Infants gain 680 g (1.5 pounds) per month until age 5 months, when the birth weight has at least doubled. Height increases by 2.5 cm (1 inch) per month during the first 6 months.

Therefore, at 5 months the infant should weigh 16 pounds and be 23 inches in length.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 18. The clinic nurse is teaching parents about physiologic anemia that occurs in infants. What

statement should the nurse include about the cause of physiologic anemia? a. Maternally derived iron stores are depleted in the first 2 months. b. Fetal hemoglobin results in a shortened survival of red blood cells. c. The production of adult hemoglobin decreases in the first year of life. d. Low levels of fetal hemoglobin depress the production of erythropoietin.

ANS: B

Fetal hemoglobin results in a shortened survival of red blood cells (RBCs) and thus fewer RBCs. Maternally derived iron stores are present for the first 5 to 6 months results in a shortened survival of RBCs and thus fewer RBCs. High levels of fetal hemoglobin depress the production of erythropoietin, a hormone released by the kidney that stimulates RBC production.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 19. The nurse is teaching parents about expected language development for their 6-month-old

infant. The nurse recognizes the parents understand the teaching if they make which statement? a. ―Our baby should comprehend the word ‗no.‘‖ b. ―Our baby knows the meaning of saying ‗mama.‘‖ c. ―Our baby should be able to say three to five words.‖ d. ―Our baby should begin to combine syllables, such as ‗dada.‘‖ ANS: D

By 6 months, infants imitate sounds; add the consonants t, d, and w; and combine syllables (e.g., ―dada‖), but they do not ascribe meaning to the word until 10 to 11 months of age. By 9 to 10 months, they comprehend the meaning of the word ―no‖ and obey simple commands accompanied by gestures. By age 1 year, they can say three to five words with meaning and may understand as many as 100 words.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. The nurse is teaching a group of parents at a community education program about introducing

solid foods to their infants. Which recommendations should the nurse include? (Select all that apply.) a. Spoon feeding should be introduced after an entire milk feeding. b. It is best to introduce a wide variety of foods during the first year. c. As solid food consumption increases, the quantity of milk should decrease. d. Introduction of low-calorie milk and food should be done by the end of the first year. e. Introduction of citrus fruits, meats, and eggs should be delayed until after 6 months of age. f. Each new food item should be introduced at 5- to 7-day intervals.

ANS: B, C, E, F

Teaching related to feeding an infant solid foods should include introducing a wide variety of foods because an infant has not developed a strong food preference as seen with a toddler. As solid food consumption increases, the amount of milk consumed should decrease to less than 1 L/day to prevent overfeeding. Introduction to citrus fruits, meats, and eggs should be delayed until after 6 months of age because of the potential to cause food allergies. New foods should be introduced at 5- to 7-day intervals to evaluate for food allergies. Spoon feedings should be introduced after a small ingestion of milk, not at the end of a milk feeding, to associate the activity with pleasure. In general, low-calorie milk and food should be avoided.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 2. The nurse is providing anticipatory guidance to parents of a 4-month-old infant on preventing

an aspiration injury. What should the nurse include in the teaching? (Select all that apply.) a. Keep baby powder out of reach. b. Inspect toys for removable parts. c. Allow the infant to take a bottle to bed. d. Teething biscuits can be used for teething discomfort. e. The infant should not be fed hard candy, nuts, or foods with pits.

ANS: A, B, E

Anticipatory guidance to prevent aspiration for a 4-month-old infant considers that the infant will begin to be more active and place objects in the mouth. Toys should be checked for removable parts; baby powder should be kept out of reach; and hard candy, nuts, and foods with pits should be avoided. The infant should not go to bed with a bottle. Teething biscuits should be used with caution because large chunks may be broken off and aspirated.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment 3. The nurse is providing anticipatory guidance to parents of an 8-month-old infant on

preventing a drowning injury. Which should the nurse include in the teaching? (Select all that apply.) a. Fence swimming pools. b. Keep bathroom doors open. c. Eliminate unnecessary pools of water. d. Keep one hand on the child while in the tub. e. Supervise the child when near any source of water.

ANS: A, C, D, E

Anticipatory guidance to prevent drowning for an 8-month-old infant considers that the child will begin to crawl, cruise around furniture, walk, and climb. Fences should be placed around swimming pools, unnecessary pools of water should be eliminated, one hand should be kept on the child when bathing, and the child should be supervised when near any source of water.

The bathroom doors should be kept closed.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment

4. The nurse is providing anticipatory guidance to the parents of a 1-month-old infant on

preventing a suffocation injury. Which should the nurse include in the teaching? (Select all that apply.) a. Do not place pillows in the infant‘s crib. b. Crib slats should be 4 inches or less apart. c. Keep all plastic bags stored out of the infant‘s reach. d. Plastic over the mattress is acceptable if it is covered with a sheet. e. A pacifier should not be tied on a string around the infant‘s neck.

ANS: A, C, E

Anticipatory guidance for a 1-month-old infant to prevent a suffocation injury considers that the infant will have increased eye–hand coordination and a voluntary grasp reflex as well as a crawling reflex that may propel the infant forward or backward. Pillows should not be placed in the infant‘s crib, plastic bags should be kept out of reach, and a pacifier should not be tied on a string around the neck. Crib slats should be 2.4 inches apart (4 inches are too wide), and the mattress should not be covered with plastic even if a sheet is used to cover it.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment 5. The clinic nurse is assessing a 6-month-old infant during a well-child appointment. The nurse

should use which approaches to alleviate the infant‘s stranger fear? (Select all that apply.) a. Talk in a loud voice. b. Meet the infant at eye level. c. Avoid sudden intrusive gestures. d. Maintain a safe distance initially. e. Pick up the infant and hold him or her closely.

ANS: B, C, D

The best approaches for the nurse to alleviate the infant‘s stranger fear are to talk softly; meet the infant at eye level (to appear smaller); maintain a safe distance from the infant; and avoid sudden, intrusive gestures, such as holding out the arms and smiling broadly. Talking in a loud voice and picking the infant up would increase the infant‘s anxiety.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance

Chapter 11: Health Problems of the Infant Hockenberry: Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 12th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The nurse is helping parents achieve a more nutritionally adequate vegetarian diet for their

children. Which is most likely lacking in this diet? a. Fat b. Protein c. Vitamins C and A d. Iron and calcium ANS: D

Deficiencies can occur when various substances in the diet interact with minerals. For example, iron, zinc, and calcium can form insoluble complexes with phytates or oxalates (substances found in plant proteins), which impair the bioavailability of the mineral. This type of interaction is important in vegetarian diets because plant foods such as soy are high in phytates. Fat and vitamins C and A are readily available from vegetable sources. Plant proteins are available.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 2. A 1-year-old child is on a pure vegetarian (vegan) diet. This diet requires supplementation

with what? a. Niacin b. Folic acid c. Vitamin B12 d. Vitamins C and E ANS: C

Pure vegetarian (vegan) diets eliminate any food of animal origin, including milk and eggs.

These diets require supplementation with many vitamins, especially vitamin B6, vitamin B12, riboflavin, vitamin D, iron, and zinc. Niacin, folic acid, and vitamins C and E are readily obtainable from foods of vegetable origin.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 3. What is marasmus? a. Deficiency of protein with an adequate supply of calories b. Syndrome that results solely from vitamin deficiencies c. Gradual wasting of body tissues, especially subcutaneous fat d. Characterized by thin, wasted extremities and a prominent abdomen resulting from

edema (ascites) ANS: C

Marasmus is a syndrome of emotional and physical deprivation. It is not confined to geographic areas were food supplies are inadequate. Marasmus is characterized by gradual wasting and atrophy of body tissues, especially of subcutaneous fat. The child appears old, with flabby and wrinkled skin. Marasmus is a deficiency of both protein and calories.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 4. An infant has been diagnosed with an allergy to milk. In teaching the parent how to meet the

infant‘s nutritional needs, the nurse states that: a. many children will grow out of the allergy. b. all dairy products must be eliminated from the child‘s diet. c. it is important to have the entire family follow the special diet. d. antihistamines can be used, so the child can have milk products.

ANS: A

Approximately 50% of children with cow‘s milk allergy will outgrow sensitivity by 3 to 4 years of age. The child can have eggs. Any food that has milk as a component or filler is eliminated. These foods include processed meats, salad dressings, soups, and milk chocolate.

Having the entire family follow the special diet would provide support for the child, but the nutritional needs of other family members must be addressed. Antihistamines are not used for food allergies.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 5. Lactose intolerance is diagnosed in an 11-month-old infant. Which should the nurse

recommend as a milk substitute? a. Yogurt b. Ice cream c. Fortified cereal d. Cow‘s milk–based formula ANS: A

Yogurt contains the inactive lactase enzyme, which is activated by the temperature and pH of the duodenum. This lactase activity substitutes for the lack of endogenous lactase. Ice cream and cow‘s milk–based formula contain lactose, which will probably not be tolerated by the child. Fortified cereal does not have the nutritional equivalents of milk.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 6. The parent of an infant with colic tells the nurse, ―All this baby does is scream at me; it is a

constant worry.‖ What is the nurse‘s best action? a. Encourage the parent to verbalize feelings. b. Encourage the parent not to worry so much. c. Assess the parent for other signs of inadequate parenting. d. Reassure the parent that colic rarely lasts past age 9 months.

ANS: A

Colic is multifactorial, and no single treatment is effective for all infants. The parent is verbalizing concern and worry. The nurse should allow the parent to put these feelings into words. An empathetic, gentle, and reassuring attitude, in addition to suggestions about remedies, will help alleviate the parent‘s anxiety. The nurse should reassure the parent that he or she is not doing anything wrong. The infant with colic is experiencing spasmodic pain that is manifested by loud crying, in some cases up to 3 hr each day. Telling the parent that it will eventually go away does not help him or her through the current situation.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 7. What might a clinical manifestation of failure to thrive (FTT) in a 13-month-old include? a. Length and height are below acceptable standards b. Preferring solid food to milk or formula c. Weight is typically at or below the 5th percentile d. Appropriate achievement of developmental landmarks ANS: C

One of the clinical manifestations of children with FTT is weight below the fifth percentile.

Children with FTT often refuse to switch from liquids to solid foods. If FTT is acute, the weight, but not the length and height is below acceptable standards. Developmental delays, including social, motor, adaptive, and language, exist.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 8. What is an important responsibility when dealing with a family experiencing the loss of an

infant from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)? a. Discourage the parents from making a last visit with the infant. b. Follow-up home visit to the parents as soon as possible after the child‘s death. c. Explain how SIDS could have been predicted and prevented. d. Interview the parents in depth concerning the circumstances surrounding the child‘s death.

ANS: B

A competent, qualified professional should visit the family at home as soon as possible after the death. Printed information about SIDS should be provided to the family. Parents should be allowed and encouraged to make a last visit with their child. SIDS cannot always be prevented or predicted, but parents can take steps to reduce the risk (e.g., supine sleeping, removing blankets and pillows from the crib, and not smoking). Discussions about the cause only increase parental guilt. The parents should be asked only factual questions to determine the cause of death.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 9. What is most descriptive of atopic dermatitis (AD) (eczema) in an infant? a. Easily cured b. Worse in humid climates c. Associated with cow‘s milk allergy d. Related to upper respiratory tract infections ANS: C

AD is a type of pruritic eczema that usually begins during infancy and is associated with allergy with cow‘s milk allergies. Approximately 50% of children with AD develop asthma.

AD can be controlled but not cured. Manifestations of the disease are worse when environmental humidity is lower. AD is not associated with respiratory tract infections.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 10. The parents of a 3-month-old infant report that their infant sleeps supine (face up) but is often

prone (face down) while awake. The nurse‘s response should be based on remembering what? a. This is acceptable to encourage head control and turning over. b. This is acceptable to encourage fine motor development. c. This is unacceptable because of the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). d. This is unacceptable because it does not encourage achievement of developmental milestones.

ANS: A

These parents are implementing the guidelines to reduce the risk of SIDS. Infants should sleep on their backs to reduce the risk of SIDS and then be placed on their abdomens when awake to enhance achievement of milestones such as head control. These position changes encourage gross motor, not fine motor, development.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 11. What is an appropriate action when an infant becomes apneic? a. Shake vigorously. b. Roll the infant‘s head to the side. c. Gently stimulate the trunk by patting or rubbing. d. Hold the infant by the feet upside down with the head supported.

ANS: C

If an infant is apneic, the infant‘s trunk should be gently stimulated by patting or rubbing. If the infant is prone, turn onto the back. Vigorous shaking, rolling of the head, and hanging the child upside down can cause injury and should not be done.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 12. A new parent relates to the nurse that the family has many known food allergies. Which is

considered a primary strategy for feeding the infant with many family food allergies? a. Using soy formula for feeding b. Maternal avoidance of cow‘s milk protein c. Exclusive breastfeeding for 4 to 6 months d. Delaying the introduction of highly allergenic foods past 6 months ANS: C

Exclusive breastfeeding for 4 to 6 months is now considered a primary strategy for avoiding atopy in families with known food allergies; however, there is no evidence that maternal avoidance (during pregnancy or lactation) of cow‘s milk protein or other dietary products known to cause food allergy will prevent food allergy in children. Researchers indicate that delaying the introduction of highly allergenic foods past 4 to 6 months of age may not be as protective for food allergy as previously believed. Likewise, studies have shown that soy formula does not prevent allergic disease in infants.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment 13. A bottle-fed infant has been diagnosed with cow‘s milk allergy. Which formula should the

nurse expect to be prescribed for the infant? a. Similac b. Pregestimil c. Enfamil with iron d. Gerber Good Start ANS: B

For infants with cow‘s milk allergy, the formula will be changed to a casein hydrolysate milk formula (Pregestimil, Nutramigen, or Alimentum) in which the protein has been broken down into its amino acids through enzymatic hydrolysis. Similac, Enfamil with iron, and Gerber Good Start are cow‘s milk–based formulas.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 14. The nurse is collecting a stool sample from an infant with lactose intolerance. Which fecal pH

should the nurse expect as the result? a. 5.5 b. 7.0 c. 7.5 d. 8 ANS: A

An acidic pH (5 to 5.5) indicates malabsorption, which occurs with lactose intolerance. The normal pH of the stool is 7.0 to 7.5. A finding of 8 would be alkaline.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 15. An infant has been diagnosed with failure to thrive (FTT) classified according to the

pathophysiology of inadequate caloric intake. The nurse understands that the reason for the FTT is most likely related to what? a. Cow‘s milk allergy b. Congenital heart disease c. Metabolic storage disease d. Incorrect formula preparation ANS: D

FTT classified according to the pathophysiology of inadequate caloric intake is related to incorrect formula preparation, neglect, food fads, excessive juice poverty, breastfeeding problems, behavioral problems affecting eating, parental restriction of caloric intake, or central nervous system problems affecting intake consumption. Cow‘s milk allergy would be related to the pathophysiology of inadequate absorption, congenital heart disease would be related to the pathophysiology of increased metabolism, and metabolic storage disease is related to defective utilization.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 16. An infant has been diagnosed with failure to thrive (FTT) classified according to the

pathophysiology of defective utilization. The nurse understands that the reason for the FTT is most likely related to what? a. Cystic fibrosis b. Hyperthyroidism c. Congenital infection d. Breastfeeding problems ANS: C

FTT classified according to the pathophysiology of defective utilization is related to a genetic anomaly, congenital infection of metabolic storage disease. Cystic fibrosis would be related to the pathophysiology of inadequate absorption, hyperthyroidism would be related to the pathophysiology of increased metabolism, and breastfeeding problems are related to inadequate caloric intake.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. A 12-month-old infant has been diagnosed with failure to thrive (FTT). Which assessment

findings does the nurse expect to be documented with this infant? (Select all that apply.) a. Fear of strangers b. Minimal smiling c. Avoidance of eye contact d. Meeting developmental milestones e. Wide-eyed gaze and continual scan of the environment ANS: B, C, E

Signs and symptoms of FTT include minimal smiling, avoidance of eye contact, and a wide-eyed gaze and continual scan of the environment (―radar gaze‖). There is no fear of strangers, and there are developmental delays, including social, motor, adaptive, and language.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Integrated Process: Communication and Documentation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 2. What are risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome? (Select all that apply.) a. Postterm b. Female gender c. Low Apgar scores d. Recent viral illness e. Native American infants ANS: C, D, E

Infant risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome include those with low Apgar scores and recent viral illness and Native American infants. Preterm, not postterm, birth and male, not female, gender are other risk factors.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance COMPLETION 1. A health care provider prescribes iron supplements (Fer-In-Sol), 1 mg/kg/day orally (PO). The

infant weighs 5 kg. The medication label states: ―Fer-In-Sol 25 mg/1 mL.‖ The nurse prepares to administer one dose. How many milliliters will the nurse prepare to administer one dose?

Fill in the blank. Record your answer to one decimal place.

________________ ANS:

0.2 Follow the formula for dosage calculation.

Multiply 1 mg  5 kg to get the dose = 5 mg

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 2. A health care provider prescribes adrenaline (epinephrine), intramuscularly (IM) 0.15 mg,

times one, stat. The medication label states: ―Epinephrine 1:1000 1 mg/1 mL.‖ The nurse prepares to administer the stat dose. How many milliliters will the nurse prepare to administer one dose? Fill in the blank. Record your answer using two decimal places. ________________ ANS:

0.15 Follow the formula for dosage calculation.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

Chapter 12: Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family Hockenberry: Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 12th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. What factor is most important in predisposing toddlers to frequent infections? a. Respirations are abdominal. b. Pulse and respiratory rates in toddlers are slower than those in infants. c. Defense mechanisms are less efficient than those during infancy. d. Toddlers have short, straight internal ear canals and large lymph tissue.

ANS: D

Toddlers continue to have the short, straight internal ear canals of infants. The lymphoid tissue of the tonsils and adenoids continues to be relatively large. These two anatomic conditions combine to predispose toddlers to frequent infections. The abdominal respirations and lowered pulse and respiratory rate of toddlers do not affect their susceptibility to infection. The defense mechanisms are more efficient compared with those of infancy.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 2. A 17-month-old child should be expected to be in which stage, according to Piaget? a. Preoperations b. Concrete operations c. Tertiary circular reactions d. Secondary circular reactions ANS: C

A 17-month-old child is in the fifth stage of the sensorimotor phase, tertiary circular reactions.

The child uses active experimentation to achieve previously unattainable goals. Preoperations are the stage of cognitive development usually present in older toddlers and preschoolers.

Concrete operations are the cognitive stage associated with school-age children. The secondary circular reaction stage lasts from about ages 4 to 8 months.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 3. Although a 14-month-old girl received a shock from an electrical outlet recently, her parent

finds her about to place a paper clip in another outlet. Which is the best interpretation of this behavior? a. Her cognitive development is delayed. b. This is typical behavior because toddlers are not very developed. c. This is typical behavior because of toddlers‘ inability to transfer remembering to new situations. d. This is not typical behavior because toddlers should know better than to repeat an act that caused pain.

ANS: C

During the tertiary circular reactions stage, children have only a rudimentary sense of the classification of objects. The appearance of an object denotes its function for these children.

The slot of an outlet is for putting things into. This is typical behavior for a toddler, who is only somewhat aware of a causal relation between events. Her cognitive development is appropriate for her age.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 4. A toddler, age 16 months, falls down a few stairs. He gets up and ―scolds‖ the stairs as if they

caused him to fall. What is this an example of? a. Animism b. Ritualism c. Irreversibility d. Delayed cognitive development

ANS: A

Animism is the attribution of lifelike qualities to inanimate objects. By scolding the stairs, the toddler is attributing human characteristics to them. Ritualism is the need to maintain sameness and reliability. It provides a sense of comfort to toddlers. Irreversibility is the inability to reverse or undo actions initiated physically. The toddler is acting in an age-appropriate manner.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 5. What developmental characteristic does not occur until a child reaches age 2 1/2 years? a. Birth weight has doubled. b. Anterior fontanel is still open. c. Primary dentition is complete. d. Binocularity may be established.

ANS: C

Usually by age 30 months, the primary dentition of 20 teeth is complete. Birth weight doubles at approximately ages 5 to 6 months. The anterior fontanel closes at ages 12 to 18 months.

Binocularity is established by age 15 months.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 6. A parent asks the nurse about negativism in toddlers. What is the most appropriate

recommendation? a. Punish the child. b. Provide more attention. c. Ask child not to always say ―no.‖ d. Reduce the opportunities for a ―no‖ answer.

ANS: D

The nurse should suggest to the parent that questions should be phrased with realistic choices rather than yes or no answers. This provides a sense of control for the toddler and reduces the opportunity for negativism. Negativism is not an indication of stubbornness or insolence and should not be punished. The negativism is not a function of attention; the child is testing limits to gain an understanding of the world. The toddler is too young to comply with requests not to say ―no.‖ DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 7. Parents tell the nurse that their toddler eats little at mealtime, only sits at the table with the

family briefly, and wants snacks ―all the time.‖ What should the nurse recommend? a. Give her nutritious snacks. b. Offer rewards for eating at mealtimes. c. Avoid snacks so she is hungry at mealtimes. d. Explain to her in a firm manner what is expected of her.

ANS: A

Most toddlers exhibit a physiologic anorexia in response to the decreased nutritional requirements associated with the slower growth rate. Parents should assist the child in developing healthy eating habits. Toddlers are often unable to sit through a meal. Frequent nutritious snacks are a good way to ensure proper nutrition. To help with developing healthy eating habits, food should not be used as positive or negative reinforcement for behavior. The child may develop habits of overeating or eat non-nutritious foods in response. A toddler is not able to understand explanations of what is expected of her and comply with the expectations.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 8. A father tells the nurse that his daughter wants the same plate and cup used at every meal,

even if they go to a restaurant. The nurse should explain that this is what? a. A sign the child is spoiled b. An attempt to exert unhealthy control c. Regression, which is common at this age d. Ritualism, an expected behavior at this age ANS: D

The child is exhibiting the ritualism, which is characteristic at this age. Ritualism is the need to maintain sameness and reliability. It provides a sense of structure and comfort to the toddler. It will dictate certain principles in feeding practices, including rejecting a favorite food because it is served in a different container. This does not indicate the child has unreasonable expectations but rather is part of normal development. Ritualism is not regression, which is a retreat from a present pattern of functioning.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 9. What is the leading cause of death during the toddler period? a. Injuries b. Infectious diseases c. Childhood diseases d. Congenital disorders ANS: A

Injuries are the most common cause of death in children ages 1 through 4 years. It is the highest rate of death from injuries of any childhood age-group except adolescence. Congenital disorders are the second leading cause of death in this age-group. Infectious and childhood diseases are fewer common causes of death in this age-group.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 10. Parents are switching their toddler, who has met the weight requirement, from a rear-facing

car seat to a forward-facing seat. The nurse should recommend the parents place the seat where in the car? a. In the front passenger seat b. In the middle of the rear seat c. In the rear seat behind the driver

d. In the rear seat behind the passenger ANS: B

Children 0 to 3 years of age riding properly restrained in the middle of the backseat have a 43% lower risk of injury than children riding in the outboard (window) seat during a crash.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 11. What is the most common type of burn in the toddler age-group? a. Electric burn from electrical outlets b. Flame burn from playing with matches c. Hot object burns from cigarettes or irons d. Scald burn from high-temperature tap water ANS: D

Scald burns are the most common type of thermal injury in children, especially 1- and 2-year-old children. Temperature should be reduced on the hot water in the house and hot liquids placed out of the child‘s reach. Electric burns from electrical outlets and hot object burns from cigarettes or irons are both significant causes of burn injury. The child should be protected by reducing the temperature on the hot water heater in the home, keeping objects such as cigarettes and irons away from children, and placing protective guards over electrical outlets when not in use. Flame burns from matches and lighters represent one of the most fatal types of burns in the toddler age-group but not one of the most common types of burn.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 12. The nurse is assessing a toddler‘s visual acuity. Which visual acuity is considered acceptable

during the toddler years? a. 20/20 b. 20/40 c. 20/50 d. 20/60 ANS: B

Visual acuity of 20/40 is considered acceptable during the toddler years.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 13. The nurse is teaching parents about toilet training. What should the nurse include in the

teaching session? a. Bladder training is accomplished before bowel training. b. The mastery of skills required for toilet training is present at 18 months. c. By 12 months, the child can retain urine for up to 2 hr or longer. d. The physiologic ability to control the sphincters occurs between 18 and 24 months.

ANS: D

The physiologic ability to control the sphincters occurs somewhere between ages 18 and 24 months. Bowel training is usually accomplished before bladder training because of its greater regularity and predictability. The mastery of skills required for training are not present before 24 months of age. By 14 to 18 months of age, the child can retain urine for up to 2 hr or longer.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 14. The nurse is planning care for a hospitalized toddler. What is the rationale for planning to

continue the toddler‘s rituals while hospitalized? a. To provide security. b. To prevent regression. c. To prevent dependency. d. To decrease negativism.

ANS: A

Ritualism, the need to maintain sameness and reliability, provides a sense of security and comfort. It will not prevent regression or dependency or decrease negativism.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 15. A nurse is observing children playing in the playroom. What describes parallel play? a. A child playing a video game b. Two children playing a card game c. Two children watching a movie on a television d. A child playing with blocks next to a child playing with trucks ANS: D

Parallel play is when a toddler plays alongside, not with, other children. A child playing with blocks next to a child playing with trucks is descriptive of parallel play. The child playing a video game is descriptive of solitary play. Two children playing cards is descriptive of cooperative play. Two children watching a television is descriptive of associative play.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 16. Parents ask the nurse, ―How should we deal with our toddler‘s regression since our new baby

has come home?‖ The nurse should give the parents which response? a. ―Introduce new areas of learning.‖ b. ―Use time-out as punishment when regression occurs.‖ c. ―Ignore the behavior and praise appropriate behavior.‖ d. ―Explain to the toddler that the behavior is not acceptable.‖ ANS: C

When regression does occur, the best approach is to ignore it while praising existing patterns of appropriate behavior. It is advisable not to introduce new areas of learning when an additional crisis is present or expected, such as beginning toilet training shortly before a sibling is born or during a brief hospitalization. Time-out should not be used as a punishment, and the toddler does not have the cognitive ability to understand an explanation that the behavior is not acceptable.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 17. The nurse understands that which guideline should be followed to determine serving sizes for

toddlers? a. 1/2 tbsp of solid food per year of age b. 1 tbsp of solid food per year of age c. 2 tbsp of solid food per year of age d. 2 1/2 tbsp of solid food per year of age ANS: B

To determine serving sizes for young children, the guideline to follow is 1 tbsp of solid food per year of age. One-half tbsp per year of age would not be adequate. Two or 2 1/2 tbsp per year of age would be excessive.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 18. The nurse is teaching parents about avoiding accidental burns with their toddler. What water

heater setting should the nurse recommend to the parents? a. 120° F b. 130° F c. 140° F d. 150° F ANS: A

The water heater should be set to limit household water temperatures to less than 49° C (120° F). At this temperature, it takes 10 minutes for exposure to the water to cause a full-thickness burn. Conversely, water temperatures of 54° C (130° F), the usual setting of most water heaters, expose household members to the risk of full-thickness burns within 30 seconds.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 19. To avoid a fall from a crib, the nurse recommends to parents that their toddler should sleep in

a bed rather than a crib when reaching what height? a. 30 inches b. 35 inches c. 40 inches d. 45 inches ANS: B

When children reach a height of 89 cm (35 inches), they should sleep in a bed rather than a crib.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance MULTIPLE RESPONSE

1. The nurse is preparing a staff education program about growth and development of an

18-month-old toddler. Which characteristics should the nurse include in the staff education program? (Select all that apply.) a. Eats well with a spoon and cup. b. Runs clumsily and can walk upstairs. c. Points to common objects. d. Builds a tower of three or four blocks. e. Has a vocabulary of 300 words. f. Dresses self in simple clothes.

ANS: A, B, C, D

Tasks accomplished by an 18-month-old toddler include eating well with a spoon and cup, running clumsily, walking upstairs, pointing to common objects such as shoes, and building a tower with three or four blocks. An 18-month-old toddler has a vocabulary of only 10 words, not 300. Toddlers cannot dress themselves in simple clothing until 24 months of age.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 2. A parent asks the nurse, ―When will I know my child is ready for toilet training?‖ The nurse

should include what in the response? (Select all that apply.) a. The child should be able to stay dry for 1 hr. b. The child should be able to sit, walk, and squat. c. The child should have regular bowel movements. d. The child should express a willingness to please.

ANS: B, C, D

Signs of toilet training readiness include physical and psychologic readiness. The ability to sit, walk, and squat and having regular bowel movements are physical readiness signs. Expressing a willingness to please is a sign of psychologic readiness. The child should be able to stay dry for 2 hr, not 1 hr.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 3. What preventive measures should the nurse teach parents of toddlers to prevent early

childhood caries? (Select all that apply.) a. Avoid using a bottle as a pacifier. b. Eliminate bedtime bottles completely. c. Place juice in a bottle for the child to drink. d. Wean from the bottle by 18 months of age. e. Avoid coating pacifiers in a sweet substance.

ANS: A, B, E

Prevention of dental caries involves eliminating the bedtime bottle completely, feeding the last bottle before bedtime, substituting a bottle of water for milk or juice, not using the bottle as a pacifier, and never coating pacifiers in sweet substances. Juice in bottles, especially commercially available ready-to-use bottles, is discouraged; these beverages are especially damaging because the sugar is more readily converted to acid. Juice should always be offered in a cup to avoid prolonging the bottle-feeding habit. Toddlers should be encouraged to drink from a cup at the first birthday and weaned from a bottle by 14 months of age, not 18 months.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 4. The nurse is preparing to administer some iron drops to a toddler. Which factor can increase

iron absorption? (Select all that apply.) a. Vitamin A b. Acidity (low pH) c. Phosphates (milk) d. Malabsorptive disorders e. Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) ANS: A, B, E

Factors that increase iron absorption are vitamin A, acidity (low pH), and ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Phosphates (milk) and malabsorptive disorders decrease absorption of iron.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance COMPLETION 1. A health care provider prescribes sodium fluoride drops, 0.25 mg PO daily. The medication

label states: ―Sodium fluoride drops 0.5 mg/1 mL.‖ The nurse prepares to administer one dose. How many milliliters will the nurse prepare to administer one dose? Fill in the blank.

Record your answer using one decimal place. ________________ ANS:

0.5 Follow the formula for dosage calculation.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

Chapter 13: Health Promotion of the Preschooler and Family Hockenberry: Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 12th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. According to Piaget, magical thinking is the belief of which? a. Thoughts are all powerful. b. God is an imaginary friend. c. Events have cause and effect. d. If the skin is broken, the insides will come out.

ANS: A

Because of their egocentrism and transductive reasoning, preschoolers believe that thoughts are all powerful. Believing God is an imaginary friend is an example of concrete thinking in a preschooler‘s spiritual development. Cause-and-effect implies logical thought, not magical thinking. Believing that if the skin is broken, the insides will come out is an example of concrete thinking in development of body image.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 2. The nurse is caring for a hospitalized 4-year-old boy. His parents tell the nurse they will be

back to visit at 6 PM. When he asks the nurse when his parents are coming, what would the nurse‘s best response be? a. ―They will be here soon.‖ b. ―They will come after dinner.‖ c. ―Let me show you on the clock when 6 PM is.‖ d. ―I will tell you every time I see you how much longer it will be.‖ ANS: B

A 4-year-old child understands time in relation to events such as meals. Children perceive ―soon‖ as a very short time. The nurse may lose the child‘s trust if his parents do not return in the time he perceives as ―soon.‖ Children cannot read or use a clock for practical purposes until age 7 years. ―I will tell you every time I see you how much longer it will be‖ assumes the child understands the concepts of hours and minutes, which does not occur until age 5 or 6 years.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 3. A 4-year-old boy is hospitalized with a serious bacterial infection. He tells the nurse that he is

sick because he was ―bad.‖ What is the nurse‘s best interpretation of this comment? a. Sign of stress b. Common at this age c. Suggestive of maladaptation d. Suggestive of excessive discipline at home ANS: B

Preschoolers cannot understand the cause and effect of illness. Their egocentrism makes them think they are directly responsible for events, making them feel guilt for things outside of their control. Children of this age react to stress by regressing developmentally or acting out.

Maladaptation is unlikely. This comment does not imply excessive discipline at home.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 4. A 4-year-old child tells the nurse that she doesn‘t want another blood sample drawn because

―I need all of my insides and I don‘t want anyone taking them out.‖ What is the nurse‘s best interpretation of this? a. The child is being overly dramatic. b. The child has a disturbed body image. c. Preschoolers have poorly defined body boundaries.

d. Preschoolers normally have a good understanding of their bodies.

ANS: C

Preschoolers have little understanding of body boundaries, which leads to fears of mutilation.

The child is not capable of being dramatic at this age. She truly is afraid. Body image is just developing in school-age children. Preschoolers do not have good understanding of their bodies.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 5. Which type of play is most typical of the preschool period? a. Team b. Parallel c. Solitary d. Associative ANS: D

Associative play is group play in similar or identical activities but without rigid organization or rules. School-age children play in teams. Parallel play is that of toddlers. Solitary play is that of infants.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 6. Parents tell the nurse they found their 3-year-old daughter and a male cousin of the same age

inspecting each other closely as they used the bathroom. What is the most appropriate recommendation for the nurse to make? a. Punish the children so this behavior stops. b. Neither condone nor condemn the curiosity. c. Get counseling for this unusual and dangerous behavior. d. Allow the children unrestricted permission to satisfy this curiosity.

ANS: B

Three-year-old children become aware of anatomic differences and are concerned about how the other sex ―works.‖ Such exploration should not be condoned or condemned. Children should not be punished for this normal exploration. This is age appropriate and not dangerous behavior. Encouraging the children to ask their parents questions and redirecting their activity is more appropriate than giving permission.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 7. A boy aged 4 1/2 years has been having increasingly frequent angry outbursts in preschool.

He is aggressive toward the other children and the teachers. This behavior has been a problem for approximately 8 to 10 weeks. His parent asks the nurse for advice. What is the most appropriate intervention? a. Refer the child for a professional psychosocial assessment. b. Explain that this is normal in preschoolers, especially boys. c. Encourage the parent to try more consistent and firm discipline. d. Talk to the preschool teacher to obtain validation for behavior parent reports.

ANS: A

The preschool years are a time when children learn socially acceptable behavior. The difference between normal and problematic behavior is not the behavior but the severity, frequency, and duration. This child‘s behavior meets the definition requiring professional evaluation. Some aggressive behavior is within normal limits, but at 8 to 10 weeks, this behavior has persisted too long. There is no indication that the parent is using inconsistent discipline. A part of the evaluation is to obtain validation for behavior parent reports.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 8. What dysfunctional speech pattern is a normal characteristic of the language development of a

preschool child? a. Lisp b. Echolalia c. Stammering d. Repetition without meaning ANS: C

Stammering and stuttering are normal dysfluency in preschool-age children. Lisps are not a normal characteristic of language development. Echolalia and repetition are traits of toddlers‘ language.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 9. What is descriptive of the nutritional requirements of preschool children? a. The quality of the food consumed is more important than the quantity. b. The average daily intake of preschoolers should be about 3000 calories. c. Nutritional requirements for preschoolers are very different from requirements for

toddlers. d. Requirements for calories per unit of body weight increase slightly during the preschool period.

ANS: A

Parents need to be reassured that the quality of food eaten is more important than the quantity.

Children can self-regulate their intake when offered foods high in nutritional value. The average daily caloric intake should be approximately 1800 calories. Toddlers and preschoolers have similar nutritional requirements. There is an overall slight decrease in needed calories and fluids during the preschool period.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 10. The nurse is teaching parents about instilling a positive body image for the preschool age.

What statement made by the parents indicates the teaching is understood? a. ―We will make sure our child is praised about his or her looks.‖ b. ―We will help our child compare his or her size with other children.‖ c. ―We understand our child will have well-defined body boundaries.‖ d. ―We will be sure our child understands about being little for his or her age.‖ ANS: A

Because these are formative years for both boys and girls, parents should make efforts to instill positive principles regarding body image. Children at this age are aware of the meaning of words such as ―pretty‖ or ―ugly,‖ and they reflect the opinions of others regarding their own appearance. Despite the advances in body image development, preschoolers have poorly defined body boundaries. By 5 years of age, children compare their size with that of their peers and can become conscious of being large or short, especially if others refer to them as ―so big‖ or ―so little‖ for their age. Parents should not suggest their child compare him- or herself with other children in regard to size, and parents should not focus on their child‘s size as being little.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 11. During the preschool period, the emphasis of injury prevention should be placed on what? a. Limitation of physical activities b. Punishment for unsafe behaviors c. Constant vigilance and protection d. Teaching about safety and potential hazards ANS: D

Education about safety and potential hazards is appropriate for preschoolers because they can begin to understand dangers. Limitation of physical activities is not appropriate. Punishment may make children scared of trying new things. Constant vigilance and protection are not practical at this age because preschoolers are becoming more independent.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 12. The nurse is talking to the parent of a 5-year-old child who refuses to go to sleep at night.

What intervention should the nurse suggest in helping the parent to cope with this sleep disturbance? a. Establish a consistent punishment if the child does not go to bed when told. b. Allow the child to fall asleep in a different room and then gently move the child to his or her bed. c. Establish limited rituals that signal readiness for bedtime. d. Allow the child to watch television until almost asleep.

ANS: C

An appropriate intervention for a child who resists going to bed is to establish limited rituals such as a bath or story that signal readiness for bed and consistently follow through with the ritual. Punishing the child will not alleviate the resistance problem and may only add to the frustration. Allowing the child to fall asleep in a different room and to watch television to fall asleep are not recommended approaches to sleep resistance.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 13. At a seminar for parents with preschool-age children, the nurse has discussed anticipatory

tasks during the preschool years. Which statement by a parent should indicate a correct understanding of the teaching? a. ―I should be worried if my 4-year-old child has an increase in sexual curiosity

because this is a sign of sexual abuse.‖ b. ―I should expect my 5-year-old to change from a tranquil child to an aggressive

child when school starts.‖ c. ―I should be concerned if my 4-year-old child starts telling exaggerated stories and

has an imaginary playmate, since these could be signs of stress.‖ d. ―I should expect my 3-year-old child to have a more stable appetite and an increase

in food selections.‖ ANS: D

A 3-year-old child exhibits a more stable appetite than during the toddler years and is more willing to try different foods. A 4-year-old child is imaginative and indulges in telling ―tall tales‖ and may have an imaginary playmate; these are normal findings, not signs of stress.

Also, a 4-year-old child has an increasing curiosity in sexuality, which is not a sign of child abuse. A 5-year-old child is usually tranquil, not aggressive like a 4-year-old child.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 14. The nurse is explaining average weight gain during the preschool years to a group of parents.

Which average weight gain should the nurse suggest to the parents? a. 1 to 2 kg b. 2 to 3 kg c. 3 to 4 kg d. 4 to 5 kg ANS: B

The average weight gain remains approximately 2 to 3 kg (4.5 to 6.5 pounds) per year during the preschool period.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 15. The nurse is assessing fine motor development in a 3-year-old child. Which is the expected

drawing skill for this age? a. Can draw a complete stick figure. b. Holds the instrument with the fist. c. Can copy a triangle and diamond. d. Can copy a circle and imitate a cross.

ANS: D

A 3-year-old child copies a circle and imitates a cross and vertical and horizontal lines. He or she holds the writing instrument with the fingers rather than the fist. A 3-year-old is not able to draw a complete stick figure but draws a circle, later adds facial features, and by age 5 or 6 years can draw several parts (head, arms, legs, body, and facial features). Copying a triangle and diamond are mastered sometime between ages 5 and 6 years.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 16. What signals the resolution of the Oedipus or Electra complex? a. Learns sex differences. b. Learns sexually appropriate behavior.

c. Identifies with the same-sex parent. d. Has guilt over feelings toward the father or mother.

ANS: C

The resolution of the Oedipus or Electra complex is identification with the same-sex parent.

Learning sex differences and sexually appropriate behavior is a goal in further differentiation of oneself but does not signal the resolution of the Oedipus or Electra complex. Guilt over feelings toward the father or mother is seen as a stage in the complex, not the resolution.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 17. The nurse is explaining the preconventional stage of moral development to a group of nursing

students. What characterizes this stage? a. Children in this stage focus on following the rules. b. Children in this stage live up to social expectations and roles. c. Children in this stage have a concrete sense of justice and fairness. d. Children in this stage have little, if any, concern for why something is wrong.

ANS: D

Young children‘s development of moral judgment is at the most basic level in the preconventional stage. They have little, if any, concern for why something is wrong.

Following the rules, living up to social expectations, and having a concrete sense of justice and fairness are characteristics in the conventional stage.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 18. The nurse has just given a subcutaneous injection to a preschool child, and the child asks for a

Band-Aid over the site. Which action should the nurse implement? a. Place a Band-Aid over the site. b. Massage the injection site with an alcohol swab. c. Show the child there is no bleeding from the site. d. Explain that a Band-Aid is not needed after a subcutaneous injection.

ANS: A

Despite the advances in body image development, preschoolers have poorly defined body boundaries and little knowledge of their internal anatomy. Intrusive experiences are frightening, especially those that disrupt the integrity of the skin (e.g., injections and surgery).

They fear that all their blood and ―insides‖ can leak out if the skin is ―broken.‖ Therefore, preschoolers may believe it is critical to use bandages after an injury. The nurse should place a Band-Aid over the site.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 19. Parents of a preschool child tell the nurse, ―Our child seems to have many imaginary fears.‖

What suggestion should the nurse give to the parents to help their child resolve the fears? a. Ignore the fears; they will go away. b. Explain to your child the fears are not real. c. Give your child some new toys to allay the fears. d. Help your child to resolve the fears through play activities.

ANS: D

Preschoolers can work through many of their unresolved fears, fantasies, and anxieties through play, especially if guided with appropriate play objects (e.g., dolls or puppets) that represent family members, health professionals, and other children. The fears should not be ignored because they may escalate. Preschoolers are not cognitively prepared for explanations about the fears. They gain security and comfort from familiar objects such as toys, dolls, or photographs of family members, so new toys should not be introduced.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 20. What should the nurse suggest to parents of preschoolers about sensitive questions regarding

sex? a. Distract your child from the topic. b. Offer complete and information. c. Dismiss the topic until the child is older. d. Find out what your child knows or thinks.

ANS: D

Two rules govern answering sensitive questions about topics such as sex. The first is to find out what children know and think. By investigating the theories children have produced as a reasonable explanation, parents cannot only give correct information but also help children understand why their explanation is inaccurate. Another reason for ascertaining what the child thinks before offering any information is to avoid giving an ―unasked for‖ answer. The child should not be distracted from the topic. If parents offer too much information, the child will simply become bored or end the conversation with an irrelevant question. What matters is that parents are approachable and do not dismiss their child‘s inquiries.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. Parents are worried that their preschool-aged child is showing hyperaggressive behavior.

What are signs of hyperaggressive behavior? (Select all that apply.) a. Disrespect b. Noncompliance c. Infrequent impulsivity d. Occasional temper tantrums e. Unprovoked physical attacks on other children ANS: A, B, E

Hyperaggressive behavior in preschoolers is characterized by unprovoked physical attacks on other children and adults, destruction of others‘ property, frequent intense temper tantrums, extreme impulsivity, disrespect, and noncompliance.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 2. What are common causes of speech problems? (Select all that apply.)

a. b. c. d. e.

Autism Prematurity Hearing loss Developmental delay Overstimulated environment

ANS: A, C, D

Common causes of speech problems are hearing loss, developmental delay, autism, lack of environmental stimulation, and physical conditions that impede normal speech production.

Prematurity and an overstimulated environment are not causes of speech problems.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 3. The nurse is teaching parents of a 3-year-old child about gross motor developmental

milestones. What milestones should the nurse include in the teaching session? (Select all that apply.) a. Rides a tricycle. b. Catches a ball reliably. c. Jumps off the bottom step. d. Stands on one foot for a few seconds. e. Walks downstairs using alternate footing.

ANS: A, C, D

The gross motor milestones of a 3-year-old child include riding a tricycle, jumping off the bottom step, and standing on one foot for a few seconds. Catching a ball reliably and walking downstairs using alternate footing are gross motor milestones seen at the age of 4 years.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 4. The nurse is teaching parents of a 4-year-old child about fine motor developmental

milestones. What milestones should the nurse include in the teaching session? (Select all that apply.) a. Can lace shoes. b. Uses scissors successfully. c. Builds a tower of 9 or 10 cubes. d. Builds a bridge with three cubes. e. Adeptly places small pellets in a narrow-necked bottle.

ANS: C, D, E

The fine motor milestones of a 4-year-old child include building a tower of 9 or 10 cubes, building a bridge with three cubes, and adeptly placing small pellets in a narrow-necked bottle. Lacing shoes and using scissors successfully are fine motor milestones seen at the age of 5 years.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 5. The nurse is teaching parents of a 3-year-old child about language developmental milestones.

What milestones should the nurse include in the teaching session? (Select all that apply.) a. Asks many questions.

b. c. d. e.

Names one or more colors.

Names familiar objects.

Uses primarily ―telegraphic‖ speech.

Has a vocabulary of 1500 words or more.

ANS: A, C, D

The language milestones of a 3-year-old child include asking many questions, naming familiar objects, and using primarily ―telegraphic‖ speech. Naming one or more colors and having a vocabulary of 1500 words or more footing are language milestones seen at the age of 4 years.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance

Chapter 14: Health Problems of Early Childhood Hockenberry: Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 12th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The nurse suspects that a child has ingested some type of poison. What clinical manifestation

would be most suggestive that the poison was a corrosive product? a. Tinnitus b. Disorientation c. Stupor, lethargy, and coma d. Edema of the lips, tongue, and pharynx ANS: D

Edema of the lips, tongue, and pharynx indicates a corrosive ingestion. Tinnitus is indicative of aspirin ingestion. Corrosives do not act on the central nervous system.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 2. A young boy is found squirting lighter fluid into his mouth. His father calls the emergency

department. The nurse taking the call should know that the primary danger is what? a. Hepatic dysfunction b. Dehydration secondary to vomiting c. Esophageal stricture and shock d. Bronchitis and chemical pneumonia ANS: D

Lighter fluid is a hydrocarbon. The immediate danger is aspiration. Acetaminophen overdose, not hydrocarbons, causes hepatic dysfunction. Dehydration is not the primary danger.

Esophageal stricture is a late or chronic consequence of hydrocarbon ingestion.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 3. What is an important nursing consideration when a child is hospitalized for chelation therapy

to treat lead poisoning? a. Maintain bed rest. b. Maintain isolation precautions. c. Keep an accurate record of intake and output.

d. Institute measures to prevent skeletal fracture.

ANS: C

The iron chelates are excreted though the kidneys. Adequate hydration is essential. Periodic measurement of renal function is done. Bed rest is not necessary. Often the chelation therapy is done on an outpatient basis. Chelation therapy is not infectious or dangerous. Isolation is not indicated. Skeletal weakness does not result from high levels of lead.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 4. What is the most common form of child maltreatment? a. Sexual abuse b. Child neglect c. Physical abuse d. Emotional abuse ANS: B

Child neglect, which is characterized by the failure to provide for the child‘s basic needs, is the most common form of child maltreatment. Sexual abuse, physical abuse, and emotional abuse are individually not as common as neglect.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 5. A child is admitted with a suspected diagnosis of Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSBP).

What is an important consideration in the care of this child? a. Monitoring the parents whenever they are with the child b. Reassuring the parents that the cause of the disorder will be found c. Teaching the parents how to obtain necessary specimens d. Supporting the parents as they cope with diagnosis of a chronic illness ANS: A

MSBP refers to an illness that one person fabricates or induces in another. The child must be continuously observed for development of symptoms to determine the cause. MSBP is caused by an individual harming the child for the purpose of gaining attention. Nursing staff should obtain all specimens for analyzing. This minimizes the possibility of the abuser contaminating the sample. The child must be supported through the diagnosis of MSBP. The abuser must be identified, and the child protected from that individual.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 6. The parents of a 7-year-old boy tell the nurse that lately he has been cruel to their family pets

and caused physical harm. The nurse‘s recommendation should be based on remembering what? a. This is an expected behavior at this age. b. This is a warning sign of a serious problem. c. This is harmless venting of anger and frustration. d. This is common in children who are physically abused.

ANS: B

Cruelty to family pets is not an expected behavior. Hurting animals can be one of the earliest symptoms of a conduct disorder. Abusing animals does not dissipate violent emotions; rather, the acts may fuel the abusive behaviors. Referral for evaluation is essential. This behavior may be seen in emotional abuse or neglect, not physical abuse.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 7. A 3-month-old infant dies shortly after arrival to the emergency department. The infant has

subdural and retinal hemorrhages but no external signs of trauma. What should the nurse suspect? a. Unintentional injury b. Shaken baby syndrome c. Congenital neurologic problem d. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) ANS: B

Shaken baby syndrome causes internal bleeding but may have no external signs. Unintentional injury would not cause these injuries. With unintentional injuries, external signs are usually present. Congenital neurologic problems would usually have signs of abnormal neurologic anatomy. SIDS does not usually have identifiable injuries.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 8. What statement is correct about young children who report sexual abuse? a. They may exhibit various behavioral manifestations. b. In more than half the cases, the child has fabricated the story. c. Their stories should not be believed unless other evidence is apparent. d. They should be able to retell the story the same way to another person.

ANS: A

Victims of sexual abuse have no typical profile. The child may exhibit various behavioral manifestations, none of which is diagnostic for sexual abuse. When children report potentially sexually abusive experiences, their reports need to be taken seriously. Other children in the household also need to be evaluated. In children who are sexually abused, it is often difficult to identify other evidence. The ability to retell the story is partly dependent on the child‘s cognitive level. Children who repeatedly tell identical stories may have been coached.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 9. What is probably the most important criterion on which to base the decision to report

suspected child abuse? a. Inappropriate response of child b. Inappropriate parental concern for the degree of injury c. Absence of parents for questioning about child‘s injuries d. Incompatibility between the history and injury observed ANS: D

Conflicting stories about the ―accident‖ are the most indicative red flags of abuse. The child or caregiver may have an inappropriate response, but this is subjective. Parents should be questioned at some point during the investigation.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 10. The nurse is teaching parents of a preschool child strategies to implement when the child

delays going to bed. What strategy should the nurse recommend? a. Use consistent bedtime rituals. b. Give in to attention-seeking behavior. c. Take the child into the parent‘s bed for an hour. d. Allow the child to stay up past the decided bedtime.

ANS: A

For children who delay going to bed, a recommended approach involves a consistent bedtime ritual and emphasizing the normalcy of this type of behavior in young children. Parents should ignore attention-seeking behavior, and the child should not be taken into the parents‘ bed or allowed to stay up past a reasonable hour.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 11. A child with acetaminophen (Tylenol) poisoning has been admitted to the emergency

department. What antidote does the nurse anticipate being prescribed? a. Carnitine (Carnitor) b. Fomepizole (Antizol) c. Deferoxamine (Desferal) d. N-acetylcysteine (Mucomyst) ANS: D

The antidote for acetaminophen (Tylenol) poisoning is N-acetylcysteine (Mucomyst).

Carnitine (Carnitor) is an antidote for valproic acid (Depakote), fomepizole (Antizol) is the antidote for methanol poisoning, and deferoxamine (Desferal) is the antidote for iron poisoning.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment 12. A child with diazepam (Valium) poisoning has been admitted to the emergency department.

What antidote does the nurse anticipate being prescribed? a. Succimer (Chemet) b. EDTA (Versenate) c. Flumazenil (Romazicon) d. Octreotide acetate (Sandostatin) ANS: C

The antidote for diazepam (Valium) poisoning is flumazenil (Romazicon). Succimer (Chemet) and EDTA (Versenate) are antidotes for heavy metal poisoning. Octreotide acetate (Sandostatin) is an antidote for sulfonylurea poisoning.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying

TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment 13. A child is admitted to the hospital with lesions on his abdomen that appear like cigarette

burns. What should accurate documentation by the nurse include? a. Two unhealed lesions are on the child‘s abdomen. b. Two round 4-mm lesions are on the child‘s lower abdomen. c. Two round symmetrical lesions are on the child‘s lower abdomen. d. Two round lesions on the child‘s abdomen that appear to be cigarette burns.

ANS: B

Burn documentation should include the location, pattern, demarcation lines, and presence of eschar or blisters. The option that includes the size of the lesions is the most accurate.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Communication and Documentation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 14. How do inflicted immersion burns often present? a. Partial-thickness, asymmetrical burns b. Splash pattern burns on hands or feet c. Any splash burns with dry linear marks d. Sharply demarcated, symmetrical burns ANS: D

Immersion burns are sharply demarcated symmetrical burns. Asymmetrical burns and splash burns are often accidental.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 15. A child has been admitted to the hospital with a blood lead level of 72 mcg/dL. What

treatment should the nurse anticipate? a. Referral to social services b. Initiation of chelation therapy c. Follow-up testing within 1 month d. Aggressive environmental intervention ANS: B

Severe lead toxicity (lead level 70 mcg/dL) requires immediate inpatient chelation treatment.

Referral to social service and follow-up in 1 month are prescribed for lead levels of 15 to 19 mcg/dL. Aggressive environmental intervention would be initiated after chelation treatments.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 16. The nurse is teaching parents of preschoolers about plants that are poisonous. What plant

should the nurse include in the teaching session? a. Azalea b. Begonia c. Boston fern d. Asparagus fern

ANS: A

All parts of the azalea are poisonous. Begonias, Boston ferns, and asparagus ferns are nonpoisonous plants.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 17. A child with acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) poisoning is being admitted to the emergency

department. What early clinical manifestation does the nurse expect to assess on this child? a. Hematemesis b. Hematochezia c. Hyperglycemia d. Hyperventilation ANS: D

An early clinical manifestation of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) poisoning is hyperventilation.

Hematemesis, hematochezia, and hyperglycemia are clinical manifestations of iron poisoning.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 18. A child with cyanide poisoning has been admitted to the emergency department. What

antidote does the nurse anticipate being prescribed for the child? a. Atropine b. Glucagon c. Amyl nitrate d. Naloxone (Narcan) ANS: C

Amyl nitrate is the antidote for cyanide poisoning. Atropine is an antidote for organophosphate poisoning, glucagon is an antidote for a beta-blocker poisoning, and naloxone (Narcan) is an antidote for an opioid poisoning.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. The nurse is teaching parents of preschool children consequences of inadequate sleep. What

should the nurse include in the teaching session? (Select all that apply.) a. Behavior changes b. Increased appetite c. Difficulty concentrating d. Poor control of emotions e. Impaired learning ability ANS: A, C, D, E

Consequences of inadequate sleep include daytime tiredness, behavior changes, hyperactivity, difficulty concentrating, impaired learning ability, poor control of emotions and impulses, and strain on family relationships. Increased appetite is not a consequence of inadequate sleep.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 2. What are symptoms of abusive head trauma (AHT) in the more severe form that may be

present? (Select all that apply.) a. Seizures b. Posturing c. Tachypnea d. Tachycardia e. Altered level of consciousness ANS: A, B, E

In more severe forms, presenting symptoms of abusive head trauma may include seizures, posturing, alterations in level of consciousness, apnea, bradycardia, or death.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 3. What identified characteristics occur more frequently in parents who abuse their children?

(Select all that apply.) a. Older parents b. Socially isolated c. Middle-class parents d. History of substance abuse e. Few supportive relationships ANS: B, D, E

Abusive families are often socially isolated and have few supportive relationships. The additional stressors of substance abuse with the demands of normal care of children create situations in which abuse, and neglect can occur. Younger parents more often are abusers of their children. Abusive parents have stressors such as low-income circumstances, with little education, and are not middle-class parents.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 4. What are classified as corrosive poisons? (Select all that apply.) a. Batteries b. Paint thinner c. Drain cleaners d. Mineral seed oil e. Mildew remover ANS: A, C, E

Batteries, drain cleaners, and mildew removers are classified as corrosive poisons. Paint thinner and mineral seed oil are classified as hydrocarbon poisons.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 5. A parent asks the nurse about the ―characteristics of a sleep terror.‖ What response should the

nurse give to the parent? (Select all that apply.)

a. b. c. d. e.

The child screams during the sleep terror.

Return to sleep is delayed because of persistent fear.

The night terror occurs during the second half of night.

The child has no memory of the dream with a sleep terror.

The child is not aware of another‘s presence during a sleep terror.

ANS: A, D, E

During sleep terrors, the child screams and has no memory of the dream. The child is not aware of another‘s presence during a sleep terror. Return to sleep is usually rapid with a sleep terror, but it is delayed with a nightmare. The sleep terror occurs usually within 1 to 4 hr of sleep, but nightmares occur during the second half of night.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 6. The nurse is teaching parents of preschool-aged children strategies to prevent sexual abuse.

What should the nurse include in the teaching session? (Select all that apply.) a. Back up a child‘s right to say no. b. Don‘t take what your child says too seriously. c. Carefully observe how others act toward the child d. Don‘t be too detailed about examples of sexual assault. e. Remind children that even ―nice‖ people sometimes do mean things.

ANS: A, C, E

To provide protection and preparation from sexual abuse, parents should back up a child‘s right to say carefully observe how others act toward the child and remind children that even ―nice‖ people sometimes do mean things. Parents should take what children say seriously and they should give specific definitions and examples of sexual assault.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance COMPLETION 1. A health care provider prescribes naloxone (Narcan), 0.01 mg/kg IV times one, stat, for an

opioid overdose. The child weighs 16 kg. The medication label states: ―Naloxone (Narcan), 0.4 mg/1 mL.‖ The nurse prepares to administer the dose. How many milliliters will the nurse prepare to administer one dose? Fill in the blank. Record your answer to one decimal place. ________________ ANS:

0.4 Follow the formula for dosage calculation.

Multiply 0.01 mg  16 kg to get the dose = 0.16 mg

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment

Chapter 15: Health Promotion of the School-Age Child and Family Hockenberry: Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 12th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A parent asks about the potential benefit of adopting a dog for their 7-year-old. Based on the

child‘s age, what does the nurse suggest? a. Caring for an animal requires more maturity than the average 7-year-old possesses. b. This will help the parent identify the child‘s weaknesses. c. A dog may help reduce anxiety. d. Cats are better pets for school-age children.

ANS: C

Owning a dog has been shown to reduce anxiety among children. They can have a positive effect on physical and emotional health and can teach children the importance of nurturing and nonverbal communication. Most 7-year-old children can care for a pet with supervision.

Caring for a pet should be a positive experience. It should not be used to identify weaknesses.

The pet chosen does not matter as much as the child‘s being responsible for a pet.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 2. The school nurse has been asked to begin teaching sex education in the fifth grade. What

should the nurse recognize? a. Questions need to be discouraged in this setting. b. Most children in the fifth grade are too young for sex education. c. Sexuality is presented as a normal part of growth and development. d. Correct terminology should be reserved for children who are older.

ANS: C

When sexual information is presented to school-age children, sex should be treated as a normal part of growth and development. They should be encouraged to ask questions. At 10 to 11 years old, fifth graders are not too young to speak about physiologic changes in their bodies. Preadolescents need precise and concrete information.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 3. The school nurse is providing guidance to families of children who are entering elementary

school. What is essential information to include? a. Meet with teachers only at scheduled conferences. b. Encourage a sense of responsibility in children. c. Provide tutoring for children to ensure mastery of material. d. Homework should be done as soon as child comes home from school.

ANS: B

By being responsible for schoolwork, children learn to keep promises, meet deadlines, and succeed in their jobs as adults. Parents should meet with the teachers at the beginning of the school year, for scheduled conferences, and whenever information about the child or parental concerns needs to be shared. Tutoring should be provided only in special circumstances in elementary school, such as in response to prolonged absence. The parent should not dictate the study time but should establish guidelines to ensure that homework is done.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 4. A 9-year-old girl often comes to the school nurse complaining of stomach pains. Her teacher

says she is completing her schoolwork satisfactorily but lately has been somewhat aggressive and stubborn in the classroom. The school nurse should recognize this as which? a. Signs of stress b. Developmental delay c. Lack of adjustment to school environment d. Physical problem that needs medical intervention ANS: A

Signs of stress include stomach pains or headache, sleep problems, bedwetting, changes in eating habits, aggressive or stubborn behavior, reluctance to participate, or regression to earlier behaviors. The child is completing schoolwork satisfactorily; any developmental delay would have been diagnosed earlier. The teacher reports that this is a departure from the child‘s normal behavior. Adjustment issues would most likely be evident soon after a change.

Medical intervention is not immediately required. Recognizing that this constellation of symptoms can indicate stress, the nurse should help the child identify sources of stress and how to use stress reduction techniques. The parents are involved in the evaluation process.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 5. What statement best describes fear in school-age children? a. Increasing concerns about bodily safety overwhelm them. b. They should be encouraged to hide their fears to prevent ridicule by peers. c. Most of the new fears that trouble them are related to school and family. d. Children with numerous fears need continuous protective behavior by parents to

eliminate these fears.

ANS: C

During the school-age years, children experience a wide variety of fears, but new fears related predominantly to school and family bother children during this time. Parents and other persons involved with children should discuss children‘s fear with them individually or as a group activity. Sometimes school-age children hide their fears to avoid being teased. Hiding the fears does not end them and may lead to phobias.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 6. The school nurse is discussing after-school sports participation with parents of children aged

10 years. The nurse‘s presentation includes which important consideration? a. Teams should be gender specific.

b. Organized sports are not appropriate at this age. c. Competition is detrimental to the establishment of a positive self-image. d. Sports participation is encouraged if the type of sport is appropriate to the child‘s

abilities.

ANS: D

Virtually every child is suited for some type of sport. The child should be matched to the type of sport appropriate to his or her abilities and physical and emotional makeup. At this age, girls and boys have the same basic structure and similar responses to exercise and training.

After puberty, teams should be gender specific because of the increased muscle mass in boys.

Organized sports help children learn teamwork and skill acquisition. The emphasis should be on playing and learning. Children do enjoy appropriate levels of competition.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 7. What do nursing interventions to promote health during middle childhood include? a. Stress the need for increased calorie intake to meet increased demands. b. Instruct parents to defer questions about sex until the child reaches adolescence. c. Advise parents that the child will need increasing amounts of rest toward the end

of this period. d. Educate parents about the need for good dental hygiene because these are the years in which permanent teeth erupt.

ANS: D

The permanent teeth erupt during the school-age years. Good dental hygiene and regular attention to dental caries are vital parts of health supervision during this period. Caloric needs are decreased in relation to body size for this age-group. Balanced nutrition is essential to promote growth. Questions about sex should be addressed honestly as the child asks questions. The child usually no longer needs a nap, but most require approximately 11 hr of sleep each night at age 5 years and 9 hr at age 12 years.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 8. What is an important consideration for the school nurse who is planning a class on bicycle

safety? a. Most bicycle injuries involve collision with an automobile. b. Head injuries are the major causes of bicycle-related fatalities. c. Children should wear a bicycle helmet if they ride on paved streets. d. Children should not ride double unless the bicycle has an extra-large seat.

ANS: B

The most important aspect of bicycle safety is to encourage the rider to use a protective helmet. Head injuries are the major cause of bicycle-related fatalities. Although motor vehicle collisions do cause injuries to bicyclists, most injuries result from falls. The child should always wear a properly fitted helmet approved by the US Consumer Product Safety Commission. Children should not ride double unless it is a tandem bike (built for two).

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance

9. The nurse is teaching a class on nutrition to a group of parents of 10- and 11-year-old

children. What statement by one of the parents indicates a correct understanding of the teaching? a. ―My child does not need to eat a variety of foods, just his favorite food groups.‖ b. ―My child can add salt and sugar to foods to make them taste better.‖ c. ―I will serve foods that are low in saturated fat and cholesterol.‖ d. ―I will continue to serve red meat three times per week for extra iron.‖ ANS: C

School-age children should be eating foods that are low in saturated fat and cholesterol to prevent long-term consequences. The child‘s diet should include a variety of foods, include moderate amounts of extra salt and sugar, emphasize consumption of lean protein (chicken and pork), and limit red meat.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 10. A male school-age student asks the school nurse, ―How much with my height increase in a

year?‖ The nurse should give which response? a. ―Your height will increase on average 1 inch a year.‖ b. ―Your height will increase on average 2 inches a year.‖ c. ―Your height will increase on average 3 inches a year.‖ d. ―Your height will increase on average 4 inches a year.‖ ANS: B

Between the ages of 6 and 12 years, children grow an average of 5 cm (2 inches) per year.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 11. The school nurse is teaching female school-age children about the average age of puberty.

What is the average age of puberty for girls? a. 10 years b. 11 years c. 12 years d. 13 years ANS: C

The average age of puberty is 12 years in girls.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 12. The school nurse is teaching male school-age children about the average age of puberty. What

is the average age of puberty for boys? a. 12 years b. 13 years c. 14 years d. 15 years ANS: C

The average age of puberty is 14 years in boys. Boys experience little sexual maturation during preadolescence.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 13. A female school-age child asks the school nurse, ―How many pounds should I expect to gain

in a year?‖ The nurse should give which response? a. ―You will gain about 2.4 to 4.6 pounds per year‖ b. ―You will gain about 3.4 to 5.6 pounds per year.‖ c. ―You will gain about 4.4 to 6.6 pounds per year.‖ d. ―You will gain about 5.5 to 7.6 pounds per year.‖ ANS: C

Between the ages of 6 and 12 years, children will almost double in weight, increasing 2 to 3 kg (4.4 to 6.6 pounds) per year.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 14. The parents of a 5-year-old child ask the nurse, ―How many hours of sleep a night does our

child need on average?‖ The nurse should give which response? a. ―A 5-year-old child requires 8 hr of sleep.‖ b. ―A 5-year-old child requires 9 hr of sleep.‖ c. ―A 5-year-old child requires 14 hr of sleep.‖ d. ―A 5-year-old child requires 13 hr of sleep.‖ ANS: D

Sleep requirements decrease during school-age years; 5-year-old children generally require 10 to 13 hr of sleep.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. What growth and development milestones are expected between the ages of 8 and 9 years?

(Select all that apply.) a. Can help with routine household tasks. b. Likes the reward system for accomplished tasks. c. Uses the telephone for practical purposes. d. Chooses friends more selectively. e. Goes about home and community freely, alone or with friends. f. Enjoys family time and is respectful of parents.

ANS: A, B, E

Children between the age of 8 and 9 years accomplish many growth and development milestones, including helping with routine household tasks, liking the reward system when a task is accomplished well, and going out with friends or alone more independently and freely.

Using the telephone for practical reasons, choosing friends more selectively, and finding enjoyment in family with new-found respect for parents are tasks accomplished between the ages of 10 and 12 years.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 2. The nurse is planning strategies to assist difficult or easily distracted children when they

participate in activities. What strategies should the nurse plan? (Select all that apply.) a. Role-play before the activity. b. Handle behavior with firmness. c. Acquaint them with what to expect. d. Be patient with inappropriate behavior. e. Don‘t give them much information about the activity.

ANS: A, B, C, D

Difficult or easily distracted children may benefit from ―practice‖ sessions in which they are prepared for a given event by role-playing, visiting the site, reading or listening to stories, or using other methods to acquaint them with what to expect. Nurses need to handle children with difficult temperaments with exceptional patience, firmness, and understanding so they can learn appropriate behavior in their interactions with others.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 3. Characteristics of bullies include what? (Select all that apply.) a. Female b. Defiant c. Good peer relationships d. Manipulative e. Exposed to domestic violence ANS: B, D, E

Bullies are generally defiant toward adults, manipulative, and likely to break school rules.

They have aggressive attitudes, a positive view of violence, and may experience or witness violence or abuse at home.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 4. A school-age child has been a victim of bullying. What characteristics does the nurse assess

for in this child? (Select all that apply.) a. Anxiety b. Outgoing c. Low self-esteem d. Psychosomatic complaints e. Good academic performance ANS: A, C, D

Victims of bullying are at increased risk for low self-esteem; anxiety; depression; feelings of insecurity and loneliness; poor academic performance; and psychosomatic complaints such as feeling tense, tired, or dizzy.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 5. The school nurse recognizes that children respond to stress by using which tactics? (Select all

that apply.) a. Passivity b. Withdrawal c. Aggression d. Helplessness e. Becoming outgoing ANS: B, C, D

Children respond to stress by using coping mechanisms that include internalizing symptoms such as withdrawal and helplessness along with externalizing symptoms such as aggression and blaming others.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 6. The nurse is teaching parents about safety for their ―latchkey‖ children. What should the nurse

include in the teaching session? (Select all that apply.) a. Teach the child first-aid procedures. b. Keep the key in an easy place to find. c. Teach the child weather-related safety. d. Teach the child to open the door for delivery people. e. Emphasize fire safety rules and conduct practice fire drills.

ANS: C, E

Safety for ―latchkey‖ children includes teaching the child first-aid procedures, teaching the child weather-related safety, and emphasizing fire safety rules and conducting practice fire drills. Teach the child not to display keys and to always lock doors. The child should be taught to not open the door to anyone, even delivery people.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 7. The school nurse is teaching bicycle safety to a group of school-age children. What should the

nurse include in the session? (Select all that apply.) a. Ride double file when possible. b. Watch for and yield to pedestrians. c. Only ride double with someone your own size. d. Wear a protective helmet. e. Keep both hands on the handlebars except when signaling.

ANS: B, D, E

Bicycle safety includes watching for and yielding to pedestrians, riding bicycles with traffic away from parked cars, and keeping both hands-on handlebars except when signaling. It is best to ride single file, not double file, and never to ride double on a bicycle.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 8. Parents are concerned about their child riding an all-terrain vehicle. What should the nurse tell

the parents about safe use of all-terrain vehicles? (Select all that apply.) a. Are responsible for a significant number of childhood injuries. b. Limit street use to the neighborhood. c. They are relatively unstable because of a short wheelbase and low profile. d. Vehicles should not carry more than two persons. e. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends children under 16 years not operate an all-terrain vehicle.

ANS: A, C, E

All-terrain vehicles (ATV‘s) designed for off road use are popular with children under 16 years of age but are responsible for a significant number of childhood injuries. These vehicles have a short wheelbase and low profile which make then relatively unstable and unable to be easily seen. The American academy of Pediatrics recommends children under 16 years of age should not ride or operate ATV‘s.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 9. What are the goals of organized athletics for preadolescent children? (Select all that apply.) a. Physical fitness b. Basic motor skills c. A positive self-image d. Commitment to winning ANS: A, B, C

The goals of organized athletics for preadolescent children include physical fitness, basic motor skills, and a positive self-image. The commitment is to the values of teamwork, fair play, and sportsmanship, not to winning.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance

Chapter 16: Health Problems of the School-Age Child Hockenberry: Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 12th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Parents phone the nurse and say that their child just knocked out a permanent tooth. What

should the nurse‘s instructions to the parents include? a. Place the tooth in dry container for transport. b. Hold the tooth by the crown and not by the root area. c. Transport the child and tooth to a dentist within 18 hr. d. Take the child to hospital emergency department if his or her mouth is bleeding.

ANS: B

It is important to avoid touching the root area of the tooth. The tooth should be held by the crown area; rinsed in milk, saline, or running water; and reimplanted as soon as possible. The tooth is kept moist during transport to maintain viability. Cold milk is the most desirable medium for transport. The child needs to be seen by a dentist as soon as possible. Tooth evulsion causes a large amount of bleeding. The child will need to be seen by a dentist because of the loss of a tooth, not the bleeding.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 2. Parents are concerned that their 6-year-old son continues to occasionally wet the bed. What

does the nurse explain? a. This is likely because of increased stress at home. b. Enuresis usually drops significantly by 8 years of age. c. Drug therapy will be prescribed to treat the enuresis. d. Testing will be necessary to determine what type of kidney problem exists.

ANS: B

Further data must be gathered before the diagnosis of enuresis is made. Enuresis is the inappropriate voiding of urine at least twice a week. This child does meet the age criterion, but the parents need to be questioned about and keep a diary on the frequency of events. If the bedwetting is infrequent, parents can be encouraged that the child may grow out of this behavior. Drug therapy will not be prescribed until a more complete evaluation is done.

Additional assessment information must be gathered, but at this time, there is no indication of renal disease.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 3. The nurse is assisting the family of a child with a history of encopresis. What should be

included in the nurse‘s discussion with the family? a. Instruct the parents to sit the child on the toilet at twice-daily routine intervals. b. Instruct the parents that the child will probably need to have daily enemas. c. Suggest the use of stimulant cathartics weekly. d. Reassure the family that most problems are resolved successfully, with some relapses during periods of stress.

ANS: D

Children may be unaware of a prior sensation and be unable to control the urge after it begins.

They may be so accustomed to bowel accidents that they may be unable to smell or feel them.

Family counseling is directed toward reassurance that most problems resolve successfully, although relapses during periods of stress are possible. Sitting the child on the toilet is not recommended because it may intensify the parent–child conflict. Enemas may be needed for impactions, but long-term use prevents the child from assuming responsibility for defecation.

Stimulant cathartics may cause cramping that can frighten children.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 4. What is an important consideration in the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

(ADHD)?

a. b. c. d.

Learning disabilities are apparent at an early age.

The child will always be distracted by external stimuli.

Parental observations of the child‘s behavior are most relevant.

It must be determined whether the child‘s behavior is age appropriate or problematic.

ANS: D

The diagnosis of ADHD is complex. A multidisciplinary evaluation should be done to determine whether the child‘s behavior is appropriate for the developmental age or whether it is problematic. Learning disabilities are usually not evident until the child enters school. Each child with ADHD responds differently to stimuli. Some children are distracted by internal stimuli and others by external stimuli. Parents can only provide one viewpoint of the child‘s behavior. Many observers should be asked to provide input with structured tools to facilitate the diagnosis.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 5. The nurse is facilitating a conference between the teachers and parents of a 7-year-old child

newly diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). What does the nurse stress? a. Academic subjects should be taught in the afternoon. b. Low-interest activities in the classroom should be minimized. c. Visual references should accompany verbal instruction. d. The child‘s environment should be visually stimulating.

ANS: C

Verbal instructions should always be accompanied by visual or written instructions. This provides the child with reinforcement and a reference to expectations. Academic subjects should be taught in the morning when the child is experiencing the effects of the morning dose of medication. Low-interest activities should be mixed with high-interest activities to maintain the child‘s attention. Environmental stimulation should be minimized to help eliminate distractions that can overexcite the child.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 6. What is characteristic of children with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? a. Denial as a defense mechanism is unusual. b. Traumatic effects cannot remain indefinitely. c. Previous coping strategies and defense mechanisms are not useful. d. Children often play out the situation repeatedly.

ANS: D

The third phase of adjustment to PTSD involves the children playing out the situation over and over to come to terms with their fears. Denial is frequently used as a defense mechanism during the second phase. For some children, traumatic effects can remain indefinitely. Coping is a learned response. During the third stage, the children can be helped to use their coping strategies to deal with their fears.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding

TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 7. What is a characteristic of children with depression? a. Increased range of affective response b. Tendency to prefer play instead of schoolwork c. Change in appetite resulting in weight loss or gain d. Preoccupation with need to perform well in school ANS: C

Physiologic characteristics of children with depression include changes in appetite resulting in weight loss or gain, nonspecific complaints of not feeling well, alterations in sleeping patterns, insomnia or hypersomnia, and constipation. Children who are depressed have sad facial expressions with absent or diminished range of affective response. These children withdraw from previously enjoyed activities and engage in solitary play or work with a lack of interest in play. They are uninterested in doing homework or achieving in school, resulting in lower grades.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 8. The nurse is conducting preoperative teaching to a 17-year-old female adolescent scheduled

for bariatric surgery. The adolescent understands the teaching when she states: a. ―I must avoid pregnancy for 9 months after my surgery.‖ b. ―I must avoid pregnancy for 12 months after my surgery.‖ c. ―I must avoid pregnancy for 15 months after my surgery.‖ d. ―I must avoid pregnancy for 18 months after my surgery.‖ ANS: D

A review process should be in place to carefully screen patients. The agreement to avoid pregnancy for 18 months postoperatively is among the current criteria for bariatric surgery.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 9. A 17-year-old female is being evaluated for bariatric surgery. She weighs 113.63 kg, and her

height measurement is 1.57 m. What is her BMI using the following formula? weight (kg)/height (m)2 a. 42 b. 44 c. 46 d. 48 ANS: C

The formula for BMI calculation is weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared (weight (kg)/height (m)2 1.572 = 2.4649  113.63/2.4649 = 46.09).

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 10. What percentage of all new cases of type 2 diabetes occur in children or adolescents and what

is the causative factor? a. 15%—hypothyroidism

b. 25%—obesity c. 35%—hypothyroidism d. 45%—obesity ANS: D

Along with obesity, type 2 diabetes is reaching epidemic proportions in children and adolescents. Up to 45% of all new cases of type 2 diabetes consist of children or adolescents.

Hypothyroidism symptoms include weight gain, although most of weight gain experienced by children and adolescents is not due to thyroid disease. Inactivity and obesity influence insulin resistance.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Diagnosis MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 11. What is the recommended first line treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

(ADHD)? a. Medication regimen b. Family counseling c. Behavioral therapy d. Psychotherapy ANS: C

Treatment of ADHD depends on the child‘s age and severity of symptoms. Evidence supports behavioral therapy as the first line treatment, but other approaches include family education and counseling, medications, environmental manipulation, and psychotherapy for the child.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 12. The nurse is providing care for a family whose 8-year-old child has a diagnosis of enuresis.

The nurse knows the parent understands one aspect of therapeutic management when she comments: a. ―We will just ignore this behavior and hope it will resolve over time.‖ b. ―My child will wear a disposable underwear to school if he continues this behavior.‖ c. ―I expect the doctor will prescribe medicine as the first type of treatment.‖ d. ―I will not use punishment to correct this problem.‖ ANS: D

It is imperative that punishment not be used to correct enuresis. Supportive therapy such as teaching a child to change soiled pajamas and bed linens and restriction of fluid intake before bedtime should be used instead. Communication with children is directed toward eliminating the emotional impact of the problem. Medication is typically a second line therapy.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 13. Why is mineral oil not used in bowel cleansing for a child with dysphagia who has a bowel

impaction? a. The potential risk of aspiration. b. Increased dietary fiber only will be sufficient to cleanse the bowel. c. The mineral oil will react negatively with intestinal mucosa.

d. The only treatment for fecal impaction is manual removal.

ANS: A

Mineral oil should be avoided in children who have dysphagia or vomiting to prevent the risk of aspiration and lipoid pneumonia. Bowel impaction may require an extensive and invasive bowel cleansing beyond what a dietary change only could produce. Mineral oil simply coats the intestinal lining with little side effects. Manual removal of a fecal impaction would be the last resort due to the potential for injury.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 14. A child who is prescribed clozapine will have which of the following laboratory tests and at

what intervals at the onset of treatment? a. White blood cells every week for 6 months b. Red blood cells every week for 6 months c. White blood cells every month for 1 year d. Red blood cells every month for 1 year ANS: A

Agranulocytosis occurs in 1% of patients who take clozapine in the first few months of treatment. Therefore, a mandatory monitoring program requires that patients taking clozapine have a white blood cell (WBC) count performed every week during the first 6 months of therapy.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 15. List the factors that contribute to dental plaque in the order in which they occur:

1. Formation of dental plaque.

2. Bacterial enzymes act on salivary glycoproteins to produce a protein matrix on the tooth surface.

3. Inadequate brushing with fluorinated toothpaste.

4. Demineralization of enamel. a. 1, 2, 3, 4 is the correct order b. 2, 1, 3, 4 is the correct order c. 3, 4, 1, 2 is the correct order d. 4, 1, 3, 2 is the correct order ANS: B

Bacterial enzymes act on salivary glycoproteins to produce a protein matrix on the tooth. This substance along with microbes forms dental plaque. If plaque removal via brushing with fluorinated toothpaste is inadequate, the plaque is metabolized to form acid, which initiates the demineralization of enamel.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance MULTIPLE RESPONSE

1. Which of the following congenital syndromes include obesity as a feature? (Select all that

apply.) a. Laurence-Moon-Biedl b. Alstrom c. Russell Silver d. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome e. Prader-Willi ANS: A, B, E

Several congenital syndromes include obesity as a feature, including Laurence-Moon-Biedl, Prader-Willi, and Alstrom syndromes. The most common is Prader-Willi. Russell-Silver syndrome (RSS) is a rare disorder characterized by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and poor growth after birth. Some babies with hypoplastic left heart syndrome become tired while feeding and do not eat enough to gain weight.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 2. The clinic nurse completed a teaching session with a 12-year-old who is in the eighty-fifth

percentile on weight. Which of the following indicate an understanding of the teaching points regarding the risk of obesity? (Select all that apply.) a. ―I should focus on eating foods that are good for me.‖ b. ―I should have at least 60 minutes of physical activity every day.‖ c. ―I will lift weights with my older brother every day to increase my muscle mass.‖ d. ―I will work on changing my habit of watching television and eating sugary snacks.‖ ANS: A, B, D

Dietary modification is an essential part of weight-reduction which focuses on the nutritional quality of the diet rather than on dietary restriction. Current recommendations encourage children to be physically active for 60 minutes or more a day. Behavior modifications to weight loss are based on the observation that individuals who have abnormal eating patterns can alter those patterns. Weight training is generally not recommended for prepubertal children until they have reached physical and skeletal maturity.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 3. The diagnostic criteria for pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders (PANDAS)

include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. Diagnosis of lupus erythematosus b. Presence of obsessive–compulsive disorder and/or a tic disorder c. Positive throat culture for strep or a history of scarlet fever d. Pediatric onset of symptoms (age 3 years to puberty) ANS: B, C, D

Diagnostic criteria for PANDAS are the presence of obsessive–compulsive disorder and/or a tic disorder; pediatric onset of symptoms (age 3 years to puberty); episodic course of symptom severity; association with group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection; association with neurologic abnormalities such as motoric hyperactivity or adventitious movements. Systemic lupus erythematosus is very rarely seen in people before the age of 10.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Diagnosis MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 4. Which of the following complications are associated with obesity? (Select all that apply.) a. Sleep apnea b. Blount disease c. Gastroschisis d. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) e. Hirschsprung‘s disease ANS: A, B, D

Childhood obesity is related to pulmonary complications, including sleep apnea. Blount disease, another orthopedic problem, is the overgrowth of the medial aspect of the proximal tibial metaphysis that causes the lower leg to angle inward (tibia vara). The cause is unknown, but it is thought to be because of weight on the growth plate. Studies have shown a dose-response relationship between BMI and Blount disease. Between 10% to 25% of obese children and adolescents are diagnosed with NAFLD, which is the most common liver disease in children. Gastroschisis and Hirschsprung‘s disease are both congenital disorders.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 5. What are the most common manifestations seen in childhood schizophrenia? (Select all that

apply.) a. Tic douloureux b. Language disturbances c. Impaired personal relationships d. Diaphragmatic hernia e. Inappropriate affect ANS: B, C, E

The most common manifestations are language disturbances, impaired personal relationships, and inappropriate affect (outward expression of emotion). Tic douloureux is disorder of the trigeminal nerve. Diaphragmatic hernia is a congenital condition.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 6. The clinic nurse is performing a head-to-toe assessment on an obese 16-year-old who is

seeking help to manage her weight. Which of the following assessments would be consistent with obesity? (Select all that apply.) a. Skin stretch marks or discoloration b. Joint pain and or swelling c. Transparent conjunctiva d. Enlarged tonsils e. Capillary refill less than 4 seconds ANS: A, B, D

The physical assessment should include skin stretch marks and discolorations, joints for swelling and evidence of pain, and airway for evidence of obstruction and enlarged tonsils.

Transparent conjunctiva and capillary refill less than 4 seconds are normal findings.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 7. Which of the following pharmacologic therapies may be prescribed to an adolescent with a

diagnosis of dysthymia? (Select all that apply.) a. Sertraline b. Levothyroxine sodium c. Bupropion d. Levofloxacin e. Venlafaxine ANS: A, C, E

Pharmacotherapy may involve tricyclic antidepressants or SSRI such a sertraline (Zoloft), paroxetine (Paxil), bupropion (Wellbutrin), or venlafaxine (Effexor). Levothyroxine sodium treats hypothyroidism, and levofloxacin is an antibiotic.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity COMPLETION 1. A health care provider prescribes sertraline (Zoloft) PO, 50 mg, daily. The medication label

states: ―Sertraline (Zoloft) oral concentrate, 20 mg/1 mL.‖ The nurse prepares to administer one dose. How many milliliters should the nurse prepare to administer one dose? Fill in the blank. Record your answer to one decimal place. ________________ ANS:

2.5 Follow the formula for dosage calculation.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 2. A health care provider prescribes paroxetine (Paxil), 20 mg, PO, daily for a child with

depression. The medication label states: ―Paroxetine (Paxil) 10 mg/1 tablet.‖ The nurse prepares to administer one dose. How many tablet(s) should the nurse prepare to administer one dose? Fill in the blank. Record your answer as a whole number. ________________ ANS:

2

Follow the formula for dosage calculation.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

Chapter 17: Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family Hockenberry: Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 12th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. How does the onset of the pubertal growth spurt compare in girls and boys? a. In girls, it occurs about 2 years before it appears in boys. b. In girls, it occurs about 3 years before it appears in boys. c. In boys, it occurs about 1 year before it appears in girls. d. It is about the same in both boys and girls.

ANS: A

The pubertal growth spurt refers to the general increase in growth of the skeleton, muscles, and internal organs, which reaches a peak rate at about 12 years of age in girls and about 14 years of age in boys. In general, girls begin puberty and reach maturity about 2 years earlier than boys. The pubertal growth spurt begins as early as 9 1/2 years or as late as 14 1/2 years in girls, and as early as 10 1/2 years and as late as 16 years in boys.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 2. Girls experience an increase in weight and fat deposition during puberty. What do nursing

considerations related to this include? a. Give reassurance that these changes are normal. b. Suggest dietary measures to control weight gain. c. Encourage a low-fat diet to prevent fat deposition. d. Recommend increased exercise to control weight gain.

ANS: A

A certain amount of fat is increased along with lean body mass to fill the characteristic contours of the adolescent‘s gender. A healthy balance must be achieved between expected healthy weight gain and obesity. Suggesting dietary measures or increased exercise to control weight gain would not be recommended unless weight gain was excessive because eating disorders can develop in this group. Some fat deposition is essential for normal hormonal regulation. Menarche is delayed in girls with body fat contents that are too low.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 3. In boys, what is the initial indication of puberty? a. Voice changes

b. Growth of pubic hair c. Testicular enlargement d. Increased size of penis ANS: C

Testicular enlargement is the first change that signals puberty in boys; it usually occurs between the ages of 9 1/2- and 14-years during Tanner stage 2. Voice change occurs between Tanner stages 3 and 4. Fine pubic hair may occur at the base of the penis; darker hair occurs during Tanner stage 3. The penis enlarges during Tanner stage 3.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 4. According to Piaget, adolescents tend to be in what stage of cognitive development? a. Concrete operations b. Conventional thought c. Postconventional thought d. Formal operational thought ANS: D

Cognitive thinking culminates in the capacity for abstract thinking. This stage, the period of formal operations, is Piaget‘s fourth and last stage. Concrete operations usually occur between ages 7 and 11 years. Conventional and postconventional thought refers to Kohlberg‘s stages of moral development.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 5. Adolescents often do not use reasoned decision making when issues such as substance abuse

and sexual behavior are involved. What is the best explanation for this? a. They tend to be immature. b. They do not need to use reasoned decision making. c. They lack cognitive skills to use reasoned decision making. d. They are dealing with various stressors.

ANS: D

In the face of time pressures, personal stress, or overwhelming peer pressure, young people are more likely to abandon rational thought processes. Many of the health-related decisions adolescents confront are emotionally laden or new. Under such conditions, many people do not use their capacity for formal decision making. The majority of adolescents have cognitive skills and are capable of reasoned decision making. Stress affects their ability to process information. Reasoned decision making should be used in issues that are crucial such as substance abuse and sexual behavior.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 6. According to Erikson, the psychosocial task of adolescence is developing what? a. Identity b. Intimacy c. Initiative d. Independence

ANS: A

Traditional psychosocial theory holds that the developmental crises of adolescence lead to the formation of a sense of identity. Intimacy is the developmental stage for early adulthood.

Independence is not one of Erikson‘s developmental stages.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 7. The school nurse is teaching a class on injury prevention. What should be included when

discussing firearms? a. Adolescents are too young to use guns properly for hunting. b. Gun carrying among adolescents is on the rise, primarily among inner-city youth. c. Nonpowder guns (air rifles, BB guns) are a relatively safe alternative to powder guns. d. Adolescence is the peak age for being a victim or offender in the case of injury involving a firearm.

ANS: D

The increase in gun availability in the general population is linked to increased gun deaths among children, especially adolescents. Gun carrying among adolescents is on the rise and not limited to the stereotypic inner-city youth. Adolescents can be taught to safely use guns for hunting, but they must be stored properly and used only with supervision. Nonpowder guns (air rifles, BB guns) cause almost as many injuries as powder guns.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 8. The nurse is explaining to an adolescent the rationale for administering a Tdap (tetanus,

diphtheria, acellular pertussis) vaccine 3 years after the last Td (tetanus) booster. What should the nurse tell the adolescent? a. ―It is time for a booster vaccine.‖ b. ―It is past the time for a booster vaccine.‖ c. ―This vaccine will provide pertussis immunity.‖ d. ―This vaccine will be the last booster you will need.‖ ANS: C

When the Tdap is used as a booster dose, it may be administered earlier than the previous 5-year interval to provide adequate pertussis immunity (regardless of interval from the last Td dose). It is not time or past time for a booster because they are required every 5 years. Another booster will be needed in 5 years, so it is not the last dose.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 9. The nurse is preparing a pamphlet for parents of adolescents about guidance during the

adolescent years. What suggestion should the nurse include in the pamphlet? a. Provide criticism when mistakes are made or when views are different. b. Use comparisons with older siblings or extended family to promote good outcomes. c. Begin to disengage from school functions to allow the adolescent to gain independence.

d. Provide clear, reasonable limits and define consequences when rules are broken.

ANS: D

An anticipatory guideline to include when teaching parents of adolescents is to provide clear, reasonable limits and have clear consequences when rules are broken. Parents should avoid criticism when mistakes are made and should allow opportunities for the teen to voice different views and opinions. Parents should try to avoid comparing the teen with a sibling or extended family member. Parents should try to be more engaged in the teen‘s school functions to show support and unconditional love.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 10. A 12-year-old girl asks the nurse about an increase in clear white odorless vaginal discharge.

What response should the nurse give? a. ―This may mean a yeast infection.‖ b. ―This is normal before menstruation starts.‖ c. ―This is caused by an increase in progesterone.‖ d. ―This is possibly a sign of a sexually transmitted infection.‖ ANS: B

Early in puberty, there is often an increase in normal vaginal discharge (physiologic leukorrhea) associated with uterine development. Girls or their parents may be concerned that this vaginal discharge is a sign of infection. The nurse can reassure them that the discharge is normal and a sign that the uterus is preparing for menstruation. It is caused by an increase in estrogen, not progesterone.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 11. The school nurse recognizes that pubertal delay in girls is considered if menarche has not

occurred by which age? a. 10 years b. 11 years c. 12 years d. 16 years ANS: D

Girls may be considered to have pubertal delay if they do not exhibit menarche by age 16 years.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 12. The school nurse recognizes that pubertal delay in boys is considered if no enlargement of the

testes or scrotal changes have occurred by what age? a. 12 years b. 13 years c. 14 years d. 15 years ANS: C

Concerns about pubertal delay should be considered for boys who exhibit no enlargement of the testes or scrotal changes by ages 14 years or if genital growth is not complete 4 years after the testicles begin to enlarge.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 13. The school nurse is teaching an adolescent about social networking and texting on phones.

What statement by the adolescent indicates a need for further teaching? a. ―Social networking can help me develop interpersonal skills.‖ b. ―I will have an opportunity to interact with people like myself.‖ c. ―My ability to multitask allows me to easily text while driving.‖ d. ―I should be cautious, as the online environment can create opportunities for cyberbullying.‖ ANS: C

Internet chatrooms and social networking sites have created a more public arena for trying out identities and developing interpersonal skills with a wider network of people, occasionally with anonymity. This can create opportunities for young people who have a limited access to friends (because of rural location, shyness, or rare chronic conditions) to interact with people like themselves. Both the online and text environment can create opportunities for cyberbullying, in which teens engage in insults, harassment, and publicly humiliating statements online or on cell phones. Text messaging and instant messaging via cell phones has become a common activity and can sometimes be disruptive during school. If the adolescent indicates it will not be disruptive, further teaching is needed.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 14. The nurse is assessing the Tanner stage in an adolescent female. The nurse recognizes that the

stages are based on which? a. The stages of vaginal changes b. The progression of menstrual cycles to regularity c. Breast size and the shape and distribution of pubic hair d. The development of fat deposits around the hips and buttocks ANS: C

In females, the Tanner stages describe pubertal development based on breast size and the shape and distribution of pubic hair. The stages of vaginal changes, progression of menstrual cycles to regularity, and the development of fat deposits occur during puberty but are not used for the Tanner stages.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 15. The nurse is assessing the Tanner stage in an adolescent male. The nurse recognizes that the

stages are based on what? a. Hair growth on the face and chest b. Changes in the voice to a deeper timbre c. Muscle growth in the arms, legs, and shoulders d. Size and shape of the penis and scrotum and distribution of pubic hair

ANS: D

In males, the Tanner stages describe pubertal development based on the size and shape of the penis and scrotum and the shape and distribution of pubic hair. During puberty, hair begins to grow on the face and chest; the voice becomes deeper; and muscles grow in the arms, legs, and shoulders, but these are not used for the Tanner stages.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. The nurse is caring for children on an adolescent-only unit. What growth and development

milestones should the nurse expect from 11- to 14-year-old adolescents? (Select all that apply.) a. Self-centered with increased narcissism b. No major conflicts with parents c. Established abstract thought process d. Have a rich, idealistic fantasy life e. Highly value conformity to group norms f. Secondary sexual characteristics appear ANS: B, E, F

Growth and development milestones in the 11- to 14-year-old age-group include minimal conflicts with parents (compared with the 15- to 17-year-old age-group), a high value placed on conformity to the norm, and the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics.

Self-centeredness and narcissism are seen in the 15- to 17-year-old age-group along with a rich and idealistic fantasy life. Abstract thought processes are not well established until the 18- to 20-year-old age-group.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 2. What are characteristics of early adolescence (11 to 14 years) with regard to identity? (Select

all that apply.) a. Mature sexual identity b. Increase in self-esteem c. Trying out of various roles d. Conformity to group norms e. Preoccupied with rapid body changes ANS: C, D, E

Characteristics of early adolescence identity include trying out of various roles, conformity to group norms, and preoccupation with rapid body changes. Mature sexual identity and increase in self-esteem are characteristics of late adolescent identity.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 3. What are characteristics of middle adolescence (15 to 17 years) with regard to relationships

with peers? (Select all that apply.)

a. b. c. d. e.

Behavioral standards set by peer group Acceptance of peers extremely important Seeks peer affiliations to counter instability Exploration of ability to attract opposite sex Peer group recedes in importance in favor of individual friendship

ANS: A, B, D

Characteristics of middle adolescence relationships with peers include behavioral standards set by the peer group, acceptance of peers is extremely important, and exploration of the ability to attract opposite sex. Seeking peer affiliations to counter instability is a characteristic of early adolescence relationships with peers. Peer groups receding in importance in favor of individual friendships is characteristic of late adolescence relationships with peers.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 4. What are characteristics of late adolescence (18 to 20 years) with regard to sexuality? (Select

all that apply.) a. Exploration of ―self-appeal‖ b. Limited dating, usually group c. Intimacy involves commitment d. Growing capacity for mutuality and reciprocity e. May publicly identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual ANS: C, D, E

Characteristics of late adolescence sexuality include intimacy involving commitment; growing capacity for mutuality and reciprocity; and publicly identifying as gay, lesbian, or bisexual.

Exploration of ―self-appeal‖ is a characteristic of middle adolescence sexuality. Limited dating, usually group, is a characteristic of early adolescence sexuality.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 5. What are characteristics of dating relationships in early adolescence? (Select all that apply.) a. One-on-one dating b. Follow ritualized ―scripts‖ c. Are psychosocially intimate d. Involve playing stereotypic roles e. Participating in mixed-gender group activities ANS: B, D, E

Early dating relationships typically follow highly ritualized ―scripts‖ in which adolescents are more likely to play stereotypic roles than to really be themselves. Participating in mixed-gender group activities, such as going to parties or other events, may have a positive impact on young teenagers‘ well-being. One-on-one dating during early adolescence, however, with a lot of time spent alone, may lead to sexual intimacy before a teen is ready.

Although teenagers may begin dating during early adolescence, these early dating relationships are not usually psychosocially intimate.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance

6. The school nurse recognizes that students who are targeted for repeated harassment and

bullying may exhibit what? (Select all that apply.) a. Skip school b. Attempt suicide c. Bring weapons to school d. Attend extracurricular activities e. Report symptoms of depression ANS: A, B, C, E

Students targeted for repeated teasing and harassment are more likely to skip school, to report symptoms of depression, and to attempt suicide. Equally troubling, teens who are regularly harassed or bullied are also more likely to bring weapons to school to feel safe. Students who are bullied do not want to attend extracurricular activities.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 7. Parents of an adolescent ask the school nurse, ―It is OK for our adolescent to get a job?‖ The

nurse should answer telling the parents the effects of adolescents who work more than 20 hours a week are what? (Select all that apply.) a. Can lead to fatigue. b. Can lead to poorer grades. c. Improves an interest in school. d. Enhances development and identity. e. Can reduce extracurricular involvement.

ANS: A, B, E

Detrimental effects are likely for adolescents who work more than 20 hours a week. Greater involvement in work can lead to fatigue, decreased interest in school, reduced extracurricular involvement, and poorer grades. Involvement in work may take time away from other activities that could contribute to identity development. Adolescent work as it exists today may negatively affect development.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 8. An adolescent asks the nurse about the ―safety of getting a tattoo.‖ The nurse explains to the

adolescent that it is important to find a qualified operator using proper sterile technique because an unsterilized needle or contaminated tattoo ink can cause what? (Select all that apply.) a. Hepatitis C virus b. Hepatitis B virus c. Hepatitis E virus d. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) e. Nontuberculous mycobacteria skin infections ANS: A, B, D, E

Using the same unsterilized needle to tattoo body parts of multiple teenagers presents the same risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus, and hepatitis B virus transmission as occurs with other needle-sharing activities. Contaminated tattoo ink can cause nontuberculous mycobacteria skin infections. The hepatitis E virus is transmitted via the fecal–oral route, principally via contaminated water, not by contaminated needles.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment 9. The school nurse teaches adolescents that the detrimental long-term effects of tanning are

what? (Select all that apply.) a. Vitamin D deficiency b. Preterm aging of the skin c. Exacerbates acne outbreaks d. Increased risk for skin cancer e. Possible phototoxic reactions ANS: B, D, E

Adolescents should be educated regarding the detrimental effects of sunlight on the skin.

Long-term effects include preterm aging of the skin; increased risk for skin cancer; and, in susceptible individuals, phototoxic reactions. Exposure to levels of sunlight causes an increase in vitamin D production. Tanning can often reduce outbreaks of acne.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 10. What guidelines should the nurse use when interviewing adolescents? (Select all that apply.) a. Ensure privacy. b. Use open-ended questions. c. Share your thoughts and assumptions. d. Explain that all interactions will be confidential. e. Begin with less sensitive issues and proceed to more sensitive ones.

ANS: A, B, E

Guidelines for interviewing adolescents include ensuring privacy, using open-ended questions, and beginning with less sensitive issues and proceeding to more sensitive ones. The nurse should not share thoughts but maintain objectivity and should avoid assumptions, judgments, and lectures. It may not be possible for all interactions to be confidential. Limits of confidentiality include a legal duty to report physical or sexual abuse and to get others involved if an adolescent is suicidal.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Integrated Process: Communication and Documentation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance

Chapter 18: Health Problems of the Adolescent Hockenberry: Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 12th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. A 14-year-old boy is of normal weight, and his parents are concerned about bilateral breast

enlargement. The nurse‘s discussion of this should be based on what? a. The presence of too much body fat b. Symptom that a hormonal imbalance is present c. Most likely part of normal pubertal development d. Indication that he is developing precocious puberty ANS: C

Gynecomastia is common during midpuberty in about one third of boys. For most, the breast enlargement disappears within 2 years. Although breast enlargement in overweight children can indicate too much body fat, in children of normal body weight, it is a normal occurrence.

If the gynecomastia persists beyond 2 years, then a hormonal cause may need to be investigated. Precocious puberty is the early onset of puberty, before age 9 years in boys.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 2. A 15-year-old girl tells the school nurse that she has not started to menstruate yet. Onset of

secondary sexual characteristics was about 2 1/2 years ago. The nurse should take which action? a. Explain that this is not unusual. b. Refer the adolescent for an evaluation. c. Assume that the adolescent is pregnant. d. Suggest that the adolescent stop exercising until menarche occurs.

ANS: B

A referral is indicated. Menarche should follow the onset of secondary sexual development within 2 1/2 years. A careful examination is done to reveal any physical abnormalities, signs of androgen excess, and congenital defects of the genital tract. The lack of the onset of menstruation at this age is a potential indication of a physical problem. Assuming that the adolescent is pregnant is inappropriate. The nurse does not have any indication that the adolescent is sexually active. The amount of exercise should be assessed before suggesting that the adolescent stop exercising until menarche occurs.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 3. An adolescent girl asks the school nurse for advice because she has dysmenorrhea. She says

that a friend recommended she try an over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). The nurse‘s response should be based on what? a. Hormone therapy is necessary for the treatment of dysmenorrhea. b. Acetaminophen is the drug of choice for the treatment of dysmenorrhea. c. Over-the-counter NSAIDs are rarely strong enough to provide adequate pain relief. d. NSAIDs are effective because they inhibit prostaglandins, leading to reduction in uterine activity.

ANS: D

First-line therapy for adolescents with dysmenorrhea is NSAIDs. NSAIDs are potent anti-inflammatory agents that block the formation of prostaglandins, resulting in decreased uterine activity. Hormone therapy may be indicated if there is no physical abnormality and NSAIDs are ineffective. Acetaminophen does not have an antiprostaglandin action. It can help with pain control but will not be as effective as NSAIDs. DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 4. The nurse‘s role in facilitating successful child-rearing in unmarried teenage mothers includes

what? a. Facilitating marriage between the mother and father of the baby b. Teaching the adolescent, the long-term needs of the growing child c. Providing information and feedback about positive parenting skills d. Encouraging the infant‘s grandmother to take responsibility for care ANS: C

Competence in a teenage mother is increased when feedback is provided about positive parenting skills and use of community resources. The nurse can identify and refer the mother to programs such as support groups for adolescent mothers, infant stimulation programs, and parenting programs. Facilitating marriage between the mother and the father of the baby may produce additional stress and detract from their ability to care for the infant. Encouraging the infant‘s grandmother to take responsibility for care would decrease the mother‘s ability to develop successful child-rearing behaviors. Supportive families can help enable the teenage mother to complete school. Many adolescents do not have a future perspective for themselves.

The nurse includes information on normal infant development to aid the mother in having reasonable expectations.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 5. What is a priority goal in the postpartum care of an adolescent mother? a. Prevention of subsequent pregnancies b. Ensuring that the father of the baby cares for the child c. Returning the mother to a prepregnancy lifestyle d. Facilitating formula feeding to minimize interruptions ANS: A

Postpartum care of the adolescent is directed at preventing subsequent pregnancies and enhancing life outcomes for the teen parents and child. Health care programs should provide comprehensive contraceptive services at the same time the child is seen for appointments.

Ensuring the father of the baby cares for the child is not part of the postpartum care of the mother. The adolescent mother cannot return to a prepregnancy lifestyle. She now has an infant to care for. Breastfeeding is recommended for the infant. The nurse and mother should explore the best nutrition for both the mother‘s needs and those of the infant.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

6. An adolescent girl is brought to the hospital emergency department by her parents after being

raped. The girl is calm and controlled throughout the interview and examination. The nurse should recognize this behavior is what? a. A sign that a rape has not actually occurred. b. One of a variety of behaviors normally seen in rape victims. c. Indicative of a higher than usual level of maturity in the adolescent. d. Suggestive that the adolescent had severe emotional problems before the rape occurred.

ANS: B

Rape victims display a wide range of behaviors. A controlled manner may be an attempt to maintain composure while hiding the inner turmoil. Because the observed behavior is within the range of expected behavior, there are no data to indicate that a rape has not actually occurred, that the adolescent is unusually mature, or that she had severe emotional problems before the rape occurred.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 7. Descriptions of young people with anorexia nervosa (AN) often include which criteria? a. Impulsive b. Extroverted c. Obsessive–compulsive d. Low achieving ANS: C

Individuals with AN often have an obsessive–compulsive disorder. They are also academically high achievers. Impulsive and extroverted personalities are more characteristic of bulimia nervosa.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 8. What behavior is the nurse most likely to assess in an adolescent with anorexia nervosa (AN)? a. Eats in secrecy. b. Uses food as a coping mechanism. c. Has a marked preoccupation with food. d. Lacks awareness of how eating affects weight loss.

ANS: C

Individuals with AN display great interest in food. They prepare meals for others, talk about food, and hoard food. During meals, food play may occur to appear as if the person is eating.

Persons with AN consume a small amount of food, so they have no need to eat in secrecy.

Individuals with bulimia nervosa (BN) usually binge privately. Food is not used as a coping mechanism in AN, as is common in BN. Individuals with AN know about the relationship between calorie intake and calorie expenditure. They can regulate intake and then exercise to not gain or to lose weight.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity

9. During the physical examination of an adolescent with significant weight loss, what finding

may indicate an eating disorder? a. Diarrhea b. Amenorrhea c. Appetite suppression d. Erosion of tooth enamel ANS: D

Some of the signs of bulimia include erosion of tooth enamel and increased dental caries.

Check the back of the hands for abrasions caused by rubbing against the maxillary incisors during self-induced vomiting. Diarrhea is not a result of vomiting. Rather, it may occur in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and other gastrointestinal diseases. Amenorrhea can occur with anorexia nervosa, but it can also be a result of the weight loss from other causes. It can also indicate pregnancy in adolescent females. Appetite suppression can occur from central nervous system lesions or from oncologic and metabolic disorders.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 10. What do nursing responsibilities regarding weight gain for an adolescent with anorexia

nervosa include? a. Administer tube feedings until target weight is achieved. b. Restore body weight to within 2 pounds of the adolescent‘s ideal weight. c. Encourage continuation of strenuous exercise as long as adolescent is not losing weight. d. Facilitate as rapid a weight gain as possible with a high-calorie diet.

ANS: B

The restoration of body weight to a target weight or end point within 2 pounds of ideal body weight is one of the main goals of therapy. Strenuous exercise is avoided as part of the need to modify behaviors. Tube feedings are intrusive and are avoided. They should only be used when other measures have failed. Weight restoration is accomplished slowly. The goal is 1 kg per week to avoid the risk of metabolic and cardiac problems. Slow weight gain can minimize anxiety and depression.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 11. An important distinction in understanding substance abuse is that drug misuse, abuse, and

addiction are considered what? a. Voluntary behaviors based on psychosocial needs. b. Problems that occur in conjunction with addiction. c. Involuntary physiologic responses to the pharmacologic characteristics of drugs. d. Legal use of substances for purposes other than medicinal.

ANS: A

Drug misuse, abuse, and addiction are considered voluntary behaviors. Cultural norms define what is abuse and misuse. Addiction is a psychologic dependence on a substance with or without physical dependence. Physical dependence is an involuntary response to the pharmacologic characteristics of the drug such as an opiate or alcohol. Legality is not always a factor in substance abuse. Legal substances such as alcohol and tobacco can also be misused or abused and can cause addiction.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 12. What strategy is considered one of the best for preventing cigarette smoking in teenagers? a. Large-scale printed information campaigns b. Emphasis on the long-term effects of smoking on health c. Threatening the social norms of groups most likely to smoke d. Peer-led programs emphasizing the social consequences of smoking ANS: D

Peer-led programs emphasizing the social consequences of smoking have proved most successful. Short-term effects such as an unpleasant odor and stains on the teeth and hands are stressed. If a significant number of peers convince their classmates that smoking is not popular, others will follow. Large-scale printed information campaigns are not effective. A specified curriculum and teaching can increase benefit. Long-term effects do not dissuade adolescents because they do not have a future perspective. Threatening the norms of the social group is one of the least effective means of prevention.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 13. Many adolescents use alcohol for self-medication. How does an adolescent view the benefit of

alcohol? a. Believes it has a stimulant effect. b. Believes it increases alertness. c. Provides a sense of euphoria. d. Provides a defense against depression.

ANS: D

Adolescents who abuse alcohol often rely on it as a defense against depression, anxiety, fear, and anger. Alcohol is a depressant and has a sedative effect. Alcohol does not provide a sense of euphoria. It does reduce inhibitions against aggressive behaviors.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 14. The nurse is caring for an adolescent brought to the hospital with acute drug toxicity. Cocaine

is believed to be the drug involved. Data collection by the nurse should include what information? a. Drug‘s actual content b. Mode of administration c. Adolescent‘s level of interest in rehabilitation d. Function the drug plays in the adolescent‘s life ANS: B

Cocaine is available in two forms, water soluble and non–water soluble, and can be administered through multiple routes. For treatment purposes, it is essential to know the type of drug and route of administration. Because cocaine is a street drug, the actual content usually cannot be identified. The adolescent‘s level of interest in rehabilitation and the function that drug plays in the adolescent‘s life are concerns to be addressed after the initial emergency treatment is instituted.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 15. The school nurse suspects a testicular torsion in a young adolescent student. What action

should the nurse take? a. Place a warm moist pack on the scrotal area. b. Instruct the adolescent to lie down and elevate the legs. c. Refer the adolescent for immediate medical evaluation. d. Suggest that the adolescent wear a scrotum-protecting guard.

ANS: C

Because torsion may result from trauma to the scrotum, school nurses are likely to encounter such injuries and should refer the child or adolescent for medical evaluation immediately. It would not be appropriate to apply warmth, elevate the legs, or tell the adolescent to wear a scrotum-protecting guard because these actions could delay treatment.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 16. An adolescent patient has been diagnosed with a vulvovaginal candidiasis (yeast infection).

The nurse expects the health care provider to recommend which vaginal cream? a. Premarin b. Estradiol (Estrace) c. Miconazole (Monistat) d. Clindamycin phosphate (Cleocin) ANS: C

A number of antifungal preparations are available for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis infections. Many of these medications (e.g., miconazole [Monistat] and clotrimazole [Gyne-Lotrimin]) are available as over-the-counter (OTC) agents. Premarin and Estrace are estrogen vaginal creams and are used to treat vaginal dryness. Cleocin is an antibacterial vaginal cream used to treat bacterial vaginal infections.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 17. What is true about pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)? a. It can be prevented by proper personal hygiene. b. It is easily prevented by compliance with any form of contraception. c. It may have devastating effects on the reproductive tract of affected adolescents. d. It can potentially cause life-threatening and serious defects in the future children of

affected adolescents.

ANS: C

PID is a major concern because of its devastating effects on the reproductive tract. Short-term complications include abscess formation in the fallopian tubes, and long-term complications include ectopic pregnancy, infertility, and dyspareunia. PID is an infection of the upper female genital tract, most commonly caused by sexually transmitted infections. Personal hygiene, oral contraceptives, and many other forms of contraception do not prevent transmission of the disease. There is a possibility of ectopic pregnancy but not birth defects in children.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 18. It is important that women with anogenital warts caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV)

receive adequate treatment because this sexually transmitted infection increases the risk of what? a. Gonorrhea b. Cervical cancer c. Chlamydial infection d. Urinary tract infection ANS: B

Infection with HPV is associated with cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer. A vaccine has been developed and is recommended for young women.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment 19. The clinic nurse is evaluating a patient with a vaginal infection. The nurse knows that the

normal vaginal pH is in which range? a. 3.0 to 4.0 b. 4.0 to 5.0 c. 5.0 to 6.0 d. 6.0 to 7.0 ANS: B

Normal vaginal secretions are acidic, with a pH range of 4.0 to 5.0.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. The nurse is teaching an adolescent girl strategies to relieve dysmenorrhea. What should the

nurse include in the teaching session? (Select all that apply.) a. Effleurage b. Diet high in fat c. Limiting exercise d. Use of a heating pad e. Massaging the lower back ANS: A, D, E

Dysmenorrhea can be relieved by heat (heating pad or hot bath), which minimizes cramping by increasing vasodilation and muscle relaxation and minimizing uterine ischemia. Also, massaging the lower back can reduce pain by relaxing paravertebral muscles and increasing the pelvic blood supply. Soft, rhythmic rubbing of the abdomen (effleurage) is useful because it provides a distraction and an alternative focal point. A low-fat, not a high-fat, diet can help with dysmenorrhea, and exercise should not be limited because exercise can be beneficial.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 2. The nurse is teaching an adolescent with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) dietary measures to

relieve the symptoms of PMS. What should the nurse include in the teaching session? (Select all that apply.) a. Limit salt in the diet. b. Limit legumes in the diet. c. Include red meat in the diet. d. Include whole grains in the diet. e. Limit consumption of refined sugar.

ANS: A, D, E

Dietary treatment for PMS includes limiting consumption of refined sugar, salt, red meat, alcohol, and caffeinated beverages. Women can be encouraged to include whole grains, legumes, seeds, nuts, vegetables, fruits, and vegetable oils in their diet.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 3. The school nurse is teaching a group of adolescent females which measures to take to prevent

genital tract infections. What should the nurse include in the teaching session? (Select all that apply.) a. Use condoms. b. Douche once a week. c. Avoid tight-fitting clothing. d. Limit exposure to bubble baths. e. Avoid colored and scented toilet tissue.

ANS: A, C, D, E

Measure to take to prevent genital tract infections include using condoms, avoiding tight-fitting clothing, limiting exposure to bubble baths, and avoiding colored and scented toilet tissue. Douching should be avoided.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance COMPLETION 1. A health care provider prescribes methylphenidate hydrochloride (Ritalin), PO, 8 mg, twice a

day, for an adolescent with bulimia nervosa. The medication label states: ―Methylphenidate hydrochloride (Ritalin), 4 mg/1 tablet.‖ The nurse prepares to administer one dose. How many tab(s) should the nurse prepare to administer one dose? Fill in the blank. Record your answer as a whole number.

________________ ANS:

2 Follow the formula for dosage calculation.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

Chapter 19: Impact of Chronic Illness, Disability, or End of Life Care for the Child and Family Hockenberry: Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 12th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A 16-year-old boy with a chronic illness has recently become rebellious and is taking risks

such as missing doses of his medication. What should the nurse explain to his parents? a. That he needs more discipline. b. That this is a normal part of adolescence. c. That he needs more socialization with peers. d. That this is how he is asking for more parental control.

ANS: B

Risk taking, rebelliousness, and lack of cooperation are normal parts of adolescence, during which young adults are establishing independence. If the parents increase the amount of discipline, he will most likely be more rebellious. More socialization with peers does not address the problem of risk-taking behavior.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 2. What nursing intervention is most appropriate in promoting normalization in a school-age

child with a chronic illness? a. Give the child as much control as possible. b. Ask the child‘s peer to make the child feel normal. c. Convince the child that nothing is wrong with him or her. d. Explain to parents that family rules for the child do not need to be the same as for healthy siblings.

ANS: A

The school-age child who is ill may be forced into a period of dependency. To foster normalcy, the child should be given as much control as possible. It is unrealistic for one individual to make the child feel normal. The child has a chronic illness, so it would be unacceptable to convince the child that nothing is wrong. The family rules should be similar for each of the children in a family. Resentment and hostility can arise if different standards are applied to each child.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 3. The nurse observes that a seriously ill child passively accepts all painful procedures. The

nurse should recognize that this is most likely an indication that the child is experiencing what emotional response? a. Hopefulness b. Chronic sorrow c. Belief that procedures are a deserved punishment d. Understanding that procedures indicate impending death ANS: C

The nurse should be particularly alert to a child who withdraws and passively accepts all painful procedures. This child may believe that such acts are inflicted as deserved punishment for being less worthy. A child who is hopeful is mobilized into goal-directed actions. This child would actively participate in care. Chronic sorrow is the feeling of sorrow and loss that recurs in waves over time. It is usually evident in the parents, not in the child. The seriously ill child would actively participate in care. Nursing interventions should be used to minimize the pain.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 4. The parents of a child born with disabilities ask the nurse for advice about discipline. The

nurse‘s response should be based on remembering that discipline is which? a. Essential for the child b. Not needed unless the child‘s behavior becomes problematic c. Best achieved with punishment for misbehavior d. Too difficult to implement with a special needs child ANS: A

Discipline is essential for the child. It provides boundaries on which she can test out her behavior and teaches her socially acceptable behaviors. The nurse should teach the parents ways to manage the child‘s behavior before it becomes problematic. Punishment is not effective in managing behavior.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 5. Parents ask for help for their other children to cope with the changes in the family resulting

from the special needs of their sibling. What strategy does the nurse recommend? a. Explain to the siblings that embarrassment is unhealthy. b. Encourage the parents not to expect siblings to help them care for the child with special needs.

c. Provide information to the siblings about the child‘s condition only as requested. d. Invite the siblings to attend meetings to develop plans for the child with special

needs.

ANS: D

Siblings should be invited to attend meeting to be part of the care team for the child. They can learn about an individualized education plan and help design strategies that will work at home.

Embarrassment may be associated with having a sibling with a chronic illness or disability.

Parents must be able to respond in an appropriate manner without punishing the sibling. The parents may need assistance with the care of the child. Most siblings are positive about the extra responsibilities. Parents need to inform the siblings about the child‘s condition before a non–family member does so. The parents do not want the siblings to fantasize about what is wrong with the child.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 6. What manifestation observed by the nurse is suggestive of parental overprotection? a. Gives inconsistent discipline. b. Facilitates the child‘s responsibility for self-care of illness. c. Persuades the child to take on activities of daily living even when not able. d. Encourages social and educational activities not appropriate to the child‘s level of

capability.

ANS: A

Parental overprotection is manifested when the parents fear letting the child achieve any new skill, avoid all discipline, and cater to every desire to prevent frustration. Overprotective parents do not allow the child to assume responsibility for self-care of the illness. The parents prefer to remain in the role of total caregiver. The parents do not encourage the child to participate in social and educational activities.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 7. A 5-year-old child will be starting kindergarten next month. She has cerebral palsy, and it has

been determined that she needs to be in a special education classroom. Her parents are tearful when telling the nurse about this and state that they did not realize her disability was so severe. What is the best interpretation of this situation? a. This is a sign the parents are in denial. b. This is a normal anticipated time of parental stress. c. The parents need to learn more about cerebral palsy. d. The parents‘ expectations are too high.

ANS: B

Parenting a child with a chronic illness can be stressful. At certain anticipated times, parental stress increases. One of these identified times is when the child begins school. Nurses can help parents recognize and plan interventions to work through these stressful periods. The parents are not in denial; rather, they are responding to the child‘s placement in school. The parents are not exhibiting signs of a remembering deficit; this is their first interaction with the school system with this child.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 8. The nurse is talking to the parent of a child with special needs. The parent has expressed

worry about how to support the siblings at home. What suggestion is appropriate for the nurse to give to the parent? a. ―You should help the siblings see the similarities and differences between themselves and your child with special needs.‖ b. ―You should explain that your child with special needs should be included in all activities that the siblings participate in even if they are reluctant.‖ c. ―You should give the siblings many caregiving tasks for your child with special needs, so the siblings feel involved.‖ d. ―You should intervene when there are differences between your child with special needs and the siblings.‖ ANS: A

Appropriate information to give to a parent who wants to support the siblings of a child with special needs includes helping the siblings see the differences and similarities between themselves and the child with special needs to promote an understanding environment. The parent should be encouraged to allow the siblings to participate in activities that do not always include the child with special needs, to limit caregiving responsibilities, and to allow the children to settle their own differences rather than step in all the time.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 9. The nurse outlines short- and long-term goals for a 10-year-old child with many complex

health problems. Who should agree on these goals? a. Family and nurse b. Child, family, and nurse c. All professionals involved d. Child, family, and all professionals involved ANS: D

In the home, the family is a partner in each step of the nursing process. The family priorities should guide the planning process. Both short- and long-term goals should be outlined and agreed on by the child, family, and professionals involved. Elimination of any one of these groups can potentially create a care plan that does not meet the needs of the child and family.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment 10. The nurse is planning care for a 3-year-old boy who has Down syndrome and is on continuous

oxygen. He recently began walking around furniture. He is spoon fed by his parents and eats some finger foods. What goal is the most appropriate to promote normal development? a. Encourage mobility. b. Encourage assistance in self-care. c. Promote oral-motor development. d. Provide opportunities for socialization.

ANS: A

A major principle for developmental support in children with complex medical issues is that it should be flexible and tailored to the individual child‘s abilities, interests, and needs. This child is exhibiting readiness for ambulation. It is an appropriate time to provide activities that encourage mobility, for example, longer oxygen tubing. Parents should provide decreasing amounts of assistance with self-care as he is able to develop these skills. The boy is receiving oral foods and is eating finger foods. He has acquired this skill. Mobility is a new developmental task. Opportunities for socialization should be ongoing.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 11. What is a principle of palliative care that can be included in the care of children? a. Maintenance of curative therapy b. Child and family as the unit of care c. Exclusive focus on the spiritual issues the family faces d. Extensive use of opiates to ensure total pain control ANS: B

The principles of palliative care involve a multidisciplinary approach to the management of a terminal illness or the dying process that focuses on symptom control and support rather than on cure or life prolongation in the absence of the possibility of a cure. In pediatric palliative care, the focus of care is on the family. Palliative care requires the transition from curative to palliative care. The transition occurs when the likelihood of cure no longer exists. Spiritual issues are just one of the foci of palliative care. The multidisciplinary team focuses on physical, emotional, and social issues as well. Pain control is a priority in palliative care. The use of opiates is balanced with the side effects caused by this class of drugs.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 12. An 8-year-old girl has been uncooperative and angry since the diagnosis of cancer was made.

Her parents tell the nurse that they do not know what to do ―because she is always so mad at us.‖ What nursing action is most appropriate at this time? a. Explain to child that anger is not helpful. b. Help the parents deal with her anger constructively. c. Ask the parents to find out what she is angry about. d. Encourage the parents to ignore the anger at this time.

ANS: B

To school-age children, chronic illness and dying represent a loss of control. This threat to their sense of security and ego strength can be manifested by verbal uncooperativeness. The child can be viewed as impolite, insolent, and stubborn. The best intervention is to encourage children to talk about feelings and give control where possible. Verbal explanations would not be ―heard‖ by the child. The child may not be cognizant of the anger. Ignoring the anger will not help the child gain some control over the events.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity

13. A 12-year-old boy is in the final phase of dying from leukemia. He tells the nurse who is

giving him opiates for pain that his grandfather is waiting for him. How should the nurse interpret this situation? a. The boy is experiencing side effects of the opiates. b. The boy is trying to comfort his parents. c. He is experiencing hallucinations resulting from brain anoxia. d. He is demonstrating readiness and acceptance that death is near.

ANS: D

Near the time of death, many children experience visions of ―angels‖ or people and talk with them. The children mention that they are not afraid and that someone is waiting for them. If the child has built a tolerance to the opioids, side effects are not likely. At this time, many children do begin to comfort their families and tell them that they are not afraid and are ready to die, but the visions usually precede this stage. There is no evidence of tissue hypoxia.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 14. The nurse is making a home visit 48 hr after the death of an infant from sudden infant death

syndrome (SIDS). What intervention is an appropriate objective for this visit? a. Give contraceptive information. b. Provide information on the grief process. c. Reassure parents that SIDS is not likely to occur again. d. Thoroughly investigate the home situation to verify SIDS as the cause of death.

ANS: B

A home visit after the death of an infant is an excellent time to help the parents with the grief process. The nurse can clarify misconceptions about SIDS and provide information on support services and coping issues. Giving contraceptive information is inappropriate unless requested by parents. Telling the parents that SIDS is not likely to occur again is a false reassurance to the family. Investigating the home situation to verify SIDS as the cause of death is not the nurse‘s role; this would have been done by legal and social services if there were a question about the infant‘s death.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 15. When is an autopsy required? a. In the case of a suspected suicide b. When a person has a known terminal illness c. With a hospice patient who dies at home d. With the victim of a motor vehicle collision ANS: A

Autopsy is usually required in cases of unexplained death, violent death, or suspected suicide.

In other instances, it may be optional, and parents should be informed. The cause of death is not unknown in a person with a known terminal illness, a hospice patient at home, or a victim of a motor vehicle collision. Autopsy can be requested by family, but it is not required.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

16. The nurse is providing support to a family that is experiencing anticipatory grief related to

their child‘s imminent death. What statement by the nurse is therapeutic? a. ―Your other children need you to be strong.‖ b. ―You have been through a very tough time.‖ c. ―His suffering is over; you should be happy.‖ d. ―God never gives us more than we can handle.‖ ANS: B

Acknowledging that the family has been through a very tough time validates the loss that the parents have experienced. It is nonjudgmental. After the death of a child, the parent recognizes the responsibilities to the rest of the family but needs to be able to experience the grief of the loss. Telling the parents what they should do is giving advice. The parent would not be happy that the child has died and stating so is argumentative. The parents may be angry with God, or their religious beliefs may be unknown, so the nurse should not provide false reassurance by talking to them about God. DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 17. How might the quality of life for a terminally ill child and his family be enhanced by nurses? a. Tell the family what is best. b. Leave the family alone to deal with their tragedy. c. Remain objective and uninvolved with family grieving. d. Advocate for and implement pain and symptom relief measures.

ANS: D

By increasing personal remembering, the nurse can advocate for and provide the best possible care for the child and family. This is supportive for the family and helps the nurse reduce the stress of caregiving. If the nurse tells the family what is best, this removes the decision making from the parents. It also increases pressure on the nurse to be the expert. The nurse is in a supportive role. The nurse should not leave the family alone to deal with their tragedy.

Becoming involved is an objective, deliberate choice. Ideally, the nurse achieves detached concern, which allows sensitive, understanding care because the nurse is sufficiently detached to make objective, rational decisions.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 18. Several nurses tell their nursing supervisor that they want to attend the funeral of a child for

whom they had cared. They say they felt especially close to both the child and the family. The supervisor should recognize that attending the funeral serves what purpose? a. It is improper because it increases burnout. b. It is inappropriate because it is unprofessional. c. It is proper because families expect this expression of concern. d. It is appropriate because it can assist in the resolution of personal grief.

ANS: D

Some nurses find shared remembrance rituals useful in resolving grief. Attending funeral services can be a supportive act for both the family and the nurse. Burnout is a state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion. It results from prolonged involvement with individuals in situations that are emotionally demanding. Attending the funeral of a child can be an effective coping measure. Attending funerals does not detract from the professionalism of care. Although it is important to consider the family‘s expectations, the act of attending the funeral provides a sense of closure with the family and facilitates the grief process for the nurse.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 19. Parents tell the nurse they do not want to let their school-age child know his illness is

terminal. What response should the nurse make to the parents? a. ―Have you discussed this with your health care provider?‖ b. ―I would do the same thing in your position; it is better the child doesn‘t know.‖ c. ―I understand you want to protect your child, but often children realize the seriousness of their illness.‖ d. ―I praise you for that decision; it can be so difficult to be truthful about the seriousness of your son‘s illness.‖ ANS: C

Terminally ill children develop an awareness of the seriousness of their diagnosis even when protected from the truth. Acknowledging parents feelings but giving them truthful information is the appropriate response. Asking about discussing this with the health care provider is avoiding the issue. Sharing your own feelings by stating ―I would do the same thing‖ and giving praise for the decision is nontherapeutic.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 20. When communicating with dying children, what should the nurse remember? a. Adolescent children tend to be concrete thinkers. b. Games, art, and play provide a good means of expression. c. When children can recite facts, they understand the implications of those facts. d. If children‘s questions direct the conversation, the assessment will be incomplete.

ANS: B

Games, art, and play provide children a way to use their natural expressive means to stimulate dialogue. Adolescent children are abstract thinkers. Children may not understand the implication of facts just because they can recite them. The assessment is more complete when children‘s questions direct the conversation.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. The nurse is assessing coping behaviors of a family with a child with a chronic illness. What

indicates approach coping behaviors? (Select all that apply.) a. Plans realistically for the future.

b. c. d. e.

Verbalizes possible loss of the child.

Uses magical thinking and fantasy.

Realistically perceives the child‘s condition.

Does not share the burden of the disorder with others.

ANS: A, B, D

Approach coping behaviors include planning realistically for the future, verbalizing possible loss of a child, and realistically perceiving the child‘s behavior. Using magical thinking and fantasy is an avoidance behavior. The family should share the burden of the disorder with others as an approach behavior.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 2. What are supportive interventions that can assist a toddler with a chronic illness to meet

developmental milestones? (Select all that apply.) a. Give choices. b. Provide sensory experiences. c. Avoid discipline and limit setting. d. Discourage negative and ritualistic behaviors. e. Encourage independence in as many areas as possible.

ANS: A, B, E

To encourage autonomy, choices should be given, and independence encouraged in as many areas as possible. Sensory experiences should be encouraged to help the toddler to learn through sensorimotor experiences. Age-appropriate discipline and limit setting should be initiated. Negative and ritualistic behaviors are normal and should be allowed.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 3. The nurse is assessing coping behaviors of a family with a child with a chronic illness. What

indicates avoidance coping behaviors? (Select all that apply.) a. Refuses to agree to treatment. b. Avoids staff, family members, or child. c. Is unable to discuss possible loss of the child. d. Recognizes own growth through a passage of time. e. Makes no change in lifestyle to meet the needs of other family members.

ANS: A, B, C, E

Avoidance coping behaviors include refusing to agree to treatment; avoiding staff, family members, or child; unable to discuss possible loss of the child; and making no change in lifestyle to meet the needs of other family members. Recognizing one‘s own growth through a passage of time is an approach behavior.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 4. What are supportive interventions that can assist a preschooler with a chronic illness to meet

developmental milestones? (Select all that apply.) a. Encourage socialization. b. Encourage mastery of self-help skills.

c. Provide devices that make tasks easier. d. Clarify that the cause of the child‘s illness is not his or her fault. e. Discuss planning for the future and how the condition can affect choices.

ANS: A, B, C, D

To encourage initiative, mastery of self-help skills should be encouraged, and devices should be provided that make tasks easier. To develop peer relationships, socialization should be encouraged. To develop body image, the fact that the cause of the child‘s illness is not the fault of the child should be emphasized. Discussing planning for the future and how the condition can affect choices is appropriate for an adolescent.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 5. What are supportive interventions that can assist an adolescent with a chronic illness to meet

developmental milestones? (Select all that apply.) a. Encourage activities appropriate for age. b. Avoid discussing planning for the future. c. Provide instruction on interpersonal and coping skills. d. Emphasize good appearance and wearing of stylish clothes. e. Understand that the adolescent will not have the same sexual needs.

ANS: A, C, D

To achieve independence from family, instruction on interpersonal and coping skills should be provided. To promote heterosexual relationships, activities appropriate for age should be encouraged, and a good appearance and wearing of stylish clothes should be emphasized.

Plans for the future should be discussed, and the adolescent will have the same sexual needs as adolescents without a chronic illness.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 6. What does the nurse recognize as physical signs of approaching death? (Select all that apply.) a. Mottling of skin b. Decreased sleeping c. Cheyne-Stokes respirations d. Loss of the sense of hearing e. Decreased appetite and thirst ANS: A, C, E

Physical signs of approaching death include mottling of skin, Cheyne-Stokes respirations, and decreased appetite and thirst. Sleeping increases, not decreases, and hearing is the last sense to fail.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 7. What are common respiratory symptoms dying children experience? (Select all that apply.) a. Cough b. Eupnea c. Wheezing d. Shortness of breath

e. Decrease in secretions ANS: A, C, D

Common respiratory symptoms dying children experience include cough, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Eupnea is normal breathing, and secretions increase not decrease.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 8. What characterizes a toddler‘s concept of death? (Select all that apply.) a. They are unable to comprehend an absence of life. b. They may recognize the fact of physical death. c. They understand the universality and inevitability of death. d. They are affected more by the change in lifestyle than the concept of death. e. They can only think about events in terms of their own frame of reference—living.

ANS: A, D, E

Toddlers are egocentric and can only think about events in terms of their own frame of reference—living. Their egocentricity and vague separation of fact and fantasy make it impossible for them to comprehend absence of life. Instead of understanding death, this age-group is affected more by any change in lifestyle. Toddlers do not understand the universality and inevitability of death and do not recognize the fact of physical death.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 9. What characterizes a school-aged child‘s concept of death? (Select all that apply.) a. Have a mature understanding of death. b. Can respond to logical explanations of death. c. Personify death as the devil or the bogeyman. d. Have a deeper understanding of death in a concrete sense. e. Fear the mutilation and punishment associated with death.

ANS: B, C, D, E

A school-aged child‘s concept of death includes responding to logical explanations of death, personifying death as the devil or bogeyman, having a deeper understanding of death in a concrete sense, and fearing mutilation and punishment associated with death. Adolescents‘ concept of death is a mature understanding of death.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance COMPLETION 1. A health care provider prescribes morphine sulfate, 0.2 mg/kg IV every 2 to 4 hr as needed for

pain for a child with a terminal illness. The child weighs 10 kg. The medication label states: ―Morphine sulfate 5 mg/mL.‖ The nurse prepares to administer one dose. How many milliliters will the nurse prepare to administer one dose? Fill in the blank. Record your answer using one decimal place. ________________

ANS:

0.4 Follow the formula for dosage calculation.

Multiply 0.2 mg  10 kg to get the dose = 2 mg

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

Chapter 20: Impact of Cognitive or Sensory Impairment on the Child and Family Hockenberry: Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 12th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The parents of a child with cognitive impairment ask the nurse for guidance with discipline.

What should the nurse‘s recommendation be based on? a. Discipline is ineffective with cognitively impaired children. b. Cognitively impaired children do not require discipline. c. Behavior modification is an excellent form of discipline. d. Physical punishment is the most appropriate form of discipline.

ANS: C

Discipline must begin early. Limit-setting measures must be clear, simple, consistent, and appropriate for the child‘s mental age. Behavior modification, especially reinforcement of desired behavior and use of time-out procedures, is an appropriate form of behavior control.

Aversive strategies should be avoided in disciplining the child.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 2. What intervention is most appropriate to facilitate social development of a child with a

cognitive impairment? a. Provide age-appropriate toys and play activities. b. Avoid exposure to strangers who may not understand cognitive development. c. Provide peer experiences, such as infant stimulation and preschool programs. d. Emphasize mastery of physical skills because they are delayed more often than verbal skills.

ANS: C

The acquisition of social skills is a complex task. Initially, an infant stimulation program should be used. Children of all ages need peer relationships. Parents should enroll the child in preschool. When older, they should have peer experiences similar to those of other children such as group outings, Boy and Girl Scouts, and Special Olympics. Providing age-appropriate toys and play activities is important, but peer interactions facilitate social development.

Parents should expose the child to individuals who do not know the child. This enables the child to practice social skills. Verbal skills are delayed more often than physical skills.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 3. The nurse is discussing sexuality with the parents of an adolescent girl who has a moderate

cognitive impairment. What factor should the nurse consider when dealing with this issue? a. Sterilization is recommended for any adolescent with cognitive impairment. b. Sexual drive and interest are very limited in individuals with cognitive impairment. c. Individuals with cognitive impairment need a well-defined, concrete code of sexual conduct. d. Sexual intercourse rarely occurs unless the individual with cognitive impairment is sexually abused.

ANS: C

Adolescents with moderate cognitive impairment may be easily persuaded and lack judgment.

A well-defined, concrete code of conduct with specific instructions for handling certain situations should be defined for the adolescent. Permanent contraception by sterilization presents moral and ethical issues and may have psychologic effects on the adolescent. It may be prohibited in some states. The adolescent needs to have practical sexual information regarding physical development and contraception. Cognitively impaired individuals may desire to marry and have families. The adolescent needs to be protected from individuals who may make intimate advances.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 4. A 2-week-old infant with Down syndrome is being seen in the clinic. His mother tells the

nurse that he is difficult to hold, that ―he‘s like a rag doll. He doesn‘t cuddle up to me like my other babies did.‖ What is the nurse‘s best interpretation of this lack of clinging or molding? a. Sign of detachment and rejection b. Indicative of maternal deprivation c. A physical characteristic of Down syndrome d. Suggestive of autism associated with Down syndrome ANS: C

Infants with Down syndrome have hypotonicity of muscles and hyperextensibility of joints, which complicate positioning. The limp, flaccid extremities resemble the posture of a rag doll.

Holding the infant is difficult and cumbersome, and parents may feel that they are inadequate.

A lack of clinging or molding is characteristic of Down syndrome, not detachment. There is no evidence of maternal deprivation. Autism is not associated with Down syndrome, and it would not be evident at 2 weeks of age.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 5. Many of the clinical features of Down syndrome present challenges to caregivers. Based on

these features, what intervention should be included in the child‘s care? a. Delay feeding solid foods until the tongue thrust has stopped. b. Modify the diet as necessary to minimize the diarrhea that often occurs. c. Provide calories appropriate to the child‘s mental age. d. Use a cool-mist vaporizer to keep the mucous membranes moist and secretions

liquefied.

ANS: D

The constant stuffy nose forces the child to breathe by mouth, drying the mucous membranes and increasing the susceptibility to upper respiratory tract infections. A cool-mist vaporizer will keep the mucous membranes moist and liquefy secretions. Respiratory tract infections combined with cardiac anomalies are the primary cause of death in the first years. The child has a protruding tongue, which makes feeding difficult. The parents must persist with feeding while the child continues the physiologic response of the tongue thrust. The child is predisposed to constipation. Calories should be appropriate to the child‘s weight and growth needs, not mental age.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 6. What technique facilitates lipreading by a hearing-impaired child? a. Speak at an even rate. b. Avoid using facial expressions. c. Exaggerate pronunciation of words. d. Repeat in exactly the same way if child does not understand.

ANS: A

Help the child learn and understand how to read lips by speaking at an even rate. Avoiding using facial expressions, exaggerating pronunciation of words, and repeating in exactly the same way if the child does not understand interfere with the child‘s understanding of the spoken word.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 7. The school nurse is caring for a child with a penetrating eye injury. Emergency treatment

includes what intervention? a. Place a cool compress on eye during transport to the emergency department. b. Irrigate the eye copiously with a sterile saline solution. c. Remove the object with a lightly moistened gauze pad. d. Apply a Fox shield to the affected eye and any type of patch to the other eye.

ANS: D

The nurse‘s role in a penetrating eye injury is to prevent further injury to the eye. A Fox shield (if available) should be applied to the injured eye and a regular eye patch to the other eye to prevent bilateral movement. Placing cool compress on the eye during transport to emergency department, irrigating eye copiously with a sterile saline solution, or removing object with a lightly moistened gauze pad may cause more damage to the eye.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 8. A father calls the emergency department nurse saying that his daughter‘s eyes burn after

getting some dishwasher detergent in them. The nurse recommends that the child be seen in the emergency department or by an ophthalmologist. The nurse also should recommend which action before the child is transported? a. Keep the eyes closed.

b. Apply cold compresses. c. Irrigate the eyes copiously with tap water for 20 minutes. d. Prepare a normal saline solution (salt and water) and irrigate the eyes for 20

minutes.

ANS: C

The first action is to flush the eyes with clean tap water. This will rinse the detergent from the eyes. Keeping the eyes closed and applying cold compresses may allow the detergent to do further harm to the eyes during transport. Normal saline is not necessary. The delay can allow the detergent to cause continued injury to the eyes.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 9. A 5-year-old child has bilateral eye patches in place after surgery yesterday morning. Today

he can be out of bed. What nursing intervention is most important at this time? a. Speak to him when entering the room. b. Allow him to assist in feeding himself. c. Orient him to his immediate surroundings. d. Reassure him and allow his parents to stay with him.

ANS: C

Safety is the priority concern. Because he can now be out of bed, it is imperative that he knows about his physical surroundings. Speaking to the child is a component of nursing care that is expected with all clients unless contraindicated. Unless additional impairments are present, his meal tray should be set up, and he should be able to feed himself. Reassuring him and allowing his parents to stay with him are essential parts of nursing care for all children.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 10. What intervention should be included in the nursing care of a child with autism spectrum

disorder (ASD)? a. Assign multiple staff to care for the child. b. Communicate with the child at his or her developmental level. c. Provide a wide variety of foods for the child to try. d. Place the child in a semiprivate room with a roommate of a similar age.

ANS: B

Children with ASD require individualized care. The nurse needs to communicate with the child at the child‘s developmental level. Consistent caregivers are essential for children with ASD. The same staff members should care for the child as much as possible. Children with ASD do not adapt to changing situations. The same foods should be provided to allow the child to adjust. A private room is desirable for children with ASD. Stimulation is minimized.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 11. The nurse is performing a physical assessment on a 3-year-old child. The parents state that the

child excessively rubs the eyes and often tilts the head to one side. What visual impairment should the nurse suspect? a. Strabismus

b. Astigmatism c. Hyperopia, or farsightedness d. Myopia, or nearsightedness ANS: D

Clinical manifestations of myopia include excessive eye rubbing, head tilting, difficulty reading, headaches, and dizziness. Strabismus, astigmatism, and hyperopia have other clinical manifestations.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 12. The camp nurse is choosing a toy for a child with cognitive impairment to play with during

swimming time. What toy should the nurse choose to encourage improvement of developmental skills? a. Dive rings b. An inner tube c. Floating ducks d. A large beach ball ANS: D

Toys are selected for their recreational and educational value. For example, a large inflatable beach ball is a good water toy; encourages interactive play; and can be used to learn motor skills such as balance, rocking, kicking, and throwing. Dive rings, an inner tube, and floating ducks are not interactive toys.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 13. The nurse is teaching feeding strategies to a parent of a 12-month-old infant with Down

syndrome. What statement made by the parent indicates a need for further teaching? a. ―If the food is thrust out, I will retry it.‖ b. ―I will use a small, long, straight-handled spoon.‖ c. ―I will place the food on the top of the tongue.‖ d. ―I know the tongue thrust doesn‘t indicate a refusal of the food.‖ ANS: C

Parents of a child with Down syndrome need to know that the tongue thrust does not indicate refusal to feed but is a physiologic response. Parents are advised to use a small but long, straight-handled spoon to push the food toward the back and side of the mouth. If food is thrust out, it should be refed. If the parent indicates placing the food on the tongue, further teaching is needed.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 14. What action should the school nurse take for a child who has a hematoma (black eye) with no

hemorrhage into the anterior chamber? a. Apply a warm moist pack. b. Have the child keep the eyes open. c. Apply ice for the first 24 hr. d. Refer to an ophthalmologist immediately.

ANS: C

The care for a hematoma eye injury with no hemorrhage into the anterior chamber is to apply ice for the first 24 hr. A warm moist pack should not be applied, and the child should keep the eyes closed. Referral to an ophthalmologist is recommended if hyphema (hemorrhage into the anterior chamber) is present.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. The nurse is preparing an education program on hearing impairment for a group of new staff

nurses. What concepts should be included? (Select all that apply.) a. A child with a slight hearing loss is usually unaware of a hearing difficulty. b. A clinical manifestation of a hearing impairment in children is avoidance of social interaction. c. A child with a severe hearing loss may hear a loud voice if nearby. d. Children with sensorineural hearing loss can benefit from the use of a hearing aid. e. A clinical manifestation of hearing impairment in an infant is lack of the startle reflex. f. Identification of a hearing loss after the first year is essential to facilitate language development in children.

ANS: A, B, C, E

When discussing hearing impairment in children, the nurse should include information about differences in hearing losses, such as with a slight hearing loss, the child is usually unaware of a hearing difficulty, and with a severe loss, the child may hear a loud noise if it is nearby. An infant with a hearing loss may lack the startle response, and a hearing-impaired child may avoid social interaction. Children with a sensorineural hearing loss would not benefit from a hearing aid. Identification of a hearing loss is imperative in the first 3 to 6 months to facilitate language and educational development for children.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 2. The nurse understands that which gestational disorders can cause a cognitive impairment in

the newborn? (Select all that apply.) a. Prematurity b. Post maturity c. Low birth weight d. Physiological jaundice e. Large for gestational age ANS: A, B, C

Prematurity, post maturity, and low birth weight can be causes of cognitive impairment in newborns. Physiological jaundice and large for gestational age are not associated causes of cognitive impairment in newborns.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance

3. The clinic nurse is assessing an infant. What are early signs of cognitive impairment the nurse

should discuss with the health care provider? (Select all that apply.) a. Head lag at 11 months of age b. No pincer grasp at 4 months of age c. Colicky incidents at 3 months of age d. Unable to speak two to three words at 24 months of age e. Unresponsiveness to the environment at 12 months of age ANS: A, D, E

Early signs of cognitive impairment include gross motor delay (head lag should be established by 6 months, and head lag still present at 11 months is a delay), language delay (normal language development is speaking two to three words by age 12 months; if unable to speak two to three words at 24 months, that is a delay), and unresponsiveness to the environment at 12 months. No pincer grasp at 4 months of age is normal (palmar grasp is the expected finding), and colicky incidents at 3 months of age is a normal finding.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 4. A child has a slight (26 to 40 dB) degree of hearing loss. The nurse recognizes this amount of

hearing loss can have what effect? (Select all that apply.) a. No speech defects b. Difficulty hearing faint speech c. Usually is unaware of the hearing difficulty d. Can distinguish vowels but not consonants e. Unable to understand conversational speech ANS: A, B, C

A child with a slight degree of hearing loss has no speech defects, may have difficulty hearing faint speech, and is usually unaware of the hearing difficulty. The ability to distinguish vowels but not consonants is an effect of severe hearing loss and being unable to understand conversational speech is an effect of moderately severe hearing loss.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 5. What risk factors can cause a sensorineural hearing impairment in an infant? (Select all that

apply.) a. Cat scratch disease b. Bacterial meningitis c. Childhood case of measles d. Childhood case of chicken pox e. Administration of aminoglycosides for more than 5 days ANS: B, C, E

Risk criteria for sensorineural hearing impairment in infants include bacterial meningitis; a case of measles; and administration of ototoxic medications (e.g., gentamicin, tobramycin, kanamycin, streptomycin), including but not limited to the aminoglycosides, for more than 5 days. Cat scratch disease and a childhood case of chicken pox are not risk factors that can cause a sensorineural hearing impairment.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 6. The nurse is teaching parents the signs of a hearing impairment in infants. What should the

nurse include as signs? (Select all that apply.) a. Lack of a fencing reflex b. Lack of a startle reflex to a loud sound c. Awakened by loud environmental noises d. Failure to localize a sound by 6 months of age e. Response to loud noises as opposed to the voice ANS: B, D, E

The fencing reflex is elicited when the infant is placed on his or her back; it does not indicate a hearing impairment. Awakening by a loud environmental noise is a normal response.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 7. The nurse is teaching parents the signs of a hearing impairment in a child. What should the

nurse include as signs? (Select all that apply.) a. Outgoing behavior b. Yelling to express pleasure c. Asking to have statements repeated d. Foot stamping for vibratory sensation e. Failure to develop intelligible speech by age 24 months ANS: B, C, D, E

Signs of a hearing impairment in a child include yelling to express pleasure, asking to have statements repeated, foot stamping for vibratory sensation, and failure to develop intelligible speech by age 24 months. The child‘s behavior is shy, not outgoing.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 8. What are indications for a referral regarding a communication impairment in a school-age

child? (Select all that apply.) a. Barely audible voice quality b. Vocal pitch inappropriate for age c. Intonation noted during speaking d. Maintains a rhythm while speaking e. Distortion of sounds after age 7 years ANS: A, B, E

Barely audible voice quality, vocal pitch inappropriate for age, and distortion of sounds after age 7 years are indications for a referral regarding a communication impairment. Intonation noted while speaking and maintaining a rhythm while speaking are normal characteristics of speech.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance

Chapter 21: Family-Centered Care of the Child During Illness and Hospitalization

Hockenberry: Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 12th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Because of their striving for independence and productivity, which age-group of children is

particularly vulnerable to events that may lessen their feeling of control and power? a. Infants b. Toddlers c. Preschoolers d. School-age children ANS: D

When a child is hospitalized, the altered family role, physical disability, loss of peer acceptance, lack of productivity, and inability to cope with stress usurp individual power and identity. This is especially detrimental to school-age children, who are striving for independence and productivity and are now experiencing events that decrease their control and power. Infants, toddlers, and preschoolers, although affected by loss of power, are not as significantly affected as school-age children.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 2. A spinal tap must be done on a 9-year-old boy. While he is waiting in the treatment room, the

nurse observes that he seems composed. When the nurse asks him if he wants his mother to stay with him, he says, ―I am fine.‖ How should the nurse interpret this situation? a. This child is unusually brave. b. He has learned that support does not help. c. Nine-year-old boys do not usually want a parent present during the procedure. d. Children in this age-group often do not request support even though they need and want it.

ANS: D

The school-age child‘s visible composure, calmness, and acceptance often mask an inner longing for support. Children of this age have a more passive approach to pain and an indirect request for support. It is especially important to be aware of nonverbal cues such as facial expression, silence, and lack of activity. Usually when someone identifies the unspoken messages, the child will readily accept support.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 3. The mother of a 7-month-old infant newly diagnosed with cystic fibrosis is rooming in with

her infant. She is breastfeeding and provides all the care except for the medication administration. What should the nurse include in the plan of care? a. Ensuring that the mother has time away from the infant b. Making sure the mother is providing all of the infant‘s care c. Determining whether other family members can provide the necessary care so the mother can rest d. Contacting the social worker because of the mother‘s interference with the nursing care

ANS: A

The mother needs sufficient rest and nutrition, so she can be effective as a caregiver. While the infant is hospitalized, the care is the responsibility of the nursing staff. The mother should be made comfortable with the care the staff provides in her absence. The mother has a right to provide care for the infant. The nursing staff and the mother should agree on the care division.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 4. A 10-year-old girl needs to have another intravenous (IV) line started. She keeps telling the

nurse, ―Wait a minute,‖ and, ―I‘m not ready.‖ How should the nurse interpret this behavior? a. IV insertions are viewed as punishment. b. This is expected behavior for a school-age child. c. Protesting like this is usually not seen past the preschool years. d. The child has successfully manipulated the nurse in the past.

ANS: B

This school-age child is attempting to maintain some control over the hospital experience. The nurse should provide the girl with structured choices about when the IV line will be inserted.

Preschoolers can view procedures as punishment; this is not typical behavior of a preschool-age child.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 5. An 8-year-old girl is being admitted to the hospital from the emergency department with an

injury from falling off her bicycle. What intervention will help her most in her adjustment to the hospital? a. Explain hospital schedules to her, such as mealtimes. b. Use terms such as ―honey‖ and ―dear‖ to show a caring attitude. c. Explain when parents can visit and why siblings cannot come to see her. d. Orient her parents, because she is too young, to her room and hospital facility.

ANS: A

School-age children need to have control of their environment. The nurse should offer explanations or prepare the child for what to expect. The nurse should refer to the child by the preferred name. Explaining when parents can visit and why siblings cannot come focuses on the limitations rather than helping her adjust to the hospital. At the age of 8 years, the child should be oriented to the environment along with the parents.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 6. A 13-year-old child with cystic fibrosis (CF) is a frequent patient on the pediatric unit. This

admission, she is sleeping during the daytime and unable to sleep at night. What should be a beneficial strategy for this child? a. Administer prescribed sedative at night to aid in sleep. b. Negotiate a daily schedule that incorporates hospital routine, therapy, and free time. c. Have the practitioner speak with the child about the need for rest when receiving therapy for CF.

d. Arrange a consult with the social worker to determine whether issues at home are

interfering with her care.

ANS: B

Children‘s response to the disruption of routine during hospitalization is demonstrated in eating, sleeping, and other activities of daily living. The lack of structure is allowing the child to sleep during the day, rather than at night. Most likely the lack of schedule is the problem.

The nurse and child can plan a schedule that incorporates all necessary activities, including medications, mealtimes, homework, and patient care procedures. The schedule can then be posted, so the child has a ready reference. Sedatives are not usually used with children. The child has a chronic illness and most likely knows the importance of rest. The parents and child can be questioned about changes at home since the last hospitalization.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 7. Two hospitalized adolescents are playing pool in the activity room. Neither of them seems

enthusiastic about the game. How should the nurse interpret this situation? a. Playing pool requires too much concentration for this age-group. b. Pool is an activity better suited for younger children. c. The adolescents may be enjoying themselves but have lower energy levels than healthy children. d. The adolescents‘ lack of enthusiasm is one of the signs of depression.

ANS: C

Children who are ill and hospitalized typically have lower energy levels than healthy children.

Therefore, children may not appear enthusiastic about an activity even when they are enjoying it. Pool is an appropriate activity for adolescents. They have the cognitive and psychomotor skills that are necessary. If the adolescents were significantly depressed, they would be unable to engage in the game.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 8. A 6-year-old child is admitted to the pediatric unit and requires bed rest. Having art supplies

available meets which purpose? a. Allows the child to create gifts for parents. b. Provides developmentally appropriate activities. c. Is essential for play therapy so the child can work on past problems. d. Allows the child to express thoughts and feelings through pictures rather than words.

ANS: D

The art supplies allow the child to draw images that come into the mind. This can help the child develop symbols and then verbalize reactions to illness and hospitalization. The child can make gifts and drawings for parents, but the goal is to allow expression of feelings.

Although art is developmentally and situationally appropriate, the child benefits by being able to express feelings nonverbally. The art supplies are not therapeutic play but a mechanism for expressive play. The child will not work on past problems.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying

TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 9. The parents of a 3-year-old admitted for recurrent diarrhea are upset that the practitioner has

not told them what is going on with their child. What is the priority intervention for this family? a. Answer all of the parents‘ questions about the child‘s illness. b. Immediately page the practitioner to come to the unit to speak with the family. c. Help the family develop a written list of specific questions to ask the practitioner. d. Inform the family of the time that hospital rounds are made so that they can be present.

ANS: C

Often families ask general questions of health care providers and do not receive the information they need. The nurse should determine what information the family does want and then help develop a list of questions. When the questions are written, the family can remember which questions to ask or can hand the sheet to the practitioner for answers. The nurse may have the information the parents want, but they are asking for specific information from the practitioner. Unless it is an emergency, the nurse should not place a stat page for the practitioner. Being present is not necessarily the issue but rather the ability to get answers to specific questions.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 10. The nurse is admitting a 7-year-old child to the pediatric unit for abdominal pain. To

determine what the child understands about the reason for hospitalization, what should the nurse do? a. Find out what the parents have told the child. b. Review the note from the admitting practitioner. c. Ask the child why he came to the hospital today. d. Question the parents about why they brought the child to the hospital.

ANS: C

School-age children are able to answer questions. The only way for the nurse to know about the child‘s understanding of the reason for hospitalization is to ask the child directly. Finding out what the parents told the child and why they brought the child to the hospital or reading the admitting practitioner‘s description of the reason for admission will not provide information about what the child has heard and retained.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 11. The nurse is notified that a 9-year-old boy with nephrotic syndrome is being admitted. Only

semiprivate rooms are available. What roommate should be best to select? a. A 10-year-old girl with pneumonia b. An 8-year-old boy with a fractured femur c. A 10-year-old boy with a ruptured appendix d. A 9-year-old girl with congenital heart disease ANS: B

An 8-year-old boy with a fractured femur would be the best choice for a roommate. The boys are similar in age. The child with nephrotic syndrome most likely will be on immunosuppressive agents and susceptible to infection. The child with a fractured femur is not infectious. A girl should not be a good roommate for a school-age boy. In addition, the 10-year-old girl with pneumonia and the 10-year-old boy with a ruptured appendix have infections and could pose a risk for the child with nephrotic syndrome.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 12. The nurse is doing a pre-hospitalization orientation for a girl, age 7 years, who is scheduled

for cardiac surgery. As part of the preparation, the nurse explains that after the surgery, the child will be in the intensive care unit. How might the explanation by the nurse be viewed? a. Unnecessary b. The surgeon‘s responsibility c. Too stressful for a young child d. An appropriate part of the child‘s preparation ANS: D

The explanation is a necessary part of preoperative preparation and will help reduce the anxiety associated with surgery. If the child wakes in the intensive care unit and is not prepared for the environment, she will be even more anxious. This is a joint responsibility of nursing, medical staff, and child life personnel.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 13. A 6-year-old is being discharged home, which is 90 miles from the hospital, after an

outpatient hernia repair. In addition to explicit discharge instructions, what should the nurse provide? a. An ambulance for transport home b. Verbal information about follow-up care c. Prescribed pain medication before discharge d. Driving instructions for a route with less traffic ANS: C

The nurse should anticipate that the child will begin experiencing pain on the trip home. By providing a dose of oral analgesia, the nurse can ensure the child remains comfortable during the trip. Transport by ambulance is not indicated for a hernia repair. Discharge instructions should be written. The parents will be focusing on their child and returning home, which limits their ability to retain information. The parents should know the most expedient route home.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 14. The nurse is caring for a 10-year-old child during a long hospitalization. What intervention

should the nurse include in the care plan to minimize loss of control and autonomy during the hospitalization? a. Allow the child to skip morning self-care activities to watch a favorite television program.

b. Create a calendar with special events such as a visit from a friend to maintain a

routine. c. Allow the child to sleep later in the morning and go to bed later at night to promote

control. d. Create a restrictive environment so the child feels in control of sensory stimulation.

ANS: B

School-age children may feel an overwhelming loss of control and autonomy during a longer hospitalization. One intervention to minimize this loss of control is to create a calendar with planned special events such as a visit from a friend. Maintaining the child‘s daily routine is another intervention to minimize the sense of loss of control; allowing the child to skip morning self-care activities, sleep later, or stay up later would work against this goal.

Environments should be as nonrestrictive as possible to allow the child freedom to move about, thus allowing a sense of autonomy.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 15. The nurse is providing support to parents adapting to the hospitalization of their child to the

pediatric intensive care unit. The nurse notices that the parents keep asking the same questions. What should the nurse do? a. Patiently continue to answer questions, trying different approaches. b. Kindly refer them to someone else for answering their questions. c. Recognize that some parents cannot understand explanations. d. Suggest that they ask their questions when they are not upset.

ANS: A

In addition to a general pediatric unit, children may be admitted to special facilities such as an ambulatory or outpatient setting, an isolation room, or intensive care. Wherever the location, the core principles of patient and family-centered care provide a foundation for all communication and interventions with the patient, family, and health care team. The nurse should do the therapeutic action and patiently continue to answer questions, trying different approaches.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Communication and Documentation MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 16. Parents of a hospitalized child often question the skill of staff. The nurse interprets this

behavior by the parents as what? a. Normal b. Paranoid c. Indifferent d. Wanting attention ANS: A

Recent research has identified common themes among parents whose children were hospitalized, including feeling an overall sense of helplessness, questioning the skills of staff, accepting the reality of hospitalization, needing to have information explained in simple language, dealing with fear, coping with uncertainty, and seeking reassurance from the health care team. The behavior does not indicate the parents are paranoid, indifferent, or wanting attention.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 17. When a preschool-age child is hospitalized, particularly when isolation is required without

adequate preparation, the nurse should recognize that the child may likely see hospitalization as what? a. Punishment b. Loss of parental love c. Threat to the child‘s self-image d. Loss of companionship with friends ANS: A

The rationale for preparing children for the hospital experience and related procedures is based on the principle that a fear of the unknown (fantasy) exceeds fear of the known.

Preschool-age children see hospitalization as a punishment. Loss of parental love would be a toddler‘s reaction. Threat to the child‘s self-image would be a school-age child‘s reaction.

Loss of companionship with friends would be an adolescent‘s reaction.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 18. A parent needs to leave a hospitalized toddler for a short period of time. What action should

the nurse suggest to the parent to ease the separation for the toddler? a. Bring a new toy when returning. b. Leave when the child is distracted. c. Tell the child when they will return. d. Leave a favorite article from home with the child.

ANS: D

If the parents cannot stay with the child, they should leave favorite articles from home with the child, such as a blanket, toy, bottle, feeding utensil, or article of clothing. Because young children associate such inanimate objects with significant people, they gain comfort and reassurance from these possessions. They make the association that if the parents left this, the parents would surely return. Bringing a new toy would not help with the separation. The parent should not leave when the child is distracted, and toddlers would not understand when the parent should return because time is not a concept they understand.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 19. The nurse needs to assess a 15-month-old child who is sitting quietly on his father‘s lap. What

initial action by the nurse would be most appropriate? a. Ask the father to place the child on the exam table. b. Undress the child while he is still sitting on his father‘s lap.

c. Talk softly to the child while taking him from his father. d. Begin the assessment while the child is in his father‘s lap.

ANS: D

For young children, particularly infants and toddlers, preserving parent–child contact is a good way of decreasing stress or the need for physical restraint during an assessment. For example, much of a patient‘s physical examination can be done with the patient in a parent‘s lap with the parent providing reassuring and comforting contact. The initial action would be to begin the assessment while the child is in his father‘s lap.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 20. The nurse is assessing a child‘s functional self-care level for feeding, bathing and hygiene,

dressing, and grooming and toileting. The child requires assistance or supervision from another person and equipment or device. What code does the nurse assign for this child? a. I b. II c. III d. IV ANS: C

A code of III indicates the child requires assistance from another person and equipment or device. A code of I indicates use of equipment or device. A code of II indicates assistance or supervision from another person. A code of IV indicates the child is totally dependent.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. What are signs and symptoms of the stage of detachment in relation to separation anxiety in

young children? (Select all that apply.) a. Appears happy. b. Lacks interest in the environment. c. Regresses to an earlier behavior. d. Forms new but superficial relationships. e. Interacts with strangers or familiar caregivers.

ANS: A, D, E

Manifestations of the stage of detachment seen in children during a hospitalization may include appearing happy, forming new but superficial relationships, and interacting with strangers or familiar caregivers. Lacking interest in the environment and regressing to an earlier behavior are manifestations seen in the stage of despair.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 2. What factors influence the effects of a child‘s hospitalization on siblings? (Select all that

apply.) a. Older siblings

b. c. d. e.

Experiencing minimal changes Receiving little information about their ill brother or sister Being cared for outside the home by care providers who are not relatives Perceiving that their parents treat them differently compared with before their sibling‘s hospitalization

ANS: C, D, E

Various factors have been identified that influence the effects of a child‘s hospitalization on siblings. Factors that are related specifically to the hospital experience and increase the effects on the sibling are being cared for outside the home by care providers who are not relatives, receiving little information about their ill brother or sister, and perceiving that their parents treat them differently compared with before their sibling‘s hospitalization. Being younger, not older, and experiencing many changes, not minimal changes, are factors that influence the effects of a child‘s hospitalization on siblings.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 3. The nurse is assessing a family‘s use of complementary medicine practices. What practices

are classified as nutrition, diet, and lifestyle or behavioral health changes? (Select all that apply.) a. Reflexology b. Macrobiotics c. Megavitamins d. Health risk reduction e. Chiropractic medicine ANS: B, C, D

Macrobiotics, megavitamins, and health risk reduction are classified as nutrition, diet, and lifestyle or behavioral health changes. Reflexology and chiropractic medicine are classified as structural manipulation and energetic therapies.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 4. Parents tell the nurse that siblings of their hospitalized child are feeling ―left out.‖ What

suggestions should the nurse make to the parents to assist the siblings to adjust to the hospitalization of their brother or sister? (Select all that apply.) a. Arrange for visits to the hospital. b. Limit information given to the siblings. c. Encourage phone calls to the hospitalized child. d. Make or buy inexpensive toys or trinkets for the siblings. e. Identify an extended family member to be their support system.

ANS: A, C, D, E

Strategies to support siblings during hospitalization include arranging for visits, encouraging phone calls, giving inexpensive gifts, and identifying a support person. Information should be shared with the siblings not limited.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity

5. What nursing interventions should the nurse plan for a hospitalized toddler to minimize fear

of bodily injury? (Select all that apply.) a. Perform procedures slowly. b. Maintain parent–child contact. c. Use progressively smaller dressings on surgical incisions. d. Tell the child bleeding will stop after the needle is removed. e. Remove a dressing as quickly as possible from surgical incisions.

ANS: B, C

Whenever procedures are performed on young children, the most supportive intervention to minimize the fear of bodily injury is to do the procedure as quickly as possible while maintaining parent–child contact. Because of toddlers‘ and preschool children‘s poorly defined body boundaries, the use of bandages may be particularly helpful. For example, telling children that the bleeding will stop after the needle is removed does little to relieve their fears, but applying a small Band-Aid usually reassures them. The size of bandages is also significant to children in this age-group; the larger the bandage, the more importance is attached to the wound. Watching their surgical dressings become successively smaller is one-way young children can measure healing and improvement. Removing a dressing as quickly as possible can hurt which may cause these children to fear future treatments.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity

Chapter 22: Pediatric Nursing Interventions and Skills Hockenberry: Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 12th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A 16-year-old girl comes to the pediatric clinic for information on birth control. The nurse

knows that before this young woman can be examined, consent must be obtained from which source? a. Herself b. Her mother c. Court order d. Legal guardian ANS: A

Contraceptive advice is one of the conditions that is considered ―medically emancipated.‖ The adolescent is able to provide her own informed consent.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 2. The nurse is preparing a 9-year-old boy before obtaining a blood specimen by venipuncture.

The child tells the nurse he does not want to lose his blood. What approach is best by the nurse? a. Explain that it will not be painful. b. Suggest to him that he not worry about losing just a little bit of blood. c. Discuss with him how his body is always in the process of making blood. d. Tell the child that he will not even need a Band-Aid afterward because it is a simple procedure.

ANS: C

School-age children can understand that blood can be replaced. Explain the procedure to him using correct scientific and medical terminology. The venipuncture will be uncomfortable. It is inappropriate to tell him it will not hurt. Even though the nurse considers it a simple procedure, the boy is concerned. Telling him not to worry will not allay his fears.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 3. A toddler is being sent to the operating room for surgery at 9 AM. As the nurse prepares the

child, what is the priority intervention? a. Administering preoperative antibiotic b. Verifying that the child and procedure are correct c. Ensuring that the toddler has been NPO since midnight d. Informing the parents where they can wait during the procedure ANS: B

The most important intervention is to ensure that the correct child is going to the operating room for the identified procedure. It is the nurse‘s responsibility to verify identification of the child and what procedure is to be done. If an antibiotic is ordered, administering it is important, but correct identification is a priority. Clear liquids can be given up to 2 hr before surgery. If the child was NPO (taking nothing by mouth) since midnight, intravenous fluids should be administered. Parents should be encouraged to accompany the child to the preoperative area. Many institutions allow parents to be present during induction.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment 4. A 5-year-old child returns from the pediatric intensive care unit after abdominal surgery. The

orders state to monitor vital signs every 2 hours. On assessment, the nurse observes that the child‘s heart rate is 20 beats/min less than it was preoperatively. What should be the nurse‘s next action? a. Follow the orders and check in 2 hours. b. Ask the parents if this is the child‘s usual heart rate. c. Recheck the pulse and blood pressure in 15 minutes. d. Notify the surgeon that the child is probably going into shock.

ANS: C

In a 5-year-old child, this is a significant change in vital signs. The nurse should assess the child to see if his condition mirrors a drop-in heart rate. The assessment and vital signs should be redone in 15 minutes to determine whether the child‘s condition is stable. When a disparity in vital signs or other assessment data is observed, the nurse should reassess sooner. Most parents will not know their child‘s heart rate. It is important to determine how the child is recovering from surgery. The nurse should collect additional information before notifying the surgeon. This includes blood pressure, respiratory rate, and pain status.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 5. A 14-year-old adolescent is hospitalized with cystic fibrosis. What nursing note entry

represents best documentation of his breakfast meal?

a. b. c. d.

Tolerated breakfast well.

Finished all of breakfast ordered.

One pancake, eggs, and 240 mL juice.

No documentation is needed for this age child.

ANS: C

Specific information is necessary for hospitalized children. It is essential to be able to identify caloric intake and eating patterns for assessment and intervention purposes. That he tolerated breakfast well only provides information that the child did not become ill with the meal. Even if he finished all his breakfast, an evaluation cannot be completed unless the quantity of food ordered is known. Nutritional information is essential, especially for children with chronic illnesses.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Communication and Documentation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 6. A child, age 7 years, has a fever associated with a viral illness. She is being cared for at home.

What is the principal reason for treating fever in this child? a. Relief of discomfort b. Reassurance that illness is temporary c. Prevention of secondary bacterial infection d. Avoidance of life-threatening complications ANS: A

The principal reason for treating fever is the relief of discomfort. Relief measures include pharmacologic and environmental intervention. The most effective is the use of pharmacologic agents to lower the set point. Although the nurse can reassure the child that the illness is temporary, the child is often uncomfortable and irritable. Intervention helps the child and family minimize the discomfort. Most fevers result from viral, not bacterial, infections.

Few life-threatening events are associated with fever. The use of antipyretics does not seem to reduce the incidence of febrile seizures.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 7. A critically ill child has hyperthermia. The parents ask the nurse to give an antipyretic such as

acetaminophen. How should the nurse respond to the parents? a. Febrile seizures can result. b. Antipyretics may cause malignant hyperthermia. c. Antipyretics are of no value in treating hyperthermia. d. Liver damage may occur in critically ill children.

ANS: C

Unlike with fever, antipyretics are of no value in hyperthermia because the set point is already normal. Cooling measures are used instead. Antipyretics do not cause seizures. Malignant hyperthermia is a genetic myopathy that is triggered by anesthetic agents. Antipyretic agents do not have this effect. Acetaminophen can result in liver damage if too much is given or if the liver is already compromised.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

8. A 2-year-old child is being admitted to the hospital for possible bacterial meningitis. When

preparing for a lumbar puncture, what should the nurse do? a. Set up a tray with equipment the same size as for adults. b. Apply EMLA to the puncture site 15 minutes before the procedure. c. Prepare the child for conscious sedation being used for the procedure. d. Reassure the parents that the test is simple, painless, and risk free.

ANS: C

Because of the urgency of the child‘s condition, conscious sedation should be used for the procedure. Pediatric spinal trays have smaller needles than do adult trays. EMLA should be applied approximately 60 minutes before the procedure; the emergency nature of the spinal tap precludes its use. A spinal tap is not a simple procedure and does have associated risks; analgesia will be given for the pain.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 9. Frequent urine tests for specific gravity are required on a 6-month-old infant. What method is

the most appropriate way to collect small amounts of urine for these tests? a. Apply a urine collection bag to the perineal area. b. Tape a small medicine cup inside of the diaper. c. Aspirate urine from cotton balls inside the diaper with a syringe without a needle. d. Use a syringe without a needle to aspirate urine from a superabsorbent disposable diaper.

ANS: C

To obtain small amounts of urine, use a syringe without a needle to aspirate urine directly from the diaper. Diapers with superabsorbent gels absorb the urine; if these are used, place a small gauze dressing or cotton balls inside the diaper to collect the urine and aspirate the urine with a syringe. For frequent urine sampling, the collection bag would be too irritating to the child‘s skin. It is not feasible to tape a small medicine cup to the inside of the diaper; the urine will spill from the cup.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 10. A child has a central venous access device for intravenous (IV) fluid administration. A blood

sample is needed for a complete blood count, hemogram, and electrolytes. What is the appropriate procedure to implement for this blood sample? a. Perform a new venipuncture to obtain the blood sample. b. Interrupt the IV fluid and withdraw the blood sample needed. c. Withdraw a blood sample equal to the amount of fluid in the device, discard, and then withdraw the sample needed. d. Flush the line and central venous device with saline and then aspirate the required amount of blood for the sample.

ANS: C

The blood specimen obtained must reflect the appropriate hemodilution of the blood and electrolyte concentration. The nurse needs to withdraw the amount of fluid that is in the device and discard it. The next sample will come from the child‘s circulating blood. With a central venous device, the trauma of a separate venipuncture can be avoided. The blood sample will be diluted with either the IV fluid being administered or the saline.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 11. An appropriate method for administering oral medications that are bitter to an infant or small

child should be to mix them with which? a. Bottle of formula or milk b. Any food the child is going to eat c. One teaspoon of something sweet-tasting such as jam d. Carbonated beverage, which is then poured over crushed ice ANS: C

Mix the drug with a small amount (about 1 tsp) of sweet-tasting substance. This will make the medication more palatable to the child. The medication should be mixed with only a small amount of food or liquid. If the child does not finish drinking or eating, it is difficult to determine how much medication was consumed. Medication should not be mixed with essential foods and milk. The child may associate the altered taste with the food and refuse to eat this food in the future.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 12. The practitioner has ordered a liquid oral antibiotic for a toddler with otitis media. The

prescription reads 1 1/2 tsp four times per day. What should the nurse consider in teaching the mother how to give the medicine? a. A measuring spoon should be used, and the medication must be given every 6 hr. b. The mother is not able to handle this regimen. Long-acting intramuscular antibiotics should be administered. c. A hollow-handled medication spoon is advisable, and the medication should be equally spaced while the child is awake. d. A household teaspoon should be used, and the medicine given when the child wakes up, around lunch time, at dinner time, and before bed.

ANS: C

A hollow-handled medication spoon allows the mother to measure the correct amount of medication. The order is written for four times a day; every 6 hr dosing is not necessary.

There is no indication that the mother is not able to adhere to the medication regimen. She is asking for clarification, so she can properly care for her child. Long-acting intramuscular antibiotics are not indicated. Household teaspoons vary greatly and should not be used.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 13. Guidelines for intramuscular administration of medication in school-age children include what

standard? a. Inject medication as rapidly as possible.

b. Insert needle quickly, using a dartlike motion. c. Have the child stand if at all possible and if the child is cooperative. d. Penetrate the skin immediately after cleansing the site while the skin is moist.

ANS: B

The needle should be inserted quickly in a dartlike motion at a 90-degree angle unless contraindicated. Inject medications slowly. Allow skin preparation to dry completely before the skin is penetrated. Place the child in a lying or sitting position.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 14. What is an advantage of the ventrogluteal muscle as an injection site in young children? a. Easily accessible from many directions b. Free of significant nerves and vascular structures c. Can be used until child reaches a weight of 9 kg (20 pounds) d. Increased subcutaneous fat, which provides sustained drug absorption ANS: B

Being free of significant nerves and vascular structure is one of the advantages of the ventrogluteal site. In addition, it is considered less painful than the vastus lateralis. The major disadvantage is lack of familiarity by health professionals and controversy over whether the site can be used before weight bearing. The vastus lateralis is a more accessible site. The ventrogluteal muscle site has safely been used from newborn through adulthood. Clinical guidelines address the need for the child to be walking. The site has less subcutaneous tissue, which facilitates intramuscular deposition of the drug rather than subcutaneous.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 15. When teaching a mother how to administer eye drops, where should the nurse tell her to place

them? a. At the lacrimal duct b. On the sclera while the child looks to the outside c. In the conjunctival sac when the lower eyelid is pulled down d. Carefully under the eyelid while it is gently pulled upward ANS: C

The lower eyelid is pulled down, forming a small conjunctival sac. The solution or ointment is applied to this area. The medication should not be administered directly on the eyeball. The lacrimal duct is not the appropriate placement for the eye medication. It will drain into the nasopharynx, and the child will taste the drug.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 16. Parents are being taught how to feed their infant using a newly placed gastrostomy tube

(G-tube). What is essential information for the parents to receive? a. Verify placement before each feeding. b. Use a syringe with a plunger to give the infant bolus feedings. c. Position the infant on the right side during and after the feeding. d. Beefy red tissue around the G-tube site must be reported to the practitioner.

ANS: C

Positioning on the right side during and after feedings helps minimize the risk of aspiration. It is not necessary to verify placement before each feeing. G-tubes are inserted into the stomach and sutured in place. If the tube is through the skin, it is in the stomach. Feedings should be given by gravity flow. The plunger may be used to initiate the feeding, but then the formula should be allowed to flow. Beefy red tissue around the G-tube site is normal granulation tissue that is expected.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 17. What is a priority intervention for an infant with a temporary colostomy for Hirschsprung

disease? a. Teaching how to irrigate the colostomy b. Protecting the skin around the colostomy c. Discussing the implications of a colostomy during puberty d. Using simple, straightforward language to prepare the child ANS: B

Protection of the peristomal skin is a major priority. Well-fitting appliances and skin protectants are used. Teaching how to irrigate a colostomy is not necessary because colostomies are not irrigated in infants. The colostomy is usually reversed within 6 months to 1 year. The parents, not the infant, need to be prepared for the surgery.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 18. A 1-month-old infant is admitted to the hospital. The infant‘s mother is 17 years old and

single and lives with her parents. Who signs the informed consent for the 1-month-old infant? a. The infant‘s mother b. The maternal grandparents of the infant c. The paternal grandparents of the infant d. Both the infant‘s mother and the maternal grandparents ANS: A

An emancipated minor is one who is legally under the age of majority but is recognized as having the legal capacity of an adult under circumstances prescribed by state law, such as pregnancy, marriage, high school graduation, independent living, or military service.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment 19. The nurse is administering an IM injection into a vastus lateralis muscle of a 6-month-old

infant. What should the length of the needle and amount to be given be? a. 5/8 to 1 inch; 0.5 to 1.0 mL b. 1 inch to 1 1/2 inch; 1.0 to 2.0 mL c. 1 inch to 1 1/2 inch; 0.5 to 1.0 mL d. 5/8 to 1 inch; 0.75 to 2 mL ANS: A

The length of a needle for an infant should be 5/8 to 1 inch, and the amount of solution should not exceed 1 mL. DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 20. The nurse is preparing to administer a liquid medication by a nasogastric feeding tube. What

is the first thing the nurse should do? a. Check placement of the tube. b. Check the pH of the gastric aspirate. c. Flush the tube with a small amount of water. d. Give the medication and then flush with a small amount of water.

ANS: B

The most accurate way to check the position of the nasogastric tube is by checking the pH. Auscultation as a verification tool is not reliable and should not be used without additional methods. The tube should not be flushed, or the medication administered until placement of the tube is checked.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. The nurse is caring for a 12-year-old child who is on fall precautions secondary to seizures.

What interventions should be included in the child‘s care plan? (Select all that apply.) a. Place a call light and desired items within reach. b. Keep the bed in the highest position with the two side rails up. c. Turn off the lights and television at night. d. Keep personal belongings and clutter contained in one area of the floor. e. Have the child wear an appropriate-size gown and nonskid footwear.

ANS: A, E

Prevention of falls requires alterations in the environment, including keeping call light and desired items within reach and having the child wear appropriate-size gowns and nonskid footwear. The bed should be in the lowest position possible with all the side rails up; at least a dim light should be left on at night; and personal belongings and clutter should not be on the floor—they should be in a cabinet.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 2. What methods should the nurse use to measure compliance to a treatment plan? (Select all

that apply.) a. Pill counts b. Chemical assays c. Direct observation d. Third-party reporting e. Monitoring therapeutic response ANS: A, B, C, E

Assessment of compliance must include direct measurement techniques. Pill counts, chemical assays, direct observation, and monitoring therapeutic response are direct measurement techniques. Third-party reporting would not always be available and would not be a method to measure compliance.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 3. What interventions should the nurse implement to prevent a pressure ulcer in a critically ill

child? (Select all that apply.) a. Nutrition consults b. Using skin moisturizers c. Turning the child every 2 hr d. Using plastic disposable underpads e. Using draw sheets to minimize shear ANS: A, B, C, E

Interventions found to prevent pressure ulcers in critically ill children include nutrition consults, using skin moisturizers, turning the child every 2 hr, and using draw sheets to minimize shear. Dry-weave underpads, not underpads with plastic, should be used to reduce moisture.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 4. The nurse is preparing to obtain a nasal washing from a child. What equipment should the

nurse gather for the procedure? (Select all that apply.) a. Sterile water b. A sterile swab c. Syringe with tubing d. Sterile normal saline e. Tracheal suction catheter ANS: C, D

Nasal washings may be obtained to identify viral pathogens and guide therapy in some respiratory conditions. The child is placed supine, and 1 to 3 mL of sterile normal saline is instilled with a sterile syringe (without a needle) into one nostril. The contents are aspirated with a syringe with 5 cm (2 inches) of 18- to 20-gauge tubing. The saline is quickly instilled and then aspirated to recover the nasal specimen. A tracheal suction catheter would not trap the mucus. Normal saline is used, not sterile water. A sterile swab is used for a throat culture, not for nasal washings.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 5. The clinic nurse is teaching parents about when to call the office immediately for a child with

a fever. What should the nurse include in the teaching session? (Select all that apply.) a. The child has a stiff neck. b. The fever is over 40° C (104° F). c. The child is younger than 3 months. d. The fever has lasted for more than 3 days.

e. The fever went away for more than 24 hr and then returned.

ANS: A, B, C

Parents should call the office immediately if a child has a fever over 40° C (104° F), the child is younger than 3 months, or the child has a stiff neck. Parents are to call within 24 hr if the fever went away for more than 24 hr and then returned or the fever has lasted for more than 3 days.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 6. What strategies should the nurse implement to assist in feeding a sick child? (Select all that

apply.) a. Serve large portions. b. Make mealtimes pleasant. c. Avoid foods that are highly seasoned. d. Provide finger foods for young children. e. Ensure a variety of foods, textures, and colors.

ANS: B, C, D, E

To assist in feeding a sick child mealtimes should be pleasant; highly seasoned foods should be avoided; finger foods should be provided for young children; and a variety of foods, textures, and colors should be ensured. Small portions, not large, should be served.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 7. What disease processes require contact isolation? (Select all that apply.) a. Rotavirus b. Hepatitis A c. Streptococcal pharyngitis d. Mycoplasmal pneumonia e. Respiratory syncytial virus ANS: A, B, E

In addition to Standard Precautions, use contact precautions for patients known or suspected to have serious illnesses easily transmitted by direct patient contact or by contact with items in the patient‘s environment. Examples of such illnesses include rotavirus, hepatitis A, and respiratory syncytial virus. Streptococcal pharyngitis and mycoplasmal pneumonia require droplet precautions.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment 8. What disease processes require airborne precautions? (Select all that apply.) a. Measles b. Varicella c. Pertussis d. Meningitis e. Tuberculosis ANS: A, B, E

In addition to Standard Precautions, use airborne precautions for patients known or suspected to have serious illnesses transmitted by airborne droplet nuclei. Examples of such illnesses include measles, varicella (including disseminated zoster), and tuberculosis. Pertussis and meningitis require droplet precautions.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment 9. What are the advantages of an implanted port (Port-a-Cath)? (Select all that apply.) a. Reduced risk of infection b. Reduced cost for the family c. Placed completely under the skin d. Easy to use for self-administered infusions e. Removal does not require a surgical procedure ANS: A, B, C

The advantages of an implanted port include reduced risk of infection, reduced cost for the family, and placed completely under the skin. Because it is implanted and must be accessed, it is not easy to use for self-administered infusions, and removal does require a surgical procedure.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 10. What play activities should the nurse implement to encourage fluid intake for a child? (Select

all that apply.) a. Have a tea party. b. Use a crazy straw. c. Cut gelatin into fun shapes. d. Place liquid in large Styrofoam cups. e. Make ice pops using the child‘s favorite juice.

ANS: A, B, C, E

Play activities to encourage fluid intake for a child include tea parties, crazy straws, cutting gelatin into fun shapes, and making ice pops using the child‘s favorite juice. Small cups, not large Styrofoam cups, should be used.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance

Chapter 23: The Child with Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance Hockenberry: Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 12th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. What factor predisposes an infant to fluid imbalances? a. Decreased surface area b. Lower metabolic rate c. Immature kidney functioning d. Decreased daily exchange of extracellular fluid ANS: C

The infant‘s kidneys are functionally immature at birth and are inefficient in excreting waste products of metabolism. Infants have a relatively high body surface area (BSA) compared with adults. This allows a higher loss of fluid to the environment. A higher metabolic rate is present as a result of the higher BSA in relation to active metabolic tissue. The higher metabolic rate increases heat production, which results in greater insensible water loss. Infants have a greater exchange of extracellular fluid, leaving them with a reduced fluid reserve in conditions of dehydration.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 2. What is the required number of milliliters of fluid needed per day for a 14 kg child? a. 800 b. 1000 c. 1200 d. 1400 ANS: C

For the first 10 kg of body weight, a child requires 100 mL/kg. For each additional kilogram of body weight, an extra 50 mL is needed.

10 kg  100 mL/kg/day = 1000 mL 4 kg  50 mL/kg/day = 200 mL 1000 mL + 200 mL = 1200 ml/day 800 to 1000 mL is too little; 1400 mL is too much.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 3. An infant is brought to the emergency department with the following clinical manifestations:

poor skin turgor, weight loss, lethargy, tachycardia, and tachypnea. This is suggestive of which situation? a. Water excess b. Sodium excess c. Water depletion d. Potassium excess ANS: C

These clinical manifestations indicate water depletion or dehydration. Edema and weight gain occur with water excess or overhydration. Sodium or potassium excess would not cause these symptoms.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 4. What laboratory finding should the nurse expect in a child with an excess of water? a. Decreased hematocrit b. High serum osmolality c. High urine specific gravity d. Increased blood urea nitrogen ANS: A

The excess water in the circulatory system results in hemodilution. The laboratory results show a falsely decreased hematocrit. Laboratory analysis of blood that is hemodiluted reveals decreased serum osmolality and blood urea nitrogen. The urine specific gravity is variable relative to the child‘s ability to correct the fluid imbalance.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 5. Physiologically, the child compensates for fluid volume losses by which mechanism? a. Inhibition of aldosterone secretion b. Hemoconcentration to reduce cardiac workload c. Fluid shift from interstitial space to intravascular space d. Vasodilation of peripheral arterioles to increase perfusion ANS: C

Compensatory mechanisms attempt to maintain fluid volume. Initially, interstitial fluid moves into the intravascular compartment to maintain blood volume. Aldosterone is released to promote sodium retention and conserve water in the kidneys. Hemoconcentration results from the fluid volume loss. With less circulating volume, tachycardia results. Vasoconstriction of peripheral arterioles occurs to help maintain blood pressure.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 6. What is an approximate method of estimating output for a child who is not toilet trained? a. Have parents estimate output. b. Document number of wet diapers. c. Place a urine collection device on the child. d. Have the child sit on a potty chair 30 minutes after eating.

ANS: B

In general, the number of days in life (up to 6–10 days) should be equal to the number of wet diapers per day. Having parents estimate output would be inaccurate. It is difficult to estimate how much fluid is in a diaper. The urine collection device would irritate the child‘s skin. It would be difficult for a toddler who is not toilet trained to sit on a potty chair 30 minutes after eating.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 7. A school-age child with acute diarrhea and mild dehydration is being given oral rehydration

solutions (ORS). The child‘s mother calls the clinic nurse because he is also occasionally vomiting. The nurse should recommend which intervention? a. Bring the child to the hospital for intravenous fluids. b. Alternate giving ORS and carbonated drinks. c. Continue to give ORS frequently in small amounts. d. Keep child NPO (nothing by mouth) for 8 hr and resume ORS if vomiting has subsided.

ANS: C

Children who are vomiting should be given ORS at frequent intervals and in small amounts.

Intravenous fluids are not indicated for mild dehydration. Carbonated beverages are high in carbohydrates and are not recommended for the treatment of diarrhea and vomiting. The child is not kept NPO because this would cause additional fluid losses.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Implementing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 8. What is the most frequent cause of hypovolemic shock in children? a. Sepsis b. Blood loss c. Anaphylaxis d. Heart failure ANS: B

Blood loss is the most frequent cause of hypovolemic shock in children. Sepsis causes septic shock, which is overwhelming sepsis and circulating bacterial toxins. Anaphylactic shock results from extreme allergy or hypersensitivity to a foreign substance. Heart failure contributes to hypervolemia, not hypovolemia.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 9. The nurse suspects shock in a child 1 day after surgery. What should be the initial nursing

action? a. Place the child on a cardiac monitor. b. Obtain arterial blood gases. c. Provide supplemental oxygen. d. Put the child in the Trendelenburg position.

ANS: C

The initial nursing action for a patient in shock is to establish ventilatory support. Oxygen is provided, and the nurse carefully observes for signs of respiratory failure, which indicates a need for intubation. Cardiac monitoring would be indicated to assess the child‘s status further, but ventilatory support comes first. Oxygen saturation monitoring should be begun. Arterial blood gases would be indicated if alternative methods of monitoring oxygen therapy were not available. The Trendelenburg position is not indicated and is detrimental to the child. The head-down position increases intracranial pressure and decreases diaphragmatic excursion and lung volume.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 10. What explains physiologically the edema formation that occurs with burns? a. Vasoconstriction b. Reduced capillary permeability c. Increased capillary permeability d. Diminished hydrostatic pressure within capillaries ANS: C

With a major burn, capillary permeability increases, allowing plasma proteins, fluids, and electrolytes to be lost into the interstitial space, causing edema. Maximum edema in a small wound occurs about 8 to 12 hr after injury. In larger injuries, the maximum edema may not occur until 18 to 24 hr later. Vasodilation occurs, causing an increase in hydrostatic pressure.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 11. A child is admitted with extensive burns. The nurse notes burns on the child‘s lips and singed

nasal hairs. The nurse should suspect what condition in the child? a. A chemical burn b. A hot-water scald c. An electrical burn d. An inhalation injury ANS: D

Evidence of an inhalation injury includes burns of the face and lips, singed nasal hairs, and laryngeal edema. Clinical manifestations may be delayed for up to 24 hr. Chemical burns, electrical burns, and burns associated with hot-water scalds would not produce singed nasal hair.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 12. What is the most immediate threat to life in children with burn injuries? a. Shock b. Anemia c. Local infection d. Systemic sepsis ANS: A

The immediate threat to life in children with burn injuries is airway compromise and profound shock. Anemia is not of immediate concern. During the healing phase, local infection or sepsis is the primary complication.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 13. After the acute stage and during the healing process, what is the primary complication from

burn injury? a. Shock b. Asphyxia c. Infection d. Renal shutdown ANS: C

During the healing phase, local infection or sepsis is the primary complication. Respiratory problems, primarily airway compromise, and shock are the primary complications during the acute stage of burn injury. Renal shutdown is not a complication of the burn injury but may be a result of the profound shock.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing

TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 14. The nurse is teaching a group of female adolescents about toxic shock syndrome and the use

of tampons. What statement by a participant indicates a need for additional teaching? a. ―I can alternate using a tampon and a sanitary napkin.‖ b. ―I should wash my hands before inserting a tampon.‖ c. ―I can use a superabsorbent tampon for more than 6 hr.‖ d. ―I should call my health care provider if I suddenly develop a rash that looks like sunburn.‖ ANS: C

Teaching female adolescents about the association between toxic shock syndrome and the use of tampons is important. The teaching should include not using superabsorbent tampons; not leaving the tampon in for longer than 4 to 6 hr; alternating the use of tampons with sanitary napkins; washing hands before inserting a tampon to decrease the chance of introducing pathogens; and informing a health care provider if a sudden high fever, vomiting, muscle pain, dizziness, or a rash that looks like a sunburn appears.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. The nurse is preparing a presentation on compensated, decompensated, and irreversible shock

in children. What clinical manifestations related to decompensated shock should the nurse include? (Select all that apply.) a. Tachypnea b. Oliguria c. Confusion d. Pale extremities e. Hypotension f. Thready pulse ANS: A, B, C, D

As shock progresses, perfusion in the microcirculation becomes marginal despite compensatory adjustments, and the signs are more obvious. Signs include tachypnea, oliguria, confusion, and pale extremities, as well as decreased skin turgor and poor capillary filling.

Hypotension and a thready pulse are clinical manifestations of irreversible shock.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 2. In what condition should the nurse be alert for altered fluid requirements in children? (Select

all that apply.) a. Oliguric renal failure b. Increased intracranial pressure c. Mechanical ventilation d. Compensated hypotension e. Tetralogy of Fallot f. Type 1 diabetes mellitus

ANS: A, B, C

The nurse should recognize that conditions such as oliguric renal failure, increased intracranial pressure, and mechanical ventilation can cause an increase or a decrease in fluid requirements. Conditions such as hypotension, tetralogy of Fallot, and diabetes mellitus (type 1) do not cause an alteration in fluid requirements.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 3. What clinical manifestations should be observed in a 2-year-old child with hypotonic

dehydration? (Select all that apply.) a. Thick, doughy feel to the skin b. Slightly moist mucous membranes c. Absent tears d. Very rapid pulse e. Hyperirritability ANS: B, C, D

Clinical manifestations of hypotonic dehydration include slightly moist mucous membranes, absent tears, and a very rapid pulse. A thick, doughy feel to the skin and hyperirritability are signs of hypertonic dehydration.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 4. The nurse is caring for a child with hypokalemia. The nurse evaluates the child for which

signs and symptoms of hypokalemia? (Select all that apply.) a. Twitching b. Hypotension c. Hyperreflexia d. Muscle weakness e. Cardiac arrhythmias ANS: B, D, E

Signs and symptoms of hypokalemia are hypotension, muscle weakness, and cardiac arrhythmias. Twitching and hyperreflexia are signs of hyperkalemia.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 5. The nurse is caring for a child with hypercalcemia. The nurse evaluates the child for which

signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia? (Select all that apply.) a. Tetany b. Anorexia c. Constipation d. Laryngospasm e. Muscle hypotonicity ANS: B, C, E

Signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia are anorexia, constipation, and muscle hypotonicity.

Tetany and laryngospasm are signs of hypocalcemia.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 6. The nurse is caring for a child with hypernatremia. The nurse evaluates the child for which

signs and symptoms of hypernatremia? (Select all that apply.) a. Apathy b. Lethargy at rest c. Oliguria d. Intense thirst e. Dry, sticky mucus ANS: B, C, E

Signs and symptoms of hypernatremia are nausea; oliguria; and dry, sticky mucus. Apathy and lethargy are signs of hyponatremia.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity COMPLETION 1. A health care provider prescribes dopamine (Intropin), 5 mcg/kg/min in a continuous

intravenous (IV) infusion for a child in shock. The child weighs 25 kg. The medication is available as dopamine 400 mg in 250 mL. The nurse prepares to calculate the rate. How many milliliters per hour will the nurse set the IV infusion pump to deliver 5 mcg/kg/min? Fill in the blank. Round to one decimal place. ________________ ANS:

4.7 Follow the formula for dosage calculation.

The patient weighs 10 kg, and the drug is available as 400 mg in 250 mL. Calculate the drug concentration.

Then calculate the infusion rate.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment

Chapter 24: The Child with Renal Dysfunction

Hockenberry: Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 12th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. What urine test result is considered abnormal? a. pH 4.0 b. WBC 1 or 2 cells/mL c. Protein level absent d. Specific gravity 1.020 ANS: A

The expected pH ranges from 4.8 to 7.8. A pH of 4.0 can be indicative of urinary tract infection or metabolic alkalosis or acidosis. Less than 1 or 2 white blood cells per milliliter is the expected range. The absence of protein is expected. The presence of protein can be indicative of glomerular disease. A specific gravity of 1.020 is within the anticipated range of 1.001 to 1.030. Specific gravity reflects level of hydration in addition to renal disorders and hormonal control such as antidiuretic hormone.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 2. The nurse is teaching a client to prevent future urinary tract infections (UTIs). What factor is

most important to emphasize as the potential cause? a. Poor hygiene b. Constipation c. Urinary stasis d. Congenital anomalies ANS: C

Urinary stasis is the single most important host factor that influences the development of UTIs. Urine is usually sterile but at body temperature provides an excellent growth medium for bacteria. Poor hygiene can be a contributing cause, especially in females because their short urethras predispose them to UTIs. Urinary stasis then provides a growth medium for the bacteria. Intermittent constipation contributes to urinary stasis. A full rectum displaces the bladder and posterior urethra in the fixed and limited space of the bony pelvis, causing obstruction, incomplete micturition, and urinary stasis. Congenital anomalies can contribute to UTIs, but urinary stasis is the primary factor in many cases.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 3. A girl, age 5 1/2 years, has been sent to the school nurse for urinary incontinence three times

in the past 2 days. The nurse should recommend to her parent that the first action is to have the child evaluated for what condition? a. School phobia b. Glomerulonephritis c. Urinary tract infection (UTI) d. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) ANS: C

Girls between the ages of 2 and 6 years are considered high risk for UTIs. This child is showing signs of a UTI, including incontinence in a toilet-trained child and possible urinary frequency or urgency. A physiologic cause should be ruled out before psychosocial factors are investigated. Glomerulonephritis usually manifests with decreased urinary output and fluid retention. ADHD can contribute to urinary incontinence because the child is distracted, but the first manifestation was incontinence, not distractibility.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 4. What recommendation should the nurse make to prevent urinary tract infections (UTIs) in

7-year-old child weighing 25 kg? a. Ensure clear liquid intake of 2000 mL/day. b. Ensure clear liquid intake of 2400 mL/day. c. Ensure clear liquid intake of 1200 mL/day. d. Ensure clear liquid intake of 1600 mL/day.

ANS: D

First 10 kg: 100 mL/kg/day  10 kg = 1000 mL/day Second 10 kg: 50 mL/kg/day  10 kg = 500 mL/day Each additional 1 kg: 20 mL/kg/day  5 kg = 100 mL/day Answer: 1600 mL/day DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 5. In teaching the parent of a newly diagnosed 2-year-old child with pyelonephritis related to

vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), the nurse should include which information? a. Limit fluids to reduce reflux. b. Give cranberry juice twice a day. c. Have siblings examined for VUR. d. Surgery is indicated to reverse scarring.

ANS: C

Siblings are at high risk for VUR. The incidence of reflux in siblings is approximately 36%.

The other children should be screened for early detection and to potentially reduce scarring.

Fluids are not reduced. The efficacy of cranberry juice in reducing infection in children has not been established. Surgery may be necessary for higher grades of VUR, but the scarring is not reversible.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 6. What measure of fluid balance status is most useful in a child with acute glomerulonephritis? a. Proteinuria b. Daily weight c. Specific gravity d. Intake and output ANS: B

A record of daily weight is the most useful means to assess fluid balance and should be kept for children treated at home or in the hospital. Proteinuria does not provide information about fluid balance. Specific gravity does not accurately reflect fluid balance in acute glomerulonephritis. If fluid is being retained, the excess fluid will not be included. Also, proteinuria and hematuria affect specific gravity. Intake and output can be useful but are not considered as accurate as daily weights. In children who are not toilet trained, measuring output is more difficult.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 7. The parent of a child hospitalized with acute glomerulonephritis asks the nurse why blood

pressure readings are being taken so often. What knowledge should influence the nurse‘s reply? a. The antibiotic therapy contributes to labile blood pressure values. b. Hypotension leading to sudden shock can develop at any time. c. Acute hypertension is a concern that requires monitoring. d. Blood pressure fluctuations indicate that the condition has become chronic.

ANS: C

Blood pressure monitoring is essential to identify acute hypertension, which is treated aggressively. Antibiotic therapy is usually not indicated for glomerulonephritis. Hypertension, not hypotension, is a concern in glomerulonephritis. Blood pressure control is essential to prevent further renal damage. Blood pressure fluctuations do not provide information about the chronicity of the disease.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 8. What laboratory finding, in conjunction with the presenting symptoms, indicates minimal

change nephrotic syndrome? a. Low specific gravity b. Decreased hemoglobin c. Normal platelet count d. Reduced serum albumin ANS: D

Total serum protein concentrations are reduced, with the albumin fractions significantly reduced. Specific gravity is high and proportionate to the amount of protein in the urine.

Hemoglobin and hematocrit are usually normal or elevated. The platelet count is elevated as a result of hemoconcentration.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 9. A hospitalized child with minimal change nephrotic syndrome is receiving high doses of

prednisone. What nursing goal is appropriate for this child? a. Stimulate appetite. b. Detect evidence of edema. c. Minimize risk of infection. d. Promote adherence to the antibiotic regimen.

ANS: C

High-dose steroid therapy has an immunosuppressant effect. These children are particularly vulnerable to upper respiratory tract infections. A priority nursing goal is to minimize the risk of infection by protecting the child from contact with infectious individuals. Appetite is increased with prednisone therapy. The amount of edema should be monitored as part of the disease process, not necessarily related to the administration of prednisone. Antibiotics would not be used as prophylaxis.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 10. A 12-year-old child is injured in a bicycle accident. When considering the possibility of renal

trauma, the nurse should consider what factor? a. Flank pain rarely occurs in children with renal injuries. b. Few nonpenetrating injuries cause renal trauma in children. c. Kidneys are immobile, well protected, and rarely injured in children. d. The amount of hematuria is not a reliable indicator of the seriousness of renal injury.

ANS: D

Hematuria is consistently present with renal trauma. It does not provide a reliable indicator of the seriousness of the renal injury. Flank pain results from bleeding around the kidney. Most injuries that cause renal trauma in children are of the nonpenetrating or blunt type and usually involve falls, athletic injuries, and motor vehicle accidents. In children, the kidneys are more mobile, and the outer borders are less protected than in adults.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 11. What major complication is associated with a child with chronic renal failure? a. Hypokalemia b. Metabolic alkalosis c. Water and sodium retention d. Excessive excretion of blood urea nitrogen ANS: C

Chronic renal failure leads to water and sodium retention, which contributes to edema and vascular congestion. Hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, and retention of blood urea nitrogen are complications of chronic renal failure.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 12. What diet is most appropriate for the child with chronic renal failure (CRF)? a. Low in protein b. Low in vitamin D c. Low in phosphorus d. Supplemented with vitamins A, E, and K ANS: C

Dietary phosphorus may need to be restricted by limiting protein and milk intake. Substances that bind phosphorus are given with meals to prevent its absorption, which enables a more liberal intake of phosphorus-containing protein. Protein is limited to the recommended daily allowance for the child‘s age. Further restriction is thought to negatively affect growth and neurodevelopment. Vitamin D therapy is administered in children with CRF to increase calcium absorption. Supplementation of vitamins A, E, and K, beyond normal dietary intake, is not advised in children with CRF. These fat-soluble vitamins can accumulate.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 13. What statement is an advantage of peritoneal dialysis compared with hemodialysis? a. Protein loss is less extensive. b. Dietary limitations are not necessary. c. It is easy to learn and safe to perform. d. It is needed less frequently than hemodialysis.

ANS: C

Peritoneal dialysis is the preferred form of dialysis for parents, infants, and children who wish to remain independent. Parents and older children can perform the treatments themselves.

Protein loss is not significantly different. The dietary limitations are necessary, but they are not as stringent as those for hemodialysis. Treatments are needed more frequently but can be done at home.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 14. The parents of a 2-year-old boy who had a repair of exstrophy of the bladder at birth ask when

they can begin toilet training their son. The nurse replies based on what knowledge? a. Most boys in the United States can be toilet trained at age 3 years. b. Training can begin when he has sufficient bladder capacity. c. Additional surgery may be necessary to achieve continence. d. They should begin now because he will require additional time.

ANS: C

After repair of the bladder exstrophy, the child‘s bladder is allowed to increase capacity.

Several surgical procedures may be necessary to create a urethral sphincter mechanism to aid in urination and ejaculation. With the lack of a urinary sphincter, toilet training is unlikely.

The child cannot hold the urine in the bladder. Bladder capacity is one component of continence. A functional sphincter is also needed.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 15. An infant has been diagnosed with bladder obstruction. What do symptoms of this disorder

include? a. Renal colic b. Strong urinary stream c. Urinary tract infections d. Post void dribbling ANS: D

Symptoms of bladder obstruction include poor force of urinary stream, intermittency of voided stream, feelings of incomplete bladder emptying, and post void dribbling. They may also include urinary frequency, nocturia, nocturnal enuresis, and urgency. Renal colic is a symptom of upper urinary tract obstruction. Children with bladder obstruction have a weak urinary stream. Urinary tract infections are not associated with bladder obstruction.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 16. Parents of a newborn with ambiguous genitalia want to know how long they will have to wait

to know whether they have a boy or a girl. The nurse answers the parents based on what knowledge? a. Chromosome analysis will be complete in 7 days. b. A physical examination will be able to provide a definitive answer. c. Additional laboratory testing is necessary to assign the correct gender. d. Gender assignment involves collaboration between the parents and a multidisciplinary team.

ANS: D

Gender assignment is a complex decision-making process. Endocrine, genetic, social, psychologic, and ethical elements of sex assignment have been integrated into the process.

Parent participation is included. The goal is to enable the affected child to grow into a well-adjusted, psychosocially stable person. Chromosome analysis usually takes 2 or 3 days.

A physical examination reveals ambiguous genitalia, but additional testing is necessary. A ―correct‖ gender may not be identifiable.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 17. Surgery is performed on a child to correct cryptorchidism. The parents understand the reason

for the surgery if they tell the nurse this was done to do what? a. ―Prevent damage to the undescended testicle.‖ b. ―Prevent urinary tract infections.‖ c. ―Prevent prostate cancer.‖ d. ―Prevent an inguinal hernia.‖ ANS: A

If the testes do not descend spontaneously, orchiopexy is performed before the child‘s second birthday, preferably between 1 and 2 years of age. Surgical repair is done to (1) prevent damage to the undescended testicle by exposure to the higher degree of body heat in the undescended location, thus maintaining future fertility, (2) decrease the incidence of malignancy formation, which is higher in undescended testicles, (3) avoid trauma and torsion, (4) close the processus vaginalis, and (5) prevent the cosmetic and psychologic disability of an empty scrotum. Parents understand the teaching if they respond the surgery is done to prevent damage.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 18. A child is admitted with acute glomerulonephritis. What should the nurse expect the urinalysis

during this acute phase to show?

a. b. c. d.

Bacteriuria and hematuria Hematuria and proteinuria Bacteriuria and increased specific gravity Proteinuria and decreased specific gravity

ANS: B

Urinalysis during the acute phase characteristically shows hematuria, proteinuria, and increased specific gravity. Proteinuria generally parallels the hematuria but is not usually the massive proteinuria seen in nephrotic syndrome. Gross discoloration of urine reflects its red blood cell and hemoglobin content. Microscopic examination of the sediment shows many red blood cells, leukocytes, epithelial cells, and granular and red blood cell casts. Bacteria are not seen, and urine culture results are negative.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. The nurse is admitting a 9-year-old child with hemolytic uremic syndrome. What clinical

manifestations should the nurse expect to observe? (Select all that apply.) a. Hematuria b. Anorexia c. Hypertension d. Purpura e. Proteinuria f. Periorbital edema ANS: B, C, D

Clinical manifestations of hemolytic uremic syndrome include anorexia; hypertension; and purpura, which persists for several days to 2 weeks. Gross hematuria is seen in acute glomerulonephritis. Substantial proteinuria and periorbital edema are common manifestations in nephrotic syndrome.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 2. The nurse is caring for a child with a urinary tract infection who is on intravenous gentamicin

(Garamycin). What interventions should the nurse plan for this child with regard to this medication? (Select all that apply.) a. Encourage fluids. b. Monitor urinary output. c. Monitor sodium serum levels. d. Monitor potassium serum levels. e. Monitor serum peak and trough levels.

ANS: A, B, E

Garamycin can cause renal toxicity and ototoxicity. Fluids should be encouraged, and urinary output and serum peak and trough levels monitored. It is not necessary to monitor potassium sodium levels for patients taking this medication.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying

TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment 3. The nurse is caring for a child with a urinary tract infection who is on

trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim). What side effects of this medication should the nurse teach to the parents and the child? (Select all that apply.) a. Rash b. Urticaria c. Pneumonitis d. Renal toxicity e. Photosensitivity ANS: A, B, E

Side effects of Bactrim are rash, urticaria, and photosensitivity. Pneumonitis and renal toxicity are not side effects of Bactrim.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 4. The nurse is caring for a child with acute renal failure. What laboratory findings should the

nurse expect to find? (Select all that apply.) a. Hyponatremia b. Hyperkalemia c. Metabolic alkalosis d. Elevated blood urea nitrogen level e. Decreased plasma creatinine level ANS: A, B, D

A child with acute renal failure would have hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and elevated blood urea nitrogen levels. The child would have metabolic acidosis, not alkalosis, and the plasma creatinine levels would be increased, not decreased.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 5. What signs and symptoms are indicative of a urinary tract disorder in the infancy period (1 to

24 months)? (Select all that apply.) a. Pallor b. Poor feeding c. Hypothermia d. Excessive thirst e. Frequent urination ANS: A, B, D, E

Signs and symptoms of a urinary tract disorder in the infancy period are pallor, poor feeding, excessive thirst, and frequent urination. Hyperthermia is seen, not hypothermia.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 6. What signs and symptoms are indicative of a urinary tract disorder in the childhood period (2

to 14 years)? (Select all that apply.) a. Fatigue

b. c. d. e.

Dehydration Hypotension Growth failure Blood in the urine

ANS: A, D, E

Signs and symptoms of a urinary tract disorder in the childhood period are fatigue, growth failure, and blood in the urine. Edema is noted, not dehydration, and hypertension is present, not hypotension.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 7. What dietary instructions should the nurse give to parents of a child in the oliguria phase of

acute glomerulonephritis with edema and hypertension? (Select all that apply.) a. High-fat b. Low-protein c. Encouragement of fluids d. Moderate sodium restriction e. Limit foods high in potassium ANS: D, E

Dietary restrictions depend on the stage and severity of acute glomerulonephritis, especially the extent of edema. A regular diet is permitted in uncomplicated cases, but sodium intake is usually limited (no salt is added to foods). Moderate sodium restriction is usually instituted for children with hypertension or edema. Foods with substantial amounts of potassium are generally restricted during the period of oliguria. Protein restriction is reserved only for children with severe azotemia resulting from prolonged oliguria. A low-protein, high-fat diet with encouragement of fluids would not be recommended.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 8. A child is hospitalized in acute renal failure and has a serum potassium greater than 7 mEq/L.

What temporary measures that will produce a rapid but transient effect to reduce the potassium should the nurse expect to be prescribed? (Select all that apply.) a. Dialysis b. Calcium gluconate c. Sodium bicarbonate d. Glucose 50% and insulin e. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate) ANS: B, C, D

Several measures are available to reduce the serum potassium concentration, and the priority of implementation is usually based on the rapidity with which the measures are effective.

Temporary measures that produce a rapid but transient effect are calcium gluconate, sodium bicarbonate, and glucose 50%, and insulin. Definitive but slower-acting measures are then implemented which include administration of a cation exchange resin such as sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate), 1 g/kg, administered orally or rectally, and/or dialysis.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing

TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 9. Parents of a child who will need hemodialysis ask the nurse, ―What are the advantages of a

fistula over a graft or external access device for hemodialysis?‖ What response should the nurse give? (Select all that apply.) a. It is ready to be used immediately. b. There are fewer complications with a fistula. c. There is less restriction of activity with a fistula. d. It produces dilation and thickening of the superficial vessels. e. The fistula does not require a needle insertion at each dialysis.

ANS: B, C, D

The creation of a subcutaneous (internal) arteriovenous fistula by anastomosing a segment of the radial artery and brachiocephalic vein produces dilation and thickening of the superficial vessels of the forearm to provide easy access for repeated venipuncture. Fewer complications and less restriction of activity are observed with the use of a fistula. Both the graft and the fistula require needle insertion at each dialysis. The fistula cannot be used immediately.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 10. What are signs and symptoms of a possible kidney transplant rejection in a child? (Select all

that apply.) a. Fever b. Hypotension c. Diminished urinary output d. Decreased serum creatinine e. Swelling and tenderness of graft area ANS: A, C, E

The child with a kidney transplant who exhibits any of the following should be evaluated immediately for possible rejection: fever, diminished urinary output, and swelling and tenderness of graft area. Hypertension, not hypotension, and increased, not decreased, serum creatinine are signs of rejection.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity COMPLETION 1. Calculate the 24-hr maintenance fluid requirement for a child weighing 12 kg. Fill in the

blank with mL/day. Record your answer in a whole number. ___________________ ANS:

1100 Follow the formula for daily fluid requirements for children.

First 10 kg: 100 mL/kg/day  10 kg = 1000 mL/day

Second 10 kg: 50 mL/kg/day  2 kg = 100 mL/day DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance

Chapter 25: The Child with Gastrointestinal Dysfunction Hockenberry: Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 12th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A toddler‘s mother calls the nurse because she thinks her son has swallowed a disc type of

battery. He has no signs of respiratory distress. The nurse‘s response should be based on which premise? a. An emergency laparotomy is very likely. b. The location needs to be confirmed by radiographic examination. c. Surgery will be necessary if the battery has not passed in the stool in 48 hr. d. Careful observation is essential because an ingested battery cannot be accurately detected.

ANS: B

Disc batteries can cause severe damage if lodged in the esophagus. If both poles of the battery come in contact with the wall of the esophagus, acid burns, necrosis, and perforation can occur. If the battery is in the stomach, it will most likely be passed without incident. Surgery is not indicated. The battery is metallic and is readily seen on radiologic examination.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 2. The mother of a child with cognitive impairment calls the nurse because her son has been

gagging and drooling all morning. The nurse suspects foreign body ingestion. What physiologic occurrence is most likely responsible for the presenting signs? a. Gastrointestinal perforation may have occurred. b. The object may have been aspirated. c. The object may be lodged in the esophagus. d. The object may be embedded in stomach wall.

ANS: C

Gagging and drooling may be signs of esophageal obstruction. The child is unable to swallow saliva, which contributes to the drooling. Signs of gastrointestinal (GI) perforation include chest or abdominal pain and evidence of bleeding in the GI tract. If the object was aspirated, the child would most likely have coughing, choking, inability to speak, or difficulty breathing.

If the object was embedded in the stomach wall, it would not result in symptoms of gagging and drooling.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 3. What procedure is most appropriate for assessment of an abdominal circumference related to a

bowel obstruction? a. Measuring the abdomen after feedings b. Marking the point of measurement with a pen

c. Measuring the circumference at the symphysis pubis d. Using a new tape measure with each assessment to ensure accuracy ANS: B

Pen marks on either side of the tape measure allow the nurse to measure the same spot on the child‘s abdomen at each assessment. The child most likely will be kept NPO (nothing by mouth) if a bowel obstruction is present. If the child is being fed, the assessment should be done before feedings. The symphysis pubis is too low. Usually, the largest part of the abdomen is at the umbilicus. Leaving the tape measure in place reduces the trauma to the child.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 4. When caring for a child with probable appendicitis, the nurse should be alert to recognize

which sign or symptom as a manifestation of perforation? a. Anorexia b. Bradycardia c. Sudden relief from pain d. Decreased abdominal distention ANS: C

Signs of peritonitis, in addition to fever, include sudden relief from pain after perforation.

Anorexia is already a clinical manifestation of appendicitis. Tachycardia, not bradycardia, is a manifestation of peritonitis. Abdominal distention usually increases in addition to an increase in pain (usually diffuse and accompanied by rigid guarding of the abdomen).

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 5. A child with pyloric stenosis is having excessive vomiting. The nurse should assess for what

potential complication? a. Hyperkalemia b. Hyperchloremia c. Metabolic acidosis d. Metabolic alkalosis ANS: D

Infants with excessive vomiting are prone to metabolic alkalosis from the loss of hydrogen ions. Potassium and chloride ions are lost with vomiting. Metabolic alkalosis, not acidosis, is likely.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 6. An infant with short bowel syndrome is receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN). The

practitioner has added continuous enteral feedings through a gastrostomy tube. The nurse recognizes this as important for which reason? a. Wean the infant from TPN the next day. b. Stimulate adaptation of the small intestine. c. Give additional nutrients that cannot be included in the TPN. d. Provide parents with hope that the child is close to discharge.

ANS: B

Long-term survival without TPN depends on the small intestine‘s ability to increase its absorptive capacity. Continuous enteral feedings facilitate the adaptation. TPN is indicated until the child is able to receive all nutrition via the enteral route. Before this is accomplished, the small intestine must adapt and increase in cell number and cell mass per villus column.

TPN is formulated to meet the infant‘s nutritional needs. Continuous enteral feedings through a gastrostomy tube is a positive sign, but the infant‘s ability to tolerate increasing amounts of enteral nutrition is only one factor that determines readiness for discharge.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 7. The nurse is discussing home care with a mother whose 6-year-old child has hepatitis A. What

information should the nurse include? a. Advise bed rest until 1 week after the icteric phase. b. Teach infection control measures to family members. c. Inform the mother that the child cannot return to school until 3 weeks after onset of jaundice. d. Reassure the mother that hepatitis A cannot be transmitted to other family members.

ANS: B

Hand washing is the single most effective measure in preventing and controlling hepatitis.

Hepatitis A can be transmitted through the fecal–oral route. Family members must be taught preventive measures. Rest and quiet activities are essential and adjusted to the child‘s condition, but bed rest is not necessary. The child is not infectious 1 week after the onset of jaundice and may return to school as activity level allows.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 8. The nurse is caring for a neonate with a suspected tracheoesophageal fistula. Which

intervention should the nurse include in the plan of care? a. Feed glucose water only. b. Elevate the patient‘s head for feedings. c. Raise the patient‘s head and give nothing by mouth. d. Avoid suctioning unless the infant is cyanotic.

ANS: C

When a newborn is suspected of having a tracheoesophageal fistula, the most desirable position is supine with the head elevated on an inclined plane of at least 30 degrees. It is imperative that any source of aspiration be removed at once; oral feedings are withheld. The oral pharynx should be kept clear of secretions by oral suctioning. This is to prevent the cyanosis that is usually the result of laryngospasm caused by overflow of saliva into the larynx.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

9. The nurse is caring for an infant who had surgical repair of a tracheoesophageal fistula 24

hours ago. Gastrostomy feedings have not been started. What actions related to the gastrostomy tube should the nurse include in the plan of care? a. Keep the tube clamped. b. Suction the tube as needed. c. Leave the tube open to gravity drainage. d. Lower the tube to a point below the level of the stomach.

ANS: C

In the immediate postoperative period, the gastrostomy tube is open to gravity drainage. This usually is continued until the infant is able to tolerate feedings. The tube is unclamped in the postoperative period to allow for the drainage of secretions and air. Gastrostomy tubes are not suctioned on an as-needed basis. They may be connected to low suction to facilitate drainage of secretions. Lowering the tube to a point below the level of the stomach would create too much pressure.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 10. What should preoperative care of a newborn with an anorectal malformation include? a. Frequent suctioning b. Gastrointestinal decompression c. Feedings with sterile water only d. Supine position with head elevated ANS: B

Gastrointestinal decompression is an essential part of nursing care for a newborn with an anorectal malformation. This helps alleviate intra-abdominal pressure until surgical intervention. Suctioning is not necessary for an infant with this type of anomaly. Feedings are not indicated until it is determined that the gastrointestinal tract is intact. Supine position with head elevated is indicated for infants with a tracheoesophageal fistula, not anorectal malformations.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 11. The parents of a newborn with an umbilical hernia ask about treatment options. The nurse‘s

response should be based on which knowledge? a. Surgery is recommended as soon as possible. b. The defect usually resolves spontaneously by 3 to 5 years of age. c. Aggressive treatment is necessary to reduce its high mortality. d. Taping the abdomen to flatten the protrusion is sometimes helpful.

ANS: B

The umbilical hernia usually resolves by ages 3 to 5 years of age without intervention.

Umbilical hernias rarely become problematic. Incarceration, where the hernia is constricted and cannot be reduced manually, is rare. Umbilical hernias are not associated with a high mortality rate. Taping the abdomen flat does not help heal the hernia; it can cause skin irritation.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying

TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning

MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 12. What should the nurse consider when providing support to a family whose infant has just been

diagnosed with biliary atresia? a. The prognosis for full recovery is excellent. b. Death usually occurs by 6 months of age. c. One third requires a liver transplant. d. Children with surgical correction live normal lives.

ANS: C

Untreated biliary atresia results in progressive cirrhosis and death usually by 2 years of age.

Surgical intervention at 8 weeks of age is associated with somewhat better outcomes. Liver transplantation is also improving outcomes for 10-year survival. Even with surgical intervention, most children require supportive therapy. With early intervention, 10-year survival rates range from 83% to 91%.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 13. A 3-day-old infant presents with abdominal distention, is vomiting, and has not passed any

meconium stools. What disease should the nurse suspect? a. Pyloric stenosis b. Intussusception c. Hirschsprung disease d. Celiac disease ANS: C

The clinical manifestations of Hirschsprung disease in a 3-day-old infant include abdominal distention, vomiting, and failure to pass meconium stools. Pyloric stenosis would present with vomiting but not distention or failure to pass meconium stools. Intussusception presents with abdominal cramping and celiac disease presents with malabsorption.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 14. A 6-month-old infant with Hirschsprung disease is scheduled for a temporary colostomy.

What should postoperative teaching to the parents include? a. Dilating the stoma b. Assessing bowel function c. Limitation of physical activities d. Measures to prevent prolapse of the rectum ANS: B

In the postoperative period, the nurse involves the parents in the care of the child with a temporary colostomy, allowing them to help with feedings and observe for signs of wound infection or irregular passage of stool (constipation or true incontinence). Some children will require daily anal dilatations in the postoperative period to avoid anastomotic strictures but not stoma dilatations. Physical activities should be encouraged. There is not a risk of prolapse of the rectum in Hirschsprung disease, just strictures.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

15. An infant is born with a gastroschisis. Care preoperatively should include which priority

intervention? a. Prone position b. Sterile water feedings c. Monitoring serum laboratory electrolytes d. Covering the defect with a sterile bowel bag ANS: D

Initial management of a gastroschisis involves covering the exposed bowel with a transparent plastic bowel bag or loose, moist dressings. The infant cannot be placed prone, and feedings will be withheld until surgery is performed. Electrolyte laboratory values will be monitored but not before covering the defect with a sterile bowel bag.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 16. The nurse is assisting a child with celiac disease to select foods from a menu. What foods

should the nurse suggest? a. Hamburger on a bun b. Spaghetti with meat sauce c. Corn on the cob with butter d. Peanut butter and crackers ANS: C

Treatment of celiac disease consists primarily of dietary management. Although a gluten-free diet is prescribed, it is difficult to remove every source of this protein. Some patients are able to tolerate restricted amounts of gluten. Because gluten occurs mainly in the grains of wheat and rye but also in smaller quantities in barley and oats, these foods are eliminated. Corn, rice, and millet are substitute grain foods. Corn on the cob with butter would be gluten free.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 17. A child is being admitted to the hospital with acute gastroenteritis. The health care provider

prescribes an antiemetic. What antiemetic does the nurse anticipate being prescribed? a. Ondansetron (Zofran) b. Promethazine (Phenergan) c. Metoclopramide (Reglan) d. Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine) ANS: A

Ondansetron reduces the duration of vomiting in children with acute gastroenteritis. This would be the expected prescribed antiemetic. Adverse effects with earlier generation antiemetics (e.g., promethazine and metoclopramide) include somnolence, nervousness, irritability, and dystonic reactions and should not be routinely administered to children. For children who are prone to motion sickness, it is often helpful to administer an appropriate dose of dimenhydrinate (Dramamine) before a trip, but it would not be ordered as an antiemetic.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

18. The nurse should instruct parents to administer a daily proton pump inhibitor to their child

with gastroesophageal reflux at which time? a. Bedtime b. With a meal c. Midmorning d. 30 minutes before breakfast ANS: D

Proton pump inhibitors are most effective when administered 30 minutes before breakfast so that the peak plasma concentrations occur with mealtime. If they are given twice a day, the second-best time for administration is 30 minutes before the evening meal.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 19. An infant had a gastrostomy tube placed for feedings after a Nissen fundoplication and bolus

feedings are initiated. Between feedings while the tube is clamped, the infant becomes irritable, and there is evidence of cramping. What action should the nurse implement? a. Burp the infant. b. Withhold the next feeding. c. Vent the gastrostomy tube. d. Notify the health care provider.

ANS: C

If bolus feedings are initiated through a gastrostomy after a Nissen fundoplication, the tube may need to remain vented for several days or longer to avoid gastric distention from swallowed air. Edema surrounding the surgical site and a tight gastric wrap may prohibit the infant from expelling air through the esophagus, so burping does not relieve the distention.

Some infants benefit from clamping of the tube for increasingly longer intervals until they are able to tolerate continuous clamping between feedings. During this time, if the infant displays increasing irritability and evidence of cramping, some relief may be provided by venting the tube. The next feeding should not be withheld and calling the health care provider is not necessary.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 20. What intervention is contraindicated in a suspected case of appendicitis? a. Enemas b. Palpating the abdomen c. Administration of antibiotics d. Administration of antipyretics for fever ANS: A

In any instance in which severe abdominal pain is observed and appendicitis is suspected, the nurse must be aware of the danger of administering laxatives or enemas. Such measures stimulate bowel motility and increase the risk of perforation. The abdomen is palpated after other assessments are made. Antibiotics should be administered, and antipyretics are not contraindicated.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. The nurse is preparing to admit a 3-year-old child with intussusception. What clinical

manifestations should the nurse expect to observe? (Select all that apply.) a. Absent bowel sounds b. Passage of red, currant jelly–like stools c. Anorexia d. Tender, distended abdomen e. Hematemesis f. Sudden acute abdominal pain ANS: B, D, F

Intussusception occurs when a proximal segment of the bowel telescopes into a more distal segment, pulling the mesentery with it and leading to obstruction. Clinical manifestations of intussusception include the passage of red, currant jelly–like stools; a tender, distended abdomen; and sudden acute abdominal pain. Absent bowel sounds, anorexia, and hematemesis are clinical manifestations observed in other types of gastrointestinal dysfunction.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 2. The nurse is teaching parents of a child with gastroesophageal reflux (GER) disease foods that

can exacerbate acid reflux. What foods should be included in the teaching session? (Select all that apply.) a. Citrus b. Bananas c. Spicy foods d. Peppermint e. Whole wheat bread ANS: A, C, D

Avoidance of certain foods that exacerbate acid reflux (e.g., caffeine, citrus, tomatoes, alcohol, peppermint, spicy or fried foods) can improve mild GER symptoms. Bananas and whole wheat bread will not exacerbate acid reflux.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 3. The nurse is preparing to admit a 6-year-old child with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). What

clinical manifestations should the nurse expect to observe? (Select all that apply.) a. Flatulence b. Constipation c. No urge to defecate d. Absence of abdominal pain e. Feeling of incomplete evacuation of the bowel ANS: A, B, E

Children with IBS often have alternating diarrhea and constipation, flatulence, bloating or a feeling of abdominal distention, lower abdominal pain, a feeling of urgency when needing to defecate, and a feeling of incomplete evacuation of the bowel.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 4. The nurse is preparing to admit a 6-year-old child with celiac disease. What clinical

manifestations should the nurse expect to observe? (Select all that apply.) a. Steatorrhea b. Polycythemia c. Malnutrition d. Melena stools e. Foul-smelling stools ANS: A, C, E

Clinical manifestations of celiac disease include impaired fat absorption (steatorrhea and foul-smelling stools) and impaired nutrient absorption (malnutrition). Anemia, not polycythemia, is a manifestation, and melena stools do not occur.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 5. The nurse is preparing to admit a 10-year-old child with appendicitis. What clinical

manifestations should the nurse expect to observe? (Select all that apply.) a. Fever b. Vomiting c. Tachycardia d. Flushed face e. Hyperactive bowel sounds ANS: A, B, C

Clinical manifestations of appendicitis include fever, vomiting, and tachycardia. Pallor is seen, not a flushed face, and the bowel sounds are hypoactive or absent, not hyperactive.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 6. The nurse is preparing to admit a 2-month-old child with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. What

clinical manifestations should the nurse expect to observe? (Select all that apply.) a. Weight loss b. Bilious vomiting c. Abdominal pain d. Projectile vomiting e. The infant is hungry after vomiting ANS: A, D, E

Clinical manifestations of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis include weight loss, projectile vomiting, and hunger after vomiting. The vomitus is nonbilious, and there is no evidence of pain or discomfort, just chronic hunger.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying

TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 7. The nurse is preparing to admit a 6-month-old child with gastroesophageal reflux disease.

What clinical manifestations should the nurse expect to observe? (Select all that apply.) a. Spitting up b. Bilious vomiting c. Failure to thrive d. Excessive crying e. Respiratory problems ANS: A, C, D, E

Clinical manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease include spitting up, failure to thrive, excessive crying, and respiratory problems. Hematemesis, not bilious vomiting, is a manifestation.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 8. The nurse is preparing to admit a 7-year-old child with hepatitis B. What clinical features of

hepatitis B should the nurse recognize? (Select all that apply.) a. The onset is rapid. b. Rash is common. c. Jaundice is present. d. No carrier state exists. e. The mode of transmission is principally by the parenteral route.

ANS: B, C, E

Clinical features of hepatitis B include a rash, jaundice, and the mode of transmission principally by the parenteral route. The onset is insidious, not rapid, and a carrier state does exist.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity COMPLETION 1. The health care provider has prescribed ondansetron (Zofran) 0.1 mg/kg as needed for nausea

for a child admitted for vomiting. The child weighs 55 pounds. Calculate the correct dose of Zofran in milligrams. Record your answer using one decimal place. _________________ ANS:

2.5 The correct calculation is: 55 pounds/2.2 kg = 25 kg Dose of Zofran is 0.1 mg/kg 0.1 mg  25 = 2.5 mg

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 2. The health care provider has prescribed metronidazole (Flagyl) 30 mg/kg a day divided 6 hr

for a child with peptic ulcer disease. The child weighs 110 pounds. The nurse is preparing to administer the 1200 dose. Calculate the dose the nurse should administer in mg. Record your answer in a whole number. ______________ ANS:

375 The correct calculation is: 110 pounds/2.2 kg = 50 kg Dose of Flagyl: 30 mg/kg a day 30 mg  50 = 1500 mg a day 1500 mg/4 = 375 mg for one dose.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

Chapter 26: The Child with Respiratory Dysfunction Hockenberry: Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 12th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. When caring for a child after a tonsillectomy, what intervention should the nurse do? a. Watch for continuous swallowing. b. Encourage gargling to reduce discomfort. c. Apply warm compresses to the throat. d. Position the child on the back for sleeping.

ANS: A

Continuous swallowing, especially while sleeping, is an early sign of bleeding. The child swallows the blood that is trickling from the operative site. Gargling is discouraged because it could irritate the operative site. Ice compresses are recommended to reduce inflammation. The child should be positioned on the side or abdomen to facilitate drainage of secretions.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 2. Parents bring their 15-month-old infant to the emergency department at 3:00 AM because the

toddler has a temperature of 39° C (102.2° F), is crying inconsolably, and is tugging at the ears. A diagnosis of otitis media (OM) is made. In addition to antibiotic therapy, the nurse practitioner should instruct the parents to use what medication? a. Decongestants to ease stuffy nose

b. Antihistamines to help the child sleep c. Aspirin for pain and fever management d. Benzocaine ear drops for topical pain relief ANS: D

Analgesic ear drops can provide topical relief for the intense pain of OM. Decongestants and antihistamines are not recommended in the treatment of OM. Aspirin is contraindicated in young children because of the association with Reye syndrome.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 3. A 4-year-old girl is brought to the emergency department. She has a ―froglike‖ croaking

sound on inspiration, is agitated, and is drooling. She insists on sitting upright. The nurse should intervene in which manner? a. Make her lie down and rest quietly. b. Examine her oral pharynx and report to the physician. c. Auscultate her lungs and prepare for placement in a mist tent. d. Notify the physician immediately and be prepared to assist with intubation.

ANS: D

This child is exhibiting signs of respiratory distress and possible epiglottitis. Epiglottitis is always a medical emergency requiring antibiotics and airway support for treatment. Sitting up is the position that facilitates breathing in respiratory disease. The oral pharynx should not be visualized. If the epiglottis is inflamed, there is the potential for complete obstruction if it is irritated further. Although lung auscultation provides useful assessment information, a mist tent would not be beneficial for this child. Immediate medical evaluation and intervention are indicated.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 4. An infant with bronchiolitis is hospitalized. The causative organism is respiratory syncytial

virus (RSV). The nurse knows that a child infected with this virus requires what type of isolation? a. Reverse isolation b. Airborne isolation c. Contact Precautions d. Standard Precautions ANS: C

RSV is transmitted through direct contact with respiratory secretions. In addition to Standard Precautions and hand washing, Contact Precautions are required. Caregivers must use gloves and gowns when entering the room. Care is taken not to touch their own eyes or mucous membranes with a contaminated gloved hand. Children are placed in a private room or in a room with other children with RSV infections. Reverse isolation focuses on keeping bacteria away from the infant. With RSV, other children need to be protected from exposure to the virus. The virus is not airborne.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment

5. An infant has been diagnosed with staphylococcal pneumonia. Nursing care of the child with

pneumonia includes which intervention? a. Administration of antibiotics b. Frequent complete assessment of the infant c. Round-the-clock administration of antitussive agents d. Strict monitoring of intake and output to avoid congestive heart failure ANS: A

Antibiotics are indicated for bacterial pneumonia. Often the child has decreased pulmonary reserve, and clustering of care is essential. The child‘s respiratory rate and status and general disposition are monitored closely, but frequent complete physical assessments are not indicated. Antitussive agents are used sparingly. It is desirable for the child to cough up some of the secretions. Fluids are essential to kept secretions as liquefied as possible.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 6. A toddler has a unilateral foul-smelling nasal discharge and frequent sneezing. The nurse

should suspect what condition? a. Allergies b. Acute pharyngitis c. Foreign body in the nose d. Acute nasopharyngitis ANS: C

The irritation of a foreign body in the nose produces local mucosal swelling with foul-smelling nasal discharge, local obstruction with sneezing, and mild discomfort. Allergies would produce clear bilateral nasal discharge. Nasal discharge is usually not associated with pharyngitis. Acute nasopharyngitis would have bilateral mucous discharge.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 7. The nurse is caring for a child with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) associated

with sepsis. What nursing action should be included in the care of the child? a. Force fluids. b. Monitor pulse oximetry. c. Institute seizure precautions. d. Encourage a high-protein diet.

ANS: B

Careful monitoring of oxygenation and cardiopulmonary status is an important evaluation tool in the care of the child with ARDS. Maintenance of vascular volume and hydration is important and should be done parenterally. Seizures are not a side effect of ARDS. Adequate nutrition is necessary, but a high-protein diet is not helpful.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 8. A child with asthma is having pulmonary function tests. What rationale explains the purpose

of the peak expiratory flow rate? a. To assess severity of asthma.

b. To determine cause of asthma. c. To identify ―triggers‖ of asthma. d. To confirm diagnosis of asthma.

ANS: A

Peak expiratory flow rate monitoring is used to monitor the child‘s current pulmonary function. It can be used to manage exacerbations and for daily long-term management. The cause of asthma is known. Asthma is caused by a complex interaction among inflammatory cells, mediators, and the cells and tissues present in the airways. The triggers of asthma are determined through history taking and immunologic and other testing. The diagnosis of asthma is made through clinical manifestations, history, physical examination, and laboratory testing.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 9. One of the goals for children with asthma is to maintain the child‘s normal functioning. What

principle of treatment helps to accomplish this goal? a. Limit participation in sports. b. Reduce underlying inflammation. c. Minimize use of pharmacologic agents. d. Have yearly evaluations by a health care provider.

ANS: B

Children with asthma are often excluded from exercise. This practice interferes with peer interaction and physical health. Most children with asthma can participate provided their asthma is under control. Inflammation is the underlying cause of the symptoms of asthma. By decreasing inflammation and reducing the symptomatic airway narrowing, health care providers can minimize exacerbations. Pharmacologic agents are used to prevent and control asthma symptoms, reduce the frequency and severity of asthma exacerbations, and reverse airflow obstruction. It is recommended that children with asthma be evaluated every 6 months.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 10. What drug is usually given first in the emergency treatment of an acute, severe asthma

episode in a young child? a. Ephedrine b. Theophylline c. Aminophylline d. Short-acting 2-agonists ANS: D

Short-acting 2-agonists are the first treatment in an acute asthma exacerbation. Ephedrine and aminophylline are not helpful in acute asthma exacerbations. Theophylline is unnecessary for treating asthma exacerbations.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

11. What tests aid in the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF)? a. Sweat test, stool for fat, chest radiography b. Sweat test, bronchoscopy, duodenal fluid analysis c. Sweat test, stool for trypsin, biopsy of intestinal mucosa d. Stool for fat, gastric contents for hydrochloride, radiography ANS: A

A sweat test result of greater than 60 mEq/L is diagnostic of CF, a high level of fecal fat is a gastrointestinal manifestation of CF, and a chest radiograph showing patchy atelectasis and obstructive emphysema indicates CF. Bronchoscopy, duodenal fluid analysis, stool tests for trypsin, and intestinal biopsy are not helpful in diagnosing CF. Gastric contents normally contain hydrochloride; it is not diagnostic.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 12. A child with cystic fibrosis (CF) receives aerosolized bronchodilator medication. When

should this medication be administered? a. After chest physiotherapy (CPT) b. Before chest physiotherapy (CPT) c. After receiving 100% oxygen d. Before receiving 100% oxygen ANS: B

Bronchodilators should be given before CPT to open bronchi and make expectoration easier.

These medications are not helpful when used after CPT. Oxygen is administered only in acute episodes, with caution, because of chronic carbon dioxide retention.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 13. A child is admitted with acute laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB). The child will most likely be

treated with which? a. Racemic epinephrine and corticosteroids b. Nebulizer treatments and oxygen c. Antibiotics and albuterol d. Chest physiotherapy and humidity ANS: A

Nebulized epinephrine (racemic epinephrine) is now used in children with LTB that is not alleviated with cool mist. The beta-adrenergic effects cause mucosal vasoconstriction and subsequent decreased subglottic edema. The use of corticosteroids is beneficial because the anti-inflammatory effects decrease subglottic edema. Nebulizer treatments are not effective even though oxygen may be required. Antibiotics are not used because it is a viral infection.

Chest physiotherapy would not be instituted.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

14. The nurse is caring for a 1-month-old infant with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) who is

receiving 23% oxygen via a plastic hood. The child‘s SaO2 saturation is 88%, respiratory rate is 45 breaths/min, and pulse is 140 beats/min. Based on these assessments, what action should the nurse take? a. Withhold feedings. b. Notify the health care provider. c. Put the infant in an infant seat. d. Keep the infant in the plastic hood.

ANS: B

The American Academy of Pediatrics practice parameter recommends the use of supplemental oxygen if the infant fails to maintain a consistent oxygen saturation of at least 90%. The health care provider should be notified of the saturation reading of 88%. Withholding the feedings or placing the infant in an infant seat would not increase the saturation reading. The infant should be kept in the hood, but because the saturation reading is 88%, the health care provider should be notified to obtain orders to increase the oxygen concentration.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 15. A 3-month-old infant is admitted to the pediatric unit for treatment of bronchiolitis. The

infant‘s vital signs are T, 101.6° F; P, 106 beats/min apical; and R, 70 breaths/min. The infant is irritable and fussy and coughs frequently. IV fluids are given via a peripheral venipuncture.

Fluids by mouth were initially contraindicated for what reason? a. Tachypnea b. Paroxysmal cough c. Irritability d. Fever ANS: A

Fluids by mouth may be contraindicated because of tachypnea, weakness, and fatigue.

Therefore, IV fluids are preferred until the acute stage of bronchiolitis has passed. Infants with bronchiolitis may have paroxysmal coughing, but fluids by mouth would not be contraindicated. Irritability or fever would not be reasons for fluids by mouth to be contraindicated.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment 16. A 6-year-old child is in the hospital for status asthmaticus. Nursing care during this acute

period includes which prescribed interventions? a. Prednisolone (Pediapred) PO every day, IV fluids, cromolyn (Intal) inhaler bid b. Salmeterol (Serevent) PO bid, vital signs every 4 hr, spot check pulse oximetry c. Triamcinolone (Azmacort) inhaler bid, continuous pulse oximetry, vital signs once a shift d. Methylprednisolone (Solumedrol) IV every 12 hr, continuous pulse oximetry, albuterol nebulizer treatments every 4 hr and prn ANS: D

The child in status asthmaticus should be placed on continuous cardiorespiratory (including blood pressure) and pulse oximetry monitoring. A systemic corticosteroid (oral, IV, or IM) may also be given to decrease the effects of inflammation. Inhaled aerosolized short-acting 2-agonists are recommended for all patients. Therefore, Solumedrol per IV, continuous pulse oximetry, and albuterol nebulizer treatments are the expected prescribed treatments. Oral medications would not be used during the acute stage of status asthmaticus. Vital signs once a shift and spot pulse oximetry checks would not be often enough.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 17. In providing nourishment for a child with cystic fibrosis (CF), what factors should the nurse

keep in mind? a. Fats and proteins must be greatly curtailed. b. Most fruits and vegetables are not well tolerated. c. Diet should be high in calories, proteins, and unrestricted fats. d. Diet should be low fat but high in calories and proteins.

ANS: C

Children with CF require a well-balanced, high-protein, high-caloric diet, with unrestricted fat (because of the impaired intestinal absorption).

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 18. A quantitative sweat chloride test has been done on an 8-month-old child. What value should

be indicative of cystic fibrosis (CF)? a. Less than 18 mEq/L b. 18 to 40 mEq/L c. 40 to 60 mEq/L d. Greater than 60 mEq/L ANS: D

Normally sweat chloride content is less than 40 mEq/L, with a mean of 18 mEq/L. A chloride concentration greater than 60 mEq/L is diagnostic of CF; in infants younger than 3 months, a sweat chloride concentration greater than 40 mEq/L is highly suggestive of CF. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 19. A preschool child has asthma, and a goal is to extend expiratory time and increase expiratory

effectiveness. What action should the nurse implement to meet this goal? a. Encourage increased fluid intake. b. Recommend increased use of a budesonide (Pulmicort) inhaler. c. Administer an antitussive to suppress coughing. d. Encourage the child to blow a pinwheel every 6 hr while awake.

ANS: D

Play techniques that can be used for younger children to extend their expiratory time and increase expiratory pressure include blowing cotton balls or a ping-pong ball on a table, blowing a pinwheel, blowing bubbles, or preventing a tissue from falling by blowing it against the wall. Increased fluids, increased use of a Pulmicort inhaler, or suppressing a cough will not increase expiratory effectiveness.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 20. A term infant is delivered, and before delivery, the medical team was notified that a

congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) was diagnosed on ultrasonography. What should be done immediately at birth if respiratory distress is noted? a. Give oxygen. b. Suction the infant. c. Intubate the infant. d. Ventilate the infant with a bag and mask.

ANS: C

Many infants with a CDH require immediate respiratory assistance, which includes endotracheal intubation and GI decompression with a double-lumen catheter to prevent further respiratory compromise. At birth, bag and mask ventilation is contraindicated to prevent air from entering the stomach and especially the intestines, further compromising pulmonary function. Oxygen and suctioning may be used for mild respiratory distress.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. The nurse is preparing a staff education program about pediatric asthma. What concepts

should the nurse include when discussing the asthma severity classification system? (Select all that apply.) a. Children with mild persistent asthma have nighttime signs or symptoms less than two times a month. b. Children with moderate persistent asthma use a short-acting -agonist more than two times per week. c. Children with severe persistent asthma have a peak expiratory flow (PEF) of 60% to 80% of predicted value. d. Children with mild persistent asthma have signs or symptoms more than two times per week. e. Children with moderate persistent asthma have some limitations with normal activity. f. Children with severe persistent asthma have frequent nighttime signs or symptoms.

ANS: D, E, F

Children with mild persistent asthma have signs or symptoms more than two times per week and nighttime signs or symptoms three or four times per month. Children with moderate persistent asthma have some limitations with normal activity and need to use a short-acting -agonist for sign or symptom control daily. Children with severe persistent asthma have frequent nighttime signs or symptoms and have a PEF of less than 60%.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 2. The nurse is caring for a newborn with suspected congenital diaphragmatic hernia. What of

the following findings would the nurse expect to observe? (Select all that apply.) a. Loud, harsh murmur b. Scaphoid abdomen c. Poor peripheral pulses d. Mediastinal shift e. Inguinal swelling f. Moderate respiratory distress ANS: B, D, F

Clinical manifestations of a congenital diaphragmatic hernia include a scaphoid abdomen, a mediastinal shift, and moderate to severe respiratory distress. The infant would not have a harsh, loud murmur or poor peripheral pulses. Inguinal swelling is indicative of an inguinal hernia.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 3. What interventions can the nurse teach parents to do to ease respiratory efforts for a child with

a mild respiratory tract infection? (Select all that apply.) a. Cool mist b. Warm mist c. Steam source using a kettle of boiling water d. Keep child in a flat, quiet position e. Run a shower of hot water to produce steam ANS: A, B, E

Warm or cool mist is a common therapeutic measure for symptomatic relief of respiratory discomfort. The moisture soothes inflamed membranes and is beneficial when there is hoarseness or laryngeal involvement. A time-honored method of producing steam is the shower. Running a shower of hot water into the empty bathtub or open shower stall with the bathroom door closed produces a quick source of steam. Keeping a child in this environment for 10 to 15 minutes may help ease respiratory efforts. A small child can sit on the lap of a parent or other adult. The child should be quiet but upright, not flat. The use of steam vaporizers or boiling water in the home is often discouraged because of the hazards related to their use and limited evidence to support their efficacy.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 4. A tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy is contraindicated in what conditions? (Select all that

apply.) a. Cleft palate b. Seizure disorders c. Blood dyscrasias d. Sickle cell disease e. Acute infection at the time of surgery

ANS: A, C, E

Contraindications to either tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy are (1) cleft palate because both tonsils help minimize escape of air during speech, (2) acute infections at the time of surgery because the locally inflamed tissues increase the risk of bleeding, and (3) uncontrolled systemic diseases or blood dyscrasias. Tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy is not contraindicated in sickle cell disease or seizure disorders.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 5. The clinic nurse is administering influenza vaccinations. Which children should not receive

the live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV)? (Select all that apply.) a. A child with asthma b. A child with diabetes c. A child with hemophilia A d. A child with cancer receiving chemotherapy e. A child with gastroesophageal reflux disease ANS: A, B, D

The live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) is an acceptable alternative to the IM vaccine (IIV) for ages 2 to 49 years. It is a live vaccine administered via nasal spray. Several groups are excluded from receiving it, including children with a chronic heart or lung disease (asthma or reactive airways disease), diabetes, or kidney failure; children who are immunocompromised or receiving immunosuppressants; children younger than 5 years of age with a history of recurrent wheezing; children receiving aspirin; patients who are pregnant; children who have a severe allergy to chicken eggs or who are allergic to any of the nasal spray vaccine components; or children with a history of Guillain-Barré Syndrome after a previous dose. A child with hemophilia A or gastroesophageal reflux disease would not be immunocompromised so they can receive the LAIV. DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 6. The nurse is preparing to admit a 3-year-old child with acute spasmodic laryngitis. What

clinical features of hepatitis B should the nurse recognize? (Select all that apply.) a. High fever b. Croupy cough c. Tendency to recur d. Purulent secretions e. Occurs sudden, often at night ANS: B, C, E

Clinical features of acute spasmodic laryngitis include a croupy cough, a tendency to recur, and occurring sudden, often at night. High fever is a feature of acute epiglottitis and purulent secretions are seen with acute tracheitis.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 7. A child is diagnosed with active pulmonary tuberculosis. What medications does the nurse

anticipate to be prescribed for the first 2 months? (Select all that apply.)

a. b. c. d. e.

Isoniazid (INH) Cefuroxime (Ceftin) Rifampin (Rifadin) Pyrazinamide (PZA) Ethambutol (Myambutol)

ANS: A, C, D, E

For the child with clinically active pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB, the goal is to achieve sterilization of the tuberculous lesion. A combination of isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol daily or 3 times per week for 2 months is recommended, followed by isoniazid and rifampicin for 4 months (Kimberlin, et al, 2021). Alternatively, DOT with isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide two to three times per week for 6 months is recommended (Kimberlin, et al, 2021). Cefuroxime is not part of the regimen.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 8. The nurse is interpreting a tuberculin skin test. If the nurse finds a result of an induration 5

mm or larger, in which child should the nurse document this finding as positive? (Select all that apply.) a. A child with diabetes mellitus b. A child younger than 4 years of age c. A child receiving immunosuppressive therapy d. A child with a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection e. A child living in close contact with a known contagious case of tuberculosis ANS: C, D, E

A tuberculin skin test with an induration of 5 mm or larger is considered to be positive if the child is receiving immunosuppressive therapy, has an HIV infection, or is living in close contact with a known contagious case of tuberculosis. The test would be considered positive in a child who has diabetes mellitus or is younger than 4 years of age if the tuberculin skin test had an induration of 10 mm or larger.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Communication and Documentation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 9. The nurse is preparing to admit a 7-year-old child with pulmonary edema. What clinical

manifestations should the nurse expect to observe? (Select all that apply.) a. Fever b. Bradycardia c. Diaphoresis d. Pink frothy sputum e. Respiratory crackles ANS: C, D, E

Clinical manifestations of pulmonary edema include diaphoresis, pink frothy sputum, and respiratory crackles. Fever or bradycardia is not manifestations of pulmonary edema.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

COMPLETION 1. The nurse is calculating the amount of expected urinary output for a 24-hr period on a child

with bacterial pneumonia who weighs 22 pounds. The nurse recognizes the formula to be used is 1 mL/kg/hr. What is the expected 24-hr urinary output for this child in milliliters? Record your answer below in a whole number. _____________ ANS:

240 Perform the calculation.

22/2.2 = 10 kg 10  1  24 = 240 mL DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

Chapter 27: The Child with Cardiovascular Dysfunction Hockenberry: Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 12th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The nurse is caring for a school-age girl who has had a cardiac catheterization. The child tells

the nurse that her bandage is ―too wet.‖ The nurse finds the bandage and bed soaked with blood. What nursing action is most appropriate to institute initially? a. Notify the physician. b. Place the child in Trendelenburg position. c. Apply a new bandage with more pressure. d. Apply direct pressure above the catheterization site.

ANS: D

When bleeding occurs, direct continuous pressure is applied 2.5 cm (1 inch) above the percutaneous skin site to localize pressure on the vessel puncture. The physician can be notified, and a new bandage with more pressure can be applied after pressure is applied. The nurse can have someone else notify the physician while the pressure is being maintained.

Trendelenburg positioning would not be a helpful intervention. It would increase the drainage from the lower extremities.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 2. The parents of a young child with heart failure (HF) tell the nurse that they are nervous about

giving digoxin. The nurse‘s response should be based on which knowledge? a. It is a safe, frequently used drug. b. Parents lack the expertise necessary to administer digoxin. c. It is difficult to either overmedicate or undermedicate with digoxin.

d. Parents need to learn specific, important guidelines for administration of digoxin.

ANS: D

Digoxin has a narrow therapeutic range. The margin of safety between therapeutic, toxic, and lethal doses is very small. Specific guidelines are available for parents to learn how to administer the drug safely and to monitor for side effects. Parents may lack the expertise to administer the drug at first, but with discharge preparation, they should be prepared to administer the drug safely.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 3. What nutritional component should be altered in the infant with heart failure (HF)? a. Decrease in fats b. Increase in fluids c. Decrease in protein d. Increase in calories ANS: D

Infants with HF have a greater metabolic rate because of poor cardiac function and increased heart and respiratory rates. Their caloric needs are greater than those of average infants, yet their ability to take in calories is diminished by their fatigue. The diet should include increased protein and increased fat to facilitate the child‘s intake of sufficient calories. Fluids must be carefully monitored because of the HF. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 4. The nurse is caring for a child with persistent hypoxia secondary to a cardiac defect. The

nurse recognizes the potential risk of a cerebrovascular accident (stroke). What strategy is an important objective to decrease this risk? a. Minimize seizures. b. Prevent dehydration. c. Promote cardiac output. d. Reduce energy expenditure.

ANS: B

In children with persistent hypoxia, polycythemia develops. Dehydration must be prevented in hypoxemic children because it potentiates the risk of strokes. Minimizing seizures, promoting cardiac output, and reducing energy expenditure will not reduce the risk of cerebrovascular accidents.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 5. A 3-month-old infant has a hypercyanotic spell. What should be the nurse‘s first action? a. Assess for neurologic defects. b. Prepare the family for imminent death. c. Begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation. d. Place the child in the knee–chest position.

ANS: D

The first action is to place the infant in the knee–chest position. Blow-by oxygen may be indicated. Neurologic defects are unlikely. Preparing the family for imminent death or beginning cardiopulmonary resuscitation should be unnecessary. The child is assessed for airway, breathing, and circulation. Often, calming the child and administering oxygen and morphine can alleviate the hypercyanotic spell.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 6. The physician suggests that surgery be performed for patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) to

prevent which complication? a. Hypoxemia b. Right-to-left shunt of blood c. Decreased workload on the left side of the heart d. Pulmonary vascular congestion ANS: D

In PDA, blood flows from the higher-pressure aorta into the lower pressure pulmonary vein, resulting in increased pulmonary blood flow. This creates pulmonary vascular congestion.

Hypoxemia usually results from defects with mixed blood flow and decreased pulmonary blood flow. The shunt is from left to right in a PDA. The closure would stop this. There is increased workload on the left side of the heart with a PDA. DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 7. The parents of a 3-year-old child with congenital heart disease are afraid to let their child play

with other children because of possible overexertion. How should the nurse reply to this concern? a. The parents should meet all the child‘s needs. b. The child needs opportunities to play with peers. c. Constant parental supervision is needed to avoid overexertion. d. The child needs to understand that peers‘ activities are too strenuous.

ANS: B

The child needs opportunities for social development. Children are able to regulate and limit their activities based on their energy level. Parents must be encouraged to seek appropriate social activities for the child, especially before kindergarten. The child needs to have activities that foster independence.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 8. What preparation should the nurse consider when educating a school-age child and the family

for heart surgery? a. Unfamiliar equipment should not be shown. b. Let the child hear the sounds of a cardiac monitor, including alarms. c. Explain that an endotracheal tube will not be needed if the surgery goes well. d. Discussion of postoperative discomfort and interventions is not necessary before the procedure.

ANS: B

The child and family should be exposed to the sights and sounds of the intensive care unit (ICU). All positive, nonfrightening aspects of the environment are emphasized. The family and child should make the decision about a tour of the unit if it is an option. The child should be shown unfamiliar equipment and its use demonstrated on a doll. Carefully prepare the child for the postoperative experience, including intravenous lines, incision, endotracheal tube, expected discomfort, and management strategies.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 9. What nursing consideration is important when suctioning a young child who has had heart

surgery? a. Perform suctioning at least every hour. b. Suction for no longer than 30 seconds at a time. c. Expect symptoms of respiratory distress when suctioning. d. Administer supplemental oxygen before and after suctioning.

ANS: D

When suctioning is indicated, supplemental oxygen is administered with a manual resuscitation bag before and after the procedure to prevent hypoxia. Suctioning should be done only as indicated and very carefully to avoid vagal stimulation. The child should be suctioned for no more than 5 seconds at a time. Symptoms of respiratory distress are avoided by using appropriate technique.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 10. The nurse notices that a child is increasingly apprehensive and has tachycardia after heart

surgery. The chest tube drainage is now 8 mL/kg/hr. What should be the nurse‘s initial intervention? a. Apply warming blankets. b. Notify the practitioner of these findings. c. Give additional pain medication per protocol. d. Encourage child to cough, turn, and deep breathe.

ANS: B

The practitioner is notified immediately. Increases of chest tube drainage to more than 3 mL/kg/hr for more than 3 consecutive hours or 5 to 10 mL/kg in any 1 hr may indicate postoperative hemorrhage. Increased chest tube drainage with apprehensiveness and tachycardia may indicate cardiac tamponade—blood or fluid in the pericardial space constricting the heart—which is a life-threatening complication. Warming blankets are not indicated at this time. Additional pain medication can be given before the practitioner drains the fluid, but the notification is the first action. Encouraging the child to cough, turn, and deep breathe should be deferred until after evaluation by the practitioner.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

11. A parent of a 7-year-old girl with a repaired ventricular septal defect (VSD) calls the

cardiology clinic and reports that the child is just not herself. Her appetite is decreased, she has had intermittent fevers around 38° C (100.4° F), and now her muscles and joints ache.

Based on this information, how should the nurse advise the mother? a. Immediately bring the child to the clinic for evaluation. b. Come to the clinic next week on a scheduled appointment. c. Treat the signs and symptoms with acetaminophen and fluids because it is most likely a viral illness. d. Recognize that the child is trying to manipulate the parent by complaining of vague symptoms.

ANS: A

These are the insidious symptoms of bacterial endocarditis. Because the child is in a high-risk group for this disorder (VSD repair), immediate evaluation and treatment are indicated to prevent cardiac damage. With appropriate antibiotic therapy, bacterial endocarditis can be successfully treated. The child‘s complaints should not be dismissed. The low-grade fever is not a symptom that the child can fabricate.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 12. What sign/symptom is a major clinical manifestation of rheumatic fever (RF)? a. Fever b. Polyarthritis c. Osler nodes d. Janeway spots ANS: B

Polyarthritis, which is swollen, hot, red, and painful joints, is a major clinical manifestation.

The affected joints will change every 1 or 2 days. The large joints are primarily affected.

Fever is considered a minor manifestation of RF. Osler nodes and Janeway spots are characteristic of bacterial endocarditis.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 13. What action by the school nurse is important in the prevention of rheumatic fever (RF)? a. Encourage routine cholesterol screenings. b. Conduct routine blood pressure screenings. c. Refer children with sore throats for throat cultures. d. Recommend salicylates instead of acetaminophen for minor discomforts.

ANS: C

Nurses have a role in prevention, primarily in screening school-age children for sore throats caused by group A streptococci. They can actively participate in throat culture screening or refer children with possible streptococcal sore throats for testing. Routine cholesterol screenings and blood pressure screenings do not facilitate the recognition and treatment of group A hemolytic streptococci. Salicylates should be avoided routinely because of the risk of Reye syndrome after viral illnesses.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying

TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 14. When caring for the child with Kawasaki disease, what should the nurse know to provide safe

and effective care? a. Aspirin is contraindicated. b. The principal area of involvement is the joints. c. The child‘s fever is usually responsive to antibiotics within 48 hr. d. Therapeutic management includes administration of gamma globulin and salicylates.

ANS: D

High-dose intravenous gamma globulin and salicylate therapy are indicated to reduce the incidence of coronary artery abnormalities when given within the first 10 days of the illness.

Aspirin is part of the therapy. Mucous membranes, conjunctiva, changes in the extremities, and cardiac involvement are seen. The fever of Kawasaki disease is unresponsive to antibiotics. It is responsive to anti-inflammatory doses of aspirin and antipyretics.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 15. The diagnosis of hypertension depends on accurate assessment of blood pressure (BP). What

is the appropriate technique to measure a child‘s BP? a. Assess BP while the child is standing. b. Compare left arm with left leg BP readings. c. Use a narrow cuff to ensure that the readings are correct. d. Serial measurements with child in sitting position with feet on the floor.

ANS: D

The diagnosis of hypertension is made after the BP is elevated on three separate occasions.

Take the BP in a quiet area with the appropriate size cuff and the child sitting. Although left arm and left leg BP readings may be compared, it is not the procedure to diagnose hypertension. The appropriate size cuff is indicated. The most common cause of inaccurate readings is the use of a cuff that is too small.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 16. A child with heart failure is on Lanoxin (digoxin). The laboratory value a nurse must closely

monitor is which? a. Serum sodium b. Serum potassium c. Serum glucose d. Serum chloride ANS: B

A fall in the serum potassium level enhances the effects of digoxin, increasing the risk of digoxin toxicity. Increased serum potassium levels diminish digoxin‘s effect. Therefore, serum potassium levels (normal range, 3.5 to 5.5 mmol/L) must be carefully monitored.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment

17. An infant has tetralogy of Fallot. In reviewing the record, what laboratory result should the

nurse expect to be documented? a. Leukopenia b. Polycythemia c. Anemia d. Increased platelet level ANS: B

Persistent hypoxemia that occurs with tetralogy of Fallot stimulates erythropoiesis, which results in polycythemia, an increased number of red blood cells.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 18. What child has a cyanotic congenital heart defect? a. An infant with patent ductus arteriosus b. A 1-year-old infant with atrial septal defect c. A 2-month-old infant with tetralogy of Fallot d. A 6-month-old infant with repaired ventricular septal defect ANS: C

Tetralogy of Fallot is a cyanotic congenital heart defect. Patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defect, and ventricular septal defect are acyanotic congenital heart defects.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 19. Heart failure (HF) is a problem after the child has had a congenital heart defect repaired.

Which sign indicates HF? a. Wheezing b. Increased blood pressure c. Increased urine output d. Decreased heart rate ANS: A

A clinical manifestation of heart failure is wheezing from pulmonary congestion. The blood pressure decreases, urine output decreases, and heart rate increases.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 20. The health care provider suggests surgery be performed for ventricular septal defect to prevent

what complication? a. Pulmonary hypertension b. Right-to-left shunt of blood c. Pulmonary embolism d. Left ventricular hypertrophy ANS: A

Congenital heart defects with a large left-to-right shunt (e.g., in ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, or complete AV canal), which cause increased pulmonary blood flow, may result in pulmonary hypertension. If these defects are not repaired early, the high pulmonary flow will cause changes in the pulmonary artery vessels, and the vessels will lose their elasticity. The blood does not shunt right to left, a pulmonary embolism is not a complication of ventricular septal defect, and the left ventricle does not hypertrophy.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 21. A 6-month-old infant presents to the clinic with failure to thrive, a history of frequent

respiratory infections, and increasing exhaustion during feedings. On physical examination, a systolic murmur is detected, no central cyanosis, and chest radiography reveals cardiomegaly.

An echocardiogram is done that shows left-to-right shunting. This assessment data is characteristic of what? a. Tetralogy of Fallot b. Coarctation of the aorta c. Pulmonary stenosis d. Ventricular septal defect ANS: D

Heart failure is common with ventricular septal defect that causes failure to thrive, respiratory infections, and an increase in exhaustion during feedings. There is a characteristic murmur.

The other defects do not have left-to-right shunting.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 22. An infant is diagnosed with transposition of the great vessels. Prostaglandin E1 is given

intravenously. The parents ask how long the child will remain on the prostaglandin E1. What is the appropriate response by the nurse? a. Prostaglandin E1 will be given intermittently until corrective surgery is performed. b. Prostaglandin E1 will be given continuously until corrective surgery is performed. c. Prostaglandin E1 will be given continuously throughout the preoperative and postoperative periods until the child is stable. d. Prostaglandin E1 will be given intermittently throughout the preoperative and postoperative periods until the child is stable.

ANS: B

To provide intracardiac mixing for a child with transposition of the great arteries, intravenous prostaglandin E1 is administered continuously to keep the ductus arteriosus open to temporarily increase blood mixing and provide an oxygen saturation of 75% or to maintain cardiac output until surgery. It is discontinued after surgery.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 23. What medication used to treat heart failure (HF) is a diuretic? a. Captopril (Capten) b. Digoxin (Lanoxin) c. Hydrochlorothiazide (Diuril)

d. Carvedilol (Coreg) ANS: C

Hydrochlorothiazide is a diuretic. Captopril is an ACE inhibitor, digoxin is a digital glycoside, and carvedilol is a beta-blocker.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 24. The nurse is preparing to give digoxin (Lanoxin) to a 9-month-old infant. The nurse checks

the dose and draws up 4 mL of the drug. The most appropriate nursing action is which? a. Mix the dose with juice to disguise its taste. b. Do not give the dose; suspect a dosage error. c. Check the heart rate; administer digoxin if the rate is greater than 100 beats/min. d. Check the heart rate; administer digoxin if the rate is greater than 80 beats/min.

ANS: B

Infants rarely receive more than 1 mL (50 mcg, or 0.05 mg) of digoxin in one dose; a higher dose is an immediate warning of a dosage error. To ensure safety, compare the calculation with that of another staff member before giving digoxin.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment 25. The test that provides the most reliable evidence of recent streptococcal infection is which? a. Throat culture b. Mantoux test c. Antistreptolysin O test (ASLO) d. Elevation of liver enzymes ANS: C

Antistreptolysin O (ASLO) titers measure the concentration of antibodies formed in the blood against this product. Normally, the titers begin to rise about 7 days after onset of the infection and reach maximum levels in 4 to 6 weeks. Therefore, a rising titer demonstrated by at least two ASLO tests is the most reliable evidence of recent streptococcal infection.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. The nurse is caring for a child after cardiac surgery. What interventions should the nurse

implement with regard to chest tubes placed to a water-seal drainage system? (Select all that apply.) a. Maintain sterility. b. Check for tube patency. c. Do not interrupt the water-seal drainage system. d. Clamp the chest tube when ambulating the child. e. Measure the drainage by emptying the collection chamber every shift.

ANS: A, B, C

Nursing considerations with regard to chest tubes attached to a water-seal drainage system include (1) do not interrupt water-seal drainage unless the chest tube is clamped, (2) check for tube patency (fluctuation in the water-seal chamber), and (3) maintain sterility. The chest tube should not be clamped when ambulating the child and the drainage is measured in the collection chamber, not emptied.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 2. The nurse is caring for a child with secondary hypertension. What renal disorders are

associated with secondary hypertension? (Select all that apply.) a. Renal tumor b. Hydronephrosis c. Vesicoureteral reflux d. Glomerulonephritis e. Urinary tract infection ANS: A, B, D

Renal disorders that can cause secondary hypertension include a renal tumor, hydronephrosis, and glomerulonephritis. Vesicoureteral reflux or urinary tract infections do not cause secondary hypertension.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 3. An adolescent is being placed on an ACE inhibitor. What should the nurse inform the

adolescent with regard to this medication? (Select all that apply.) a. Stay well hydrated. b. Increase intake of potassium. c. Avoid rapid position changes. d. Take the medication with meals. e. Side effects may include a cough.

ANS: A, C, E

The adolescent should be instructed to stay well hydrated and avoid rapid position changes and that side effects may include a cough when on ACE inhibitors. ACE inhibitors do not deplete potassium, and they should be taken 1 hr before meals to increase absorption.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 4. An adolescent is being placed on a calcium channel blocker. What should the nurse inform the

adolescent with regard to this medication? (Select all that apply.) a. The medication may cause fatigue. b. The medication may increase heart rate. c. The medication may cause constipation. d. The medication may cause cold extremities. e. The medication may cause peripheral edema.

ANS: B, C, E

Calcium channel blockers may cause an increase in heart rate, constipation, and peripheral edema. Beta-blockers can cause fatigue and cold extremities, but calcium channel blockers do not cause these potential side effects.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 5. What interventions should the nurse anticipate being administered to a child with

supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)? (Select all that apply.) a. Bed rest b. Applying ice to the face c. Administration of atropine d. Administration of adenosine (Adenocor) e. Having the child perform a Valsalva maneuver ANS: B, D, E

The treatment of SVT depends on the degree of compromise imposed by the dysrhythmia. In some instances, vagal maneuvers, such as applying ice to the face, massaging the carotid artery (on one side of the neck only), or having an older child perform a Valsalva maneuver (e.g., exhaling against a closed glottis, blowing on the thumb as if it were a trumpet for 30 to 60 seconds), can reverse the SVT. When vagal maneuvers fail, adenosine may be used to end the episode of SVT by impairing AV node conduction. IV adenosine is the first-line pharmacologic measure for termination of SVT in infants and children in the emergency setting. Administration of atropine or bed rest will not resolve SVT. DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

Chapter 28: The Child with Hematologic or Immunologic Dysfunction Hockenberry: Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 12th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A child with severe anemia requires a unit of red blood cells (RBCs). The nurse explains to

the child that the transfusion is necessary for which reason? a. Allow her parents to come visit her. b. Fight the infection that she now has. c. Increase her energy so she will not be so tired. d. Help her body stop bleeding by forming a clot (scab).

ANS: C

The indication for RBC transfusion is risk of cardiac decompensation. When the number of circulating RBCs is increased, tissue hypoxia decreases, cardiac function is improved, and the child will have more energy. Parental visiting is not dependent on transfusion. The decrease in tissue hypoxia will minimize the risk of infection. There is no evidence that the child is currently infected. Forming a clot is the function of platelets.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

2. An 8-year-old girl is receiving a blood transfusion when the nurse notes that she has

developed precordial pain, dyspnea, distended neck veins, slight cyanosis, and a dry cough.

These manifestations are most suggestive of what complication? a. Air embolism b. Allergic reaction c. Hemolytic reaction d. Circulatory overload ANS: D

The signs of circulatory overload include distended neck veins, hypertension, crackles, a dry cough, cyanosis, and precordial pain. Signs of air embolism are sudden difficulty breathing, sharp pain in the chest, and apprehension. Urticaria, pruritus, flushing, asthmatic wheezing, and laryngeal edema are signs and symptoms of allergic reactions. Hemolytic reactions are characterized by chills, shaking, fever, pain at infusion site, nausea, vomiting, tightness in chest, flank pain, red or black urine, and progressive signs of shock and renal failure.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 3. What explanation provides the rationale for why iron-deficiency anemia is common during

infancy? a. Cow‘s milk is a poor source of iron. b. Iron cannot be stored during fetal development. c. Fetal iron stores are depleted by 1 month of age. d. Dietary iron cannot be started until 12 months of age.

ANS: A

Children between the ages of 12 and 36 months are at risk for anemia because cow‘s milk is a major component of their diet, and it is a poor source of iron. Iron is stored during fetal development, but the amount stored depends on maternal iron stores. Fetal iron stores are usually depleted by ages 5 to 6 months. Dietary iron can be introduced by breastfeeding, iron-fortified formula, and cereals during the first 12 months of life.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 4. What statement best describes iron-deficiency anemia in infants? a. It is caused by depression of the hematopoietic system. b. Diagnosis is easily made because of the infant‘s emaciated appearance. c. It results from a decreased intake of milk and the preterm addition of solid foods. d. Clinical manifestations are related to a reduction in the amount of oxygen available

to tissues.

ANS: D

In iron-deficiency anemia, the child‘s clinical appearance is a result of the anemia, not the underlying cause. Usually, the hematopoietic system is not depressed. The bone marrow produces red blood cells that are smaller and contain less hemoglobin than normal red blood cells. Children who have iron deficiency from drinking excessive quantities of milk are usually pale and overweight. They are receiving sufficient calories but are deficient in essential nutrients. The clinical manifestations result from decreased intake of iron-fortified solid foods and an excessive intake of milk.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 5. What information should the nurse include when teaching the mother of a 9-month-old infant

about administering liquid iron preparations? a. Give with meals. b. Stop immediately if nausea and vomiting occur. c. Adequate dosage will turn the stools a tarry green color. d. Allow preparation to mix with saliva and bathe the teeth before swallowing.

ANS: C

The nurse should prepare the mother for the anticipated change in the child‘s stools. If the iron dose is adequate, the stools will become a tarry green color. A lack of color change may indicate insufficient iron. The iron should be given in two divided doses between meals when the presence of free hydrochloric acid is greatest. Iron is absorbed best in an acidic environment. Vomiting and diarrhea may occur with iron administration. If these occur, the iron should be given with meals, and the dosage reduced and gradually increased as the child develops tolerance. Liquid preparations of iron stain the teeth; they should be administered through a straw and the mouth rinsed after administration.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 6. The parents of a child with sickle cell anemia (SCA) are concerned about subsequent children

having the disease. What statement most accurately reflects inheritance of SCA? a. SCA is not inherited. b. All siblings will have SCA. c. Each sibling has a 25% chance of having SCA. d. There is a 50% chance of siblings having SCA. ANS: C

SCA is inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder. In this inheritance pattern, each child born to these parents has a 25% chance of having the disorder, a 25% chance of having neither SCA nor the trait, and a 50% chance of being heterozygous for SCA (sickle cell trait). SCA is an inherited hemoglobinopathy.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 7. The clinical manifestations of sickle cell anemia (SCA) are primarily the result of which

physiologic alteration? a. Decreased blood viscosity b. Deficiency in coagulation c. Increased red blood cell (RBC) destruction d. Greater affinity for oxygen ANS: C

The clinical features of SCA are primarily the result of increased RBC destruction and obstruction caused by the sickle-shaped RBCs. When the sickle cells change shape, they increase the viscosity in the area where they are involved in the microcirculation. SCA does not have a coagulation deficit. Sickled red cells have decreased oxygen-carrying capacity and transform into the sickle shape in conditions of low oxygen tension.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 8. What therapeutic intervention is most appropriate for a child with -thalassemia major? a. Oxygen therapy b. Supplemental iron c. Adequate hydration d. Frequent blood transfusions ANS: D

The goal of medical management is to maintain sufficient hemoglobin (>9.5 g/dl) to prevent bone marrow expansion. This is achieved through a long-term transfusion program. Oxygen therapy and adequate hydration are not beneficial in the overall management of thalassemia.

The child does not require supplemental iron. Iron overload is a problem because of frequent blood transfusions, decreased production of hemoglobin, and increased absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 9. Iron overload is a side effect of chronic transfusion therapy. What treatment assists in

minimizing this complication? a. Magnetic therapy b. Infusion of deferoxamine c. Hemoglobin electrophoresis d. Washing red blood cells (RBCs) to reduce iron ANS: B

Deferoxamine infusions in combination with vitamin C allow the iron to remain in a more chelatable form. The iron can then be excreted more easily. Use of magnets does not remove additional iron from the body. Hemoglobin electrophoresis is used to confirm the diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies; it does not affect iron overload. Washed RBCs remove white blood cells and other proteins from the unit of blood; they do not affect the iron concentration.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 10. For children who do not have a matched sibling bone marrow donor, the therapeutic

management of aplastic anemia includes what intervention? a. Antibiotics b. Antiretroviral drugs c. Iron supplementation d. Immunosuppressive therapy ANS: D

It is thought that aplastic anemia may be an autoimmune disease. Immunosuppressive therapy, including antilymphocyte globulin, antithymocyte globulin, cyclosporine, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and methylprednisone, has greatly improved the prognosis for patients with aplastic anemia. Antibiotics are not indicated as the management. They may be indicated for infections. Antiretroviral drugs and iron supplementation are not part of the therapy.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 11. The nurse is teaching the family of a child, age 8 years, with moderate hemophilia about home

care. What should the nurse tell the family to do to minimize joint injury? a. Administer nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). b. Administer DDAVP (synthetic vasopressin). c. Provide intravenous (IV) infusion of factor VIII concentrates. d. Encourage elevation and application of ice to the involved joint.

ANS: C

Parents are taught home infusion of factor VIII concentrate. For moderate and severe hemophilia, prompt IV administration is essential to prevent joint injury. NSAIDs are effective for pain relief. They must be given with caution because they inhibit platelet aggregation. A factor VIII level of 30% is necessary to stop bleeding. DDAVP can raise the factor VIII level fourfold. Moderate hemophilia is defined by a factor VIII activity of 4.9. A fourfold increase would not meet the 30% level. Ice and elevation are important adjunctive therapy, but factor VIII is necessary.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 12. Care for the child with acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) includes which

therapeutic intervention? a. Splenectomy b. Intravenous administration of anti-D antibody c. Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) d. Helping child participate in sports ANS: B

Anti-D antibody causes an increase in platelet count approximately 48 hr after administration.

Splenectomy is reserved for chronic severe ITP not responsive to pharmacologic management. NSAIDs are not used in ITP. Both NSAIDs and aspirin interfere with platelet aggregation. The nurse works with the child and parents to choose quiet activities while the platelet count is below 100,000/mm3.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 13. The nurse is planning care for an adolescent with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

(HIV). What is the priority nursing goal? a. Prevent infection. b. Prevent secondary cancers. c. Identify source of infection.

d. Restore immunologic defenses.

ANS: A

As a result of the immunocompromise that is associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the prevention of infection is paramount. Although certain precautions are justified in limiting exposure to infection, these must be balanced with the concern for the child‘s normal developmental needs. Preventing secondary cancers is not currently possible.

Case finding is not a priority nursing goal in planning care for an individual. Current drug therapy is affecting the disease progression; although not a cure, these drugs can suppress viral replication, preventing further deterioration but not actually restoring immunologic defenses.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 14. The nurse is preparing a community outreach program about the prevention of iron-deficiency

anemia in infants. What statement should the nurse include in the program? a. Whole milk can be introduced into the infant‘s diet in small amounts at 6 months. b. Iron supplements cannot be given until the infant is older than 1 year of age. c. Iron-fortified cereal should be introduced to the infant at 2 months of age. d. Breast milk or iron-fortified formula should be used for the first 12 months.

ANS: D

Prevention, the primary goal in iron-deficiency anemia, is achieved through optimal nutrition and appropriate iron supplements. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends feeding an infant only breast milk or iron-fortified formula for the first 12 months of life. Whole cow‘s milk should not be introduced until after 12 months, iron supplements can be given during the first year of life, and iron-fortified cereals should not be introduced until the infant is 4 to 6 months old.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 15. What pain medication is contraindicated in children with sickle cell disease (SCD)? a. Meperidine (Demerol) b. Hydrocodone (Vicodin) c. Morphine sulfate d. Ketorolac (Toradol) ANS: A

Meperidine (pethidine [Demerol]) is not recommended. Normeperidine, a metabolite of meperidine, is a central nervous system stimulant that produces anxiety, tremors, myoclonus, and generalized seizures when it accumulates with repetitive dosing. Patients with SCD are particularly at risk for normeperidine-induced seizures.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment 16. In anticipation of the admission of a child with hereditary spherocytosis (HS) who is

experiencing an aplastic crisis, what action should the nurse plan? a. Secure an isolation room. b. Prepare for a transfusion of packed red blood cells.

c. Anticipate preoperative preparation for a splenectomy. d. Gather equipment and medication for treatment of shock.

ANS: B

In hereditary spherocytosis, aplastic crisis results in a sudden cessation of RBC production by the bone marrow. Hemoglobin and hematocrit values drop rapidly, which results in severe anemia. Transfusion support may be needed, and close monitoring of the child‘s cardiovascular status is necessary. The nurse should prepare for a transfusion of packed red blood cells initially. An isolation room is not needed, splenectomy would not be done at this time, and the child will not be in shock.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 17. What medication is classified as an antiretroviral? a. Dapsone (Aczone) b. Pentamidine (Pentam) c. Didanosine (Videx) d. Trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim) ANS: C

Classes of antiretroviral agents include nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (e.g., zidovudine, didanosine, stavudine, lamivudine, abacavir), nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (e.g., nevirapine, delavirdine, efavirenz), and protease inhibitors (e.g., indinavir, saquinavir, ritonavir, nelfinavir, amprenavir, lopinavir, ritonavir). Dapsone, pentamidine, and Bactrim are anti-infectives.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 18. The nurse is preparing to administer a unit of packed red blood cells to a hospitalized child.

What is an appropriate action that applies to administering blood? a. Take the vital signs every 15 minutes while blood is infusing. b. Use blood within 1 hr of its arrival from the blood bank. c. Administer the blood with 5% glucose in a piggyback setup. d. Administer the first 50 ml of blood slowly and stay with the child.

ANS: D

The nurse should administer the first 50 ml of blood or initial 20% of volume (whichever is smaller) slowly and stay with the child. Vitals signs should be taken 15 minutes after initiation and then every hour, not every 15 minutes. Blood should be used within 30 minutes, not 1 hr.

Normal saline, not 5% glucose, should be the IV solution.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 19. What rationale explains why prolonged use of oxygen should be discouraged in a child with

anemia? a. Prolonged use of oxygen can decrease erythropoiesis. b. Prolonged use of oxygen can interfere with iron production. c. Prolonged use of oxygen interferes with a child‘s appetite. d. Prolonged use of oxygen can affect the synthesis of hemoglobin.

ANS: A

Oxygen administration is of limited value, because each gram of hemoglobin is able to carry a limited amount of the gas. In addition, prolonged use of supplemental oxygen can decrease erythropoiesis. Prolonged use of oxygen does not interfere with iron production, a child‘s appetite, or affect the synthesis of hemoglobin.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 20. What immunoglobulin pattern does the nurse expect in a child recently diagnosed with

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome? a. Diminished levels of IgG b. Diminished levels of IgA c. Diminished levels of IgM d. Diminished levels of IgE ANS: C

The level of IgM is diminished early in the course of the disease, but levels of IgG, IgA, and IgE may be elevated initially.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. The nurse is caring for a 14-year-old child with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

What clinical manifestations should the nurse expect to observe? (Select all that apply.) a. Petechiae b. Chronic diarrhea c. Hepatosplenomegaly d. Bleeding from openings in the skin e. Hypotension f. Purpura ANS: A, D, E, F

Some clinical manifestations of DIC are petechiae, bleeding from openings in the skin, hypotension, and purpura. Hepatosplenomegaly and chronic diarrhea are clinical manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in children.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 2. What are signs and symptoms of anemia? (Select all that apply.) a. Pallor b. Fatigue c. Dilute urine d. Bradycardia e. Muscle weakness ANS: A, B, E

Signs and symptoms of anemia include pallor, fatigue, and muscle weakness. Tachycardia, not bradycardia, and dark urine, not dilute, are signs and symptoms of anemia.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 3. The nurse is administering a unit of blood to a child. What are signs and symptoms of a

transfusion reaction? (Select all that apply.) a. Chills b. Shaking c. Flank pain d. Hypothermia e. Sudden severe headache ANS: A, B, C, E

Signs and symptoms of a transfusion reaction include chills, shaking, flank pain, and sudden severe headache. Hyperthermia, not hypothermia, occurs.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment 4. The clinic nurse is evaluating causes for iron deficiency due to impaired iron absorption. What

should the nurse recognize as causes for iron deficiency due to impaired iron absorption?

(Select all that apply.) a. Gastric acidity b. Chronic diarrhea c. Lactose intolerance d. Absence of phosphates e. Inflammatory bowel disease ANS: B, C, E

Causes for iron deficiency due to impaired iron absorption include chronic diarrhea, lactose intolerance, and inflammatory bowel disease. Gastric alkalinity, not acidity, and the presence, not absence, of phosphates can be causes of impaired iron absorption.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 5. The nurse is preparing to admit a 4-year-old child with chronic benign neutropenia. What

clinical features of chronic benign neutropenia should the nurse recognize? (Select all that apply.) a. Gingivitis is present. b. Anemia is not present. c. Monocytosis is present. d. It has an autosomal recessive pattern. e. Treatment is by bone marrow transplantation.

ANS: A, B, C

The clinical features of chronic benign neutropenia include gingivitis, no anemia, and monocytosis. It is not inherited, and because it is benign, it does not require treatment except antibiotics as indicated.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

Chapter 29: The Child with Cancer Hockenberry: Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 12th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. As part of the diagnostic evaluation of a child with cancer, biopsies are important for staging.

What statement explains what staging means? a. Extent of the disease at the time of diagnosis b. Rate normal cells are being replaced by cancer cells c. Biologic characteristics of the tumor or lymph nodes d. Abnormal, unrestricted growth of cancer cells producing organ damage ANS: A

Staging is a description of the extent of the disease at the time of diagnosis. Staging criteria exist for most tumors. The stage usually relates directly to the prognosis, the higher the stage, the poorer the prognosis. The rate that normal cells are being replaced by cancer cells is not a definition of staging. Classification of the tumor refers to the biologic characteristics of the tumor or lymph nodes. Abnormal, unrestricted growth of cancer cells producing organ damage describes how cancer cells grow and can cause damage to an organ.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 2. After chemotherapy is begun for a child with acute leukemia, prophylaxis to prevent acute

tumor lysis syndrome includes which therapeutic intervention? a. Hydration b. Oxygenation c. Corticosteroids d. Pain management ANS: A

Acute tumor lysis syndrome results from the release of intracellular metabolites during the initial treatment of leukemia. Hyperuricemia, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and hyperkalemia can result. Hydration is used to reduce the metabolic consequences of the tumor lysis. Oxygenation is not helpful in preventing acute tumor lysis syndrome. Allopurinol, not corticosteroids, is indicated for pharmacologic management. Pain management may be indicated for supportive therapy of the child, but it does not prevent acute tumor lysis syndrome.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 3. In teaching parents how to minimize or prevent bleeding episodes when the child is

myelosuppressed, the nurse includes what information? a. Meticulous mouth care is essential to avoid mucositis. b. Rectal temperatures are necessary to monitor for infection. c. Intramuscular injections are preferred to intravenous ones. d. Platelet transfusions are given to maintain a count greater than 50,000/mm3.

ANS: A

The decrease in blood platelets secondary to the myelosuppression of chemotherapy can cause an increase in bleeding. The child and family are taught how to perform good oral hygiene to minimize gingival bleeding and mucositis. Rectal temperatures are avoided to minimize the risk of ulceration. Hygiene is also emphasized. Intramuscular injections are avoided because of the risk of bleeding into the muscle and of infection. Platelet transfusions are usually not given unless there is active bleeding, or the platelet count is less than 10,000/mm3. The use of platelets when not necessary can contribute to antibody formation and increased destruction of platelets when transfused.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 4. A school-age child with leukemia experienced severe nausea and vomiting when receiving

chemotherapy for the first time. What is the most appropriate nursing action to prevent or minimize these reactions with subsequent treatments? a. Administer the chemotherapy between meals. b. Give an antiemetic before chemotherapy begins. c. Have the child bring favorite foods for snacks. d. Keep the child NPO (nothing by mouth) until nausea and vomiting subside.

ANS: B

The most beneficial regimen to minimize nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy is to administer a 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 receptor antagonist (e.g., ondansetron) before the chemotherapy is begun. The goal is to prevent anticipatory signs and symptoms. The child will experience nausea with chemotherapy whether or not food is present in the stomach.

Because some children develop aversions to foods eaten during chemotherapy, refraining from offering favorite foods is advised. Keeping the child NPO until nausea and vomiting subside will help with this episode, but the child will have discomfort and be at risk for dehydration.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 5. The nurse is preparing a child for possible alopecia from chemotherapy. What information

should the nurse include? a. Wearing hats or scarves is preferable to a wig. b. Expose head to sunlight to stimulate hair regrowth. c. Hair may have a slightly different color or texture when it regrows. d. Regrowth of hair usually begins 12 months after chemotherapy ends.

ANS: C

Alopecia is a side effect of certain chemotherapeutic agents and cranial irradiation. When the hair regrows, it may be of a different color or texture. Children should choose the head covering they prefer. A wig should be selected similar to the child‘s own hairstyle and color before the hair loss. The head should be protected from sunlight to avoid sunburn. The hair usually grows back within 3 to 6 months after the cessation of treatment.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity

6. The nurse is caring for a child receiving chemotherapy for leukemia. The child‘s granulocyte

count is 600/mm3 and platelet count is 45,000/mm3. What oral care should the nurse recommend for this child? a. Rinsing mouth with water b. Daily toothbrushing and flossing c. Lemon glycerin swabs for cleansing d. Wiping teeth with moistened gauze or Toothettes ANS: B

Oral care is essential for children receiving chemotherapy to prevent infections and other complications. When the child‘s granulocyte count is above 500/mm3 and platelet count is above 40,000/mm3, daily brushing and flossing are recommended. Rinsing the mouth with water is not effective for oral hygiene. Lemon glycerin swabs are avoided because they have a drying effect on the mucous membranes, and the lemon may irritate eroded tissue and decay the child‘s teeth. Wiping teeth with moistened gauze or Toothettes is recommended when the child‘s granulocyte count is below 500/mm3 and platelet count is below 40,000/mm3.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 7. What immunization should not be given to a child receiving chemotherapy for cancer? a. Tetanus vaccine b. Inactivated poliovirus vaccine c. Diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus (DPT) d. Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) ANS: D

The vaccine used for MMR is a live virus and can cause serious disease in immunocompromised children. The tetanus vaccine, inactivated poliovirus vaccine, and DPT are not live vaccines and can be given to immunosuppressed children. The immune response is likely to be suboptimum, so delaying vaccination is usually recommended.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 8. Essential postoperative nursing management of a child after removal of a brain tumor includes

which nursing care? a. Turning and positioning every 2 hours b. Measuring all fluid intake and output c. Changing the dressing when it becomes soiled d. Using maximum lighting to ensure accurate observations ANS: B

After brain surgery, cerebral edema is a risk. Careful monitoring is essential. All fluids, including intravenous antibiotics, are included in the intake. Turning and positioning depend on the surgical procedure. When large tumors are removed, the child is usually not positioned on the operative side. The dressing is not changed. It is reinforced with gauze after the amount of drainage is marked and estimated. A quiet, dimly lit environment is optimum to decrease stimulation and relieve discomfort such as headaches.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying

TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 9. An adolescent is scheduled for a leg amputation in 2 days for treatment of osteosarcoma.

What approach should the nurse implement? a. Answer questions with straightforward honesty. b. Avoid discussing the seriousness of the condition. c. Explain that although the amputation is difficult, it will cure the cancer. d. Help the adolescent accept the amputation as better than a long course of chemotherapy.

ANS: A

Honesty is essential to gain the child‘s cooperation and trust. The diagnosis of cancer should not be disguised with falsehoods. The adolescent should be prepared for the surgery, so there is time for reflection about the diagnosis and subsequent treatment. This allows questions to be answered. To accept the need for radical surgery, the child must be aware of the lack of alternatives for treatment. Amputation is necessary, but it will not guarantee a cure.

Chemotherapy is an integral part of the therapy with surgery. The child should be informed of the need for chemotherapy and its side effects before surgery.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 10. The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The

parent states, ―My child has a low platelet count, and we are being discharged this afternoon.

What do I need to do at home?‖ What statement is most appropriate for the nurse to make? a. ―You should give your child aspirin instead of acetaminophen for fever or pain.‖ b. ―Your child should avoid contact sports or activities that could cause bleeding.‖ c. ―You should feed your child a bland, soft, moist diet for the next week.‖ d. ―Your child should avoid large groups of people for the next week.‖ ANS: B

A child with a low platelet count needs to avoid activities that could cause bleeding such as playing contact sports, climbing trees, using playground equipment, or bike riding. The child should be given acetaminophen, not aspirin, for fever or pain; the child does not need to be on a soft, bland diet or avoid large groups of people because of the low platelet count.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 11. One pediatric oncologic emergency is acute tumor lysis syndrome. Symptoms that this may be

occurring include what? a. Muscle cramps and tetany b. Respiratory distress and cyanosis c. Thrombocytopenia and sepsis d. Upper extremity edema and neck vein distension ANS: A

Risk factors for development of tumor lysis syndrome include a high white blood cell count at diagnosis, large tumor burden, sensitivity to chemotherapy, and high proliferative rate. In addition to the described metabolic abnormalities, children may develop a spectrum of clinical symptoms, including flank pain, lethargy, nausea and vomiting, muscle cramps, pruritus, tetany, and seizures. Respiratory distress and cyanosis occur with hyperleukocytosis.

Thrombocytopenia and sepsis occur with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Upper extremity edema and neck vein distention occur with superior vena cava syndrome.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 12. A child has an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of 500/mm3. The nurse should expect to be

administering which prescribed treatment? a. Platelets b. Packed red blood cells c. Zofran (ondansetron) d. G-CSF (Neupogen) daily ANS: D

G-CSF (filgrastim [Neupogen], pegfilgrastim [Neulasta]) directs granulocyte development and can decrease the duration of neutropenia following immunosuppressive therapy. G-CSF is discontinued when the ANC surpasses 10,000/mm3.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 13. A child, age 10 years, has a neuroblastoma and is in the hospital for additional chemotherapy

treatments. What laboratory values are most likely this child‘s? a. White blood cell count, 17,000/mm3; hemoglobin, 15 g/dL b. White blood cell count, 3,000/mm3; hemoglobin, 11.5 g/dL c. Platelets, 450,000/mm3; hemoglobin, 12 g/dL d. White blood cell count, 10,000/mm3; platelets, 175,000/mm3 ANS: B

Chemotherapy is the mainstay of therapy for extensive local or disseminated neuroblastoma.

The drugs of choice are vincristine, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, etoposide, ifosfamide, and carboplatin. These cause immunosuppression, so the laboratory values will indicate a low white blood cell count and hemoglobin.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 14. A child has been diagnosed with a Wilms tumor. What should preoperative nursing care

include? a. Careful bathing and handling b. Monitoring of behavioral status c. Maintenance of strict isolation d. Administration of packed red blood cells ANS: A

Careful bathing and handling are important in preventing trauma to the Wilms tumor site.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment 15. Postoperative positioning for a child who has had a medulloblastoma brain tumor

(infratentorial) removed should be which? a. Trendelenburg b. Head of bed elevated above heart level c. Flat on operative side with pillows behind the head d. Flat on either side with pillows behind the back ANS: D

The child with an infratentorial procedure is usually positioned flat and on either side. Pillows should be placed against the child‘s back, not head, to maintain the desired position. The Trendelenburg position is contraindicated in both infratentorial and supratentorial surgeries because it increases intracranial pressure and the risk of hemorrhage.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 16. A parent of a hospitalized child on chemotherapy asks the nurse if a sibling of the hospitalized

child should receive the varicella vaccination. The nurse should give which response? a. The sibling can get a varicella vaccination. b. The sibling should not get a varicella vaccination. c. The sibling should wait until the child is finished with chemotherapy. d. The sibling should get varicella-zoster immune globulin if exposed to chickenpox.

ANS: A

Siblings and other family members can receive the live measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine and the varicella vaccine without risk to the child who is immunosuppressed.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 17. The nurse is collecting a 24-hour urine sample on a child with suspected diagnosis of

neuroblastoma. What finding in the urine is expected with neuroblastomas? a. Ketones b. Catecholamines c. Red blood cells d. Excessive white blood cells ANS: B

Neuroblastomas, particularly those arising on the adrenal glands or from a sympathetic chain, excrete the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine. Urinary excretion of catecholamines is detected in the majority of children with adrenal or sympathetic tumors.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity MULTIPLE RESPONSE

1. The nurse is precepting a new graduate nurse at an ambulatory pediatric hematology and

oncology clinic. What cardinal signs of cancer in children should the nurse make the new nurse aware of? (Select all that apply.) a. Sudden tendency to bruise easily b. Transitory, generalized pain c. Frequent headaches d. Excessive, rapid weight gain e. Gradual, steady fever f. Unexplained loss of energy ANS: A, C, F

The cardinal signs of cancer in children include a sudden tendency to bruise easily; frequent headaches, often with vomiting; and an unexplained loss of energy. Other cardinal signs include persistent, localized pain; excessive, rapid weight loss; and a prolonged, unexplained fever.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 2. A child on chemotherapy has developed rectal ulcers. What interventions should the nurse

teach to the child and parents to relieve the discomfort of rectal ulcers? (Select all that apply.) a. Warm sitz baths. b. Use of stool softeners. c. Record bowel movements. d. Use of an opioid for discomfort. e. Occlusive ointment applied to the area.

ANS: A, B, C, E

If rectal ulcers develop, meticulous toilet hygiene, warm sitz baths after each bowel movement, and an occlusive ointment applied to the ulcerated area promote healing; the use of stool softeners is necessary to prevent further discomfort. Parents should record bowel movements because the child may voluntarily avoid defecation to prevent discomfort. Opioids would cause increased constipation.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 3. The nurse should teach the family that which residual disabilities can occur for a child being

treated for a brain tumor? (Select all that apply.) a. Ataxia b. Anorexia c. Dysphagia d. Sensory deficits e. Cranial nerve palsies ANS: A, C, D, E

Even with children who are long-term survivors after treatment for a brain tumor, residual disabilities, such as short stature, cranial nerve palsies, sensory defects, motor abnormalities (especially ataxia), intellectual deficits, dysphagia, dysgraphia, and behavioral problems, may occur. Anorexia is not a residual disability.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 4. The nurse is caring for a child with retinoblastoma that was treated with an enucleation. What

interventions should the nurse plan for care of an eye socket after enucleation? (Select all that apply.) a. Clean the prosthesis. b. Change the eye pad daily. c. Keep the opposite eye covered initially. d. Irrigate the eye socket with Betadine solution. e. Apply a prescribed antibiotic ointment.

ANS: B, E

Care of the socket is minimal and easily accomplished. The wound itself is clean and has little or no drainage. If an antibiotic ointment is prescribed, it is applied in a thin line on the surface of the tissues of the socket. The dressing consists of an eye pad changed daily. The prosthesis is not placed until the socket has healed. The opposite eye is not covered. If irrigation is ordered, it will likely be a sterile saline solution and not Betadine.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 5. What guidelines should the nurse follow when handling chemotherapeutic agents? (Select all

that apply.) a. Use clean technique. b. Prepare medications in a safety cabinet. c. Wear gloves designed for handling chemotherapy. d. Wear face and eye protection when splashing is possible. e. Discard gloves and protective clothing in a special container.

ANS: B, C, D, E

Safe handling of chemotherapeutic agents includes preparing medications in a safety cabinet, wearing gloves designed for handling chemotherapy, wearing face and eye protection when splashing is possible, and discarding gloves and protective clothing in a special container.

Aseptic, not clean, technique should be used.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment COMPLETION 1. A health care provider prescribes Osmitrol (mannitol) 0.25 g/kg intravenously (IV) every 6 hr

for a child after a brain tumor removal. The child weighs 20 kg. The medication label states: ―Osmitrol (Mannitol) 250 mg/1 mL.‖ The nurse prepares to administer the dose. How many milliliters will the nurse prepare to administer the dose? Fill in the blank. Record your answer in a whole number. ________________ ANS:

20

Calculate the dose.

0.25 g  20 = 5 g convert to mg = 5000 mg Follow the formula for dosage calculation.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment

Chapter 30: The Child with Cerebral Dysfunction Hockenberry: Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 12th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. What finding is a clinical manifestation of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) in children? a. Low-pitched cry b. Sunken fontanel c. Diplopia, blurred vision d. Increased blood pressure ANS: C

Diplopia and blurred vision are signs of increased ICP in children. A high-pitched cry and a tense or bulging fontanel are characteristic of increased ICP. Increased blood pressure, common in adults, is rarely seen in children.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 2. The nurse is closely monitoring a child who is unconscious after a fall and notices that the

child suddenly has a fixed and dilated pupil. How should the nurse interpret this? a. Eye trauma b. Brain death c. Severe brain stem damage d. Neurosurgical emergency ANS: D

The sudden appearance of a fixed and dilated pupil(s) is a neurosurgical emergency. The nurse should immediately report this finding. Although a dilated pupil may be associated with eye trauma, this child has experienced a neurologic insult. One fixed and dilated pupil is not suggestive of brain death. Pinpoint pupils or fixed, bilateral pupils for more than 5 minutes are indicative of brain stem damage. The unilateral fixed and dilated pupil is suggestive of damage on the same side of the brain.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 3. What test is never performed on a child who is awake? a. Doll‘s head maneuver

b. Oculovestibular response c. Assessment of pyramidal tract lesions d. Funduscopic examination for papilledema ANS: B

The oculovestibular response (caloric test) involves the instillation of ice water into the ear of a comatose child. The caloric test is painful and is never performed on an awake child or one who has a ruptured tympanic membrane. The doll‘s head maneuver, assessment of pyramidal tract lesions, and funduscopic examination for papilledema are not considered painful and can be performed on awake children.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 4. The nurse is doing a neurologic assessment on a 2-month-old infant after a car accident.

Moro, tonic neck, and withdrawal reflexes are present. How should the nurse interpret these findings? a. Neurologic health b. Severe brain damage c. Decorticate posturing d. Decerebrate posturing ANS: A

Moro, tonic neck, and withdrawal reflexes are three reflexes that are present in a healthy 2-month-old infant and are expected in this age-group.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 5. What nursing intervention is appropriate when caring for an unconscious child? a. Avoid using narcotics or sedatives to provide comfort and pain relief. b. Change the child‘s position infrequently to minimize the chance of increased

intracranial pressure (ICP). c. Monitor fluid intake and output carefully to avoid fluid overload and cerebral

edema. d. Give tepid sponge baths to reduce fevers above 38.3° C (101° F) because

antipyretics are contraindicated.

ANS: C

Often comatose patients cannot cope with the quantity of fluids that they normally tolerate.

Overhydration must be avoided to prevent fatal cerebral edema. Narcotics and sedatives should be used as necessary to reduce pain and anxiety, which can increase ICP. The child‘s position should be changed frequently to avoid complications such as pneumonia and skin breakdown. Antipyretics are the method of choice for fever reduction.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 6. The nurse is assessing a child who was just admitted to the hospital for observation after a

head injury. What clinical manifestation is the most essential part of the nursing assessment to detect early signs of a worsening condition? a. Posturing

b. Vital signs c. Focal neurologic signs d. Level of consciousness ANS: D

The most important nursing observation is assessment of the child‘s level of consciousness.

Alterations in consciousness appear earlier in the progression of an injury than do alterations of vital signs or focal neurologic signs. Neurologic posturing is indicative of neurologic damage.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 7. The nurse is planning care for a school-age child with bacterial meningitis. What intervention

should be included? a. Keep environmental stimuli to a minimum. b. Have the child move her head from side to side at least every 2 hr. c. Avoid giving pain medications that could dull sensorium. d. Measure head circumference to assess developing complications.

ANS: A

The room is kept as quiet as possible and environmental stimuli are kept to a minimum. Most children with meningitis are sensitive to noise, bright lights, and other external stimuli. The nuchal rigidity associated with meningitis would make moving the head from side to side a painful intervention. If pain is present, the child should be treated appropriately. Failure to treat can cause increased intracranial pressure. In this age-group, the head circumference does not change. Signs of increased intracranial pressure would need to be assessed.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 8. A young child‘s parents call the nurse after their child is bitten by a raccoon in the woods. The

nurse‘s recommendation should be based on what knowledge? a. Antirabies prophylaxis must be initiated immediately. b. The child should be hospitalized for close observation. c. No treatment is necessary if thorough wound cleaning is done. d. Antirabies prophylaxis must be initiated as soon as clinical manifestations appear.

ANS: A

Current therapy for a rabid animal bite consists of a thorough cleansing of the wound and passive immunization with human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG) as soon as possible.

Hospitalization is not necessary. The wound cleansing, passive immunization, and immunoglobulin administration can be done as an outpatient. The child needs to receive both HRIG and rabies vaccine.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 9. What is important to incorporate in the plan of care for a child who is experiencing a seizure? a. Describe and record the seizure activity observed. b. Suction the child during a seizure to prevent aspiration. c. Place a tongue blade between the teeth if they become clenched.

d. Restrain the child when seizures occur to prevent bodily harm.

ANS: A

When a child is having a seizure, the priority nursing care is observation of the child and seizure. The nurse then describes and records the seizure activity. The child is not suctioned during the seizure. If possible, the child should be placed on the side, facilitating drainage to prevent aspiration.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 10. A child has been seizure free for 2 years. A father asks the nurse how much longer the child

will need to take the antiseizure medications. How should the nurse respond? a. Medications can be discontinued at this time. b. The child will need to take the drugs for 5 years after the last seizure. c. A step-wise approach will be used to reduce the dosage gradually. d. Seizure disorders are a lifelong problem. Medications cannot be discontinued.

ANS: C

A predesigned protocol is used to wean a child gradually off antiseizure medications, usually when the child is seizure free for 2 years. Medications must be gradually reduced to minimize the recurrence of seizures. The risk of recurrence is greatest within 6 months after discontinuation.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 11. The nurse is teaching the parents of a 3-year-old child who has been diagnosed with

tonic–clonic seizures. What statement by the parent should indicate a correct understanding of the teaching? a. ―I should attempt to restrain my child during a seizure.‖ b. ―My child will need to avoid contact sports until adulthood.‖ c. ―I should place a pillow under my child‘s head during a seizure.‖ d. ―My child will need to be taken to the emergency department (ED) after each seizure.‖ ANS: C

Parents should try to place a pillow or folded blanket under the child‘s head for protection.

The parent should not try to restrain the child during the seizure. The child does not need to go to the ED with each seizures; the nurse can teach parents certain criteria for when their child would need to be seen. Discussing what will happen in adulthood is not appropriate at this time.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 12. The nurse is caring for a 10-year-old child who has an acute head injury, has a pediatric

Glasgow Coma Scale score of 9, and is unconscious. What intervention should the nurse include in the child‘s care plan? a. Elevate the head of the bed 15 to 30 degrees with the head maintained in midline. b. Maintain an active, stimulating environment. c. Perform chest percussion and suctioning every 1 to 2 hours.

d. Perform active range of motion and nontherapeutic touch every 8 hours.

ANS: A

Nursing activities for children with head trauma and increased intracranial pressure (ICP) include elevating the head of the bed 15 to 30 degrees and maintaining the head in a midline position. The nurse should try to maintain a quiet, nonstimulating environment for a child with increased ICP. Chest percussion and suctioning should be performed judiciously because they can elevate ICP. Range of motion should be passive and nontherapeutic touch should be avoided because both of these activities can increase ICP. DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 13. A pregnant woman asks about prenatal diagnosis of hydrocephalus. The nurse‘s response

should be based on which knowledge? a. It can be diagnosed only after birth. b. It can be diagnosed by chromosome studies. c. It can be diagnosed with fetal ultrasonography. d. It can be diagnosed by measuring the lecithin-to-sphingomyelin ratio.

ANS: C

Hydrocephalus can be diagnosed by fetal ultrasonography as early as 14 weeks of gestation.

Most incidents of hydrocephalus are not chromosomal in origin. The lecithin-to-sphingomyelin ratio can be used to determine fetal lung maturity.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 14. The nurse is discussing long-term care with the parents of a child who has a

ventriculoperitoneal shunt. What issues should be addressed? a. Most childhood activities must be restricted. b. Cognitive impairment is to be expected with hydrocephalus. c. Wearing head protection is essential until the child reaches adulthood. d. Shunt malfunction or infection requires immediate treatment.

ANS: D

Because of the potentially severe sequelae, symptoms of shunt malfunction or infection must be assessed and treated immediately. Limits should be appropriate to the child‘s developmental age. Except for contact sports, the child will have few restrictions. Cognitive impairment depends on the extent of damage before the shunt was placed.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 15. A 6-year-old child is admitted for revision of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt for

noncommunicating hydrocephalus. What sign or symptom does the child have that indicates a revision is necessary? a. Tachycardia b. Gastrointestinal upset c. Hypotension d. Alteration in level of consciousness

ANS: D

In older children, who are usually admitted to the hospital for elective or emergency shunt revision, the most valuable indicators of increasing intracranial pressure are an alteration in the child‘s level of consciousness, complaint of headache, and changes in interaction with the environment.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 16. After a tonic–clonic seizure, what symptoms should the nurse expect the child to experience? a. Diarrhea and abdominal discomfort b. Irritability and hunger c. Lethargy and confusion d. Nervousness and excitability ANS: C

In the postictal phase, after a tonic–clonic seizure, the child may remain semiconscious and difficult to arouse. The average duration of the postictal phase is usually 30 minutes. The child may remain confused or sleep for several hours. He or she may have mild impairment of fine motor movements. The child may have visual and speech difficulties and may vomit or complain of headache.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 17. What is the antiepileptic medication that requires monitoring of vitamin D and folic acid? a. Topiramate (Topamax) b. Valproic acid (Depakene) c. Gabapentin (Neurontin) d. Phenobarbital (Luminal) ANS: D

Children taking phenobarbital or phenytoin should receive adequate vitamin D and folic acid because deficiencies of both have been associated with these drugs.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 18. A 2-year-old child starts to have a tonic–clonic seizure. The child‘s jaws are clamped. What is

the most important nursing action at this time? a. Place a padded tongue blade between the child‘s jaws. b. Stay with the child and observe his respiratory status. c. Prepare the suction equipment. d. Restrain the child to prevent injury.

ANS: B

It is impossible to halt a seizure once it has begun, and no attempt should be made to do so.

The nurse must remain calm, stay with the child, and prevent the child from sustaining any harm during the seizure. The nurse should not move or forcefully restrain the child during a tonic–clonic seizure and should not place a solid object between the teeth. Suctioning may be needed but not until the seizure has ended.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 19. A child has been admitted with status epilepticus. An emergency medication has been

ordered. What medication should the nurse expect to be prescribed? a. Lorazepam (Ativan) b. Phenytoin (Dilantin) c. Topiramate (Topamax) d. Ethosuximide (Zarontin) ANS: A

For in-hospital management of status epilepticus, intravenous diazepam or lorazepam (Ativan) is the first-line drug of choice. Lorazepam is the preferred agent because of its rapid onset (2 to 5 minutes) and long half-life (12 to 24 hr) with few side effects.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 20. When taking the history of a child hospitalized with Reye syndrome, the nurse should not be

surprised if a week ago the child had recovered from what? a. Measles b. Influenza c. Meningitis d. Hepatitis ANS: B

The etiology of Reye syndrome is not well understood, but most cases follow a common viral illness, typically influenza or varicella.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. The nurse is preparing to admit a 6-month-old infant with increased intracranial pressure

(ICP). What clinical manifestations should the nurse expect to observe in this infant? (Select all that apply.) a. High-pitched cry b. Poor feeding c. Setting-sun sign d. Sunken fontanel e. Distended scalp veins f. Decreased head circumference ANS: A, B, C, E

Clinical manifestations of increased ICP in an infant include a high-pitched cry, poor feeding, setting-sun sign, and distended scalp veins. The infant would have a tense, bulging fontanel and an increased head circumference.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

2. The nurse is caring for a child with increased intracranial pressure (ICP). What interventions

should the nurse plan for this child? (Select all that apply.) a. Avoid jarring the bed. b. Keep the room brightly lit. c. Keep the bed in a flat position. d. Administer prescribed stool softeners. e. Administer a prescribed antiemetic for nausea.

ANS: A, D, E

Other measures to relieve discomfort for a child with ICP include providing a quiet, dimly lit environment; limiting visitors; preventing any sudden, jarring movement, such as banging into the bed; and preventing an increase in ICP. The latter is most effectively achieved by proper positioning and prevention of straining, such as during coughing, vomiting, or defecating. An antiemetic should be administered to prevent vomiting, and stool softeners should be prescribed to prevent straining with bowel movements. The head of the bed should be elevated 15 to 30 degrees.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 3. The nurse is preparing to admit a 5-year-old with an epidural hemorrhage. What clinical

manifestations should the nurse expect to observe? (Select all that apply.) a. Headache b. Vomiting c. Irritability d. Cephalhematoma e. Pallor with anemia ANS: A, B, C

The classic clinical picture of an epidural hemorrhage is a lucid interval (momentary unconsciousness) followed by a normal period for several hours, and then lethargy or coma due to blood accumulation in the epidural space and compression of the brain. The child may be seen with varying degrees of impaired consciousness depending on the severity of the traumatic injury. Common symptoms in a child with no neurologic deficit are irritability, headache, and vomiting. In infants younger than 1 year of age, the most common symptoms are irritability, pallor with anemia, and cephalhematoma.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 4. The nurse is caring for a child with a subdural hematoma. The nurse should assess for what

signs that can indicate brain stem compression? (Select all that apply.) a. Coma b. Lethargy c. Hemiplegia d. Hemiparesis e. Unequal pupils ANS: C, D, E

Hemiparesis, hemiplegia, and anisocoria (unequal pupils) are signs of brain stem compression and require emergency treatment targeted at decreasing increased intracranial pressure. Coma and lethargy are seen with a subdural hematoma but do not indicate a brain stem compression.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 5. The nurse is preparing to admit a neonate with bacterial meningitis. What clinical

manifestations should the nurse expect to observe? (Select all that apply.) a. Jaundice b. Cyanosis c. Poor tone d. Nuchal rigidity e. Poor sucking ability ANS: A, B, C, E

Clinical manifestations of bacterial meningitis in a neonate include jaundice, cyanosis, poor tone, and poor sucking ability. The neck is usually supple in neonates with meningitis, and there is no nuchal rigidity.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 6. The nurse is preparing to admit an adolescent with bacterial meningitis. What clinical

manifestations should the nurse expect to observe? (Select all that apply.) a. Fever b. Chills c. Headache d. Poor tone e. Drowsiness ANS: A, B, C, E

Clinical manifestations of bacterial meningitis in an adolescent include fever, chills, headache, and drowsiness. Hyperactivity is present, not poor tone.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 7. What cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis should the nurse expect with viral meningitis? (Select

all that apply.) a. Color is turbid. b. Protein count is normal. c. Glucose is decreased. d. Gram stain findings are negative. e. White blood cell (WBC) count is slightly elevated.

ANS: B, D, E

The CSF analysis in viral meningitis shows a normal or slightly elevated protein count, negative Gram stain, and a slightly elevated WBC. The color is clear or slightly cloudy, and the glucose level is normal.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying

TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 8. The nurse is preparing to admit an adolescent with encephalitis. What clinical manifestations

should the nurse expect to observe? (Select all that apply.) a. Malaise b. Apathy c. Lethargy d. Hypoactivity e. Hypothermia ANS: A, B, D

The clinical manifestations of encephalitis include malaise, apathy, and lethargy. There is hyperactivity, not hypoactivity, and hyperthermia, not hypothermia.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 9. The nurse is preparing to admit a 7-year-old child with focal seizures without impaired

awareness, (formerly complex partial seizures). What clinical features of complex partial seizures should the nurse recognize? (Select all that apply.) a. They last less than 10 seconds. b. There is usually no aura. c. Mental disorientation is common. d. There is frequently a postictal state. e. There is usually an impaired consciousness.

ANS: C, D, E

Clinical features of complex partial seizures include the following: it is common to have mental disorientation, there is frequently a postictal state, and there is usually an impaired consciousness. These seizures last longer than 10 seconds (usually longer than 60 seconds), and there is usually an aura.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 10. What effects of an altered pituitary secretion in a child with meningitis indicates syndrome of

inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)? (Select all that apply.) a. Hypotension b. Serum sodium is decreased c. Urinary output is decreased d. Evidence of overhydration e. Urine specific gravity is increased ANS: B, C, D, E

The serum sodium is decreased, urinary output is decreased, evidence of overhydration is present, and urine specific gravity is increased in SIADH. Hypertension, not hypotension, occurs.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

Chapter 31: The Child with Endocrine Dysfunction

Hockenberry: Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 12th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A child with hypopituitarism is being started on growth hormone (GH) therapy. Nursing

considerations should be based on which knowledge? a. Therapy is most successful if it is started during adolescence. b. Replacement therapy requires daily subcutaneous injections. c. Hormonal supplementation will be required throughout child‘s lifetime. d. Treatment is considered successful if children attain full stature by adolescence.

ANS: B

Additional support is required for children who require hormone replacement therapy, such as preparation for daily subcutaneous injections and education for self-management during the school-age years. Young children, obese children, and those who are severely GH deficient have the best response to therapy. Replacement therapy is not needed after attaining final height. The children are no longer GH deficient. When therapy is successful, children can attain their actual or near-final adult height at a slower rate than their peers.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 2. A child with growth hormone (GH) deficiency is receiving GH therapy. When is the best time

for the GH to be administered? a. At bedtime b. After meals c. Before meals d. After arising in morning ANS: A

Injections are best given at bedtime to approximate the physiologic release of GH more closely. After meals, before meals, and after arising in the morning do not parallel the physiologic release of the hormone.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 3. A child is receiving propylthiouracil for the treatment of hyperthyroidism (Graves disease).

The parents and child should be taught to recognize and report which sign or symptom immediately? a. Fatigue b. Weight loss c. Fever, sore throat d. Upper respiratory tract infection ANS: C

Children being treated with propylthiouracil must be carefully monitored for the side effects of the drug. Parents must be alerted that sore throat and fever accompany the grave complication of leukopenia. These symptoms should be immediately reported. Fatigue and weight loss are manifestations of hyperthyroidism. Their presence may indicate that the drug is not effective but does not require immediate evaluation. Upper respiratory tract infections are most likely viral in origin and not a sign of leukopenia.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 4. A child with hypoparathyroidism is receiving vitamin D therapy. The parents should be

advised to watch for which signs or symptoms of vitamin D toxicity? a. Headache and seizures b. Weakness and lassitude c. Anorexia and insomnia d. Physical restlessness, voracious appetite without weight gain ANS: B

Vitamin D toxicity can be a serious consequence of therapy. Parents are advised to watch for weakness, fatigue, lassitude, headache, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Renal impairment is manifested through polyuria, polydipsia, and nocturia. Headaches may be a sign of vitamin D toxicity, but seizures are not. Anorexia and insomnia are not characteristic of vitamin D toxicity. Physical restlessness and a voracious appetite with weight loss are manifestations of hyperthyroidism.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 5. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is suspected in a newborn because of ambiguous

genitalia. The parents are appropriately upset and concerned about their child‘s gender. In teaching the parents about CAH, what should the nurse explain? a. Reconstructive surgery as a female is preferred. b. Sexual assignment should wait until genetic sex is determined. c. Prenatal masculinization will strongly influence the child‘s development. d. The child should be raised as a boy because of the presence of a penis and scrotum.

ANS: B

It is preferable to raise the child according to genetic sex. With hormone replacement and surgical intervention if needed, genetically female children achieve satisfactory results in reversing virilism and achieving normal puberty and ability to conceive. Reconstructive surgery as a female is only preferred for infants who are genetically female. Infants who are genetically male should be given hormonal supplementation. Sex assignment and rearing depend on psychosocial influences, not on genetic sex hormone influences during fetal life. It is not advised to raise the child as a boy because of the presence of a penis and scrotum unless the child is genetically male. If a genetic female, the child will be sterile and may never be able to function satisfactorily in a heterosexual relationship.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity

6. A child eats some sugar cubes after experiencing symptoms of hypoglycemia. This

rapid-releasing sugar should be followed by which dietary intervention? a. Sports drink and fruit b. Glucose tabs and protein c. Glass of water and crackers d. Milk and peanut butter on bread ANS: D

Symptoms of hypoglycemia are treated with a rapid-releasing sugar source followed by a complex carbohydrate and protein. Milk supplies lactose and a more prolonged action from the protein. The bread is a complex carbohydrate, which with the peanut butter provides a sustained action. The sports drink contains primarily simple carbohydrates. The fruit contains additional carbohydrates. A protein source is needed for sustained action. The glucose tabs are simple carbohydrates. Complex carbohydrates are needed with the protein. Crackers are a complex carbohydrate, but protein is needed to stabilize the blood sugar.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 7. A 20-kg (44-pounds) child in ketoacidosis is admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit.

What order should the nurse not implement until clarified with the physician? a. Weigh on admission and daily. b. Replace fluid volume deficit over 48 hr. c. Begin intravenous line with D5 0.45% normal saline with 20 mEq of potassium chloride. d. Give intravenous regular insulin 2 units/kg/hr after initial rehydration bolus.

ANS: C

The initial hydrating solution is 0.9% normal saline. Potassium is not given until the child is voiding 25 mL/hr, demonstrating adequate renal function. After initial rehydration and insulin administration, then potassium is given. Dextrose is not given until blood glucose levels are between 250 and 300 mg/dL. An accurate, current weight is essential for determination of the amount of fluid loss and as a basis for medication dosage. Replacing fluid volume deficit over 48 hr is the current recommendation in diabetic ketoacidosis in children. Cerebral edema is a risk of more rapid administration. Intravenous regular insulin 2 units/kg/hr after initial rehydration bolus is the recommended insulin administration for a child of this weight. Only regular insulin can be given intravenously, and it is given after initial fluid volume expansion.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 8. The nurse is discussing with a child and family the various sites used for insulin injections.

What site usually has the fastest rate of absorption? a. Arm b. Leg c. Buttock d. Abdomen ANS: D

The abdomen has the fastest rate of absorption but the shortest duration. The arm has a fast rate of absorption but a short duration. The leg has a slow rate of absorption but a long duration. The buttock has the slowest rate of absorption and the longest duration.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 9. To help an adolescent deal with diabetes, the nurse needs to consider which characteristic of

adolescence? a. Desire to be unique b. Preoccupation with the future c. Need to be perfect and similar to peers d. Awareness of peers that diabetes is a severe disease ANS: C

Adolescence is a time when the individual has a need to be perfect and similar to peers.

Having diabetes makes adolescents different from their peers. Adolescents do not wish to be unique; they desire to fit in with the peer group. An adolescent is usually not future oriented.

Awareness of peers that diabetes is a severe disease would further alienate the adolescent with diabetes. The peer group would focus on the differences.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 10. A school-age child with diabetes gets 30 units of NPH insulin at 0800. According to when this

insulin peaks, the child should be at greatest risk for a hypoglycemic episode between when? a. Lunch and dinner b. Breakfast and lunch c. 0830 following midmorning snack d. Bedtime and breakfast the next morning ANS: A

Intermediate-acting (NPH and Lente) insulin reaches the blood 2 to 6 hours after injection.

The insulin peaks 4 to 14 hr later and stays in the blood for about 14 to 20 hours.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 11. What statement applies to the current focus of the dietary management of children with

diabetes? a. Measurement of all servings of food is vital for control. b. Daily calculate specific amounts of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. c. The number of calories for carbohydrates remains constant on a daily basis; protein and fat calories are liberal. d. The intake ensures day-to-day consistency in total calories, protein, carbohydrates, and moderate fat while allowing for a wide variety of foods.

ANS: D

Essentially the nutritional needs of children with diabetes are no different from those of healthy children. Children with diabetes need no special foods or supplements. They need sufficient calories to balance daily expenditure for energy and to satisfy the requirement for growth and development.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 12. During the summer many children are more physically active. What changes in the

management of the child with diabetes should be expected as a result of more exercise? a. food intake b. food intake c. risk of hyperglycemia d. risk of insulin reaction ANS: A

Exercise is encouraged and never restricted unless indicated by other health conditions.

Exercise lowers blood glucose levels, depending on the intensity and duration of the activity.

Consequently, exercise should be included as part of diabetes management, and the type and amount of exercise should be planned around the child‘s interests and capabilities. However, in most instances, children‘s activities are unplanned, and the resulting decrease in blood glucose can be compensated for by providing extra snacks before (and, if the exercise is prolonged, during) the activity. In addition to a feeling of well-being, regular exercise aids in utilization of food and often results in a reduction of insulin requirements.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 13. The nurse is assisting with a growth hormone stimulation test for a child with short stature.

What should the nurse monitor closely on this child during the test? a. Hypotension b. Tachycardia c. Hypoglycemia d. Nausea and vomiting ANS: A

Patients receiving clonidine (Catapres) for a growth hormone stimulation test require close blood pressure monitoring for hypotension. Tachycardia, hypoglycemia, and nausea and vomiting do not occur with Catapres administered for a growth hormone stimulation test.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment 14. The nurse is taking care of a child who had a thyroidectomy. The nurse recognizes what as a

positive Chvostek sign? a. Paresthesia occurring in feet and toes b. Frequent sharp flexion of wrist and ankle joints c. Carpal spasm elicited by pressure applied to the nerves of the upper arm d. Facial muscle spasm elicited by tapping the facial nerve in the region of the parotid gland ANS: D

A positive Chvostek sign is a facial muscle spasm that is elicited by tapping the facial nerve in the region of the parotid gland. Paresthesia occurring in the feet and toes and frequent sharp flexion of the wrist and ankle joints can be signs of hypoparathyroidism but are not part of a positive Chvostek sign. Carpal spasm elicited by pressure applied to nerves of the upper arm is called a positive Trousseau sign.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 15. The nurse is caring for a child after a parathyroidectomy. What medication should the nurse

have available if hypocalcemia occurs? a. Insulin b. Calcium gluconate c. Propylthiouracil (PTU) d. Cortisone (hydrocortisone) ANS: B

Because hypocalcemia is a potential complication after a parathyroidectomy, observing for signs of tetany, instituting seizure precautions, and having calcium gluconate available for emergency use are part of the nursing care.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. The nurse is preparing a community outreach program for adolescents about the characteristic

differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). What concepts should the nurse include? (Select all that apply.) a. Type 1 DM has an abrupt onset. b. Type 1 DM is often controlled with oral glucose agents. c. Type 1 DM occurs primarily in whites. d. Type 2 DM always requires insulin therapy. e. Type 2 DM frequently has a familial history. f. Type 2 DM occurs in people who are overweight.

ANS: A, C, E, F

Characteristics of type 1 DM include having an abrupt onset, primarily occurring in whites, and not being controlled with oral glucose agents (insulin is required for therapy). Type 2 DM frequently has a familial history, occurs in people who are overweight, and does not always require insulin therapy.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 2. The nurse is planning to admit a 14-year-old adolescent with Cushing syndrome. What

clinical manifestations should the nurse expect to observe in this child? (Select all that apply.) a. Truncal obesity b. Decreased pubic hair c. Petechial hemorrhage d. Hyperpigmentation of elbows

e. Facial plethora f. Muscle weakness ANS: A, C, E

Clinical manifestations of Cushing syndrome include truncal obesity, petechial hemorrhage, and facial plethora. Decreased pubic and axillary hair; hyperpigmentation of elbows, knees, and wrists; and muscle weakness are clinical manifestations of adrenocortical insufficiency.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 3. The nurse is teaching the family of a child with type 1 diabetes about insulin. What should the

nurse include in the teaching session? (Select all that apply.) a. Unopened vials are good for 60 days. b. Diabetic supplies should not be left in a hot environment. c. Insulin can be placed in the freezer if not used every day. d. After it has been opened, insulin is good for up to 28 to 30 days. e. Insulin bottles that have been opened should be stored at room temperature or refrigerated.

ANS: B, D, E

Insulin bottles that have been ―opened‖ (i.e., the stopper has been punctured) should be stored at room temperature or refrigerated for up to 28 to 30 days. After 1 month, these vials should be discarded. Unopened vials should be refrigerated and are good until the expiration date on the label. Diabetic supplies should not be left in a hot environment. Insulin need not be refrigerated but should be maintained at a temperature between 15° and 29.5° C (59° and 85° F). Freezing renders insulin inactive.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 4. The nurse is caring for a child with an anterior pituitary tumor. What hormones are secreted

by the anterior pituitary? (Select all that apply.) a. Oxytocin b. Luteinizing hormone c. Antidiuretic hormone d. Thyroid-stimulating hormone e. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone ANS: B, D, E

The anterior pituitary is responsible for secreting the following hormones: growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin. The posterior pituitary secretes antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 5. The nurse is preparing to assist with a growth hormone provocative test for a child with short

stature. The nurse recognizes that which pharmacologic agents should be used to provoke the release of growth hormone (GH)? (Select all that apply.) a. Larodopa (levodopa)

b. c. d. e.

Clonidine (Catapres) Propranolol (Inderal) Cortisone (hydrocortisone) Biosynthetic growth hormone

ANS: A, B, C

GH stimulation involves the use of pharmacologic agents to provoke the release of GH either directly or indirectly. Provocative testing involves the use of neuromodulators such as levodopa or agents such as clonidine, arginine, insulin, propranolol, or glucagon followed by the measurement GH blood levels. Cortisone is given to replace hormone deficiencies that can occur with GH deficiency. Biosynthetic GH is used to treat GH deficiency.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 6. The nurse is planning to admit a 12-year-old with Graves disease (GD). What clinical

manifestations should the nurse expect to observe in this child? (Select all that apply.) a. Insomnia b. Irritability c. Tonic rigidity d. Hyperactivity e. Muscle cramps ANS: A, B, D

Signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism develop gradually, with an interval between onset and diagnosis of approximately 6 to 12 months. Clinical features include irritability, hyperactivity, short attention span, tremors, insomnia, and emotional lability. Tonic rigidity and muscle cramps are signs of hypoparathyroidism.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 7. The nurse is planning to admit an 8-year-old child with hypoparathyroidism. What clinical

manifestations should the nurse expect to observe in this child? (Select all that apply.) a. Muscle cramps b. Positive Chvostek sign c. Emotional lability d. Laryngeal spasms e. Short attention span ANS: A, B, D

Clinical manifestations of hypoparathyroidism include muscle cramps, positive Chvostek sign, and laryngeal spasms. Emotional lability and short attention span are signs of Graves disease.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 8. What are characteristics of diabetic ketoacidosis? (Select all that apply.) a. Pallor b. Acidosis c. Bradypnea

d. Dehydration e. Electrolyte imbalance ANS: B, D, E

Characteristics of diabetic ketoacidosis include acidosis, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalance. Respirations are rapid (Kussmaul‘s respirations), not slow, and flushing, not pallor, would occur.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 9. The nurse is planning to admit a 14-year-old adolescent with hyperparathyroidism. What

clinical manifestations should the nurse expect to observe in this patient? (Select all that apply.) a. Polyuria b. Diarrhea c. Hypotension d. Vague bone pain e. Paresthesia in extremities ANS: A, D, E

Clinical manifestations of hyperparathyroidism include polyuria, vague bone pain, and paresthesia in the extremities. Constipation, not diarrhea, and hypertension, not hypotension, are manifestations of hyperparathyroidism.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity COMPLETION 1. The health care provider has prescribed propylthiouracil (PTU) 7 mg/kg/day PO divided every

12 hr for a child with Graves disease. The child weighs 66 pounds. The nurse is preparing to administer the 0800 dose. Calculate the dose the nurse should administer in milligrams.

Record your answer below in a whole number. _________ ANS:

105 The correct calculation is: 66 pounds/2.2 kg = 30 kg Dose of PTU is 7 mg/kg/day divided every 12 hr 7 mg  30 = 210 mg 210 mg/2 = 105 mg DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

Chapter 32: The Child with Integumentary Dysfunction Hockenberry: Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 12th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. An occlusive dressing is applied to a large abrasion. This is advantageous because the

dressing will accomplish what? a. Deliver vitamin C to the wound. b. Provide an antiseptic for the wound. c. Maintain a moist environment for healing. d. Promote mechanical friction for healing.

ANS: C

Occlusive dressings are not adherent to the wound site. They provide a moist wound surface and insulate the wound. The dressing does not have vitamin C or antiseptic capabilities. They also protect against friction.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 2. A toddler has a deep laceration contaminated with dirt and sand. Before closing the wound,

the nurse should irrigate with what solution? a. Alcohol b. Normal saline c. Povidone–iodine d. Hydrogen peroxide ANS: B

Normal saline is the only acceptable fluid for irrigation listed. The nurse should cleanse the wound with a forced stream of normal saline or water. Alcohol is not used for wound irrigation. Povidone–iodine is contraindicated for cleansing fresh, open wounds. Hydrogen peroxide can cause formation of subcutaneous gas when applied under pressure.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 3. The school nurse is seeing a child who collected some poison ivy leaves during recess. He

says only his hands touched it. What is the most appropriate nursing action? a. Soak his hands in warm water. b. Apply Burrow‘s solution compresses. c. Rinse his hands in cold running water. d. Scrub his hands thoroughly with antibacterial soap.

ANS: C

The first recommended action is to rinse his hands in cold running water within 15 minutes of exposure. This will neutralize the urushiol not yet bonded to the skin. Soaking his hands in warm water is effective for soothing the skin lesions after the dermatitis has begun.

Antibacterial soap removes protective skin oils and dilutes the urushiol, allowing it to spread.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

4. A 6-year-old boy with very fair skin will be joining his family during a beach vacation. What

should the nurse recommend? a. Keep him off the beach during the daytime hours. b. Use sunscreen with an SPF of at least 15 and reapply it every 2 to 3 hours. c. Apply a topical sunscreen product with an SPF of 30 in the morning. d. Dress him in long pants and long-sleeved shirt and keep him under a beach umbrella.

ANS: B

A sunscreen with an SPF (sun protection factor) of at least 15 is recommended. The sunscreen should be reapplied every 2 to 3 hr and after the child is in the water or sweating excessively.

During a beach vacation, avoiding the beach during daytime hours is impractical. The highest risk of sun exposure is from 10 AM to 3 PM. Sunlight exposure should be limited during this time. An SPF of 30 is good, but reapplying it is necessary every 2 to 3 hours and when the child gets wet. Long pants and a shirt are impractical. The beach umbrella can be used with the sunscreen to limit exposure to the sun.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 5. The management of a child who has just been stung by a bee or wasp should include applying

what? a. Cool compresses b. Antibiotic cream c. Warm compresses d. Corticosteroid cream ANS: A

Bee or wasp stings are initially treated by carefully removing the stinger, cleansing with soap and water, applying cool compresses, and using common household agents such as lemon juice or a paste made with aspirin and baking soda. Antibiotic cream is unnecessary unless a secondary infection occurs. Warm compresses are avoided. Corticosteroid cream is not part of the initial therapy. If a severe reaction occurs, systemic corticosteroids may be indicated.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 6. A parent calls the clinic nurse because his 7-year-old child was bitten by a black widow

spider. What action should the nurse advise the parent to take? a. Apply warm compresses. b. Carefully scrape off the stinger. c. Take the child to the emergency department. d. Apply a thin layer of corticosteroid cream.

ANS: C

The venom of the black widow spider has a neurotoxic effect. The parent should take the child to the emergency department for treatment with antivenin and muscle relaxants as needed.

Warm compresses increase the circulation to the area and facilitate the spread of the venom.

The black widow spider does not have a stinger. Corticosteroid cream has no effect on the venom.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 7. An older school-age child asks the nurse, ―What is the reason for this topical corticosteroid

cream?‖ What rationale should the nurse give? a. The cream is used for an antifungal effect. b. The cream is used for an analgesic effect. c. The cream is used for an antibacterial effect. d. The cream is used for an anti-inflammatory effect.

ANS: D

The glucocorticoids are the therapeutic agents used most widely for skin disorders. Their local anti-inflammatory effects are merely palliative, so the medication must be applied until the disease state undergoes a remission or the causative agent is eliminated. It does not have an antifungal, analgesic, or antibacterial effect.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 8. The nurse is caring for a child with a decubiti on the buttocks. The nurse notes that the

dressing covering the decubiti is loose. What action should the nurse implement? a. Retape the dressing. b. Remove the dressing. c. Change the dressing. d. Reinforce the dressing.

ANS: C

Dressings should always be changed when they are loose or soiled. They should be changed more frequently in areas where contamination is likely (e.g., sacral area, buttocks, tracheal area). The dressing should not be retaped, removed, or reinforced.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 9. The nurse is explaining the purpose of using a vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) device to assist

in the healing of a wound. What should the nurse explain as the purpose of using a VAC device? a. The device will decrease capillary flow. b. The device applies gentle continuous suction. c. The device will allow the wound to remain open. d. The device will prevent the formation of granulation tissue.

ANS: B

A VAC device uses a technique that involves placing a foam dressing into the wound, covering it with an occlusive dressing, and applying gentle continuous suction. The negative pressure of the suction is applied from the foam dressing to the wound surfaces. The mechanical force removes excess fluids from the wound, stimulates formation of granulation tissue, restores capillary flow, and fosters closure of the wound.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

10. What is the most common skin problem in the adolescent population? a. Seborrheic dermatitis b. Acne vulgaris c. Atopic dermatitis d. Scabies ANS: B

Acne vulgaris is the most common skin problem treated by physicians during adolescence.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding TOP: Nursing Process: Diagnosis MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 11. The clinic nurse completed a teaching session with a 16-year-old patient who is being treated

for acne vulgaris. Which statement indicates understanding of the teaching points? a. ―I will clean my face twice daily with a facial scrub pad.‖ b. ―I will use a gentle cleanser once or twice daily.‖ c. ―I will squeeze the whitehead to keep the pores open.‖ d. ―I will use the most expensive cleanser on the market to make sure I am getting the best product available.‖ ANS: B

Gentle cleansing with a mild cleanser once or twice daily is usually sufficient. Adolescents need education about the factors that aggravate and damage the skin such as too vigorous scrubbing, squeezing and manual expression with the fingernails. Information to dispel myths regarding products on the market can prevent unnecessary costs.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 12. An infant who has chronic diaper dermatitis is being evaluated in the clinic. The parent states

she is keeping the infant dry, using a nonsoap cleaner and alcohol-free wipes. She says the stools are somewhat loose. The physician wants to evaluate for a possible infection seen in 90% of chronic diaper dermatitis by what micro-organism? a. Helicobacter pylori b. Candida albicans c. Streptococcus thermophilus d. Trichophyton rubrum ANS: B

Candida albicans infection produces perianal inflammation and grows best in warm, moist places and is often seen in diaper rash. Streptococcus thermophilus is found in fermented milk, H. pylori are a bacterium that causes inflammation in the stomach and duodenum, and T. rubrum is a nail fungus.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Diagnosis MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 13. Because of the possible teratogenic effects, it is imperative the nurse provides education to the

female adolescent of childbearing age when which medication is prescribed? a. Clindamycin b. Azelaic acid

c. Isotretinoin d. Tretinoin ANS: C

The most serious side effect of isotretinoin is the potential teratogenic effects. Isotretinoin is absolutely contraindicated in pregnant women. Sexually active young women must use an effective contraceptive method during treatment and for 1 month after treatment.

Clindamycin, azelaic acid, and tretinoin are all topical agents.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 14. The most important function related to the prevention of cross contamination of the

staphylococci bacterial skin infection from one patient to another is: a. antibiotic therapy. b. hand hygiene. c. donning protective eyewear. d. isolation protocol for the patient.

ANS: B

Although the patient may be on antibiotic therapy, hand hygiene is the most important function for all health care providers in preventing the spread of infection. Protective eyewear is typically used if there is a potential for a splash, and isolation for a bacterial skin infection is typically not warranted although clothes and linens should be kept separate.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment 15. A healthy 2-year-old male is scheduled to have a scheduled routine hernia repair. The nurse

would plan care for which type of wound closure? a. Primary intention b. Secondary intention c. Tertiary intention d. Secondary intention with a wound drain ANS: A

Since this as a routine scheduled procedure, primary intention would be used with all layers of the wound closed and approximated. Secondary intention is typically used in the presence of infection which likely would include a wound drain. Tertiary intention is a delayed closure of the wound and would not be considered routine.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. The nurse is teaching a school-age child about factors that can delay wound healing. What

factors should the nurse include in the teaching session? (Select all that apply.) a. Deficient vitamin C b. Deficient vitamin D c. Increased circulation

d. Dry wound environment e. Increase in white blood cells ANS: A, B, D

Factors that delay wound healing are a dry wound environment (allows epithelial cells to dry), deficient vitamin C (inhibits formation of collagen fibers), and deficient vitamin D (regulates growth and differentiation of cell types). Decreased, not increased, circulation delays healing.

An increase in the white blood cell count may occur but does not delay healing.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 2. The school nurse is assessing a child‘s severely scraped knee for infection. What are signs of a

wound infection? (Select all that apply.) a. Odor b. Edema c. Dry scab d. Purulent exudate e. Decreased temperature ANS: A, B, D

Signs of wound infection are odor, edema, and purulent exudate. Increased, not decreased, temperature indicates infection. A dry scab over the wound is part of the healing process.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 3. The nurse is caring for a child with psoriasis. What local manifestations does the nurse expect

to assess in this child? (Select all that apply.) a. Development of wheals b. First lesions appear in the scalp c. Round, thick, dry reddish patches d. Lesions appear in intergluteal folds e. Patches are covered with coarse, silvery scales ANS: B, C, E

Local manifestations of psoriasis include lesions that appear in the scalp initially and round, thick dry patches covered with coarse, silvery scales. Development of wheals is seen in urticaria. Lesions in intergluteal folds are characteristic of intertrigo.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 4. The nurse is caring for a child with erythema multiforme (Stevens–Johnson syndrome). What

local manifestations does the nurse expect to assess in this child? (Select all that apply.) a. Papular urticaria b. Erythematous papular rash c. Lesions absent in the scalp d. Lesions enlarge by peripheral expansion e. Firm papules that may be capped by vesicles ANS: B, C, D

Local manifestations of erythema multiforme include an erythematous popular rash, lesions involving most skin surfaces except the scalp and lesions that enlarge by peripheral expansion. Papular urticaria and firm papules capped by vesicles are characteristics of an insect bite.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 5. The nurse is caring for a child with neurofibromatosis. What local manifestations does the

nurse expect to assess in this child? (Select all that apply.) a. Pigmented nevi b. Axillary freckling c. Café-au-lait spots d. Slowly growing cutaneous neurofibromas e. Wheals that spread irregularly and fade within a few hours ANS: A, B, C, D

Local manifestations of neurofibromatosis include pigmented nevi, axillary freckling, café-au-lait spots, and slowly growing cutaneous neurofibromas. Wheals that spread irregularly and fade within a few hours are characteristic of urticaria.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 6. The major initial goal in managing atopic dermatitis would include: (Select all that apply.) a. skin hydration. b. relieve pruritus. c. reduce inflammation. d. antibiotic therapy. e. prevent secondary infection.

ANS: A, B, C, E

The major goals of therapeutic management for ectopic dermatitis would include hydrating the skin, relieve pruritis, reduce flare-ups or inflammation, and prevent and control secondary infection. Medications may include antihistamines or topical steroids. Antibiotics would be prescribed for secondary skin infections but would not be included in the initial treatment.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 7. The nurse is evaluating a 2-year-old who presented to the clinic with the primary complaint of

diarrhea and vomiting. The nurse suspects the child suffers from histoplasmosis when the following information is obtained? (Select all that apply.) a. Granulomatous ulcerations on the legs b. The child‘s family raises chickens c. Signs of increased intracranial pressure d. Irregular spiking temperature e. Erythematous maculopapular rash ANS: A, B, D

General systemic symptoms of histoplasmosis may include pallor, diarrhea, vomiting, irregular spiking temperature, hepatosplenomegaly, and pulmonary symptoms. Skin manifestations can include punched-out or granulomatous ulcers. Organism is cultured from soil, especially where contaminated with fowl droppings. Erythematous maculopapular rash is a manifestation of coccidioidomycosis, and signs of increased intracranial pressure is a manifestation of cryptococcosis.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 8. What are some of the characteristics of systemic corticosteroid drugs? (Select all that apply.) a. Inhibits inflammatory and allergic reactions. b. Effective vasodilator. c. Prolonged use could suppress a child‘s growth. d. Dosage should be gradually tapered. e. Possess antimicrobial properties.

ANS: A, C, D

Systemic corticosteroids are valuable in the treatment of severe skin disorders because of their capacity to inhibit inflammatory and allergic reactions. The dose is carefully adjusted and gradually tapered to the minimum dosage that is effective. Prolonged use may temporarily suppress the child‘s growth. Vasoconstriction is a possible effect of systemic steroids, and corticosteroids do not possess antimicrobial activity.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 9. The nurse is providing care for a 13-year-old postoperative patient who has undergone an

exploratory laparotomy. What are the therapeutic goals of wound care? (Select all that apply.) a. Prevent collagen formation. b. Relief of pruritis. c. Promote healing. d. Prevent infection. e. Remove sutures ANS: B, C, D

Most of the therapeutic regimens are intended to promote wound healing, prevent infection, and provide relief of pruritus, the most common subjective complaint. Collagen is a key component in wound healing. Sutures may not be used but rather it is more likely that staples would be used for wound closure.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 10. Choose the appropriate therapeutic measures used in a pediculosis capitis infestation. (Select

all that apply.) a. Manual removal of nits b. Malathion as first line treatment c. Second pediculicide treatment at 7 to 10 days d. Spay surroundings with an insecticide e. Focus on prevention and spread of pediculosis

ANS: A, C, E

Treatment consists of the application of pediculicides and manual removal of nits. The drug of choice for infants and children is permethrin 1% or pyrethrin, with a second application in 7 to 10 days after the initial treatment. If neither of these are effective, the prescription 0.5% malathion may be used. Measures should be taken to prevent the spread of the infection.

Spraying with an insecticide is not recommended because of the danger to children and animals.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

Chapter 33: The Child with Musculoskeletal or Articular Dysfunction Hockenberry: Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 12th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The nurse stops to assist an adolescent who has experienced severe trauma when hit by a

motorcycle. The emergency medical system (EMS) has been activated. The first person who aided applied a tourniquet to the child‘s leg because of arterial bleeding. Which action should the nurse take as it relates to the tourniquet? a. Loosen the tourniquet. b. Leave the tourniquet in place. c. Remove the tourniquet and apply direct pressure if bleeding is still present. d. Remove the tourniquet every 5 minutes, leaving it off for 30 seconds each time.

ANS: B

A tourniquet is applied only as a last resort, and then it is left in place and not loosened until definitive treatment is available. After the tourniquet is applied, skin and tissue necrosis occur below the site. Loosening or removing the tourniquet allows toxins from the tissue necrosis to be released into the circulation. This can induce systemic, deadly tourniquet shock.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 2. The nurse is caring for an immobilized preschool child. What intervention is helpful during

this period of immobilization? a. Encourage wearing pajamas. b. Let the child have few behavioral limitations. c. Keep the child away from other immobilized children if possible. d. Take the child for a ―walk‖ by wagon outside the room.

ANS: D

Transporting the child outside of the room by stretcher, wheelchair, or wagon increases environmental stimuli and provides social contact. Street clothes are preferred for hospitalized children. This decreases the sense of illness and disability. The child needs appropriate limits for both adherence to the medical regimen and developmental concerns. It is not necessary to keep the child away from other immobilized children.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity

3. The nurse is teaching parents the proper use of a knee–ankle–foot orthosis (KAFO) for their

4-year-old child. The parents demonstrate basic essential knowledge by making what statement? a. ―Alcohol will be used twice a day to clean the skin around the brace.‖ b. ―Weekly visits to the orthotist are scheduled to check screws for tightness.‖ c. ―Initially, a burning sensation is expected, and the brace should remain in place.‖ d. ―Condition of the skin in contact with the brace should be checked every 4 hr.‖ ANS: D

This type of brace has several contact points with the child‘s skin. To minimize the risk of skin breakdown and facilitate use of the brace, vigilant skin monitoring is necessary. Alcohol should not be used on the skin. It is drying. Parents are capable of checking and tightening the screws when necessary. If a burning sensation occurs, the brace should be removed. If several complaints of burning occur, the orthotist should be contacted.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 4. The nurse uses the five Ps to assess ischemia in a child with a fracture. What finding is

considered a late and ominous sign? a. Petaling b. Posturing c. Pulselessness d. Positioning ANS: C

Pulselessness is an ominous sign that requires immediate notification of the practitioner.

Permanent muscle and tissue damage can occur within 6 hours. The other signs of ischemia that need to be reported are pain, pallor, pulselessness, and paralysis. Petaling is a method of placing protective or smooth edges on a cast. Posturing is not a sign of peripheral ischemia.

Finding a position of comfort can be difficult with a fracture. It would not be an ominous sign unless pain was increasing or uncontrollable.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 5. What is an appropriate nursing intervention when caring for a child in traction? a. Removing adhesive traction straps daily to prevent skin breakdown b. Assessing for tightness, weakness, or contractures in uninvolved joints and

muscles c. Providing active range of motion exercises to affected extremity three times a day d. Keeping child prone to maintain good alignment ANS: B

Traction places stress on the affected bone, joint, and muscles. The nurse must assess for tightness, weakness, or contractures developing in the uninvolved joints and muscles. The adhesive straps should be released or replaced only when absolutely necessary. Active, passive, or active with resistance exercises should be carried out for the unaffected extremity only. Movement is expected with children. Each time the child moves, the nurse should check to ensure that proper alignment is maintained.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 6. The nurse is caring for a hospitalized adolescent whose femur was fractured 18 hours ago.

The adolescent suddenly develops chest pain and dyspnea. The nurse should suspect what complication? a. Sepsis b. Osteomyelitis c. Pulmonary embolism d. Acute respiratory tract infection ANS: C

Fat emboli are of greatest concern in individuals with fractures of the long bones. Fat droplets from the marrow are transferred to the general circulation, where they are transported to the lung or brain. This type of embolism usually occurs within the second 12 hours after the injury. Sepsis would manifest with fever and lethargy. Osteomyelitis usually is seen with pain at the site of infection and fever. A child with an acute respiratory tract infection would have nasal congestion, not chest pain.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 7. A student athlete was injured during a basketball game. The nurse observes significant

swelling. The player states he thought he ―heard a pop,‖ that the pain is ―pretty bad,‖ and that the ankle feels ―as if it is coming apart.‖ Based on this description, the nurse suspects what injury? a. Sprain b. Fracture c. Dislocation d. Stress fracture ANS: A

Sprains account for the most common type of ankle injuries in children. A sprain results when the trauma is so severe that a ligament is either stretched or partially or completely torn by the force created as a joint is twisted or wrenched. Joint laxity is the most valid indicator of the severity of a sprain. A fracture involves the cross-section of the bone. Dislocations occur when the force of stress on the ligaments disrupts the normal positioning of the bone ends.

Stress fractures result from repeated muscular contraction and are seen most often in sports involving repetitive weight bearing such as running, gymnastics, and basketball.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 8. An adolescent comes to the school nurse after experiencing shin splints during a track meet.

What reassurance should the nurse offer? a. Shin splints are expected in runners. b. Ice, rest, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) usually relieve pain. c. It is generally best to run around and ―work the pain out.‖ d. Moist heat and acetaminophen are indicated for this type of injury.

ANS: B

Shin splints result when the ligaments tear away from the tibial shaft and cause pain. Actions that have an anti-inflammatory effect are indicated for shin splints. Ice, rest, and NSAIDs are the usual treatment. Shin splints are rarely serious, but they are not expected, and preventive measures are taken. Rest is important to heal the shin splints. Continuing to place stress on the tibia can lead to further damage.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 9. The nurse at a summer camp recognizes the signs of heatstroke in an adolescent girl. Her

temperature is 40° C (104° F). She is slightly confused but able to drink water. Nursing care while waiting for transport to the hospital should include what intervention? a. Administer antipyretics. b. Administer salt tablets. c. Apply towels wet with cool water. d. Sponge with solution of rubbing alcohol and water.

ANS: C

Heatstroke is a failure of normal thermoregulatory mechanisms. The onset is rapid with initial symptoms of headache, weakness, and disorientation. Immediate care is relocation to a cool environment, removal of clothing, and applying of cool water (wet towels or immersion).

Antipyretics are not used because they are metabolized by the liver, which is already not functioning. Salt tablets are not indicated and may be harmful by increasing dehydration.

Rubbing alcohol is not used.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 10. The nurse is teaching the girls‘ varsity sports teams about the ―female athlete triad.‖ What is

essential information to include? a. They should take low to moderate calcium to avoid hypercalcemia. b. They have strong bones because of the athletic training. c. Low estrogen levels may lead to a deficit in bone mineral density. d. A diet high in carbohydrates accommodates increased training.

ANS: C

Adolescent athletes with amenorrhea have a lower bone mineral density. Increased calcium (1500 mg) is recommended for amenorrheic athletes. The decreased estrogen in girls with the female athlete triad, coupled with potentially inadequate diet, leads to osteoporosis. Diets high in protein and calories are necessary to avoid potentially long-term consequences of intensive, prolonged exercise programs in pubertal girls.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 11. Parents are considering treatment options for their 5-year-old child with Legg-Calvé-Perthes

disease. Both surgical and conservative therapies are appropriate. They are able to verbalize the differences between the therapies when they make what statement? a. ―All therapies require extended periods of bed rest.‖ b. ―Conservative therapy will be required until puberty.‖ c. ―Our child cannot attend school during the treatment phase.‖

d. ―If conservative measures are unsuccessful, surgical reconstruction may be

necessary.‖ ANS: D

Surgical correction involves additional risks of anesthesia, infection, and possibly blood transfusion. The recovery period is only 3 to 4 months rather than the 2 to 4 years of conservative therapies. The use of non–weight-bearing appliances and surgical intervention does not require prolonged bed rest. Conservative therapy is indicated for 2 to 4 years. The child is encouraged to attend school and engage in activities that can be adapted to therapeutic appliances.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 12. What nursing intervention is most appropriate when caring for the child with osteomyelitis? a. Encourage frequent ambulation. b. Administer antibiotics with meals. c. Move and turn the child carefully and gently to minimize pain. d. Provide active range of motion exercises for the affected extremity.

ANS: C

During the acute phase, any movement of the affected limb causes discomfort to the child.

Careful positioning with the affected limb supported is necessary. Weight bearing is not permitted until healing is well under way to avoid pathologic fractures. Intravenous antibiotics are used initially. Food is not necessary with parenteral therapy. Active range of motion would be painful for the child.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 13. A child with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is started on a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory

drug (NSAID). What nursing consideration should be included? a. Monitor heart rate. b. Administer NSAIDs between meals. c. Check for abdominal pain and bloody stools. d. Expect inflammation to be gone in 3 or 4 days.

ANS: C

NSAIDs are the first-line drugs used in JIA. Potential side effects include gastrointestinal (GI), renal, and hepatic side effects. The child is at risk for GI bleeding and elevated blood pressure. The heart rate is not affected by this drug class. NSAIDs should be given with meals to minimize gastrointestinal problems. The anti-inflammatory response usually takes 3 weeks before effectiveness can be evaluated.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 14. The nurse is teaching the parent of a 4-year-old child with a cast on the arm about care at

home. What statement by the parent indicates a correct understanding of the teaching? a. ―I should have the affected limb hang in a dependent position.‖ b. ―I will use an ice pack to relieve the itching.‖ c. ―I should avoid keeping the injured arm elevated.‖

d. ―I will expect the fingers to be swollen for the next 3 days.‖ ANS: B

Teaching the parent to use an ice pack to relieve the itching is an important aspect when planning discharge for a child with a cast. The affected limb should not be allowed to hang in a dependent position for more than 30 minutes. The affected arm should be kept elevated as much as possible. If there is swelling or redness of the fingers, the parent should notify the health care provider.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 15. The nurse is teaching the parents of a 1-month-old infant with developmental dysplasia of the

hip about preventing skin breakdown under the Pavlik harness. What statement by the parent would indicate a correct understanding of the teaching? a. ―I should gently massage the skin under the straps once a day to stimulate circulation.‖ b. ―I will apply a lotion for sensitive skin under the straps after my baby has been given a bath to prevent skin irritation.‖ c. ―I should remove the harness several times a day to prevent contractures.‖ d. ―I will place the diaper over the harness, preferably using a superabsorbent disposable diaper that is relatively thin.‖ ANS: A

To prevent skin breakdown with an infant who has developmental dysplasia of the hip and is in a Pavlik harness, the parent should gently massage the skin under the straps once a day to stimulate circulation. The parent should not apply lotions or powder because this could irritate the skin. The parent should not remove the harness, except during a bath, and should place the diaper under the straps.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 16. An infant is born with one lower limb deficiency. When is the optimum time for the child to

be fitted with a functional prosthetic device? a. As soon as possible after birth. b. When the infant is developmentally ready to stand up. c. At about ages 12 to 15 months, when most children are walking. d. At about 4 years, when the healthy limb is not growing so rapidly.

ANS: B

An infant should be fitted with a functional prosthetic leg when the infant is developmentally ready to pull to a standing position. When the infant begins limb exploration, a soft prosthesis can be used. The child should begin using the prosthesis as part of his or her normal development. This will match the infant‘s motor readiness.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 17. The nurse knows that parents need further teaching with regard to the treatment of congenital

clubfoot when they state what? a. ―We‘ll keep the cast dry.‖

b. ―We‘re happy this is the only cast our baby will need.‖ c. ―We‘ll watch for any swelling of the foot while the cast is on.‖ d. ―We‘re getting a special car seat to accommodate the cast.‖ ANS: B

The common approach to clubfoot management and treatment is the Ponseti method. Serial casting is begun shortly after birth. Weekly gentle manipulation and stretching of the foot along with placement of serial long-leg casts allow for gradual repositioning of the foot. The extremity or extremities are casted until maximum correction is achieved, usually within 6 to 10 weeks. If parents state that this is the only cast the infant will need, they need further teaching.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 18. A child has just returned from surgery for repair of a fractured femur. The child has a long-leg

cast on. The toes on the leg with the cast are edematous, but they have color, sensitivity, and movement. What action should the nurse take? a. Call the health care provider to report the edema. b. Elevate the foot and leg on pillows. c. Apply a warm moist pack to the foot. d. Encourage movement of toes.

ANS: B

During the first few hours after a cast is applied, the chief concern is that the extremity may continue to swell to the extent that the cast becomes a tourniquet, shutting off circulation and producing neurovascular complications (compartment syndrome). One measure to reduce the likelihood of this problem is to elevate the body part and thereby increase venous return. The health care provider does not need to be notified because edema is expected, and warm moist packs will not decrease the edema. The child should move the toes, but that will not help reduce the edema.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 19. What should the nurse plan for an immobilized child in cervical traction to prevent deep vein

thrombosis (DVT)? a. Elevate the child‘s legs. b. Place a foot cradle on the bed. c. Place a pillow under the child‘s knees. d. Assist the child to dorsiflex the feet and rotate the ankles.

ANS: D

For a child who is immobilized, circulatory stasis and DVT development are prevented by instructing patients to change positions frequently, dorsiflex their feet and rotate the ankles, sit in a bedside chair periodically, or ambulate several times daily. Elevating the legs or placing a foot cradle on the bed will not prevent DVTs. A pillow under the knee would impair circulation, not improve it.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

20. The nurse is teaching infant care to parents with an infant who has been diagnosed with

osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). What should the nurse include in the teaching session? a. ―Bisphosphonate therapy is not beneficial for OI.‖ b. ―Physical therapy should be avoided as it may cause damage to bones.‖ c. ―Lift the infant by the buttocks, not the ankles, when changing diapers.‖ d. ―The infant should meet expected gross motor development without assistive devices.‖ ANS: C

Infants and children with this disorder require careful handling to prevent fractures. They must be supported when they are being turned, positioned, moved, and held. Even changing a diaper may cause a fracture in severely affected infants. These children should never be held by the ankles when being diapered but should be gently lifted by the buttocks or supported with pillows. Bisphosphonate and physical therapy are beneficial for OI. Lightweight braces will be used when the child starts to ambulate.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. The nurse is assisting with application of a synthetic cast on a child with a fractured humerus.

What are the advantages of a synthetic cast over a plaster of Paris cast? (Select all that apply.) a. Less bulky. b. Drying time is faster. c. Molds readily to body part. d. Permits regular clothing to be worn. e. Can be cleaned with small amount of soap and water.

ANS: A, B, D, E

The advantages of synthetic casts over plaster of Paris casts are that they are less bulky, dry faster, permit regular clothes to be worn, and can be cleaned. Plaster of Paris casts mold readily to a body part, but synthetic casts do not mold easily to body parts.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 2. A child has had a short-arm synthetic cast applied. What should the nurse teach to the child

and parents about cast care? (Select all that apply.) a. Relieve itching with heat. b. Elevate the arm when resting. c. Observe the fingers for any evidence of discoloration. d. Do not allow the child to put anything inside the cast. e. Examine the skin at the cast edges for any breakdown.

ANS: B, C, D, E

Cast care involves elevating the arm, observing the fingers for evidence of discoloration, not allowing the child to put anything inside the cast, and examining the skin at the edges of the cast for any breakdown. Ice, not heat, should be applied to relieve itching.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying

TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning

MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 3. The nurse is caring for a 14-year-old child with systemic lupus erythematous (SLE). What

clinical manifestations should the nurse expect to observe? (Select all that apply.) a. Arthralgia b. Weight gain c. Polycythemia d. Abdominal pain e. Glomerulonephritis ANS: A, D, E

Clinical manifestations of SLE include arthralgia, abdominal pain, and glomerulonephritis.

Weight loss, not gain, and anemia, not polycythemia, are manifestations of SLE. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 4. The nurse is caring for a 14-year-old child with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). What

clinical manifestations should the nurse expect to observe? (Select all that apply.) a. Erythema over joints b. Soft tissue contractures c. Swelling in multiple joints d. Morning stiffness of the joints e. Loss of motion in the affected joints ANS: B, C, D, E

Whether single or multiple joints are involved, stiffness, swelling, and loss of motion develop in the affected joints in JIA. The swelling results from soft tissue edema, joint effusion, and synovial thickening. The affected joints may be warm and tender to the touch, but it is not uncommon for pain not to be reported. The limited motion early in the disease is a result of muscle spasm and joint inflammation; later it is caused by ankylosis or soft tissue contracture.

Morning stiffness of the joint(s) is characteristic and present on arising in the morning or after inactivity. Erythema is not typical, and a warm, painful, red joint is always suspect for infection.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 5. The school nurse recognizes that the adverse effects of performance-enhancing substances can

include what? (Select all that apply.) a. Depression b. Dehydration c. Hypotension d. Aggressiveness e. Changes in libido ANS: A, D, E

Mood changes have been observed as adverse effects of using performance-enhancing substances, including aggressiveness, changes in libido, depression, anxiety, and psychosis.

Fluid retention, not dehydration, and hypertension, not hypotension, are adverse effects of performance-enhancing substances.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

Chapter 34: The Child with Neuromuscular or Muscular Dysfunction Hockenberry: Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 12th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The parents of an infant with cerebral palsy (CP) ask the nurse if their child will have

cognitive impairment. The nurse‘s response should be based on which knowledge? a. Affected children have some degree of cognitive impairment. b. Around 20% of affected children have normal intelligence. c. About 30% to 50% of affected children have significant cognitive impairments. d. Cognitive impairment is expected if motor and sensory deficits are severe.

ANS: C

Children with CP have a wide range of intelligence, and 30% to 50% have significant cognitive impairments. A large percentage of children with CP do not have mental impairment. Many individuals who have severely limiting physical impairment have the least amount of intellectual compromise.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 2. A child, age 3 years, has cerebral palsy (CP) and is hospitalized for orthopedic surgery. His

mother says he has difficulty swallowing and cannot hold a utensil to feed himself. He is slightly underweight for his height. What is the most appropriate nursing action related to feeding this child? a. Bottle or tube feed him a specialized formula until he gains sufficient weight. b. Stabilize his jaw with caregiver‘s hand (either from a front or side position) to facilitate swallowing. c. Place him in a well-supported, semi-reclining position. d. Place him in a sitting position with his neck hyperextended to make use of gravity flow.

ANS: B

Jaw control is compromised in many children with CP. More normal control is achieved if the feeder stabilizes the oral mechanisms from the front or side of the face. Bottle or tube feeding will not improve feeding without jaw support. The semi-reclining position and hyperextended neck position increase the chances of aspiration.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 3. An 8-year-old girl with moderate cerebral palsy (CP) recently began joining a regular

classroom for part of the day. Her mother asks the school nurse about joining the after-school Girl Scout troop. The nurse‘s response should be based on which knowledge? a. Most activities such as Girl Scouts cannot be adapted for children with CP. b. After-school activities usually result in extreme fatigue for children with CP. c. Trying to participate in activities such as Girl Scouts leads to lowered self-esteem

in children with CP. d. Recreational activities often provide children with CP with opportunities for

socialization and recreation.

ANS: D

After-school and recreational activities serve to stimulate children‘s interest and curiosity.

They help the children adjust to their disability, improve their functional ability, and build self-esteem. Increasing numbers of programs are adapted for children with physical limitations. Almost all activities can be adapted. The child should participate to her level of energy. Self-esteem increases as a result of the positive feedback the child receives from participation.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 4. An 8-year-old child is hospitalized with infectious polyneuritis (Guillain-Barré syndrome

[GBS]). When explaining this disease process to the parents, what should the nurse consider? a. Paralysis is progressive with little hope for recovery. b. Disease is inherited as an autosomal, sex-linked, recessive gene. c. Disease results from an apparently toxic reaction to certain medications. d. Muscle strength slowly returns, and most children recover.

ANS: D

Recovery usually begins within 2 to 3 weeks, and most patients regain full muscle strength.

The paralysis is progressive with proximal muscle weakness occurring before distal weakness.

The recovery of muscle strength occurs in the reverse order of onset of paralysis. Most individuals regain full muscle strength. Better outcomes are associated with younger ages.

GBS is an immune-mediated disease often associated with a number of viral or bacterial infections or the administration of vaccines.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 5. A 12-year-old child with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is admitted to the pediatric intensive

care unit. She tells you that yesterday her legs were weak and that this morning she was unable to walk. After the nurse determines the current level of paralysis, which should the next priority assessment be? a. Swallowing ability b. Parental involvement c. Level of consciousness d. Antecedent viral infections ANS: A

Assessment of swallowing is essential. Both pharyngeal involvement and respiratory function are usually involved at the same time. The child may require ventilatory support. The inability to swallow also contributes to aspiration pneumonia. Parental involvement is important after the physiologic assessment is complete. The child is answering questions and describing the onset of the illness, which demonstrates she is alert and oriented. Information regarding antecedent viral infections can be obtained after the child is assessed and stabilized.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying

TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 6. An adolescent whose leg was crushed when she fell off a horse is admitted to the emergency

department. She has completed the tetanus immunization series, receiving the last tetanus toxoid booster 8 years ago. What care is necessary for therapeutic management of this adolescent to prevent tetanus? a. Tetanus toxoid booster is needed because of the type of injury. b. Human tetanus immunoglobulin is indicated for immediate prophylaxis. c. Concurrent administration of both tetanus immunoglobulin and tetanus antitoxin is needed. d. No additional tetanus prophylaxis is indicated. The tetanus toxoid booster is protective for 10 years.

ANS: A

Protective levels of antibody are maintained for at least 10 years. Children with serious ―tetanus-prone‖ wounds, including contaminated, crush, puncture, or burn wounds, should receive a tetanus toxoid booster prophylactically as soon as possible. This adolescent has circulating antibodies. The immunoglobulin is not indicated.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 7. During a well-child visit, the mother tells the nurse that her 4-month-old infant is constipated,

is less active than usual, and has a weak-sounding cry. The nurse suspects botulism and questions the mother about the child‘s diet. What factor should support this diagnosis? a. Breastfeeding b. Commercial formula c. Infant cereal with honey d. Improperly sterilized bottles ANS: C

Ingestion of honey is a risk factor for infant botulism in the United States. Honey should not be given to children younger than the age of 1 year. Botulism is not found with the use of commercial infant cereals. Although there is a slight increase in botulism in breastfed infants when compared with formula-fed infants, there is not sufficient evidence to support formula feeding as prevention. Thoroughly cleaning bottles used for formula feeding is sufficient for botulism prevention. Inadequate sterilization of home-canned foods can contribute to botulism.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Integrated Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 8. An adolescent has just been brought to the emergency department with a spinal cord injury

and paralysis from a diving accident. The parents keep asking the nurse, ―How bad is it?‖ The nurse‘s response should be based on which knowledge? a. Families adjust better to life-threatening injuries when information is given over time. b. Immediate loss of function is indicative of the long-term consequences of the injury. c. Extent and severity of damage cannot be determined for several weeks or even months.

d. Numerous diagnostic tests will be done immediately to determine extent and

severity of damage.

ANS: C

The extent and severity of damage cannot be determined initially. The immediate loss of function is caused by anatomic and impaired physiologic function, and improvement may not be evident for weeks or months. It is essential to provide information about the adolescent‘s status to the parents. Immediate treatment information should be provided. Long-term rehabilitation and prognosis can be addressed after the child is stabilized. During the immediate postinjury period, physiologic responses to the injury make an accurate assessment of damage difficult.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 9. A 14-year-old girl is in the intensive care unit after a spinal cord injury 2 days ago. What

nursing intervention is a priority for this child? a. Minimizing environmental stimuli b. Administering immunoglobulin c. Monitoring and maintaining systemic blood pressure d. Discussing long-term care issues with the family ANS: C

Spinal cord injury patients are physiologically labile, and close monitoring is required. They may be unstable for the first few weeks after the injury. Increased blood pressure may be an indication of autonomic dysreflexia. It is not necessary to minimize environmental stimuli for this type of injury. Spinal cord injury is not an infectious process. Immunoglobulin is not indicated. Discussing long-term care issues with the family is inappropriate. The family is focusing on the recovery of their child. It will not be known until the rehabilitation period how much function the child may recover.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 10. What functional ability should the nurse expect in a child with a spinal cord lesion at C7? a. Complete respiratory paralysis b. No voluntary function of upper extremities c. Inability to roll over or attain sitting position d. Almost complete independence within limitations of wheelchair ANS: D

Individuals who sustain injuries at the C7 level are able to achieve a significant level of independence. Some assistance is needed with transfers and lower extremity dressing. Patients are able to roll over in bed and to sit and eat independently. Patients with injuries at C3 or higher have complete respiratory paralysis. Those with injuries at C4 or higher do not have voluntary function of higher extremities. Injuries at C5 or higher prevent rolling over or sitting.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

11. The nurse is preparing a staff education in-service session for a group of new graduate nurses

who will be working in a long-term care facility for children; many of the children have cerebral palsy (CP). What statement should the nurse include in the training? a. Children with dyskinetic CP have a wide-based gait and repetitive movements. b. Children with spastic pyramidal CP have a positive Babinski sign and ankle clonus. c. Children with hemiplegia CP have mouth muscles and one lower limb affected. d. Children with ataxic CP have involvement of pharyngeal and oral muscles with dysarthria.

ANS: B

CP has a variety of clinical classifications. Spastic pyramidal CP includes manifestations such as a positive Babinski sign and ankle clonus; ataxic CP has a wide-based gait and repetitive movements; hemiplegia CP is characterized by motor dysfunction on one side of the body with upper extremity more affected than lower limbs; and dyskinetic CP involves the pharyngeal and oral muscles, causing drooling and dysarthria.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 12. The nurse should suspect a child has cerebral palsy (CP) if the parent says what? a. ―My 6-month-old baby is rolling from back to prone now.‖ b. ―My 4-month-old doesn‘t lift his head when on his tummy.‖ c. ―My 8-month-old can sit without support.‖ d. ―My 10-month-old is not walking.‖ ANS: B

Delayed gross motor development is a universal manifestation of CP. The child shows a delay in all motor accomplishments, and the discrepancy between motor ability and expected achievement tends to increase with successive developmental milestones as growth advances.

The infant who does not lift his head when on the tummy is showing a gross motor delay, as that is seen at 0 to 3 months. The other statements are within normal growth and development expectations.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 13. A woman who is 6 weeks pregnant tells the nurse that she is worried that, even though she is

taking folic acid supplements, the baby might have spina bifida because of a family history.

The nurse‘s response should be based on what? a. Prenatal detection is not possible yet. b. There is no genetic basis for the defect. c. Chromosome studies done on amniotic fluid can diagnose the defect prenatally. d. Open neural tube defects (NTDs) result in elevated concentrations of alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid.

ANS: D

Ultrasound scanning and measurement of alpha-fetoprotein may indicate the presence of anencephaly or myelomeningocele. The optimum time for performing this analyzing is between 16 and 18 weeks. Prenatal diagnosis is possible through amniocentesis. A multifactorial origin is suspected, including drugs, radiation, maternal malnutrition, chemicals, and possibly a genetic mutation. Chromosome abnormalities are not present in NTDs. DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 14. The most important nursing intervention when caring for an infant with myelomeningocele in

the preoperative stage is which? a. Take vital signs every hour. b. Place the infant in the prone position to minimize tension on the sac. c. Watch for signs that might indicate developing hydrocephalus. d. Apply a heat lamp to facilitate drying and toughening of the sac.

ANS: B

The spinal sac is protected from damage until surgery is performed. Early surgical closure is recommended to prevent local trauma and infection. Monitoring vital signs and watching for signs that might indicate developing hydrocephalus are important interventions but preventing trauma to the sac is a priority. The sac is kept moist until surgical intervention is done.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 15. The nurse is caring for a neonate born with a myelomeningocele. Surgery to repair the defect

is scheduled the next day. What is the most appropriate way to position and feed this neonate? a. Prone with the head turned to the side b. On the side c. Supine in an infant carrier d. Supine, with defect supported with rolled blankets ANS: A

The prone position with the head turned to the side for feeding is the optimum position for the infant. It protects the spinal sac and allows the infant to be fed without trauma. The side-lying position is avoided preoperatively. It can place tension on the sac and affect hip dysplasia if present. The infant should not be placed in a supine position.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 16. A goal for children with spina bifida is to reduce the chance of allergy development. What is a

priority nursing intervention? a. Recommend allergy testing. b. Provide a latex-free environment. c. Use only powder-free latex gloves. d. Limit use of latex products as much as possible.

ANS: B

A latex-free environment is the goal. This includes eliminating the use of latex gloves and other medical devices containing latex. Allergy testing would provide information about whether the allergy has developed. It will not reduce the chances of developing the allergy.

Although powder-free latex gloves are less allergenic, latex should not be used. Limiting the use of latex products is one component of providing a latex-free environment, but latex products should not be used.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 17. When a child develops latex allergy, which food may also cause an allergic reaction? a. Yeast b. Wheat c. Peanuts d. Bananas ANS: D

There are cross-reactions between allergies to latex and to a number of foods such as bananas, avocados, kiwi, and chestnuts. Although yeast, wheat, and peanuts are potential allergens, currently they are not known to cross-react with latex allergy.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 18. The clinic nurse is assessing infant reflexes. What assessment indicates a persistence of

primitive reflexes? a. Tonic neck reflex at 8 months of age b. Palmar grasp at 4 months of age c. Plantar grasp at 9 months of age d. Rooting reflex at 3 months of age ANS: A

Persistence of primitive reflexes is one of the earliest clues to CP (e.g., obligatory tonic neck reflex at any age or nonobligatory persistence beyond 6 months of age and the persistence or even hyperactivity of the Moro, plantar, and palmar grasp reflexes). The palmar grasp disappears by 6 months, the plantar grasp disappears by 12 months, and the rooting reflex disappears at 4 months, so these are normal findings.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 19. A feeding technique the nurse can teach to parents of a child with cerebral palsy to improve

use of the lips and the tongue to facilitate speech is which? a. Feeding pureed foods b. Placing food on the tongue c. Placing food at the side of the tongue d. Placing food directly into the mouth with a spoon ANS: C

Feeding techniques such as forcing the child to use the lips and tongue in eating facilitate speech. An example of this technique is placing food at the side of the tongue, first one side and then the other, and making the child use the lips to take food from a spoon rather than placing it directly on the tongue. Feeding pureed foods would not encourage use of the lips and tongue.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 20. The nurse is teaching the family of an infant with cerebral palsy how to administer a diazepam

(Valium) pill by gastrostomy tube. What should the nurse include in the teaching session? a. The pill should be crushed and mixed with a small amount of water. b. The pill should be crushed and mixed with the infant‘s formula. c. After administering the medication, flush the tube with air. d. Before administering the medication, check the placement of the tube.

ANS: A

Pills may be crushed and mixed with small amounts of water but no other liquids, such as formula or elixir medications, because these may act together to form a sludge that can interfere with gastrostomy tube function. When crushed pills or tablets are administered, flush the feeding tube with more water after instilling the dissolved pill in water. The tube should not be flushed with air, and placement does not need to be checked because it is directly into the stomach.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning MSC: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. The nurse is preparing to admit a 7-year-old child with ataxic cerebral palsy. What clinical

manifestations of ataxic cerebral palsy should the nurse expect to observe? (Select all that apply.) a. Wide-based gait b. Rapid, repetitive movements performed poorly c. Slow, twisting movements of the trunk or extremities d. Hypertonicity with poor control of posture, balance, and coordinated motion e. Disintegration of movements of the upper extremities when the child reaches for objects ANS: A, B, E

Clinical manifestations of ataxic cerebral palsy include a wide-based gait; rapid, repetitive movements performed poorly; and disintegration of movements of the upper extremities when the child reaches for objects. Slow, twisting movements of the trunk are seen with dyskinetic cerebral palsy, and hypertonicity with poor control of posture, balance, and coordinated motion are seen with spastic cerebral palsy.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity

2. The nurse is preparing to admit a 5-year-old with spina bifida cystica that was below the

second lumbar vertebra. What clinical manifestations of spina bifida cystica below the second lumbar vertebra should the nurse expect to observe? (Select all that apply.) a. No motor impairment b. Lack of bowel control c. Soft, subcutaneous lipomas d. Flaccid, partial paralysis of lower extremities e. Overflow incontinence with constant dribbling of urine ANS: B, D, E

The clinical manifestations of spina bifida cystica below the second lumbar vertebra include lack of bowel control, flaccid, partial paralysis of lower extremities, and overflow incontinence with constant dribbling of urine. No motor impairment occurs with spina bifida cystica that was below the third lumbar vertebra, and soft, subcutaneous lipomas occur with spina bifida occulta.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 3. The nurse is preparing to admit a 2-year-old child with spina bifida occulta. What clinical

manifestations of spina bifida occulta should the nurse expect to observe? (Select all that apply.) a. Dark tufts of hair b. Skin depression or dimple c. Port-wine angiomatous nevi d. Soft, subcutaneous lipomas e. Bladder and sphincter paralysis ANS: A, B, C, D

Clinical manifestations of spina bifida occulta include dark tufts of hair; skin depression or dimple; port-wine angiomatous nevi; and soft, subcutaneous lipomas. Bladder and sphincter paralysis are present with spina bifida cystica but not occulta.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 4. The nurse is preparing to admit a 5-year-old child with a lower motor neuron syndrome. What

clinical manifestations of a lower motor neuron syndrome should the nurse expect to observe?

(Select all that apply.) a. Loss of hair b. Babinski reflex present c. Skin and tissue changes d. Marked atrophy of atonic muscle e. Hyperreflexia with tendon reflexes exaggerated ANS: A, C, D

Clinical manifestations of a lower motor neuron syndrome include loss of hair, skin and tissue changes, and marked atrophy of atonic muscle. Babinski reflex present and hyperreflexia with tendon reflexes exaggerated are manifestations of an upper motor neuron syndrome.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying

TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity 5. The nurse is preparing to admit a 7-year-old child with an upper motor neuron syndrome.

What clinical manifestations of an upper motor neuron syndrome should the nurse expect to observe? (Select all that apply.) a. No flexor spasms b. Babinski reflex present c. No wasting of muscle mass d. Marked atrophy of atonic muscle e. Hyperreflexia with tendon reflexes exaggerated ANS: B, C, E

Clinical manifestations of an upper motor neuron syndrome include Babinski reflex present, no wasting of muscle mass, and hyperreflexia with tendon reflexes exaggerated. No flexor spasms and marked atrophy of atonic muscle are manifestations of a lower motor neuron syndrome.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological Integrity