TEST BANK for The Norton Introduction to Philosophy, 2nd Edition by Rosen, Gideon, Alex, Joshua

Chapter 1 Does God Exist?

TRUE/FALSE 1. One might object to Anselm's argument by claiming that the being than which none greater can

be thought is not something that exists in our understanding at all. a. True b. False ANS: T DIF: Difficult REF: p. 8 TOP: The Ontological Argument, Anselm | Chapter 1: Does God Exist?

MSC: Analyzing 2. You are a contingent being.

a. True b. False ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: p. 14 TOP: The Five Ways, Aquinas | Chapter 1: Does God Exist?

MSC: Understanding

3. If successful, Aquinas's first way (argument from motion) proves the existence of God as

understood by Christians, Jews, and Muslims. a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: p. 14 TOP: The Five Ways, Aquinas | Chapter 1: Does God Exist?

MSC: Understanding

4. The recognition of Darwinian evolution as a rival explanation for the complexity we find in

nature (as with our eyes) immediately defeats Paley's argument for a designer. a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 25-27 TOP: The Argument from Design, Paley | Chapter 1: Does God Exist?

MSC: Analyzing 5. According to White, accepting that the universe is fine-tuned amounts to admitting that there is

an intelligent designer of the universe. a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: p. 29 TOP: The Argument from Fine-tuning, White | Chapter 1: Does God Exist?

MSC: Understanding 6. Antony thinks that the evidential problem of suffering succeeds in showing that there cannot be

a God. a. True b. False

ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: p. 41, p. 45 TOP: No Good Reason—Exploring the Problem of Evil, Antony | Chapter 1: Does God Exist?

MSC: Understanding 7. According to Stump, humans cannot directly make it so that they freely will the things they

should. a. True b. False ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: pp. 53-54 TOP: The Problem of Evil, Stump | Chapter 1: Does God Exist?

MSC: Understanding MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. According to Anselm, everyone agrees that a. God exists in the understanding only. b. God exists in reality only. c. God at least exists in the understanding. d. God exists in both the understanding and reality.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 8 TOP: The Ontological Argument, Anselm| Chapter 1: Does God Exist?

MSC: Understanding 2. One way to challenge Anselm's argument is to question a. the idea that existing in reality makes something great. b. the idea that existing in the understanding makes something great. c. the idea that the being he speaks of is not the Christian God. d. the idea that there is a difference between existing in reality and existing in the

understanding.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: p.9 TOP: The Ontological Argument, Anselm | Chapter 1: Does God Exist?

MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating 3. Which of the following does Anselm believe about God? a. We can think about God as not existing. b. We cannot think about God as not existing. c. We come to believe in God after observing the world. d. We come to believe in God through divine revelation.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 9 TOP: The Ontological Argument, Anselm | Chapter 1: Does God Exist?

MSC: Remembering 4. According to Aquinas, the efficient cause of a cake is a. the ingredients. b. the person who bakes it. c. the recipe for how to bake it. d. the kitchen in which it is baked.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 14 TOP: The Five Ways, Aquinas| Chapter 1: Does God Exist?

MSC: Understanding

5. An objection to Aquinas's second way (the argument from efficient causation) would be to a. argue that we do not understand what efficient causation is. b. argue that there must be an efficient cause of God. c. argue that efficient causes do not bring about effects. d. argue that God cannot be an efficient cause.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: p. 14 TOP: The Five Ways, Aquinas | Chapter 1: Does God Exist?

MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating

6. Paley uses the analogy of finding a ____ in a heath to help motivate his argument. a. phone b. shoe c. watch d. screw ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: p. 20 TOP: The Argument from Design, Paley | Chapter 1: Does God Exist?

MSC: Remembering 7. According to Paley, when we discover that an item, such as a piece of machinery, does not work

perfectly, we should infer that a. the item had no designer. b. the item had a designer, nonetheless. c. the item is worthless. d. the item still has value.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 21 TOP: The Argument from Design, Paley| Chapter 1: Does God Exist?

MSC: Understanding 8. Paley claims that one way to respond to doubts about a designer's skill that arise because a

crafted item has imperfections is to a. argue that the imperfections are not really imperfections. b. argue that crafted items are more valuable when they are imperfect. c. argue that we cannot be sure as to what is really an imperfection. d. argue that there is some imperfection in the materials required to craft the item.

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: p. 26 TOP: The Argument from Design, Paley | Chapter 1: Does God Exist?

MSC: Understanding 9. Paley's argument is what kind of argument? a. Cosmological argument b. Ontological argument c. Design argument d. Phantasmal argument ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: p. 20 TOP: The Argument from Design, Paley | Chapter 1: Does God Exist?

MSC: Understanding 10. White's fine-tuning argument is best understood as a modern version of the a. argument from design. b. ontological argument. c. cosmological argument. d. argument from morality.

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: p. 29 TOP: The Argument from Fine-tuning, White | Chapter 1: Does God Exist?

MSC: Understanding 11. Which premise of White's argument does the multiverse hypothesis challenge? a. The premise claiming that inference to the best explanation can provide support for a

conclusion b. The premise claiming that the fact that the universe is fine-tuned needs to be explained c. The premise claiming that positing that God adjusted the physical constants provides a good explanation of why the universe is fine-tuned d. The premise claiming that there is no available explanation for the fine-tuning of the universe that competes with the hypothesis that God adjusted the physical constants ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: p. 35 TOP: The Argument from Fine-tuning, White | Chapter 1: Does God Exist?

MSC: Analyzing 12. According to White, if successful, the fine-tuning argument a. shows that fine-tuning means that God exists. b. shows that we should believe that God exists because of fine-tuning. c. shows that we have conclusive reasons to think that God exists because of

fine-tuning. d. shows that fine-tuning provides some reason for thinking that God exists.

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: p. 30 TOP: The Argument from Fine-tuning, White | Chapter 1: Does God Exist?

MSC: Understanding 13. According to Antony, the logical argument from suffering a. succeeds in proving there is no God. b. succeeds in proving that the existence of God is impossible. c. actually proves that God exists. d. fails to prove that God does not exist.

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: p. 38 TOP: No Good Reason—Exploring the Problem of Evil, Antony| Chapter 1: Does God Exist?

MSC: Understanding 14. The free will defense challenges which premise from the evidential problem of suffering? a. The premise that says an omnipotent being could always prevent suffering b. The premise that says that there probably is not a good reason that a morally good,

omnipotent being could have for failing to prevent suffering c. The premise that says there is suffering

d. The premise that says no morally good being would fail to prevent suffering when

able to do so without having a good reason to permit the suffering ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 41-43 TOP: No Good Reason—Exploring the Problem of Evil, Antony | Chapter 1: Does God Exist?

MSC: Analyzing 15. A problem for the free will defense is that it fails to account for a. suffering caused by humans. b. suffering experienced by humans. c. suffering experienced by non-human animals. d. suffering caused by non-human animals.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: pp. 43-44 TOP: No Good Reason—Exploring the Problem of Evil, Antony| Chapter 1: Does God Exist?

MSC: Understanding 16. According to Stump, all reasonable people are committed to accepting that a. God is omnipotent, omniscient, and perfectly good. b. there is evil in the world. c. God can exist even though there is evil in the world. d. God does not exist if there is evil in the world.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 47 TOP: The Problem of Evil, Stump| Chapter 1: Does God Exist? MSC: Remembering 17. According to Stump, God cannot fix the defect in humans' free will because a. doing so would be logically impossible because it would make humans no longer

human. b. doing so would be logically impossible because the resulting will would not be free. c. doing so would be logically impossible because the resulting will would be morally

bad. d. doing so would be logically impossible because the resulting will would be weak.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p.53 TOP: The Problem of Evil, Stump | Chapter 1: Does God Exist?

MSC: Understanding 18. One objection that could be raised to Stump's response to the problem of evil is that a. it does not explain why God would allow evil. b. it does not account for evil that humans suffer because of natural events. c. it does not explain why union with God is important enough to warrant evil. d. it does not account for the suffering that non-human animals experience.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: p. 57 TOP: The Problem of Evil, Stump | Chapter 1: Does God Exist?

MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating COMPLETION 1. Anselm thinks that existing in reality makes something ____ than if it existed only in the

understanding.

ANS: greater DIF: Medium REF: p. 9 TOP: The Ontological Argument, Anselm | Chapter 1: Does God Exist?

MSC: Understanding 2. Aquinas claims that since some things can be “more” or “less” when it comes to a particular

property, there must be a thing that has the ____ of that property.

ANS: maximum DIF: Easy REF: p. 15 TOP: The Five Ways, Aquinas | Chapter 1: Does God Exist?

MSC: Remembering

3. "Fine-tuned" means that the ____ fall within the narrow range required for life to exist.

ANS: physical constants DIF: Easy REF: p. 29 TOP: The Argument from Fine-tuning, White| Chapter 1: Does God Exist?

MSC: Remembering 4. Antony thinks that the problem of evil should really be understood as the problem of ____.

ANS: suffering DIF: Easy REF: p. 37 TOP: No Good Reason—Exploring the Problem of Evil, Antony| Chapter 1: Does God Exist?

MSC: Remembering 5. Stump thinks that ____ entered the world as a result of Adam's fall.

ANS: evil DIF: Easy REF: p. 48 TOP: The Problem of Evil, Stump | Chapter 1: Does God Exist?

MSC: Remembering ESSAY 1. Roger White claims that the fine-tuning argument is a contemporary version of the argument

from design. How is White's fine-tuning argument similar to Paley's argument from design?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include a discussion of Paley's appeal to the parts of a watch working well implying a designer, as well as his claim that this is also true of the parts of our bodies and other features of nature. Additionally, it should/might include a discussion of how the fine-tuning argument requires that the various physical constants work together in very precise ways in order to fall within the range of values required for the universe to be life permitting.

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 20-36 MSC: Understanding

TOP: Chapter 1: Does God Exist?

2. One classic objection to Anselm's ontological argument is that one can use the same reasoning

to argue that a fictitious item exists. For instance, a famous commentator on Anselm's argument claimed he could argue for a perfect island in the same way that Anselm argues for God. Create your own argument for something fictitious using reasoning analogous to Anselm's.

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Anselm's appeal to something than which a greater cannot be conceived. For instance, a valid response should make reference to a fictitious X that is such that no greater X can be conceived. A valid response will also provide an argument that mirror's Anselm's reasoning by pointing out that such an X either exists only in understanding or in both understanding and reality.

DIF: Medium MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 8-9

TOP: The Ontological Argument, Anselm

3. How are Antony's and Stump's presentations of the problem of evil different? Why might

someone think that the differences in their versions of the argument are significant? Which of these two versions of the argument fares better? Why? ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of the fact that Antony construes the argument in terms of suffering, while Stump puts things in terms of evil. It should/might also include discussion of Antony's emphasis on the difficulties posed by the suffering of non-human animals, and Stump's focus solely on human suffering. Though not as central, a valid response might also include discussion of Stump's focus on Christianity in particular when discussing/responding to the argument, as opposed to Antony's broader focus on traditional theisms more generally.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: pp. 36-57

TOP: Chapter 1: Does God Exist?

4. Compare Aquinas's first (motion) and second (efficient causation) ways for proving God's

existence. How are they similar? Are there any important differences in their structures?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of how both arguments begin by noting that we see things in nature that are in motion or caused by other things.

Additionally, a valid response should/might include reference to the denial of the infinite regressions of movers or causes. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of how, structurally at least, these two arguments are very similar, if not identical.

DIF: Easy REF: pp. 13-14 MSC: Understanding

TOP: The Five Ways, Aquinas

5. What is the multiverse hypothesis? How is this hypothesis thought to work as a response to the

fine-tuning argument for God's existence?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of the multiverse hypothesis being the idea that our universe is one of a great many universes. It should/might also include discussion of how this claim is thought to be a problem for the fine-tuning argument; it calls into question the claim that the fine-tuning of our universe needs an explanation. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of the reason that the multiverse calls this claim into question. Namely, it should/might include discussion of how, if there are enough universes, it is to be expected that some would be fine-tuned for life.

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 34-35 TOP: The Argument from Cosmological Fine-tuning, White

MSC: Analyzing

Chapter 2 Is It Reasonable to Believe Without Evidence?

TRUE/FALSE 1. Pascal thinks that there is no argument that can settle the question of whether God exists or not.

a. True b. False ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: p. 69 TOP: The Wager, Pascal | Chapter 2: Is It Reasonable to Believe Without Evidence?

MSC: Understanding 2. According to Pascal, if you wager that God exists, you risk nothing.

a. True b. False ANS: T DIF: Difficult REF: p. 71 TOP: The Wager, Pascal | Chapter 2: Is It Reasonable to Believe Without Evidence?

MSC: Understanding 3. According to Hájek, the objection to the validity of Pascal's Wager may affect our reasoning in

general. a. True b. False ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: pp. 83-84 TOP: Pascal's Ultimate Gamble, Hájek | Chapter 2: Is It Reasonable to Believe Without Evidence?

MSC: Understanding 4. Clifford thinks that we should not take anything on the authority of others.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: pp. 90-91 TOP: The Ethics of Belief, Clifford | Chapter 2: Is It Reasonable to Believe Without Evidence?

MSC: Understanding 5. According to Clifford, our beliefs only affect us.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: p. 87 TOP: The Ethics of Belief, Clifford | Chapter 2: Is It Reasonable to Believe Without Evidence?

MSC: Understanding 6. According to James, in general it is permissible to form beliefs because of our passional nature.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 100-101 TOP: The Will to Believe, James | Chapter 2: Is It Reasonable to Believe Without Evidence?

MSC: Understanding 7. Plantinga's position that belief in God is properly basic is a kind of natural theology.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: p. 108 TOP: Is Belief in God Properly Basic? Plantinga | Chapter 2: Is It Reasonable to Believe Without Evidence?

MSC: Understanding 8. Buchak claims that your faith can remain epistemically rational as long as the utilities are high

enough to warrant your acting in accordance with your faith. a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: p. 120 TOP: When Is Faith Rational, Buchak | Chapter 2: Is It Reasonable to Believe Without Evidence?

MSC: Understanding 9. According to Buchak, one way that faith is important is that it can help keep us from being

misled over time. a. True b. False ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: p. 127-128 TOP: When Is Faith Rational, Buchak | Chapter 2: Is It Reasonable to Believe Without Evidence?

MSC: Understanding MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Pascal argues that our knowledge of _____ is analogous to our knowledge of God. a. our own minds b. the series of numbers c. the thoughts of others d. the world around us ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 68 TOP: The Wager, Pascal | Chapter 2: Is It Reasonable to Believe Without Evidence?

MSC: Remembering 2. According to Pascal, if Christians try to prove that God exists, they are a. going against their own claims. b. doing what is rationally required of them. c. performing their duty as Christians. d. doing the will of God. ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: p. 69 TOP: The Wager, Pascal | Chapter 2: Is It Reasonable to Believe Without Evidence?

MSC: Understanding 3. One way to challenge Pascal's argument is to question a. whether God exists.

b. whether God rewards believing that God exists. c. whether we can understand an infinite. d. whether we can prove that God exists or does not exist.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 69-70 TOP: The Wager, Pascal | Chapter 2: Is It Reasonable to Believe Without Evidence?

MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating 4. In decision theory, _____ occur(s) when you know how good or bad an outcome is, but not how

likely it is. a. dominance reasoning b. expected utility c. decisions under uncertainty d. decisions under risk ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 75 TOP: Pascal's Ultimate Gamble, Hájek | Chapter 2: Is It Reasonable to Believe Without Evidence?

MSC: Understanding 5. According to Hájek, if you play a fair game you should expect in the long run to a. win significantly more times than you lose. b. lose significantly more times than you win. c. lose about the same amount of times that you win. d. win slightly more times than you lose.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 74 TOP: Pascal's Ultimate Gamble, Hájek | Chapter 2: Is It Reasonable to Believe Without Evidence?

MSC: Remembering 6. What is the expected utility of a coin flipping game where, when you flip a fair coin, you get $2

if it lands on heads, and you pay $4 if it lands on tails? a. +$1 b. -$1 c. +$2 d. -$2 ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: p. 75-76 TOP: Pascal's Ultimate Gamble, Hájek | Chapter 2: Is It Reasonable to Believe Without Evidence?

MSC: Applying 7. Hájek thinks that the most significant objection to Pascal's Wager is that it a. establishes too much. b. establishes that you should not believe in God. c. establishes that there are many Gods. d. establishes that the probability of God existing is zero.

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: p. 82-83 TOP: Pascal's Ultimate Gamble, Hájek | Chapter 2: Is It Reasonable to Believe Without Evidence?

MSC: Understanding 8. According to Clifford, the shipowner who correctly believes his ship is sound on the basis of

insufficient evidence is _____ the shipowner who believes his ship is sound on the basis of insufficient evidence causing people to lose their lives.

a. b. c. d.

not as bad as luckier than just as morally blameworthy as just as rational as

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 86 TOP: The Ethics of Belief, Clifford | Chapter 2: Is It Reasonable to Believe Without Evidence?

MSC: Understanding 9. When does Clifford think it is lawful to stifle doubt? a. Most of the time b. Never c. Always d. On rare occasions ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 89 TOP: The Ethics of Belief, Clifford | Chapter 2: Is It Reasonable to Believe Without Evidence?

MSC: Remembering 10. One way to challenge Clifford's view about it being always wrong to believe without sufficient

evidence is to argue that a. sometimes sufficient evidence does not exist. b. it can be very difficult to gather sufficient evidence. c. sometimes we must believe one way or the other without having sufficient evidence. d. sometimes we might think that we have sufficient evidence when we do not.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 88-90 TOP: The Ethics of Belief, Clifford | Chapter 2: Is It Reasonable to Believe Without Evidence?

MSC: Analyzing 11. According to James, a hypothesis is _____ when it is forced, living, and momentous. a. an important one b. a genuine option c. a plausible option d. an insignificant one ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 98 TOP: The Will to Believe, James | Chapter 2: Is It Reasonable to Believe Without Evidence?

MSC: Remembering 12. According to James, a hypothesis that is 50 percent likely to be true is a. live. b. dead. c. insignificant. d. momentous.

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: p. 98 TOP: The Will to Believe, James | Chapter 2: Is It Reasonable to Believe Without Evidence?

MSC: Understanding 13. James thinks that Clifford a. makes the mistake of being irrational. b. makes the mistake of treating the twin goals of knowers equally.

c. makes the mistake of treating our goal of avoiding error as more important than the

goal of knowing the truth. d. makes the mistake of treating our goal of knowing the truth as more important than

the goal of avoiding error.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: pp. 101-102 TOP: The Will to Believe, James | Chapter 2: Is It Reasonable to Believe Without Evidence?

MSC: Understanding 14. In order to show that James is mistaken, one would need to provide good reasons for thinking

that a. b. c. d.

in most cases we should believe only according to our evidence. in no cases we should believe only according to our evidence. in all cases we should believe against our evidence. in all cases we should believe according to our evidence.

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: p. 103-105 TOP: The Will to Believe, James | Chapter 2: Is It Reasonable to Believe Without Evidence?

MSC: Analyzing 15. According to Plantinga, your belief that you have a headache (when you do) is a. based on evidence. b. irrational. c. basic. d. groundless.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: p. 107 TOP: Is Belief in God Properly Basic? Plantinga | Chapter 2: Is It Reasonable to Believe Without Evidence?

MSC: Understanding 16. What does Plantinga think the evidentialist objection to theistic belief presupposes? a. The truth of classical deontology b. The truth of classical foundationalism c. The truth of classical coherentism d. The truth of classical infinitism ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 107 TOP: Is Belief in God Properly Basic? Plantinga | Chapter 2: Is It Reasonable to Believe Without Evidence?

MSC: Remembering 17. One objection to the claim that belief in God is properly basic that Plantinga addresses is that a. belief in God cannot be basic. b. no beliefs are properly basic. c. properly basic beliefs are groundless. d. we could make the same claim about bizarre beliefs.

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: p. 112 TOP: Is Belief in God Properly Basic? Plantinga | Chapter 2: Is It Reasonable to Believe Without Evidence?

MSC: Understanding 18. Plantinga's response to the Great Pumpkin objection assumes that a. classical foundationalism is true. b. god exists.

c. there are good arguments for God's existence. d. irrational beliefs can be properly basic.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 113-114 TOP: Is Belief in God Properly Basic? Plantinga | Chapter 2: Is It Reasonable to Believe Without Evidence?

MSC: Analyzing 19. Buchak claims that believing without any evidence is a. a clear example of faith. b. not an example of faith. c. sometimes an example of faith. d. often an example of faith.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 117 TOP: When Is Faith Rational, Buchak | Chapter 2: Is It Reasonable to Believe Without Evidence?

MSC: Understanding 20. One way to challenge Buchak's position is to argue that a. we should always act based on what we have faith in. b. we should always act based on the actual utilities of our current situation. c. we should always act based on the expected utilities of our current situation. d. we should always act based on what we think is morally right in our current

situation.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 118-119 TOP: When Is Faith Rational, Buchak | Chapter 2: Is It Reasonable to Believe Without Evidence?

MSC: Analyzing COMPLETION 1. Buchak claims that faith requires that you have a _____ toward the claim in question.

ANS: positive attitude DIF: Medium REF: p. 116 TOP: When Is Faith Rational, Buchak | Chapter 2: Is It Reasonable to Believe Without Evidence?

MSC: Remembering ESSAY 1. Would the sort of “properly basic” beliefs that Alvin Plantinga appeals to in his essay meet the

requirements for epistemic rationality proposed by Lara Buchak?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include a discussion of the two requirements for epistemic rationality (i.e., coherence and fit with the evidence) proposed by Buchak. A valid response should/might also include discussion of Plantinga's view of properly basic beliefs, particularly his claim that they do not have to be based on any evidence.

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 107-128 TOP: Chapter 2: Is It Reasonable to Believe Without Evidence?

MSC: Understanding 2. How might Pascal (or someone who likes his view) best respond to the "many Gods" objection

that Hájek discusses?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of the many Gods objection. Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of how the potential for an infinite payoff that comes from believing in God may make it so that it is rational to believe in some God or other, rather than withholding belief.

DIF: Medium MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 74-84

TOP: Pascal's Ultimate Gamble, Hájek

3. Why does Clifford think that it is always wrong to believe contrary to one's evidence? How

does James attempt to refute Clifford's argument?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Clifford's claims that our beliefs are necessarily connected with our actions. Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Clifford's arguments that our beliefs (no matter how seemingly insignificant) have an effect on us and on society as a whole. Also, a valid response should/might include discussion of James's points that some decisions are forced (we have to choose); in such cases it may be rational to believe even without sufficiently strong evidence.

DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 85-105 TOP: Chapter 2: Is It Reasonable to Believe Without Evidence?

MSC: Analyzing 4. Hájek suggests that Pascal's argument faces a problem because any action we may undertake

seems to have infinite expected utility. However, he goes on to suggest that everyone may face this problem. Why does he say this? How is it that this problem could be a problem for everyone, not just those who accept Pascal's Wager?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of how Hájek appeals to the problem of infinite expected utility to pose a problem for Pascal's Wager. A valid response should/might also include discussion of the fact that as long as the claims Pascal relies on in his argument do not have a probability of zero, any action we perform seems to have infinite expected utility. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Hájek's point that it does not seem that we can reasonably assign a probability of zero to the claims of Pascal's argument.

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 74-84 MSC: Understanding

TOP: Pascal's Ultimate Gamble, Hájek

5. Are there important differences in how Pascal and Hájek each set up Pascal's Wager? How

might these differences affect the plausibility of the argument?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of how each of these authors sets up the Wager’s argument. An important detail that a valid response should/might pick up on is the difference between how the two authors understand the outcome of believing in God in the case where God does not exist. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of how this difference can significantly affect what is being risked by believing that God exists.

DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 68-84 TOP: Chapter 2: Is It Reasonable to Believe Without Evidence?

MSC: Analyzing

Chapter 3 What is Knowledge?

TRUE/FALSE 1. Plato thinks that virtue (i.e., being good) can be taught.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: p. 140 TOP: Meno, Plato | Chapter 3: What is Knowledge?

MSC: Understanding

2. According to Gettier, justified true belief is not necessary for knowledge.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: pp. 143-145 TOP: Is Justified True Belief Knowledge? Gettier | Chapter 3: What is Knowledge?

MSC: Understanding 3. Williamson thinks that attempts to solve the Gettier problem have gone fairly well.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: p. 150 TOP: Knowledge and Belief, Williamson | Chapter 3: What is Knowledge?

MSC: Understanding 4. According to Williamson, justified true belief theory is false.

a. True b. False ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: pp. 150-151 TOP: Knowledge and Belief, Williamson | Chapter 3: What is Knowledge?

MSC: Understanding MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Socrates says that people who are good _____ do good. a. always b. sometimes c. most of the time d. slightly more often than not ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: p. 138 TOP: Meno, Plato | Chapter 3: What is Knowledge?

MSC: Remembering

2. According to Plato, when it comes to being a good guide, the person with true belief is a. not as good as the person who has knowledge. b. almost as good as the person who has knowledge. c. just as good as the person who has knowledge.

d. better than the person who has knowledge.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: pp. 138-139 TOP: Meno, Plato | Chapter 3: What is Knowledge?

MSC: Understanding

3. A possible way to object to Plato's argument for thinking that virtue is not a kind of wisdom is to

argue that a. the fact that something is a kind of wisdom means that it is teachable. b. the fact that something is teachable means that it is a kind of wisdom. c. the fact that something is not taught does not mean that it is not teachable. d. the fact that something is taught means that it is teachable.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: p. 140 TOP: Meno, Plato | Chapter 3: What is Knowledge?

MSC: Evaluating

4. According to Plato, knowledge requires true belief and a. faith that the belief is true. b. conviction that the belief is true. c. determination to act as though the belief is true. d. an account of why the belief is true.

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: p. 139 TOP: Meno, Plato | Chapter 3: What is Knowledge?

MSC: Understanding

5. If Gettier were arguing that justified true belief is not necessary for knowledge, what would he

have to show? a. There can be an instance of justified true belief that is not knowledge. b. There can be an instance of knowledge that is not justified true belief. c. There cannot be any instances of justified true belief that are knowledge. d. There cannot be any instances of knowledge that are justified true belief.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 144 TOP: Is Justified True Belief Knowledge? Gettier | Chapter 3: What is Knowledge?

MSC: Understanding 6. One way to try to resist Gettier's conclusions about justified true belief and knowledge is to

deny a. that justified true belief is knowledge. b. that one can be justified in believing a false proposition. c. that one can be justified in believing propositions about the future. d. that justified true belief is sufficient for knowledge.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 144 TOP: Is Justified True Belief Knowledge? Gettier | Chapter 3: What is Knowledge?

MSC: Analyzing 7. Gettier claims that his examples also show that whose account of the conditions for knowledge

fails? a. Bertrand Russell's b. Alvin Plantinga's c. Roderick Chisholm's d. Timothy Williamson's

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p.143 TOP: Is Justified True Belief Knowledge? Gettier | Chapter 3: What is Knowledge?

MSC: Remembering 8. According to Williamson, there cannot be a. true belief. b. false wisdom. c. false knowledge. d. true understanding.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p.149 TOP: Knowledge and Belief, Williamson | Chapter 3: What is Knowledge?

MSC: Remembering 9. Williamson thinks that when it comes to epistemology, we should take what as our starting

point for explanations? a. Belief b. Wisdom c. Knowledge d. Understanding ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: pp. 153-154 TOP: Knowledge and Belief, Williamson | Chapter 3: What is Knowledge?

MSC: Understanding 10. One might challenge Williamson’s knowledge-first approach by questioning whether a. knowledge will always make one more persistent than true belief. b. belief is really entailed by knowledge. c. our mental states have content. d. there can actually be cases of false knowledge.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: p. 153 TOP: Knowledge and Belief, Williamson | Chapter 3: What is Knowledge?

MSC: Analyzing COMPLETION 1. Gettier argues that justified true belief is not ______ for knowledge.

ANS: sufficient DIF: Medium REF: p. 144 TOP: Is Justified True Belief Knowledge? Gettier| Chapter 3: What is Knowledge?

MSC: Understanding ESSAY 1. How does Plato argue that virtue is not teachable?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should include a discussion of Plato’s argument for the claim that virtue is not teachable. In particular, a valid response should include discussion of his claims that in order for something to be teachable, someone must be teaching it—and no one is teaching virtue.

DIF: Easy REF: pp. 137-138, 140 MSC: Understanding

TOP: Meno, Plato

2. Describe your own version of an example that shows what Gettier’s example does.

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of an example with this key feature: there is someone with a justified true belief who lacks knowledge. A valid response should include discussion of how it is that the person’s belief fails to be knowledge and yet is still justified.

DIF: Medium MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 143-145

TOP: Is Justified True Belief Knowledge? Gettier

3. What does Plato claim is required for a true belief to be “shackled”? Do Gettier’s examples pose

a problem for the resulting account?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should include discussion of Plato’s claim that shackling true beliefs requires “figuring out what makes them true.” Additionally, a valid response should discuss how Gettier’s examples pose a problem for justified true belief accounts of knowledge.

Finally, a valid response might include reasons for either thinking that Plato’s “figuring out” is a justified true belief account, or thinking that Plato’s account is not such an account.

DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 137-145 TOP: Chapter 2: Is It Reasonable to Believe Without Evidence?

MSC: Analyzing 4. How does Williamson argue that blameless belief is not knowledge? In what ways is his

argument similar to Gettier’s?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should include discussion of Williamson’s case involving Barry and his belief about the capital of California. Additionally, a valid response should include discussion of the key components of Gettier’s cases. Finally, a valid response should include a comparison of these cases, paying attention to whether Williamson’s case is relevantly similar to Gettier’s.

DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 143-154 TOP: Chapter 2: Is It Reasonable to Believe Without Evidence?

MSC: Understanding 5. How does Williamson argue that mental content is not simply internal?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should include discussion of Williamson’s pilot example.

In particular a valid response should discuss Williamson’s claim that the beliefs of the two pilots seem to be in large part dependent upon the planet that they happen to inhabit, instead of just the features of their internal psychology.

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 149-154 MSC: Understanding

TOP: Knowledge and Belief, Williamson

Chapter 4 How Can We Know About What We Have Not Observed?

TRUE/FALSE 1. Strawson thinks that induction can be justified.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: p. 181-182 TOP: The "Justification" of Induction, Strawson | Chapter 4: How Can We Know About What We Have Not Observed?

MSC: Understanding 2. The problem with “grue” is that it would mean that emeralds change color.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Difficult REF: p.194 TOP: The New Riddle of Induction, Goodman | Chapter 4: How Can We Know About What We Have Not Observed?

MSC: Understanding 3. According to Harman, all inferences to the best explanation are valid.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: pp. 201-203 TOP: The Inference to the Best Explanation, Harman | Chapter 4: How Can We Know About What We Have Not Observed?

MSC: Analyzing MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. According to Hume, all reasonings concerning matters of fact depend upon what relation? a. The relation of part to whole b. The relation of past to present c. The relation of present to future d. The relation of cause and effect ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: p. 167 TOP: Sceptical Doubts Concerning the Operations of the Understanding, Hume | Chapter 4: How Can We Know About What We Have Not Observed?

MSC: Remembering 2. Hume's challenge against our inductive (experience-based) inferences rests on what

assumption? a. The future will be like the past. b. The future will not be like the past. c. There are only two ways to defend a claim via reasoning. d. There is no such thing as causation.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: p. 171-172 TOP: Sceptical Doubts Concerning the Operations of the Understanding, Hume | Chapter 4: How Can We Know About What We Have Not Observed?

MSC: Evaluating

3. If you were to observe that a particular kind of event X is always preceded by a particular kind

of event Y, what would Hume say you can reasonably infer? a. b. c. d.

Y events cause X events.

X events are correlated with Y events.

The next Y event will be followed by an X event.

You cannot reasonably infer anything.

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: p. 172-174 TOP: Sceptical Doubts Concerning the Operations of the Understanding, Hume | Chapter 4: How Can We Know About What We Have Not Observed?

MSC: Applying 4. According to Hume, the problem we face when trying to justify our reliance on the assumption

that the future will be like the past is that a. b. c. d.

any demonstrative argument for this will be circular. any moral argument for this will be circular. any demonstrative argument for this will be too complex. any moral argument for this will be too complex.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p.172 TOP: Sceptical Doubts Concerning the Operations of the Understanding, Hume | Chapter 4: How Can We Know About What We Have Not Observed?

MSC: Understanding 5. Strawson claims that we are justified in thinking that a method of reasoning is successful when a. b. c. d.

it includes repeated trials. it has deductive support. it has inductive support. there is proof that it works.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: pp. 182-183 TOP: The "Justification" of Induction, Strawson | Chapter 4: How Can We Know About What We Have Not Observed?

MSC: Understanding 6. What would Strawson say about the person who is skeptical of whether we can be reasonable in

accepting the conclusions of inductive arguments? a. b. c. d.

The person does not understand what it means to be reasonable.

The person needs to have a strong argument to support this skepticism.

The person is committed to questioning deductive arguments, too.

The person must rely on induction to do this questioning.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: p. 182 TOP: The "Justification" of Induction, Strawson | Chapter 4: How Can We Know About What We Have Not Observed?

MSC: Applying 7. Why does Strawson think that appealing to probability cannot justify induction? a. It is too complicated. b. It is too simple. c. We lack information about the population in question.

d. We do not have a sufficiently large sample.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 180-181 TOP: The "Justification" of Induction, Strawson | Chapter 4: How Can We Know About What We Have Not Observed?

MSC: Understanding 8. Goodman claims that the justification of deductive inferences is a. b. c. d.

Unsatisfactory.

Circular.

Infallible.

Impossible.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: pp. 189-190 TOP: The New Riddle of Induction, Goodman | Chapter 4: How Can We Know About What We Have Not Observed?

MSC: Remembering 9. What is paradoxical about the paradox of the ravens? a. It seems that things that are not ravens can provide evidence about the color of

ravens. b. It seems that ravens can provide evidence about the color of things that are not

ravens. c. It seems that ravens will be one color before a certain time and a different color after. d. It seems that we have no reason to prefer thinking that all ravens are black rather

than all ravens are “bleen.”

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: p. 192 TOP: The New Riddle of Induction, Goodman | Chapter 4: How Can We Know About What We Have Not Observed?

MSC: Evaluating 10. According to Goodman, if we accept that confirmation embraces the converse relation, then a. we end up with the new riddle of induction. b. we end up claiming that nothing confirms anything. c. we end up claiming that everything confirms everything. d. we end up claiming that only familiar predicates confirm things.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: p. 191 TOP: The New Riddle of Induction, Goodman | Chapter 4: How Can We Know About What We Have Not Observed?

MSC: Understanding 11. One thing that makes the new riddle of induction so challenging is that it seems that predicates

like "green" and "grue" a. mean the same thing. b. are equally simple. c. can be used in lawlike statements. d. fail to be projectable.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: p. 193-196 TOP: The New Riddle of Induction, Goodman | Chapter 4: How Can We Know About What We Have Not Observed?

MSC: Analyzing 12. Harman claims that inference to the best explanation involves inferring that a particular claim is

true because

a. b. c. d.

it is the only explanation of the relevant evidence. it is a good explanation of the relevant evidence. it is better than all other explanations of the relevant evidence. it follows deductively from the relevant evidence.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: p. 202 TOP: The Inference to the Best Explanation, Harman | Chapter 4: How Can We Know About What We Have Not Observed?

MSC: Understanding 13. How would Harman argue that the following instance of enumerative induction is an instance of

inference to the best explanation: all observed emeralds have been green, so the next observed emerald will be green? a. The best explanation of our observation of green emeralds is that there is something about emeralds that causes them to be green. b. The best explanation of our observation of green emeralds is that we have been looking for green emeralds specifically. c. The best explanation of our observation of green emeralds is that we do not call emeralds that are not green "emeralds." d. The best explanation of our observation of green emeralds is that we have only looked for emeralds in specific places.

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: pp. 203-204 TOP: The Inference to the Best Explanation, Harman | Chapter 4: How Can We Know About What We Have Not Observed?

MSC: Applying 14. Which of the following would pose a problem for Harman's argument? a. An instance of warranted inference to the best explanation that could be explained as

enumerative induction b. An instance of warranted enumerative induction that could not be explained as inference to the best explanation c. An instance of warranted inference to the best explanation that yields a false conclusion d. An instance of warranted enumerative induction that yields a false conclusion ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: p. 205-207 TOP: The Inference to the Best Explanation, Harman | Chapter 4: How Can We Know About What We Have Not Observed?

MSC: Evaluating COMPLETION 1. Hume thinks that all inferences from experience assume _____.

ANS: the future will be conformable to the past DIF: Difficult REF: p. 171 TOP: Sceptical Doubts Concerning the Operations of the Understanding, Hume | Chapter 4: How Can We Know About What We Have Not Observed?

MSC: Understanding 2. Strawson suggests that one might try to take the phrase “____” to be the supreme premise of

inductions.

ANS: nature is uniform DIF: Medium REF: p. 179 TOP: The "Justification" of Induction, Strawson | Chapter 4: How Can We Know About What We Have Not Observed?

MSC: Remembering 3. Harman suggests that taking account of ____ is good inductive practice in general.

ANS: total evidence DIF: Difficult REF: p. 203 TOP: The Inference to the Best Explanation, Harman | Chapter 4: How Can We Know About What We Have Not Observed?

MSC: Remembering ESSAY 1. According to Harman, warranted instances of enumerative induction are really instances of

inference to the best explanation. How might this understanding of induction help solve the problem of induction raised by Hume?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include a discussion of Hume's expression of the problem of induction. In particular, a valid response should/might include his concerns that the only way to justify induction is to assume that nature is uniform, which leads to circularity.

Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of how Harman argues that warranted instances of induction are really inferences to the best explanation. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of how applying Harman's claims about inference to the best explanation could be thought to provide justification for induction that is not circular.

DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 166-174, 201-207 TOP: Chapter 4: How Can We Know About What We Have Not Observed?

MSC: Applying 2. Why does Strawson claim that induction will be a rational form of inference regardless of what

the world is like?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Strawson's claims about the nature of rationality. In particular, a valid response should/might include discussion of Strawson's claim that by "rational" we just mean inductively supported. Further, a valid response should/might include discussion of Strawson's example of a chaotic world and how in that world induction is still rational, but that we simply cannot make warranted inductive inferences.

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 178-185 MSC: Understanding

TOP: The "Justification" of Induction, Strawson

3. Goodman admits that justifying deductive inferences by their conformity to valid rules and

justifying rules by their conformity to valid inferences is circular. However, he maintains that this circularity is "virtuous" rather than vicious. What makes this kind of circularity virtuous rather than vicious?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Goodman’s claims that the inferences are not justified directly by way of inferences; they have to go through the intermediate step of rules (and vice versa for rules). Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Goodman's description of this process of making careful mutual adjustments to both inferences and rules. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of how this sort of circularity (mutual dependence/support among rules and inferences) seems importantly different than simply relying on induction to support induction.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: pp. 187-197

TOP: The New Riddle of Induction, Goodman

4. What sort of missing lemmas would Harman claim are present in the following inference: all

observed ravens have been black, so the next raven observed will be black?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of how Harman claims that we must be relying on lemmas that rule out alternative explanations from being as plausible as the conclusion that we infer. For instance, a valid response should/might include discussion of the fact that it seems we must rely on the assumption that our sampling was not biased in some way. Furthermore, a valid response should/might include discussion of how we are assuming that ravens are all alike in certain ways due to their biological natures.

DIF: Medium MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 201-207

TOP: The Inference to the Best Explanation, Harman

5. What is the paradox of the ravens? Why is it thought to be paradoxical?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Goodman's discussion of this paradox. In particular, a valid response should/might include discussion of how "all ravens are black" is logically equivalent to "all non-black things are non-ravens." Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of the fact that it seems that any evidence in support of a claim also supports any logically equivalent claim. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of the fact that it seems very strange to think that observing something like a white piece of chalk confirms the claim that all ravens are black.

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 187-197 MSC: Understanding

TOP: The New Riddle of Induction, Goodman

Chapter 5 How Can You Know Your Own Mind or the Mind of Another Person?

TRUE/FALSE 1. Kripke thinks that we can explore the problem of other minds by considering whether an object

has a sensation without appealing to "self" or "mind." a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Difficult REF: p. 226-227 TOP: Wittgenstein and Other Minds, Kripke | Chapter 5: How Can You Know Your Own Mind or the Mind of Another Person?

MSC: Understanding 2. Merleau-Ponty claims that we can only be free by using language.

a. True b. False ANS: T DIF: Difficult REF: p.231 TOP: Man Seen From the Outside, Merleau-Ponty | Chapter 5: How Can You Know Your Own Mind or the Mind of Another Person?

MSC: Understanding 3. Armstrong denies that we have both minds and bodies.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 240 TOP: Introspection, Armstrong | Chapter 5: How Can You Know Your Own Mind or the Mind of Another Person?

MSC: Understanding 4. Paul thinks that the inner-sense theory is an economical hypothesis.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: p. 244 TOP: John Doe and Richard Roe, Paul | Chapter 5: How Can You Know Your Own Mind or the Mind of Another Person?

MSC: Understanding MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. One problem for Russell's argument by analogy is that a. we cannot be sure there are thoughts. b. we cannot be sure we have behaviors. c. we cannot be sure which of our thoughts cause our behaviors. d. we cannot be sure that there are other people.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: pp. 219-220 TOP: The Argument From Analogy, Russell | Chapter 5: How Can You Know Your Own Mind or the Mind of Another Person?

MSC: Evaluating 2. Which skeptical threat poses the greatest challenge for Russell's argument?

a. b. c. d.

Skepticism about the world around us Skepticism about induction Skepticism about science Skepticism about deduction

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 219-220 TOP: The Argument From Analogy, Russell | Chapter 5: How Can You Know Your Own Mind or the Mind of Another Person?

MSC: Applying 3. Russell thinks that one a. can be certain that other minds exist. b. cannot be certain that one's own mind exists. c. cannot be certain that other minds exist. d. can be certain that only one's own mind exists.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: pp. 219-220 TOP: The Argument From Analogy, Russell | Chapter 5: How Can You Know Your Own Mind or the Mind of Another Person?

MSC: Understanding 4. Being human is a. an accidental property of you. b. an essential property of you. c. an eliminative property of you. d. an alienable property of you.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 223 TOP: Wittgenstein and Other Minds, Kripke | Chapter 5: How Can You Know Your Own Mind or the Mind of Another Person?

MSC: Applying 5. Kripke claims that Wittgenstein's verificationist leanings led him to think that a. the problem of other minds cannot be solved because we cannot verify other minds. b. we cannot reasonably believe that we have minds because we cannot verify this. c. behavior is the only way to reasonably attribute sensations to others. d. solipsism is true because we cannot verify anything else.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 224 TOP: Wittgenstein and Other Minds, Kripke | Chapter 5: How Can You Know Your Own Mind or the Mind of Another Person?

MSC: Understanding 6. How could one try to respond to the view that Kripke ascribes to Hume and Wittgenstein, which

says that we are not aware of a self but only particular sensations? a. Point out that we can infer that there is a self from sensations. b. Point out that any time we are in pain we are directly aware of a self. c. Point out that we use the term "I" in perfectly understandable ways when thinking of sensations. d. Point out that we have hopes and fears about the sensations that could occur.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 222-227 TOP: Wittgenstein and Other Minds, Kripke | Chapter 5: How Can You Know Your Own Mind or the Mind of Another Person?

MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating 7. Merleau-Ponty claims that we only come to know ourselves by a. careful self-reflection.

b. years of study. c. having contact with other people. d. having therapy.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: p. 230 TOP: Man Seen From the Outside, Merleau-Ponty | Chapter 5: How Can You Know Your Own Mind or the Mind of Another Person?

MSC: Remembering 8. According to Merleau-Ponty, our self-knowledge is a. immediate and infallible. b. the result of self-reflection. c. a cognitive illusion. d. always mediated.

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: p. 231 TOP: Man Seen From the Outside, Merleau-Ponty | Chapter 5: How Can You Know Your Own Mind or the Mind of Another Person?

MSC: Understanding 9. One might challenge Merleau-Ponty's view of our self-knowledge by a. questioning whether immaterial minds exist. b. questioning whether we learn about our minds by observing behavior. c. questioning whether we learn language from others. d. questioning whether we have mental lives at all.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: p. 230-232 TOP: Man Seen From the Outside, Merleau-Ponty | Chapter 5: How Can You Know Your Own Mind or the Mind of Another Person?

MSC: Evaluating 10. Merleau-Ponty claims that emotions like anger a. are not real. b. exist only in our understanding. c. are rooted in our unconscious. d. cannot be separated from our body.

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: p. 229 TOP: Man Seen From the Outside, Merleau-Ponty | Chapter 5: How Can You Know Your Own Mind or the Mind of Another Person?

MSC: Analyzing 11. Armstrong claims that introspection always ends with a. a state that cannot be introspected. b. a state that could be, but is not, introspected. c. a state of awareness that is beyond normal introspection. d. a state that gives rise to the notion of a "self."

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 234 TOP: Introspection, Armstrong | Chapter 5: How Can You Know Your Own Mind or the Mind of Another Person?

MSC: Understanding 12. Which of the following would Armstrong think is an instance of inferential knowledge? a. Knowledge of the position of your body in space. b. Knowledge of what a book looks like. c. Knowledge of your own mental states. d. Knowledge of the sun revolving around the earth.

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: p. 237 TOP: Introspection, Armstrong | Chapter 5: How Can You Know Your Own Mind or the Mind of Another Person?

MSC: Applying 13. Armstrong's argument that introspection is not logically dependent upon language depends

upon the assumption that a. language is a human construction. b. small children have introspection. c. culture influences our ability to introspect. d. we do not use language when we introspect.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: pp. 233-234 TOP: Introspection, Armstrong | Chapter 5: How Can You Know Your Own Mind or the Mind of Another Person?

MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating 14. According to Paul, the main problem with accepting "No evidence," "Infallible," and

"First-Personal" is that together they make it so that a. we lack self-knowledge. b. we can never be mistaken about our own mental states. c. we cannot have knowledge of other people's minds. d. we cannot be sure that our mental state is what we think.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 242 TOP: John Doe and Richard Roe, Paul | Chapter 5: How Can You Know Your Own Mind or the Mind of Another Person?

MSC: Understanding 15. One way to challenge Paul's defense of theory-theory is to a. question whether "Infallible" is true. b. question whether we do gain self-knowledge through therapy. c. question whether we can have genuine knowledge of other minds. d. question whether solipsism is true.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: p. 243-244 TOP: John Doe and Richard Roe, Paul | Chapter 5: How Can You Know Your Own Mind or the Mind of Another Person?

MSC: Evaluating 16. Which of these would Paul take to be evidence in support of the theory-theory over the

inner-sense view? a. The fact that your knowledge of your own mental states comes very easily. b. The fact that you at times engage in inner speech. c. The fact that you cannot rationally form beliefs about your own mental states. d. The fact that you have to have special access to your own mental states.

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: p. 244 TOP: John Doe and Richard Roe, Paul | Chapter 5: How Can You Know Your Own Mind or the Mind of Another Person?

MSC: Applying 17. Paul's argument depends on showing that the theory-theory is a. certainly true. b. a better explanation than common wisdom and inner-sense theory. c. the only explanation available for our self-knowledge. d. an explanation that is extravagant in the right ways and economical in the right

ways.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 242-246 TOP: John Doe and Richard Roe, Paul | Chapter 5: How Can You Know Your Own Mind or the Mind of Another Person?

MSC: Analyzing 18. One might challenge Byrne's response to external world skepticism by pointing out that

according to the skeptic the relevant evidence is not evidence about your sensory experiences, but rather a. evidence about your thoughts. b. the sensory experiences themselves. c. evidence that you have through reason alone. d. evidence from common sense.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: pp. 250-251 TOP: Skepticism About the Internal World, Byrne | Chapter 5: How Can You Know Your Own Mind or the Mind of Another Person?

MSC: Evaluating 19. According to Byrne, if you wanted to challenge the claim that your seeing Sam at the store

during class time supports thinking that Sam skipped class, you could argue that a. Sam does not typically go to class. b. Sam does not usually go to the store. c. Sam has an identical twin. d. Sam almost always goes to class.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 252 TOP: Skepticism About the Internal World, Byrne | Chapter 5: How Can You Know Your Own Mind or the Mind of Another Person?

MSC: Applying 20. How might one defend the objection that the mindless hypothesis is incoherent from Byrne's

response? a. Point out that the mindless hypothesis does not make sense b. Point out that if you can think about the mindless hypothesis, it must be false c. Point out that the mindless hypothesis is necessarily false d. Point out that if you can have self-knowledge, the mindless hypothesis must be false ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 255 TOP: Skepticism About the Internal World, Byrne | Chapter 5: How Can You Know Your Own Mind or the Mind of Another Person?

MSC: Applying COMPLETION 1. According to Russell, we come up with _____ connecting our thoughts with our actions.

ANS: causal laws DIF: Medium REF: p. 219 TOP: The Argument From Analogy, Russell | Chapter 5: How Can You Know Your Own Mind or the Mind of Another Person?

MSC: Understanding 2. Russell thinks that physics does not require knowledge of other minds but does require

knowledge of _____.

ANS: space-time structure/structure DIF: Difficult REF: p. 217 TOP: The Argument From Analogy, Russell | Chapter 5: How Can You Know Your Own Mind or the Mind of Another Person?

MSC: Remembering 3. Kripke claims that ____ ascribe minds to all material things.

ANS: panpsychists DIF: Medium REF: p. 221 TOP: Wittgenstein and Other Minds, Kripke | Chapter 5: How Can You Know Your Own Mind or the Mind of Another Person?

MSC: Remembering 4. Armstrong thinks that ____ provides a good model of introspection.

ANS: bodily perception/proprioception DIF: Medium REF: p. 235 TOP: Introspection, Armstrong | Chapter 5: How Can You Know Your Own Mind or the Mind of Another Person?

MSC: Remembering 5. According to Byrne, external world skepticism and other skeptical problems arise because our

evidence is _____ with various hypotheses.

ANS: compatible DIF: Easy REF: p. 250 TOP: Skepticism About the Internal World, Byrne | Chapter 5: How Can You Know Your Own Mind or the Mind of Another Person?

MSC: Remembering 6. Byrne thinks that one can defeat external world skepticism by pointing out that non-human

animals have sensory experiences, but they do not _____that they have sensory experiences.

ANS: know DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 250-251 TOP: Skepticism About the Internal World, Byrne | Chapter 5: How Can You Know Your Own Mind or the Mind of Another Person?

MSC: Understanding ESSAY 1. How would Armstrong respond to Merleau-Ponty's claim that our self-knowledge is mediated

by language?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should include discussion of Merleau-Ponty's argument for thinking that self-knowledge is mediated by language. Additionally, a valid response should include discussion of Armstrong's argument for thinking that introspection is logically independent of language. A valid response should/might also include discussion of how Armstrong might plausibly argue that since children and animals can introspect without language, they can come to have self-knowledge without the use of language. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of how Merleau-Ponty could respond to this challenge by questioning whether introspection automatically leads to self-knowledge.

DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 228-240 TOP: Chapter 5: How Can You Know Your Own Mind or the Mind of Another?

MSC: Applying/Evaluating 2. How does Russell argue that automata cannot fool us into thinking that they have minds?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Russell's argument that the causal laws of observable behavior give us grounds for inferring the existence of (or lack of) other minds. In particular a valid response should/might include discussion of Russell's claims about the human response to repeated instances of the same stimulus as opposed to an automaton's response to the same sort of situation.

DIF: Easy REF: pp. 217-220 MSC: Understanding

TOP: The Argument from Analogy, Russell

3. Why does Paul think that the theory-theory is superior to the inner-sense theory?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of what both the inner-sense theory claims and what the theory-theory claims. Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of problems for the inner-sense theory, such as its extravagance as a hypothesis and the challenge that the impossibility of rational self-blindness poses for the theory. Furthermore, a valid response should/might include discussion of some of the evidence that Paul claims supports the theory-theory, such as our gaining self-knowledge through therapy and our use of inner speech as a source of evidence concerning our own mental lives.

DIF: Medium MSC: Evaluating

REF: pp. 241-247

TOP: John Doe and Richard Roe, Paul

4. Kripke discusses both Hume's and Wittgenstein's view that there is no self that we find through

introspection, as well as their inference from this to the conclusion that there is no self. How might Armstrong's claims about the nature of introspection and the "elusiveness of the subject" be used to challenge Hume and Wittgenstein on this point?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should include discussion of Kripke's discussion of Hume’s and Wittgenstein's reasons for thinking there is no self present in introspection, as well as their concluding from this that there is no self. Additionally, a valid response should include discussion of Armstrong's claims about the nature of introspection and how there is no logically necessary elusiveness involved in introspection. Further, a valid response should/might include discussion of how Armstrong's claims about introspection can provide grounds for thinking that even though there is a self, we should not expect to be introspectively aware it.

DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 221-227; 233-240 TOP: Chapter 5: How Can You Know Your Own Mind or the Mind of Another?

MSC: Evaluating 5. Byrne attempts to defend the "liking" hypothesis by suggesting that you think you like

chocolate because the chocolate tastes good. As he says, "That is a fact about the chocolate, not you." How might you object to Byrne on the basis that some people do not like chocolate and some people do?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Byrne's claim that one's knowing that one likes chocolate is based solely on evidence about one's environment, that is on evidence about the taste of the chocolate. Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of the fact that since there is disagreement about whether chocolate tastes good or not, there is evidence concerning whether one likes chocolate that seems to go beyond just evidence about the taste of the chocolate itself. In other words, a valid response should/might object to Byrne's claim on the grounds that it seems that additional things, such as one's preferences, must be added to the information that comes solely from the taste of the chocolate in order for one to know that one likes chocolate.

DIF: Medium MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 248-255

TOP: Skepticism About the Internal World, Byrne

Chapter 6 How Can We Know About the External World?

TRUE/FALSE 1. Hume thinks that we are rational in believing that objects continue to exist over time because

our nature makes it so that we must believe this. a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: p. 269 TOP: Of Scepticism With Regard to the Senses, Hume | Chapter 6: How Can We Know About the External World?

MSC: Understanding 2. Moore thinks he has proved to the skeptic that he has hands.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 282-283 TOP: Proof of an External World, Moore | Chapter 6: How Can We Know About the External World?

MSC: Analyzing 3. When a detective solves a crime by figuring out that a particular criminal is guilty because that

fits all of the evidence, the detective is engaging in inference to the best explanation. a. True b. False ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: p. 287 TOP: Skepticism and Inference to the Best Explanation, Vogel | Chapter 6: How Can We Know About the External World?

MSC: Applying 4. Langton's view is a form of limited skepticism.

a. True b. False ANS: T DIF: Difficult REF: p. 301 TOP: Ignorance of Things in Themselves, Langton | Chapter 6: How Can We Know About the External World?

MSC: Analyzing MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. One reason that Descartes thinks that dreaming is not a fully effective skeptical possibility is

that a. b. c. d.

we do not always dream. dreams can be true. the things we dream come from imagination. the things we dream come from things that are real.

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: p. 265 TOP: Meditation I: What Can Be Called Into Doubt, Descartes | Chapter 6: How Can We Know About the External World?

MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating

2. Descartes claims that the more one doubts that God created him, the more likely it is that a. a demon is deceiving him. b. life is all a dream. c. he is deceived all the time. d. God is good.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 266 TOP: Meditation I: What Can Be Called Into Doubt, Descartes | Chapter 6: How Can We Know About the External World?

MSC: Understanding 3. Descartes's possibility that our beliefs are caused by the deception of a demon seems to threaten a. only beliefs about the external world. b. only beliefs about mathematics and geometry. c. most of our beliefs. d. only general beliefs like "The world is like I think it is."

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: pp. 266-267 TOP: Meditation I: What Can Be Called Into Doubt, Descartes | Chapter 6: How Can We Know About the External World?

MSC: Applying 4. Hume claims that the skeptic still continues to reason and a. argue. b. believe. c. criticize. d. doubt.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 269 TOP: Of Scepticism With Regard to the Senses, Hume | Chapter 6: How Can We Know About the External World?

MSC: Remembering 5. Hume suggests that the assumption that objects are permanent can be argued for on the basis of a. deductive reasoning. b. enumerative induction. c. explanatory grounds. d. demonstration.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: p. 273 TOP: Of Scepticism With Regard to the Senses, Hume | Chapter 6: How Can We Know About the External World?

MSC: Evaluating 6. How might one challenge Hume's claim that the senses cannot give right to our notion of the

continued existence of the objects of our sensations? a. Point out that any sensation is extended in duration, so the object of the sensation must exist over time. b. Point out that we use our imagination to think about how an object would have to be for us to have the sensations that we do. c. Point out that we can use our reason to infer that the object that we see now is the same as the one we saw before. d. Point out that we naturally form this notion as a result of our having certain kinds of sensations.

ANS: A

DIF: Difficult

REF: pp. 269-270

TOP: Of Scepticism With Regard to the Senses, Hume | Chapter 6: How Can We Know About the External World?

MSC: Evaluating 7. Moore claims that Kant's proof of things external to our minds is a. conclusive. b. satisfactory. c. unsatisfactory. d. sound.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 279 TOP: Proof of an External World, Moore | Chapter 6: How Can We Know About the External World?

MSC: Understanding 8. According to Moore, there are how many conditions for rigorous proof? a. One b. Two c. Three d. Four ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: p. 280 TOP: Proof of an External World, Moore | Chapter 6: How Can We Know About the External World?

MSC: Remembering 9. One might challenge Moore's proof of an external world by questioning a. whether the premise he appeals to actually supports his conclusion. b. whether he really knows that he has hands. c. whether he can be certain that his conclusion is really different from his premise. d. whether he can be certain that his argument is valid.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 280 TOP: Proof of an External World, Moore | Chapter 6: How Can We Know About the External World?

MSC: Evaluating 10. Moore admits that he cannot prove that he is not dreaming, but he thinks that a. he can prove that he is not deceived by a demon. b. he can prove that he has hands. c. he has conclusive evidence for thinking that he has hands. d. he has conclusive evidence for thinking that he cannot prove that external objects

exist.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 283 TOP: Proof of an External World, Moore | Chapter 6: How Can We Know About the External World?

MSC: Understanding 11. According to Vogel, the premise "You have no reason at all to believe that your sensory

experiences arise in one way rather than another" supports the skeptical conclusion "You have no knowledge of the world around you" because a. it satisfies the truth requirement. b. it satisfies the underdetermination principle. c. it satisfies the explanationism principle. d. it satisfies the a priori principle.

ANS: B

DIF: Medium

REF: pp. 285-286

TOP: Skepticism and Inference to the Best Explanation, Vogel | Chapter 6: How Can We Know About the External World?

MSC: Understanding 12. Which of the following is a way of challenging Vogel's response to skepticism? a. Arguing that there is no real world hypothesis b. Arguing that there are no skeptical hypotheses c. Arguing that simplicity does not make for a better explanation d. Arguing that skeptical hypotheses are ad hoc ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: p. 289 TOP: Skepticism and Inference to the Best Explanation, Vogel | Chapter 6: How Can We Know About the External World?

MSC: Evaluating 13. Vogel thinks that the Moorean response is problematic because a. it is like arguing that a thermometer is working properly by using that same

thermometer. b. it is simply assuming that skepticism is mistaken. c. it is employing circular reasoning. d. it is simply giving a nice name to something that we simply assume.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: p. 286 TOP: Skepticism and Inference to the Best Explanation, Vogel| Chapter 6: How Can We Know About the External World?

MSC: Analyzing 14. According to Langton, Kant thinks the shape of an object is an extrinsic property because a. it affects how the object relates to other objects. b. it affects whether the object has certain dispositions such as being bouncy. c. it is a matter of relations between the object's parts. d. it is a matter of features of the object that would exist even if the object were

isolated.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: pp. 298-299 TOP: Ignorance of Things in Themselves, Langton | Chapter 6: How Can We Know About the External World?

MSC: Understanding 15. One way to challenge Langton's claim that humility is not the same as skepticism is to a. question whether we can truly know relational properties without knowing the

underlying intrinsic properties. b. question whether we can truly know intrinsic properties at all. c. question whether we can truly know extrinsic properties without interacting with objects. d. question whether we can truly know if an object has any intrinsic properties.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 300-301 TOP: Ignorance of Things in Themselves, Langton | Chapter 6: How Can We Know About the External World?

MSC: Evaluating 16. Which of these is an example of what Langton would say is an intrinsic property? a. Being green b. Being fast c. Being heavy d. Being cubical

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: pp. 297-298 TOP: Ignorance of Things in Themselves, Langton | Chapter 6: How Can We Know About the External World?

MSC: Applying 17. According to Langton, on Kant's view the extrinsic properties of objects are a. things in themselves. b. phenomena. c. non-relational. d. substance.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 295 TOP: Ignorance of Things in Themselves, Langton | Chapter 6: How Can We Know About the External World?

MSC: Understanding COMPLETION 1. According to Descartes, our senses _____ deceive us.

ANS: sometimes/from time to time DIF: Easy REF: p. 264 TOP: Meditation I: What Can Be Called Into Doubt, Descartes | Chapter 6: How Can We Know About the External World MSC: Remembering 2. Descartes claims that dreaming calls into doubt all but the simplest and _____ things.

ANS: most general DIF: Difficult REF: p. 265 TOP: Meditation I: What Can Be Called Into Doubt, Descartes | Chapter 6: How Can We Know About the External World?

MSC: Understanding 3. According to Hume, our opinion that objects persist over time comes from our _____.

ANS: imagination DIF: Medium REF: p. 271 TOP: Of Scepticism With Regard to the Senses, Hume | Chapter 6: How Can We Know About the External World?

MSC: Understanding 4. Vogel thinks that____ provides a good response to external world skepticism.

ANS: explanationism/inference to the best explanation DIF: Medium REF: p. 287 TOP: Skepticism and Inference to the Best Explanation, Vogel | Chapter 6: How Can We Know About the External World?

MSC: Remembering ESSAY

1. Why does Hume argue that the opinion that some objects or perceptions are identical after an

interruption cannot come from reason, but must instead come from imagination?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should include discussion of Hume's claims concerning the "vulgar" supposition that perceptions are the only objects, and the belief that matter continues to exist when it is not observed. Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Hume's claim that these two claims lead to a contradiction and so cannot be the product of reason. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Hume's claim that such a position must arise from imagination since it is contradictory.

DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 273-274 MSC: Understanding

TOP: Of Scepticism with Regard to the Senses, Hume

2. Moore offers a proof of the external world. How might someone who is convinced by the sort of

skeptical doubts that Descartes raises object to Moore's proof?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Moore's proof for the external world. In particular, a valid response should/might include discussion of Moore's reliance on the claim that he knows that “here is a hand” and “here is another hand.”

Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of how Descartes's dreaming hypothesis and/or his demon hypothesis both challenge whether Moore (or anyone) knows things like this. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of how one might think that the sort of worries that Descartes raises makes it unclear if the key premises of Moore's argument are true.

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 264-267, 278-283 TOP: Chapter 6: How Can We Know About the External World?

MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating 3. How is the Moorean view that Vogel discusses different than Moore's proof of an external

world and what Moore says about his proof?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Moore's proof of an external world and his claims that he does not (and cannot) provide a proof (that would satisfy the skeptic) for the claim that he has hands. Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of how Vogel characterizes the Moorean view. In particular, a valid response should/might include discussion of how Vogel claims that the Moorean view involves arguing that one can know that one is not deceived (dreaming, for example) on the basis of how things appear. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of how the Moorean view seems to offer a proof (that satisfies skeptical standards) for something that Moore claims a proof cannot be given (i.e., the claim that one has hands).

DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 278-291 TOP: Chapter 6: How Can We Know About the External World?

MSC: Evaluating 4. Provide your own example of a situation where inference to the best explanation can be

employed to support believing a conclusion.

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should include discussion of an example where inference to the best explanation can be legitimately employed. Specifically, a valid response should/might include discussion of a situation where there are various facts that need to be explained, and where there is a hypothesis at hand that offers a good explanation of those facts.

Furthermore, a valid response should/might include discussion of why the explanation that is inferred is superior to the rival explanations that are available.

DIF: Easy REF: pp. 284-291 TOP: Skepticism and Inference to the Best Explanation, Vogel

MSC: Applying

5. Why does Langton claim that Kant's "humility" is different from skepticism?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Langton's explanation of Kantian humility as our ignorance of things in themselves (i.e., of their intrinsic natures).

Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Langton's point that many of the things we take ourselves to know about the world around us concern extrinsic properties of objects (how they relate to other objects). Further, a valid response should/might point out that skepticism denies that we know these extrinsic properties of objects, but Kantian humility allows that we have knowledge of them.

DIF: Medium MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 292-301

TOP: Ignorance of Things in Themselves, Langton

Chapter 7 Is Mind Material?

TRUE/FALSE 1. Elisabeth thinks that movement requires pushing.

a. True b. False ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: p. 320 TOP: Correspondence with Descartes, Elisabeth | Chapter 7: Is Mind Material?

MSC: Understanding 2. Arnauld thinks that God is not omnipotent.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: p. 322 TOP: Fourth Set of Objections, Arnauld | Chapter 7: Is Mind Material?

MSC: Applying 3. Ryle claims that according to the official doctrine, minds exist in time.

a. True b. False ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: p. 327 TOP: Descartes' Myth, Ryle | Chapter 7: Is Mind Material?

MSC: Understanding

4. Smart thinks that he has refuted epiphenomenalism.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: p. 340 TOP: Sensations and Brain Processes, Smart | Chapter 7: Is Mind Material?

MSC: Analyzing 5. If successful, Searle's argument shows that machines cannot think.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Difficult REF: p. 345 TOP: Can Computers Think? Searle | Chapter 7: Is Mind Material?

MSC: Understanding MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. According to Descartes, he can exist a. as long as he does not sleep. b. as long as he is not shot. c. without his body. d. without his soul.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: p. 318 TOP: Meditation II and VI, Descartes | Chapter 7: Is Mind Material?

MSC: Understanding 2. What is the "common” sense that Descartes talks about? a. Knowing basic things that everyone knows b. Having enough intelligence to survive everyday life c. A faculty that integrates the information from the five senses d. A sensory apparatus shared by all people ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 316 TOP: Meditation II and VI, Descartes | Chapter 7: Is Mind Material?

MSC: Remembering 3. Descartes thinks that body and mind are distinct because a. animals have bodies. b. we talk about both our mind and our body. c. we can imagine a mind being in different bodies. d. body is divisible, but mind is not.

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: p. 318 TOP: Meditation II and VI, Descartes | Chapter 7: Is Mind Material?

MSC: Understanding 4. The purpose of Descartes's wax example is a. to show that mind and body are distinct. b. to show that body is divisible. c. to show that extension is essential to body. d. to show that thinking is essential to mind.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 313-314 TOP: Meditation II and VI, Descartes | Chapter 7: Is Mind Material?

MSC: Analyzing 5. Descartes could respond to the objection that damage to our brain seems to affect our mind by

claiming that a. this is accounted for by an interference in the signal from brain to mind. b. this is accounted for by recognizing our mind is housed in our brain. c. this is accounted for by the mind's sensitivity to all of our body. d. this is accounted for by the brain’s divisibility.

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: pp. 318-319 TOP: Meditation II and VI, Descartes | Chapter 7: Is Mind Material?

MSC: Applying 6. Elisabeth thinks that which of these is required for movement? a. Intention b. Body c. Mind d. Will ANS: B

DIF: Medium

REF: p. 320

TOP: Correspondence with Descartes, Elisabeth | Chapter 7: Is Mind Material?

MSC: Understanding 7. Elisabeth's primary worry is a. how the mind can be indivisible. b. how the body can be extended. c. how an immaterial thing can affect material things. d. how the mind can be aware of the body.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 320 TOP: Correspondence with Descartes, Elisabeth | Chapter 7: Is Mind Material?

MSC: Analyzing 8. How might one challenge Elisabeth's claims about the determination of movement? a. Point out that gravity seems to yield movement without one thing pushing another. b. Point out that we can use our willpower to determine whether to move or not. c. Point out that immaterial things can move material things. d. Point out that material things can move immaterial things.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: p. 320 TOP: Correspondence with Descartes, Elisabeth | Chapter 7: Is Mind Material?

MSC: Applying/Evaluating 9. According to Arnauld, someone who knows that a particular triangle is right-angled is a. not certain that it has a right angle in it. b. more certain that it has a right angle in it than that he exists. c. just as certain that it has a right angle in it as he is that he exists. d. less certain that it has a right angle in it than that he exists.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 324 TOP: Fourth Set of Objections, Arnauld | Chapter 7: Is Mind Material?

MSC: Understanding 10. One might challenge Arnauld by arguing that a. the property of satisfying the Pythagorean theorem is the same as being a right

triangle. b. the property of having a right angle is not essential to being a right triangle. c. the property of existing is essential to thinking. d. the property of thinking is essential to existing.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 322-324 TOP: Fourth Set of Objections, Arnauld | Chapter 7: Is Mind Material?

MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating 11. Arnauld thinks that a. being extended is essential to his nature. b. being extended is not essential to his nature. c. being extended might be essential to his nature. d. being extended is contrary to his essential nature.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 324 TOP: Fourth Set of Objections, Arnauld | Chapter 7: Is Mind Material?

MSC: Understanding

12. According to Ryle, Descartes makes a category-mistake because he takes the mind to be a. something more immaterial than the world around him. b. something more than the workings of the brain and behaviors. c. something like a soul. d. something that is closer to an illusion than a real phenomenon.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 328-330 TOP: Descartes' Myth, Ryle | Chapter 7: Is Mind Material?

MSC: Understanding

13. How might one respond to Ryle on Descartes's behalf? a. By arguing that there are no category-mistakes b. By arguing that the criteria for intelligent behavior are not the same as the nature of

the mind c. By arguing that minds are immaterial d. By arguing that bodies and minds are the same kind of thing ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: pp. 330-332 TOP: Descartes' Myth, Ryle | Chapter 7: Is Mind Material?

MSC: Evaluating

14. The final cause of baking a cake is a. the ingrediants that make the cake. b. having a cake to eat. c. the recipe used to make the cake. d. the design of the cake.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 332 TOP: Descartes' Myth, Ryle | Chapter 7: Is Mind Material?

MSC: Applying

15. Epiphenomenalism says that a. sensations are brain processes. b. the mind is a different substance from the body. c. the mind does not cause any physical events. d. physical events do not cause any changes in the mind.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 340 TOP: Sensations and Brain Processes, Smart | Chapter 7: Is Mind Material?

MSC: Understanding 16. One way to challenge Smart's view is to a. argue that sensations are brain processes. b. argue that we are directly aware of sense data. c. argue that sensation statements have a different logic than brain process statements. d. argue that simplicity does not make a theory more likely to be true.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 334-340 TOP: Sensations and Brain Processes, Smart | Chapter 7: Is Mind Material?

MSC: Evaluating 17. According to Smart, two words that refer to the same thing a. have the same meaning. b. might have different meanings. c. have the same logic.

d. have the same rules of grammar.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 339 TOP: Sensations and Brain Processes, Smart | Chapter 7: Is Mind Material?

MSC: Understanding 18. One way to attack an argument like Smart's is to argue that a. parsimony is an explanatory virtue. b. parsimony is reliable. c. parsimony is not linked to the truth. d. parsimony is necessary for truth.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: pp. 333-340 TOP: Sensations and Brain Processes, Smart | Chapter 7: Is Mind Material?

MSC: Evaluating 19. According to Searle, the Chinese room shows that a. implementing the right program produces understanding. b. implementing a program does not produce understanding. c. syntactic rules produce semantics. d. semantic rules produce syntax.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: pp. 343-344 TOP: Can Computers Think? Searle | Chapter 7: Is Mind Material?

MSC: Evaluating 20. Searle thinks the mind is a. a biological phenomenon. b. an immaterial substance. c. a formal program. d. an illusion.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: pp. 346-347 TOP: Can Computers Think? Searle | Chapter 7: Is Mind Material?

MSC: Understanding 21. If Searle is correct, then as we develop faster computers with more intricate processing a. we are coming closer to creating minds. b. we are no closer to creating minds than we were with older computers. c. we are creating better minds. d. we are adding semantics to the syntax of computers.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: pp. 341-347 TOP: Can Computers Think? Searle | Chapter 7: Is Mind Material?

MSC: Applying COMPLETION 1. Elisabeth wants Descartes to give a more precise definition of the ______.

ANS: soul DIF: Easy

REF: p. 320

TOP: Correspondence with Descartes, Elisabeth | Chapter 7: Is Mind Material?

MSC: Remembering 2. Arnauld claims that _____ made Descartes's point about being sure of one's existence well

before Descartes did.

ANS: St. Augustine DIF: Medium REF: p. 322 TOP: Fourth Set of Objections, Arnauld | Chapter 7: Is Mind Material?

MSC: Remembering 3. Ryle refers to Descartes's view as the dogma of the____ in the machine.

ANS: ghost DIF: Easy REF: p. 328 TOP: Descartes' Myth, Ryle | Chapter 7: Is Mind Material?

MSC: Remembering

4. Searle thinks that digital computers running formal programs only have ____, but minds also

require ____.

ANS: syntax; semantics DIF: Medium REF: p. 343 TOP: Can Computers Think? Searle | Chapter 7: Is Mind Material?

MSC: Remembering ESSAY 1. Descartes argues that only thinking is essential to him, but Arnauld challenges Descartes on this

point. How does Descartes argue for his claim, and how does Arnauld challenge this argument?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should include discussion of Descartes's argument that thinking must be essential to him because he can doubt everything else, but he cannot doubt that he thinks. A valid response should/might also include Descartes's discussion of why having a body is not essential to him since he can doubt that he has a body. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Arnauld's triangle example, which he uses to cast doubt on Descartes's assumption that since he cannot think of anything other than thinking being an essential property of his, it is his only essential property.

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 310-317, 322-324 MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating

TOP: Chapter 7: Is Mind Material?

2. What is a category-mistake? Provide an example of your own of such a mistake.

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Ryle's description of a category-mistake. Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of how such a mistake involves thinking of something as belonging to a logical type or category other than the one it actually belongs to. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of an example that is similar to Ryle's example of the person who does not understand that a university is simply the collection of all the components of a university.

DIF: Easy MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 328-330

TOP: Descartes' Myth, Ryle

3. Why does Smart think that we should accept the brain-process theory over epiphenomenalism?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Smart's claims that none of the objections raised against the brain-process theory are successful. Also, a valid response should/might include Smart's discussion of Occam's razor and how using Occam's razor amounts to preferring the simpler hypothesis when all other things are equal. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Smart's arguments for thinking that epiphenomenalism is not as simple as the brain-process theory in the relevant ways.

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 333-340 MSC: Understanding

TOP: Sensations and Brain Processes, Smart

4. How might one defend the “whole system” response to Searle's Chinese room argument from

Searle's rebuttal?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should include discussion of Searle's Chinese room argument. Additionally, a valid response should include discussion of the whole system response as well as Searle's rebuttal to this response. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of a potential weak point in Searle's reply, such as his assumption that the central processing unit must understand in order for the system to understand.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating

REF: pp. 341-347

TOP: Can Computers Think? Searle

5. Why does Descartes think that the mind and body must be two different kinds of things? Why

does Elisabeth of Bohemia doubt Descartes's view on this?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion Descartes's view that the mind is immaterial and the body is material, as well as Descartes's reasons for thinking this is so. Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Elisabeth's claim that three conditions are required to cause physical objects to move. Further, a valid response should/might include discussion of why Elisabeth thinks that given Descartes's understanding of minds, a mind cannot cause physical things to move (i.e., cannot interact with physical objects at all).

DIF: Medium MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 312-320

TOP: Chapter 7: Is Mind Material?

Chapter 8 What is Consciousness?

TRUE/FALSE 1. Jackson thinks that the mind is a different kind of substance than the body.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Difficult REF: p. 371 TOP: Epiphenomenal Qualia, Jackson | Chapter 8: What is Consciousness?

MSC: Understanding 2. Chalmers thinks that denying physicalism is unscientific.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: p. 391 TOP: The Hard Problem of Consciousness, Chalmers | Chapter 8: What is Consciousness?

MSC: Understanding 3. Tye thinks that it is clear that philosophical zombies are possible.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: p. 400 TOP: The Puzzle of Transparency, Tye | Chapter 8: What is Consciousness?

MSC: Understanding MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. According to Nagel, the reductive accounts of physicalism currently proposed a. all fail to provide a reduction of the mental to the physical. b. all fail to provide a reduction of the physical to the mental. c. mostly succeed in providing a reduction of the mental to the physical. d. mostly succeed in providing a reduction of the physical to the mental.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: pp. 357-358 TOP: What is it Like to Be a Bat? Nagel | Chapter 8: What is Consciousness?

MSC: Understanding 2. Nagel thinks that a reduction of the mental to the physical can succeed only if a. mental states do not exist. b. physical states are immaterial. c. physical descriptions can adequately capture what it is like to have a mental state. d. mental descriptions of what it is like can be expressed in human language.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: pp. 362-363 TOP: What is it Like to Be a Bat? Nagel | Chapter 8: What is Consciousness?

MSC: Understanding 3. Nagel's argument against reduction hinges on an incommensurability between

a. b. c. d.

mental and physical states. the subjective and objective characters of experience. physical laws and psychological laws. physicalism and epiphenomenalism.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: pp. 361-363 TOP: What is it Like to Be a Bat? Nagel | Chapter 8: What is Consciousness?

MSC: Analyzing 4. One way to challenge Nagel’s position would be to argue that Nagel claims that when we try to

imagine what it is like to be a bat, it is possible a. for us to imagine having different experiences. b. for bats to imagine having different experiences. c. to imagine what it would be like for us to behave like a bat. d. to imagine having a bat’s experiences.

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: p. 359 TOP: What is it Like to Be a Bat? Nagel | Chapter 8: What is Consciousness?

MSC: Evaluating 5. What would Nagel say about a science fiction example where a human's consciousness was

transferred to a dog's body? a. This is the only way that a human could learn what it is like to be a dog. b. This is one way, but not the only way, that a human could learn what it is like to be a dog. c. This is only one way for a human to learn how they might behave as a dog. d. This is one way for a human to have experiences with the same subjective character as a dog.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 359 TOP: What is it Like to Be a Bat? Nagel | Chapter 8: What is Consciousness?

MSC: Applying 6. Why does Mary’s learning something when she leaves the black-and-white room pose a

problem for physicalism? a. She already knows the physical and mental properties in question. b. She already knows all of the physical information. c. She already knows all of the information. d. She already knows all of the mental information.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 368 TOP: Epiphenomenal Qualia, Jackson | Chapter 8: What is Consciousness?

MSC: Understanding 7. One way to challenge Jackson’s Knowledge argument is to argue that a. Mary does not actually learn anything new when she leaves the room. b. Mary did not know all of the information when she was in the room. c. Mary could not learn all of the physical information in the room. d. Mary could not know what qualia are like in the room.

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: pp. 368-369 TOP: Epiphenomenal Qualia, Jackson | Chapter 8: What is Consciousness?

MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating

8. Jackson uses an example of a particular sort of phenomenon to rebut the objection that we come

to know about other minds on the basis of people’s behavior. Which of the following is another example of the sort that Jackson uses? a. Inferring from the fact that classmate A knows what Jackson said that classmate B also knows what Jackson said. b. Inferring that someone feels pain based on the person’s reactions to a hot stove. c. Inferring that someone can know what pain is by watching someone else exhibit certain behavior. d. Inferring from the fact that a classmate says something that what they said is true.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: p. 372 TOP: Epiphenomenal Qualia, Jackson | Chapter 8: What is Consciousness?

MSC: Applying 9. According to Churchland, Nagel’s argument begs the question because a. it is not certain what a bat’s experience would be like. b. it relies on the assumption that bats have subjective experience. c. it relies on the assumption that brain states are not mental states. d. it relies on the assumption that intentional properties are genuine properties of

objects.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 378 TOP: Are Mental States Irreducible to Neurobiological States, Churchland | Chapter 8: What is Consciousness?

MSC: Understanding 10. One might challenge Churchland’s response to Jackson’s Knowledge argument by arguing that a. we have empirical reasons for thinking that color vision creates qualia. b. we have a priori reasons for thinking that Mary knows all of neuroscience. c. we have a priori reasons for thinking that qualia exist. d. we have empirical reasons for thinking that one must have an experience in order to

know what it is like.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 381-382 TOP: Are Mental States Irreducible to Neurobiological States, Churchland | Chapter 8: What is Consciousness?

MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating 11. Why does Churchland think A and B can be identical even if no one knows this? a. She is using the term “identical” in the weak,non-philosophical sense (i.e., two

distinct things that look like each other). b. It may be that no one knows what properties A or B have. c. We may describe A differently than B and therefore not know that they are one and

the same thing. d. We may believe they are identical, but not know it.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 378 TOP: Are Mental States Irreducible to Neurobiological States, Churchland | Chapter 8: What is Consciousness?

MSC: Analyzing 12. Churchland’s claim about different ways of knowing would explain which of the following

phenomena? a. Knowing that the person you see in the mirror has a red shirt on without knowing

that you have a red shirt on b. Knowing how to ride a bike without being able to drive a car c. Knowing the answers to some questions on an exam without knowing the answers to others d. Knowing by way of reasoning alone without having experiences ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: pp. 379-381 TOP: Are Mental States Irreducible to Neurobiological States, Churchland | Chapter 8: What is Consciousness?

MSC: Applying 13. How might one object to Chalmers's argument concerning philosophical zombies? a. By arguing that philosophical zombies are conscious b. By arguing that philosophical zombies are unconscious c. By arguing that philosophical zombies are impossible d. By arguing that philosophical zombies do not exist ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 388-389 TOP: The Hard Problem of Consciousness, Chalmers | Chapter 8: What is Consciousness?

MSC: Evaluating 14. Chalmers's argument concerning philosophical zombies is a version of a. the Knowledge argument. b. the Modal argument. c. the “What it is like” argument. d. the Epiphenomenal argument.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 388-389 TOP: The Hard Problem of Consciousness, Chalmers | Chapter 8: What is Consciousness?

MSC: Applying 15. Having representational content requires having a. conditions that can be correct about the world. b. conditions that cannot be correct about the world. c. conditions that are unstable. d. conditions that are stable.

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: p. 396 TOP: The Puzzle of Transparency, Tye | Chapter 8: What is Consciousness?

MSC: Understanding 16. According to Chalmers, we can explain functions by specifying a. a particular mechanism. b. a particular causal law. c. a particular function. d. a particular evolutionary trait.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: pp. 387 TOP: The Hard Problem of Consciousness, Chalmers | Chapter 8: What is Consciousness?

MSC: Understanding 17. According to Tye, if you attempt to focus on your experience of reading this page, you will a. end up confused about what you are reading. b. end up noticing a variety of sensations that are part of your experience.

c. end up noticing features of the page that you are looking at. d. end up noticing other experiences that you were previously unaware of.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 395-396 TOP: The Puzzle of Transparency, Tye | Chapter 8: What is Consciousness?

MSC: Applying 18. According to Tye, one problem for strong representationalism is that a. it implies that qualia are immaterial. b. it implies that the phenomenal character of your experience is hidden from you. c. it implies that your experiences lack phenomenal character. d. it implies that in order to have any experience at all there must be representational

content.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 397 TOP: The Puzzle of Transparency, Tye | Chapter 8: What is Consciousness?

MSC: Evaluating 19. Tye thinks that it is possible to attend to a collection of objects a. without being conscious. b. without experiencing any qualia. c. without attending to individuals in the collection. d. without attending to the features of the collection.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: pp. 398-399 TOP: The Puzzle of Transparency, Tye | Chapter 8: What is Consciousness?

MSC: Analyzing COMPLETION 1. Jackson thinks that in order to be true, _____ requires a too optimistic picture of our powers to

understand the world.

ANS: physicalism DIF: Medium REF: p. 373 TOP: Epiphenomenal Qualia, Jackson | Chapter 8: What is Consciousness?

MSC: Remembering 2. According to Churchland, Nagel commits the _____ fallacy in his argument that we cannot

know what it is like to be a bat.

ANS: intentional DIF: Medium REF: p. 379 TOP: Are Mental States Irreducible to Neurobiological States, Churchland | Chapter 8: What is Consciousness?

MSC: Remembering 3. Chalmers thinks that the really hard problem of consciousness is the problem of ____ .

ANS: experience

DIF: Medium REF: p. 385 TOP: The Hard Problem of Consciousness, Chalmers | Chapter 8: What is Consciousness?

MSC: Remembering ESSAY 1. How is Jackson’s “Knowledge argument” different from what he calls the “Modal argument”?

Why might one think that the Knowledge argument is stronger?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should include discussion of Jackson’s Knowledge argument as well as the Modal argument. Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of one of Jackson’s examples used to motivate the Knowledge argument. Finally, a valid respond should/might include discussion of the fact that the Modal argument depends on an intuition about how things would be in another world where presumably the laws of nature are different than our own, as well as how this seems to be more susceptible to attack than his claims concerning the Knowledge argument.

DIF: Medium MSC: Evaluating

REF: pp. 366-374

TOP: Epiphenomenal Qualia, Jackson

2. How does Churchland object to Nagel’s argument? How might Nagel respond?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Churchland’s attack on Nagel’s argument (i.e., her claim that his argument fails because it commits the intentional fallacy). A valid response should/might include discussion of how Nagel might try to defend the claim that he does not commit the fallacy that Churchland charges him with. For instance, a valid response should/might include that Nagel could argue that his argument does not depend on properties that we take mental states to have, but instead depends upon objective properties of those experiences (e.g., the subjective experiences of a bat simply cannot be had by humans).

DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 356-365; 377-382 TOP: Chapter 8: What is Consciousness?

MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating

3. What are philosophical zombies? How does Chalmers think that philosophical zombies can be

used to argue against materialism/physicalism?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should include discussion of what philosophical zombies are (i.e., physically just like us but without conscious experience). Additionally, a valid response should include discussion of why Chalmers thinks that the possibility of philosophical zombies poses a problem for materialism (i.e., their possibility seems to show that material/physical facts do not exhaust all the facts there are).

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 384-391 MSC: Understanding

TOP: The Hard Problem of Consciousness, Chalmers

4. Chalmers argues that philosophical zombies provide the grounds for an argument against

materialism/physicalism.How might Churchland respond to this argument?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should include discussion of Chalmers's description of philosophical zombies. Additionally, a valid response should include discussion of Chalmers's claims about how philosophical zombies can be used to argue against materialism/physicalism.

Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of how Churchland could object to this in a similar way to her objection to the Knowledge argument. That is, she could object that we do not know enough about all of the physical laws to determine whether it is really possible that there could be philosophical zombies at all.

DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 377-391 MSC: Applying/Evaluating

TOP: Chapter 8: What is Consciousness?

5. Why does Tye think that the standard assumption is incorrect that there are three components to

visual experience?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should include discussion of Tye's description of the standard assumption. In particular, a valid response should include discussion of Tye's claim that it is standardly assumed that in visual experience there is (1) the external object, (2) the experience, and (3) a causal relationship between the object and the experience. A valid response should/might also include discussion of Tye's claims that this picture seems incorrect, because no matter how hard we try we cannot become aware of the experience. Instead, we are only aware of features of the object.

DIF: Easy MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 392-400

TOP: The Puzzle of Transparency, Tye

Chapter 9 Are Things as They Appear?

TRUE/FALSE 1. Berkeley thinks that there is no reason to believe that matter exists.

a. True b. False ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: p. 427 TOP: Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous, Berkeley | Chapter 9: Are Things as They Appear?

MSC: Understanding 2. Vasubandhu thinks that objects that do not exist can cause things to happen.

a. True b. False ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: p. 432 TOP: Twenty Verses with Auto-Commentary, Vasubandhu | Chapter 9: Are Things as They Appear?

MSC: Understanding 3. Bostrom claims that we are actually living in a computer simulation.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: p. 447 TOP: Are We Living in a Computer Simulation, Bostrom | Chapter 9: Are Things as They Appear?

MSC: Understanding MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Russell’s discussion of the table leads him to conclude that a. external objects do not exist. b. we can’t know if external objects exist. c. we have good reason to doubt what our senses tell us. d. we have no reason to doubt what our senses tell us.

ANS: C MSC: Analyzing

DIF: Medium

REF: p. 412

TOP: Appearance and Reality

2. What sense-data would one be aware of when looking at a ripe orange in normal lighting? a. There is no way to be sure. b. Spherical sense-data. c. Illusory sense-data. d. No sense-data at all.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 413 TOP: Appearance and Reality, Russell | Chapter 9: Are Things as They Appear?

MSC: Applying 3. Why does Russell think that tables do not have an objective color?

a. b. c. d.

We cannot prove that they do.

The table looks different colors in different conditions.

The color of a table can easily be changed.

There are no colors at all.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 412 TOP: Appearance and Reality, Russell | Chapter 9: Are Things as They Appear?

MSC: Understanding 4. According to Russell, what we directly see and feel are/is a. difficult to determine. b. external objects. c. merely appearance. d. sensations.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 413-415 TOP: Appearance and Reality, Russell | Chapter 9: Are Things as They Appear?

MSC: Understanding 5. What would Berkeley say to someone who claims to be able to conceive of a rock that does not

exist in the mind? a. The person is thinking of a rock that does not exist. b. The person is actually by that very act ensuring that it does exist in the mind. c. The person is dreaming. d. The person is thinking of something that is imaginary.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: p. 424 TOP: Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous, Berkeley | Chapter 9: Are Things as They Appear?

MSC: Applying 6. Why does Berkeley think that all sensible things must exist in the mind of God? a. God is omniscient. b. God can think of anything that exists at any time. c. The sensible world is real, but not contained in Berkeley's or any other finite mind. d. The sensible world is a dream of God's.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 425 TOP: Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous, Berkeley | Chapter 9: Are Things as They Appear?

MSC: Understanding 7. How could one try to challenge Berkeley's claims about the difference between real things and

those of dreams? a. Point out that there can be dreams that seem indistinguishable from waking life. b. Point out that dreams make use of sensible objects from waking life. c. Point out that dreams also only involve ideas that are perceived by a mind. d. Point out that dreams can take place whether one is asleep or not.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: p. 427 TOP: Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous, Berkeley | Chapter 9: Are Things as They Appear?

MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating 8. Why does Vasubandhu talk about “hungry ghosts”? a. Even without external objects, appearances can be causally efficacious.

b. Even without external objects, appearances can be produced at particular times. c. Even without external objects, appearances can be produced in particular places. d. Even without external objects, appearances can be produced in different minds.

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: p. 431 TOP: Twenty Verses with Auto-Commentary, Vasubandhu | Chapter 9: Are Things as They Appear?

MSC: Understanding 9. According to Vasubandhu, the appearances that we have in waking life a. are the same as those in dreams. b. are different from those in dreams. c. are the result of trickery. d. are harmful.

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: p. 437 TOP: Twenty Verses with Auto-Commentary, Vasubandhu | Chapter 9: Are Things as They Appear?

MSC: Remembering 10. Why does Vasubandhu conclude that our awareness of other minds is illusory? a. Because minds are by nature private and unverifiable. b. Because any awareness of other minds would be based on an unwarranted inference. c. Because we cannot be aware of any minds in the way that the Buddhas can. d. Because we cannot be aware of any minds besides our own.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: p. 439 TOP: Twenty Verses with Auto-Commentary, Vasubandhu | Chapter 9: Are Things as They Appear?

MSC: Analyzing 11. Vasubandhu thinks that a. you can have perceptions without external objects. b. you can have perceptions only when awake. c. you can have perceptions only when dreaming. d. you cannot have perceptions.

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: p. 436 TOP: Twenty Verses with Auto-Commentary, Vasubandhu | Chapter 9: Are Things as They Appear?

MSC: Understanding 12. Bostrom thinks that given the right program, a computer could a. be alive. b. be conscious. c. create other computers. d. be all-powerful.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 444 TOP: Are We Living in a Computer Simulation, Bostrom | Chapter 9: Are Things as They Appear?

MSC: Understanding 13. What principle tells you that if you only know that a particular lollipop comes in blue, red,

orange, or green, then you should think the odds of the unwrapped one you have being green is one-in-four? a. Simulation principle b. Fractional principle

c. Proportion principle d. Indifference principle ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: p. 447 TOP: Are We Living in a Computer Simulation, Bostrom | Chapter 9: Are Things as They Appear?

MSC: Applying 14. One way to object to Bostrom's argument is to argue that a. we are not living in a computer simulation. b. we are living in a posthuman civilization. c. we do not know if computers can think. d. we do not know what posthuman civilizations would be like.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 443-447 TOP: Are We Living in a Computer Simulation, Bostrom | Chapter 9: Are Things as They Appear?

MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating COMPLETION 1. Russell thinks that we are _____ directly aware of external objects.

ANS: never DIF: Easy REF: p. 413 TOP: Appearance and Reality, Russell | Chapter 9: Are Things as They Appear?

MSC: Understanding 2. Berkeley thinks that his view is ____ rather than skepticism.

ANS: common sense DIF: Medium REF: p. 428 TOP: Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous, Berkeley | Chapter 9: Are Things as They Appear?

MSC: Understanding 3. Bostrom's argument assumes that____ is true about the nature of the mind.

ANS: substrate-independence DIF: Medium REF: p. 443 TOP: Are We Living in a Computer Simulation, Bostrom | Chapter 9: Are Things as They Appear?

MSC: Remembering ESSAY 1. Why does Berkeley think that colors do not exist apart from the mind? How might one object to

his argument?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should include discussion of Berkeley's argument that colors do not exist apart from the mind. In particular, a valid response should/might include discussion of Berkeley's claim that things can look different colors when viewed at different distances, or his claim that different animals see things differently, or his claim that light can affect what color an object appears. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of various reasons that one might doubt that Berkeley's claims lead to the conclusion that colors do not exist apart from the mind. One way that one might attempt to do this is to argue that modern theories of light have an answer for the sort of concerns that Berkeley raises; these theories posit that different light waves cause different color sensations, and that the reflectant properties of an object can be external to minds.

DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 417-428 MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating

TOP: Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous

2. Why does Vasubandhu claim that things that are only appearances can have causal efficacy?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Vasubandhu's argument that a person dreaming about sexual intercourse can be caused to have a discharge even though there is only the appearance of intercourse. Similarly, a valid response should/might include discussion of Vasubandhu’s claim that hell-wardens cause suffering to those in hell even though hell-wardens do not exist.

DIF: Easy REF: pp. 430-439 TOP: Twenty Verses with Auto-Commentary, Vasubandhu

MSC: Understanding

3. Assume that we are in fact living in a computer simulation like Bostrom discusses. Would this

mean that Berkeley's arguments for idealism are correct? Why or why not?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Bostrom's description of what our living in a computer simulation would amount to. Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Berkeley's arguments for idealism (i.e., his arguments for thinking that only minds and sensible objects exist). Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of reasons for thinking that our being in a computer simulation would strengthen Berkeley's argument (e.g., all of our perceptions are caused by the computer's software) or discussion of the reasons for thinking that our being in a simulation does not strengthen Berkeley's arguments (e.g., our words for external objects really just mean certain computer codes, so our thoughts about sensible objects link up to external objects).

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 417-428, 443-451 TOP: Chapter 9: Are Things as They Appear?

MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating

4. If Bostrom is correct, can we really know anything about the world around us?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should include discussion of Bostrom's argument concerning the likelihood about our being in a computer simulation. Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of the three options that he considers: (1) most civilizations do not make it to posthuman, (2) most posthuman civilizations do not want to run simulations, and (3) we are in a computer simulation. Further, a valid response should/might include discussion of the sort of implications not being able to know which of Bostrom's options obtain could yield for our knowledge of the world around us.

DIF: Medium MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 443-451

TOP: Are We Living in a Computer Simulation, Bostrom

5. How does Berkeley argue that God exists?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Berkeley's claim that sensible objects cannot exist apart from a mind. Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Berkeley's claim that sensible objects do not depend upon his own mind for their existence, so they must depend upon another mind. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Berkeley's claim that the sensible world is real, and so there must be an omnipresent being that senses it.

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 417-428 MSC: Understanding

TOP: Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous

Chapter 10 What Is There?

TRUE/FALSE 1. Unger thinks that cutting a table in half destroys it.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: p. 471 TOP: There Are No Ordinary Objects, Unger | Chapter 10: What Is There?

MSC: Understanding 2. Rosen thinks that when we are trying to decide between two theories we should always pick the

simpler of the two. a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: p. 481 TOP: Numbers and Other Immaterial Objects, Rosen | Chapter 10: What Is There?

MSC: Understanding 3. Maddy thinks that numbers do not exist.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Difficult REF: p. 491 TOP: Do Numbers Exist, Maddy | Chapter 10: What Is There?

MSC: Understanding

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. What does Yablo think is the best monist objection to make to against pluralism? a. Pluralist intuitions can be explained away. b. Monism is commonsense. c. Intuitions are not reliable. d. Leibniz’s law is false.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 465 TOP: A Thing and Its Matter, Yablo | Chapter 10: What Is There?

MSC: Understanding 2. How many things would Yablo claim are present in Michelangelo’s famous statue of David? a. One b. At least two c. None d. An infinite number ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: pp. 462-463 TOP: A Thing and Its Matter, Yablo | Chapter 10: What Is There?

MSC: Applying

3. According to Yablo, if a distinction is not physically fundamental, then it is a. imaginary. b. definitely real. c. nonsense. d. possibly real.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: p. 466 TOP: A Thing and Its Matter, Yablo | Chapter 10: What Is There?

MSC: Understanding 4. What does Unger think one is expecting if one thinks that our ideas are precise enough to block

his sorites arguments? a. A miracle of metaphysical illusion b. A miracle of conceptual comprehension c. A miracle of idea precision d. A miracle of thought precision ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 470 TOP: There Are No Ordinary Objects, Unger | Chapter 10: What Is There?

MSC: Understanding 5. One way to object to Unger's arguments involving stones is to claim that a. there are no stones. b. stones are simple substances. c. there is a precise threshold for stone-hood. d. God makes stones as they are.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: pp. 467-473 TOP: There Are No Ordinary Objects, Unger | Chapter 10: What Is There?

MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating 6. Why does Unger think that the Mooreian gambit will not work as a response to his arguments? a. In order to be plausible the Mooreian gambit must allow for exceptions. b. The Mooreian gambit is really just dogmatism. c. The Mooreian gambit does not say where his arguments go wrong. d. The Mooreian gambit is too easily employed against any philosophical argument.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: p. 469 TOP: There Are No Ordinary Objects, Unger | Chapter 10: What Is There?

MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating 7. Why does Rosen think that physicalism is false? a. It entails that God does not exist. b. It entails that spiritual beings do not exist. c. It entails that imaginary places do not exist. d. It entails that abstract objects do not exist.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: p. 479 TOP: Numbers and Other Immaterial Objects, Rosen | Chapter 10: What Is There?

MSC: Understanding 8. According to Rosen, appealing to the causal theory of knowledge will not save physicalism

because

a. the truth of the causal theory of knowledge does not guarantee that physicalism is

true. b. the causal theory of knowledge is false. c. the causal theory of knowledge has not been generally accepted as correct. d. the causal theory of knowledge itself assumes that physicalism is false.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: pp. 482-483 TOP: Numbers and Other Immaterial Objects, Rosen | Chapter 10: What Is There?

MSC: Evaluating 9. If someone were to propose a theory that conflicts with our knowledge that we have minds,

what would Rosen say? a. The theory must be false. b. The theory is consistent with physicalism. c. The theory should be rejected without compelling independent arguments for it. d. The theory should be rejected even if there are compelling independent arguments for it.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 483 TOP: Numbers and Other Immaterial Objects, Rosen | Chapter 10: What Is There?

MSC: Applying 10. Rosen thinks that rational inquiry must start with a. things we already accept. b. things that are certain to be true. c. things that it is impossible to doubt. d. things that we can produce good arguments for accepting.

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: p. 480 TOP: Numbers and Other Immaterial Objects, Rosen | Chapter 10: What Is There?

MSC: Understanding 11. Maddy's arguments depend upon a. numbers existing. b. no abstract objects existing. c. a distinction between idealized and ordinary arithmetic. d. a distinction between mathematical knowledge and mere mathematical belief.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: pp. 488-491 TOP: Do Numbers Exist, Maddy | Chapter 10: What Is There?

MSC: Analyzing

12. According Maddy, our assumption that there is no largest number arises from a. imagination. b. language. c. reason. d. philosophy.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: pp. 488-489 TOP: Do Numbers Exist, Maddy | Chapter 10: What Is There?

13. One way to challenge Maddy's position is to argue that a. many of our concepts come from our language. b. it must be that either a kind of thing exists or it does not.

MSC: Understanding

c. number properties can be understood in several different ways. d. abstract objects exist.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: p. 491 TOP: Do Numbers Exist, Maddy | Chapter 10: What Is There?

MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating

COMPLETION 1. According to Yablo, Cop and _____ are not identical.

ANS: Box DIF: Medium REF: p. 464 TOP: A Thing and Its Matter, Yablo | Chapter 10: What Is There?

MSC: Understanding 2. Yablo thinks that _____are experts on whether the box has one or two things in it.

ANS: metaphysicians DIF: Easy REF: p. 462 TOP: A Thing and Its Matter, Yablo | Chapter 10: What Is There?

MSC: Remembering 3. Unger applies to various forms a puzzle called the ____ to argue that there are no ordinary

objects.

ANS: sorites paradox DIF: Medium REF: p. 469 TOP: There Are No Ordinary Objects, Unger | Chapter 10: What Is There?

MSC: Remembering 4. Maddy claims that in ordinary simple cases we encounter____ rather than numbers.

ANS: numbering DIF: Medium REF: p. 485 TOP: Do Numbers Exist, Maddy | Chapter 10: What Is There?

MSC: Remembering

ESSAY 1. What is the nature of the dilemma that Yablo claims the monist faces when attempting to

explain away pluralist intuitions?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should include discussion of Yablo’s claims about the two sorts of problems the monist faces when trying to explain these away. In particular, a valid response should/might include discussion of the challenge of “supermonism” that Yablo raises (i.e., the challenge where the monist’s claim that Cop = Pen is compared to the claim that Cop = Box). Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Yablo’s claims that the most plausible response that the monist can give to the supermonist opens the monist up to a similar objection from the pluralist.

DIF: Medium MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 461-466

TOP: A Thing and Its Matter, Yablo

2. Explain the general nature of the sorites paradox that Unger uses in his case against ordinary

objects. Provide your own example of a sorites paradox.

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of the nature of sorites paradoxes in general. Specifically, a valid response should/might include discussion of how all such paradoxes involve either adding or subtracting a small quantity such that it seems that one addition (or subtraction) is not enough to make (or eliminate) the object in question.

Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of how these paradoxes are used to show that ordinary things do not exist or cannot cease to exist. Finally, a valid response should include an example of such a paradox making use of an ordinary object.

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 467-473 MSC: Understanding/Applying

TOP: There are No Ordinary Objects, Unger

3. What is the Mooreian gambit that Unger describes? How is Rosen's view of rational inquiry

different from this gambit?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should include discussion of Unger's description of the Mooreian gambit. In particular, a valid response should include discussion of Unger's characterization of this gambit as holding onto what is commonly accepted regardless of the arguments against it. Additionally, a valid response should include discussion of Rosen's claims about rational inquiry, especially his claims that it is rational to start with our commonsense views and what is commonly accepted in science, and that we should not give these up without independent arguments in support of theories that conflict with them. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of how Rosen's view differs from the Mooreian gambit in that it allows that the commonsense view can be abandoned if the argument for the opposing theory is sufficiently strong.

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 467-484 MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating

TOP: Chapter 10: What Is There?

4. Construct an argument of your own against physicalism that follows the general pattern used by

Rosen.

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should include discussion of some abstract object that we commonly accept exists (e.g., a type of object such as a song or a movie that has many tokens).

A valid response should also include discussion of how this object fails to count as a physical object. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of how the fact that the object discussed exists but is not physical entails that physicalism is false.

DIF: Easy MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 476-484

TOP: Numbers and Other Immaterial Objects, Rosen

5. Assume that Maddy is correct. How would this assumption affect Rosen's argument? How

would it affect the case against physicalism?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Maddy's claims that simple examples (like Rosen's) do not establish that numbers exist; instead, they establish that number properties exist. Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of the fact that if Maddy is correct that these sorts of examples do not establish that numbers exist, this weakens Rosen's argument against physicalism (because it completely undermines his argument, which is based on math). Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of the fact that even if Rosen's argument from math is undercut, it does not follow that his case against physicalism fails. A valid response should/might include discussion of the fact that Rosen employs multiple arguments against physicalism (only some of which rely on the existence of numbers) or the fact that Maddy allows that some more advanced mathematical claims might in fact support the claim that numbers exist.

DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 476-491 MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating

TOP: Chapter 10: What Is There?

Chapter 11: What Is Personal Identity?

TRUE/FALSE 1. Swinburne thinks that one must have continuity of matter in order to have personal identity.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: p. 515 TOP: The Dualist Theory, Swinburne | Chapter 11: What Is Personal Identity?

MSC: Understanding 2. Parfit thinks that personal identity requires more than psychological continuity.

a. True b. False ANS: T DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 526-527 TOP: Personal Identity, Parfit | Chapter 11: What Is Personal Identity?

MSC: Understanding 3. Williams thinks that the experiments he describes show that physical continuity is required for

personal identity. a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: p. 537 TOP: The Self and the Future, Williams | Chapter 11: What Is Personal Identity?

MSC: Understanding MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. According to Locke, when it comes to inanimate objects, identity is a matter of a. physical continuity. b. having the same mass. c. having the same particles. d. being the same kind.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 503 TOP: Of Identity and Diversity, Locke | Chapter 11: What Is Personal Identity?

MSC: Understanding 2. Locke would say that what makes you the same person now as you were 2 years ago is that a. you have the same thoughts. b. you have the same soul. c. you remember being your earlier self. d. you are the same substance.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: pp. 506-507 TOP: Of Identity and Diversity, Locke | Chapter 11: What Is Personal Identity?

MSC: Understanding

3. What would Locke say if person A has a soul and that soul was transferred to a different body? a. Person A now inhabits a new body. b. Person A has ceased to exist. c. Person A has become a new person. d. It does not mean that person A has a new body.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: p. 505 TOP: Of Identity and Diversity, Locke | Chapter 11: What Is Personal Identity?

MSC: Applying 4. Which of the following is a consequence of Locke’s view of personal identity? a. The person you are now is not the same person you are when you are sleeping. b. If a single soul is reincarnated over and over in new bodies with new distinct

experiences, all of these bodies are the same person. c. We are not justified in holding a person legally responsible for actions committed

when he or she was drunk. d. Physical continuity is necessary but not sufficient for sameness of self.

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: pp. 508-509 TOP: Of Identity and Diversity, Locke | Chapter 11: What IsPersonal Identity?

MSC: Analyzing 5. According to Locke, which of these is required for being a person? a. Having a soul b. Having a brain c. Having self-consciousness d. Having imagination ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 505 TOP: Of Identity and Diversity, Locke | Chapter 11: What Is Personal Identity?

MSC: Understanding 6. If person A's memories were transferred to person B, and person B's memories were transferred

to person A, what would Swinburne say? a. A and B cease to exist. b. A is now in B's body, and B is in A's body. c. A and B remain the same people they were. d. A becomes B, and B becomes A. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: p. 514 TOP: The Dualist Theory, Swinburne | Chapter 11: What Is Personal Identity?

MSC: Applying 7. One way to challenge Swinburne's position is to argue that a. continuity of memory is not necessary for personal identity. b. continuity of memory is not sufficient for personal identity. c. physicalism is false. d. physicalism is true.

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: pp. 515-517 TOP: The Dualist Theory, Swinburne | Chapter 11: What Is Personal Identity?

MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating

8. According to Parfit, if right before your death your consciousness were uploaded to a computer

and then downloaded onto a thousand other computers, you would a. not survive. b. have all that matters. c. be immortal. d. be identical to each of the computers.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: p. 526 TOP: Personal Identity, Parfit | Chapter 11: What Is Personal Identity?

MSC: Analyzing 9. If person A and person B are numerically identical, then a. they have all of the same qualities. b. they are exactly alike. c. they are the same person. d. they have physical continuity.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 520 TOP: Personal Identity, Parfit | Chapter 11: What Is Personal Identity?

MSC: Applying 10. Someone who accepts the physical criterion would think that what happens in

Parfit’sTeletransportation cases? a. The person ceases to exist. b. The person gets a new body. c. The person exists but as a new person. d. There is no way to know what happens to the person.

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: p. 521 TOP: Personal Identity, Parfit | Chapter 11: What Is Personal Identity?

MSC: Understanding 11. According to Williams, one might think that the sort of “body switching” experiment that he

mentions a. shows nothing about personal identity. b. shows that personal identity does not depend on the body. c. shows that personal identity does not require psychological continuity. d. shows that a person cannot survive a “body switch.”

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 533 TOP: The Self and the Future, Williams | Chapter 11: What Is Personal Identity?

MSC: Understanding 12. Why does Williams think that we cannot be sure whether personal identity depends upon

physical continuity or not? a. There is no way to do a body switch experiment for real. b. There is no one we can ask who has undergone a body switch experiment. c. His experiment examples lead us to contrary conclusions. d. His experiment examples do not tell us anything useful about personal identity.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: pp. 536-537 TOP: The Self and the Future, Williams | Chapter 11: What Is Personal Identity?

MSC: Analyzing

13. Williams claims that if we accepted a model that appealed to “ghostly persons” in bodies a. we still could not tell what the correct choice is in his experiments. b. we could tell what the correct choice is in his experiments. c. physical continuity still seems to be important. d. the body switching experiments would no longer be useful.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 537 TOP: The Self and the Future, Williams | Chapter 11: What Is Personal Identity?

MSC: Applying COMPLETION 1. Swinburne thinks that natural _____do not determine which body is one person's rather than

another's.

ANS: laws DIF: Medium REF: p. 513 TOP: The Dualist Theory, Swinburne | Chapter 11: What Is Personal Identity?

MSC: Remembering 2. Having three sides is part of the ____ of a triangle.

ANS: form DIF: Medium REF: p. 514 TOP: The Dualist Theory, Swinburne | Chapter 11: What Is Personal Identity?

MSC: Applying 3. According to Parfit, personal identity is a_____ relation.

ANS: transitive DIF: Medium REF: p. 523 TOP: Personal Identity, Parfit | Chapter 11: What Is Personal Identity?

MSC: Remembering 4. Williams thinks that simply assuming that two peopleswitched bodies is____.

ANS: Question begging DIF: Difficult REF: p. 531 TOP: The Self and the Future, Williams | Chapter 11: What Is Personal Identity?

MSC: Remembering ESSAY 1. How does Locke argue that personal identity is not a matter of having the same substance? How

might one object to his argument?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Locke's argument that a person might lose part of his body while remaining the same person. For example, a valid response should/might include discussion of Locke's claim that losing one's hand changes one's substance without changing one's identity. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of a reason to question Locke's view on this. One such reason would be to challenge whether we should think that the relevant substance for personal identity is the person's whole body, or perhaps it is a particular part of the body (such as the brain).

DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 503-509 MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating

TOP: Of Identity and Diversity, Locke

2. Why does Swinburne claim that Locke's view of personal identity is mistaken?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Swinburne's claims concerning a person surviving after memory loss. In particular, a valid response should/might include discussion of Swinburne's claim that it seems that a person can survive even if the person suffers amnesia.

DIF: Easy REF: pp. 512-517 MSC: Understanding

TOP: The Dualist Theory, Swinburne

3. Why does Parfit think that psychological continuity matters in his division cases, but personal

identity does not?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Parfit’s division case where the halves of his brain are separated and both survive. Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Parfit’s claims that psychological continuity is what matters in cases where he continues through time without division. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Parfit’s claim that whatever is added to psychological continuity in the cases where there is no division does not seem to matter, so it also doesn’t seem to matter in division cases either.

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 518-529 MSC: Understanding

TOP: Personal Identity, Parfit

4. How might Swinburne respond to Parfit’s argument that psychological continuity rather than

personal identity matters in division cases?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Parfit’s claims that psychological continuity is what matters in division cases (particularly his claim that psychological continuity is what matters in normal cases where there is no division). Also, a valid response should/might include discussion of how Swinburne objects to psychological continuity being what matters in normal cases (e.g., his claims about personal identity even with amnesia). Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of how Swinburne’s objection concerning psychological continuity might be taken to undercut Parfit’s claims (about whatever is added to psychological continuity in a normal case being unimportant).

DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 512-517, 518-529 TOP: Chapter 11: What IsPersonal Identity?

MSC: Applying

5. What does Williams mean when he says that if person A chooses for the B-body-person to get

tortured, it is a risky choice? And what does he mean by the statement, “that there is room for the notion of a risk here is itself a major feature of the problem?”

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Williams’s worry that we cannot be sure in such a case which person we would be. Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Williams’s points about various cases (e.g., body switching and one body with memory tampering). Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Williams’s idea that we would not want to be tortured in the case where someone says they will simply remove our memory of being told that we will be tortured, as well as how Williams thinks this seems analogous to the case where A and B switch memories.

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 531-537 MSC: Analyzing/Understanding

TOP: The Self and the Future, Williams

CHAPTER 12: What Is Race? What Is Gender?

TRUE/FALSE 1. Du Bois's final view is that race is a primarily scientific (biological) concept.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: pp. 551, 552, 556 TOP: "The Uncompleted Argument: Du Bois and the Illusion of Race," Anthony Appiah | Chapter 12: What Is Race? What Is Gender?

MSC: Understanding 2. Haslanger agrees with Frye that being male is essentially "something a man has going for him."

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: pp. 564-565 TOP: "Gender and Race: (What) Are They? (What) Do We Want Them to Be?", Sally Haslanger | Chapter 12: What Is Race? What Is Gender?

MSC: Understanding MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Consider a Pacific Islander who is visibly indistinguishable from a person of Sub-Saharan

African ancestry. Would Du Bois count this person as black? a. Yes, because their skin tone, facial features, and hair are qualitatively indistinguishable from (other) people who are black. b. Yes, because they will be subject to the same discrimination based on their physical appearance as those of African descent. c. No, because there will be genetic differences between the Pacific Islander and people of African ancestry. d. No, because they have a distinct history and distinct traditions from those of African descent.

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: pp. 551, 556 TOP: "The Uncompleted Argument: Du Bois and the Illusion of Race," Anthony Appiah | Chapter 12: What Is Race? What Is Gender?

MSC: Applying 2. Appiah claims that even if (contrary to actual fact) genetic differences between races went along

with "large differences in intellectual or moral capacity," still we shouldn't hold that race is what explains these differences. This is because a. it would be morally corrupting, encouraging unjust racial bias and hatred. b. race,understood as superficial physical characteristics, would merely correlate with, but not cause, the other differences. c. genetics are irrelevant as race is socially constructed. d. how genes are ultimately expressed in an organism still depends upon environmental influences.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 554 TOP: "The Uncompleted Argument: Du Bois and the Illusion of Race," Anthony Appiah | Chapter 12: What Is Race? What Is Gender?

MSC: Understanding

3. What would Appiah think of the suggestion that races are real and correspond to ancestral

continental populations? a. He would reject it, because ancestral continental populations are unimportant for explaining moral or intellectual differences between people. b. He would reject it, because ancestral continental populations don't neatly match up to our ordinary racial categories. c. He would accept it, because ancestral continental populations have a shared culture and history. d. He would accept it, because one's genomic ancestry is scientifically verifiable.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 554, 555 TOP: "The Uncompleted Argument: Du Bois and the Illusion of Race," Anthony Appiah AND "Are Folk Races Like Dingoes, Dimes, or Dodos?", Quayshawn Spencer | Chapter 12: What Is Race? What Is Gender?

MSC: Analyzing 4. Du Bois once suggested that what black people share is a "common history [… of]

discrimination and insult." What is Appiah's objection to this idea? a. It encourages a negative view of what it is to be black. b. Not all black people suffer "discrimination and insult." c. It doesn't distinguish black people from other oppressed ethnic groups. d. Race is illusory.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 557 TOP: "The Uncompleted Argument: Du Bois and the Illusion of Race," Anthony Appiah | Chapter 12: What Is Race? What Is Gender?

MSC: Remembering 5. Haslanger's main aim is to a. figure out how we actually use gender and race concepts. b. develop concepts of race and gender that will be useful tools in fighting injustice. c. explain why race and gender concepts are outdated and should be abolished. d. show that there is nothing corresponding to our ordinary race and gender concepts.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 562 TOP: "Gender and Race: (What) Are They? (What) Do We Want Them to Be?", Sally Haslanger | Chapter 12: What Is Race? What Is Gender?

MSC: Understanding 6. Haslanger holds that "the primary motivation for distinguishing sex from gender" is to account

for a. b. c. d.

the distinction between transgender and cisgender people. the fact that males and females systematically differ in their social positions. our subjective gender identities. women who are (unbeknownst even to themselves) biologically intersex.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 563 TOP: "Gender and Race: (What) Are They? (What) Do We Want Them to Be?", Sally Haslanger | Chapter 12: What Is Race? What Is Gender?

MSC: Remembering 7. For Haslanger, in an ideal world a. men and women would be equal. b. women would be superior to men. c. there would be no women.

d. all people would be women.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: pp. 567-568 TOP: "Gender and Race: (What) Are They? (What) Do We Want Them to Be?", Sally Haslanger | Chapter 12: What Is Race? What Is Gender?

MSC: Applying 8. Alex and Byron were both assigned female at birth, but both identify as (trans) men. Neither has

had "sex-reassignment" surgery; both take hormone replacement therapy and live as men. Alex is broadly perceived by others who meet him to be a man. But people typically assume that Byron is a woman. On Haslanger's account, what are the genders of Alex and Byron? a. Alex and Byron are both men: that's how they each self-identify, and an individual's gender self-identification must be respected. b. Alex and Byron are both women: they both have ovaries, uteruses and XX chromosomes, so biologically and scientifically they are women. c. Alex is a man, and Byron is a woman: Alex is in a dominant social position due to others' presumption of testes and a penis; Byron is subordinated due to others' presumption of ovaries and a vagina. d. Alex is a man, and Byron is a woman: that's how they are perceived by others, and gender is an intersubjective social construction.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 564 TOP: "Gender and Race: (What) Are They? (What) Do We Want Them to Be?", Sally Haslanger | Chapter 12: What Is Race? What Is Gender?

MSC: Applying 9. Spencer's argument takes the which form? a. The Xs are Y, the Xs are also Zs, so some Zs are Y. b. The Xs are Y, the Ys are also Zs, so some Zs are X. c. The Xs are Y, the Xs are the only Zs, so all Zs are Y. d. The Xs are Y, the Xs are also Z, so all Zs are Y. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: p. 572 TOP: "Are Folk Races Like Dingoes, Dimes, or Dodos?", Quayshawn Spencer | Chapter 12: What Is Race? What Is Gender?

MSC: Analyzing 10. Spencer explains that the human continental populations are a. Whites, Blacks, and Asians. b. Africans, Asians, Europeans, and Native Americans. c. Africans, East Asians, Eurasians, Native Americans, and Oceanians. d. Africans, East Asians, Europeans, Middle Easterners, Native Americans, and

Pacific Islanders.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: p. 575.

TOP: "Are Folk Races Like Dingoes, Dimes, or Dodos?", Quayshawn Spencer | Chapter 12: What Is Race? What Is Gender?

MSC: Remembering 11. Glasgow concludes that "black" and "African" are distinct racial categories because he holds

that a. some people are black but not African. b. "Black" is defined by visible physical features, while "African" is defined by

genomic ancestry. c. some people are African but not black. d. distinct words have distinct meanings.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 577 TOP: "Are Folk Races Like Dingoes, Dimes, or Dodos?", Quayshawn Spencer | Chapter 12: What Is Race? What Is Gender?

MSC: Understanding 12. Descriptivism is a view that seeks to explain the nature of a. races. b. concepts. c. descriptions. d. names.

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: p. 577 TOP: "Are Folk Races Like Dingoes, Dimes, or Dodos?" Quayshawn Spencer | Chapter 12: What Is Race? What Is Gender?

MSC: Understanding 13. According to Barnes, biological differences between males and females that affect behavior and

personality are more like which of the following? a. Coloration patterns of peacocks: There is a sharp difference between the coloration of male peacock (iridescent blue) and female peacock (grey/brown), with a clear biological basis. b. Weight in gorillas: Almost all male gorillas are heavier than almost all female gorillas, though there could be rare individual exceptions. c. Height in humans: On average, male humans are taller than female humans, but the difference is small and there are many individual females who are taller than individual males. d. Barnes actually denies that there are any biological differences between male and female humans.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: p. 583 TOP: "The Metaphysics of Gender," Elizabeth Barnes | Chapter 12: What Is Race? What Is Gender?

MSC: Understanding 14. Why does Barnes think that cognitively disabled women pose a challenge for gender

internalists? a. Intersectionality means that these women may be treated very differently from nondisabled women. b. These women may not feel a sense of their relationship to sex-based social norms. c. Cognitive disabilities may go along with internal physical differences. d. Cognitive disabilities may cause these women to behave in ways that systematically violate feminine gender norms.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 589 TOP: "The Metaphysics of Gender," Elizabeth Barnes | Chapter 12: What Is Race? What Is Gender?

MSC: Understanding 15. Elsa was assigned female at birth. She has always identified as a woman, and has never given

her gender identity any thought. Unbeknownst to her, she has XY sex chromosomes, rather than the XX chromosomes that women typically have, and undescended testes where women typically have ovaries. Barnes suggests that cases like Elsa show that a. gender cannot be identified with biological sex. b. gender exists as a spectrum, not a binary. c. gender internalism is subject to apparent counterexamples.

d. gender externalism is subject to apparent counterexamples.

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: p. 582 TOP: "The Metaphysics of Gender," Elizabeth Barnes | Chapter 12: What Is Race? What Is Gender?

MSC: Applying COMPLETION 1. Spencer addresses Glasgow's objection by appealing to a view in the philosophy of language

called ________.

ANS: referentialism.

DIF: Medium REF: p. 577 TOP: "Are Folk Races Like Dingoes, Dimes, or Dodos?", Quayshawn Spencer | Chapter 12: What Is Race? What Is Gender?

MSC: Remembering 2. Views according to which gender is primarily a matter of how others perceive and respond to

you are known as ____________.

ANS: gender externalism [or variants: e.g., gender externalist views] DIF: Easy REF: p. 585 TOP: "The Metaphysics of Gender," Elizabeth Barnes | Chapter 12: What Is Race? What Is Gender?

MSC: Remembering 3. The idea that one's gender isn't experienced in isolation from other social features (e.g. your

race, class) is called __________.

ANS: intersectionality DIF: Medium REF: p. 586 TOP: "The Metaphysics of Gender," Elizabeth Barnes | Chapter 12: What Is Race? What Is Gender?

MSC: Remembering ESSAY 1. Consider the relationship between the metaphysics of race and the metaphysics of gender.

Should we expect race and gender to have the same metaphysical status (e.g., real scientific kinds, social constructions, subjective self-categorizations, or illusions)?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A basic answer might discuss Haslanger's unified treatment of both concept types. A good answer might note that eliminativism and biological realism seem more plausible/defensible for race than for gender, whereas subjective (or "internalist") views are generally seen as more plausible for gender than for race. An especially excellent answer might then explore possible reasons for these disparities.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 543-593

TOP: Chapter 12: What Is Race? What Is Gender?

2. Spencer argues that the OMB races are folk races, and that these folk races are real biological

entities. Explain Spencer's argument in your own words. Consider Sadia, a Pakistani-American.

Why might Sadia be thought to pose a challenge to Spencer's argument?

ANS:

Answers will vary. Answers should explicitly discuss why Spencer thinks that the OMB races are folk races. Discussion of Sadia should note that those of Pakistani descent are classed by the OMB as white, though most people would probably not think of Pakistani-Americans as being of the same racial group as Americans of European descent. This casts doubt on Spencer's premise that the OMB races are folk races. Responses on Spencer's behalf might cite his defense of the "folkiness" of OMB races on grounds that they are widely used in official paperwork.

Answers may note that it is unclear whether this is sufficient to make something a folk concept (rather than, say, a bureaucratic one).

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 571-581 TOP: "Are Folk Races Like Dingoes, Dimes, or Dodos?", Quayshawn Spencer | Chapter 12: What Is Race? What Is Gender?

MSC: Evaluating 3. What does Appiah mean when he writes that "there are no races: there is nothing in the world

that can do all we ask 'race' to do for us"? Propose a possible objection to Appiah's reasoning and assess whether the objection is successful, or whether Appiah could plausibly respond to it.

ANS:

Answers will vary. Responses might begin by explaining how Appiah believes that our ordinary notion of "race" aims to reveal a deep explanatory divide between different classes of humans, whereas we now know that there is no such deep or explanatory genetic division between races.

Appiah takes this to suggest that "race" is not a useful concept, and doesn't pick out a real property or natural kind. Possible objections might explore whether our contemporary "race" concept necessarily assumes any such deep divide. For example, it does not seem incoherent to say that "race is only skin deep." Some attempt should be made to charitably imagine how Appiah could respond to their objection, for example, by distinguishing our verbal platitudes about race from deep-rooted social practices of discrimination and oppression.

DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 549-560 TOP: 'The Uncompleted Argument: Du Bois and the Illusion of Race," Anthony Appiah | Chapter 12: What Is Race? What Is Gender?

MSC: Evaluating 4. Haslanger defends her account of gender from the commonality and normativity problems.

What are the commonality and normativity problems? How does Haslanger think that her analysis of gender avoids these problems? Haslanger does not explicitly defend her account of race from these problems, writing that in response she would "repeat the strategy just employed." Explain how Haslanger's strategy can be extended to apply to race concepts.

ANS:

Answers should touch on the following key points. Answers will explain the commonality challenge (there's nothing that all members of group X have in common) and the normativity challenge (any effort to define group X will result in some members being privileged and others marginalized). Commonality: answers will note Haslanger's defense of oppression-based-on-presumed-anatomy as something that all women have in common ... or at least, something that all those who form "a meaningful political category for critical feminist efforts" have in common. Normativity: answers will note that Haslanger agrees that her analysis may marginalize "non-oppressed females," but that this is okay, as "they are not the ones who matter." Answers should explain Haslanger's analysis of racialized groups as socially positioned based on presumed ancestral links. On commonality, answers will offer a defense of this as something all group members have in common. On normativity, answers will focus on the political importance of our social positioning, arguing that the analysis will capture "the ones who matter" in terms of social oppression.

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 560-571 TOP: "Gender and Race: (What) Are They? (What) Do We Want Them To Be?", Sally Haslanger | Chapter 12: What Is Race? What Is Gender?

MSC: Applying 5. Pick either gender internalism or Haslanger’s gender externalism (not both). Explain Barnes's

"misgendering" objection to your chosen view, using an example. Suggest a way to defend your chosen view against this objection. Do you think the defense would be successful?

ANS:

Answers will vary. Answers should clearly explain the objection, including an example like Barnes's Chi-ah (against externalism) or the severely cognitively disabled woman (against internalism). Externalism might be defended by appeal to Haslanger's "analytical" approach which aims to be politically useful rather than capturing our pre-theoretic concept. Internalism might be defended by questioning the force of the counterexample: it might be argued that to have a gender at all (beyond just a biological sex), one must have some sense of gender identity, or else theorists risk implausibly ascribing genders to non human animals too.

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 581-593 TOP: "The Metaphysics of Gender," Elizabeth Barnes | Chapter 12: What Is Race? What Is Gender?

MSC: Evaluating

Chapter 13 Do We Possess Free Will?

TRUE/FALSE 1. Chisholm thinks we are like God in an important way.

a. True b. False ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: p. 615 TOP: Human Freedom and the Self, Chisholm | Chapter 13: Do We Possess Free Will?

MSC: Understanding 2. Ayer thinks that everything that is caused is constrained.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: p. 621 TOP: Freedom and Necessity, Ayer | Chapter 13: Do We Possess Free Will?

MSC: Remembering 3. P. F. Strawson thinks that determinism is true, but that it does not matter.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: pp. 625, 629 TOP: Freedom and Resentment, Strawson | Chapter 13: Do We Possess Free Will?

MSC: Understanding 4. Frankfurt thinks that free will is required for moral responsibility.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: p. 642 TOP: Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person, Frankfurt | Chapter 13: Do We Possess Free Will? MSC: Understanding 5. Wolf claims to have shown that determinism is not a problem for moral responsibility.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 651-653 TOP: Sanity and the Metaphysics of Responsibility, Wolf | Chapter 13: Do We Possess Free Will?

MSC: Understanding 6. Arpaly thinks that doing what you think to be good is not a big deal.

a. True b. False ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: p. 663 TOP: Why Moral Ignorance Is No Excuse, Arpaly | Chapter 13: Do We Possess Free Will?

MSC: Remembering

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. One might attempt to respond to Galen Strawson on behalf of libertarianism by arguing that a. moral responsibility does not require free will. b. it is possible to do things that violate the laws of nature. c. even if there is indeterminism involved,your actions may still be your own. d. the truth of determinism shows that our actions come from how we are.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 607 TOP: Free Will, Strawson | Chapter 13: Do We Possess Free Will?

MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating 2. Sam knowingly and willingly commits a crime with full appreciation of the consequences. In

such a case, Galen Strawson would say that a. it is unjust to punish Sam. b. sam should not be punished. c. it would be best to let Sam go without punishment. d. Sam is morally responsible for the crime.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: p. 606 TOP: Free Will, Strawson | Chapter 13: Do We Possess Free Will?

MSC: Applying 3. According to GalenStrawson, our ordinary conception of moral responsibility a. is completely accurate. b. is accurate but needs refinement. c. is clearly mistaken. d. is perhaps inconsistent.

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: p. 604 TOP: Free Will, Strawson | Chapter 13: Do We Possess Free Will?

MSC: Understanding 4. A spark causing a fire is an example of what Chisholm calls a. transeunt causation. b. immanent causation. c. agent causation. d. deterministic causation.

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: p. 613 TOP: Human Freedom and the Self, Chisholm | Chapter 13: Do We Possess Free Will?

MSC: Applying 5. We know Sam's beliefs and desires as well as how strong they are. According to which

approach can we know what Sam will do? a. Kantian approach b. Chisholmian approach c. Hobbist approach d. Strawsonian approach ANS: C

DIF: Easy

REF: p. 615

TOP: Human Freedom and the Self, Chisholm | Chapter 13: Do We Possess Free Will?

MSC: Applying 6. Chisholm thinks when an agent causes something a. it is a kind of transeunt causation. b. it is not a matter of the agent’s desires necessitating the choice. c. it is a matter of the agent’s desires necessitating the choice. d. it is an indeterministic event.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: pp. 615-616 TOP: Human Freedom and the Self, Chisholm | Chapter 13: Do We Possess Free Will?

MSC: Understanding 7. According to Ayer, the ability to do otherwise a. is not required for moral responsibility. b. is required for free will. c. is an illusion. d. is sufficient for moral responsibility.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 618 TOP: Freedom and Necessity, Ayer | Chapter 13: Do We Possess Free Will?

MSC: Understanding 8. Sam is threatened by the mob. They will hurt his family if he does not steal for them. What

would Ayer say about Sam? a. He is still responsible for his choice to steal. b. He is determined to steal. c. He has lost free will. d. He is constrained to steal.

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: pp. 621-622 TOP: Freedom and Necessity, Ayer | Chapter 13: Do We Possess Free Will?

MSC: Applying 9. According to Ayer, free will is a. consistent with indeterminism. b. an illusion. c. consistent with determinism. d. consistent with being constrained.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: pp. 621-623 TOP: Freedom and Necessity, Ayer | Chapter 13: Do We Possess Free Will?

MSC: Understanding 10. According to Ayer, our views about a person acting "in character" seem to suggest that a. the ability to do otherwise is not necessary for free will. b. free will and determinism are incompatible. c. free will and determinism are compatible. d. free will is not required for moral responsibility.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 621 TOP: Freedom and Necessity, Ayer | Chapter 13: Do We Possess Free Will?

MSC: Understanding

11. Sam is a small child. When Sam steals a cookie from the cookie jar, we do not tend to hold Sam

responsible in the way that we would an adult. P. F. Strawson claims that this is because we a. assume that determinism is true for Sam. b. do not consider Sam a moral agent. c. do not think that Sam’s injury is the same as the adult’s. d. assume that Sam could not do otherwise.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: pp. 628-629 TOP: Freedom and Resentment, Strawson | Chapter 13: Do We Possess Free Will?

MSC: Applying 12. One way to challenge P. F. Strawson’s position is to argue that a. determinism is true. b. determinism is false. c. we have the reactive attitudes that we do because we were taught to have them. d. our reactive attitudes presuppose that determinism is false.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 625-632 TOP: Freedom and Resentment, Strawson | Chapter 13: Do We Possess Free Will?

MSC: Evaluating 13. P. F. Strawson claims that “optimists” and “pessimists” a. misunderstand determinism. b. accept determinism. c. make things too complicated. d. oversimplify.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 632 TOP: Freedom and Resentment, Strawson | Chapter 13: Do We Possess Free Will?

MSC: Understanding 14. Which of the following sets of concepts are coextensive? a. “Couch” and “furniture” b. “Three-sided figure” and “three-interior-angled figure” c. “Having positive electrical charge” and “having negative electrical charge” d. “Philosophy” and “intellectual activity” ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 636 TOP: Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person, Frankfurt | Chapter 13: Do We Possess Free Will? MSC: Applying 15. One way to challenge Frankfurt’s view on moral responsibility is to argue that a. it seems that if one had first- and second-order desires implanted in them, he or she

would lack responsibility for acting on those desires. b. it seems that if one had first- and second-order desires that conflicted, he or

shewould lack responsibility for acting on those desires. c. it seems that if one had first-order desires that conflicted, he or she would lack responsibility for acting on those desires. d. it seems that if one had second-order desires that conflicted, he or she would lack responsibility for acting on those desires.

ANS: A

DIF: Difficult

REF: p. 643

TOP: Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person, Frankfurt | Chapter 13: Do We Possess Free Will? MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating 16. Sam is a compulsive thief. However, Sam desires to stop stealing.Sally is also a thief. Sally

enjoys stealing, but she does not have a desire about her stealing one way or the other. If their only desires were those that they have about stealing, what would Frankfurt say about Sam and Sally? a. They are both people. b. They are both wantons. c. Sam is a person, and Sally is a wanton. d. Sam is a wanton, and Sally is a person.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: pp. 637-638 TOP: Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person, Frankfurt | Chapter 13: Do We Possess Free Will? MSC: Applying 17. Frankfurt thinks that the ability to do otherwise a. is required for moral responsibility. b. is not required for moral responsibility. c. is essential for free will. d. is irrelevant to issues of freedom.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: pp. 642-643 TOP: Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person, Frankfurt | Chapter 13: Do We Possess Free Will? MSC: Understanding 18. According to the deep-self view, a dog does not have moral responsibility because it a. is alienated from its deep self. b. has a limited deep self. c. does not have a deep self. d. cannot appreciate its deep self.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 648 TOP: Sanity and the Metaphysics of Responsibility, Wolf | Chapter 13: Do We Possess Free Will?

MSC: Applying 19. One way to challenge Wolf's position is to argue that JoJo a. deserves to be punished. b. is not really free. c. does not deserve praise. d. lacks a deep self.

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: pp. 650-651 TOP: Sanity and the Metaphysics of Responsibility, Wolf | Chapter 13: Do We Possess Free Will?

MSC: Analyzing 20. If it is true that no matter what Sam does he will end up in prison, then at least with respect to his

going to prison, what is true? a. Determinism b. Fatalism c. Indeterminism d. Deep sanity

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 648 TOP: Sanity and the Metaphysics of Responsibility, Wolf | Chapter 13: Do We Possess Free Will?

MSC: Applying 21. What does Wolf say about our being responsible for our deeper selves? a. We are responsible for our deeper selves. b. We can be responsible for our deeper selves even if determinism is true. c. We cannot be responsible for our deeper selves if indeterminism is true. d. Our parents are responsible for our deeper selves.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 649 TOP: Sanity and the Metaphysics of Responsibility, Wolf | Chapter 13: Do We Possess Free Will?

MSC: Understanding 22. Sam is instructed to push a button and told that doing so will give water to all the animals in an

animal shelter. Unbeknownst to Sam, pushing the button will actually kill all of the animals.

Sam pushes the button. Sam is a. blameworthy because of factual ignorance. b. not blameworthy because of factual ignorance. c. blameworthy because of moral ignorance. d. not blameworthy because of moral ignorance.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 658 TOP: Why Moral Ignorance Is No Excuse, Arpaly | Chapter 13: Do We Possess Free Will?

MSC: Applying 23. According to Arpaly, irrationality a. cannot mitigate one's blame. b. always mitigates one's blame. c. can mitigate one's blame. d. makes one more blameworthy.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 661 TOP: Why Moral Ignorance Is No Excuse, Arpaly | Chapter 13: Do We Possess Free Will?

MSC: Understanding 24. One way to challenge Arpaly's view would be to argue that a. there is nothing wrong with violating your own conscience. b. there is something morally wrong with violating your own conscience. c. you cannot violate your own conscience when you are morally ignorant. d. there is something morally good about violating your own conscience when you are

factually ignorant.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 662-663 TOP: Why Moral Ignorance Is No Excuse, Arpaly | Chapter 13: Do We Possess Free Will?

MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating 25. Someone who believes that slavery is morally permissible because they have been taught this

their whole life by people they trust is suffering from a. factual ignorance. b. educated ignorance. c. moral ignorance.

d. community ignorance.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: pp. 659-660 TOP: Why Moral Ignorance Is No Excuse, Arpaly | Chapter 13: Do We Possess Free Will?

MSC: Understanding COMPLETION 1. According to Galen Strawson's "Basic Argument,"the truth or falsity of _____makes no

difference to moral responsibility.

ANS: determinism DIF: Medium REF: p. 600 TOP: Free Will, Strawson | Chapter 13: Do We Possess Free Will?

MSC: Understanding 2. Galen Strawson claims that the property of something being a cause of itself, causa sui, can

only be unintelligibly assumed to belong to ______.

ANS: God DIF: Medium REF: p. 605 TOP: Free Will, Strawson | Chapter 13: Do We Possess Free Will?

MSC: Remembering 3. Chisholm thinks that moral responsibility appears inconsistent with determinism and

with_____.

ANS: indeterminism DIF: Medium REF: p. 610 TOP: Human Freedom and the Self, Chisholm | Chapter 13: Do We Possess Free Will?

MSC: Understanding 4. Reactions to others’ wills toward us are what P. F. Strawson calls _____.

ANS: reactive attitudes DIF: Medium REF: p. 630 TOP: Freedom and Resentment, Strawson | Chapter 13: Do We Possess Free Will MSC: Remembering ESSAY 1. How would Chisholm respond to Galen Strawson's objections to the "self" response to the

“Basic Argument”?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of what Strawson calls the Basic Argument and the response he considers, which appeals to the role of the self.Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Strawson's objection that this sort of response ends up back where the issue started, because the self either chooses because of how it is, or there is indeterminism. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Chisholm's claims that the self/agent can make choices in a way that is not indeterministic but also is not simply the result of beliefs and desires.

DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 600-617 MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating

TOP: Chapter 13: Do We Possess Free Will?

2. What is the difference between a “person” and a “wanton” according to Frankfurt? Come up

with your own examples to illustrate this difference.

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Frankfurt’s definitions of “person” and “wanton.”Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of an example where the individual has (1)first-order desires and (2) second-order desires about her/his first-order desires (person). Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of an example where the individual has first-order desires, but no second-order desires about her/his first-order desires (i.e., wanton).

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 634-644 TOP: Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person, Frankfurt MSC: Applying 3. How might Frankfurt respond to Galen Strawson’s “Basic Argument”?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Strawson’s Basic Argument. Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Frankfurt’s idea that in order to be morally responsible one does not have to have free will, as well as his discussion of how one is responsible for actions that are the result of one doing as one wills.

Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of how Frankfurt’s view attempts to sidestep the sort of worry that Strawson raises, where one must be responsible for how one is in order to be responsible, by claiming that all that is required for moral responsibility is doing what one wills, particularly in situations where one’s first- and second-order desires match up.

DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 600-608, 634-644 TOP: Chapter 13: Do We Possess Free Will?

MSC: Analyzing/ Evaluating

4. How is Wolf's view of the requirements for moral responsibility different from Frankfurt's

view?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Frankfurt's view that having the right sort of second-order desires is sufficient for moral responsibility. Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Wolf's "JoJo" case, which is supposed to show that someone can satisfy Frankfurt's conditions without actually having moral responsibility. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Wolf's "sanity" requirement for moral responsibility.

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 634-644, 645-656 TOP: Chapter 13: Do We Possess Free Will?

MSC: Analyzing

5. Arpaly mentions that moral ignorance is no excuse for wrong actions, and that factual ignorance

is sometimes an excuse and sometimes not. Provide your own examples of each of these situations: (1) someone is morally ignorant but still blameworthy, (2) someone is factually ignorant and not blameworthy, and (3) someone is factually ignorant but blameworthy.

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of a case where someone is mistaken, or simply does not know, about what the moral action is in a certain situation in which he/she acts immorally. Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of a case where someone does something immoral because of being mistaken about certain facts of the situation through no fault of her/his own. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of a case where someone does something immoral because of being mistaken about certain facts of the situation, but he/she is at fault for this mistake concerning the facts.

DIF: Medium MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 658-663

TOP: Why Moral Ignorance is No Excuse, Arpaly

Chapter 14 What Is the Right Thing to Do? TRUE/FALSE 1. Thomson thinks that an early abortion amounts to killing a person.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: p. 704 TOP: A Defense of Abortion, Thomson | Chapter 14: What Is the Right Thing to Do? MSC: Understanding 2. One way to object to Marquis's argument against abortion is to argue that we do not know

whether a fetus will have a future. a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: pp. 706-712 TOP: Why Abortion is Immoral, Marquis | Chapter 14: What Is the Right Thing to Do? MSC: Evaluating 3. Harman claims that she has shown that it is wrong to painlessly kill animals.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: p. 721 TOP: The Moral Significance of Animal Pain and Death, Harman | Chapter 14: What Is the Right Thing to Do? MSC: Understanding 4. Diamond supports vegetarianism, but she thinks we cannot produce good arguments for it.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: pp. 724-729 TOP: Eating Meat and Eating People, Diamond | Chapter 14: What Is the Right Thing to Do? MSC: Understanding MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. When it comes to how far away people are whom we could help, Singer claims that a. we should help those who are closer first. b. we do not have an obligation to those who are far away. c. we have an obligation regardless of how far away people are. d. we have obligations to help our own fellow citizens only.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 679 TOP: Famine, Affluence and Morality, Singer | Chapter 14: What Is the Right Thing to Do? MSC: Understanding 2. What does Singer think about concerns for effective population control?

a. It is not as important as famine relief. b. It provides no reason for not giving to famine relief. c. It provides a reason to focus on population control as a means of dealing with

famine. d. It provides a reason to allow famine to go unchecked.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 683 TOP: Famine, Affluence and Morality, Singer | Chapter 14: What Is the Right Thing to Do? MSC: Understanding 3. One way to challenge the strong version of Singer's principle of marginal utility is to argue that a. it is too much of a burden for people to bear. b. people will not accept the obligations it brings. c. people pay taxes, so the government should be giving instead of individuals. d. it could be more productive for people to invest their money so they have more to

give.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: p. 683 TOP: Famine, Affluence and Morality, Singer | Chapter 14: What Is the Right Thing to Do? MSC: Analyzing 4. What would Singer claim about a situation in which you could forego having a car and instead

give the money you would have spent on it to provide medical care for people in an undeveloped country? a. It would be nice of you to do this, but it is not morally wrong if you do not. b. It is morally wrong if you do not do this. c. It would be a great act of charity for you to do this. d. It would mean that you do not have to give to other causes if you do this.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 861 TOP: Famine, Affluence and Morality, Singer | Chapter 14: What Is the Right Thing to Do? MSC: Applying 5. According to the principle of universalizability, a. moral truths hold for everyone at all times. b. moral truths do not hold for everyone at all times. c. we should act in ways that we think are morally correct. d. we should act in ways that we think others should act in our place.

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: p. 680 TOP: Famine, Affluence and Morality, Singer | Chapter 14: What Is the Right Thing to Do? MSC: Understanding 6. According to O’Neill, the primary focus in Kantian ethics is on a. intentions. b. results. c. actions. d. happiness.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 689 TOP: The Moral Perplexities of Famine Relief, O'Neill | Chapter 14: What Is the Right Thing to Do? MSC: Understanding

7. According to O'Neill, the problem with giving someone a false promise is that a. it tends to make people unhappy. b. it uses the person as a mere means. c. it uses the person as a means. d. it treats your words as a mere means.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 690 TOP: The Moral Perplexities of Famine Relief, O'Neill | Chapter 14: What Is the Right Thing to Do? MSC: Understanding 8. According to O’Neill, we have a duty of beneficence to try to extend the possibility of

autonomous action to those in famine-stricken areas. Which of the following actions aim to meet that end? a. Give food b. Instruct governments dealing with famine on how to help their citizens c. Try to help improve educational opportunities and the status of women d. Impose population control policies ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 692-693 TOP: The Moral Perplexities of Famine Relief, O'Neill | Chapter 14: What Is the Right Thing to Do? MSC: Analyzing 9. According to O’Neill, if you were to pay someone to cut your hair, you would a. be using the person as a means. b. be using the person as a mere means. c. not be using the person at all. d. not be satisfying the categorical imperative.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: p. 690 TOP: The Moral Perplexities of Famine Relief, O'Neill | Chapter 14: What Is the Right Thing to Do? MSC: Applying 10. Thomson thinks that when you ought to do something a. it is always unjust to refuse to do it. b. sometimes you can refuse to do it without being unjust. c. it would never be bad if you refuse to do it. d. you must always do it.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 703 TOP: A Defense of Abortion, Thomson | Chapter 14: What Is the Right Thing to Do? MSC: Understanding 11. One way to challenge Thomson's argument is to argue that when it comes to a mother and a

fetus a. the mother cannot simply unplug herself like you can with the violinist. b. the mother does not have a right to her body like you do in the violinist case. c. the mother has special obligations due to her relationship with the fetus. d. the mother has to keep "connected" to the fetus longer than the violinist needs to be connected to you.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 697-704 TOP: A Defense of Abortion, Thomson | Chapter 14: What Is the Right Thing to Do? MSC: Analyzing

12. Assuming that Thomson's argument is sound, a fetus that could survive outside of the mother's

body a. can still be permissibly killed. b. cannot be removed from the mother's body. c. can be removed from the mother's body but not killed. d. can be removed from the mother's body and allowed to die naturally.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: p. 703 TOP: A Defense of Abortion, Thomson | Chapter 14: What Is the Right Thing to Do? MSC: Applying 13. Marquis claims that the moral principles that anti-abortionists tend to rely on in their arguments a. do not rule out enough things. b. make too many things wrong. c. make too many things right. d. make their arguments too easy.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 707 TOP: Why Abortion is Immoral, Marquis | Chapter 14: What Is the Right Thing to Do? MSC: Understanding 14. Marquis claims that his theoretical account of the wrongness of killing a. explains why euthanasia is wrong. b. explains why abortion is permissible in some cases. c. explains why killing is one of the worst crimes. d. explains why it is important to save others from starvation.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 709 TOP: Why Abortion is Immoral, Marquis | Chapter 14: What Is the Right Thing to Do? MSC: Remembering 15. Given Marquis's view of the wrongness of killing, if someone is in a coma and will never wake

up a. b. c. d.

it is still wrong to kill the person. it is not wrong to kill the person. we still have obligations to care for the person. we can do whatever we would like to the person.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: pp. 706-712 TOP: Why Abortion is Immoral, Marquis | Chapter 14: What Is the Right Thing to Do? MSC: Applying 16. How does Harman use the case of a depressed person to argue against the view that death is not

bad for animals? a. It is supposed to show that death can be bad even if you do not fear it. b. It is supposed to show that death can be bad even if it does not cause you pain. c. It is supposed to show that death can be bad even if it does not frustrate your plans. d. It is supposed to show that death can be bad even if it does not harm you.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 718 TOP: The Moral Significance of Animal Pain and Death, Harman | Chapter 14: What Is the Right Thing to Do? MSC: Analyzing

17. When a child does not want to eat healthy, eating the proper portion of vegetables is a. not in the child's interests. b. in the child's interests. c. wrong to force on the child. d. something that violates autonomy.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 719 TOP: The Moral Significance of Animal Pain and Death, Harman | Chapter 14: What Is the Right Thing to Do? MSC: Applying 18. One way to challenge Harman's argument is to deny that a. something's having moral status is required for harming it to be wrong. b. something's having moral status means that harming it is wrong. c. something's having moral status gives it rights. d. something's having moral status is required for it to have rights.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: p. 716 TOP: The Moral Significance of Animal Pain and Death, Harman | Chapter 14: What Is the Right Thing to Do? MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating 19. On McMahan's view that Harman discusses, a being's psychological relationship with its future

life a. b. c. d.

does not make a difference to whether it should be killed. makes it so that it is never permissible to kill it. affects how bad dying is for it. determines whether it suffers when it dies.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 719 TOP: The Moral Significance of Animal Pain and Death, Harman | Chapter 14: What Is the Right Thing to Do? MSC: Understanding 20. Diamond claims that the problem with arguments that rely on speciesism, such as Singer's, is

that a. b. c. d.

speciesism is not morally wrong. they rely on complex analogies. they rely on false moral principles. they are inconsistent with the claim that speciesism is wrong.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 724 TOP: Eating Meat and Eating People, Diamond | Chapter 14: What Is the Right Thing to Do? MSC: Understanding 21. Diamond thinks that we cannot argue for vegetarianism on the basis of reasons that a. are reasons for anyone. b. are necessarily true. c. logically support vegetarianism. d. are only contingently true.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 728-729 TOP: Eating Meat and Eating People, Diamond | Chapter 14: What Is the Right Thing to Do? MSC: Understanding

22. What might Diamond say about someone who appeals to the rights (or lack thereof) of a fetus in

arguing about abortion? a. They are likely to be on the right track. b. They are likely to distort the issue by focusing on this. c. They are likely to come to an agreement on the issue. d. They are likely to persuade others to accept their view.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: pp. 723-729 TOP: Eating Meat and Eating People, Diamond | Chapter 14: What Is the Right Thing to Do? MSC: Applying COMPLETION 1. O'Neill points out that for utilitarians, it is _____that matter, not principles.

ANS: results DIF: Easy REF: p. 688 TOP: The Moral Perplexities of Famine Relief, O'Neill | Chapter 14: What Is the Right Thing to Do? MSC: Remembering 2. Thomson grants that a fetus is a _____ from the moment of conception for the purposes of her

argument.

ANS: human being/person DIF: Easy REF: p. 704 TOP: A Defense of Abortion, Thomson | Chapter 14: What Is the Right Thing to Do? MSC: Remembering 3. Marquis claims that it is the loss of a____ that makes killing wrong.

ANS: future DIF: Easy REF: pp. 708-709 TOP: Why Abortion is Immoral, Marquis | Chapter 14: What Is the Right Thing to Do? MSC: Remembering 4. When a human treats other animals differently simply because they are not human, that person

is guilty of ____.

ANS: speciesism DIF: Medium REF: p. 723 TOP: Eating Meat and Eating People, Diamond | Chapter 14: What Is the Right Thing to Do? MSC: Remembering ESSAY

1. Suppose that Sam promises Sally that nothing is going on at his house this evening, because he

knows that there is a surprise party for Sally and that she will greatly enjoy the surprise.What would utilitarians and Kantians each say about Sam's false promise?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of the fact that utilitarians would judge the false promise based on the consequences of it. In this case, a valid response should/might claim that utilitarians would also say that Sam's false promise is morally good (or at least permissible) because it will maximize happiness by letting Sally enjoy the surprise.

Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of the Kantian idea that false promises treat the people who believe them as mere means, which is wrong. As a result, a valid response should/might discuss the idea that a Kantian wouldclaim that Sam does something wrong by making this false promise to Sally.

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 686-695 TOP: The Moral Perplexities of Famine and World Hunger, O'Neill MSC: Applying 2. How is Thomson's violinist case supposed to show that abortion can be permissible even if

fetuses have a right to life?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of the setup of Thomson's violinist case. In particular, a valid response should/might include discussion of the ways in which Thomson's violinist case is analogous to a pregnancy. Further, a valid response should/might include discussion of the fact that the violinist has a right to life, but it seems that you have a right to unplug him. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of the idea that the violinist case is thought to show that the violinist's right to life does not confer a right to use your body, and it is thought that the same considerations apply to a fetus.

DIF: Easy REF: pp. 697-704 MSC: Understanding

TOP: A Defense of Abortion, Thomson

3. One might challenge Marquis's view that the loss of a future is what makes killing wrong by

pointing out that some people (older) have less of a future than others (younger). How might this challenge be worded? And how might Marquis respond?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Marquis's idea that what makes killing wrong is the victim's loss of a future. Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of the idea that it may seem that if Marquis is correct, then it is more wrong to kill someone who is younger than it is to kill someone who is older (the reason being that the former has more of a future to lose than the latter), though intuitively it seems equally wrong to kill either. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of the idea that Marquis may attempt to respond that there are other considerations that may make it so that it is equally wrong to kill either (e.g., that it is equally wrong to take away a future regardless of its duration, or that facts about an individual's life can make it wrong to kill them).

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 706-712 MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating

TOP: Why Abortion is Immoral, Marquis

4. Marquis considers a view under which the wrongness of killing comes from the fact that such an

act brutalizes the person who commits it. How might one use a similar view (under which causing animal cruelty brutalizes the person committing the act) to argue against Harman's attack on “the Surprising Claim”?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of how Marquis explains this view—that killing desensitizes the person to that sort of act. Additionally, valid response should/might consider how one might claim that inflicting needless suffering on animals brutalizes the person who does so. Additionally, a valid response should/might discuss how if one adopts this sort of view, one could argue against Harman's claim that if it is wrong to cause harm to animals, it is because animals have moral status. Essentially, the brutalization view could allow one to argue that it is wrong to cause harm to animals while maintaining that animals themselves lack moral status.

DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 706-721 MSC: Applying/Evaluating

TOP: Chapter 14: What Is the Right Thing to Do?

5. O'Neill claims that one major problem with utilitarian approaches to famine relief is that they

require us to make impossible calculations. How might Singer respond to O'Neill's challenge?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Singer's utilitarian argument for our duties to help with famine relief.Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of O'Neill's charge that utilitarians cannot simply claim that we should help with famine relief, because they need to be able to calculate what the outcome of the help will actually be (e.g., will the starving get the food). Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of how Singer might respond. For example, Singer might argue that his moral principle of marginal utility holds, and that we can take steps to ensure that those we are giving aid to receive it without the need for complex calculations.

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 678-695 MSC: Analyzing/Applying

TOP: Chapter 14: What Is the Right Thing to Do?

Chapter 15 Do Your Intentions Matter?

TRUE/FALSE 1. Scanlon thinks that intentions are irrelevant for morality.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: p. 753 TOP: When Do Intentions Matter to Permissibility, Scanlon | Chapter 15: Do Your Intentions Matter?

MSC: Understanding 2. Smith thinks that you can be morally responsible for implicit biases even if you are unaware of

them. a. True b. False ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: p. 778 TOP: Implicit Bias, Moral Agency, and Moral Responsibility, Smith | Chapter 15: Do Your Intentions Matter?

MSC: Understanding MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. According to Anscombe, pacifism is a. destructive. b. helpful. c. true. d. false.

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: p. 743 TOP: Mr Truman's Degree, Anscombe | Chapter 15: Do Your Intentions Matter?

MSC: Remembering 2. According to Anscombe, if you know that your actions will lead to killing innocent people but

you perform the action anyway, then a. you have committed murder. b. you may not have committed murder. c. you are morally at fault. d. you should be prosecuted.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 742 TOP: Mr Truman's Degree, Anscombe | Chapter 15: Do Your Intentions Matter?

MSC: Understanding 3. What would Anscombe say about a military operation that targets an enemy bomb-making

facility but is known to likely have civilian casualties? a. It should not be undertaken. b. It is morally questionable. c. It is the same as murder. d. It may not be murder.

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: p. 742 TOP: Mr Truman's Degree, Anscombe | Chapter 15: Do Your Intentions Matter?

MSC: Applying 4. One way to challenge Anscombe's argument is to claim that a. consequences are all that matter for morality. b. intentions matter when it comes to morality. c. there is no way to know what someone's intentions are. d. we cannot tell what the consequences of all our actions will be.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 739-744 TOP: Mr Truman's Degree, Anscombe | Chapter 15: Do Your Intentions Matter?

MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating 5. If Sam saves a drowning person only because Sam wants to rob the person, Scanlon would

claim that Sam’s saving the person was a. good but impermissible. b. bad and impermissible. c. good and permissible. d. bad but permissible.

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: p. 753 TOP: When Do Intentions Matter to Permissibility, Scanlon | Chapter 15: Do Your Intentions Matter?

MSC: Applying 6. One way to challenge Scanlon’s case against intentions mattering for permissibility is to argue

that a. it is helpful for making decisions about the morality of cases. b. some differences in permissibility arise because of differences of intention. c. it is widely held that different intentions can make a difference to the morality of an

action. d. it is possible to do the right thing for the wrong reasons or with the wrong intentions.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 747-753 TOP: When Do Intentions Matter to Permissibility, Scanlon | Chapter 15: Do Your Intentions Matter?

MSC: Analyzing 7. According to Scanlon, when it comes to moral permissibility a. what an agent believes matters. b. what an agent knows matters. c. what an agent should believe matters. d. what an agent could believe matters.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 747 TOP: When Do Intentions Matter to Permissibility, Scanlon | Chapter 15: Do Your Intentions Matter?

MSC: Understanding 8. What would Herman say about a situation where you promise to help someone wash his or her

car, and you do so because you are hoping the person will perform a favor for you in the future? a. You have kept your promise. b. You have not kept your promise. c. You did not really make a promise at all.

d. Your washing the person's car was wrong.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: p. 756 TOP: Impermissibility and Wrongness, Herman | Chapter 15: Do Your Intentions Matter?

MSC: Applying 9. Herman claims that a single action can a. only fall under one maxim. b. fall under at most two maxims. c. come from different maxims. d. be both right and wrong.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 759 TOP: Impermissibility and Wrongness, Herman | Chapter 15: Do Your Intentions Matter?

MSC: Understanding 10. When you believe that your lottery ticket is a winning ticket and by chance you are correct,

Herman thinks that a. your belief is an instance of knowledge. b. your belief is false. c. your belief is not really a belief at all. d. your belief is defective.

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: p. 759 TOP: Impermissibility and Wrongness, Herman | Chapter 15: Do Your Intentions Matter?

MSC: Applying 11. Herman thinks that impermissibility does not capture what wrongness is, but rather is merely a

sign of moral wrongness. One way to challenge this view is to claim that a. impermissibility is a thick notion. b. impermissibility is a thin notion. c. sometimes intentions affect the morality of an action. d. not all morally wrong actions are impermissible.

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: p.755 TOP: Impermissibility and Wrongness, Herman | Chapter 15: Do Your Intentions Matter?

MSC: Analyzing 12. According to Herman, if someone promises to murder another person, a. it is not a real promise. b. it is an immoral promise. c. it is a promise that should not be kept. d. it is a promise that should only be kept in rare cases.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: p. 759 TOP: Impermissibility and Wrongness, Herman | Chapter 15: Do Your Intentions Matter?

MSC: Understanding 13. If one were to take an external perspective on the speed limit laws in the United States, one

would a. examine how people from other countries view these laws. b. examine these laws and take them to apply to oneself. c. examine how similar laws are implemented in other countries.

d. examine these laws without taking oneself to be subject to them.

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: p. 766 TOP: Culture, Responsibility, and Affected Ignorance, Moody-Adams | Chapter 15: Do Your Intentions Matter?

MSC: Applying 14. One way to challenge Moody-Adams’s criticisms of notions like “social incapacitation” and

“cultural insanity” is to argue that a. criticizing other cultures is not disrespectful to the people of that culture. b. the link between culture and agency does not absolve one from moral responsibility. c. cultural relativism demands that we resist criticizing the practices and beliefs of other cultures. d. cultural norms and beliefs do not radically impair the capacity for rational action.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 770 TOP: Culture, Responsibility, and Affected Ignorance, Moody-Adams | Chapter 15: Do Your Intentions Matter?

MSC: Evaluating 15. When someone chooses to turn a blind eye toward wrongdoing in his or her workplace,

Moody-Adams says the person is a. minding their own business. b. engaging in cowardly behavior. c. engaging in affected ignorance. d. engaging in poor business practices.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: pp. 443-447 TOP: Culture, Responsibility, and Affected Ignorance, Moody-Adams | Chapter 15: Do Your Intentions Matter?

MSC: Understanding 16. Moody-Adams claims that the inability thesis challenges a. the notion that we are capable of anything we put our minds toward doing. b. the notion that being ignorant of one's obligations is not an excuse for wrongdoing. c. the notion that when one is unable to perform a particular action it cannot be

required of them. d. the notion that one's moral abilities come from the upbringing that one has.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: p. 765 TOP: Culture, Responsibility, and Affected Ignorance, Moody-Adams | Chapter 15: Do Your Intentions Matter?

MSC: Understanding 17. If Sam sincerely thinks that he is not prejudiced, but he routinely downgrades the credentials of

female applicants without good reason, he may be suffering from a. an explicit bias. b. an implicit bias. c. a psychological disorder. d. a phobia.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 773 TOP: Implicit Bias, Moral Agency, and Moral Responsibility, Smith | Chapter 15: Do Your Intentions Matter?

MSC: Applying 18. One way of attacking Smith's criticism of the Conscious Self View on the grounds that people

subjected to implicit bias feel resentment is to argue that

a. b. c. d.

they may resent the situation rather than the person. they may be naturally resentful people. they may be unjustified in their resentment. they may not understand what is required for resentment.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: p. 778 TOP: Implicit Bias, Moral Agency, and Moral Responsibility, Smith | Chapter 15: Do Your Intentions Matter?

MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating 19. According to Smith, a. you can be morally responsible for X without having anything to do with X. b. you can be morally responsible for X without being blameworthy for X. c. you cannot be morally responsible for X without being blameworthy for X. d. you cannot be morally responsible for X without being either blameworthy or

praiseworthy for X. ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 775 TOP: Implicit Bias, Moral Agency, and Moral Responsibility, Smith | Chapter 15: Do Your Intentions Matter?

MSC: Understanding 20. Smith would say that the fact that you would think you learned something important about

yourself if you discovered that you have been unconsciously motivated by a desire to please your parents is evidence that a. the Complex Self View is false. b. the Conscious Self View is false. c. you have an explicit bias. d. you are not motivated by pure motives.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 777 TOP: Implicit Bias, Moral Agency, and Moral Responsibility, Smith | Chapter 15: Do Your Intentions Matter?

MSC: Evaluating COMPLETION 1. Anscombe thinks that killing can be permissible, but it depends on the situation and one's_____.

ANS: intentions DIF: Medium REF: pp. 739-744 TOP: Mr Truman's Degree, Anscombe | Chapter 15: Do Your Intentions Matter?

MSC: Understanding 2. Scanlon thinks that although many accept the____, it is mistaken as a criterion of permissibility.

ANS: Principle of Double Effect DIF: Easy REF: p. 751 TOP: When Do Intentions Matter to Permissibility, Scanlon | Chapter 15: Do Your Intentions Matter?

MSC: Remembering 3. The ____ thesis about cultural impediments says that one's upbringing can make it so that he or

she is unable to recognize that certain actions are wrong.

ANS: inability DIF: Medium REF: pp. 764-765 TOP: Culture, Responsibility, and Affected Ignorance, Moody-Adams | Chapter 15: Do Your Intentions Matter?

MSC: Remembering ESSAY 1. Person A is attacked by Person B. Person A's intention is defense from B's attack, but A ends up

killing B. Person X is attacked by Person Y. Person X intends to kill Y (and does kill Y) as a way of defending himself from Y's attack.

What would Anscombe say about Person A and Person X? ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Anscombe's claim that killing is not always wrong. Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Anscombe's claim that one's intentions matter. In particular, a valid response should/might include discussion of Anscombe's view that it is permissible to kill someone else in self-defense as long as one's intention is defense rather than killing. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of the fact that Anscombe claims that if one intends to kill the other person, then even in self-defense the person has done something wrong.

DIF: Medium MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 739-744

TOP: Mr Truman's Degree, Anscombe

2. Assume that abortion is morally impermissible in general. What would the Principle of Double

Effect say about an abortion that occurs in a situation where a pregnant woman undergoes cancer treatments to save her own life, and it is known that the treatments are likely to kill the fetus?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of the nature of the Principle of Double Effect. Additionally, a valid response should/might argue that in this case the woman’s actions are morally permissible. A valid response should/might explain that since the woman’s intentions were to treat the cancer (not harm the fetus), the harm to the fetus would be considered a side effect (not a means to the end, nor the ultimate end) of the treatment.

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 747-753 TOP: When Do Intentions Matter to Permissibility, Scanlon

MSC: Evaluating

3. Come up with an example where the acts-not-motives view would conflict with Herman's

Kantian view of morally correct action. Why does one theory claim that the action is morally correct and the other view disagree?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of an example where someone performs what seems to be the intuitively correct action, but the person does so for a bad reason (i.e., the person does not act according to the right maxim). Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of the idea that the acts-not-motives view holds that whether an action is right or wrong does not depend upon our motives, but the Kantian view that Herman defends requires that one have the right motives in order for an action performed by that person to be morally right.

DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 755-762 MSC: Applying/Analyzing

TOP: Impermissibility and Wrongness, Herman

4. Describe Milgram's experiments. What does Moody-Adams say about these experiments?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Milgram's experiments. Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Milgram's claims that the subjects act as they do because of the tendency to obey authority figures. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Moody-Adams's claims that in the Milgram experiments subjects are really displaying affected ignorance.

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 764-771 TOP: Culture, Responsibility, and Affected Ignorance, Moody-Adams MSC: Understanding 5. How are the Conscious Self View and the Complex Self View that Smith discusses different?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Smith's description of each of these views. In particular, a valid response should/might include discussion of how the Conscious Self View holds that an agent is to be identified with what the person consciously endorses in reflection, and how the Complex Self View holds that an agent is to be identified with rational appraisal.

DIF: Easy REF: pp. 773-779 TOP: Implicit Biases, Moral Agency, and Moral Responsibility, Smith MSC: Analyzing

Chapter 16 Which Moral Theory is Correct?

TRUE/FALSE 1. Kant thinks that the consequences of an action help determine whether the action is moral.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: p. 801 TOP: Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant | Chapter 16: Which Moral Theory is Correct?

MSC: Understanding 2. Aristotle thinks that pleasure is the final end of our activities.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: p. 814 TOP: Nichomachean Ethics, Aristotle | Chapter 16: Which Moral Theory is Correct?

MSC: Understanding 3. According to Hursthouse, the virtuous person is always loyal.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: p. 826 TOP: Virtue Ethics, Hursthouse | Chapter 16: Which Moral Theory is Correct?

MSC: Understanding 4. Nietzsche thinks that noble human beings are vain.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: p. 835 TOP: On the Genealogy of Morals, Beyond Good and Evil, The Gay Science, Nietzsche | Chapter 16: Which Moral Theory is Correct?

MSC: Understanding MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. According to Mill, if lying to your friend about his or her clothes will produce more overall

happiness than telling the truth, a. you still should be honest. b. you can be forgiven for lying. c. you ought to lie to your friend. d. you are a bad person if you lie to them.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 798 TOP: Utilitarianism, Mill | Chapter 16: Which Moral Theory is Correct?

MSC: Applying 2. According to Mill, if there is not a single moral principle,

a. b. c. d.

there is no objective morality. there should be an ordering of principles. there are many duties. it is not possible to decide the right thing to do.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 790 TOP: Utilitarianism, Mill | Chapter 16: Which Moral Theory is Correct?

MSC: Understanding 3. One way to challenge Mill's utilitarianism is to argue that a. there are some things that should never be done. b. different things make different people happy. c. not everyone is motivated to make others happy. d. it is difficult to determine whether happiness is really good.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 790-798 TOP: Utilitarianism, Mill | Chapter 16: Which Moral Theory is Correct?

MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating 4. If you pay someone to be your tutor, you are a. using that person as a means to your end. b. using that person as a mere means to your end. c. failing to treat the person as an end. d. failing to treat the person as a means.

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: p. 807 TOP: Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant | Chapter 16: Which Moral Theory is Correct?

MSC: Applying 5. One way to challenge Kant's view of ethics is to argue that a. morality applies to all people at all times. b. people treat others as means a lot of the time. c. it is permissible to give false promises sometimes. d. following the categorical imperative will not make people happy.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 801-810 TOP: Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant | Chapter 16: Which Moral Theory is Correct?

MSC: Analyzing 6. The rule that says "If you want to get a good grade on the exam, study" is a. a categorical imperative. b. a hypothetical imperative. c. not an imperative. d. an a priori imperative.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 802 TOP: Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant | Chapter 16: Which Moral Theory is Correct?

MSC: Applying 7. According to Aristotle, a person who is fearless a. has the virtue of courage. b. lacks virtue. c. deserves honor.

d. has the virtue of humility.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 816-817 TOP: Nichomachean Ethics, Aristotle | Chapter 16: Which Moral Theory is Correct?

MSC: Applying 8. Aristotle thinks that pride is a. a virtue. b. a vice. c. neither a virtue nor a vice. d. something that is possessed by everyone.

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: pp. 817-818 TOP: Nichomachean Ethics, Aristotle | Chapter 16: Which Moral Theory is Correct?

MSC: Understanding 9. According to Aristotle, the most virtuous activity is a. military service. b. dying for your friends. c. contemplation. d. creating happiness for others.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: pp. 820-821 TOP: Nichomachean Ethics, Aristotle | Chapter 16: Which Moral Theory is Correct?

MSC: Understanding 10. Aristotle thinks that the good for humans is a. rational activity. b. pleasurable activity. c. honorable activity. d. activities that produce pride.

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: pp. 815, 820-821 TOP: Nichomachean Ethics, Aristotle | Chapter 16: Which Moral Theory is Correct?

MSC: Understanding 11. According to Hursthouse, you cannot have phronesis without virtue and a. you cannot have virtue without increasing pleasure. b. you cannot have virtue without phronesis. c. you cannot have virtue without performing your duty. d. you cannot have virtue without vice.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 829 TOP: Virtue Ethics, Hursthouse | Chapter 16: Which Moral Theory is Correct?

MSC: Understanding 12. Hursthouse points out that according to Aristotle phronesis only comes with age and

experience, because these are required to a. be able to use the word "virtue." b. understand how to maximize happiness. c. know what one's duties are. d. know what the situation actually is.

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: p. 828 TOP: Virtue Ethics, Hursthouse | Chapter 16: Which Moral Theory is Correct?

MSC: Understanding 13. If you know that it is mean to tell your friend that he/she is not talented enough to make it as a

professional singer, but doing that so is necessary to keep your friend from making a bad career move, the virtuous thing to do is a. spare your friend's feelings and do not tell the truth. b. encourage your friend to do something else without speaking about your friend's talents. c. tell your friend the truth even though it will hurt your friend's feelings. d. contrive a way for your friend to learn that he/she is not talented without having to tell him/her.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: p. 826 TOP: Virtue Ethics, Hursthouse | Chapter 16: Which Moral Theory is Correct?

MSC: Applying 14. Nietzsche claims that in order for there to be an aristocracy some people have to be a. killed. b. lowered. c. created. d. enhanced.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 832 TOP: On the Genealogy of Morals, Beyond Good and Evil, The Gay Science, Nietzsche | Chapter 16: Which Moral Theory is Correct?

MSC: Understanding 15. If politicians and wealthy people in our society determine what is good, this would be an

example of what Nietzsche calls a. master morality. b. slave morality. c. flawed morality. d. absent morality.

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: p. 834 TOP: On the Genealogy of Morals, Beyond Good and Evil, The Gay Science, Nietzsche | Chapter 16: Which Moral Theory is Correct?

MSC: Applying 16. One way to challenge Nietzsche's claims about how every civilization began would be to a. argue that every civilization began by one group overcoming another. b. argue that there are examples where a civilization began in a peaceful manner. c. argue that it does not matter how a civilization begins. d. argue that civilizations must rise from previous civilizations.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 832 TOP: On the Genealogy of Morals, Beyond Good and Evil, The Gay Science, Nietzsche | Chapter 16: Which Moral Theory is Correct?

MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating 17. John Stuart Mill claimed that there are higher and lower pleasures, and that a more intelligent

person is more likely to have unfulfilled desires but also experience higher quality pleasures than a less intelligent person. What would Nietzsche say about this?

a. b. c. d.

It is incorrect.

It is correct.

It is only true in slave morality.

It is only true when one is subjected to the rule of another.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: p. 838 TOP: On the Genealogy of Morals, Beyond Good and Evil, The Gay Science, Nietzsche | Chapter 16: Which Moral Theory is Correct?

MSC: Applying COMPLETION 1. According to Mill, happiness is _____and the absence of _____.

ANS: pleasure; pain DIF: Easy REF: p. 790 TOP: Utilitarianism, Mill | Chapter 16: Which Moral Theory is Correct?

MSC: Remembering 2. Mill thinks that a sacrifice is wasted if it does not_____ the total of happiness.

ANS: increase DIF: Medium REF: p. 794 TOP: Utilitarianism, Mill | Chapter 16: Which Moral Theory is Correct?

MSC: Understanding 3. Kant thinks that morality originates in_____.

ANS: reason DIF: Easy REF: p. 801 TOP: Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant | Chapter 16: Which Moral Theory is Correct?

MSC: Understanding 4. Hursthouse points out that Aristotle takes phronesis to be ____, but modern virtue ethicists take

it to be a matter of degree.

ANS: all or nothing DIF: Medium REF: p. 824 TOP: Virtue Ethics, Hursthouse | Chapter 16: Which Moral Theory is Correct?

MSC: Remembering ESSAY 1. Explain the objection that utilitarianism is a doctrine "worthy only of swine." How does Mill

respond to this objection?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of the argumentthat, since utilitarianism claims that happiness is the only intrinsic good, it promotes simple pleasure seeking—that is, it says that people should be like animals in only seeking bodily pleasures. A valid response should/might also include discussion of Mill's response that there are different pleasures, and that some are of a higher quality than others. Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Mill's claim that those who are in a position to judge would determine that higher pleasures are to be preferred to lower ones.

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 790-798 MSC: Understanding

TOP: Utilitarianism, Mill

2. Consider a case where one has to make a false promise in order to save someone else from

intense suffering. What would Mill and Kant each say about the morality of such a false promise?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of what both Mill and Kant say about the moral permissibility of false promises. In particular, a valid response should/might include discussion of Mill's commitment to the idea that exceptions can be made to general rules when doing so promotes greater happiness overall. Further, a valid response should/might include discussion of Kant's claim that making a false promise would violate the categorical imperative, and hence be morally wrong.

DIF: Medium MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 790-810

TOP: Chapter 16: Which Moral Theory is Correct?

3. Consider the following situation. A politician has been offered a substantial bribe in exchange

for voting a particular way. What will be the differences if the politician is continent, incontinent, or virtuous?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of the differences between the continent person (with a conflicting desire to do the right thing and not do the right thing, but chooses the right thing), incontinent person (with a conflicting desire to do the right thing and not do the right thing, but chooses the wrong thing), and virtuous person (with rational and irrational parts not in conflict—only desire to do the right thing). Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of how the politician may be tempted by the bribe but also motivated to perform her/his duty. Such a conflict will be resolved in different ways by the continent and incontinent person. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of how the virtuous person will not be tempted by the bribe.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 814-822

TOP: Nichomachean Ethics, Aristotle

4. How might someone who accepts Kant's view of morality object to utilitarianism?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Kant's idea that morality generates some duties that it is always wrong to violate. Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of how utilitarianism cannot hold that there are any duties that cannot be overridden by the amount of pleasure involved. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of a sort of situation where it seems that a duty comes into conflict with the principle of greatest happiness (e.g., an example such as a case where a doctor can kill an innocent patient and use the patient's organs to save two other patients).

DIF: Medium MSC: Evaluating

REF: pp. 790-810

TOP: Chapter 16: Which Moral Theory is Correct?

5. What would Nietzsche say about utilitarianism?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Nietzsche’s distinction between master morality and slave morality. Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of the idea that Nietzsche would object to utilitarianism's emphasis on everyone's happiness counting equally and determining what one should do. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of how Nietzsche would consider utilitarianism a version of slave morality.

DIF: Easy REF: pp. 790-798, 831-840 TOP: On the Genealogy of Morals, Beyond Good and Evil, Gay Science, Nietzsche MSC: Understanding

Chapter 17 Is Morality Objective?

TRUE/FALSE 1. Wallace claims that given the problems with subjectivism we should accept objectivism about

morality. a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Difficult REF: p. 868 TOP: Moral Subjectivism, Wallace | Chapter 17: Is Morality Objective?

MSC: Understanding 2. Nagel thinks that moral subjectivism would have to be established by appeal to reason alone in

order to be plausible. a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: p. 877 TOP: Ethics, Nagel | Chapter 17: Is Morality Objective?

MSC: Understanding

3. Quinn thinks that people who do not believe in God should be persuaded that his account of

divine command theory is correct. a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: p. 882 TOP: The Divine Command Theory, Quinn | Chapter 17: Is Morality Objective?

MSC: Understanding 4. Harman thinks that we tend to rely on intuitive seemings when making ethical judgments.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: p. 900 TOP: Is It Reasonable to "Rely On Intuitions" in Ethics, Harman | Chapter 17: Is Morality Objective?

MSC: Remembering 5. Street thinks that moral values are mind-dependent.

a. True b. False ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: pp. 911-912 TOP: Does Anything Really Matter or Did We Just Evolve to Think So, Street | Chapter 17: Is Morality Objective?

MSC: Understanding 6. McGrath thinks there are multiple moral ideals.

a. True b. False

ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: p. 918 TOP: What is Weird About Moral Deference, McGrath | Chapter 17: Is Morality Objective?

MSC: Remembering MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. One way to challenge Mackie’s “argument from queerness” is to argue that a. moral properties are unnatural. b. other properties are natural. c. mathematical properties are known in a similar way. d. scientists accept that there are moral truths.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: p. 856 TOP: The Subjectivity of Values, Mackie | Chapter 17: Is Morality Objective?

MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating 2. According to Mackie, the moral skeptic needs to provide what to explain why people tend to

think that morals are objective? a. An error theory b. An argument c. A philosophical viewpoint d. A demonstration ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: p. 854 TOP: The Subjectivity of Values, Mackie | Chapter 17: Is Morality Objective?

MSC: Understanding 3. According to Mackie, van Gogh’s famous painting Starry Night a. is beautiful. b. is ugly. c. is not a work of art. d. is not beautiful.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: p. 850 TOP: The Subjectivity of Values, Mackie | Chapter 17: Is Morality Objective?

MSC: Applying 4. Expressivists would say that when you claim that stealing is wrong, you are a. essentially booing stealing. b. expressing your opinion that stealing is wrong. c. making a claim about objective morality. d. making a claim about what is true for you.

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: p. 863 TOP: Moral Subjectivism, Wallace | Chapter 17: Is Morality Objective?

MSC: Applying 5. If you think you should not lie to your professor about why you missed class, but you do so

anyway, you have exhibited a. subjectivist thinking. b. objectivist thinking. c. weakness of will. d. constructivist angst.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 863 TOP: Moral Subjectivism, Wallace | Chapter 17: Is Morality Objective?

MSC: Applying 6. A drug addict who desires to not be a drug addict has a. a first-order desire to not want drugs. b. conflicting first-order and second-order desires. c. consistent first-order and second-order desires. d. a second-order desire for drugs.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 864 TOP: Moral Subjectivism, Wallace | Chapter 17: Is Morality Objective?

MSC: Applying 7. Challenging someone's religious beliefs on the grounds that the person probably would not have

those beliefs if they were from a different part of the world is an example of a. moral subjectivism. b. the genetic fallacy. c. the ad hominem fallacy. d. moral objectivism.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 872 TOP: Ethics, Nagel| Chapter 17: Is Morality Objective?

MSC: Applying

8. One reason that Nagel claims Hume's view of morality is mistaken is that a. it is an open question whether you should have particular desires. b. it can be argued that reason determines which desires you have. c. it can be shown that there are no objective moral truths. d. it is possible that morality is a natural instinct.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 871-872 TOP: Ethics, Nagel | Chapter 17: Is Morality Objective?

MSC: Analyzing

9. According to Nagel, moral reasoning a. can be subsumed under scientific reasoning. b. can be subsumed under means-ends reasoning. c. cannot be legitimately subsumed under anything else. d. cannot be legitimately subsumed under psychological reasoning.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 871-872 TOP: Ethics, Nagel| Chapter 17: Is Morality Objective?

MSC: Understanding

10. The claim that there should be no wars is an example of a. a clearly normative claim. b. a clearly descriptive claim. c. a clearly subjective claim. d. a clearly objective claim.

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: p. 874 TOP: Ethics, Nagel | Chapter 17: Is Morality Objective?

MSC: Applying

11. According to Quinn's version of divine command theory, moral rightness and wrongness are

determined by God’s a. commands. b. will. c. properties. d. imagination.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 881 TOP: The Divine Command Theory, Quinn | Chapter 17: Is Morality Objective?

MSC: Understanding 12. Quinn claims that the problem with the objection to divine command theory based on the idea

that the "divine will is inscrutable" is that a. the divine will is scrutable. b. the objection confuses moral issues with psychological issues. c. the objection confuses subjectivity with objectivity. d. the objection confuses metaphysical issues with epistemological issues.

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: pp. 887-888 TOP: The Divine Command Theory, Quinn | Chapter 17: Is Morality Objective?

MSC: Evaluating 13. One way to challenge Quinn's appeal to God's essential justice in responding to the "anything

goes objection” is to argue that a. essential justice does not lead to actual justice. b. even if God is essentially just, it could be that God does not always choose what is just. c. constraints from essential justice seem to make it so that God is not omnipotent. d. essential justice does not lead to any constraints.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: p. 891 TOP: The Divine Command Theory, Quinn | Chapter 17: Is Morality Objective?

MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating 14. Harman claims that the fact that not everyone agrees about a specific ethical claim shows a. that the claim is doubtful. b. nothing important when it comes to using the claim in an argument. c. that the claim does not have an objective truth value. d. that we cannot know whether the claim is true or not.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 897 TOP: Is It Reasonable to "Rely On Intuitions" in Ethics, Harman | Chapter 17: Is Morality Objective?

MSC: Understanding 15. When you form a judgment about a particular ethical case, Harman says you typically believe

what you do a. on the basis of more than the claim's intuitive appeal. b. on the basis of the claim's intuitive appeal. c. on no basis at all. d. on the basis of what other people say about it.

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: pp. 900-901 TOP: Is It Reasonable to "Rely On Intuitions" in Ethics, Harman | Chapter 17: Is Morality Objective?

MSC: Applying 16. One way to challenge Harman's claims about intuitive seemings is to argue that a. they are reliable. b. they fail to provide justification. c. they are similar to a dogmatic view. d. they tend to be correct more often than not.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 900 TOP: Is It Reasonable to "Rely On Intuitions" in Ethics, Harman | Chapter 17: Is Morality Objective?

MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating 17. When it comes to general ethical claims, Harman thinks a. they are unreliable. b. they should be our starting point. c. they are not on better footing than specific ethical claims. d. they are on better footing than specific ethical claims.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 902 TOP: Is It Reasonable to "Rely On Intuitions" in Ethics, Harman | Chapter 17: Is Morality Objective?

MSC: Understanding 18. You see a table that looks red, so you believe that it is red. You then learn that there are red

lights shining on the table. How should that affect your belief? a. You should think the table is not red. b. You should continue to believe that the table is red. c. You should withhold belief concerning the color of the table. d. You should think the table is black.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 906 TOP: Does Anything Really Matter or Did We Just Evolve to Think So, Street | Chapter 17: Is Morality Objective?

MSC: Applying 19. According to Street the potential for undermining, which the evolutionary genealogy of our

moral beliefs provides, gives us reason to a. deny that moral values are mind-independent. b. deny that moral values are mind-dependent. c. accept moral skepticism. d. accept emotivism.

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: pp. 911-912 TOP: Does Anything Really Matter or Did We Just Evolve to Think So, Street | Chapter 17: Is Morality Objective?

MSC: Understanding 20. One way to challenge Street's argument is to point out that a. a similar argument could be constructed for our beliefs about the external world. b. a similar argument could be constructed for our mathematical beliefs. c. a similar argument could be constructed for our perceptual beliefs. d. a similar argument could be constructed for our introspective beliefs.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 910-912 TOP: Does Anything Really Matter or Did We Just Evolve to Think So, Street | Chapter 17: Is Morality Objective?

MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating

21. Street accepts that it is reasonable to believe that a. moral values are mind-independent. b. moral skepticism is true. c. the best explanation of why we have a trait is true. d. there is no way of knowing why we have the traits we do.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 910 TOP: Does Anything Really Matter or Did We Just Evolve to Think So, Street | Chapter 17: Is Morality Objective?

MSC: Understanding 22. According to McGrath, one way out of the puzzle of moral deference is to a. deny that there are moral experts. b. deny that morality is objective. c. deny that morality is subjective. d. deny that we ever defer to others.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 916 TOP: What is Weird About Moral Deference, McGrath | Chapter 17: Is Morality Objective?

MSC: Understanding 23. If you help someone move a television because you think they are moving, but in fact they are

stealing the television, you have a. done the right thing for the wrong reason. b. done the right thing for the right reason. c. done the wrong thing for the right reason. d. done the wrong thing for the wrong reason.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: p. 918 TOP: What is Weird About Moral Deference, McGrath | Chapter 17: Is Morality Objective?

MSC: Applying 24. According to McGrath, one key difference between moral beliefs and beliefs in other domains

such as science is that a. moral beliefs are not objective. b. moral beliefs cannot be calibrated via independent access to facts. c. moral beliefs can be calibrated via independent access to facts. d. moral beliefs depend on one's emotions.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 919-920 TOP: What is Weird About Moral Deference, McGrath | Chapter 17: Is Morality Objective?

MSC: Understanding 25. McGrath claims that in order to do the right thing for the right reasons you have to a. have the right attitude. b. enjoy doing the right thing. c. understand why something is the right thing to do. d. understand the correct moral theory.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 919 TOP: What is Weird About Moral Deference, McGrath | Chapter 17: Is Morality Objective?

MSC: Understanding

COMPLETION 1. According to Mackie, there are no _____values.

ANS: objective; moral DIF: Easy REF: p. 850 TOP: The Subjectivity of Values, Mackie | Chapter 17: Is Morality Objective?

MSC: Remembering 2. Mackie’s moral skepticism is about the _____of moral values.

ANS: status; non-existence; lack; subjectivity DIF: Medium REF: p. 851 TOP: The Subjectivity of Values, Mackie | Chapter 17: Is Morality Objective?

MSC: Understanding 3. The worry that moral properties do not seem to correspond to properties in the natural world is what Wallace calls the_____.

ANS: argument from metaphysics DIF: Medium REF: pp. 861-862 TOP: Moral Subjectivism, Wallace | Chapter 17: Is Morality Objective?

MSC: Understanding 4. Quinn points out thatmoral goodness is a(n) _____ status.

ANS: axiological DIF: Medium REF: p. 880 TOP: The Divine Command Theory, Quinn | Chapter 17: Is Morality Objective?

MSC: Remembering ESSAY 1. What challenge does Wallace raise for the dispositionalist version of moral subjectivism? How

is constructivism thought to be a response to this problem?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of the dispositionalist version of moral subjectivism. In particular, a valid response should/might include discussion of the dispositionalists' principle of rationality. Further, a valid response should/might include discussion of Wallace's charge that dispositionalists seem to lack a principled way of explaining where their principle of rationality comes from. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of how Wallace claims constructivism can be understood as a response to this challenge.

DIF: Medium

REF: pp. 860-868

TOP: Moral Subjectivism, Wallace

MSC: Analyzing 2. How does Quinn claim that some theists argue for God's sovereignty on the basis of contingent

existence?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of the argument Quinn mentions where traditional theistic accounts of creation hold that every contingent thing depends upon God for its existence, but God does not depend upon anything else. Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of the idea that since everything else is dependent upon God, but God is not dependent upon anything else, God is sovereign over all that exists.

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 879-892 MSC: Understanding

TOP: The Divine Command Theory, Quinn

3. Given Harman's claim about the significance of discovering that a peer disagrees with you on a

topic, what should you do if you believe that X is wrong but someone you believe is an epistemic peer believes that X is not wrong? How might someone object to Harman's view on this issue?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Harman's claim that peer disagreement poses no skeptical threat at all. Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of how given Harman's view of peer disagreement, one should remain confident that X is wrong in this case. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion that it seems plausible to think that if you accept that the other person is just as likely to be right as you are on the topic, then when you find out that you disagree you should doubt that you are correct (perhaps to the point where you suspend judgment about the moral status of X).

DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 896-903 TOP: Is It Reasonable to "Rely On Intuitions" in Ethics, Harman MSC: Applying/Evaluating 4. How is Street's Principle of Undermining versus Vindicating Genealogies different from the

genetic fallacy that Nagel discusses?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Street's principle, as well as the nature of the genetic fallacy and what Nagel says about it. Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of how Street's principle does not involve arguing that a belief is false or unjustified simply by pointing out its origin, but rather, her principle involves arguing that certain kinds of origins make it likely that the belief was produced in an unreliable way.

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 870-878, 904-912 TOP: Chapter 17: Is Morality Objective? MSC: Evaluating 5. Distinguish between (1) simply doing the right thing and (2) doing the right thing for the right

reasons. Provide your own example of each.

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of McGrath's points about this distinction. Importantly, a valid response should/might include discussion of how one can do the right thing but for the wrong reasons, or one can do it for the right reasons. Finally, a valid response should/might include an example of each sort of situation.

DIF: Easy MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 914-920

TOP: What is Weird about Moral Deference, McGrath

Chapter 18: Why Do What is Right?

TRUE/FALSE 1. Socrates thinks that the highest goods are things that are solely good in themselves.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Difficult REF: p. 929 TOP: The Republic, Plato | Chapter 18: Why Do What is Right?

MSC: Understanding 2. Thomson thinks that the answer to "Why ought we do what is right?" is simple.

a. True b. False ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: pp. 936-937, 944 TOP: Why Ought We Do What is Right, Thomson | Chapter 18: Why Do What is Right?

MSC: Understanding 3. Hume thinks that our commonsense moral judgments tend to be true.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 949-950 TOP: Of the Passions, Of Morals, Why Utility Pleases, Hume | Chapter 18: Why Do What is Right?

MSC: Understanding 4. Kant thinks that a good will is the only real good.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Difficult REF: p. 962 TOP: Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant | Chapter 18: Why Do What is Right?

MSC: Understanding MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. What does Socrates say of justice? a. It is something that everyone strives toward. b. It is good because of what it gets you. c. It is good in itself. d. It is both good in itself and good because of what it gets you.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: p. 929 TOP: The Republic, Plato | Chapter 18: Why Do What is Right?

MSC: Remembering 2. One way to challenge the argument of Thrasymachus that Glaucon discusses is to argue that a. suffering injustice is bad.

b. suffering injustice is good. c. not everyone works toward justice unwillingly. d. everyone who works toward justice does so unwillingly.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 930 TOP: The Republic, Plato | Chapter 18: Why Do What is Right?

MSC: Analyzing 3. According to the sort of argument that Glaucon and Adeimantus put forward, what should we

think about someone such as Gandhi, who willingly suffered to try to promote justice? a. The person really enjoyed the suffering. b. The person only did what they did because they were not strong enough to get away with doing wrong. c. The person did what they did because justice is so much more important than injustice. d. The person only did what they did because they did not know the consequences.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 934 TOP: The Republic, Plato | Chapter 18: Why Do What is Right?

MSC: Applying 4. According to Adeimantus’s argument, we should doubt that people really do care about justice

because they a. honor the unjust and disregard the just. b. say that they are not concerned with justice. c. do not know what justice really is. d. are horribly unjust.

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: p. 933 TOP: The Republic, Plato | Chapter 18: Why Do What is Right?

MSC: Understanding 5. The best way to challenge Thomson’s denial of the Rational Only If Profitable Thesis is to a. reject her notion of what it means to be profitable. b. reject her notion of what it means to be rational. c. reject her notion of what it takes to be justified in believing something. d. reject her notion of justice.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 940 TOP: Why Ought We Do What is Right, Thomson | Chapter 18: Why Do What is Right?

MSC: Evaluating 6. If Sally helps Sam because she values getting benefits for Sam, she receives what by helping

Sam? a. Personal profit b. Impersonal profit c. No profit d. Self-interested profit ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 938 TOP: Why Ought We Do What is Right, Thomson | Chapter 18: Why Do What is Right?

MSC: Applying

7. Thomson claims that if X is wrong, but Sam is perfectly reasonable in believing that he should

do X, and he does X, then a. Sam is not really reasonable in doing X. b. doing X is not wrong. c. doing X is wrong. d. Sam is to blame for his actions.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: p. 941 TOP: Why Ought We Do What is Right, Thomson | Chapter 18: Why Do What is Right?

MSC: Applying 8. According to Hume, one's reason and passions (emotions) a. are sometimes in conflict. b. are never in conflict. c. are always in conflict. d. are actually the same thing.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 948 TOP: Of the Passions, Of Morals, Why Utility Pleases, Hume | Chapter 18: Why Do What is Right?

MSC: Understanding 9. If Sam is motivated to perform action X, Hume would claim that a. Sam is rational in performing X. b. Sam is irrational in performing X. c. Sam has some passion related to X. d. Sam has some moral judgment concerning X. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 947 TOP: Of the Passions, Of Morals, Why Utility Pleases, Hume | Chapter 18: Why Do What is Right?

MSC: Applying 10. One way to challenge Hume's argument that moral distinctions do not come from reason would

be to argue that a. Actions can be reasonable. b. Actions cannot be reasonable. c. Actions are not the primary focus of moral evaluation. d. Actions are the primary focus of moral evaluation.

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: p. 949 TOP: Of the Passions, Of Morals, Why Utility Pleases, Hume | Chapter 18: Why Do What is Right?

MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating 11. Assuming there is a moral law against stealing, when Sam refrains from stealing anything from

a store because he is distracted by his phone while in the store, his actions a. violate the moral law. b. conform to the moral law. c. are done for the moral law's sake. d. Both conform to the moral law and are done for its sake.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 960 TOP: Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant | Chapter 18: Why Do What is Right?

MSC: Applying

12. One way to challenge Kant is to a. argue that self-control is good in itself. b. argue that temperament may be used for evil. c. argue that all gifts of fortune, including health, are good because of their effects. d. argue that a good will is good for its own sake.

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: pp. 960-961 TOP: Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant | Chapter 18: Why Do What is Right?

MSC: Evaluating 13. According to Kant, if Sam is honest because he is afraid of getting into trouble, and Sally is

honest because it is her duty, then a. Sam and Sally's actions are equally morally good. b. Sam's action is morally good but less so than Sally's. c. Sally's action is morally good but less so than Sam's. d. Sam's action does not have moral worth, but Sally's does.

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: p. 963 TOP: Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant | Chapter 18: Why Do What is Right?

MSC: Applying COMPLETION 1. Thomson explains that it is possible for someone to do something wrong without being ____ for

what her or she did.

ANS: blameworthy DIF: Medium REF: p. 941 TOP: Why Ought We Do What is Right, Thomson | Chapter 18: Why Do What is Right?

MSC: Understanding 2. According to Hume, a_____ can never be called unreasonable.

ANS: passion DIF: Medium REF: p. 948 TOP: Of the Passions, Of Morals, Why Utility Pleases, Hume | Chapter 18: Why Do What is Right?

MSC: Remembering 3. Kant thinks that the ground of moral obligation lies solely in concepts of____.

ANS: pure reason/duty DIF: Medium REF: p. 959 TOP: Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant | Chapter 18: Why Do What is Right?

MSC: Remembering ESSAY

1. Explain the story of the ring that Glaucon tells to Socrates. What is the purpose of Glaucon’s

story?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of the story of the Ring of Gyges. Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of how the person who finds the ring does several unjust things once he realizes that no one will know it was him.

Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of the fact that Glaucon is presenting the story as a way of motivating the claim that people only behave justly because they cannot get away with behaving unjustly.

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 929-935 MSC: Understanding

TOP: The Republic, Plato

2. What is the difference between personal profit and impersonal profit? Provide examples of each

kind of profit to illustrate your point.

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Thomson's distinction between personal profit and impersonal profit. Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of examples where someone benefits directly himself/herself from an action, and examples where the action benefits others (and the person values getting those benefits for others).

DIF: Easy MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 936-944

TOP: Why Ought We Do What is Right, Thomson

3. What is expected value? Consider the following situation. Sam has three options: A, B, or C. If

Sam chooses option A, there is a 50 percent chance that the result will be +5 in value and a 50 percent chance that the result will be +10 in value. If Sam chooses option B, there is a 75 percent chance that the result will be +0 in value and a 25 percent chance that the result will be +30 in value. If Sam chooses option C, there is a 25 percent chance that the result will be -20 in value, a 50 percent chance that the result will be -10 in value, and a 25 percent chance that the result will be +100 in value. Which option should Sam take (A, B, or C) in order to maximize his expected value? Why? ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of what expected value is.Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of why option C is the option that maximizes expected value.

DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 936-944

TOP: Why Ought We Do What is Right, Thomson

4. Why might someone think that the sort of question that Glaucon and Adeimantus ask Socrates

presupposes that morality is based on self-interest? How does Hume argue against this sort of view as the basis of morality?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Glaucon and Adeimantus's charge that Socrates needs to explain to them how being just benefits the person who is just. Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of how one might think that this amounts to the idea that morality is really a matter of self-interest. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Hume's argument against morality being based on self-interest. In particular, a valid response should/might include discussion of Hume's claim that there are instances where we tend to favor the public interest over our own private interest.

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 929-935, 946-956 TOP: Chapter 18: Why Do What is Right?

MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating

5. What is the difference between an action that conforms with duty and one that is done from

duty? Provide your own example of each sort of action and explain what Kant says about their moral worth.

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Kant's distinction between an action that conforms with duty and one that is done from it. Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of an example where someone happens to do the right thing and an example where someone does something because it is her/his duty. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Kant's claims that only actions done from duty have true moral worth.

DIF: Medium MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 959-968

TOP: Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant

Chapter 19: What is the Meaning of Life?

TRUE/FALSE 1. Taylor claims that the meaning of life comes from within us.

a. True b. False ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: p. 982 TOP: The Meaning of Life, Taylor | Chapter 19: What is the Meaning of Life?

MSC: Understanding 2. Nagel thinks that the absurdity of our lives is a major problem that we need to solve.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: p. 1005 TOP: The Absurd, Nagel | Chapter 19: What is the Meaning of Life?

MSC: Understanding 3. Scheffler thinks there is no afterlife.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: p. 1007 TOP: Death and the Afterlife, Scheffler | Chapter 19: What is the Meaning of Life?

MSC: Understanding MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following does Taylor claim makes Sisyphus's life meaningless? a. It is painful. b. It is pointless. c. It is full of toil. d. It is torture.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 977 TOP: The Meaning of Life, Taylor | Chapter 19: What is the Meaning of Life?

MSC: Remembering 2. According to Taylor, if Sam does great things in life, but he does not feel any drive to do them

or any pleasure from doing them, then his life is a. still meaningful. b. less meaningful than it would be if he were motivated. c. without meaning. d. more meaningful than Sisyphus's life.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 982 TOP: The Meaning of Life, Taylor | Chapter 19: What is the Meaning of Life?

MSC: Applying

3. One way to challenge Taylor’s view is by arguing that a. all living things are in a similar situation to Sisyphus. b. human lives are significantly different than that of Sisyphus. c. Sisyphus’s existence would have some meaning if there were some point to his

labors. d. Sisyphus’s existence would have some meaning if he enjoyed his labors.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: pp. 979-980 TOP: The Meaning of Life, Taylor | Chapter 19: What is the Meaning of Life?

MSC: Evaluating 4. Taylor thinks that in order for some project to truly matter objectively a. its outcomes must be valued by everyone. b. its outcomes must be valued by God. c. its outcomes must be significant and lasting. d. its outcomes must produce more happiness than sadness.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 980 TOP: The Meaning of Life, Taylor | Chapter 19: What is the Meaning of Life?

MSC: Understanding 5. How many primary components to a meaningful life does Wolf think there are? a. One b. Two c. Three d. Four ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 984 TOP: Meaning in Life and Why It Matters, Wolf | Chapter 19: What is the Meaning of Life?

MSC: Remembering 6. Suppose that Sam is an artist. He makes wonderful paintings although doing so does not give

him a sense of fulfillment; he only makes them in order to anger his parents. Which of the following statements is true according to Wolf? a. The Fulfillment View would consider Sam's life meaningful. b. The Fitting Fulfillment View would consider Sam's life meaningful. c. The Larger-than-Oneself View would consider Sam's life meaningful. d. The Bipartite View would consider Sam's life meaningful.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: pp. 984-995 TOP: Meaning in Life and Why It Matters, Wolf | Chapter 19: What is the Meaning of Life?

MSC: Applying 7. Wolf thinks that the Bipartite View is mistaken because a. it places too much emphasis on feeling fulfilled. b. it does not place enough emphasis on feeling fulfilled. c. it allows meaning to come about in accidental ways. d. it makes meaning too hard to come by.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: pp. 989-990 TOP: Meaning in Life and Why It Matters, Wolf | Chapter 19: What is the Meaning of Life?

MSC: Understanding

8. One way to challenge Wolf’s view is to argue that a. one who experiences fulfillment and contributes to objectively valuable projects has

a meaningful life. b. fulfillment and the contribution to objectively valuable projects is not enough for a meaningful life. c. a meaningful life requires being fulfilled by the right kinds of things. d. a meaningful life is possible.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 989-990 TOP: Meaning in Life and Why It Matters, Wolf | Chapter 19: What is the Meaning of Life?

MSC: Evaluating 9. According to Nagel, which of the following would be self-justifying? a. Taking medication to get well b. Taking medication simply to feel good c. Feeling pleasure d. Experiencing pain ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 998 TOP: The Absurd, Nagel | Chapter 19: What is the Meaning of Life?

MSC: Applying 10. According to Nagel, if someone devotes his/her life to serving God, then that person’s life a. has meaning because it is about something larger than himself/herself. b. is still absurd. c. has more meaning that the life of someone who is self-centered. d. is more absurd than the life of someone who is self-centered.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 1001 TOP: The Absurd, Nagel | Chapter 19: What is the Meaning of Life?

MSC: Applying 11. One way to challenge Nagel’s argument for thinking that our lives are absurd is to argue that a. we do take our lives seriously. b. some circular justifications are reasonable. c. skepticism is false. d. there is no agreement about what the fundamental standards really are.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 1002-1004 TOP: The Absurd, Nagel | Chapter 19: What is the Meaning of Life?

MSC: Evaluating 12. According to Scheffler, there is a. a consequentialist dimension to our attitudes about what we value. b. a nonconsequentialist dimension to our attitudes about what we value. c. a deontological dimension to our attitudes about what we value. d. a virtuous dimension to our attitudes about what we value.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 1007 TOP: Death and the Afterlife, Scheffler | Chapter 19: What is the Meaning of Life?

MSC: Understanding

13. Scheffler thinks that the fact that we are not solely concerned with our own experiences shows

that there is a a. nonconsequentialist dimension to what we value. b. consequentialist dimension to what we value. c. nonexperientialist dimension to what we value. d. experientialist dimension to what we value.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 1010 TOP: Death and the Afterlife, Scheffler | Chapter 19: What is the Meaning of Life?

MSC: Understanding 14. One way to challenge Scheffler’s claims about what we value is to argue that a. we cannot really know what we would value in the scenario that he describes. b. we value too many things to keep track of them all. c. there is no way to know what someone really values. d. there are different conceptions of value.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 1006-1014 TOP: Death and the Afterlife, Scheffler | Chapter 19: What is the Meaning of Life?

MSC: Evaluating COMPLETION 1. Wolf thinks it matters for the meaningfulness of one's life how one's life seems from ____.

ANS: an external point of view DIF: Medium REF: p. 993 TOP: Meaning in Life and Why It Matters, Wolf | Chapter 19: What is the Meaning of Life?

MSC: Understanding 2. According to Nagel, the fact that we are very small on the cosmic scale does not make life

______.

ANS: absurd DIF: Easy REF: p. 997 TOP: The Absurd, Nagel | Chapter 19: What is the Meaning of Life?

MSC: Remembering 3. Scheffler thinks that in cases like his “doomsday scenario” or the Children of Men scenario, it is

not clear that we would consider something a ____ life.

ANS: good DIF: Medium REF: p. 1014 TOP: Death and the Afterlife, Scheffler | Chapter 19: What is the Meaning of Life?

MSC: Remembering ESSAY

1. Why does Taylor claim that Sisyphus’s creating a lasting temple would not be a kind of

meaning that Sisyphus or anyone else would want? How might someone plausibly object to Taylor's argument for this point?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Taylor's claims that Sisyphus’s creating a lasting temple would give meaning to his existence, but it would end in eternal boredom (the reason being that Sisyphus would not have anything to do). Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of various ways that one might challenge Taylor's reasoning on this point. One such way would be to argue that Sisyphus could endlessly enjoy his temple.

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 976-982 MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating

TOP: The Meaning of Life, Taylor

2. What is the difference between what Wolf calls the "Fulfillment View," the

"Larger-than-Oneself View," the "Bipartite View," and the "Fitting Fulfillment View"? Come up with your own examples to illustrate each of these views.

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Wolf's description of each of these views and the key points that make them different from one another. Additionally, a valid response should/might include examples of lives that each of these views would count as meaningful.

DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 984-995 MSC: Understanding/Applying

TOP: Meaning in Life and Why It Matter, Wolf

3. According to Nagel, some may argue that life is absurd because all chains of justification will

leave off in mid-air. How does Nagel respond to this argument?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of the argument for the absurd based on the idea that since we are all mortal, all chains of justification must “leave off in mid-air” (i.e., they must remain incomplete). Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Nagel’s objections to this argument, such as his claim that some justifications do come to an end in our ordinary lives.

DIF: Easy REF: pp. 997-1005 MSC: Understanding

TOP: The Absurd, Nagel

4. Would Nagel claim that the life of a fly is absurd? Why or why not?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Nagel’s claim that there are two features that generate the absurdity of our lives: (1) our taking our lives seriously and (2) our ability to self-consciously reflect upon our reasons for taking our lives seriously.

Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of the idea that flies plausibly lack both of the features that generate the absurdity, according to Nagel. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of the fact that just because a fly’s life is not absurd, it does not follow that it is meaningful.

DIF: Medium MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 997-1005

TOP: The Absurd, Nagel

5. Nagel suggests that engaging in activities that connect you with projects/goals that are larger

than yourself does not render your life unabsurd. How might Wolf respond to Nagel on this point?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Nagel’s claims that even if someone engages or participates in projects that are larger than himself/herself, the person’s life is absurd. In particular, a valid response should/might include discussion of Nagel’s idea that the doubt that can be raised for the values of an individual life can also be raised here. Further, a valid response should/might include discussion of Wolf’s claims that engaging in projects of value in a way that brings subjective pleasure can render a life meaningful. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of whether Wolf would accept Nagel’s claim that doubts concerning values can actually remove the value of the life.

DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 984-1005 TOP: Chapter 19: What is the Meaning of Life?

MSC: Analyzing/Understanding

Chapter 20 How Can the State Be Justified?

TRUE/FALSE 1. Rousseau thinks that when an individual enters the social contract, he or she does not lose

anything. a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: p. 1051 TOP: The Social Contract, Rousseau | Chapter 20: How Can the State Be Justified?

MSC: Understanding 2. Simmons thinks that Kantians primarily justify the existence of the state by appealing to rights.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: p. 1062 TOP: Rights-Based Justifications for the State, Simmons | Chapter 20: How Can the State Be Justified?

MSC: Understanding 3. According to Mills, white supremacy is the political system that has made the modern world

what it is today. a. True b. False ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: p. 1066 TOP: The Racial Contract, Mills | Chapter 20: How Can the State Be Justified?

MSC: Remembering MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. According to Aristotle, the first political unit to arise naturally is a. a village. b. a family. c. a state. d. a citizen.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 1028 TOP: Politics, Aristotle | Chapter 20: How Can the State Be Justified?

MSC: Understanding 2. One way to challenge Aristotle’s view on the excellences of rulers compared to those of citizens

is to argue that a. there are excellences that rulers and citizens share. b. an excellence for rulers is practical wisdom. c. an excellence for citizens is practical wisdom. d. an excellence for rulers only is leadership.

ANS: C

DIF: Medium

REF: p. 1032

TOP: Politics, Aristotle | Chapter 20: How Can the State Be Justified?

MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating 3. If we observe a feature of animals that seems to have no purpose, Aristotle would claim that a. it is useless. b. it must have a function. c. it is a feature of their inferiority. d. it is something to be studied.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: p. 1029 TOP: Politics, Aristotle | Chapter 20: How Can the State Be Justified?

MSC: Applying 4. In a state of nature (before there is a society) if person A were to steal from person B, Hobbes

would say that person A a. did not do anything unjust. b. did something unjust. c. is stronger than person B. d. is more intelligent than person B. ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: p. 1038 TOP: Leviathan, Hobbes | Chapter 20: How Can the State Be Justified?

MSC: Applying 5. Consider a situation where a sovereign of the sort Hobbes envisions is established, but this

sovereign is cruel and murders her/his subjects on whims. What would Hobbes say about this situation? a. It would be just for the people to revolt and remove the sovereign from power. b. It would be unjust for the people to revolt and remove the sovereign from power. c. It would be just for the people to empower a new sovereign who can deal with the cruel one. d. It is unjust for the sovereign to behave in this way, and as a result the sovereign is illegitimate.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: p. 1040 TOP: Leviathan, Hobbes | Chapter 20: How Can the State Be Justified?

MSC: Applying 6. Which of the following types of government would Hobbes recommend? a. Democracy b. Parliamentary c. Communism d. Monarchy ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: p. 1039 TOP: Leviathan, Hobbes | Chapter 20: How Can the State Be Justified?

MSC: Understanding 7. One way to challenge Hobbes’s depiction of the state of nature is to say that in the state of

nature a. people are generally selfish. b. there is no such thing as property.

c. the strong will have the advantage over the weak. d. no actions are unjust.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 1036-1037 TOP: Leviathan, Hobbes | Chapter 20: How Can the State Be Justified?

MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating 8. According to Rousseau, the idea of force making right is mistaken because a. force and rights are two different things. b. a right that is gone when force ceases is no right at all. c. there is no need for rights when there is enough force. d. when there is a particular right, force is unnecessary.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 1047 TOP: The Social Contract, Rousseau | Chapter 20: How Can the State Be Justified?

MSC: Understanding 9. If a group of people were coming together for the first time and the majority decided to vote

someone to be the ruler over all, what would Rousseau claim about those who disagreed? a. They are not obligated to go along with the majority. b. They are obligated to go along with the majority. c. They must oppose the ruler. d. They have to request another vote.

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: p. 1049 TOP: The Social Contract, Rousseau | Chapter 20: How Can the State Be Justified?

MSC: Applying 10. According to Rousseau, when it comes to dealing with other states, a sovereign body a. is bound by no rules. b. is bound by rules that cannot easily be stated. c. becomes an individual. d. becomes a collective.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 1050 TOP: The Social Contract, Rousseau | Chapter 20: How Can the State Be Justified?

MSC: Understanding 11. One way to object to Rousseau's argument that sovereign's cannot have interests contrary to the

individuals who make it up is to argue that a. what is good for a group can be different from what is good for the members. b. a sovereign can have any interests that it wants. c. individuals may not know what their interests really are. d. a sovereign does not have interests at all.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: p. 1051 TOP: The Social Contract, Rousseau | Chapter 20: How Can the State Be Justified?

MSC: Analyzing 12. Sam’s right to not have his bicycle stolen is a a. claim right. b. liberty right. c. conventional right.

d. innate right.

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: p. 1060 TOP: Rights-Based Justifications for the State, Simmons | Chapter 20: How Can the State Be Justified?

MSC: Understanding 13. One might challenge Locke’s view that continued residence in a state’s territory constitutes

consent by arguing that a. Realistically, people can live within a state’s territory without obeying the laws. b. Realistically, people could leave the territory if they wanted. c. Realistically, people cannot leave the territory. d. Realistically, people live in a state’s territory without paying taxes.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: p. 1064 TOP: Rights-Based Justifications for the State, Simmons | Chapter 20: How Can the State Be Justified?

MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating 14. According to Mills, who benefits from the Racial Contract? a. A few rich whites b. Most but not all whites c. All whites d. No one ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 1069 TOP: The Racial Contract, Mills | Chapter 20: How Can the State Be Justified?

MSC: Understanding 15. Sam is a white person who has grown up very poor and still is very poor. Additionally, Sam is

staunchly against racism in both public and private life. Mills would say that a. Sam still benefits from the Racial Contract. b. Sam does not benefit from the Racial Contract. c. Sam is not really white in the relevant sense. d. Sam is still better off than wealthy non-whites.

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: p. 1069 TOP: The Racial Contract, Mills | Chapter 20: How Can the State Be Justified?

MSC: Applying 16. One way to challenge Mills's claims about racism and the European Enlightenment would be to

argue that a. racism is inherent in the European Enlightenment. b. racism is a corruption of the ideals of the European Enlightenment. c. racism emerged from the European Enlightenment. d. Europeans during the Enlightenment only thought of other Europeans as fully human.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 1073 TOP: The Racial Contract, Mills | Chapter 20: How Can the State Be Justified?

MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating 17. When it comes to the theory of the Racial Contract, Mills thinks that white theorists a. will be extremely resistant to it. b. should worry about what it will mean concerning their lives.

c. should welcome it. d. should see it as an end to their theorizing.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 1068 TOP: The Racial Contract, Mills | Chapter 20: How Can the State Be Justified?

MSC: Understanding COMPLETION 1. According to Aristotle, all communities aim at _____.

ANS: some good/the good DIF: Medium REF: p. 1028 TOP: Politics, Aristotle | Chapter 20: How Can the State Be Justified?

MSC: Remembering 2. Aristotle thinks that_____are not capable of true happiness.

ANS: slaves and brute (nonhuman) animals DIF: Medium REF: p. 1033 TOP: Politics, Aristotle | Chapter 20: How Can the State Be Justified?

MSC: Understanding 3. Hobbes claims that in the state of nature our lives are solitary, poor, _____.

ANS: nasty, brutish, and short DIF: Medium REF: p. 1038 TOP: Leviathan, Hobbes | Chapter 20: How Can the State Be Justified?

MSC: Remembering 4. Simmons claims that sometimes good ends can most effectively be pursued by _____ means.

ANS: bad DIF: Medium REF: p. 1059 TOP: Rights-Based Justifications for the State, Simmons | Chapter 20: How Can the State Be Justified?

MSC: Remembering 5. Rights that do not come from the law are ______ rights.

ANS: moral DIF: Medium REF: p. 1059 TOP: Rights-Based Justifications for the State, Simmons | Chapter 20: How Can the State Be Justified?

MSC: Understanding ESSAY

1. What is Aristotle’s argument for the claim that the excellence of the citizen is not the same as

the excellence of the good person?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Aristotle’s claim that citizens should be concerned with the good of the community, but that communities come in different kinds. Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Aristotle’s thought that different kinds of communities will require different things, and so citizens of those different communities will have different excellences. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Aristotle’s claim that there is a single excellence for being a good person.

DIF: Medium MSC: Analyzing

REF: pp. 1028-1034

TOP: Politics, Aristotle

2. Consider a situation where 20 individuals find themselves living on an otherwise deserted

island. What would Hobbes say their lives would be like? Why would he say this?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Hobbes's claim that humans are roughly equal when it comes to strength and intelligence. Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Hobbes's thought that in a state of nature people will be in a state of war (i.e., a state of everyone for himself/herself). Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of how Hobbes thinks that the state of nature may end by individuals giving up their rights to one chosen to be sovereign.

DIF: Easy MSC: Applying

REF: pp. 1036-1043

TOP: Leviathan, Hobbes

3. What does Hobbes claim is required for leaving the state of nature? How might Rousseau object

to Hobbes on this point?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Hobbes’sclaim that the only way to leave the state of nature is to surrender all of one's rights to a single sovereign.

Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Rousseau's argument for thinking that it is an absurdity to think that there can be absolute authority on one side and unlimited obedience on the other.

DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 1036-1053 TOP: Chapter 20: How Can the State Be Justified?

MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating

4. Simmons mentions that it is unclear how a typical person’s political life would satisfy Locke’s

requirement of consent to the social contract. What are the best reasons that someone might give for thinking that U.S. citizens satisfy the requirement of consent to the social contract? Are these reasons good enough to think that the Lockean requirement has been satisfied? Why or why not?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Locke’s requirement of consent in order for the social contract to be valid. Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Simmons’s point that Locke tended to think that most ordinary citizens meet this requirement because of residence, and why Simmons thinks this is doubtful. Further, a valid response should/might include discussion of reasons for thinking that U.S. citizens do seem to consent to the social contract. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of reasons for or against thinking that these reasons are sufficiently strong.

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 1058-1065 TOP: Rights-Based Justifications for the State, Simmons

MSC: Applying/Evaluating

5. What are the primary differences that Mills sees between the "social contract" and the "Racial

Contract"?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Mills’s claims that the social contract is not taken to be descriptive in contemporary times, but rather is thought to be a prescription concerning how a state should be formed and maintained. Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Mills’s claim that the Racial Contract is a description of how many modern states have actually come to be formed.

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 1066-1074 MSC: Understanding

TOP: The Racial Contract, Mills

Chapter 21: What Is the Value of Liberty?

TRUE/FALSE 1. Devlin claims that the standard for whether a moral judgment belongs to a society is whether a

rational person in that society would agree with the judgment. a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Difficult REF: p. 1100 TOP: Morals and the Criminal Law, Devlin | Chapter 21: What Is the Value of Liberty?

MSC: Understanding 2. Sen thinks that some economic rights are human rights.

a. True b. False ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: p. 1111 TOP: Elements of a Theory of Human Rights, Sen | Chapter 21: What Is the Value of Liberty?

MSC: Understanding MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. According to Locke, a magistrate cannot be given the care of another's soul because a. this is something that only a priest can be given. b. no one can give the care of their soul to another. c. there are no such things as souls. d. magistrates only have power of outward force.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 1084 TOP: A Letter Concerning Toleration, Locke | Chapter 21: What Is the Value of Liberty?

MSC: Understanding 2. One way to challenge Locke's claims about how beliefs can be changed is to argue that a. only evidence can change people's beliefs. b. it is not possible to force someone to have a particular belief. c. one's beliefs can be changed by external influences. d. one's beliefs cannot be changed once they are set.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 1085 TOP: A Letter Concerning Toleration, Locke | Chapter 21: What Is the Value of Liberty?

MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating 3. If Sam is a magistrate and he convinces someone else to follow a particular religion, Locke

would say that Sam a. has used force to change the person's beliefs. b. has not done something that other people could not do. c. has done something that other people cannot do. d. is really a priest and not a magistrate.

ANS: B

DIF: Medium

REF: p. 1084

TOP: A Letter Concerning Toleration, Locke | Chapter 21: What Is the Value of Liberty?

MSC: Applying 4. Locke thinks that one reason that a magistrate cannot enforce religion is that a. outward professions are not sufficient for real religious conviction. b. no one knows who is religious. c. magistrates cannot be religious. d. magistrates must be impartial in all matters.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: p. 1084 TOP: A Letter Concerning Toleration, Locke | Chapter 21: What Is the Value of Liberty?

MSC: Understanding 5. According to Locke, even if magistrates could convince people to have particular religious

beliefs a. it would not save the people's souls. b. the magistrate would still be wrong to do so. c. the magistrate would be acting as a priest. d. the magistrate would have to give up her/his civil power.

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: p. 1085 TOP: A Letter Concerning Toleration, Locke | Chapter 21: What Is the Value of Liberty?

MSC: Understanding 6. If Sam is expressing his opinion on a particular issue but his opinion is extremely offensive,

Mill thinks that a. Sam should be stopped from expressing his opinion. b. Sam should be required to express his opinion in private. c. Sam should not be restricted from expressing his opinion. d. Sam should be required to undergo cultural sensitivity training.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 1088 TOP: On Liberty, Mill | Chapter 21: What Is the Value of Liberty?

MSC: Applying 7. Mill thinks that when someone does something wrong it is because a. their desires were too strong. b. their beliefs were false. c. their intelligence is too low. d. their conscience is too weak.

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: p. 1091 TOP: On Liberty, Mill | Chapter 21: What Is the Value of Liberty?

MSC: Understanding 8. One way to challenge Mill’s principle is to argue that it is a. acceptable to infringe on someone’s liberties if that person is a danger to others. b. acceptable to infringe on someone’s liberties if that person is a danger to

himself/herself. c. unacceptable to infringe on someone’s liberties if that person acts immorally. d. unacceptable to infringe on someone’s liberties if that person offends others.

ANS: B

DIF: Difficult

REF: p. 1087

TOP: On Liberty, Mill | Chapter 21: What Is the Value of Liberty?

MSC: Evaluating 9. If a particular society begins to allow more and more immoral behavior to be permitted, Devlin

would say that historically this is often a. not a major issue. b. no different than many other societies. c. the beginning of the end of the society. d. the natural course of a healthy society.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 1100 TOP: Morals and the Criminal Law, Devlin | Chapter 21: What Is the Value of Liberty?

MSC: Applying 10. Sam observes a particular behavior and finds it deeply disgusting. What would Devlin say about

Sam’s disgust? a. It is simply a matter of preference. b. It is evidence that the behavior is wrong. c. It can be rational. d. It has no bearing on whether the behavior should be legal.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 1101-1102 TOP: Morals and the Criminal Law, Devlin | Chapter 21: What Is the Value of Liberty?

MSC: Applying 11. Devlin claims that immorality a. always affects society. b. never affects society. c. is capable of affecting society. d. can but usually does not affect society.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: pp. 1100-1101 TOP: Morals and the Criminal Law, Devlin | Chapter 21: What Is the Value of Liberty?

MSC: Understanding 12. According to Sen, if Sam has agreed to pay $100 for a book, then when he receives the book he

has a. b. c. d.

an imperfect obligation to pay $100 for it. a perfect obligation to pay $100 for it. a contractual obligation to pay $100 for it. a legal obligation to pay $100 for it.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 1108 TOP: Elements of a Theory of Human Rights, Sen | Chapter 21: What Is the Value of Liberty?

MSC: Applying 13. Sam wants to read philosophy Friday night. As things turn out, Sam's roommate forces Sam to

ready philosophy on Friday night. What would Sen say about this situation? a. The opportunity aspect of Sam's freedom has been undermined. b. The choice aspect of Sam's freedom has been undermined. c. The process aspect of Sam's freedom has been undermined. d. The threshold aspect of Sam's freedom has been undermined.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: pp. 1110-1111 TOP: Elements of a Theory of Human Rights, Sen | Chapter 21: What Is the Value of Liberty?

MSC: Applying 14. One way to challenge Sen's claims about economic and social rights would be to argue that a. X is not a human right if we do not want to do what is required to make sure that

everyone's X right is protected. b. X is not a human right if we cannot do what is required to make sure that everyone's

X right is protected. c. X is not a human right if not everyone agrees that X is really a human right. d. X is not a human right if we cannot convince everyone to do their part in doing what

is required to make sure that everyone's X right is protected.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: p. 1112 TOP: Elements of a Theory of Human Rights, Sen | Chapter 21: What Is the Value of Liberty?

MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating COMPLETION 1. Mill claims that we should only infringe on an individual's liberty to _____.

ANS: prevent harm to others DIF: Easy REF: p. 1087 TOP: On Liberty, Mill | Chapter 21: What Is the Value of Liberty?

MSC: Remembering 2. Mill thinks that mental and moral powers are similar to ____ powers in being improved by

being used.

ANS: muscular DIF: Medium REF: p. 1091 TOP: On Liberty, Mill | Chapter 21: What Is the Value of Liberty?

MSC: Understanding 3. Devlin claims that the law historically got its authority to speak about morality from _____

teaching.

ANS: Christian DIF: Medium REF: p. 1098 TOP: Morals and the Criminal Law, Devlin | Chapter 21: What Is the Value of Liberty?

MSC: Remembering 4. According to Sen, importance is a(n) ____ condition.

ANS: threshold DIF: Medium REF: p. 1109 TOP: Elements of a Theory of Human Rights, Sen | Chapter 21: What Is the Value of Liberty?

MSC: Remembering

ESSAY 1. How does Locke argue that the nature of a civil magistrate’s power is not conducive to

enforcing religious beliefs?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Locke's claims that civil magistrates' power consists only of outward force. Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Locke's points about "true and saving religion" consisting of internal features of one's mind. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Locke's claims that outward force cannot lead one to have particular beliefs/religious convictions.

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 1083-1085 TOP: Of Identity and Diversity, Locke MSC: Understanding 2. What would Mill say about the sort of drug laws that we have in the United States?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Mill's claims about the nature of liberty. In particular, a valid response should/might include discussion of Mill's idea that an individual's liberty should only be infringed upon when the person's activities are a harm to others. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of the way that some drug laws seem to conflict with Mill's views because those laws restrict people's liberty even if they are not a harm to others.

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 1087-1093 MSC: Understanding

TOP: On Liberty, Mill

3. Compare Devlin’s take on the person who chooses to get drunk every night in their home with

what Mill would say.

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Mill’s idea that a person’s liberties should only be infringed upon when that person is a harm to others.

Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Devlin’s claim that it may be that the person does not harm society himself/herself, but we still have grounds to make laws restricting such behavior because if enough people did this there would be harm to society.

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 1087-1103 TOP: Chapter 21: What Is the Value of Liberty?

MSC: Applying

4. Sen suggests "threshold conditions" for whether a particular freedom is appropriately

considered a human right. Which of the following meet Sen's threshold conditions, and which do not? Why? (1) Freedom to possess property (2) Freedom of speech (3) Freedom to bear arms (4) Freedom to assemble

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of the two conditions that Sen mentions as threshold conditions (importance and social influenceability). Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of each of the four freedoms listed in the question and why they do, or do not, satisfy the conditions that Sen suggests for human rights.

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 1107-1115 TOP: Elements of a Theory of Human Rights, Sen

MSC: Applying

5. How could Mill's position on individual liberties be used to argue for or against Sen's claims

concerning social and economic rights?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Mill's idea that a person's liberty can only be infringed upon when doing so is necessary to protect others from harm. Also, a valid response should/might include discussion of Sen's arguments in support of taking social and economic rights to be human rights. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of how one might argue for (or against) taking social and economic rights to be human rights based upon whether having such rights count as human rights would appropriately (or inappropriately) infringe upon individual liberties.

DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 1087-1093, 1107-1115 TOP: Chapter 21: What Is the Value of Liberty?

MSC: Analyzing

Chapter 22 Does Justice Require Equality?

TRUE/FALSE 1. Frankfurt thinks that the utility of money is not important

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: pp. 1138-1139 TOP: Equality as a Moral Ideal, Frankfurt | Chapter 22: Does Justice Require Equality?

MSC: Understanding 2. Nussbaum claims that fetuses may not be included in her minimalist view of equality.

a. True b. False ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: p. 1150 TOP: Political Equality, Nussbaum | Chapter 22: Does Justice Require Equality?

MSC: Understanding 3. Nozick thinks that redistributing holdings is unjust.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Difficult REF: p. 1157 TOP: Distributive Justice, Nozick | Chapter 22: Does Justice Require Equality?

MSC: Understanding 4. According to Okin, women tend to agree with the practice of polygamy.

a. True b. False ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: p. 1170 TOP: Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women? Okin | Chapter 22: Does Justice Require Equality?

MSC: Remembering MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. As a result of a particular social structure, if any change is implemented, Sam benefits, but Sally

suffers, or vice versa. This structure is a. efficient. b. unjust. c. just. d. impossible.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: p. 1127 TOP: Two Principles of Justice, Rawls | Chapter 22: Does Justice Require Equality?

MSC: Applying

2. One way to challenge Rawls is to dispute his difference principle by claiming that the higher

expectations of those better situated are a. always unjust. b. sometimes just. c. a natural fact. d. an unavoidable feature of societies.

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: p. 1129 TOP: Two Principles of Justice, Rawls | Chapter 22: Does Justice Require Equality?

MSC: Evaluating 3. Sam is severely mentally handicapped. He does not have a sense of justice or other such

concepts. Rawls says that when it comes to Sam being a moral person a. it is clear that Sam is not. b. it is clear that Sam is. c. it is essential for Sam's deserving justice. d. it is not clear whether Sam is or not.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 1132-1133 TOP: Two Principles of Justice, Rawls | Chapter 22: Does Justice Require Equality?

MSC: Applying 4. If a particular candy has diminishing marginal utility for Sam, then each time Sam gets a piece

of the candy a. it is less valuable to Sam than the previous piece. b. it is more valuable to Sam than the previous piece. c. it is the same value to Sam as the previous piece. d. it has no value for Sam. ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: p. 1138 TOP: Equality as a Moral Ideal, Frankfurt | Chapter 22: Does Justice Require Equality?

MSC: Applying 5. One way to challenge Frankfurt’s objection to economic egalitarianism is to argue that a. the actual amount that people have is important. b. the actual amount that people have is not important. c. whether one person has more than another is important. d. the worse off do not necessarily have more important unsatisfied needs than the

better off.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: p. 1140 TOP: Equality as a Moral Ideal, Frankfurt | Chapter 22: Does Justice Require Equality?

MSC: Evaluating 6. If a particular amount of a given good is necessary in order for it to be of any value at all,

egalitarianism a. yields the best results. b. can yield bad results. c. must yield bad results. d. must yield good results.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: pp. 1139-1140 TOP: Equality as a Moral Ideal, Frankfurt | Chapter 22: Does Justice Require Equality?

MSC: Applying 7. According to Nussbaum, equality is a political value as well as a. an economic value. b. an ethical value. c. a cultural value. d. a religious value.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: p. 1147 TOP: Political Equality, Nussbaum | Chapter 22: Does Justice Require Equality?

MSC: Remembering 8. Sam is a human with severe cognitive disabilities. Which view of equality would say that Sam

is equal with humans without such disabilities? a. Physical similarity view b. Mental similarity view c. Ethical choice view d. Minimalist view ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: p. 1150 TOP: Political Equality, Nussbaum | Chapter 22: Does Justice Require Equality?

MSC: Applying 9. One might try to challenge Nussbaum's claim that the minimalist view can be defended from the

dilemma that she presents for it by arguing that in her response to the dilemma a. she is assuming that humans have moral worth. b. she is assuming that nonhuman animals have moral worth. c. she is assuming that the species boundary can be clearly drawn. d. she is assuming that we can determine goods for species.

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: p. 1150 TOP: Political Equality, Nussbaum | Chapter 22: Does Justice Require Equality?

MSC: Analyzing 10. Nussbaum claims that the most attractive picture of what it is that we should be trying to

equalize is a. satisfaction. b. resources. c. abilities. d. capabilities.

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: p. 1154 TOP: Political Equality, Nussbaum | Chapter 22: Does Justice Require Equality?

MSC: Understanding 11. Sam is unemployed. Government officials decide to force Sam to work two hours a day to help

contribute to society. Sally is employed, and the government taxes her what amounts to two hours of her daily pay. Nozick would say a. there are no differences when it comes to Sam’s and Sally’s situations. b. Sam’s and Sally’s situations are essentially the same when it comes to justice. c. Sam’s situation, but not Sally’s, is just. d. Sally’s situation, but not Sam’s, is just.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: pp. 1161-1162 TOP: Distributive Justice, Nozick | Chapter 22: Does Justice Require Equality?

MSC: Applying 12. Nozick worries that distribution principles that are not historical will a. be supported by most people. b. be rejected by most people. c. eliminate the sort of privilege he enjoys. d. continually interfere with people’s lives.

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: p. 1161 TOP: Distributive Justice, Nozick | Chapter 22: Does Justice Require Equality?

MSC: Understanding 13. One way to challenge Nozick’s take on patterned principles of distributive justice is to argue

that a. b. c. d.

they will not lead to taking things from people. they will continually interfere with people’s lives. they could be implemented just once to establish justice. they have always been in place.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 1158-1161 TOP: Distributive Justice, Nozick | Chapter 22: Does Justice Require Equality?

MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating 14. According to Okin, multiculturalism and feminism a. have perfectly consistent aims. b. sometimes conflict. c. are almost always in conflict. d. can, but never actually do, conflict.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 1166 TOP: Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women? Okin | Chapter 22: Does Justice Require Equality?

MSC: Understanding 15. Sam is part of a subculture that insists on arranged marriages with no input from the two to be

married. Sam is also part of a larger culture that does not approve of this practice. What would Okin say about arranged marriages in this culture? a. They should not be permitted if they harm the individuals. b. They should not be permitted if the elders of the subculture want to do away with them. c. They should be permitted in order to keep the subculture from vanishing. d. They should be permitted as long as doing so is important to the identity of that subculture.

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: pp. 1172-1173 TOP: Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women? Okin | Chapter 22: Does Justice Require Equality?

MSC: Applying 16. One might attempt to challenge Okin's position by arguing that a. multiculturalism is a good thing. b. the good of the group outweighs the good of individuals.

c. the good of individuals outweighs the good of the group. d. there is no way to determine how important multiculturalism is.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: pp. 1170-1172 TOP: Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women? Okin | Chapter 22: Does Justice Require Equality?

MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating 17. When it comes to religions Okin thinks that a. They tend to be harmful. b. They are almost all patriarchal. c. Many have patriarchal roots. d. They were constructed as a form of social control.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: p. 1169 TOP: Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women? Okin | Chapter 22: Does Justice Require Equality?

MSC: Understanding COMPLETION 1. The fact that some people are born with talents that others are not is what Rawls calls the _____.

ANS: natural lottery DIF: Medium REF: p. 1129 TOP: Two Principles of Justice, Rawls | Chapter 22: Does Justice Require Equality?

MSC: Remembering 2. The principle of _____ requires that inequality be compensated for.

ANS: redress DIF: Medium REF: p. 1130 TOP: Two Principles of Justice, Rawls | Chapter 22: Does Justice Require Equality?

MSC: Understanding 3. Frankfurt claims that when it comes to money, what is important is the doctrine of _____.

ANS: sufficiency DIF: Medium REF: p. 1137 TOP: Equality as a Moral Ideal, Frankfurt | Chapter 22: Does Justice Require Equality?

MSC: Understanding 4. According to Nozick, there is no _____ that decides how resources are to be given to people.

ANS: central distribution DIF: Medium REF: p. 1156 TOP: Distributive Justice, Nozick | Chapter 22: Does Justice Require Equality?

MSC: Remembering ESSAY

1. Sally is born with talents that Sam is not. However, the society in which they live is such that

those with the same talents and willingness to develop those talents have the same opportunities. As a result, Sally benefits from her talents and Sam does not. What would the system of natural liberty, the liberal interpretation, and the democratic interpretation say about this situation? Why? ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of each of these various interpretations of the two principles that Rawls describes. Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of how the first two interpretations would say that such a situation is just, but the third would not. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of why it is that these various interpretations lead to these results.

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 1126-1133 TOP: Two Principles of Justice, Rawls MSC: Applying 2. How is the sort of egalitarianism that Rawls defends different from the sort Frankfurt attacks?

Could Rawls accept his view and agree with Frankfurt's position? Why or why not?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Rawls's theory of the two principles of justice and how they should be interpreted. Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Frankfurt's attack on economic egalitarianism. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of how Rawls could accept what Frankfurt claims because the sorts of egalitarianism that they are discussing are importantly different.

DIF: Medium REF: pp. 1126-1143 TOP: Chapter 22: Does Justice Require Equality?

MSC: Evaluating

3. What is Nozick’s argument for thinking that taxation is a kind of forced labor? How might

someone object to his argument?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Nozick’s claims that when someone is taxed on the profit they make from their labor, there is a certain amount of time for which they are working without being paid (the amount of hours that the tax is equivalent to). Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Nozick’s point that since the person is having to work without being paid under the threat of force (in that taxes will be collected even if they resist), this is a kind of forced labor. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of various ways that one might try to object to Nozick’s argument (e.g., that the person enjoys goods and services that are paid for with taxes, so the person is not being forced to labor but instead is being forced to pay their bills).

DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 1156-1162 MSC: Analyzing/Evaluating

TOP: Distributive Justice, Nozick

4. Assume that Rawls’s principle of democratic equality is implemented. What sort of principle

would Nozick claim this is? What would Nozick claim about the principle when it comes to justice?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Rawls’s principle.

Additionally, a valid response should/might include discussion of how implementing Rawls’s principle at the present would seem to involve a redistribution of holdings. Further, a valid response should/might include discussion of Nozick’s description of patterned principles and how Rawls’s principle fits this description. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Nozick’s claims that such principles seem to be unjust because they do not respect the historical features of distribution.

DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 1126-1133, 1156-1162 TOP: Chapter 22: Does Justice Require Equality?

MSC: Applying

5. What is Okin’s position with respect to the impact of multiculturalism on women? How does

she defend her position?

ANS:

Answers will vary. A valid response should/might include discussion of Okin’s claims that multiculturalism is often harmful to women. In particular, a valid response should/might include discussion of Okin’s argument that in cases where the minority culture is oppressive to women, giving special rights to the culture can lead to continued harms for women. Finally, a valid response should/might include discussion of Okin’s claims that multiculturalism concerns for cultures that are oppressive to women can go against liberal ideals in important ways.

DIF: Easy REF: pp. 1165-1173 TOP: Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women? Okin

MSC: Analyzing