TEST BANK for Introduction to Sociology 3rd Edition By George Ritzer

Chapter 01: An Introduction to Sociology in the Global Age Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Many news sources attribute the beginning of the Tunisian revolution and the Arab Spring to

the death of Mohamed Bouazizi, who set himself on fire before a government office as a form of protest. In the textbook, Ritzer says that sociologists would: a. agree. Bouazizi’s act is the underlying cause of the Arab Spring. b. disagree and attribute the revolution to a counterreaction by the government. c. disagree. Political and economic preconditions led to Arab Spring. d. mostly focus on how society influenced Bouazizi’s behavior.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 1–2 OBJ: LO 1–4 Explain sociology’s approach to studying social life, including using the sociological imagination and examining the relationship between private troubles and public issues.

TOP: A Sociology of Revolutions and Counterrevolutions COG: Application 2. Mohamed Bouazizi’s public suicide was a spark that set in motion the revolution in Tunisia,

which spread throughout much of the Middle East. The author uses this to demonstrate what important lesson that can be learned from studying sociology? a. Individual thought and action is influenced by groups, culture, and society b. Social changes often start slow but spread rapidly c. Individuals are responsible for pushing society toward greater freedom d. Social change that starts out strong often loses momentum ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 2 OBJ: LO 1–4 Explain sociology’s approach to studying social life, including using the sociological imagination and examining the relationship between private troubles and public issues.

TOP: A Sociology of Revolutions and Counterrevolutions COG: Application 3. An important lesson in sociology exemplified by the introductory story about how the Arab

Spring began is to show the impact that an individual can have on societal structures and processes. The idea that a person can impact large-scale structures is called: a. public sociology b. mediated interaction c. the butterfly effect d. the sociological imagination ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 2 OBJ: LO 1–4 Explain sociology’s approach to studying social life, including using the sociological imagination and examining the relationship between private troubles and public issues.

TOP: A Sociology of Revolutions and Counterrevolutions COG: Comprehension 4. The introduction of mobile phones, and their widespread use by individuals all over the world,

has influenced all kinds of factors, including car accident rates, dinner etiquette, and how freshman college students communicate with their parents. This is an example of: a. McDonaldization b. the butterfly effect c. the Hawthorne effect d. the sociological imagination

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 2 OBJ: LO 1–4 Explain sociology’s approach to studying social life, including using the sociological imagination and examining the relationship between private troubles and public issues.

TOP: A Sociology of Revolutions and Counterrevolutions COG: Application 5. The mass introduction of high-speed internet has allowed people around the world to obtain

information faster than ever before. It has influenced many factors around the globe, including how people meet through networks and how often people can communicate. Sociology would point to high-speed internet as an example of: a. the butterfly effect b. the social change effect c. commodification d. globalization ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 2–3 OBJ: LO 1–4 Explain sociology’s approach to studying social life, including using the sociological imagination and examining the relationship between private troubles and public issues.

TOP: A Sociology of Revolutions and Counterrevolutions COG: Application 6. Sociology is the systematic study of: a. the way people are influenced by groups b. the way people influence one another c. organizations and social structures d. the way people are affected and affect social structures and processes ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 2–3 OBJ: LO 1–4 Explain sociology’s approach to studying social life, including using the sociological imagination and examining the relationship between private troubles and public issues.

TOP: A Sociology of Revolutions and Counterrevolutions COG: Knowledge 7. The main focus of sociology is: a. to study and explain what motivates individual behaviors b. to study the way people are influenced by groups or organizations c. to study how people affect and are affected by social structures and social processes d. to study the organizations that people create ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 4 OBJ: LO 1–4 Explain sociology’s approach to studying social life, including using the sociological imagination and examining the relationship between private troubles and public issues.

TOP: The Changing Nature of the Social World—and Sociology COG: Comprehension 8. Sociology was founded in the eighteenth and nineteenth century, when the study of

__________________ became a special focus of attention. a. the United States b. the Industrial Revolution c. the nuclear family d. the decline of religion ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 3 OBJ: LO 1–1 Identify major social changes since the 1880s studied by sociologists.

TOP: The Changing Nature of the Social World—and Sociology

COG: Comprehension 9. In the United States, manufacturing has __________ since the middle of the twentieth century,

signaling a move out of the _______________ age. a. decreased; industrial b. decreased; preindustrial c. increased; preindustrial d. increased; agrarian ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 3 OBJ: LO 1–1 Identify major social changes since the 1880s studied by sociologists.

TOP: The Changing Nature of the Social World—and Sociology COG: Comprehension 10. The postindustrial age began around the middle of the twentieth century, but transitioned into

the _________________ at the beginning of the twenty-first century. a. social age b. cyber age c. space age d. information age ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 4 OBJ: LO 1–1 Identify major social changes since the 1880s studied by sociologists.

TOP: The Changing Nature of the Social World—and Sociology COG: Comprehension 11. _____________ sociology collaborates outside of academia with practical problems,

addressing a wide range of social issues that concern local, national, and global groups. a. Reform b. Pragmatist c. Public d. Contemporary ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 5 OBJ: LO 1–4 Explain sociology’s approach to studying social life, including using the sociological imagination and examining the relationship between private troubles and public issues.

TOP: Sociologists as Bloggers and Public Sociologists COG: Comprehension 12. Sociologists are interested in the development of a new “_____________” economy, where

businesses such as Uber, Airbnb.com, and others are a growing model for providing services using technology. a. postindustrial b. Google c. sharing d. technocratic ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 5 OBJ: LO 1–2 Explain why sociologists today focus on trends in globalization and consumption.

TOP: Globalization COG: Comprehension 13. In which period do more people of both genders perform free labor? a. The industrial age

b. The postindustrial age c. The information age d. The postmodern age ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 4 OBJ: LO 1–1 Identify major social changes since the 1880s studied by sociologists.

TOP: The Changing Nature of the Social World—and Sociology COG: Analysis 14. According to the author, George Ritzer, no social change is as important today as

_______________. a. social movements b. globalization c. climate change d. the growth of inequality ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 5 OBJ: LO 1–2 Explain why sociologists today focus on trends in globalization and consumption.

TOP: Globalization COG: Analysis 15. As globalization takes place, the movement of products and people of the world becomes more

___________. a. monitored b. regulated c. unequal d. fluid ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 6 OBJ: LO 1–2 Explain why sociologists today focus on trends in globalization and consumption.

TOP: Globalization COG: Comprehension 16. During the increase of globalization, what effect has social structures had on the flow of

products and information? a. Social structures typically enable better global flows b. Social structures are typically designed to impede global flows c. Social structures exist to both increase and limit global flows d. Social structures have little effect on the flow of products and information ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 7 OBJ: LO 1–2 Explain why sociologists today focus on trends in globalization and consumption.

TOP: Globalization COG: Analysis 17. When globalization increases negative flows, such as spreading diseases or pollution, it is

called: a. terrorism b. deviant globalization c. hypercapitalism d. antiglobalizaion ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 7 OBJ: LO 1–2 Explain why sociologists today focus on trends in globalization and consumption.

TOP: Globalization COG: Analysis

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18. Starting in the 1950s, developed countries with capitalist economies began to shift from

_______________ to _________________. a. production; consumption b. manufacturing; providing services c. working class; middle class d. affluence; recession ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 8 OBJ: LO 1–2 Explain why sociologists today focus on trends in globalization and consumption.

TOP: Consumption COG: Comprehension 19. The rise in credit card debt from 1969 to the present day is used as evidence of what trend? a. The increased globalization of the economy b. The increase of economic technology in the postindustrial age c. The dramatic increase in personal consumption among Americans d. The increasing divide between income and living expenses ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 8 OBJ: LO 1–2 Explain why sociologists today focus on trends in globalization and consumption.

TOP: Consumption COG: Application 20. The iPhone has been purchased by millions of people and has revolutionized the ways phones

function in society. This shows that increased consumption patterns: a. support the way capitalism weeds out good and bad products b. influences not just the economy but also culture c. is more likely to sort the rich from the poor d. have their greatest influence on the young generation ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 8 OBJ: LO 1–2 Explain why sociologists today focus on trends in globalization and consumption.

TOP: Consumption COG: Application 21. McDonald's, blue jeans, and Pizza Hut are now found in countries all over the world. This is an

example of the effects of: a. cultural lag b. globalization c. cultural relativity d. McDonaldization ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 6 OBJ: LO 1–2 Explain why sociologists today focus on trends in globalization and consumption.

TOP: Globalization COG: Comprehension 22. McDonaldization is a concept that describes: a. the process of globalization b. the creation of rational systems that can guide mass production c. the way that cultural diffusion happens d. the creation of an unskilled and low paid underclass of workers ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 9 OBJ: LO 1–3 Describe what we mean by the McDonaldization of society.

TOP: McDonaldization COG: Comprehension

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23. There are four defining characteristics of McDonaldization. Which of the following is NOT one

of these characteristics? a. Efficiency b. Calculability c. Control d. Expansion ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 9 OBJ: LO 1–3 Describe what we mean by the McDonaldization of society.

TOP: McDonaldization COG: Analysis 24. One of the four defining characteristics of McDonaldization is predictability. What does

predictability refer to here? a. The ability to predict the future growth of the company b. The ability to predict one’s experience across different settings c. The ability to predict where the product will spread d. The ability to predict who will buy the product ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 9 OBJ: LO 1–3 Describe what we mean by the McDonaldization of society.

TOP: McDonaldization COG: Analysis 25. One of the biggest challenges for sociologists who want to participate in public sociology is: a. to compete with “pop sociology” sources effectively b. to find available avenues outside of academic journals where sociology can be

shared c. to preserve the integrity of one’s ideas rather than have them “McDonaldized” d. to find ways to make sociological phenomena relevant to real people ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 12 OBJ: LO 1–3 Describe what we mean by the McDonaldization of society.

TOP: Public Sociology: George Ritzer and the McDonaldization of Society COG: Application 26. When it comes to the digital world, which of the following questions IS LEAST LIKELY to be

a research interest of sociology: a. Who has internet access around the world? b. How can social networking sites increase interaction between people? c. How does the increase in technology affect cognitive growth of teenagers? d. How do smart phones affect the norms of eating in a restaurant?

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 13–14 OBJ: LO 1–4 Explain sociology’s approach to studying social life, including using the sociological imagination and examining the relationship between private troubles and public issues.

TOP: The Digital World COG: Application 27. Dr. Ritzer presents three main concerns as the centerpiece for his text. These concerns are: a. globalization, consumption, and the digital world b. globalization, global economics, and the Internet c. capitalism, industrialism, and the Information Age d. the industrial revolution, the agricultural revolution, and the information revolution ANS: A

PTS: 1

DIF: Medium

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REF: 14

OBJ: LO 1–2 Explain why sociologists today focus on trends in globalization and consumption.

TOP: Globalization, Consumption, the Digital World, and You COG: Comprehension 28. As a college student, the choices in how to obtain your education are affected by which main

sociological issue(s) that Dr. Ritzer presents in his text? a. Globalization b. Mediated interaction c. Consumption d. Three interrelated themes of globalization, consumption, and the digital world ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 14 OBJ: LO 1–2 Explain why sociologists today focus on trends in globalization and consumption.

TOP: Globalization, Consumption, the Digital World, and You COG: Application 29. The Power Elite was written by: a. Auguste Comte b. C. Wright Mills c. Karl Marx d. Émile Durkheim ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 14 OBJ: LO 1–1 Identify major social changes since the 1880s studied by sociologists.

TOP: Biographical bits: C. Wright Mills COG: Knowledge 30. ________________ was a social reformist who focused on the relationships between the

military and influential leaders of major corporations. a. Auguste Comte b. Karl Marx c. C. Wright Mills d. Émile Durkheim ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 15 OBJ: LO 1–1 Identify major social changes since the 1880s studied by sociologists.

TOP: Biographical bits: C. Wright Mills COG: Knowledge 31. __________________________ is the ability to look at the social world from different

perspectives. a. Sociological imagination b. Mediated interaction c. Social constructionism d. Public sociology ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 15 OBJ: LO 1–4 Explain sociology’s approach to studying social life, including using the sociological imagination and examining the relationship between private troubles and public issues.

TOP: The Sociological Imagination COG: Knowledge 32. Many people believe that when they get laid off from their job they are alone, but many soon

come to realize that this is a result of the current recession. They are able to connect their ____________ troubles to ______________ issues. a. public; private b. individualistic; common

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c. secret; overt d. private; public ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 16 OBJ: LO 1–4 Explain sociology’s approach to studying social life, including using the sociological imagination and examining the relationship between private troubles and public issues.

TOP: Private Troubles and Public Issues COG: Comprehension 33. _____________________ is a sociologist who argued that a money economy is significant

because it speeds up consumption and also allows people to consume more than they otherwise would. a. C. Wright Mills b. Auguste Comte c. Georg Simmel d. Karl Marx ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 16 OBJ: LO 1–4 Explain sociology’s approach to studying social life, including using the sociological imagination and examining the relationship between private troubles and public issues.

TOP: The Sociological Imagination COG: Knowledge 34. A 2011 White House report describes how women are more likely than men to work in

positions that are more poorly paid within the same occupational field—an example is that women are more likely to be dental hygienists than dentists, or legal assistants rather than lawyers. Many women might feel that this is a personal shortcoming, but it also affects society because women who might contribute a great deal to a field are in limiting roles. This is an example of: a. the globalization of inequality as applied to women b. McDonaldization of society as it applies to women c. the effects of the social construction of reality d. the links between private troubles and public issues using sociological imagination ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 17 OBJ: LO 1–4 Explain sociology’s approach to studying social life, including using the sociological imagination and examining the relationship between private troubles and public issues.

TOP: Private Troubles and Public Issues COG: Application 35. A researcher who is studying the issues within a local school district realizes that these

problems are occurring in the majority of public school districts within the United States. This researcher is connecting _______ to _________ social phenomena. a. local; global b. micro; macro c. private; public d. agency; structure ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 17 OBJ: LO 1–4 Explain sociology’s approach to studying social life, including using the sociological imagination and examining the relationship between private troubles and public issues.

TOP: The Micro–Macro Relationship COG: Application

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36. If a researcher, deciding to study crime within a specific community, chooses to interview

residents to gain some insight into the problem, he/she would be utilizing ____________ analysis. a. micro b. macro c. public d. organic ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 17–18 OBJ: LO 1–4 Explain sociology’s approach to studying social life, including using the sociological imagination and examining the relationship between private troubles and public issues.

TOP: The Micro–Macro Relationship COG: Comprehension 37. ___________ is often considered one of the earliest important sociologists who studied the link

between micro and macro issues when he studied workers in the capitalistic economic systems. a. Karl Marx b. Auguste Comte c. Georg Simmel d. C. Wright Mills ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 18 OBJ: LO 1–6 Evaluate the ways in which sociological knowledge differs from common sense.

TOP: The Micro–Macro Relationship COG: Knowledge 38. In his theory of violence, contemporary sociologist Randall Collins includes both individuals

who must have skills to carry out violent interactions and the materials and resources that an organization must equip themselves with in order to carry out violence. His theory includes both _____________ and _______________ components. a. public; private b. global; local c. agency; structural d. micro; macro ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 18 OBJ: LO 1–6 Evaluate the ways in which sociological knowledge differs from common sense.

TOP: The Micro–Macro Relationship COG: Comprehension 39. ________________ is the significance of the individual to have the capacity to influence the

shape of society and culture. a. Empowerment b. Agency c. Social construction d. Efficacy ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 19 OBJ: LO 1–6 Evaluate the ways in which sociological knowledge differs from common sense.

TOP: The Agency–Structure Relationship COG: Knowledge 40. According to sociologist Erving Goffman, individuals are _______________ because they can

disrupt and destroy the structures in which they participate. a. chaos agents b. communists

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c. dangerous giants d. delusional ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 19 OBJ: LO 1–6 Evaluate the ways in which sociological knowledge differs from common sense.

TOP: The Micro–Macro Relationship COG: Knowledge 41. If a researcher, choosing to study poverty within a major city, chooses to focus on the

relationship between social class and level of poverty, he/she would be utilizing a _________ analytical approach. a. Micro b. Macro c. Dangerous giant d. Social construction ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 17 OBJ: LO 1–6 Evaluate the ways in which sociological knowledge differs from common sense.

TOP: The Micro–Macro Relationship COG: Application 42. According to Erving Goffman, the Vietnam War protestors would be considered

_______________________ as they realized their power to create change and affect the entire society. a. dangerous giants b. the power elite c. social constructionists d. communists ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 19 OBJ: LO 1–5 Differentiate between sociology’s two possible purposes, science and social reform.

TOP: The Agency–Structure Relationship COG: Comprehension 43. The power of clothing designers to influence what fashions women wear has been analyzed as a

form of encouraging women to engage in a project of ongoing body discipline. This is an example of: a. agency–structure analysis b. social constructionism c. sociological imagination d. social reform ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 21 OBJ: LO 1–4 Explain sociology’s approach to studying social life, including using the sociological imagination and examining the relationship between private troubles and public issues.

COG: Comprehension 44. Advertisers of various products are constantly trying to understand how people utilize their

product and influence the tastes of individuals who will perpetuate their products as “cool.”

This is an example of: a. the sociological imagination b. the social construction of reality c. the dramaturgical effect d. the sociological effect of reality ANS: B

PTS: 1

DIF: Medium

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REF: 20

OBJ: LO 1–4 Explain sociology’s approach to studying social life, including using the sociological imagination and examining the relationship between private troubles and public issues.

TOP: The Social Construction of Reality COG: Comprehension 45. Often times, when people visit doctors' offices, there are pictures on the wall meant to have a

"calming" effect on the patients. Patients view the pictures and feel more comfortable about the visit because they may imagine they are visiting one of the places in the pictures. This is an example of: a. the butterfly effect b. the social construction of reality c. the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis d. the sociological imagination ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 20 OBJ: LO 1–4 Explain sociology’s approach to studying social life, including using the sociological imagination and examining the relationship between private troubles and public issues.

TOP: The Social Construction of Reality COG: Comprehension 46. Sports teams and governmental hierarchies are two examples of

_________________________. a. social classes b. social structures c. social systems d. social organizations ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 21 OBJ: LO 1–1 Identify major social changes since the 1880s studied by sociologists.

TOP: Social Structures and Processes COG: Comprehension 47. Every society has a certain ________________ which dictates how that society's institutions

are organized and which roles need to be filled within those organizations. a. organizational structure b. social structure c. governing body d. social construction ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 21 OBJ: LO 1–4 Explain sociology’s approach to studying social life, including using the sociological imagination and examining the relationship between private troubles and public issues.

TOP: Social Structures and Processes COG: Comprehension 48. ______________ invented the term sociology. a. Émile Durkheim b. Auguste Comte c. Jane Addams d. Friederich Engels ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 21 OBJ: LO 1–4 Explain sociology’s approach to studying social life, including using the sociological imagination and examining the relationship between private troubles and public issues.

TOP: Social Structures and Processes COG: Comprehension

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49. Today, more people communicate via e-mail than in person. This is an example of the changing

________________________ that are taking place. a. social processes b. procedures c. cognitive processes d. All of the above ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 21 OBJ: LO 1–4 Explain sociology’s approach to studying social life, including using the sociological imagination and examining the relationship between private troubles and public issues.

TOP: Social Structures and Processes COG: Comprehension 50. There is a continuum that runs from the most microscopic of social phenomena to the most

macroscopic of social realities, with phenomena at roughly the midpoint of this continuum best thought of as _____ realities. a. intermediate b. in-between c. halfway d. meso ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 18 OBJ: LO 1–4 Explain sociology’s approach to studying social life, including using the sociological imagination and examining the relationship between private troubles and public issues.

TOP: The Micro–Macro Relationship COG: Comprehension 51. There is a division in sociology between those who advocate for a _____ approach to social

problems and those who advocate for a _____ approach. a. public; private b. pure science; social reform c. statistical; narrative d. personal; community ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 21 OBJ: LO 1–5 Differentiate between sociology’s two possible purposes, science and social reform.

TOP: Sociology’s Purpose: Science or Social Reform?

COG: Comprehension 52. Polygamy is practiced in some parts of the world, such as Africa and Saudi Arabia. Monogamy

is the dominant form of marital relations in the United States. Many people believe that polygamy and monogamy are deviant practices because they are not using: a. cultural diffusion b. the sociological imagination c. resourcefulness d. the sociological vision ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 15 OBJ: LO 1–4 Explain sociology’s approach to studying social life, including using the sociological imagination and examining the relationship between private troubles and public issues.

TOP: The Sociological Imagination COG: Analysis

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53. Bullfighting is a popular sport in Spain: however, many Americans think of bullfighting in a

negative light due to the brutality of the sport. However, if these Americans looked at bullfighting from the perspective of the Spaniards, they would understand that this is part of their culture and is a tradition. They would be using their: a. cultural resourcefulness b. intellectual reasoning c. sociological imagination d. None of the above ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 15 OBJ: LO 1–4 Explain sociology’s approach to studying social life, including using the sociological imagination and examining the relationship between private troubles and public issues.

TOP: The Sociological Imagination COG: Application 54. Many companies outside of the United States, such as those in China, manufacture goods that

are shipped to American companies. Americans then purchase these goods and use them for various purposes. This is an example of: a. cultural lag b. globalization c. consumption d. diffusion ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 6 OBJ: LO 1–2 Explain why sociologists today focus on trends in globalization and consumption.

TOP: Globalization COG: Application 55. A(n) ______________________ might study a society’s cultural aspects, such as looking at a

specific tribe and its practices—what they eat, how they organize families, how they use resources—in detail. a. psychologist b. anthropologist c. geographer d. political scientist ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 22 OBJ: LO 1–6 Evaluate the ways in which sociological knowledge differs from common sense.

TOP: Sociology, the Other Social Sciences, and Common Sense COG: Analysis 56. How is sociology different from commonsense understandings of the social world? a. Sociology is intentional and common sense is not b. Sociology is systematic and rigorous; common sense is not c. Sociology requires sampling large portions of the population d. Sociology focuses only on questions of scientific relevance ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 23 OBJ: LO 1–6 Evaluate the ways in which sociological knowledge differs from common sense.

TOP: Sociology, the Other Social Sciences, and Common Sense COG: Analysis TRUE/FALSE

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57. In the transition to an information economy, more people of both genders perform labor for

free. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 4 OBJ: LO 1–1 Identify major social changes since the 1880s studied by sociologists.

TOP: The Changing Nature of the Social World—and Sociology COG: Comprehension 58. Sociology focuses on the ways in which the social world is continually changing.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 4 OBJ: LO 1–1 Identify major social changes since the 1880s studied by sociologists.

TOP: Globalization COG: Knowledge 59. Migration of people and products is a new trend that defines the global age.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 6 OBJ: LO 1–2 Explain why sociologists today focus on trends in globalization and consumption.

TOP: Globalization COG: Comprehension 60. In the global age, borders between European countries increased, while borders between

countries in other parts of the world relaxed. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 7 OBJ: LO 1–2 Explain why sociologists today focus on trends in globalization and consumption.

TOP: Globalization COG: Comprehension 61. There are negative types of globalization, such as terrorism and sex trafficking.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 4 OBJ: LO 1–2 Explain why sociologists today focus on trends in globalization and consumption.

TOP: Globalization COG: Knowledge 62. The number of women who are involved in sex trafficking has decreased each year.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 10 OBJ: LO 1–2 Explain why sociologists today focus on trends in globalization and consumption.

TOP: Globalization: Sex Trafficking COG: Knowledge 63. Human trafficking benefits from globalization but is illegal worldwide.

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a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 10 OBJ: LO 1–2 Explain why sociologists today focus on trends in globalization and consumption.

TOP: Globalization: Sex Trafficking COG: Comprehension 64. Despite the recession, excessive consumption has continued at a steady pace, making it unlikely

that we will soon enter a “postconsumption age.” a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 13 OBJ: LO 1–2 Explain why sociologists today focus on trends in globalization and consumption.

TOP: Critiquing Consumption COG: Comprehension 65. Many people now consider work and production less important than consumption.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 8 OBJ: LO 1–2 Explain why sociologists today focus on trends in globalization and consumption.

TOP: Consumption COG: Knowledge 66. An example of mediated interaction would be communicating over the Internet in a chat room.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 14 OBJ: LO 1–2 Explain why sociologists today focus on trends in globalization and consumption.

TOP: The Digital World COG: Comprehension 67. Concepts from sociology’s early days continue to be applicable and still are applied to social

issues by contemporary sociologists. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 21 OBJ: LO 1–6 Evaluate the ways in which sociological knowledge differs from common sense.

TOP: Social Structures and Processes COG: Comprehension 68. The sociological imagination can help people make the connection between public issues and

private troubles. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 15 OBJ: LO 1–6 Evaluate the ways in which sociological knowledge differs from common sense.

TOP: The Sociological Imagination COG: Knowledge 69. Macroanalysis involves focusing on the influence of groups and organizations.

a. True

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b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 21 OBJ: LO 1–6 Evaluate the ways in which sociological knowledge differs from common sense.

TOP: Social Structures and Processes COG: Knowledge 70. Sociologists do not engage in social reform; the job of the sociologist is only to engage in “pure

science” research. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 21 OBJ: LO 1–5 Differentiate between sociology’s two possible purposes, science and social reform.

TOP: Sociology’s Purpose: Science or Social Reform?

COG: Comprehension 71. The social science fields differ from one another, but sociology is the field that gives the

broadest possible view of society and its interrelationships. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 23 OBJ: LO 1–6 Evaluate the ways in which sociological knowledge differs from common sense.

TOP: Sociology, the Other Social Sciences, and Common Sense COG: Comprehension 72. Auguste Comte wrote a book that discusses the dynamics of the power elite.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 15 | 20 OBJ: LO 1–1 Identify major social changes since the 1880s studied by sociologists.

TOP: Biographical bits: Auguste Comte COG: Knowledge 73. Sociologists who engage in pure science believe sociology should be studied in order to change

society for the better. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 21 OBJ: LO 1–6 Evaluate the ways in which sociological knowledge differs from common sense.

TOP: Sociology’s Purpose: Science or Social Reform?

COG: Comprehension 74. Sociology is one of the humanities, such as history and communication.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 22 OBJ: LO 1–6 Evaluate the ways in which sociological knowledge differs from common sense.

TOP: Sociology, the Other Social Sciences, and Common Sense COG: Knowledge

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ESSAY 75. Select one of two social issues—gay marriage or legalization of marijuana. Indicate your

selection in your answer. Explain the types of questions a sociologist would ask to explore the micro and macro levels of analysis.

ANS:

Varies. Microanalysis should include speaking with individuals about their thoughts and actions. Macroanalysis should include sociological analysis at a large, social-structural scale that might look at how groups work together, which organizations are involved, the role of the government in policy, cultures, societal opinions, or how the laws vary in different parts of the world.

PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 22 OBJ: LO 1–6 Evaluate the ways in which sociological knowledge differs from common sense.

TOP: Social Structures and Processes COG: Application 76. In his text, George Ritzer defines globalization as an increased flow of people, products, and

processes around the world. Consider the way that globalization affects your experience of college education. Describe how one product or process has changed the experience of college education for you through the effects of globalization. Give concrete factors describing why the product or process you describe is part of globalization.

ANS:

Varies. Students may point to their mobile phones, access to internet, online courses, or the skills they must learn in college as part of the globalization process. They should mention details about how that item was subject to flows. Best answers will contrast that with prior times to show that globalization has changed the experience for the current generation.

PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 8 OBJ: LO 1–2 Explain why sociologists today focus on trends in globalization and consumption.

TOP: Globalization COG: Application 77. Describe the differences and similarities between the two purposes of sociology: pure science

and social reform. Do you believe that sociology should focus more on pure science or social reform? Explain your stance.

ANS:

Varies. The student should point out that sociologists are divided on this point. Those who believe in the role of sociology as pure science believe we need to understand the social world better before we try to change it, if, in fact, we intervene at all. It may be that using knowledge to try to reform society will affect society adversely or distort behaviors in unforeseen ways.

Those who believe in social reform believe that it is a responsibility of those who learn about social inequalities to intervene in order to create a more just world. Without these informed advocates, the elite get to determine the rules of the game. Students may select either as valid choices for how they think sociology should interact with the world, but they should provide some justification for their answer.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 15–16 OBJ: LO 1–5 Differentiate between sociology’s two possible purposes, science and social reform.

TOP: Sociology’s Purpose: Science or Social Reform?

COG: Analysis

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78. Consider the issue of student debt in the current educational environment in the lens of “the

sociological imagination.” How might you use the sociological imagination to understand different aspects of the increase in student loan debt in the twenty-first century? First, describe what it means to use a sociological imagination; then apply this to the student debt crisis.

ANS:

Varies but might include the point that sociological imagination links personal troubles with public issues. They may point out that individual students take on debt and may see it as their own personal problem or failing until they connect it to the enormous debt shared by an entire generation, affecting their choices and influencing their purchasing ability in ways that affect the entire economy.

PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 15–16 OBJ: LO 1–4 Explain sociology’s approach to studying social life, including using the sociological imagination and examining the relationship between private troubles and public issues.

TOP: The Sociological Imagination COG: Application 79. U.S. consumption greatly increased at the end of the twentieth century, but since the recession,

there are some indications that we may be entering a postconsumption age. What types of benefits and problems does a postconsumption age raise for U.S. society? Offer at least one specific example of something that would improve or decline as a result of lowered consumption.

ANS:

Varies but may include that less consumption means dead malls, fewer jobs, and a declining standard of living, and include examples such as the emptying of housing or commercial spaces, fewer new items to purchase, or other limitations to consumer goods. Some benefits might include an improved environment and an improvement to work-life balance.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 11–13 OBJ: LO 1–2 Explain why sociologists today focus on trends in globalization and consumption.

TOP: Consumption COG: Analysis 80. Explain the concept of McDonaldization. Why is it called “McDonaldization”? What are the

four characteristics that define this process? Describe concretely how each of the four characteristics worked in fast food.

ANS:

Varies but should include that McDonaldization is a process of rationalization but has irrational consequences. This process rationalizes through four characteristics: 1. Efficiency Quickest and least costly means to achieve the desired end. In fast food, it means every hamburger is created with no wasted movements or ingredients and served in a fast-food window; 2. Calculability.

Everything in the process is assigned a cost. This means that how quickly a burger is produced, the time it takes to assemble, and every item on the burger is accounted for; 3. Predictability.

Each experience is identical regardless of location. McDonald’s is the same everywhere; and 4.

Control. Machines or equipment allow owners/managers to limit what employees can do and requires less skill by the employee, who usually only follows steps. The employee can then be paid less. Example: the use of the French-fry machine, which is on a timer and requires no judgment on the part of the worker.

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PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 9 OBJ: LO 1–3 Describe what we mean by the McDonaldization of society.

TOP: McDonaldization COG: Analysis

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Chapter 02: Thinking Sociologically Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. __________ help sociologists make sense of social phenomena and understand important social

issues. a. Hypotheses b. Theories c. Critiques d. Systems ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 27–28 OBJ: LO 2–1 Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. TOP: How Do Theories Help Us Understand Politics and Other Social Institutions?

COG: Knowledge 2. __________ are sets of interrelated ideas that have a wide range of applications, deal with

centrally important issues, and have stood the test of time. a. Social laws b. Hypotheses c. Theories d. Causes ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 28 OBJ: LO 2–1 Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. TOP: How Do Theories Help Us Understand Politics and Other Social Institutions?

COG: Knowledge 3. Sociologist Randall Collins developed a theory of violence. It applies to: a. state-sanctioned violence such as war b. only domestic forms of violence c. only major criminal acts such as murder or rape d. all types of violence ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 28 OBJ: LO 2–1 Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. TOP: How Do Theories Help Us Understand Politics and Other Social Institutions?

COG: Analysis 4. When applying theories to a certain issue, sociologists differ from the average person by being

very ________________ in their approach. a. systematic b. casual c. cursory d. quantitative ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 29 OBJ: LO 2–1 Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. TOP: How Do Theories Help Us Understand Politics and Other Social Institutions?

COG: Comprehension

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5. Which of the following represents an important difference between a theory of dating generated

by a professional sociologist and one proposed by an average person? a. Sociologists will examine more statistical data than the average person b. Sociologists read the theories already in the scientific literature c. Sociologists know formulas for generating new theories d. Sociologists are less aware of biases than the average person ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 29 OBJ: LO 2–1 Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. TOP: How Do Theories Help Us Understand Politics and Other Social Institutions?

COG: Application 6. Sociological theory emerged during the ____________ century in Europe. a. Eighteenth b. Sixteenth c. Nineteenth d. Seventeenth ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 29 OBJ: LO 2–1 Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. TOP: The Giants of Classical Sociological Theory COG: Knowledge 7. Ritzer listed nineteenth century events including political revolutions, the rise of socialism, the

growth of science and the movement for women’s rights to make what point? a. The nineteenth century was the most important period of societal development b. Politics was more important than sociological theory in the nineteenth century c. Sociological theory promoted many changes, causing upheavals to happen in society d. Sociological theory did not develop in isolation; it was closely related to societal change ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 29 OBJ: LO 2–1 Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. TOP: The Giants of Classical Sociological Theory COG: Comprehension 8. The most important early sociological theorists included all EXCEPT which of the following? a. Randall Collins b. Auguste Comte c. Harriet Martineau d. Herbert Spencer ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 30 OBJ: LO 2–2 Identify other influential early figures in classical sociology.

TOP: The Giants of Classical Sociological Theory COG: Knowledge 9. _____________ coined the term sociology and was key in the development of a general theory

of the social world. a. Émile Durkheim b. August Comte

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c. Karl Marx d. Max Weber ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 30 OBJ: LO 2–2 Identify other influential early figures in classical sociology.

TOP: The Giants of Classical Sociological Theory COG: Knowledge 10. __________________ is best known for her sociological works that pertained to women and

feminism. a. Jane Addams b. Harriet Tubman c. Harriet Martineau d. Susan Thomas ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 30 OBJ: LO 2–2 Identify other influential early figures in classical sociology.

TOP: The Giants of Classical Sociological Theory COG: Knowledge 11. _________________ focused on the exploitation of workers in capitalist systems. a. Émile Durkheim b. Karl Marx c. Herbert Spencer d. W.E.B DuBois ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 30 OBJ: LO 2–1 Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. TOP: The Giants of Classical Sociological Theory COG: Comprehension 12. ___________________ is a term which refers to awareness the proletariat has about the

features of capitalism and their relationship to one other as well as to the capitalists. a. False consciousness b. Class Consciousness c. Sociological awareness d. Class awareness ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 30 OBJ: LO 2–1 Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. TOP: Karl Marx COG: Comprehension 13. Marx believed that workers in the factories experienced __________________ as the owners of

the factories reaped the vast majority of the rewards. a. alienation b. exploitation c. victimization d. estrangement ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 30 OBJ: LO 2–1 Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. TOP: Karl Marx COG: Comprehension 14. Karl Marx believed that over time the situation of capitalism would: a. improve greatly for the workers until society reached full equality

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b. improve slightly so long as workers unionized c. get worse until the inequality gap led to workers overthrowing the system d. get worse until technology could replace workers, freeing them for other pursuits ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 31 OBJ: LO 2–1 Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. TOP: Karl Marx COG: Comprehension 15. One of the main objectives of Max Weber's works was: a. to analyze the relationship between workers and the owners b. to develop theories for further study c. to analyze the relationship between the economy and religion d. to focus on the elements of Social Darwinism ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 33 OBJ: LO 2–1 Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. TOP: Max Weber COG: Comprehension 16. Max Weber's best-known piece of work is titled: a. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism b. The Communist Manifesto c. The Origin of the Species d. Society in America ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 33 OBJ: LO 2–1 Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. TOP: Max Weber COG: Knowledge 17. Max Weber analyzed capitalism, but his real interest was in the increase of: a. religion b. suicide c. rationalization d. alienation ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 34 OBJ: LO 2–1 Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. TOP: Max Weber COG: Knowledge 18. Émile Durkheim was concerned with macro-level phenomena such as the health care system,

which he referred to as __________________. a. superstructures b. anomic macrostructures c. social facts d. collective conscience ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 36 OBJ: LO 2–1 Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. TOP: Émile Durkheim COG: Knowledge 19. When individuals are confused and unsure of the norms to follow, they fit with Durkheim’s

definition of experiencing _____________. a. exploitation b. anomie

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c. rationalization d. disorientation ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 36 OBJ: LO 2–1 Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. TOP: Émile Durkheim COG: Comprehension 20. According to Émile Durkheim, early forms of society were held together by ______________,

in which people were connected because they performed similar types of work and shared similar beliefs and values. a. organic solidarity b. mechanical solidarity c. automatic solidarity d. structured solidarity ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 36 OBJ: LO 2–1 Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. TOP: Émile Durkheim COG: Knowledge 21. Today, if John’s computer stops operating correctly, he probably calls a computer repair

technician to fix it. The computer repair technician depends on people like John who need computers to help earn a livelihood. This is an example of: a. mechanical solidarity b. organic solidarity c. structured solidarity d. integrated solidarity ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 36 OBJ: LO 2–1 Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. TOP: Émile Durkheim COG: Application 22. Durkheim is the author of one of the most famous research studies in the history of sociology,

titled _________________. a. Community and Society b. Capital c. Suicide d. The Social Animal ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 36 OBJ: LO 2–1 Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. TOP: Émile Durkheim COG: Knowledge 23. An example of ___________________ is the importance most Americans place on certain

freedoms, such as freedom of speech and freedom of religion. a. mutuality b. organic solidarity c. collective conscience d. collective norms ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 36 OBJ: LO 2–1 Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. TOP: Émile Durkheim COG: Application

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24. The work of social theorist ______________would be the most useful in trying to explain how

a grocery store employee interacts with his boss. a. Max Weber b. Émile Durkheim c. Karl Marx d. Georg Simmel ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 37 OBJ: LO 2–2 Identify other influential early figures in classical sociology.

TOP: Georg Simmel COG: Application 25. Early social theorist Georg Simmel described interactions in his theories by conceptualizing the

dimensions of interactions as ____________ and ________________. a. forms; types b. forms; functions c. social class; race d. types; social facts ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 37 OBJ: LO 2–2 Identify other influential early figures in classical sociology.

TOP: Georg Simmel COG: Knowledge 26. The early sociologist who is best known for his studies pertaining to race, specifically the

divisions that existed between blacks and whites, is _____________________. a. Émile Durkheim b. Max Weber c. Karl Marx d. W.E.B. Du Bois ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 37 OBJ: LO 2–2 Identify other influential early figures in classical sociology.

TOP: W.E.B. Du Bois COG: Knowledge 27. _________________ refers to the sense of “two-ness” that arises from being both American

and African American, a sense which affects many black Americans according to W.E.B. Du Bois. a. Double consciousness b. Double awareness c. Color line d. Dual conscience ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 38 OBJ: LO 2–1 Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. TOP: W.E.B. Du Bois COG: Comprehension 28. Thorstein Veblen coined the term _________________, which refers to the fact that the

wealthy enjoy showing off their wealth, such as driving around their neighborhood in luxury automobiles. a. conspicuous consumption b. conspicuous leisure c. hyperconsumption d. conscious consumerism

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ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 38 OBJ: LO 2–2 Identify other influential early figures in classical sociology.

TOP: Thorstein Veblen COG: Comprehension 29. The sociologist who focused on the patterns of consumption and how the wealthy display their

wealth is: a. Émile Durkheim b. Max Weber c. Thorstein Veblen d. Karl Marx ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 38 OBJ: LO 2–2 Identify other influential early figures in classical sociology.

TOP: Thorstein Veblen COG: Knowledge 30. When a wealthy person’s Facebook page is filled with photos of the many weekdays they spend

playing golf at expensive golf courses as a hobby instead of in the office, it exemplifies Veblen’s concept of: a. extravagance b. conspicuous consumption c. class egotism d. conspicuous leisure ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 38 OBJ: LO 2–2 Identify other influential early figures in classical sociology.

TOP: Thorstein Veblen COG: Application 31. Sociologists who use the __________________ framework focus on how societal institutions,

such as our governmental system and health care system, are necessary and essential components to any society. a. conflict b. interactionist c. structural-functional d. institutional ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 40 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

TOP: Structural-Functionalism COG: Analysis 32. Structural-functionalism focuses its theories at the ________________ level of analysis. a. micro b. macro c. dual d. ethnographic ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 40 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

TOP: Structural-Functionalism COG: Comprehension

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33. In structural functionalism, an example of a ________________ within the family structure is

domestic violence. a. function b. dysfunction c. structure d. conflict ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 41 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

TOP: Structural-Functionalism COG: Application 34. A ___________________ of our educational system would be that students learn valuable

skills, such as learning to schedule their time and the significance of deadlines. a. manifest function b. latent function c. dysfunction d. intentional purpose ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 41 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

TOP: Structural-Functionalism COG: Application 35. As more states legalize same-sex marriage, laws that pertain to adoption rights for same-sex

parents may change as well. This is an example of a(n) __________________. a. latent function b. manifest function c. unanticipated consequence d. adaptive function ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 41 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

TOP: Structural-Functionalism COG: Application 36. ____________________ theorists focus on underlying structures with the idea that what

transpires below the surface is highly consequential to the shape of society. a. Conflict b. Rational choice c. Structuralist d. Critical ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 41 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

TOP: Structuralism COG: Comprehension 37. Friedrich Engels, a frequent collaborator with Karl Marx, believed that female oppression was

rooted in an unlikely and hidden place: the private property rights in capitalism. Because he drew connections between underlying systems of gender inequality and private property, Engels could be considered a _________ theorist.

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a. b. c. d.

conflict structuralist communist postmodern

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 42 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

TOP: Structuralism COG: Analysis 38. Sociologist Peter Berger developed the concept of _______________ to describe the task of

looking beneath and beyond facades to identify important underlying factors that have enormous effects on human behavior. a. debunking b. piggybacking c. methodizing d. spelunking ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 43 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

TOP: Structuralism COG: Comprehension 39. ____________ sees society as held together by power and coercion. a. Structuralism b. Rational choice theory c. Conflict theory d. Exchange theory ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 43 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

TOP: Conflict Theory COG: Analysis 40. Theorist Ralf Dahrendorf describes two basic sides to society: conflict and: a. power b. agreement c. consensus d. change ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 44 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

TOP: Conflict Theory COG: Knowledge 41. According to Dahrendorf, authority resides in _______________ not ___________. a. the past; the present b. the societal level; the individual level c. functions; structures d. positions; specific individuals ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 44 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional,

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conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

COG: Analysis

TOP: Conflict Theory

42. ___________________ believe that culture has become more important than the economic

system. a. Feminists b. Queer theorists c. Structural-functionalist theorists d. Critical theorists ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 44 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

TOP: Critical Theory COG: Comprehension 43. ____________ is a term for the creation of movies, TV shows, and Internet content by

organizations that are inauthentic, phony, predictable, and uncritical art intended for mass consumption. a. Art world b. Culture industry c. Artificial culture d. Commercialism ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 44 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

TOP: Critical Theory COG: Comprehension 44. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Critical theorists are concerned with mass culture for which of

the following reasons: a. Culture should come from the people to represent real experience, but mass culture presents falsified versions of reality b. Mass culture suggests that riches and fame are reserved for rare and special people c. Mass culture is meant to make people less likely to pursue social change d. Mass culture gives rise to corporate brands that reinforce social class hierarchy ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 44 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

TOP: Critical Theory COG: Analysis 45. Proponents of the feminist theory focus on how ideas pertaining to gender have been

______________________, rather than ______________________. a. biologically determined; socially constructed b. socially constructed; biologically determined c. adaptively constructed; socially constructed d. naturally constructed; biologically constructed ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 45 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

TOP: Feminist Theory COG: Comprehension

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46. ____________________ is based on the idea that there are no fixed and stable identities that

determine who we are. a. Structural theory b. Conflict theory c. Interactionist theory d. Queer theory ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 46 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

TOP: Queer Theory COG: Comprehension 47. According to the concept of _____________________ we can't understand the plight of a black

woman based on race alone; we must focus on other factors, such as gender, age, and occupation. a. intersectionality b. functionalism c. convergence d. divergence ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 48 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

TOP: Critical Theories of Race and Racism COG: Comprehension 48. Critical theories of race and racism argue that color blindness is: a. a good goal for the future b. already the norm among most people in the developed world c. little more than a new form of racism d. a two-way street that must be practiced equally ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 47 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

TOP: Critical Theories of Race and Racism COG: Comprehension 49. Modernity can be described in terms of ____________, but postmodernity cannot. a. the economy b. rationality c. exploitation d. solidarity ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 49 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

TOP: Postmodern Theory COG: Comprehension 50. What is the relationship of postmodern theory to modern theory? a. Postmodern theory deconstructs grand narratives of modern theory b. Postmodern theory expands upon grand narratives of modern theory c. Postmodern theory largely agrees with modern theory d. Postmodern theory has no comment on modern theory

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ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 49 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

TOP: Postmodern Theory COG: Comprehension 51. Proponents of the postmodern theory focus on: a. scientific approaches to the social world b. limited and unrelated snapshots of the social world c. grand narratives d. responding to theories from classical sociology ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 49 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

TOP: Postmodern Theory COG: Knowledge 52. An example of a __________________ would be going to Las Vegas and visiting the Eiffel

Tower at the Paris Las Vegas hotel and casino. a. simulation b. exposition c. pastiche d. grand narrative ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 49 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

TOP: Postmodern Theory COG: Application 53. Given a chance to study the homeless population in Chicago, symbolic interactionists would

focus primarily on: a. the struggles that exist between the different social classes b. the societal institutions that play a role in homelessness c. the daily interactions between the homeless d. the role of the economy on the rates of homelessness ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 50 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

TOP: Symbolic Interactionism COG: Application 54. What is the importance of the word symbolic in symbolic interactionism? a. Symbols refers mainly to language, because it is made up of symbols b. Symbols are important because they can be interpreted in many different ways c. Symbols matter because they are a fixed part of the structures in which we interact d. This means we mostly interact for symbolic purposes ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 50 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

TOP: Symbolic Interactionism COG: Comprehension 55. Words, gestures, and even objects that stand in for things are called: a. signs

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b. signals c. symbols d. representations ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 50 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

COG: Knowledge 56. An ethnomethodologist argues that structures such as courtrooms and hospitals: a. are settings that individuals negotiate using common sense rules b. are really abstract and irrelevant to interactions c. are highly constraining of people and their actions d. are features of a patriarchal system that should be dismantled ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 51 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

TOP: Ethnomethodology COG: Comprehension 57. Many ethnomethodologists study: a. institutions b. individuals c. conversations d. global cultures ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 51 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

TOP: Ethnomethodology COG: Knowledge 58. Peter and Mary have been married for several years. Peter has been unhappy for several months

and is thinking about initiating a divorce. He decides to make a list of the benefits and costs of the relationship. Peter is using a form of which theory? a. Conflict theory b. Exchange theory c. Symbolic interactionist theory d. Structural-functional theory ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 52 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

TOP: Exchange Theory COG: Application 59. Exchange theorists focus their study on social behavior between people in which people are

seen as: a. acting out their social roles b. rational profit seekers c. basically altruistic and kind d. emotionally driven ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 52 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

TOP: Exchange Theory

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COG: Comprehension 60. According to exchange theory, “hooking up”: a. shows how emotions and drives are the basis of interactions b. is only likely among those who have not yet taken on adult roles c. rarely develops in isolation from other exchange relationships d. is a deviant type of exchange in a relationship ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 52 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

TOP: Exchange Theory COG: Comprehension 61. The premise of the rational choice theory is: a. There are rewards and costs that determine a person’s choices b. People act intentionally in order to achieve goals c. Coercion is the driving force behind all decisions d. Individual choices are only limited by self-generated constraints ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 53 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

TOP: Rational Choice Theory COG: Comprehension MULTIPLE RESPONSE 62. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Max Weber had the following in common with Karl Marx: a. They were both leading academics of their day b. They both devoted great attention to the economy c. They both treated capitalism as centrally important d. They both saw the role of religion as a minor force in determining societal outcomes ANS: B, C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 33 OBJ: LO 2–1 Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. TOP: Max Weber COG: Comprehension 63. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of these theory groups is considered a part of

conflict/critical theories? a. Functionalism b. Queer theory c. Symbolic interactionism d. Feminist theory ANS: B, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 43 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

TOP: Conflict/Critical Theories COG: Analysis 64. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. These theories focus on the micro level of individuals and

groups. a. Rational choice theory b. Functionalism

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c. Ethnomethodology d. Critical theory ANS: A, C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 50 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

TOP: Inter/Actionist Theories COG: Analysis TRUE/FALSE 65. All sociologists theorize.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 28 OBJ: LO 2–1 Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. TOP: How Do Theories Help Us Understand Politics and Other Social Institutions?

COG: Comprehension 66. Once sociological theories have been created, they can be broadly applied to many different

subjects, such as religion, economy, or organizations. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 28 OBJ: LO 2–1 Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. TOP: How Do Theories Help Us Understand Politics and Other Social Institutions?

COG: Comprehension 67. Sociological theories, once created, usually only apply to a specific subject area such as

religion, sports, or work. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 28 OBJ: LO 2–1 Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. TOP: How Do Theories Help Us Understand Politics and Other Social Institutions?

COG: Knowledge 68. When Randall Collins developed his theory about the causes of violence, it really could only be

applied to serious criminal acts, and did not relate to common, minor acts of violence that go unreported. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 28 OBJ: LO 2–1 Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. TOP: How Do Theories Help Us Understand Politics and Other Social Institutions?

COG: Comprehension

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69. Because it only studies modern society, earlier theories from other fields had little relevance for

sociology. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 29 OBJ: LO 2–1 Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. TOP: The Giants of Classical Sociological Theory COG: Comprehension 70. W.E.B. Du Bois is best known for his studies which focused on race relations and double

consciousness. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 37 OBJ: LO 2–2 Identify other influential early figures in classical sociology.

TOP: W.E.B. Du Bois COG: Knowledge 71. Karl Marx created communism as it was practiced by the Soviet Union and other countries in

the twentieth century. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 30 OBJ: LO 2–1 Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. TOP: Karl Marx COG: Comprehension 72. Max Weber focused on the intersection between religion and the family.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 33 OBJ: LO 2–1 Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. TOP: Max Weber COG: Knowledge 73. George Homans was the main figure in exchange theory.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 52 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

TOP: Exchange Theory COG: Knowledge 74. Rational choice theorists believe that institutions act rationally, but people rarely do.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 53 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

TOP: Rational Choice Theory

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COG: Knowledge 75. Conflict theorists focus on the power struggles that exist between different groups in society.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 43 OBJ: LO 2–1 Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. TOP: Conflict Theory COG: Knowledge 76. Feminist theorists focus on issues pertaining to women, especially in societies where a

patriarchal system is present. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 45 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

TOP: Feminist Theory COG: Knowledge 77. Ethnomethodologists are concerned with how people think, not what people do.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 50 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

TOP: Ethnomethodology COG: Knowledge 78. According to the rational choice theory, people are aware of their actions and their behaviors

have meaning and purpose. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 53 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

TOP: Rational Choice Theory COG: Comprehension SHORT ANSWER 79. Karl Marx describes capitalist systems as “exploitive.” Briefly describe the main feature of

capitalism that Marx uses to explains this—who exploits whom, and how?

ANS:

In Marx’s explanation, capitalists exploit proletariat. The capitalists are the owners of the means of production and they exploit the proletariat, who are the workers. The proletariat doesn’t own anything except their own labor, which they sell to the capitalists. Basically, the workers make everything, but the capitalists reap all the rewards, a/k/a make all the profits, even though they barely do anything.

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PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 30–31 OBJ: LO 2–1 Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. TOP: Karl Marx COG: Comprehension 80. According to Karl Marx, workers experience “alienation” in the workplace. What does it mean

to say they are “alienated”? Name two of the three ways they are alienated, based on your reading of Ritzer’s text.

ANS:

“Alienation” means that workers are disconnected from the human qualities of their own labor.

Workers are alienated because (1) the work is repetitive and that is not a natural expression of human creativity and capabilities; (2) they have little connection to the finished product that results from their work; and (3) they feel little connection to their fellow workers.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 31 OBJ: LO 2–1 Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. TOP: Karl Marx COG: Comprehension 81. Consider the current state of the United States in light of Karl Marx’s theories. What is one way

that Marx’s predictions hold when looking at current behaviors in the U.S. economic system?

What is one way that they failed to predict what would happen?

ANS:

Varies, but examples for each could include: Marx was right about the growing income gap between the top of the economic system, the “capitalists” and everyone else, the “proletariat.”

Marx was also right about the need for capitalists to find the cheapest sources of labor and resources around the world. However, Marx was wrong about the proletarian revolution, which hasn’t happened and seems very unlikely to happen, and he was wrong about the evolution of systems from capitalism to communism. Capitalism continues to exist and shows no sign of ending anytime soon.

PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 31 OBJ: LO 2–1 Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. TOP: Karl Marx COG: Application 82. According to Ritzer’s description of Marx, Durkheim, and Weber, what level of society did all

three major early social theorists focus on in their works? Of the three, which were critical and which were positive in their views?

ANS:

Marx, Weber, and Durkheim had in a common a focus on the macro structures of society. Marx and Weber were both critical of these macro structures. Marx criticized capitalism while Weber was critical of the rationalization of society in capitalist systems. Durkheim was not like Marx and Weber. He had a mostly positive view of macro structures, feeling that they were not only necessary but highly desirable. Marx and Weber worried about too much control over the individual by society, but Durkheim worried more about too little control or guidance to help the individual function well in society and control his or her passions.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 35–36 OBJ: LO 2–1 Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. TOP: Émile Durkheim COG: Comprehension

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83. One of Durkheim’s major concepts is that of “collective conscience.” What is meant by this

term? What is an example of collective conscience? Did Durkheim see collective conscience as a good or a bad thing? Why? ANS:

Varies, but the answer should address each part of this question. What is meant by collective conscience: “A set of beliefs shared by people throughout society.” What is an example? The shared belief that it is wrong to kill each other, or another similar, widely held and uncontroversial shared belief. Finally, Durkheim thought this was a good thing because society could not function without a set of shared beliefs.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 36 OBJ: LO 2–1 Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. TOP: Émile Durkheim COG: Comprehension ESSAY 84. An important part of Karl Marx’s theories on capitalism relate to consciousness—how people

think about things. In this essay, please name and define the two main roles that people hold in a capitalist economy. How do these roles interact in the capitalist economy to produce false consciousness? Who holds what Marx calls “false consciousness”? How are they led to believe this? What did Marx propose to replace false consciousness, and how did he suggest it would affect society?

ANS:

The two main roles that people hold in capitalism are capitalists—the owners of the means of production, and proletariat—the workers. Marx suggests that false consciousness is produced in capitalism because capitalists receive most of the rewards, through profits, of the work of the proletariat. The proletariat have a false consciousness when they fail to understand how capitalism works, or they incorrectly believe that capitalism benefits them. Workers may believe this because they do not see their own exploitation. They are alienated from the products of their labor, so they do not see how their own work is claimed and earns a profit for someone else, or they don’t believe that this is wrong due to ideology produced by the capitalists, which supports the capitalist system as good. Marx proposed that class consciousness would develop among workers to replace false consciousness, in which workers would truly see the way the system works. This would lead to uprising and revolution.

Capitalists would never gain class consciousness because it was not in their interest to see it another way—they benefit too much from the existing system.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 31–33 OBJ: LO 2–1 Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. TOP: Karl Marx COG: Comprehension 85. Max Weber is a very important social theorist in sociology. One of his major works tied

religious ethics to economic systems. Briefly describe the relationship he found that connected Protestants and Calvinist beliefs to a capitalist economy.

ANS:

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In The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Weber looked at societies around the world and analyzed the relationship between religion and economy. He found unique beliefs held by Calvinists and Protestants who believed whether a person went to heaven or hell was already set and unchangeable, but one might be able to detect whether they were destined for heaven or hell by success on earth, especially financial success. This created an unexpected incentive for succeeding financially. However, religious beliefs also required frugality, leading to accumulation. Weber showed the relationship between this set of religious ideas and success in a specific economic system.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 34 OBJ: LO 2–1 Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. TOP: Max Weber COG: Comprehension 86. Émile Durkheim described two types of solidarity. Briefly compare these two forms of

solidarity, using concrete examples to illustrate how they differ. What type of society is each solidarity type associated with? How much power does collective conscience have in each type of solidarity, and why is a weaker collective conscience a problem?

ANS:

Varies but should include a description of mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity.

Mechanical solidarity has a low division of labor while organic solidarity has a high division of labor. This means that people do many jobs and each person’s job is similar to others in mechanical solidarity. In organic solidarity, this means people are specialized and have jobs that differ from one another. An example of mechanical solidarity might be that everyone in the group farms, cooks, and parents children. An example of organic solidarity would include that only some people specialize in farming while others do not at all, and some people can become chefs while others can simply purchase prepared food and never learn to farm or cook.

Mechanical solidarity is associated with simpler and earlier societies, while organic solidarity is associated with modern and larger societies. Earlier, simpler societies with mechanical solidarity tend to have higher collective conscience, which weakens as they move to a larger, more diversified organic solidarity model of society. This is bad, according to Durkheim, because when the collective conscience weakens, people are more likely to feel anomie, or a sense of confusion about their place and what is expected of them in society, and this can lead to feelings of meaninglessness, despair, and raise suicide rates.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 36 OBJ: LO 2–1 Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. TOP: Émile Durkheim COG: Comprehension 87. The black sociologist W.E.B. Du Bois was an early contributor to sociology on theories related

to race and the effects of racial discrimination. He is well known for several important works and theories, including his theory of double consciousness. In this essay, please explain the concept of double consciousness. What are some of the consequences of people who possess double consciousness? How might this be applied to race relations today?

ANS:

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Varies but should include an explanation of double consciousness: the sense of “two-ness” of related to belonging to two categories simultaneously that are not completely in agreement with one another, where one places the person within the dominant group and the other category places them outside of it. Being an American and being an African American in the case of black people in the United States is the primary example, but this could be applied to other groups or countries where one identity is considered a dominant category and the other is a minority category. A potential negative consequence of a double consciousness is a sense of tension for the individual between two thoughts or two ideas. However, a positive outcome is that this can produce unique insights about being in either the marginal or the dominant category, or about society in general.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 38 OBJ: LO 2–2 Identify other influential early figures in classical sociology.

TOP: W.E.B. Du Bois COG: Comprehension 88. Select any two sociological theories and discuss each theory in depth. How does each theory

help us understand society?

ANS:

Varies PTS: 1 COG: Analysis

DIF: Medium

REF: 26–53

TOP: Thinking Sociologically

89. Discuss the differences and similarities between the structural-functionalist theoretical

perspective and the conflict perspective.

ANS:

Varies but should include that structural-functionalism focuses on social structures and their functions. Structural-functionalist theorists start out with a positive view of social structures and believe that current social structures exist because they are necessary and desirable. This gives them a conservative view—if it exists, it must need to exist to perform specific functions.

Figures include classically Émile Durkheim and contemporary Robert Merton. Book example given describes national borders and passport controls from a structural-functionalist perspective as a necessary function. The theory later also included dysfunctions, where the consequences may be negative. Merton also added the concepts of manifest (conscious and purposeful) functions and latent (unintended positive) functions. Unintended consequences may also result that are either positive or negative. By contrast Conflict theory deriving from Marx, can be seen as “an inversion” of structural functionalism. It focuses more on the negative than the positive. Society is held together not by the necessity of functions and consensus or agreement with social structures but by power relations and coercion; specifically, the power of some to determine the rules for all. Dahrendorf is used as a contemporary example of a conflict theorist. Interests are worked out between groups, often in a way that favors one group or class over the other.

PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 39–49 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

TOP: Contemporary Sociological Theory COG: Application

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90. How does the exchange theory help us understand how people choose a college? Compare this

to how rational choice theory would explain the same thing.

ANS:

Varies but should include for exchange theory the idea that people continue in courses of action when the rewards outweigh the costs, and discontinue when the costs are greater than the rewards. When searching for a college program, a person might make the choice based on the program with the lowest tuition, the best scholarship, or they might choose to live closest to home so that costs are lowered by living with family. Rational choice theory, on the other hand, would see the desire to graduate from college as a goal someone has, and that people act intentionally to achieve their goals. So looking for a college would be based on the means most likely to best satisfy their needs and wants, such as having the best program in one’s field to allow them to reach their career goals. However, they have to believe they can get “access to scarce resources,” in this case, be accepted into the program. They would also have to meet “the requirements of social structures,” in this case, to be able to take on the role of full-time student.

PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 52–53 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

TOP: Exchange Theory COG: Application 91. Use what you know about critical theory to discuss Facebook and the culture industry.

According to Ritzer, what is mass culture, and what is the culture industry? Would Facebook be considered a part of the culture industry? Having considered these arguments, do you agree or disagree that Facebook is a part of the “culture industry”?

ANS:

Varies but should include a definition of culture industry as the creator of mass culture—culture created by organizations or corporations intended for mass consumption that falsify reality, present themselves as authentic but are not authentically created art created by people, and that presents unchallenging messages that repress and mollify people rather than presenting challenging or upsetting messages that might result in social action or support for social change. Mass culture also ingrains certain brands as a part of creating a consumer culture that connects consumption to social class identities. Ritzer argues that Facebook does contain some mass culture, advertisements, and inauthentic content from companies and organizations, but it also contains content that is generated by people for people, and is arguably spontaneous and authentic. Aside from some basic obscenity rules, Facebook exercises little control over the content, so perhaps it is not a part of the culture industry. However, another argument is that even if the content is not culture industry, Facebook as a platform is a “culture industry” medium that makes billions of dollars for its owners. It also can be seen as repressing and pacifying people so they don’t act for social change or spend their time on more meaningful forms of social activism. Finally, it may be a more subtle, personalized, and possibly effective way to target market to individuals toward consumption of specific brands. The respondent can use these points however they like to argue that Facebook is a stronger culture industry or a weakening of culture industry.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 44 OBJ: LO 2–3 Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories.

TOP: Critical Theory COG: Analysis

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Chapter 03: Researching the Social World Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. John is a sociologist who has a theory about homelessness in the United States. He has gathered

information through both observation and interviews as the basis for his theory. John is practicing _________________________. a. empiricism b. hypothesizing c. symbolic interactionism d. quantitative social science ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Hard OBJ: LO 3–1 Describe the scientific method.

COG: Application

REF: 58 TOP: Sociology as a Science

2. When conducting a research study, sociologists follow the ___________________, which

refers to a structured way to find answers to questions about the world. a. scientific method b. social science method c. ethnographic method d. American method ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: LO 3–1 Describe the scientific method.

COG: Knowledge

REF: 58 TOP: The Scientific Method

3. The first step in the scientific method is: a. review the relevant literature b. uncover questions in need of answers c. develop a hypothesis d. select a research method ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: LO 3–1 Describe the scientific method.

COG: Knowledge

REF: 58 TOP: The Scientific Method

4. Joe, a researcher, believes that as one's educational level rises, so does one's income. This is an

example of a _______________________. a. theory b. hypothesis c. fact d. concept ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium OBJ: LO 3–1 Describe the scientific method.

COG: Comprehension

REF: 58 TOP: The Scientific Method

5. Surveys are an example of a(n) _______________________ that sociologists utilize to conduct

a research study.

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a. b. c. d.

explorative tool quantitative tool analytical tool qualitative tool

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: LO 3–1 Describe the scientific method.

COG: Knowledge

REF: 59 TOP: The Scientific Method

6. The last step in the scientific method according to the text is to

_______________________________. a. review the literature b. select a research method c. choose a hypothesis d. analyze the data in relation to the hypothesis ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: LO 3–1 Describe the scientific method.

COG: Knowledge

REF: 59 TOP: The Scientific Method

7. Gravity is a widely accepted explanation of the force that causes two particles to pull toward

each other. Kuhn refers to this as a(n) _________________. a. hypothesis b. paradigm c. natural experiment d. ideal type ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 60 OBJ: LO 3–2 Explain how scientific knowledge develops over time.

TOP: The Development of Scientific Knowledge COG: Application 8. ___________________ was a philosopher of science who defined science as the existence of a

general model or paradigm, which is accepted by most practitioners in the field. a. Thomas Kuhn b. C. Wright Mills c. Émile Durkheim d. Karl Marx ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 60 OBJ: LO 3–2 Explain how scientific knowledge develops over time.

TOP: The Development of Scientific Knowledge COG: Knowledge 9. Kuhn suggests that some disciplines are better described in a single-paradigm approach while

others are better seen as multiple-paradigm sciences. In which group does sociology belong? a. Single-paradigm approach b. Multiple-paradigm approach c. Double-paradigm approach d. Sociology is not a science with paradigms ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 60 OBJ: LO 3–2 Explain how scientific knowledge develops over time.

TOP: The Development of Scientific Knowledge COG: Comprehension

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10. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following are research methods used by

sociologists? a. Observation b. Surveys c. Interviews d. Experiments ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 62 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Sociological Research COG: Knowledge 11. Mary is a researcher who is conducting research on the relationship between college grades and

the amount of time spent studying. She is going to conduct open-ended interviews. This is an example of a _________________research method. a. quantitative research b. qualitative research c. paradigm research d. quantifiable research ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 62 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Sociological Research COG: Knowledge 12. Where is most qualitative research conducted? a. In a lab b. By doing research in the library c. In natural settings d. Online or by mail ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 62 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Sociological Research COG: Knowledge 13. Joe is going to conduct a study about arrest rates in major cities. As part of his research study, he

is going to use Census Bureau data. Joe’s research methods are ____________________________. a. quantitative b. ethnomethodological c. primary d. qualitative ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Hard OBJ: LO 3–1 Describe the scientific method.

TOP: Qualitative and Quantitative Research

REF: 62–63 COG: Application

14. When a researcher wants to report the average cost of college tuition from the 1950s until

present time, he or she is utilizing _________________ statistics. a. prescriptive b. descriptive

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c. inferential d. historical ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 64 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Qualitative and Quantitative Research COG: Comprehension 15. In order to test a hypothesis on the relationship between educational level and income in

Chicago, John uses _______________________ statistics. a. descriptive b. prescriptive c. inferential d. predictable ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 64 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Qualitative and Quantitative Research COG: Comprehension 16. The sociologist who co-authored the first real textbook on sociology and studied city life in

thorough detail was _____________________. a. Émile Durkheim b. Karl Marx c. Herbert Spencer d. Robert Park ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 65 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Robert Park and “Scientific Reporting” COG: Knowledge 17. An example of participant observation would be: a. John, a researcher, who watches preschool students who are not aware he is there b. Mary, a researcher, who visits with a first-grade classroom to conduct a study on

teacher-student interactions, and plays an active role in the study. c. Bill, a researcher, who sits on a park bench and observes behavior without people's knowledge. d. Sue, a researcher, who observes medical students working on a patient without his or her knowledge that she is present.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 65 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Participant and Nonparticipant Observation COG: Application 18. Joe is going to study how prisoners behave in a counseling session, but they can't see him as he

is behind a shaded window. Joe is using ________________________ as the basis for this study. a. participant observation b. surveys c. content analysis

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d. nonparticipant observation ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 65 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Participant and Nonparticipant Observation COG: Application 19. Sociologists who gather information from such Internet sites as Facebook and Twitter are

utilizing which research method? a. Participant observation b. Non-participant observation c. Secondary analysis d. Netnography ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 66 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Ethnography COG: Application 20. A sociologist who spends an intensive amount of time for several years observing an immigrant

community in order to understand their daily activities would be using which research method? a. Netnography b. Nonparticipation observation c. Ethnography d. Secondary analysis ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 66 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Ethnography COG: Application 21. Global ethnography is defined by: a. studying people’s lives locally in depth to understand globalization’s effects b. studying people in different parts of the world in a connected fashion c. studying entire sections of the globe using ethnographic methods d. mixing ethnographic methods with global statistics ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 66 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Ethnography COG: Comprehension 22. Which of the following is a benefit to unstructured interviews? a. The questions are asked in exactly the same order b. The responses can easily be analyzed using quantitative methods c. Respondents can cover issues that are meaningful to them d. The limits on the researchers’ reactions to answers yield less biased answers ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 69 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Types of Interviews COG: Comprehension 23. A ______________________ is a person sought out by the researcher using interview methods

because he or she has intimate knowledge of the group being studied and will talk openly about it to the researcher.

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a. b. c. d.

key informant alpha interviewee convenience sample primary reference

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 70 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: The Interview Process COG: Comprehension 24. An example of a(n) ____________________ would be when a researcher asks the same

questions worded exactly the same way to numerous subjects in order to avoid any unanticipated reactions or responses. a. predictive interview b. prestructured interview c. objective interview d. unguided interview ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 69 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Types of Interviews COG: Application 25. Which of the following is NOT a problem associated with pre-structured interviews? a. Interviewers often find it difficult to live up the guidelines for interviews b. Respondents respond accurately and truthfully at all times c. Closed-end questions limit the responses d. Respondent can lie in his or her response ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 69 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Types of Interviews COG: Analysis 26. When a researcher conducts an open-ended interview and begins only with a general idea of the

topics to be covered, this is referred to as a(n): a. prestructured interview b. unstructured interview c. preconceived interview d. subconscious interview ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 69 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Types of Interviews COG: Comprehension 27. Which of the following is NOT a step in the interview process? a. Establishing rapport with the respondents b. Gaining access to the setting being studied c. Gaining the trust of the respondents d. Choosing who will be a part of the control and experimental group ANS: D

PTS: 1

DIF: Medium

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REF: 69–70

OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: The Interview Process COG: Analysis 28. Which research method involves conducting interviews and administering questionnaires to a

representative portion of the population? a. Content analysis b. Secondary analysis c. Observations d. Survey research ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 70 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Survey Research COG: Comprehension 29. Organizations such as Gallup gather ____________ surveys in order to gather accurate

information about members of a certain group or in a given geographic area. a. detailed b. stratified c. descriptive d. explanatory ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 70 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Types of Surveys COG: Comprehension 30. In order to discover the causes of changes in marijuana use among high school seniors, a

researcher would have to use a(n) _______________ survey to obtain the type of data needed. a. detailed b. stratified c. descriptive d. explanatory ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 71 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Types of Surveys COG: Comprehension 31. A ________________ sample refers to the chance that everyone in the population has an equal

chance of being selected. a. biased b. predictable c. random d. pluralized ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 71 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Sampling COG: Knowledge 32. Nonrandom samples used in survey research may: a. Yield very truthful results

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b. Create significant bias in the researchers' results c. Create disagreements among researchers d. Lead to reliability issues in future studies ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 71 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Sampling COG: Application 33. Research based on convenience samples is usually ______________________. a. definitive b. quantitative c. exploratory d. descriptive ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 71–72 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Sampling COG: Application 34. Sociologist Devah Pager studied how the background of a job applicant can affect the

likelihood of being called back for an interview. This is a good example of which research method? a. Observation b. Secondary analysis c. Survey d. Sociological experiment ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 72 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Experiments COG: Comprehension 35. The two variables in an experiment are the ____________________, which is manipulated by

the researcher, and the ____________________, which is a characteristic or measurement that resulted from the manipulation. a. independent variable; dependent variable b. exponential variable; independent variable c. dependent variable; independent variable d. reliant variable; exploratory variable ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 72 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Experiments COG: Comprehension 36. When a researcher has greater control over the selection of participants and the independent

variables, this is referred to as a(n) ___________________ experiment, and when the researcher has less control over the independent variables, this is referred to as a _________________ experiment. a. natural; laboratory b. field; controlled c. laboratory; natural d. independent; dependent ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 72–73 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each

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one can help us answer.

TOP: Experiments COG: Comprehension

37. In experiments, there are independent and dependent variables. The first is called an

independent variable because: a. it never changes b. it is not manipulated in the experiment c. it is not used in statistical analyses d. it is the characteristic that the individual being studied assigned to themselves ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 72 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Experiments COG: Comprehension 38. A researcher created an experiment to find out what effect gender had on the starting salary a

person was offered across different occupations and seniority levels. In this experiment, ___________ is the independent variable and ____________ is the dependent variable. a. gender; starting salary b. starting salary; gender c. gender; seniority level d. starting salary; occupational type ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 72 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Experiments COG: Application 39. If a researcher was to gather information regarding the divorce rate from the census and library

documents, which research method is being utilized? a. Observations b. Experiments c. Surveys d. Secondary analysis ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 74 OBJ: LO 3–4 Describe how sociologists engage in secondary data analysis.

TOP: Secondary Data Analysis COG: Comprehension 40. A disadvantage of secondary analysis is: a. A researcher has to conduct face-to-face interviews b. The data may not fit the researcher's needs c. It is harder than collecting one's own data d. One has to conduct extensive surveys which are time consuming ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 74 OBJ: LO 3–4 Describe how sociologists engage in secondary data analysis.

TOP: Secondary Data Analysis COG: Comprehension 41. Max Weber discussed the concept of the ideal type, which is: a. used as a measuring rod to help us understand social reality b. meant to be a careful representation of reality c. is mostly used by historians now, but dismissed by sociologists d. a description of the best possible data collection outcome using any research method ANS: A

PTS: 1

DIF: Easy

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REF: 76

OBJ: LO 3–4 Describe how sociologists engage in secondary data analysis.

TOP: Historical-Comparative Method COG: Knowledge 42. John, a sociologist, decides to conduct a research study examining the violence contained

within television shows in the past five years. This is an example of _______________________. a. observational studies b. experiments c. content analysis d. surveys ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 77 OBJ: LO 3–4 Describe how sociologists engage in secondary data analysis.

TOP: Content Analysis COG: Application 43. The sociologist who conducted in-depth content analysis of news on television and in news

magazines is: a. C. Wright Mills b. Émile Durkheim c. Karl Marx d. Herbert Gans ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 77–78 OBJ: LO 3–4 Describe how sociologists engage in secondary data analysis.

TOP: Content Analysis COG: Knowledge 44. ____________________ refers to the degree to which a given question produces the same

results time after time. a. Reliability b. Validity c. Authenticity d. Reality ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 78 OBJ: LO 3–5 Identify the key issues in social research, including reliability, validity, trust, legality, and avoidance of harm.

TOP: Reliability and Validity COG: Comprehension 45. ___________________ is important when conducting a study because it ensures a question

being asked is measuring what it is intended to measure. a. Validity b. Reliability c. Reality d. Authenticity ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 78 OBJ: LO 3–5 Identify the key issues in social research, including reliability, validity, trust, legality, and avoidance of harm.

TOP: Reliability and Validity COG: Comprehension 46. Ethics in research became a central concern at what point in history? a. It has been a concern since the French Revolution in 1789

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b. In 1848, after Marx released The Communist Manifesto c. Following World War II in response to atrocities committed by the Nazis d. In the late 1960s, when civil rights movements raised awareness on all rights issues ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 79 OBJ: LO 3–5 Identify the key issues in social research, including reliability, validity, trust, legality, and avoidance of harm.

TOP: Research Ethics COG: Comprehension 47. It is very important that institutional review boards require evidence of __________________

of those being studied. a. informed consent b. uniform consent c. ethical codes d. review rights ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 79 OBJ: LO 3–5 Identify the key issues in social research, including reliability, validity, trust, legality, and avoidance of harm.

TOP: Research Ethics COG: Comprehension 48. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: The following are famous cases related to ethics violations in

research that influenced the current rules on ethical research. a. The Tuskegee Institute research on syphilis b. The use of cells taken from Henrietta Lacks without consent c. The Milgram experiments on obedience d. Michael Burawoy’s participant observation to research global workplaces ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 79–80 OBJ: LO 3–5 Identify the key issues in social research, including reliability, validity, trust, legality, and avoidance of harm.

TOP: Research Ethics COG: Comprehension 49. Which of the following was ethically controversial in the case of the Milgram Experiment? a. The people were recruited as a part of the study without their knowledge b. The people in the study were deceived into thinking they were hurting someone c. The people in the study were paid an excessive amount of money to participate,

skewing the results d. The people in the study were not allowed to leave the study even after multiple requests to end their participation ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 80 OBJ: LO 3–5 Identify the key issues in social research, including reliability, validity, trust, legality, and avoidance of harm.

TOP: Research Ethics COG: Comprehension 50. The Milgram Experiment and the Zimbardo Experiment both raised severe ethical issues but

also provided scientific evidence of: a. the power of authority b. the importance of social networks c. the differences between good-natured and ill-natured people d. the difficulty of controlling a mob once it forms

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ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 81 OBJ: LO 3–5 Identify the key issues in social research, including reliability, validity, trust, legality, and avoidance of harm.

TOP: Research Ethics COG: Comprehension 51. Laud Humphreys’s research on homosexual activities in men’s restrooms became a famous

case of ethical controversy in social science research. What about Humphreys’s research was ethically questionable? a. Secretive and private sexual behaviors are considered off limits to sociological research b. Humphreys acted as a lookout for the men when they were engaged in sexual acts c. Humphreys used license plate numbers to target their homes and interview the men without disclosing the real subject of his study d. If the men had wives or girlfriends, Humphreys disclosed the men’s sexual activities to these women ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 82 OBJ: LO 3–5 Identify the key issues in social research, including reliability, validity, trust, legality, and avoidance of harm.

TOP: Research Ethics COG: Comprehension 52. ____________________ strongly believed that one might be guided by values in their choice of

research topics, but it was imperative to be value free when teaching. a. Herbert Gans b. Émile Durkheim c. Auguste Comte d. Max Weber ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 83 OBJ: LO 3–5 Identify the key issues in social research, including reliability, validity, trust, legality, and avoidance of harm.

TOP: Objectivity, or “Value-Free” Sociology COG: Knowledge 53. When a researcher reports his or her research findings in such a way that any reader can

understand how the research was conducted, the researcher is utilizing ____________. a. value-free objectivity b. personal subjectivity c. procedural objectivity d. formal subjectivity ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 84 OBJ: LO 3–5 Identify the key issues in social research, including reliability, validity, trust, legality, and avoidance of harm.

TOP: Objectivity, or “Value-Free” Sociology COG: Comprehension MULTIPLE RESPONSE 54. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: For a long time, scientists claimed that brain size determined

intelligence, but this was later debunked as false. This example illustrates that: a. science is rarely biased by social norms b. even widely accepted facts can be dismissed if research can show they are false c. science requires an accumulation of evidence over time

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d. scientific methods were not always based on empirical tests ANS: B, C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 60 OBJ: LO 3–2 Explain how scientific knowledge develops over time.

TOP: The Development of Scientific Knowledge COG: Application 55. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following are qualitative methods? a. Observation b. Experiments c. Open-ended interviews d. Statistics ANS: A, C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 62–63 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Qualitative and Quantitative Research COG: Comprehension 56. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following is a factor when conducting

observations? a. The degree to which those being observed are aware they are being observed b. The degree to which those being observed aren't aware they are being observed c. The degree to which the observer’s presence affect’s the actions of those being observed d. The degree to which the process is structured ANS: A, C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 64 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Observational Research COG: Analysis 57. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Interviews can be structured in different ways, including: a. prestructured b. unstructured c. descriptive d. self-administered ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 69 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Types of Interviews COG: Comprehension 58. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of these qualities differentiates interviews from

questionnaires? a. Questionnaires are self-administered; interviews are not b. Questionnaires can be completed online; interviews cannot c. Questionnaires are presented to the respondent in written form; interviews are not d. Questionnaires are meant to be a representative portion of the population; interviews are not always representative ANS: A, C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 70 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Survey Research COG: Comprehension

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59. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: The World Values Survey (WVS): a. is an interview study of people in the globalizing world b. cannot be used for secondary data analysis c. collects cross-cultural data on how globalization influences peoples' values d. could be used for research questions that are framed differently than the ones that

motivated the original research ANS: C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 76 OBJ: LO 3–4 Describe how sociologists engage in secondary data analysis.

TOP: Secondary Data Analysis COG: Analysis 60. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the statements below explain the differences between

history and historical-comparative sociology? a. Historical-comparative sociology involves much more detail than historical research b. Sociologists are more interested in generalizing about society than historians c. Historical data is more accurate than sociological data d. Historical researchers collect far more original historical data than sociologists ANS: B, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 76 OBJ: LO 3–4 Describe how sociologists engage in secondary data analysis.

TOP: Historical-Comparative Method COG: Analysis 61. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following concerns is included when considering

the ethics of research as they are now instituted in sociology? a. Physical harm to the participant b. Traumatizing the participant psychologically c. Pressuring the participant to complete an experiment they wish to discontinue d. Exploiting the participant through deception ANS: A, B, C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 80–83 OBJ: LO 3–5 Identify the key issues in social research, including reliability, validity, trust, legality, and avoidance of harm.

TOP: Research Ethics COG: Comprehension TRUE/FALSE 62. Sociologists gather information utilizing their senses, a practice called systematizing.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: LO 3–1 Describe the scientific method.

COG: Knowledge

REF: 58 TOP: Sociology as a Science

63. The scientific method is never used in sociological research as it has been shown to be rather

biased. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Hard OBJ: LO 3–1 Describe the scientific method.

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REF: 59 TOP: The Scientific Method

COG: Application 64. The scientific method is used only when studying institutions in sociology, but is not suitable

for studying human beings as individuals. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium OBJ: LO 3–1 Describe the scientific method.

COG: Comprehension

REF: 59 TOP: The Scientific Method

65. To conduct a research study using the scientific method in sociology, the theory must be new.

Testing existing theories in new situations is called secondary data analysis. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium OBJ: LO 3–1 Describe the scientific method.

COG: Comprehension

REF: 59 TOP: The Scientific Method

66. Scientific knowledge accumulates gradually and requires many studies.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 60 OBJ: LO 3–2 Explain how scientific knowledge develops over time.

TOP: The Development of Scientific Knowledge COG: Comprehension 67. A paradigm is only accepted by a minute amount of practitioners in the field.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 60 OBJ: LO 3–2 Explain how scientific knowledge develops over time.

TOP: The Development of Scientific Knowledge COG: Comprehension 68. Most research questions in sociology only have one methodological approach that would

provide answers. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 61 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Sociological Research COG: Comprehension 69. Observations are a type of qualitative research.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 64 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each

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one can help us answer.

COG: Comprehension

TOP: Observational Research

70. Quantitative research does not require statistical methods for collecting and reporting data.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 62–63 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Qualitative and Quantitative Research COG: Knowledge 71. To test validity of a hypothesis, the researcher would utilize inferential statistics in order to

make a connection between a small group and a larger group. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 62–63 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Qualitative and Quantitative Research COG: Knowledge 72. When observations are conducted in a natural setting, they include participant observation and

nonparticipant observation. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 65 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Participant and Nonparticipant Observation COG: Comprehension 73. A researcher who observes fourth graders on a playground, takes notes, and announces his

presence, is utilizing the ethnographic research method. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 66 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Ethnography COG: Comprehension 74. Interviews are not very often used in sociology as a research method.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 68 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Interviews COG: Comprehension 75. Random samples should be used in order to avoid bias while conducting a survey.

a. True b. False

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ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 71 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Sampling COG: Comprehension 76. All experiments take place within a laboratory setting with a controlled environment.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 72 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Experiments COG: Knowledge 77. Experiments are not used as often in sociology as they are in neighboring fields such as

economics and psychology, but their use is growing due to the potential of Internet research. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 73 OBJ: LO 3–4 Describe how sociologists engage in secondary data analysis.

TOP: Experiments COG: Comprehension 78. When a researcher gathers information from the census, police reports, or library documents,

they are engaging in ethnographic data analysis. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 74 OBJ: LO 3–4 Describe how sociologists engage in secondary data analysis.

TOP: Secondary Data Analysis COG: Comprehension 79. Max Weber discussed the concept of the ideal type, which is meant to be the most accurate

depiction of social reality. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 76 OBJ: LO 3–4 Describe how sociologists engage in secondary data analysis.

TOP: Historical-Comparative Method COG: Knowledge 80. Wendy, a sociologist, studies the use of sexuality in television shows in order to understand

changing gender norms. Her research method is known as content analysis. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 77 OBJ: LO 3–4 Describe how sociologists engage in secondary data analysis.

TOP: Content Analysis COG: Comprehension 81. Reliability and predictability are two important dimensions of trustworthiness.

a. True b. False

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ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 78 OBJ: LO 3–5 Identify the key issues in social research, including reliability, validity, trust, legality, and avoidance of harm.

TOP: Reliability and Validity COG: Comprehension 82. The famous prison study by Dr. Philip Zimbardo raised ethical issues that were similar to the

ones raised in the Milgram experiments related to psychological harm. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 78–79 OBJ: LO 3–5 Identify the key issues in social research, including reliability, validity, trust, legality, and avoidance of harm.

TOP: Physical and Psychological Harm COG: Comprehension 83. The Nuremberg Code is a set of directives for ethical human experimentation.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 82 OBJ: LO 3–5 Identify the key issues in social research, including reliability, validity, trust, legality, and avoidance of harm.

TOP: Informed Consent and Institutional Review Boards COG: Knowledge 84. Informed consent is important because participants have the right to be aware they are being

studied and therefore know the risks they may face. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 83 OBJ: LO 3–5 Identify the key issues in social research, including reliability, validity, trust, legality, and avoidance of harm.

TOP: Informed Consent and Institutional Review Boards COG: Comprehension 85. Max Weber claimed that all sociological research should be value-free, but teaching sociology

should include one’s values and positions on issues. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 84 OBJ: LO 3–5 Identify the key issues in social research, including reliability, validity, trust, legality, and avoidance of harm.

TOP: Objectivity, or “Value-Free” Sociology COG: Comprehension ESSAY 86. In his discussion of Thomas Kuhn and paradigms in science, the author contends that sociology

is a “multiparadigm” science. What is a paradigm? Why is sociology a multiparadigm science?

What are the consequences for consensus within the discipline?

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ANS:

Varies but should include a definition of paradigm as a general model of the world that is accepted by most practitioners in the field. Answer may include description of a single-paradigm science such as astronomy and physics, which have agreed-upon premises and are free to do research within the confines of that paradigm. In single-paradigm sciences, work contributes to the consensus within the entire discipline, but eventually the paradigm collapses and is replaced by another one. In a multi-paradigm science such as sociology, no single paradigm is strong enough to unify the discipline. There is research within each of multiple paradigms that coexist and expand over time but doesn’t contribute to consensus within the discipline. It is more difficult to accumulate knowledge. There is no revolution because no single paradigm is held, then replaced. The basic assumptions of each of the existing paradigms are constantly open to question or attack by those who operate using different paradigms, and there are more controversies than in single-paradigm fields. The result is a less universally agreed-upon base of knowledge resulting from cumulative study in sociology.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 60–61 OBJ: LO 3–2 Explain how scientific knowledge develops over time.

TOP: The Development of Scientific Knowledge COG: Comprehension 87. What is the concept of value-free sociology? Which sociologist discussed the concept? In what

parts of teaching and research is a value-free stance important? In your opinion, can sociology be truly “value-free”?

ANS:

Varies but should state that value-free sociology is the concept that sociology should be objective and should not allow personal preferences or judgments bias their research. Max Weber is the sociologist associated with this argument in the text. Scientific methods set out to study things systematically and to consider that any hypothesis can be proven false. Weber suggests that no one can be completely objective and that it is okay to allow one’s passions to help determine topics of interest, but the data collection itself should be as value free as possible in order to avoid bias and unscientific results. Some question the ability to set aside our values, but it is important to be aware of potential biases and maintain procedural objectivity, the attitude of objectivity during the research process. Research should be presented with transparency in how it was carried out, allowing anyone to replicate the research approach and evaluate the merits and shortcomings of the research. Teaching, on the other hand, should be value-free according to Weber. His views were influenced by the use of the classroom to try to propagandize for Marxism in his day, and he opposed the use of the classroom or academic lecture to persuade students to adopt a certain political opinion or social value.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 83–84 OBJ: LO 3–5 Identify the key issues in social research, including reliability, validity, trust, legality, and avoidance of harm.

TOP: Objectivity, or “Value-Free” Sociology COG: Analysis 88. The first step in the scientific method is to uncover questions in need of answers. One question

could address how recent mass shootings have affected opinions on gun laws in the United States. List and describe the next five steps (steps 2 through 6) in the scientific research process, giving examples of how you might complete the steps in researching opinions about gun laws.

ANS:

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Varies but should include step 2: review the literature on the question of interest (on opinions about gun laws). Step 3: develop a hypothesis about Americans’ current opinions on gun laws.

Step 4: choose a research method to help answer the question. This might be a survey or interviews of people around their opinions of gun laws. Less likely use of observation. Step 5 is to collect data that confirms or fails to confirm the hypothesis. For this one, this is going out and doing the interviews or collecting the surveys on gun control. Step 6 is to analyze the data collected and assess its meaning in light of the hypothesis that guided the research.

PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 58–59 OBJ: LO 3–1 Describe the scientific method.

COG: Application

TOP: The Scientific Method

89. In this essay, elaborate on the ethics that guide research in sociology by providing three main

ethical guidelines that researchers must follow. For one of these guidelines, provide an example of a study that violated this rule, and explain the concrete details of the study and how it violated ethics.

ANS:

Varies but should include the rise of concern about ethics as a result of horrible acts by the Nazis during World War II in the name of medical experimentation. Other breaches included research at Tuskegee Institute where black men were allowed to contract and endure suffering through syphilis without being given available treatment that would have relieved their suffering in order to learn about the progression of the disease. As a result of these breaches in ethics, the Nuremberg Code was written to spell out directives for ethical experiments involving human subjects. Students could cite physical harm (Tuskegee), psychological harm (Milgram Experiment, Zimbardo Prison Experiment as examples), witnessing illegal acts (Venkatesh’s gang research), or violating trust/deception (Laud Humphreys’s research on homosexuality).

PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 79–83 OBJ: LO 3–1 Describe the scientific method.

COG: Application

TOP: Research Ethics

SHORT ANSWER 90. Identify the primary difference between qualitative and quantitative research. List one type of

each research method and explain how it is collected.

ANS:

Varies but should note that qualitative and quantitative research differ because qualitative research does not require statistical methods for collecting and reporting data, but quantitative does involve the analysis of numerical data. Types of research listed for qualitative could include observation, participant observation, open-ended interviews, or ethnography. Types of research listed for quantitative research could include survey research, experiments, or analysis of secondary data. It may but does not have to include specific types grouped within these larger categories. Neither group should include historical-comparative method within their answers, as it is separate from qualitative and quantitative methods.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 61–73 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Sociological Research

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COG: Comprehension 91. According to the text, what are the three different types of experiments? How do they differ?

ANS:

Varies but should include laboratory experiments, which take place in controlled settings and offer control over selection of participants and independent variables; natural experiments, which take advantage of a naturally occurring event to study its effect on one or more dependent variables but with little control over who participates or the independent variables involved; and field experiments, which happen in natural settings, but the research is able to exert some control over who participates and what happens during the experiment.

PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 72–73 OBJ: LO 3–1 Describe the scientific method.

COG: Application

TOP: Experiments

92. As a sociological research method, observation is often utilized. It involves “systematically

watching, listening to, and recording what takes place in a natural social setting.” Discuss two key dimensions that affect the observational method in sociology. Why is it such a valuable research method to sociologists?

ANS:

Varies but should include two of the following: 1. The degree to which the observed know they are being observed; 2. The degree to which the presence of the observer affects the actions of those observed; and 3. The degree to which the process of observation is structured. It is important because it records not just what people say they do, but what they actually do, usually in context.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 64–65 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Observational Research COG: Analysis 93. Discuss the two main types of surveys and the benefits of using each type as a research method.

ANS:

Varies but should include information about descriptive surveys and explanatory surveys.

Descriptive surveys gather information about certain groups or geographic areas or members of specific organizations. This information allows us to understand the state of things, and have accurate descriptions related to specific compositions and behaviors. Explanatory surveys seek to find out why we see what we do. Instead of answering how many people do X, it would ask why people do X. We can use this type of survey to begin to understand what motivates certain behaviors or what values people hold.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 70–71 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Survey Research COG: Comprehension 94. Name and discuss the three different types of sampling methods covered in the text.

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ANS:

Varies but should include that a random sample gives every member of a group an equal nonzero chance of being selected for inclusion. A stratified sample divides a larger group into a series of subgroups based on meaningful categories such as year in school or region someone lives in, and then takes random samples from the subgroups to ensure proportional representation of meaningful categories to include in the study. Convenience samples are nonsystematic and just include whoever is conveniently available to participate in the research.

As a nonrandom sample, it cannot claim to be representative of the population, and may result in accidental biases, but it can be helpful in exploratory research when no definitive conclusions are being sought.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 71–72 OBJ: LO 3–3 Describe the various methods of sociological research and the types of questions each one can help us answer.

TOP: Sampling COG: Comprehension

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Chapter 04: Culture Test Bank MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following statements is true of culture, based on

George Ritzer’s text? a. There are differences within cultures and between cultures b. It is easy to understand other cultures because all cultures share the same symbols c. Culture is most affected by changes that are external to the group d. Culture is affected by changes are that internal to the group ANS: A, D PTS: 1 OBJ: LO 4–1 Define culture.

COG: Knowledge

DIF: Easy REF: 90 TOP: A Definition of Culture

2. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: BMW is a brand of automobile that is associated with speed and

luxury, while Volvo is associated with a great safety record. This illustrates which points about culture? a. Material, cultural objects derive meaning from the way they are categorized relative to other objects in the same category. b. Material culture and symbolic culture are distinct and separate. c. There is no clear line between material and nonmaterial culture. d. Material culture is highly individualized.

ANS: A, C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 95 OBJ: LO 4–2 Identify the basic elements of culture, including values and norms.

TOP: Material Culture COG: Comprehension 3. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: What is the relationship between language and culture? a. Language allows for the storage of culture. b. Language allows cultures to develop. c. Most oral traditions fail to accumulate a distinct culture. d. Language reflects specific cultural viewpoints.

ANS: A, B, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 95 OBJ: LO 4–2 Identify the basic elements of culture, including values and norms.

TOP: Symbolic Culture and Language COG: Comprehension 4. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of these are signs that we are entering a postconsumer

culture? a. Fewer reality television shows focused on consumption b. People have increased the amount of money they are saving c. The housing market has rebounded to stronger than it was before the recession d. People are participating more in the “sharing economy” ANS: B, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 110 OBJ: LO 4–4 Describe emerging issues in culture, such as global and consumer culture.

TOP: A Postconsumer Culture?

COG: Analysis SHORT ANSWER

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5. Use cell phone usage as a way to explain what norms are. Provide an explanation of three

different categories of norms, along with examples of how these categories apply to cell phone usage.

ANS:

Varies, but should include a discussion of norms in at least three of the following: informal norms, folkways, laws, sanctions, mores. In describing around cell phones, it should provide an example of the three selected.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 93–94 OBJ: LO 4–2 Identify the basic elements of culture, including values and norms.

TOP: Norms COG: Analysis 6. According to the text, material culture has symbolic aspects and symbolic culture manifest in

material objects. Briefly explain what is included in material culture and what is included in symbolic culture. Then provide one example of a cultural object, and explain this object in terms of both material and symbolic culture.

ANS:

Varies, but should include a definition of material culture as encompassing all the artifacts or “stuff” in which culture is reflected or manifested. It matters because material culture shapes the objects with which we are surrounded, from homes, clothes, phones, toys, cars, etc. Symbolic culture includes nonmaterial, intangible aspects of culture, such as values and norms. Many items could be used as an example, but the answer should cover what they symbolize and also how culture has shaped the material aspects of the object.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 95 OBJ: LO 4–2 Identify the basic elements of culture, including values and norms.

TOP: Material Culture COG: Analysis TRUE/FALSE 7. Cultural rules adapt to external factors; we are still working out the cultural rules for cell phone

use. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 OBJ: LO 4–1 Define culture.

COG: Comprehension

DIF: Medium REF: 91 TOP: A Definition of Culture

8. We generally accept the components of culture, but sometimes we simply refuse to follow

them. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 OBJ: LO 4–1 Define culture.

COG: Comprehension

DIF: Medium REF: 91 TOP: A Definition of Culture

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9. Not every group and society has culture.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 OBJ: LO 4–1 Define culture.

COG: Knowledge

DIF: Easy REF: 91 TOP: A Definition of Culture

10. Examples of material culture include language, values, and norms.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 OBJ: LO 4–1 Define culture.

COG: Knowledge

DIF: Easy REF: 95 TOP: Material Culture

11. The most effective form of language, in terms of culture development, is the oral form rather

than the written form. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 OBJ: LO 4–1 Define culture.

COG: Knowledge

DIF: Easy REF: 95 TOP: Material Culture

12. Laws are the broadest element of culture.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 92 OBJ: LO 4–2 Identify the basic elements of culture, including values and norms.

TOP: The Basic Elements of Culture COG: Comprehension 13. An example of a violation a folkway would be stealing, and jail would be considered a severe

formal sanction. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 94 OBJ: LO 4–2 Identify the basic elements of culture, including values and norms.

TOP: Norms of Air Travel COG: Knowledge 14. An example of a folkway would be driving 70 mph in a 50 mph zone.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 94 OBJ: LO 4–2 Identify the basic elements of culture, including values and norms.

TOP: Norms of Air Travel COG: Knowledge 15. An example of a violation of a folkway would be wearing one's clothes inside out.

a. True

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b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 94 OBJ: LO 4–2 Identify the basic elements of culture, including values and norms.

TOP: Norms of Air Travel COG: Knowledge 16. The American values of freedom and individualism are influenced and enhanced by forms of

material culture that allow people to live in individualistic ways. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 95 OBJ: LO 4–3 Discuss diversity within cultures, including the concepts of ideal and real culture, subcultures and countercultures, culture wars, and assimilation. TOP: Norms of Air Travel COG: Comprehension 17. Ethnocentrism refers to understanding a culture from the eyes of the people who live in that

culture. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 OBJ: LO 4–1 Define culture.

COG: Knowledge

DIF: Easy REF: 105 TOP: Cultural Relativism and Ethnocentrism

18. An example of U.S. ideal culture is the belief that mothers should be completely devoted to their

children. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 97 OBJ: LO 4–3 Discuss diversity within cultures, including the concepts of ideal and real culture, subcultures and countercultures, culture wars, and assimilation. TOP: Ideal and Real Culture COG: Knowledge 19. When you pit a countercultural group against the dominant cultural group on an issue where

they will never agree, it creates conditions for a culture war. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 101 OBJ: LO 4–3 Discuss diversity within cultures, including the concepts of ideal and real culture, subcultures and countercultures, culture wars, and assimilation. TOP: Culture Wars COG: Comprehension 20. European cultures are far more multicultural now than they were several decades ago.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 103 OBJ: LO 4–3 Discuss diversity within cultures, including the concepts of ideal and real culture, subcultures and countercultures, culture wars, and assimilation.

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TOP: Multiculturalism and Assimilation

COG: Knowledge

21. Given incidences of tension and violence between immigrants and citizens in Europe and the

United States, some people have declared multiculturalism a failure. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 103 OBJ: LO 4–3 Discuss diversity within cultures, including the concepts of ideal and real culture, subcultures and countercultures, culture wars, and assimilation.

TOP: Multiculturalism and Assimilation COG: Comprehension 22. Universities have critiqued the “canon” because the texts reflect only the interests of white

males. There has been a push to include broader representation. This is an example of identity politics. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 105 OBJ: LO 4–3 Discuss diversity within cultures, including the concepts of ideal and real culture, subcultures and countercultures, culture wars, and assimilation. TOP: Identity Politics COG: Knowledge 23. Culture relativism refers to the fact that components of symbolic culture tend to lag behind the

components of material culture. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 105 OBJ: LO 4–3 Discuss diversity within cultures, including the concepts of ideal and real culture, subcultures and countercultures, culture wars, and assimilation.

TOP: Cultural Relativism and Ethnocentrism COG: Knowledge 24. Cultural relativism refers to the spreading of cultural characteristics from one culture to another.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 105 OBJ: LO 4–3 Discuss diversity within cultures, including the concepts of ideal and real culture, subcultures and countercultures, culture wars, and assimilation.

TOP: Cultural Relativism and Ethnocentrism COG: Knowledge 25. Examples of subcultures would be the LGBT community, hip-hop fans, and cartoonists.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 99 OBJ: LO 4–3 Discuss diversity within cultures, including the concepts of ideal and real culture, subcultures and countercultures, culture wars, and assimilation. TOP: Subcultures COG: Comprehension 26. Cultural imperialism tends to destroy local culture.

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a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 107 OBJ: LO 4–4 Describe emerging issues in culture, such as global and consumer culture.

TOP: Cultural Imperialism COG: Comprehension 27. The popularity of American movies has negatively affected the film industries of many other

countries, an example of Americanization. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 107 OBJ: LO 4–4 Describe emerging issues in culture, such as global and consumer culture.

TOP: Cultural Imperialism COG: Comprehension 28. Americanization is a type of cultural imperialism.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 107 OBJ: LO 4–4 Describe emerging issues in culture, such as global and consumer culture.

TOP: Cultural Imperialism COG: Knowledge 29. Consumer culture entails conspicuous consumption, where the person’s goal is to display his or

her wealth through the material objects they own. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 108 OBJ: LO 4–4 Describe emerging issues in culture, such as global and consumer culture.

TOP: Consumer Culture COG: Knowledge 30. In the United States, consumer culture replaced work as the core driver of culture.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 108 OBJ: LO 4–4 Describe emerging issues in culture, such as global and consumer culture.

TOP: Consumer Culture COG: Knowledge 31. “Joe Chemo” was used to show a version of Joe Camel that was dying from cigarette smoking.

This is an example of cultural imperialism. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 111 OBJ: LO 4–4 Describe emerging issues in culture, such as global and consumer culture.

TOP: Consumer Jamming COG: Knowledge 32. Pervasive marketing to children in the United States is common but controversial.

a. True

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b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 108 OBJ: LO 4–4 Describe emerging issues in culture, such as global and consumer culture.

TOP: Consumer Culture COG: Knowledge 33. As people become more enmeshed in the Internet, they find a way to escape from consumer

culture. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 109 OBJ: LO 4–4 Describe emerging issues in culture, such as global and consumer culture.

TOP: Nontraditional Settings for Consumption COG: Comprehension MULTIPLE CHOICE 34. ___________ allow(s) a group of people or a society to carry out their collective lives in relative

order and harmony. a. Culture b. Social norms c. Technology d. Evolution ANS: A PTS: 1 OBJ: LO 4–1 Define culture.

COG: Knowledge

DIF: Easy REF: 90 TOP: A Definition of Culture

35. Many U.S. millennials live at home longer than young adults have in past generations, which is

partially due to the economic recession. The recession is an example of a(n) _______ change affecting U.S. culture. a. external b. internal c. bilateral d. folkway ANS: A PTS: 1 OBJ: LO 4–1 Define culture.

COG: Application

DIF: Hard REF: 90 TOP: A Definition of Culture

36. Today, retirement has changed considerably. The baby boomer generation is large, and people

live to older ages than the generations before them. Retirement has changed because of _______ changes to U.S. culture. a. internal b. external c. absolute d. proportional ANS: A PTS: 1 OBJ: LO 4–1 Define culture.

COG: Application

DIF: Hard REF: 90 TOP: A Definition of Culture

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37. Freedom of expression, democracy, and family are examples of _________________ in U.S.

culture. a. sanctions b. values c. mores d. folkways ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 92 OBJ: LO 4–2 Identify the basic elements of culture, including values and norms.

TOP: The Basic Elements of Culture COG: Knowledge 38. A formal norm can also be classified as a: a. folkway b. law c. value d. idea ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 93 OBJ: LO 4–2 Identify the basic elements of culture, including values and norms.

TOP: Norms COG: Knowledge 39. Jim is a journalist who receives a raise because of his outstanding news stories in the past year.

Jim’s raise is an example of a(n) ________________________. a. negative sanction b. positive sanction c. economic sanction d. workplace norm ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 93 OBJ: LO 4–2 Identify the basic elements of culture, including values and norms.

TOP: Norms COG: Application 40. Sue has had an excellent driving record for three years so she received a 30% discount on her

auto insurance. This discount is an example of a: a. negative sanction b. neutral sanction c. positive sanction d. munificent sanction ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 93 OBJ: LO 4–2 Identify the basic elements of culture, including values and norms.

TOP: Norms COG: Application 41. Joan, a college student, receives an F in her chemistry class because she performed poorly on

her exams and missed class on a regular basis. Her grade is an example of a(n) ___________________. a. informal sanction b. negative folkway c. reinforcement norm d. negative sanction ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 93 OBJ: LO 4–2 Identify the basic elements of culture, including values and norms.

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TOP: Norms

COG: Application

42. Joe, a second grader, calls out the answer to a math problem without raising his hand first. He

has violated a __________________. a. taboo b. more c. folkway d. law ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 94 OBJ: LO 4–2 Identify the basic elements of culture, including values and norms.

TOP: Norms of Air Travel COG: Application 43. Sue uses her laptop to look at Facebook during lecture instead of paying attention to class. She

has violated a ______________. a. folkway b. law c. taboo d. more ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 94 OBJ: LO 4–2 Identify the basic elements of culture, including values and norms.

TOP: Norms of Air Travel COG: Application 44. John sprawls out in his middle airplane seat, hogging the armrests on either side as others board

the flight in an effort to keep the seat to himself. He is violating which type of norm? a. More b. Folkway c. Taboo d. Law ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 94 OBJ: LO 4–2 Identify the basic elements of culture, including values and norms.

TOP: Norms of Air Travel COG: Application 45. Avery uses her smartphone to cheat on a final exam. She is violating which type of norm? a. More b. Folkway c. Taboo d. Sanction ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 94 OBJ: LO 4–2 Identify the basic elements of culture, including values and norms.

TOP: Norms of Air Travel COG: Comprehension 46. The tangible forms of culture are also referred to as ________________________. a. cargo culture b. consumerism c. material culture d. literate culture ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 95 OBJ: LO 4–2 Identify the basic elements of culture, including values and norms.

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TOP: Material Culture

COG: Knowledge

47. The Shamrock, Claddagh rings, and certain types of clothing are all part of the

_________________________, which originated in Ireland. a. substantial culture b. linguistic culture c. secular culture d. material culture ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 95 OBJ: LO 4–2 Identify the basic elements of culture, including values and norms.

TOP: Material Culture COG: Application 48. Aspects of culture that exist in intangible forms, such as norms and values, are called: a. Material culture b. Informal culture c. Real culture d. Symbolic culture ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 95 OBJ: LO 4–2 Identify the basic elements of culture, including values and norms.

TOP: Symbolic Culture and Language COG: Knowledge 49. The United States values equality, which represents __________________, yet racism, sexism,

and ageism are still prevalent, which represents _________________. a. real culture; ideal culture b. symbolic culture; negative culture c. material culture; real culture d. ideal culture; real culture ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 97 OBJ: LO 4–2 Identify the basic elements of culture, including values and norms.

TOP: Ideal and Real Culture COG: Comprehension 50. Many corporations strive to treat their employees as equal, regardless of gender and race, which

is an example of ______________ culture. However, many studies state that more women than men are victims of sexual harassment, which is a reflection of _________________ culture. a. ideal; real b. symbolic; material c. symbolic; counter d. ideal; material ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 97 OBJ: LO 4–2 Identify the basic elements of culture, including values and norms.

TOP: Ideal and Real Culture COG: Application 51. American culture is based on a democratic government, which adheres to the belief that power

is in the hands of the people. Americans believe in this ________________ and vote because they want to exert their right to do so. a. folkway b. ideology c. symbolic culture

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d. contradiction ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 98–99 OBJ: LO 4–2 Identify the basic elements of culture, including values and norms.

TOP: Ideology COG: Comprehension 52. Body builders, cab drivers, chemists, and musicians would all be considered

___________________ because they each share a distinct way of looking at the world. a. countercultures b. subcultures c. cults d. ideologies ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 99 OBJ: LO 4–3 Discuss diversity within cultures, including the concepts of ideal and real culture, subcultures and countercultures, culture wars, and assimilation. TOP: Subcultures COG: Comprehension 53. Cults sometimes engage in practices, such as suicide or polygamy, which would be considered

in direct opposition to U.S. cultural values. Therefore, cults would be considered a __________________________. a. subculture b. reference group c. counterculture d. material culture ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 99 OBJ: LO 4–3 Discuss diversity within cultures, including the concepts of ideal and real culture, subcultures and countercultures, culture wars, and assimilation. TOP: Countercultures COG: Comprehension 54. An example of a __________________ in the United States are computer hackers, whose

members engage in actions that subvert authority, disrupt the Internet, and steal personal data in opposition to values and norms of dominant culture. a. subculture b. counterculture c. low culture d. ideal culture ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 99 OBJ: LO 4–3 Discuss diversity within cultures, including the concepts of ideal and real culture, subcultures and countercultures, culture wars, and assimilation. TOP: Countercultures COG: Comprehension 55. The United States recently legalized gay marriage. Many people celebrated, but others oppose

the law and refuse to sell goods or services to gay couples because they believe that marriage should only occur between men and women. The struggle between these two groups is an example of a(n) _________________________. a. counterculture crusade b. culture war c. multicultural mismatch d. ideology

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ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 101 OBJ: LO 4–3 Discuss diversity within cultures, including the concepts of ideal and real culture, subcultures and countercultures, culture wars, and assimilation. TOP: Culture Wars COG: Application 56. When cultural differences are accepted and appreciated by both the state and the majority

group, it is called __________________. a. amalgamation b. segregation c. multiculturalism d. assimilation ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 101 OBJ: LO 4–3 Discuss diversity within cultures, including the concepts of ideal and real culture, subcultures and countercultures, culture wars, and assimilation.

TOP: Multiculturalism and Assimilation COG: Knowledge 57. Elementary school students learn about different cultural practices and are learning about the

traditions of various societies around the world. This reflects the concept of: a. neocolonialism b. nationalism c. multiculturalism d. colonialism ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 101 OBJ: LO 4–3 Discuss diversity within cultures, including the concepts of ideal and real culture, subcultures and countercultures, culture wars, and assimilation.

TOP: Multiculturalism and Assimilation COG: Application 58. Many immigrants from Asian countries come to the United States hoping for better educational

and employment opportunities. Many of these immigrants already speak English, which has helped them _______________________ into U.S. society. a. amalgamate b. segregate c. assimilate d. enculturate ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 103 OBJ: LO 4–3 Discuss diversity within cultures, including the concepts of ideal and real culture, subcultures and countercultures, culture wars, and assimilation.

TOP: Multiculturalism and Assimilation COG: Application 59. In recent years, some minority groups have become impatient with the dominant culture and

have begun to assert their right not to assimilate. This is an example of _______________________________. a. cultural diffusion b. subculture wars c. multiculturalism d. identity politics ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 104 OBJ: LO 4–3 Discuss diversity within cultures, including the concepts of ideal and real culture, subcultures and countercultures, culture wars, and assimilation. TOP: Identity Politics

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COG: Application 60. Bullfighting is seen as a barbaric sport to many Americans, but Mexicans are more likely to see

it as part of their history and hold it in high regard. Understanding this sport from the viewpoint of Mexicans instead of the viewpoint of Americans would be an example of practicing ______________________________. a. cultural diffusion b. ethnocentrism c. cultural relativism d. cultural displacement ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 104 OBJ: LO 4–3 Discuss diversity within cultures, including the concepts of ideal and real culture, subcultures and countercultures, culture wars, and assimilation.

TOP: Cultural Relativism and Ethnocentrism COG: Comprehension 61. Sweden is a country which has outlawed spanking. Many Americans do not understand why

this law was passed because many Americans believe that spanking on occasion is an acceptable form of punishment. This is an example of: a. cultural relativism b. cultural confusion c. cultural diffusion d. ethnocentrism ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 104 OBJ: LO 4–3 Discuss diversity within cultures, including the concepts of ideal and real culture, subcultures and countercultures, culture wars, and assimilation.

TOP: Cultural Relativism and Ethnocentrism COG: Comprehension 62. ______________________ refers to understanding why cultural practices take place in certain

societies. a. Cultural lag b. Cultural diffusion c. Cultural relativism d. Ethnocentrism ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 104 OBJ: LO 4–3 Discuss diversity within cultures, including the concepts of ideal and real culture, subcultures and countercultures, culture wars, and assimilation.

TOP: Cultural Relativism and Ethnocentrism COG: Comprehension 63. John believes that democracy is the best form of government in the world and believes that

every country should follow suit and create a democratic system. Based on this, John could be described as _________________________. a. ethnocentric b. multicultural c. pessimistic d. a cultural relativist ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 104 OBJ: LO 4–3 Discuss diversity within cultures, including the concepts of ideal and real culture, subcultures and countercultures, culture wars, and assimilation.

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TOP: Cultural Relativism and Ethnocentrism

COG: Comprehension

64. In a recent study of school children in China, many of them had images of Mickey Mouse either

on their backpacks or on their lunchboxes. This reflects the process of _____________________________. a. bureaucratization b. Americanization c. rationalization d. counterculturalism ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 106 OBJ: LO 4–4 Describe emerging issues in culture, such as global and consumer culture.

TOP: Cultural Imperialism COG: Application 65. Every year, Americans spend billions on Christmas presents. Walmart, Target, and Kohl's are

found in almost every state within the United States. This reflects the fact that the United States is a(n) ____________________________. a. bureaucracy b. consumer culture c. manufactured society d. ideal culture ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 108 OBJ: LO 4–4 Describe emerging issues in culture, such as global and consumer culture.

TOP: Consumer Culture COG: Comprehension 66. Advertisements for products can now be found in newspaper circulars, Internet ads, and

television commercials. This is a reflection of how the United States is a __________________________. a. bureaucracy b. consumer culture c. mass culture d. elite society ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 108 OBJ: LO 4–4 Describe emerging issues in culture, such as global and consumer culture.

TOP: Consumer Culture COG: Application 67. In India, there was a long tradition of professional letter writers, but they have become largely

obsolete with the entry of the cell phone and other elements of Western culture. This is an example of: a. culture jamming b. cultural imperialism c. cultural relativism d. cultural diffusion ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 106 OBJ: LO 4–4 Describe emerging issues in culture, such as global and consumer culture.

TOP: Cultural Imperialism COG: Comprehension

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68. Recently, Democrats and Republicans have battled over balancing the budget and health care

reform, with each side believing that their agenda is the best. This struggle between the two political parties is an example of: a. cultural relativism b. identity politics c. culture war d. subculture war ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 104 OBJ: LO 4–4 Describe emerging issues in culture, such as global and consumer culture.

TOP: Culture Wars COG: Comprehension 69. Shows such as My Super Sweet 16 showcase lavish birthday parties that are given for children

who are turning 16 years old. The show often ends with these children receiving luxury automobiles as a birthday present. This show is about: a. Americanization b. conspicuous consumption c. global culture d. cultural imperialism ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 108 OBJ: LO 4–4 Describe emerging issues in culture, such as global and consumer culture.

TOP: Consumer Culture COG: Application 70. Some Iraqis have been resistant to a democratic government, which was imposed on them by

the United States. Therefore, some Iraqis see this imposition as a form of: a. culture war b. cultural imperialism c. cultural relativism d. global culture ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 106 OBJ: LO 4–4 Describe emerging issues in culture, such as global and consumer culture.

TOP: Cultural Imperialism COG: Comprehension 71. The National Organization for Women, National Association for the Advancement of Colored

People, and the Hispanic American Organization are all examples of groups who are working for the rights of minorities. Therefore, they are engaged in: a. ethnocentrism b. identity politics c. counterculturalism d. Americanization ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 105 OBJ: LO 4–4 Describe emerging issues in culture, such as global and consumer culture.

TOP: Identity Politics COG: Comprehension 72. Today, millions of people have joined Internet sites such as Facebook. These sites have norms

and specific rules are enforced. Sites such as Facebook are examples of: a. consumer culture b. cyberculture c. cultural imperialism

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d. postconsumer culture ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 112 OBJ: LO 4–4 Describe emerging issues in culture, such as global and consumer culture.

TOP: Cyberculture COG: Application 73. Avid users of Apple products who identify with a community of other Mac users is an example

of a(n): a. counterculture b. subculture c. global culture d. imperial culture ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 99 OBJ: LO 4–3 Discuss diversity within cultures, including the concepts of ideal and real culture, subcultures and countercultures, culture wars, and assimilation. TOP: Subcultures COG: Comprehension 74. The most controversial aspect of consumer culture according to Dr. Ritzer is: a. the escalation of culture wars b. the expansion of multiculturalism c. the increase in Americanization d. the direct marketing of consumer items to children ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 108 OBJ: LO 4–4 Describe emerging issues in culture, such as global and consumer culture.

TOP: Children in a Consumer Culture COG: Analysis 75. Instead of lavish shows of wealth, some circles of upper class culture may still wear inexpensive

clothes or drive an economy car. This is referred to as: a. anti-Americanization b. inconspicuous consumption c. culture jamming d. postconsumer culture ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 108 OBJ: LO 4–4 Describe emerging issues in culture, such as global and consumer culture.

TOP: Consumer Culture COG: Comprehension 76. Organized groups that actively seek to subvert aspects of consumer culture are engaging in: a. culture relativism b. culture lag c. culture diffusion d. culture jamming ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 110 OBJ: LO 4–4 Describe emerging issues in culture, such as global and consumer culture.

TOP: Culture Jamming COG: Knowledge ESSAY

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77. What is the main difference between subcultures and countercultures? Give one example of a

subculture and one example of a counterculture to illustrate this difference.

ANS:

Varies, but should identify the main difference between subcultures and countercultures as level of agreement with dominant culture. Subcultures more or less accept much of dominant culture but are set apart because they are different in some culturally significant way. Countercultures are also different in a culturally significant way, but they also hold beliefs or values that may be incompatible with dominant culture and may consciously or overtly oppose dominant cultures.

Examples given in the text of subcultures include the LGBT community, Hispanics, Tea Party, Hasidic Jews, hip-hop fans, youth, Muslims, Mac/Apple users, Harley riders, or people devoted to any number of hobby groups and lifestyles, such as gamers or skateboarders. Examples given in the text for countercultures includes hippies in the 1960s, antiwar activists, computer hackers, voluntary simplicity movement, antiglobalization activities.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 99 OBJ: LO 4–3 Discuss diversity within cultures, including the concepts of ideal and real culture, subcultures and countercultures, culture wars, and assimilation. TOP: Subcultures COG: Analysis 78. Multiculturalism has received attention in recent years. Use this question to discuss cultural

diversity and assimilation in the United States and Europe. Why do some people say that multiculturalism is failing? How is Americanization different than multiculturalism?

ANS:

Varies, but it could talk about the assimilation of immigrants from Europe in the United States being largely successful, but assimilation—integrating a minority group into the mainstream—is different than multiculturalism, in which cultural differences are retained, accepted, and appreciated as a part of a country’s diversity. The large wave of immigration in the 1990s and 2000s did not result in assimilation. Immigrants from China and Mexico often retain their own cultures, food choices, languages, and create subcultural enclaves where they work and live. In Europe, the need for labor resulted in similar waves of immigration from people who did not assimilate into the cultures they migrated to. This created cultural frictions which have led to protests and at times extremist violence. Those coming from poor areas of conflict, often leaving their countries under duress and using difficult means of escape, arrive only to be turned away from entrance to richer countries who do not want to accept the social burden of refugees. These developments, in which countries are less willing to accept groups from different cultures but instead fortify their borders, is what has led to the assertion that multiculturalism is a failure. Unlike multiculturalism, which involves the coexistence of people who belong to different cultural groups, Americanization is the importation of culture, which tends to destroy local culture in favor of corporate industry’s lure with standardization and cheaper prices. However local cultures can often resist or negotiate more locally appropriate versions of American culture to create cultural hybrids.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 101 OBJ: LO 4–3 Discuss diversity within cultures, including the concepts of ideal and real culture, subcultures and countercultures, culture wars, and assimilation.

TOP: Multiculturalism and Assimilation COG: Analysis

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79. Select a brand that has spread globally, such as Starbucks, Coca-Cola, McDonalds, or another

similar company. Define cultural imperialism and Americanization, and use your chosen brand to discuss these processes. What are some ways that local cultures push back against the globalization of American brands?

ANS:

Varies, but should include the selection of a brand and define cultural imperialism as the imposition of one dominant culture on other cultures, and Americanization as the particular imposition of American culture on other cultures. In using an example, main points are that cultural imperialism destroys local cultures, but also that local cultures can be quite resistant to these pressures. This might be expressed by an anti-American sentiment, or simply a preference for the long, ancient history of its own culture, which has resisted changes for centuries. Local cultures can also modify impositions from other cultures to create cultural hybrids. Examples might be when a local McDonald’s does not serve foods with ingredients that a local culture rejects, or adds items to the menu that are popular in that culture.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 106–108 OBJ: LO 4–4 Describe emerging issues in culture, such as global and consumer culture.

TOP: Global Culture COG: Analysis 80. What are the building blocks of consumer culture? What are some other ways in which culture

has been organized? Why is marketing to children considered controversial, and why does the author suggest we might be in a postconsumer culture?

ANS:

Varies, but could include information about consumer culture—that consumption is the primary source of meaning in life and receives a high value. In the past, production and religion were two examples of the driving organizational principle of society. Marketing to children has been considered a taboo in the past and in other cultures, and there are norms against it. This is because we do not think children can make informed choices about consumption, and we generally protect children against exploitation. Now, marketing is pervasive generally, including marketing to children. Market research has figured out to get children to pester their parents to purchase items. However, we may be in a postconsumer culture since the recession that began in 2007. Even as employment rates and the stock market has improved, many people are not purchasing as much, are saving money, and are participating in “sharing economy” items made possible by use of new communications technologies. Some people have moved away from a norm of extravagance in consumer culture to being more economically frugal and environmentally friendly as new norms.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 110 OBJ: LO 4–4 Describe emerging issues in culture, such as global and consumer culture.

TOP: Consumer Culture COG: Analysis 81. What is culture jamming? Provide one example of culture jamming. What message did the

example “jam”? More generally, what do those involved in this practice hope to accomplish?

ANS:

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Varies, but should include a definition of culture jamming as the process in which mass media messages are radically transformed as a method of social protest. This is meant to make consumers aware of underlying realities associated with their consumption. Examples given in the book include the magazine Adbusters’ media campaigns; the use of Joe Chemo in place of Joe Camel to criticize smoking and reveal underlying health dangers of smoking; the use of Tommy Sheep as a spoof on Tommy Hilfiger representing those who buy the brand as conformists; Absolute on Ice spoofing Absolute Vodka by showing a corpse dead from alcohol consumption; and True Colors of Benetton as a spoof on Benetton by showing money as the true color. The broader objective is to show hidden realities, usually negatives/downsides of a corporation, and the “folly of consumer culture” that encourages participation when someone purchases goods and services that have negative effects on the consumer or on society.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 110–112 OBJ: LO 4–4 Describe emerging issues in culture, such as global and consumer culture.

TOP: Culture Jamming COG: Analysis 82. Discuss two elements of a cyberculture. Name two values and two norms that are followed

within a cyberculture. What gave rise to the particular norms and values?

ANS:

Varies, but should include that cyberculture is culture on the Internet. It includes values of openness, knowledge sharing, and access. These values arose from the development of open-source software, which created a movement and resulted in many successful software programs. Many also value the lack of censorship and updates to copyright laws. Norms include that Internet users should not hack websites, create or send out spam, unleash viruses or worms that can damage others’ computers or data, or add untrue information to open source references such as Wikipedia.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 112 OBJ: LO 4–4 Describe emerging issues in culture, such as global and consumer culture.

TOP: Cyberculture COG: Analysis

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Chapter 05: Socialization and Interaction Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. John studies how larger societal institutions play a role in drug usage as well as the effects of

drug abuse on individuals. John is utilizing: a. dramaturgy b. symbolic interactionism c. ethnomethodology d. the micro-macro continuum ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 118 OBJ: LO 5–1 Describe the development of the self in the context of symbolic interaction.

TOP: Socialization and Interaction COG: Application 2. For sociologists, the concept of “feral children” relates to the fundamental question of: a. nature/nurture b. cognition/culture c. micro/macro d. individual/group ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 118 OBJ: LO 5–1 Describe the development of the self in the context of symbolic interaction.

TOP: The Individual and the Self COG: Knowledge 3. According to most sociologists, what is the essential difference between humans and other

animals? a. Larger brain b. Opposable thumbs c. The ability to interact with other humans d. The formation of cultures ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 118 | 120 OBJ: LO 5–1 Describe the development of the self in the context of symbolic interaction.

TOP: The Individual and the Self COG: Knowledge 4. The sociologist who developed the theory of “the looking-glass self” is: a. George Herbert Mead b. Charles Horton Cooley c. Erving Goffman d. Georg Simmel ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 119 OBJ: LO 5–1 Describe the development of the self in the context of symbolic interaction.

TOP: Symbolic Interaction and Development of Self COG: Knowledge 5. In the rare cases when children are reared in social isolation, they are unlikely to fully develop a

self-image. According to __________________, these children may never develop a self-image that reflects how others respond to them. a. labeling theory

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b. looking-glass self c. role-taking theory d. disengagement theory ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 119 OBJ: LO 5–1 Describe the development of the self in the context of symbolic interaction.

TOP: Symbolic Interaction and Development of Self COG: Application 6. George Herbert Mead believed that the self: a. is not fixed b. changes early in life and never again c. remains fixed throughout one life d. does not change ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 119 OBJ: LO 5–1 Describe the development of the self in the context of symbolic interaction.

TOP: Symbolic Interaction and Development of Self COG: Comprehension 7. The major thinker associated with symbolic interactionism is: a. Charles Horton Cooley b. George Herbert Mead c. Robert Merton d. Georg Simmel ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 119 OBJ: LO 5–1 Describe the development of the self in the context of symbolic interaction.

TOP: Symbolic Interaction and Development of Self COG: Knowledge 8. Mead's theory of how the self develops over time includes the _____ and the _____ stages. a. game; drama b. play; work c. drama; work d. play; game ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 119 OBJ: LO 5–1 Describe the development of the self in the context of symbolic interaction.

TOP: Symbolic Interaction and Development of Self COG: Knowledge 9. According to Mead, gestures made only by humans are called: a. interactionism b. primary socialization c. significant symbols d. socialization gestures ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 120 OBJ: LO 5–1 Describe the development of the self in the context of symbolic interaction.

TOP: Symbolic Interaction COG: Knowledge 10. According to Mead, one of the key functions of language is: a. to make the mind and mental processes possible b. to communicate through gestures c. to facilitate relationships d. to develop a sense of self

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ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 120 OBJ: LO 5–1 Describe the development of the self in the context of symbolic interaction.

TOP: Symbolic Interaction COG: Knowledge 11. Because people can think about and interpret significant symbols, they can engage in: a. symbolic interaction b. functionalism c. systematic organization d. group behavior ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 120 OBJ: LO 5–1 Describe the development of the self in the context of symbolic interaction.

TOP: Symbolic Interaction COG: Comprehension 12. Sue is 8 and loves to dress up as a princess along with her brother, John, who is 6 and loves to

dress up as a cowboy. According to Mead, Sue and John are in the ___________________ stage. a. dress-up b. game c. play d. adolescent ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 121 OBJ: LO 5–1 Describe the development of the self in the context of symbolic interaction.

TOP: Mind and Self COG: Application 13. According to Mead, the self and the __________ are central to the development of human

beings. a. intellect b. mind c. brain d. ego ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 121 OBJ: LO 5–1 Describe the development of the self in the context of symbolic interaction.

TOP: Mind and Self COG: Knowledge 14. Mike is 10 and is a pitcher on the baseball team. He needs to understand his own position as

well as the duties of the other people on his team in order to be successful as a pitcher.

According to Mead, Mike is in the __________________ stage. a. play b. adolescent c. image d. game ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 121 OBJ: LO 5–1 Describe the development of the self in the context of symbolic interaction.

TOP: Mind and Self COG: Application 15. Sue goes to a movie with her friends. Her phone starts ringing during the movie and she is aware

that this is quite distracting to others around her, so she immediately silences the phone. This is an example of responding to _________________________.

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a. b. c. d.

the significant other the generalized other the important other the substantial other

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 121 OBJ: LO 5–1 Describe the development of the self in the context of symbolic interaction.

TOP: The Generalized Other COG: Application 16. The part of the self that is incalculable, unpredictable, and creative is _________. a. the me b. the I c. the object d. the subject ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 122 OBJ: LO 5–1 Describe the development of the self in the context of symbolic interaction.

TOP: The “I” and the “Me” COG: Comprehension 17. According to Mead, social control is the dominance of: a. the "me" by the "I" b. the "self" to the "me" c. the "I" by the "me" d. the "me" by the "self" ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 122 OBJ: LO 5–1 Describe the development of the self in the context of symbolic interaction.

TOP: The “I” and the “Me” COG: Comprehension 18. Consumer society requires _____________, which is difficult on the “me.” a. satiation b. complete stability c. moderate stability d. continual change ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 122–123 OBJ: LO 5–1 Describe the development of the self in the context of symbolic interaction.

TOP: The “I” and “Me” in Consumer Society COG: Comprehension 19. Fashions change year after year, and individuals must be able to adjust to this unpredictability in

which aspect of self? a. the “I” is somewhat unpredictable b. the “me” is somewhat unpredictable c. the “I” and the “me” both become unpredictable d. neither the “I” nor the “me” is affected by changes to fashion ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 122–123 OBJ: LO 5–1 Describe the development of the self in the context of symbolic interaction.

TOP: The “I” and “Me” in Consumer Society COG: Comprehension 20. The concept of dramaturgy was created by: a. Charles Horton Cooley b. Erving Goffman

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c. George Herbert Mead d. Stanley Milgram ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 123 OBJ: LO 5–2 Discuss the concept of the individual as performer, including the ideas of impression management and the front and back stages.

TOP: The Individual as Performer COG: Knowledge 21. ____________________ is the view that social life is a series of performances, akin to those

that take place in a theater and on a stage. a. Dramaturgy b. Looking-glass self c. The play and game stage d. Ethnomethodology ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 123 OBJ: LO 5–2 Discuss the concept of the individual as performer, including the ideas of impression management and the front and back stages.

TOP: The Individual as Performer COG: Knowledge 22. Mary goes on her first job interview after graduating from college. She gets up early that day to

iron her clothes and fix her hair. According to Goffman, this is an example of _________________. a. the play stage b. the looking-glass self c. impression management d. symbolic interaction ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 123 OBJ: LO 5–2 Discuss the concept of the individual as performer, including the ideas of impression management and the front and back stages.

TOP: Impression Management COG: Application 23. Many students feel as if the college classroom is their _____________ stage because they are

concerned about how others view them and want to make sure that they correctly answer questions posed by the teacher. a. back b. secondary c. primary d. front ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 124 OBJ: LO 5–2 Discuss the concept of the individual as performer, including the ideas of impression management and the front and back stages.

TOP: Front and Back Stage COG: Application 24. Jodie constantly changes her profile photo on her Facebook page as a way to convey that she

has an active social life. This shows that ___________ is not only face-to-face but also applies to social networking online. a. the looking-glass self b. impression management c. the back stage

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d. reverse socialization ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 124 OBJ: LO 5–2 Discuss the concept of the individual as performer, including the ideas of impression management and the front and back stages.

TOP: Impression Management COG: Application 25. When Sue comes home from work, she gets changed and takes off her makeup. She is not

concerned with her appearance as she is not going out for the rest of the night. Sue is in her ______________ stage when she comes home from work. a. front b. back c. secondary d. primary ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 124 OBJ: LO 5–2 Discuss the concept of the individual as performer, including the ideas of impression management and the front and back stages.

TOP: Front and Back Stage COG: Application 26. Each individual learns to and comes to accept the ways of a group or a society of which he or

she is a part. This process is called: a. enculturation b. impression management c. reciprocity d. socialization ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 125 OBJ: LO 5–3 Explain the significance of socialization in childhood and adulthood.

TOP: Socialization COG: Knowledge 27. Which psychologist studied the process by which children acquire a sense of themselves as

boys or girls? a. Freud b. Kohlberg c. Piaget d. Mead ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 125 OBJ: LO 5–3 Explain the significance of socialization in childhood and adulthood.

TOP: Socialization COG: Knowledge 28. Freud is best known for a theory of mind that differentiates among: a. the “I” and the “me” b. the self and the generalized other c. the id, the ego, and the superego d. the inner mommy and the inner daddy ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 125 OBJ: LO 5–3 Explain the significance of socialization in childhood and adulthood.

TOP: Socialization COG: Knowledge

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29. Family, peers, the media, and teachers are examples of the

_________________________________. a. representative factors b. agents of socialization c. socialization variables d. socialization contributors ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 127 OBJ: LO 5–3 Explain the significance of socialization in childhood and adulthood.

TOP: Childhood Socialization COG: Knowledge 30. ____________ is an important theorist of development, who employed a stage method similar

to Mead’s but was more cognitive than sociological. a. Kohlberg b. Freud c. Piaget d. Goffman ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 125 OBJ: LO 5–3 Explain the significance of socialization in childhood and adulthood.

TOP: Socialization COG: Knowledge 31. Joe teaches his son how to cook, as he is aware that his son will need these skills when he moves

out next month. This is an example of ____________________. a. resocialization b. reverse socialization c. role-taking d. anticipatory socialization ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 127 OBJ: LO 5–3 Explain the significance of socialization in childhood and adulthood.

TOP: Socialization COG: Application 32. José and his family moved to the United States from Mexico. José learns English while

attending high school and teaches his parents a little each night, since their primary language is Spanish. This is an example of _____________________________. a. anticipatory socialization b. reverse socialization c. resocialization d. reintegration ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 127 OBJ: LO 5–3 Explain the significance of socialization in childhood and adulthood.

TOP: Socialization COG: Application 33. Learning norms and values about behavior that is “ladylike” and colors meant for boys or for

girls are examples of: a. gender integration b. gender socialization c. engendering self d. peer socialization ANS: B

PTS: 1

DIF: Medium

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REF: 129

OBJ: LO 5–3 Explain the significance of socialization in childhood and adulthood.

TOP: Gender COG: Comprehension 34. When parents choose to raise their children without a rigid adherence to binary gender roles and

reject the idea that boys and girls are really all that different, they are engaged in: a. antifeminism b. reverse socialization c. gender-neutral childrearing d. differential socialization ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 129 OBJ: LO 5–3 Explain the significance of socialization in childhood and adulthood.

TOP: Gender COG: Application 35. Adam lost his job as a machine operator when his company moved overseas. He returned school

to become an accountant. Adam underwent the process of ______________________. a. anticipatory socialization b. reaffirmation c. resocialization d. acculturation ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 131 OBJ: LO 5–3 Explain the significance of socialization in childhood and adulthood.

TOP: Workplaces COG: Application 36. Prison and military boot camp are good examples of: a. primary institutions b. secondary institutions c. total institutions d. absolute institutions ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 131 OBJ: LO 5–3 Explain the significance of socialization in childhood and adulthood.

TOP: Total Institutions COG: Knowledge 37. Which of the following, according to your text, would NOT lead to the need for adult

socialization or resocialization? a. Changes associated with aging b. Family changes c. Geographic mobility d. Buying another television set ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 132 OBJ: LO 5–3 Explain the significance of socialization in childhood and adulthood.

TOP: Other Aspects of Adult Socialization COG: Comprehension 38. Which of the following does NOT represent a “superordinate-subordinate” relationship? a. Teacher and student b. Manager and employee c. Judge and defendant d. Soccer player and soccer fan ANS: D

PTS: 1

DIF: Medium

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REF: 133

OBJ: LO 5–4 Describe the key aspects of interaction with others.

TOP: Superordinate-Subordinate Interactions COG: Comprehension 39. Heather helps Joe with his math homework, and in return, she expects that Joe will help her with

her English homework. This is an example of ___________________. a. reciprocity b. symbolic interaction c. secondary socialization d. resocialization ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 133 OBJ: LO 5–4 Describe the key aspects of interaction with others.

TOP: Reciprocity and Exchange COG: Comprehension 40. _________ is a theory that focuses on people’s everyday practices, especially when interaction

is involved. a. symbolic structuralism b. ethnomethodology c. exchange theory d. impression management ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 134 OBJ: LO 5–4 Describe the key aspects of interaction with others.

TOP: “Doing” Interaction COG: Comprehension 41. An example of ____________________ is observing how people form lines, based on their

method of payment, at an amusement park. a. reciprocal order b. interaction order c. action order d. mutual order ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 134 OBJ: LO 5–4 Describe the key aspects of interaction with others.

TOP: Interaction Order COG: Application 42. John is a son, friend, father, and teacher. These are examples of John's _________________. a. roles b. personas c. statuses d. parts ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 134 OBJ: LO 5–4 Describe the key aspects of interaction with others.

TOP: Interaction Order COG: Application 43. A _____ is a person’s position within a social system; a ___________is what is expected of a

person in this position. a. role; status b. persona; role c. role; persona d. status; role

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ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 134 OBJ: LO 5–4 Describe the key aspects of interaction with others.

TOP: Interaction Order COG: Knowledge 44. An example of a student's ___________ is when he/she studies for a test and takes notes. a. role b. status c. position d. occupation ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 134 OBJ: LO 5–4 Describe the key aspects of interaction with others.

TOP: Interaction Order COG: Application 45. Mary's boss doesn't want to give her a promotion because she is a woman. Mary's boss is

prejudicial toward Mary because of her ______________________ status. a. achieved b. master c. ascribed d. marital ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 134 OBJ: LO 5–4 Describe the key aspects of interaction with others.

TOP: Interaction Order COG: Application 46. Julie is a high school teacher. On the same day she is due to give her students their final exam,

her two children become sick. She doesn't know if she should stay home with her children or leave them with a sitter so she can administer the exam. Julie is experiencing _______________________. a. role stress b. role conflict c. status overload d. status stress ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 135 OBJ: LO 5–4 Describe the key aspects of interaction with others.

TOP: Interaction Order COG: Application 47. Steve is a college senior who has five finals scheduled on the same day. He also has to practice

for the upcoming swim meet and go to work. Steve is experiencing _________________________. a. status overload b. status strain c. role overload d. role strain ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 136 OBJ: LO 5–4 Describe the key aspects of interaction with others.

TOP: Interaction Order COG: Application 48. __________________ are created by an accumulation of persistent patterns of interaction and

social relationships.

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a. b. c. d.

Status and role structures Micro-level social structures Macro-level social structures Interaction structures

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 136 OBJ: LO 5–4 Describe the key aspects of interaction with others.

TOP: Micro-level Social Structures COG: Knowledge 49. According to Simmel, a ________ is the most basic of interpersonal relationships. a. triad b. couplet c. dyad d. trio ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 136 OBJ: LO 5–4 Describe the key aspects of interaction with others.

TOP: Interpersonal Relationships COG: Knowledge 50. Which of these is most important about triads according to Simmel? a. The people involved b. That two parties can form a coalition against a third c. The group structure is what matters d. The interaction order of the triad ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 136 OBJ: LO 5–4 Describe the key aspects of interaction with others.

TOP: Interpersonal Relationships COG: Comprehension 51. Which of the following is a key idea in network theory? a. The importance of strong ties b. The relationship of dyads to networks c. The interaction order within networks d. The strength of weak ties ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 137 OBJ: LO 5–4 Describe the key aspects of interaction with others.

TOP: Social Networks COG: Knowledge 52. A good example of a(n) ______________ would be a college classroom or members of a

Meetup club of aficionados you belong to. a. aggregate group b. secondary group c. primary group d. out-group ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 139 OBJ: LO 5–4 Describe the key aspects of interaction with others.

TOP: Types of Groups COG: Application 53. Sue's brothers and father are members of a _______________ group because they are

emotionally close and spend a great deal of time together. a. tertiary

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b. secondary c. reference d. primary ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 139 OBJ: LO 5–4 Describe the key aspects of interaction with others.

TOP: Types of Groups COG: Application 54. Joan is not sure if she wants to become an engineer, so she decides to take an internship at a

local engineering firm and joins an engineering club at her college. Engineers are Joan's __________________. a. primary group b. secondary group c. reference group d. ascribed group ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 139 OBJ: LO 5–4 Describe the key aspects of interaction with others.

TOP: Types of Groups COG: Application 55. Jim goes to a New York Yankees game and decides to sit with other Yankees fans because they

are all wearing the same colors and will cheer when the team does well. New York Yankees fans are Jim's ________________. a. reference group b. out-group c. in-group d. secondary group ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 139 OBJ: LO 5–4 Describe the key aspects of interaction with others.

TOP: Types of Groups COG: Application 56. _______________ conducted an experiment which demonstrated that the power of the group is

so great that it may override our own judgments and perceptions. a. Stanley Milgram b. Soloman Asch c. George Herbert Mead d. Erving Goffman ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 139–140 OBJ: LO 5–4 Describe the key aspects of interaction with others.

TOP: Conformity to the Group COG: Knowledge MULTIPLE RESPONSE 57. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: The following sources have tended to reinforce socialization of

boys and girls in traditional ways: a. Movies b. Peers c. Television d. Shopping malls

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ANS: A, C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 129 OBJ: LO 5–3 Explain the significance of socialization in childhood and adulthood.

TOP: Gender COG: Comprehension 58. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: What effects has new media such as the Internet had on the role

of media in the socialization of children? a. Now children are exposed to more hours of media per day on average. b. The increase in new media has made TV’s effects on socialization obsolete. c. In new media, media socialization is more in agreement with lessons from parents. d. Peer socialization increases through new media due to participation in social media sites.

ANS: A, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 129–130 OBJ: LO 5–3 Explain the significance of socialization in childhood and adulthood.

TOP: Mass Media and New Media COG: Analysis 59. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Children are socialized to consume and place value on

consumption through the following sources: a. Family b. Peer groups c. At sites of consumption, such as the shopping mall d. Direct marketing ANS: A, B, C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 130 OBJ: LO 5–3 Explain the significance of socialization in childhood and adulthood.

TOP: Mass Media and New Media COG: Comprehension 60. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Adult socialization takes place: a. by age 25 b. by age 40 c. within the workplace d. over all of adult life ANS: C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 131–132 OBJ: LO 5–3 Explain the significance of socialization in childhood and adulthood.

TOP: Adult Socialization COG: Comprehension TRUE/FALSE 61. Micro sociology concerns itself with a particular individual.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 118 OBJ: LO 5–1 Describe the development of the self in the context of symbolic interaction.

TOP: The Individual and the Self COG: Knowledge 62. George Herbert Mead created the concept of the “generalized other.”

a. True b. False ANS: T

PTS: 1

DIF: Easy

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REF: 121

OBJ: LO 5–1 Describe the development of the self in the context of symbolic interaction.

TOP: The Generalized Other COG: Knowledge 63. According to the “looking-glass self,” parental interaction is very important in the formation of

a child's self-image. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 119 OBJ: LO 5–1 Describe the development of the self in the context of symbolic interaction.

TOP: Symbolic Interaction and Development of Self COG: Comprehension 64. Only humans are capable of vocal gestures.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 120 OBJ: LO 5–1 Describe the development of the self in the context of symbolic interaction.

TOP: Humans and Nonhumans COG: Comprehension 65. George Herbert Mead differentiated between humans and nonhumans in his studies and stated

that only humans are able to interact on the basis of significant symbols. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 120 OBJ: LO 5–1 Describe the development of the self in the context of symbolic interaction.

TOP: Humans and Nonhumans COG: Comprehension 66. The two key stages in Mead's theory of how the self develops are the play stage and the game

stage. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 121 OBJ: LO 5–1 Describe the development of the self in the context of symbolic interaction.

TOP: Mind and Self COG: Comprehension 67. Erving Goffman developed the theory of dramaturgy, which views an individual's social life as

a series of dramatic performances. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 123 OBJ: LO 5–2 Discuss the concept of the individual as performer, including the ideas of impression management and the front and back stages.

TOP: The Individual as Performer COG: Knowledge 68. The front stage plays a much more prominent role in our lives than the back stage.

a. True b. False

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ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 124 OBJ: LO 5–2 Discuss the concept of the individual as performer, including the ideas of impression management and the front and back stages.

TOP: Front and Back Stage COG: Comprehension 69. Two-faced Racism is a sociological argument that racism is expressed differently by white

college students based on whether the person is in a front-stage or back-stage setting. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 124–125 OBJ: LO 5–2 Discuss the concept of the individual as performer, including the ideas of impression management and the front and back stages.

TOP: Front and Back Stage COG: Comprehension 70. Sociologists focus on the various agents of socialization that help a child learn society's norms

and culture. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 127 OBJ: LO 5–3 Explain the significance of socialization in childhood and adulthood.

TOP: Child Socialization COG: Comprehension 71. Expectant socialization is when parents teach their children what will be expected of them in the

future. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 127 OBJ: LO 5–3 Explain the significance of socialization in childhood and adulthood.

TOP: Child Socialization COG: Comprehension 72. As a child matures, peer socialization becomes more important and more likely to conflict with

primary socialization. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 128 OBJ: LO 5–3 Explain the significance of socialization in childhood and adulthood.

TOP: Peers COG: Comprehension 73. An example of resocialization would be learning new behavioral expectations when moving

from the city to a rural area. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 131 OBJ: LO 5–1 Describe the development of the self in the context of symbolic interaction.

TOP: Adult Socialization COG: Comprehension 74. A high school is an excellent example of a total institution.

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a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 131 OBJ: LO 5–3 Explain the significance of socialization in childhood and adulthood.

TOP: Total Institutions COG: Comprehension 75. A superordinate and subordinate relationship is one that exists between a guard and a prisoner

in jail. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 133 OBJ: LO 5–4 Describe the key aspects of interaction with others.

TOP: Superordinate-Subordinate Interactions COG: Comprehension 76. An example of an interaction order would be people who gather at 9 p.m. for a midnight

viewing of a very popular movie. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 134 OBJ: LO 5–4 Describe the key aspects of interaction with others.

TOP: Interaction Order COG: Comprehension 77. An example of role conflict would be a man who needs to attend a business meeting at the same

time his children have a playoff baseball game. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 135 OBJ: LO 5–4 Describe the key aspects of interaction with others.

TOP: Interaction Order COG: Comprehension 78. Triads are the most basic of interpersonal relationships.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 136 OBJ: LO 5–5 Identify micro–level social structures, including social networks and groups.

TOP: Interpersonal Relationships COG: Comprehension 79. Secondary groups are groups that people take into consideration when evaluating themselves.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 139 OBJ: LO 5–5 Identify micro–level social structures, including social networks and groups.

TOP: Types of Groups COG: Comprehension 80. Mike is a Dodgers baseball fan who enjoys sitting in the stadium next to fellow fans of the team,

which would be considered Mike's out-group.

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a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 139 OBJ: LO 5–5 Identify micro–level social structures, including social networks and groups.

TOP: Types of Groups COG: Comprehension ESSAY 81. Discuss the differences and similarities that compare theories on the development of the self

from Cooley and Mead. Be sure to discuss the “looking-glass self,” the “I” and the “me,” and the “generalized other” in your answer.

ANS:

Varies, but should include definitions of terms: Cooley’s looking-glass self: the idea that we develop self-image from how others see and respond to us. Parental interactions are earliest and so have the most important effects on formation of self-image. Mead’s theory of the development of the self is that we have internal conversations with ourselves inside our minds using words. That internal conversation is related to our interactions in the world. The self develops over time, and we learn to treat the self as an object, meaning that we can step back and look at ourselves as others do. This goes through stages. First the play stage, which is being able to imagine what a specific other, such as mommy and daddy, thinks and take that into consideration. This expands to the game stage, when we can include other specific people with whom we have a relationship. Finally, we mature during game stage to a concept of the “generalized other,” which is being able to look at oneself not just from specific people, but from an abstracted other person or group that is nonspecific. Cooley and Mead share a concern with the micro level (individual mind, self), and both prioritize the social/interaction in the formation of self. Mead’s theory of self differs from Cooley in that it sees the self as made up of two parts: the “I” and the “me.” The “I” is our immediate response, and is unconscious and somewhat unpredictable. The “me” is the part that internalizes the way behavior is seen by others and analyzes this through societal responsibilities.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 119–123 OBJ: LO 5–1 Describe the development of the self in the context of symbolic interaction.

TOP: The Individual and the Self COG: Analysis 82. Explain the components of dramaturgy according to Erving Goffman. Discuss front and back

stage, and impression management. Use an example of classroom behavior to elaborate on each of these concepts.

ANS:

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Answer should include information about dramaturgy, which views an individual’s social life as a series of dramatic performances similar to performing on a stage. Using a classroom as an example, the classroom would be seen as a site for the performance of being in the roles of “teacher” and “student.” Continuing with the stage metaphor, human behavior has a “front stage” and a “back stage.” The front stage is where the performance takes place. It is idealized and designed to define the situation for those who are observing it. A good student, for instance, will behave attentively and try to look like a thoughtful student, idealizing the role of what they think a good student looks like. A teacher may also work to appear within their role by the way they speak, the words they use, and the authority and attention they exercise while facilitating discussion in the classroom. The back stage is where people are not performing but may be able to express themselves in ways that they suppress when in “front-stage” mode. After class, for instance, students may act rowdy or talk about how they were not really paying attention but were just hungover during class. If the instructor were to see the back stage behavior that shows a lack of sincerity of the student’s in-class behavior, it may become difficult to convince the professor of their genuineness in the class. Likewise, if an instructor is seen behaving in ways that did not match their “teaching” personality, such as wearing risqué clothing, being drunk, or cussing, and a student witnessed this, it might change the student’s impression. It is important that there is not just one “front” stage and one “back” stage. When a student is out of class, he may be “back stage” as a student, but “front stage” as a fraternity member, for instance.

Impression management is the attempt to manage what others see and how they see you by controlling the image you project to them and whether they see front- or back-stage behavior.

For instance, a teacher might engage in impression management by spending social time in locations where students are not likely to frequent.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 123–125 OBJ: LO 5–2 Discuss the concept of the individual as performer, including the ideas of impression management and the front and back stages.

TOP: Impression Management COG: Analysis 83. Discuss at least three changes in socialization related to new media technologies. Explain at

least two sources of socialization. How do new social media affect socialization through these sources?

ANS:

Answer varies. The selected agents of socialization could be parents (primary socialization), peers, schools, gender socialization, marketing, or media. Some points that could be made: Parents are still primary socializers. Children might socialize parents to new media, an example of reverse socialization. Media can perpetuate and enforce gender socialization. Media socialization has moved from just TV to include the Internet, which is more active. Children are more exposed to media, almost 11 hours a day. Social media sites such as Facebook and Snapchat lead to stronger influences from peer socialization. There is less expectation of fitting one model for family type because children are exposed to more family diversity through media. Media socialization also allows more direct marketing to children and leads to more socialization into consumption—encouraging more consumption and placing more meaning on consumption. Socialization through media can also reinforce lessons about race, class, and gender by linking consumer choices to one’s race, class, or gender identity, and reinforcing social inequalities through consumption.

PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 125–131 OBJ: LO 5–3 Explain the significance of socialization in childhood and adulthood.

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TOP: Socialization

COG: Application

SHORT ANSWER 84. Give an example of a status and its associated role(s). Identify the types of status. Correctly

provide a scenario that illustrates either a) role conflict, or b) role overload.

ANS:

Answer varies but should explain that a status is the position in a social system that a person occupies, such as teacher or mother, and role is what society expects of a person who occupies that status. An example of a status and its roles should be given, along with identifying the status as ascribed (one that is not chosen), achieved (one that is accomplished or intentionally chosen), or master (one that is the most important and overshadows all other statuses). A role conflict example is one in which two roles have conflicting expectations (work wants one thing, parenting wants something contradictory to work role). A role overload is when a person is given more expectations than they can possibly complete (students are given twice as many classes as they can complete).

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 134–135 OBJ: LO 5–3 Explain the significance of socialization in childhood and adulthood.

TOP: Status and Role COG: Analysis 85. Explain the concept of “the strength of weak ties.” How are weak ties strong? Be sure to define

strong ties, weak ties, primary groups, and secondary groups, and use an example that illustrates these groups and ties.

ANS:

Answers vary but should include an explanation of Granovetter’s social network theory about the “strength of weak ties.” Strong ties are the ties we have to primary groups: The tie is strong because we have important close relationships. Primary groups are people who are in our closest circles such as family and close friends. Weak ties are people we are acquaintances with, and secondary groups are the acquaintances we know, usually through a limited number of dimensions in our lives, such as sports team members, coworkers, or members of the church.

Weak ties are strong because we can network with a much larger group and possibly accomplish more. Granovetter demonstrated that those who have weak ties can move between groups and gain power from being tied to more people. For instance, about half of U.S. workers got jobs through referrals, which relies on being able to access many weak ties through a network. Answers may mention that online networks such as Facebook can access the strength of weak ties, but the ties may be too weak to be effective in the same way as pre-Internet weak ties for accomplishing goals.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 137–138 OBJ: LO 5–1 Describe the development of the self in the context of symbolic interaction.

TOP: Social Networks COG: Analysis

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Chapter 06: Organizations, Societies, and the Global Domain Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Due to the explosive growth of digital communication, micro-level and macro-level

phenomena: a. are more segregated b. are more intertwined c. are reducing the expansion of globalization d. are more separate from individual influence ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 146 OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: Organizations, Societies, and the Global Domain COG: Comprehension 2. According to your text, Yahoo and the March of Dimes are examples of

__________________________. a. organizations b. corporations c. micro-level systems d. bureaucracies ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 146 OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: Organizations COG: Comprehension 3. Societies are filled with ______________________, which are collectives purposely

constructed to achieve particular ends. a. governances b. organizations c. formations d. systems ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 146 OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: Organizations, Societies, and the Global Domain COG: Knowledge 4. According to Max Weber, a(n) _____________ is a highly rational organization and is highly

efficient. a. Internet site b. corporation c. network d. bureaucracy ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 146 OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: Organizations COG: Comprehension 5. Capitalism and bureaucracy best exemplify what Max Weber meant by ___________. a. rationalization

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b. ethnomethodology c. systemization d. organization ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 147 OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: Organizations COG: Knowledge 6. According to Weber, a(n) __________________ is a model in which the degree of rationality is

greatly exaggerated. a. prototype b. ideal type c. real type d. model type ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 147 OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: Bureaucracies COG: Comprehension 7. John is a boss who is very stern with his employees, and they follow every command he gives to

them. John is someone who exemplifies ______________________. a. weak domination b. strong domination c. rational-legal authority d. strong subordination ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 148 OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: Authority Structures and Bureaucracy COG: Application 8. The president and a police officer are examples of people who have positions of

__________________. a. weak dominance b. rational-legal authority c. charismatic authority d. rationalized dominance ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 148 OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: Authority Structures and Bureaucracy COG: Application 9. According to Weber, there are three different types of authority that vary by: a. what type of domination they represent b. what makes the authority legitimate c. how many people are subject to the authority d. how peaceful or violent they are ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 148 OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: Authority Structures and Bureaucracy COG: Analysis 10. The Prime Minister of Canada is an example of which type of authority? a. Traditional

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b. Rational-legal c. Charismatic d. Bureaucratic ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 148 OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: Authority Structures and Bureaucracy COG: Application 11. The Catholic pope is an example of which type of authority? a. Traditional b. Rational-legal c. Charismatic d. Bureaucratic ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 148 OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: Authority Structures and Bureaucracy COG: Application 12. Martin Luther King Jr. is an example of which type of authority? a. Traditional b. Rational-legal c. Charismatic d. Bureaucratic ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 149 OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: Authority Structures and Bureaucracy COG: Application 13. The order of succession to the British throne is an example of ________________ authority. a. rational b. charismatic c. organizational d. traditional ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 148 OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: Authority Structures and Bureaucracy COG: Application 14. The only type of authority that is associated with bureaucracy is ________________. a. traditional b. charismatic c. rational-legal d. organizational ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 148 OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: Authority Structures and Bureaucracy COG: Comprehension 15. The fact that rationality is limited by the instabilities and conflicts that exist in most

organizations is referred to as _________________. a. limiting rationality b. political rationality c. technical rationality

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d. bounded rationality ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 149 OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: Rationality and Irrationality COG: Knowledge 16. A good deal of sociological research on bureaucracies has dealt with: a. uncovering the rules of the bureaucracy b. comparing bureaucracies to other systems c. uncovering how the rational often becomes irrational d. following the historical development of bureaucratic organizations ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 149 OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: Rationality and Irrationality COG: Analysis 17. _______________ is a problem in bureaucracies where rules are required needlessly, and often

slow progress or increase amount or complexity of work. a. Red tape b. The Peter principle c. Bounded rationality d. Informationalism ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 149 OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: Rationality and Irrationality COG: Knowledge 18. Joan calls a computer company for assistance and gets transferred to several people before she

gets disconnected after 30 minutes. This is an example of _____________, often associated with bureaucracies. a. informationalism b. red tape c. legal-rationality d. bounded rationality ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 149 OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: Rationality and Irrationality COG: Knowledge 19. John works in a college office. He spends most of his day sending back forms to students when

they have filled a form out incorrectly, even when it contains all the information needed to complete the task. John has a ________________ personality. a. charismatic b. traditional c. bureaucratic d. tedious ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 150 OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: Rationality and Irrationality COG: Application

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20. Joe works for a company where employees ask each other for guidance in certain situations

rather than ask the supervisors. This company is an example of a(n) ______________ bureaucracy. a. informal b. formal c. collegial d. ideal ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 150 OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: The Informal Organization COG: Application 21. When a country is ruled by a small group of people at the top who exercise a great deal of

power, often obtained through illegitimate means, this is referred to as a(n) __________________. a. capitalist dictatorship b. informal bureaucracy c. oligarchy d. democracy ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 151 OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: The Informal Organization COG: Application 22. Which of these accurately describes how a problem has changed from the past in the digital

age? a. People are expected to do less than they were in the past. b. Employees used to be monitored less carefully than they are now. c. Interaction can be more easily controlled in a centralized way. d. There used to be a problem with too little information in writing; now there is the danger of too much in written form.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 151 OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: The Informal Organization COG: Application 23. Which of these best describes the Peter Principle? a. The more a bureaucracy tries to be efficient, the more forms there are to fill out b. Never underestimate the power of the secretary c. Employees tend to rise to their level of incompetence d. Work expands to fill the available time ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 150 OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: Rationality and Irrationality COG: Comprehension 24. Which of these best describes Parkinson’s Law? a. The more a bureaucracy tries to be efficient, the more forms there are to fill out b. Never underestimate the power of the secretary c. Employees tend to rise to their level of incompetence d. Work expands to fill the available time ANS: D

PTS: 1

DIF: Medium

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REF: 150

OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: Rationality and Irrationality COG: Comprehension 25. A major twentieth century theorist on bureaucracy who defined the bureaucratic personality is: a. Max Weber b. Robert Merton c. Talcott Parsons d. Manuel Castells ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 150 OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: Rationality and Irrationality COG: Knowledge 26. Women face the _________________, in which they cannot get promoted past a certain level in

bureaucratic organizations despite their qualifications. a. glass ceiling b. glass escalator c. pink elevator d. pink ceiling ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 152 OBJ: LO 6–2 Discuss issues that arise in contemporary organizations, including gendered and network organizations.

TOP: Gendered Organizations COG: Comprehension 27. Sexual harassment can consist of many types of unwanted sexual attention such as jokes,

remarks or sexual advances, but in order to be illegal: a. it must come from a high-ranking man to a lower ranking woman b. it must be offensive not just to the victim but to the workplace culture as a whole c. it must be recurrent or severe enough to create a hostile workplace d. it must directly influence someone’s pay or promotion ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 153 OBJ: LO 6–2 Discuss issues that arise in contemporary organizations, including gendered and network organizations.

TOP: Other Problems in Organizations COG: Application 28. Companies, such as Dell, have organizations located in other counties besides the United States

where customer service questions are handled. This is referred to as ______________________. a. downsizing b. offshore outsourcing c. informationalism d. McDonaldization ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 156 OBJ: LO 6–2 Discuss issues that arise in contemporary organizations, including gendered and network organizations.

TOP: Globalization and Organizations COG: Application 29. Many people are now filling out their own tax forms and printing out their own postage stamps

at home. The people who are doing so are referred to as ________________. a. consumers

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b. producers c. prosumers d. orientators ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 155 OBJ: LO 6–2 Discuss issues that arise in contemporary organizations, including gendered and network organizations.

TOP: Contemporary Changes in Organizations COG: Knowledge 30. One strategy of companies who use offshore outsourcing for customer service calls for U.S.

customers is “national identity management.” This means: a. helping to educate people on calls about their home country b. selecting national identities with accents that sound trustworthy to Americans c. cross marketing products to the outsource country and the United States d. posing as American on calls, complete with an adopted American hometown and Americanized name ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 156 OBJ: LO 6–2 Discuss issues that arise in contemporary organizations, including gendered and network organizations.

TOP: Globalization and Organizations COG: Knowledge 31. McDonaldized systems in the realm of consumption must be more ____________ than the

traditional bureaucracy. a. bureaucratic b. flexible c. customer-friendly d. ruthless ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 158 OBJ: LO 6–2 Discuss issues that arise in contemporary organizations, including gendered and network organizations.

TOP: McDonaldization and Bureaucratic Organizations COG: Analysis 32. The network organization came into existence during which decade? a. 1960s b. 1970s c. 1980s d. 1990s ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 158 OBJ: LO 6–2 Discuss issues that arise in contemporary organizations, including gendered and network organizations.

TOP: McDonaldization and Bureaucratic Organizations COG: Knowledge 33. Many factories and companies are linked through knowledge and information. This is referred

to as ___________________________. a. knowledge inferential b. information sourcing c. informationalism d. intelligence systems ANS: C

PTS: 1

DIF: Easy

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REF: 159

OBJ: LO 6–2 Discuss issues that arise in contemporary organizations, including gendered and network organizations.

TOP: Informationalism COG: Knowledge 34. Which of the following is TRUE regarding informationalism? a. The new technologies are not flexible and can't adapt b. Technologies act on information c. Some organizations are not defined by networking logics d. The specific technologies associated with information are not merging into a highly

integrated system ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 159 OBJ: LO 6–2 Discuss issues that arise in contemporary organizations, including gendered and network organizations.

TOP: Informationalism COG: Knowledge 35. A ______________ is a complex pattern of social relationships that is bounded in space and

persists over time. a. society b. social structure c. bureaucracy d. hierarchy ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 160 OBJ: LO 6–3 Contrast gemeinschaft and gesellschaft societies.

TOP: Societies COG: Knowledge 36. Which sociologist differentiated between gemeinschaft and gesellschaft societies? a. Émile Durkheim b. Robert Merton c. Ferdinand Töennies d. Manuel Castells ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 160–161 OBJ: LO 6–3 Contrast gemeinschaft and gesellschaft societies.

TOP: Societies COG: Knowledge 37. According to the text, a very small, tight-knit neighborhood which is characterized by a strong

sense of community would be referred to as a(n) ____________________. a. gemeinschaft society b. gesellschaft society c. gazelle-like society d. primitive society ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 160–161 OBJ: LO 6–3 Contrast gemeinschaft and gesellschaft societies.

TOP: Societies COG: Comprehension 38. People who live in a large city, such as Los Angeles, may feel a sense of being disconnected

from each other and a sense of impersonality. People living in these cities, according to the text, would be living in a ___________________________. a. gemeinschaft society

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b. gazelle-like society c. gesellschaft society d. mind shift society ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 161 OBJ: LO 6–3 Contrast gemeinschaft and gesellschaft societies.

TOP: Societies COG: Analysis 39. As a leading _______________ theorist, Talcott Parsons had a ____________ view of

macro-level societies. a. symbolic interaction; constructionist b. conflict; negative c. structural functionalist; positive d. ethnomethodologist; dismissive ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 161 OBJ: LO 6–3 Contrast gemeinschaft and gesellschaft societies.

TOP: Societies COG: Knowledge 40. Ulrich Beck argued that we have moved from an industrial society to a ________ society. a. unequal b. risk c. oligarchic d. technocratic ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 161 OBJ: LO 6–3 Contrast gemeinschaft and gesellschaft societies.

TOP: Societies COG: Knowledge 41. To say we are a “risk society” means: a. the central issue is risk and how to minimize or prevent it. b. we take more risks than we have in the past. c. we think of risk taking as more desirable than we have in the past. d. one society risks things for other societies.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 161 OBJ: LO 6–3 Contrast gemeinschaft and gesellschaft societies.

TOP: Societies COG: Comprehension 42. _____________ is the major reason there are greater risks to society than ever before. a. McDonaldization b. Cultural imperialism c. Globalization d. Informationalism ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 161 OBJ: LO 6–3 Contrast gemeinschaft and gesellschaft societies.

TOP: Societies COG: Knowledge 43. The Irish are an example of a _____________, as they are a large group of people who are

linked through common descent. a. nation-state b. state

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c. race d. nation ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 162 OBJ: LO 6–4 Describe global societies in terms of nations, states, and nation–states.

TOP: The Global Domain COG: Comprehension 44. Japan and Israel are examples of ________________ because they encompass a population that

defines itself by its political organizational structure and its people. a. nation b. state c. oligarchy d. nation-state ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 163 OBJ: LO 6–4 Describe global societies in terms of nations, states, and nation–states.

TOP: The Global Domain COG: Comprehension 45. According to the text, the U.S. government is an example of a(n) _____________. a. state b. nation c. nation-state d. oligarchy ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 162 OBJ: LO 6–4 Describe global societies in terms of nations, states, and nation–states.

TOP: The Global Domain COG: Comprehension 46. A characteristic of a space of place is: a. defensible borders are unclear b. flows are unlimited c. settings have well-defined borders d. there is no solidity ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 164 OBJ: LO 6–4 Describe global societies in terms of nations, states, and nation–states.

TOP: Controlling Global Flows COG: Knowledge 47. According to Arjun Appadurai, there are fluid, irregular, and variable global flows that produce

different results throughout the world. Appadurai calls these: a. landscapes b. globules c. glo-flows d. gesellschaft societies ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 165 OBJ: LO 6–4 Describe global societies in terms of nations, states, and nation–states.

TOP: Landscapes COG: Knowledge 48. During times of financial depression, which type of landscape might be the main focus of

economists? a. Ethnoscapes b. Financescapes

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c. Ideoscapes d. Mediascapes ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 165 OBJ: LO 6–4 Describe global societies in terms of nations, states, and nation–states.

TOP: Landscapes COG: Comprehension 49. Some countries distribute negative information about other countries, hoping to gain favor in

the eyes of the public. This is an example of a(n) ___________________. a. ideoscape b. mediascape c. technoscape d. financescape ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 165 OBJ: LO 6–4 Describe global societies in terms of nations, states, and nation–states.

TOP: Landscapes COG: Comprehension 50. The most important and obvious barriers to global flows are constructed by: a. nation-states b. nations c. continents d. corporations ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 165 OBJ: LO 6–4 Describe global societies in terms of nations, states, and nation–states.

TOP: Global Barriers COG: Comprehension 51. Which of these defines the main difference between Microsoft and Linux? a. One is proprietary and only people at the company work on it; the other one is

open-source and anyone in the world can contribute to it b. One is only sold in the United States and the other one is sold globally c. One can be used on any device and the other one only works on laptops d. One is priced for individual use and the other one is only for commercial use ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 170 OBJ: LO 6–4 Describe global societies in terms of nations, states, and nation–states.

TOP: Global Barriers COG: Comprehension MULTIPLE RESPONSE 52. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of these items are characteristics of a bureaucracy? a. Offices that exist in a vertical hierarchy. b. Each office has a specified sphere of competence. c. Those who occupy positions own what is needed to do their jobs. d. Everything of formal importance is written down.

ANS: A, B, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 147–148 OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: Bureaucracies COG: Analysis 53. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: The military is an example of bounded rationality because:

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a. b. c. d.

military cycling of personnel in combat zones is a source of instability newcomers to battle zones don’t know what to do there is cooperation among the branches of military the complexity of most military actions make them difficult for individuals to understand

ANS: A, B, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 149 OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: Rationality and Irrationality COG: Analysis 54. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which items below does Weber's model of a bureaucracy fail to

account for within organizations? a. infighting b. a tendency toward oligarchy c. favoritism d. vertical hierarchy ANS: A, B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 151–152 OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: The Informal Organization COG: Analysis 55. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of these sociological concepts address the new realities

of organizations supplementing bureaucracies? a. Informal organizations b. Gendered organizations c. Network organizations d. Anomic organizations ANS: B, C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 152 OBJ: LO 6–2 Discuss issues that arise in contemporary organizations, including gendered and network organizations.

TOP: Contemporary Organizational Realities COG: Comprehension 56. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which examples represent problems associated with

bureaucratic organization? a. Nazi murder of 6 million Jews in the Holocaust b. Sexual harassment in the workplace c. The formation of nonprofits such as Wikipedia that compete with corporations d. The development of open source software by companies like Linux ANS: A, B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 153 OBJ: LO 6–2 Discuss issues that arise in contemporary organizations, including gendered and network organizations.

TOP: Other Problems in Organizations COG: Application 57. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: According to the examples provided in the book, which of these

organizations has faced major problems in conforming to contemporary realities? a. The NFL b. The Catholic Church c. NASA d. Microsoft ANS: A, B, C

PTS: 1

DIF: Medium

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REF: 154

OBJ: LO 6–2 Discuss issues that arise in contemporary organizations, including gendered and network organizations.

TOP: Other Problems in Organizations COG: Analysis 58. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: According to the examples provided in the book, which of these

are major organizational challenges in the contemporary era? a. globalization b. democratization of the Internet c. outsourcing of jobs d. feminization of the workplace ANS: A, C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 152–154 OBJ: LO 6–2 Discuss issues that arise in contemporary organizations, including gendered and network organizations.

TOP: Contemporary Organizational Realities COG: Analysis 59. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of these are accurate statements about

McDonaldization? a. McDonaldization is not applicable to large organizations b. McDonaldization is applicable to both consumption-oriented organizations and production-oriented organizations c. The principles of McDonaldization can be applied to small restaurants d. McDonaldized systems need to be much more "customer friendly" ANS: B, C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 157 OBJ: LO 6–2 Discuss issues that arise in contemporary organizations, including gendered and network organizations.

TOP: McDonaldization and Bureaucratic Organizations COG: Analysis 60. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following is a characteristic of a network? a. Fuzzy boundaries b. Flexible production c. Vertical structure d. Dispersed decision making ANS: A, B, D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 158 OBJ: LO 6–2 Discuss issues that arise in contemporary organizations, including gendered and network organizations.

TOP: McDonaldization and Bureaucratic Organizations COG: Knowledge 61. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of these are a characteristic of spaces of flows? a. The borders are clear and defensible b. People identify strongly with them c. They are very fluid in nature d. They are temporary in nature ANS: C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 163 OBJ: LO 6–4 Describe global societies in terms of nations, states, and nation–states.

TOP: Controlling Global Flows COG: Comprehension 62. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: The following are examples of organizational barriers. a. Nation-states create tariffs to protect their own import/export flow of agriculture

products

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b. Toyota optimizes its flow of automobiles to all possible markets in the world c. Labor unions oppose the flow of undocumented workers to control flow of labor d. Companies try to anonymize market flows so others cannot find out sales data ANS: A, B, C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 165 OBJ: LO 6–4 Describe global societies in terms of nations, states, and nation–states.

TOP: Global Barriers COG: Comprehension TRUE/FALSE 63. Organizations refer to collectives, which are purposely constructed to achieve particular ends.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 146 OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: Organizations COG: Comprehension 64. According to Weber, bureaucracies are always rational organizations.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 146 OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: Organizations COG: Comprehension 65. The development of bureaucracy is one of the defining characteristics of Western society.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 147 OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: Bureaucracies COG: Application 66. Potency refers to the likelihood that commands will be obeyed by subordinations.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 148 OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: Authority Structures and Bureaucracy COG: Knowledge 67. The president of the United States is someone who exhibits traditional authority.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 148 OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: Authority Structures and Bureaucracy COG: Comprehension

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68. The leaders of cults often have outgoing and engaging personalities and therefore are referred to

as people who exert charismatic authority. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 148 OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: Authority Structures and Bureaucracy COG: Comprehension 69. Catch-22 comes from the name of a novel that was about how rules in bureaucracies are written

to be contradictory, such that it is impossible to follow one rule without breaking another. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 149 OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: Rationality and Irrationality COG: Comprehension 70. A customer service agent who is more interested in obtaining a customer's Social Security

number rather than helping them resolve a particular issue has a bureaucratic personality. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 150 OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: Rationality and Irrationality COG: Comprehension 71. Most bureaucratic organizations become oligarchical.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 151 OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: The Informal Organization COG: Comprehension 72. Theories of glass ceilings for women have mostly been developed based on studying American

organizations, and are unlikely to apply globally. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 151 OBJ: LO 6–2 Discuss issues that arise in contemporary organizations, including gendered and network organizations.

TOP: The Informal Organization COG: Comprehension 73. Cases of sexual harassment often get widespread publicity, leading to overreporting of sexual

harassment to company management. a. True b. False ANS: F

PTS: 1

DIF: Medium

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REF: 154

OBJ: LO 6–2 Discuss issues that arise in contemporary organizations, including gendered and network organizations.

TOP: The Informal Organization COG: Comprehension 74. Contemporary organizations have been forced to become more flexible and agile than the ideal

type of a bureaucracy. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 155 OBJ: LO 6–2 Discuss issues that arise in contemporary organizations, including gendered and network organizations.

TOP: Contemporary Changes in Organizations COG: Comprehension 75. Bureaucratization involves rationality that is highly centralized and mostly invisible to

consumers of the goods and services being produced. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 157 OBJ: LO 6–2 Discuss issues that arise in contemporary organizations, including gendered and network organizations.

TOP: McDonaldization and Bureaucratic Organizations COG: Comprehension 76. A network organization can be composed of several "interconnected nodes" with a horizontal

structure and fuzzy boundaries. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 158 OBJ: LO 6–2 Discuss issues that arise in contemporary organizations, including gendered and network organizations.

TOP: Characteristics of Network Organizations COG: Comprehension 77. According to Töennies, the Amish community is an example of a gesellschaft community.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 160–161 OBJ: LO 6–3 Contrast gemeinschaft and gesellschaft societies.

TOP: Societies COG: Knowledge 78. Talcott Parsons was a structural functionalist who had a very positive view of macro-level

societies. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 161 OBJ: LO 6–3 Contrast gemeinschaft and gesellschaft societies.

TOP: Societies COG: Knowledge 79. Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft societies are ideal types.

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a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 161 OBJ: LO 6–3 Contrast gemeinschaft and gesellschaft societies.

TOP: Societies COG: Knowledge 80. Spaces of places are settings that have well-defined borders and can limit flows of all kinds, and

are likely to have some solidity. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 164 OBJ: LO 6–3 Contrast gemeinschaft and gesellschaft societies.

TOP: Spaces of Flows COG: Knowledge 81. Spaces of flows are likely to have clear and defensible borders and are permanent in nature.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 164 OBJ: LO 6–3 Contrast gemeinschaft and gesellschaft societies.

TOP: Spaces of Flows COG: Knowledge 82. Some of the most important and most obvious barriers to global flows are those constructed by

nation-states, but nation-states have been losing control over a number of global flows. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 163 OBJ: LO 6–3 Contrast gemeinschaft and gesellschaft societies.

TOP: Controlling Global Flows COG: Knowledge ESSAY 83. Discuss three components of a bureaucracy according to Max Weber. What did Weber mean by

the term ideal type?

ANS:

Varies but should include three of the following components: Positions within the organization have official functions and are bound by a set of rules; each office has a sphere of competence and the authority to handle specific tasks in that sphere; positions exist in a vertical hierarchy; positions have technical requirements, and those who hold those offices must undergo the needed training; those who occupy positions do not own the equipment needed for the job, it is provided by the company; those who occupy particular offices—CEOs, for example—do not get to keep them when they leave, they remain part of the organization; everything with any formal importance is documented in writing. An ideal type is a pure type of a category within a conceptual system. A pure example of an ideal type is not expected to be found in the real world, but typologies with such clearly defined categories help to simplify understanding of the real world.

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PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 147–149 OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: Bureaucracies COG: Analysis 84. Identify and explain the characteristics of the three types of authority in Max Weber’s theory of

authority. What differentiates the types of authority? Give an example of each type.

ANS:

Varies but should include rational-legal authority, traditional authority, and charismatic authority. Types are differentiated by how they achieve legitimacy. Rational-legal is legitimized based on legal rules or rights. The U.S. president is an example. Traditional authority draws its legitimacy from long-running traditions. An example is the Queen of England. Charismatic authority draws its legitimacy from the exceptional charisma of the leader. Gandhi is an example.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 148–149 OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: Authority Structures and Bureaucracy COG: Analysis SHORT ANSWER 85. According to the text, formal organizations have some inadequacies, but informal organization

can help compensate for these. What is informal organization? After defining this term, name one way that informal organization might compensate for formal organizations.

ANS:

Answer varies but needs to include a definition of informal organization as how organizations actually work, as opposed to the way they are supposed to work based on their formal rules and regulations. Some ways informal organization can compensate for formal organization inadequacies include useful actions that employees can take that are ignored by the formal organization, such as students offering advice on faculty members who make the best (and worst) advisers. Another example from the text is solving problems without putting things down in writing in order to avoid the time-consuming documentation or the rigid protocols required once it is in writing.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 150–151 OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: The Informal Organization COG: Analysis 86. According to gendered organization theorists, there are many ways that bureaucracies do not

treat all workers—especially women workers—equally. Provide two of the reasons that the text presents to support this assertion.

ANS:

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Correct answer varies but could include that work is designed for an idealized worker, but women are also responsible for childrearing, and this is difficult to fit into the idealized worker model. This is called “competing devotions.” Organizations may also discriminate with or without knowing they are doing it by hiring and promoting mainly white men over minorities and women because they are the people they are used to seeing in high-level positions within bureaucratic hierarchies. This limitation for women is called “the glass ceiling” where they cannot get promoted to a higher level. By contrast, men ride the “glass escalator” to the top because invisible forces work in their favor to propel them past equally competent candidates.

There is the “double-paned” glass ceiling in which women face difficulty getting placed in a company’s foreign-based offices. The “glass cage” is the idea that women are horizontally segregated—in other words, they have a more difficult time moving across segregated parts of an organization. There is also the “glass cliff” in which women get promoted in hard times, but the economic situation after a quick rise may create a precarious position to hold onto.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 152–153 OBJ: LO 6–1 Describe the features of formal and informal organizations and bureaucracies.

TOP: Gendered Organizations COG: Analysis 87. Discuss the concepts of gemeinschaft and gesellschaft according to Ferdinand Töennies and

give an example of each.

ANS:

Correct answer varies but should include a description of gemeinschaft society as a traditional society characterized by face-to-face relations, being rather small, and based on intimate interaction. A really small mountain town or a native North American tribe might be examples.

By contrast, a gesellschaft society is characterized by social relations that are impersonal, distant, and limited. They can be small or large. An example could be a city such as Los Angeles, or it could be a workplace where people work mostly independent of one another and then go home to their “real lives” where they have intimate relationships. These are ideal types.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 160–161 OBJ: LO 6–3 Contrast gemeinschaft and gesellschaft societies.

TOP: Societies COG: Analysis 88. Manuel Castells argued that there was a change in the flow of places over time, saying we have

gone from “spaces of places” to “spaces of flows.” Define these two terms, and provide one example of each.

ANS:

Correct answer varies but should include a definition of spaces of places as settings that have well-defined borders and can limit flows across borders, solidity, long-lasting, such as walled cities in the Middle Ages, to spaces of flows, which do not have clear, defensible borders and have fluidity. An example is an airport. Other examples are fast-food restaurants and shopping malls.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 164–165 OBJ: LO 6–4 Describe global societies in terms of nations, states, and nation–states.

TOP: Societies COG: Analysis 89. Discuss the concept of landscapes according to Appadurai and list three types of landscapes.

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ANS:

Correct answer varies but should include a definition of landscapes or “scapes”: fluid, irregular, and variable global flows that produce different results throughout the world. Types could be any of these five: Ethnoscapes allow movement of groups such as tourists and refugees. Technoscapes include mechanical technologies that move around the world, such as Internet or material goods such as refrigerators. Financescapes are how financial instruments allow huge sums of money or other items of high economic value such as gold or precious metals to move around the world swiftly. Mediascapes are how information and images are transmitted around the world and include old-fashioned media such as newspapers as well as new forms such as YouTube.com. Ideoscapes are political ideologies that may include propaganda in written or image form that either supports one idea or tries to disparage another unfavorable view. It is how these items move around the world’s mediascapes and technoscapes.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 165 OBJ: LO 6–4 Describe global societies in terms of nations, states, and nation–states.

TOP: Landscapes COG: Comprehension 90. The text suggests that organizations who seek to control global flows face competition from

organizations that are fluid and open. What is meant by this? Provide an example of competition between a traditional and open organization. Give one example of criteria that limit the effects of openness.

ANS:

Varies but should include a discussion of how open systems such as Linux (in book), Wikipedia (in book), or Uber (not in book) are challenging traditional systems like Microsoft, encyclopedias, or taxis, because open systems gain cheaper development and refinement from experts by letting down the gates for participation and ownership. Traditional systems sell their items at a high cost and are created by employees only, but this limits the intelligence and ideas that can be drawn upon for creation or correction. There is a limit to openness because those in lower classes or in the Global South may not have access to Internet or computer equipment to be able to effectively participate.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 170 OBJ: LO 6–4 Describe global societies in terms of nations, states, and nation–states.

TOP: More Open Organizations COG: Comprehension

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Chapter 07: Deviance and Crime Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. According to the reading, deviance: a. always starts with malicious intent b. is an action, belief, or human characteristic that violates group norms c. is the same everywhere across the globe d. varies across time from one era to another ANS: B PTS: 1 OBJ: LO 7–1 Define deviance.

DIF: Medium TOP: Deviance

REF: 176 COG: Comprehension

2. Many conditions that were once considered deviant have shifted over time to be ____________________. a. stigmatized b. normal c. evil d. crimes ANS: B PTS: 1 OBJ: LO 7–1 Define deviance.

DIF: Medium TOP: Deviance

REF: 176 COG: Comprehension

3. Tattoos are an example of: a. something that has always been and always will be deviant b. something that used to be considered deviant but is now commonplace c. something that used to be illegal but is now just stigmatized d. something that used to be accepted for men but is now accepted for all.

ANS: B PTS: 1 OBJ: LO 7–1 Define deviance.

DIF: Medium TOP: Deviance

REF: 176 COG: Comprehension

4. Smoking cigarettes is: a. considered the norm but not very healthy b. considered normal in the United States but deviant in China c. considered deviant in the United States but normal in China d. a good example of something that always has been and always will be deviant ANS: C PTS: 1 OBJ: LO 7–1 Define deviance.

DIF: Medium TOP: Deviance

REF: 177 COG: Comprehension

5. Mary downloaded some music from a site on the Internet and didn't pay for it. She thought her actions weren't illegal since many friends of hers had done the same. Mary is an example of a: a. nondeviant customer b. deviant consumer c. rebellionist ANS: B PTS: 1 OBJ: LO 7–1 Define deviance.

COG: Application

DIF: Hard REF: 179 TOP: Deviance and Consumption

6. Before the era of the Great Recession of 2008, those who saved their money instead of spending it were known as:

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a. b. c. d.

deviant consumers nondeviant consumers dangerous consumers safe consumers

ANS: C PTS: 1 OBJ: LO 7–1 Define deviance.

COG: Comprehension

DIF: Medium REF: 179 TOP: “Dangerous Consumers”

7. Hoarders, people who fill their homes with items from the ceiling to the floor, are examples of: a. dangerous consumers b. medicalized view of overconsumption c. deviant consumers d. mentally ill consumers ANS: B PTS: 1 OBJ: LO 7–1 Define deviance.

COG: Application

DIF: Hard REF: 179 TOP: “Dangerous Consumers”

8. Theorists who propose that deviant behavior is genetically inherited are utilizing __________________ theories. a. predictable b. constructionist c. empirical d. explanatory ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 181 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Deviance COG: Comprehension 9. Sociology professor Dr. Miller studies criminal behavior in gangs. He is going to focus on how each of the gang members defines their behaviors and how they interact with each other. Dr. Miller is using __________________ theories as the basis for his study. a. constructionist b. strain c. explanatory d. collective ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 182 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Theories of Deviance COG: Application 10. __________________ was one of the creators of the structural/functionalist theoretical perspective. a. George Homans b. Howard Becker c. Max Weber d. Émile Durkheim ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 182 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Structural/Functional Theories COG: Knowledge 11. According to the structural-functionalist theoretical perspective, deviance is: a. socially constructed through our interactions with others b. defined by those who have power

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c. used to define and clarify a group’s norms and values d. always considered to be an issue in society ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 182 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Structural/Functional Theories COG: Comprehension 12. The strain theory suggests that: a. there is a disparity between what is considered valuable and what is available, limiting the number of people who can access what is considered valuable b. people feel strained when labels are put on them, and it compels them toward deviance c. when controls are weakened, deviant behavior is more likely to occur d. the playing field starts out level but is soon strained and becomes uneven ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 182 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Strain COG: Comprehension 13. John is a drug dealer who wants to make quick money. According to the strain theory, John is an example of a(n): a. rebellionist b. innovator c. conformist d. retreatist ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 183 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Adaptations to Strain COG: Application 14. Mary has been working as an administrative assistant at the same company for 30 years. She goes through the motions at her job with little motivation. She has realized that she will never get promoted and has become extremely defeated. According to the strain theory, Mary is an example of a(n): a. ritualist b. rebellionist c. conformist d. innovator ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 183 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Adaptations to Strain COG: Comprehension 15. ____________ was one of the leading structural-functionalists who developed strain theory in the mid-1900s. a. Travis Hirschi b. Robert K. Merton c. Erving Goffman d. Talcott Parsons ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 183 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Adaptations to Strain COG: Knowledge 16. In recent developments to strain theory, Robert Agnew developed a theory that was more focused on: a. crime b. what happens to the person who experiences strain

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c. globalization effects of strain theory d. why some people fail to commit deviant acts under strain ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 184 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: More Recent Developments in Strain Theory COG: Comprehension 17. The creator of the social control theory is __________________________. a. William Chambliss b. Robert Merton c. Travis Hirschi d. Erving Goffman ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 184 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Social Control COG: Knowledge 18. When someone commits murder they go to jail, and when someone walks around nude they receive strange looks. These are both examples of how societies use ______________________ to enforce conformity. a. social control b. social agents c. group action d. moral panic ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 185 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Social Control COG: Application 19. Joe wants to go out this weekend, but he has no money. He thinks about stealing some money from a coworker but he doesn't, because he knows it would be morally wrong. This is an example of which theory as it relates to deviance? a. Strain theory b. Social control theory c. Labeling theory d. Primary deviance theory ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 185 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Social Control COG: Application 20. According to research by Laub and Sampson, a lack of social control during childhood socialization is a key cause of: a. juvenile delinquency b. rule innovation c. delinquent behavior as an adult d. nonconformist behavior as an adult ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 185 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Social Control COG: Comprehension 21. The theory that says people perceive urban disorder—the state of disrepair to buildings in a neighborhood, or the presence of deviant people such as panhandlers or prostitutes—is called: a. the broken neighborhood theory

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b. the disordered neighborhood theory c. the broken windows theory d. the urban chaos theory ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 186 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Broken Windows COG: Comprehension 22. When control/critical theorists look at deviant behavior, they focus on: a. how people interact and define the world around them b. how deviance fulfills certain purposes from the macro view of society c. how inequality causes the less powerful to engage in deviant and criminal acts because they have few ways of succeeding in society d. how individuals learn deviant behavior from family members and friends ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 187 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Conflict/Critical Theories COG: Comprehension 23. The ___________________________ focuses on how deviance is created by the capitalist economic system. a. structural-functionalist perspective b. interactionist perspective c. conflict-critical theorist d. functionalist perspective ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 187 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Deviance and the Poor COG: Comprehension 24. Conflict-critical theorists argue that when it comes to deviant and criminal behavior, members of the elite: a. have the ability to commit deviant acts and escape penalties b. often receive harsher punishment than everyone else c. have to pay steeper fines in the court system d. people pay much more attention to these crimes and hold the elite to higher standards ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 188 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Deviance and the Poor COG: Comprehension 25. Labeling theory is one variety of _______________ that is useful for thinking about deviance. a. conflict/critical theory b. symbolic interactionism c. rational choice theory d. structural-functionalism ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 189 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Labeling COG: Comprehension 26. A researcher who studies organized crime and utilizes the interactionist perspective would focus on: a. Large-scale societal institutions that are affected by organized crime b. how elites and nonelites are punished differently for participation in organized crime c. How a person involved in organized crime chooses to display or hide this association across

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different settings d. The purposes fulfilled by organized crime in various societies ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 189 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Inter/Actionist Theories COG: Application 27. Harold Garfinkel studied Agnes, a male-to-female transgendered person, in a classic ___________ study. a. ethnomethodological b. social control theory c. ethnographical d. sociolinguistic ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 189 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Inter/Actionist Theories COG: Comprehension 28. When it was revealed that golfer Tiger Woods had cheated on his wife with many women, his reputation suffered. This is an example of: a. being labeled according to labeling theory b. being socially controlled according to social control theory c. being dysfunctional according to functionalism d. being irrational according to rational choice theory ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 189 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Inter/Actionist Theories COG: Application 29. Which of these are people who are more likely to be socially defined as deviant according to labeling theory? a. poor people b. middle-class people c. people with white collar jobs d. rich people ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 190 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Labeling COG: Comprehension 30. Sue has been struggling with prescription drug abuse for years. Her coworkers consider her behavior to be extremely disruptive to her work performance and want her to get help for her addiction. Sue's coworkers are examples of: a. labeling agents b. deviant agents c. social control agents d. strain agents ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 189 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Labeling COG: Application 31. John is at a fraternity party and drinks excessively for the first time in his life. This is an example of: a. secondary deviance b. primary deviance

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c. situational deviance d. solitary deviance ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 190 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Primary and Secondary Deviance COG: Application 32. When a person has internalized a deviant label that is placed on them, this is referred to as: a. primary deviance b. entrenched deviance c. secondary deviance d. tertiary deviance ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 190 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Primary and Secondary Deviance COG: Comprehension 33. The Elephant Man is an example of a __________________ because he was defined as deviant by others due to his appearance. a. discredited stigma b. stigmata c. discreditable stigma d. master stigma ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 192 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Stigmas COG: Comprehension 34. John is an ex-con who moves to a rural town after being let out of prison. He has moved there so that no one will know his identity and what he has done in the past. John is an example of a person with a(n) _____________________________. a. discredited stigma b. discreditable stigma c. criminal stigma d. invisible stigma ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 192 OBJ: LO 7–3 Discuss the relationship between deviance and crime.

TOP: Stigmas COG: Application 35. Some people lead campaigns or social movements to define something as deviant. For instance, someone might want cigarette smoking on campus to be defined as a deviant act and enforced by a campus-wide no smoking policy. These people are examples of: a. immoral entrepreneurs b. virtuous entrepreneurs c. moral entrepreneurs d. honorable entrepreneurs ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 190 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Primary and Secondary Deviance COG: Comprehension 36. ____________________ is the term for a widespread but disproportionate reaction to the form of deviance in question. a. Stigma

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b. Witch hunt c. Secondary deviance d. Moral panic ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 191 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Moral Panics COG: Comprehension 37. ____________ is considered the “father of criminology.” He published The Criminal Man in 1876. a. Karl Marx b. Michel Foucault c. Cesare Lombroso d. Erving Goffman ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 192 OBJ: LO 7–3 Discuss the relationship between deviance and crime.

TOP: Crime COG: Knowledge 38. What did early criminology focus on? a. Which criminals get caught and which criminals go free b. How social institutions encourage or discourage crime c. What physical or psychological characteristics are unique to criminals d. Why some people commit crimes when others in the same circumstances do not ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 192–193 OBJ: LO 7–3 Discuss the relationship between deviance and crime.

TOP: Crime COG: Knowledge 39. Recently, criminology shifted from its early focus to a greater concern with _________________. a. the social context of crime and its effect on larger society b. the social context of controlling crime and its effect on individual criminals c. the best ways to rehabilitate criminals d. the role of mental illness in the criminal psychology ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 193 OBJ: LO 7–3 Discuss the relationship between deviance and crime.

TOP: Crime COG: Comprehension 40. A key figure in criminology, _________________ created the differential association theory and helped to influence the use of a symbolic interaction approach to criminology. a. Erving Goffman b. Cesare Lombroso c. Edwin Sutherland d. Talcott Parsons ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 193 OBJ: LO 7–3 Discuss the relationship between deviance and crime.

TOP: Crime COG: Comprehension 41. The main point in differential association theory is: a. criminals are genetically predisposed to maladaptive behaviors b. people learn criminal behavior from others c. people are associated with crime in different ways depending on stigma d. people only commit crimes when they are not able to access other opportunities ANS: B

PTS: 1

DIF: Medium

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REF: 193

OBJ: LO 7–3 Discuss the relationship between deviance and crime.

TOP: Crime COG: Comprehension 42. Which of the following does the text identify as an important built-in characteristic of the criminal justice system in the United States? a. Standardization—treating all people the same way b. Discretion—deciding each case on its own merits c. Thoroughness—everyone who commits a crime should be charged d. Deterrence—basing all actions on deterring more crime ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 195 OBJ: LO 7–4 Discuss the purpose and effects of the criminal justice system.

TOP: The Criminal Justice System COG: Comprehension 43. Burglary and motor vehicle theft are types of __________________________. a. violent crimes b. organized crimes c. white-collar crimes d. property crimes ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 196 OBJ: LO 7–4 Discuss the purpose and effects of the criminal justice system.

TOP: Types of Crimes COG: Comprehension 44. When companies have misleading advertisements and distribute goods that they know are harmful to the public, all in the name of making a profit, this is an example of a ______________________. a. political crime b. organized crime c. corporate crime d. property crime ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 197 OBJ: LO 7–4 Discuss the purpose and effects of the criminal justice system.

TOP: Types of Crimes COG: Comprehension 45. ______________ is the repetition of a criminal act by someone who has been convicted of a prior offense. a. Specific deterrence b. Recidivism c. Recriminalization d. General deterrence ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 195 OBJ: LO 7–4 Discuss the purpose and effects of the criminal justice system.

TOP: Types of Crimes COG: Comprehension 46. A _________________ is a more serious crime which is punishable by a year or more in prison. a. misdemeanor b. felony c. infraction d. violation ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 197 OBJ: LO 7–4 Discuss the purpose and effects of the criminal justice system.

TOP: Types of Crimes COG: Comprehension

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47. An example of ______________________ is Bernie Madoff, who was convicted of being the leader of a Ponzi scheme. a. blue-collar crime b. organized crime c. white-collar crime d. property crime ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 197 OBJ: LO 7–4 Discuss the purpose and effects of the criminal justice system.

TOP: Types of Crimes COG: Application 48. Mike gets arrested for public drunkenness and serves 6 months in jail. He has committed which type of crime? a. A felony b. A misdemeanor c. A major offense d. A capital crime ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 197 OBJ: LO 7–4 Discuss the purpose and effects of the criminal justice system.

TOP: Types of Crimes COG: Application 49. Matthew Sheppard was a gay university student who was killed by three men in 2002. These men were convicted of a(n) _____________________. a. organized crime b. white-collar crime c. hate crime d. property crime ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 198 OBJ: LO 7–4 Discuss the purpose and effects of the criminal justice system.

TOP: Types of Crimes COG: Application 50. Which country has the highest rate of incarceration in the world? a. United States b. China c. Russia d. Mexico ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 194 OBJ: LO 7–4 Discuss the purpose and effects of the criminal justice system.

TOP: The Criminal Justice System COG: Knowledge 51. An example of a __________________________ is someone who is able to access one's personal information which is stored on their laptop in order to steal one's identity. a. cybercrime b. violent crime c. white-collar crime d. blue-collar crime ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 198 OBJ: LO 7–4 Discuss the purpose and effects of the criminal justice system.

TOP: Types of Crimes COG: Knowledge

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52. The ability of prisons to rehabilitate prisoners has: a. improved a great deal b. improved slightly c. stayed roughly the same over time d. decreased ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 195 OBJ: LO 7–4 Discuss the purpose and effects of the criminal justice system.

TOP: The Criminal Justice System COG: Knowledge 53. The supervised early release of a prisoner for good behavior is called: a. parole b. probation c. recidivism d. supervision ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 195 OBJ: LO 7–4 Discuss the purpose and effects of the criminal justice system.

TOP: The Criminal Justice System COG: Knowledge 54. Prisons are expensive, but their cost might be justified if they help teach people that “crime doesn’t pay.”

Do prisons deter those who end up incarcerated from committing more crimes after they are released from prison? a. Yes, prisons greatly deter most who have been imprisoned from committing additional crimes b. Yes, prisons deter some prisoners from additional crime but only a small proportion c. No, prisons have little effect on the rates of additional crime committed by those who have been previously imprisoned d. No, prisons have a criminogenic effect leading to more rather than less crimes by those who have been previously imprisoned ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 195 OBJ: LO 7–4 Discuss the purpose and effects of the criminal justice system.

TOP: The Criminal Justice System COG: Knowledge 55. If the punishment of crimes makes it less likely that individuals are less likely to commit crimes, it is called: a. specific deterrence b. recidivism c. general deterrence d. public deterrence ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 195 OBJ: LO 7–4 Discuss the purpose and effects of the criminal justice system.

TOP: The Criminal Justice System COG: Knowledge MULTIPLE RESPONSE 56. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Premarital sex, homosexuality, and cohabitation before marriage are: a. more normative than they were in the past b. still deviant in mainstream society c. considered deviant or normative depending on geographic location d. considered deviant or normative depending on which group of people you ask ANS: A, C, D

PTS: 1

DIF: Medium

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REF: 177

OBJ: LO 7–1 Define deviance.

TOP: Deviance

COG: Comprehension

57. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Deviance: a. can be found in all groups, in all parts of the world, and in all times b. is defined the same way for all groups in all parts of the world and in all times c. helps groups specify the limits of acceptable behavior for their members d. helps to place more of a group’s norms and values in a gray area ANS: A, C PTS: 1 OBJ: LO 7–1 Define deviance.

DIF: Medium TOP: Deviance

REF: 178 COG: Comprehension

58. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: According to strain theory, which of these adaptations is considered to be a deviant response? a. Innovator b. Retreatist c. Conformist d. Rebellionist ANS: A, B, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 183 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Adaptations to Strain COG: Analysis 59. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: What are the principle factors in the rise of global crime largely traceable to? a. Economic insecurity b. Corporate globalization c. Drugs d. Terrorism ANS: C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 200 OBJ: LO 7–4 Discuss the purpose and effects of the criminal justice system.

TOP: Globalization and Crime COG: Knowledge 60. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Global flows of illegal goods are affected by: a. the decline of the nation-state b. the decline of international criminal cartels c. the global decrease in hard drug use d. the development of communication technology ANS: A, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 200 OBJ: LO 7–4 Discuss the purpose and effects of the criminal justice system.

TOP: Globalization and Crime COG: Comprehension 61. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of these aspects of cross-border drug crime help to account for why efforts to counter it have been unsuccessful? a. Drug criminals do not need many resources b. Drug criminals need expertise to commit crimes c. Drug crimes are hard to conceal d. Crimes are underreported to the police ANS: A, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 200 OBJ: LO 7–4 Discuss the purpose and effects of the criminal justice system.

TOP: Globalization and Crime COG: Comprehension 62. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: The USA PATRIOT Act has played a major role in:

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a. b. c. d.

eroding the distinction between law enforcement and national security increasing border controls between the United States and Mexico increasing border controls between the United States and Canada the creation of detention at Guantanamo Bay

ANS: A, B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 202 OBJ: LO 7–4 Discuss the purpose and effects of the criminal justice system.

TOP: Global Crime Control COG: Analysis 63. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: The USA PATRIOT Act and European Union laws to control global crime have some downsides. Which of these does the text discuss? a. Civil rights are in some cases compromised b. More people die using riskier methods to try to cross borders c. Efforts for global crime control divert money from funds for domestic problems d. These crime control efforts often increase rather than decrease trafficking of people ANS: A, B, C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 203 OBJ: LO 7–4 Discuss the purpose and effects of the criminal justice system.

TOP: Global Crime Control COG: Analysis TRUE/FALSE 64. Crimes are a form of deviance that are negatively sanctioned by law. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 OBJ: LO 7–1 Define deviance.

COG: Comprehension

DIF: Medium REF: 176 TOP: Deviance and Crime

65. Deviance is defined as an action, belief, or human characteristic that is inherently against human nature. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 OBJ: LO 7–1 Define deviance.

DIF: Medium TOP: Deviance

REF: 176 COG: Comprehension

66. According to the text, tattoos were once considered an indication that a person belonged to a deviant group, but now Americans consider tattoos normal. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 OBJ: LO 7–1 Define deviance.

DIF: Medium TOP: Deviance

REF: 176 COG: Comprehension

67. Deviance may vary greatly from one geographic area to another. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 OBJ: LO 7–1 Define deviance.

DIF: Medium TOP: Deviance

REF: 177 COG: Comprehension

68. Something is considered “deviant” in all groups across all societies. a. True

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b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 OBJ: LO 7–1 Define deviance.

DIF: Easy TOP: Deviance

REF: 178 COG: Knowledge

69. Deviance can be seen as a global flow because people who are defined as deviant can move around the world quickly and easily. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 OBJ: LO 7–1 Define deviance.

COG: Knowledge

DIF: Easy REF: 178 TOP: Global Flows and Deviance

70. Deviant consumers include those who consume too much or do not consume enough conventional goods. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 OBJ: LO 7–1 Define deviance.

COG: Knowledge

DIF: Easy REF: 179 TOP: Defining Deviant Consumption

71. Explanatory theories of deviance mostly focus on upbringing as the factor responsible for deviance. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 181 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Theories of Deviance COG: Knowledge 72. Constructionist theories of deviance focus on those who create and enforce moral order. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 182 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Theories of Deviance COG: Knowledge 73. The strain theory is part of the structural-functional approach in explaining deviant behavior. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 182 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Strain COG: Comprehension 74. In strain theory, “innovators” reject both cultural goals and the traditional routes to their attainment. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 183 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Adaptations to Strain COG: Comprehension

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75. In strain theory, rebels are similar to retreatists because they both reject traditional means and goals. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 184 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Adaptations to Strain COG: Comprehension 76. Travis Hirschi’s social control theory focuses on why people do not commit deviant acts. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 184–185 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Social Control COG: Knowledge 77. Research by Sampson and Laub has shown that informal social control is key and the lack of such control is an important cause of juvenile delinquency. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 185 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Social Control COG: Knowledge 78. According to Sampson and Laub, delinquent behavior as a youth is a key indicator for whether someone will engage in criminal behavior as an adult. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 185 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Social Control COG: Knowledge 79. One concern with the “broken windows” approach to social control is the fear that police will use it to target people in these neighborhoods even when they have done nothing. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 185 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Social Control COG: Knowledge 80. Conflict/critical theorists focus on how inequalities cause some of the less powerful individuals in society to engage in deviant and criminal acts because they have few, if any, other ways of succeeding in society. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 OBJ: LO 7–1 Define deviance.

COG: Comprehension

DIF: Medium REF: 187 TOP: Conflict/Critical Theories

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81. Part of the interactionist perspective, as it pertains to deviance, is the interpretation of symbols and the interactions between people. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 189 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Inter/Actionist Theories COG: Comprehension 82. Labeling theory is concerned with the reactions, actions, and interactions of social control agents who label the person as deviant. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 189 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Inter/Actionist Theories COG: Comprehension 83. In labeling theory, secondary deviance involves early random acts of deviant behavior. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 190 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Primary and Secondary Deviance COG: Comprehension 84. Moral entrepreneurs lead campaigns to define certain acts as deviant and illegal, and therefore subject to law enforcement. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 190 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Key Ideas in the Labeling Process COG: Knowledge 85. Major property crimes include offenses that involve gaining or destroying property. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 197 OBJ: LO 7–3 Discuss the relationship between deviance and crime.

TOP: Types of Crimes COG: Comprehension 86. A white-collar crime is a crime committed by a person of responsibility and high social status in the course of his occupation. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 197 OBJ: LO 7–3 Discuss the relationship between deviance and crime.

TOP: Types of Crimes COG: Comprehension 87. In global crime control, powerful societies are often able to get weaker societies to adopt their ways of doing things.

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a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 202 OBJ: LO 7–4 Discuss the purpose and effects of the criminal justice system.

TOP: Criminalization of Global Activities COG: Comprehension 88. Since 9/11, there has been an erosion in the distinction between law enforcement and intelligence operations. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 202 OBJ: LO 7–4 Discuss the purpose and effects of the criminal justice system.

TOP: Criminalization of Global Activities COG: Comprehension SHORT ANSWER 89. How do sociologists define deviance? How does deviant behavior vary from one time period to another?

Give one example of this from the past 25 years and discuss how it has changed.

ANS: Varies but should include a definition of deviance as any action, belief, or human characteristic that is considered a violation of group norms by a large number of members of a society or a social group AND for which the violator is likely to be punished in some way. What is thought to be deviant varies from one time period to another and one geographic location to another, and one group to another, but over time things may come to be seen as more deviant or as more normal based on the way that society changes in many ways, including technological changes. Examples from the text that would have occurred in the last 25 years include: tattoos, premarital sex, same-sex marriage, cohabitation before marriage, smoking cigarettes, and smoking marijuana.

PTS: 1 TOP: Deviance

DIF: Hard COG: Application

REF: 176–178

OBJ: LO 7–1 Define deviance.

90. What is meant by the term deviant consumption? In your response, differentiate deviant consumption from dangerous consumers.

ANS: Varies but answer should include a definition of a deviant consumer as someone who consumes goods and services that are illegal and considered deviant. Some examples are drugs or using prostitutes. Some people engage in illegal activities such as selling drugs or prostitution in order to be able to afford to consume an illegal service or substance. Many who do smoke marijuana or use prostitutes may not see the connection or understand themselves as deviant consumers. By contrast, dangerous consumers are seen as people who deviate from a normal level of consumption, typically consuming less than what is considered “enough.” These include the poor, unemployed, “dropouts,” or people who adopt a voluntary simplicity lifestyle. They are dangerous because they pose a threat to the success of an economy that is based on a high level of consumption.

PTS: 1 TOP: Deviance

DIF: Medium COG: Analysis

REF: 178–180

OBJ: LO 7–1 Define deviance.

91. What is the basis of the structural-functionalist perspective as it relates to explaining deviance? Who is the creator of this perspective?

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ANS: Answers may vary but should include Émile Durkheim as the creator of the structural-functionalist perspective. Durkheim’s basic argument was that crime and deviance have existed in all societies at all times because they have a positive function in society and in its structures. The most important function of deviance is that it allows societies or groups to define and clarify their collective beliefs—their norms and values.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium TOP: Structural/Functional Theories

REF: 182–183 COG: Analysis

OBJ: LO 7–1 Define deviance.

92. Discuss the application of conflict theories to deviance, the elite, and the poor. Select one example of how this approach can be applied to a contemporary issue of deviance.

ANS: Answers may vary but should include that conflict theories see social inequality as very important to how deviance is defined and how deviant behaviors are punished. Deviance is seen as something created by the capitalist economic system in which the interests of capitalists are served. Crime tends to be defined such that more poor people will be defined as criminal than the elite. By contrast, the elite, even when they do commit crimes, are less likely to be punished, or may be punished in less severe ways.

Elites are more capable of concealing their actions, escaping detection and punishment, and are typically only punished when their crime is so egregious that it cannot be brushed under the rug. However, the consequences of their acts can persist and affect lots of people over time.

PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 187–188 OBJ: LO 7–3 Discuss the relationship between deviance and crime.

TOP: Deviance COG: Application ESSAY 93. Use marijuana as an example to discuss the differences between explanatory and constructionist theories in understanding deviant behavior. How would these two approaches to studying deviance look at changes to marijuana’s deviant status differently?

ANS: Varies, but should explain that explanatory theories of deviance are concerned with explaining why deviance does and does not occur. They are positivists and try to explain deviant behavior objectively, focusing on those who do the deviant behavior. They assume deviant behavior is caused by many factors. They also rely on genetic or biological bases for deviant behavior that can be adjusted by changing factors of the environment. So with marijuana, they might suggest that people are biologically predisposed to like marijuana and be more likely to use it even if it is illegal. They might want to know why people differ—why some people use it and why some people don’t—between two groups that are predisposed to it. Constructionist theories of deviance are more concerned with the process by which people define and classify some behaviors as normal and others as deviant. They concentrate more on those in power who set the rules that define deviance in the first place. For marijuana, constructionists might focus on how we came to treat marijuana as deviant, while smoking tobacco or drinking alcohol was not treated that way or subject to the same laws and punishments.

PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 181–182 OBJ: LO 7–2 Describe explanatory and constructionist approaches to theorizing about deviance.

TOP: Theories of Deviance COG: Application

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94. What is the strain theory and why is it considered a contemporary version of structural functionalist theory of deviance? Who is the creator of this theory? Describe the five responses to strain with an example of someone who fits the category.

ANS: Answers vary but should include Travis Hirschi as the creator of strain theory, a contemporary structural-functional approach to deviance (consider if Hirschi was already identified in relation to strain theory in another question you have included in your test). Strain theory is considered a contemporary structural-functional approach because it is concerned with structures that provide institutionalized means to achieve cultural goals and because it deals with structural relationships between goals and institutionalized means. For instance, Americans place a value on economic success, but not everyone has access to the accepted means to achieve it. This creates strain. There are five adaptations to strain: 1.

Conformists accept the cultural goal and have the means to achieve those goals; 2. Innovators accept the cultural goals but reject the conventional means for achieving them 3. Ritualists cannot achieve the cultural goals but continue to engage in the conventional behavior associated with achieving them; 4.

Retreatists reject the cultural goals and the traditional routes to their attainment, giving up completely on attaining success in that system; and 5. Rebels, like retreatists, reject the traditional means and goals, but they substitute different means and goals that they are interested in.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 183–184 OBJ: LO 7–3 Discuss the relationship between deviance and crime.

TOP: Strain COG: Analysis 95. Select two from social control, conflict theories, or interactionist theories. Compare and contrast how the two you selected approach deviant behavior. Include in your response a discussion of how they perceive deviant behavior.

ANS: Answers vary but should include a description of two of the theories above and describe how each theory would approach studying deviance.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 182–192 OBJ: LO 7–3 Discuss the relationship between deviance and crime.

TOP: Structural/Functional Theories COG: Analysis 96. Discuss the role of deterrence in the criminal justice system. What are two types of deterrence? How well does the U.S. criminal justice system currently accomplish these two forms of deterrence? Provide examples to support your position.

ANS: Answer varies but should include a description of general deterrence, which deals with the population as a whole, and whether individuals will be less likely to commit crimes because of fear that they might be punished or imprisoned for their actions. It should also include a description of specific deterrence, or whether the experience of punishment in general, and incarceration in particular, makes it less likely that the ex-prisoner will commit crimes in the future. On specific deterrence, the U.S. criminal justice system has not accomplished its goals and, in fact, is “criminogenic” in that those who have been through the U.S. prison system are more likely to commit additional crimes. General deterrence is hard to measure but can include both the likelihood of getting caught and the severity of the punishment if you are caught. The United States is one of very few countries that still uses the death penalty. It is not clear the effect this punishment has on the overall crime, but there is some evidence that shows even this severe punishment does not deter crime as a general deterrence.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 194–196 OBJ: LO 7–4 Discuss the purpose and effects of the criminal justice system.

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TOP: Deviance

COG: Analysis

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Chapter 08: Social Stratification in the United States Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Bill Gates, CEO of Microsoft, is estimated to be worth $48 billion. Today, it is estimated that

there are 14 million Americans who are homeless. This disparity between social classes is an example of: a. social differences b. social stratification c. social status d. social equality ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 208 OBJ: LO 8–1 Describe the dimensions of social stratification in the United States social class, status, and power.

TOP: Social Class COG: Comprehension 2. The components of social stratification are: a. lower, middle, and upper class b. power, elite, mobility c. class, status, and power d. status, symbolism, ascription ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 208–209 OBJ: LO 8–1 Describe the dimensions of social stratification in the United States social class, status, and power.

TOP: Social Class COG: Analysis 3. The cost of college is not a concern for brilliant students who earn scholarships or for wealthy

students, but students from middle- and lower-class families face big issues with student loans.

The student loan problem highlights: a. the low stratification in the United States b. the differences between relative and absolute poverty in the United States c. the importance of meritocracy in the United States d. the high stratification in the United States ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 208 OBJ: LO 8–1 Describe the dimensions of social stratification in the United States social class, status, and power.

TOP: Social Class COG: Analysis 4. ________________ defined social class as a division between the capitalists, who owned the

means of production, and the proletariat, who lacked the means of production, thus creating a hierarchical stratification system. a. Max Weber b. Émile Durkheim c. Auguste Comte d. Karl Marx ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 208 OBJ: LO 8–1 Describe the dimensions of social stratification in the United States social class, status, and power.

TOP: Social Class COG: Knowledge

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5. Bill has been working at Walmart as a cashier for 5 years and makes $28,000 a year. Jane has

been working at Target in customer service for 4 years and makes $32,000. According to this data, we can conclude Bill and Jane are in the same: a. social strata b. social environment c. social class d. economic division ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 209 OBJ: LO 8–1 Describe the dimensions of social stratification in the United States social class, status, and power.

TOP: Social Class COG: Application 6. John and Mary are on a first date, and Mary tells John she is an airplane pilot. John is very

impressed by this as he considers airplane pilots to have a great deal of: a. power b. agility c. status d. intensity ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 209 OBJ: LO 8–1 Describe the dimensions of social stratification in the United States social class, status, and power.

TOP: Status COG: Application 7. Jennifer Lopez is a very wealthy television star, singer, and dancer, yet she has very little power

in the political world. This is an example of: a. status consistency b. status stratification c. status inconsistency d. status incompatibility ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 210 OBJ: LO 8–1 Describe the dimensions of social stratification in the United States social class, status, and power.

TOP: Consistency/Inconsistency across Dimensions of Stratification COG: Comprehension 8. Joe is the CEO of a major corporation and earns a salary of $500,000. He has earned a great deal

of respect in his position and he is an active member of the community in which he resides. Joe is an example of: a. status inconsistency b. status consistency c. status-power compatibility d. status cohesion ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 210 OBJ: LO 8–1 Describe the dimensions of social stratification in the United States social class, status, and power.

TOP: Consistency/Inconsistency across Dimensions of Stratification COG: Comprehension 9. In the United States, and in much of the contemporary world, which of the following is the basis

of stratification? a. The money economy b. Symbolic exchanges

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c. The ability to own the means of production d. The prestige attached to a person’s position ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 210 OBJ: LO 8–2 Identify the factors involved in U.S. economic inequality, including income, wealth, and poverty.

TOP: Economic Inequality COG: Comprehension 10. What is the difference between income and wealth? a. There is no difference; they are synonyms b. Income is one person’s earnings; wealth is a household earnings c. Income is measured in money; wealth includes assets other than money d. Income is measured year by year; wealth is a cumulative total ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 211 OBJ: LO 8–2 Identify the factors involved in U.S. economic inequality, including income, wealth, and poverty.

TOP: Economic Inequality COG: Comprehension 11. The income gap between the top 1% of earners in the United States and the bottom 20% of the

population has __________________ since 1979. a. increased b. decreased c. stayed the same d. not been recorded ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 212 OBJ: LO 8–2 Identify the factors involved in U.S. economic inequality, including income, wealth, and poverty.

TOP: Income Inequality COG: Knowledge 12. Income inequality in the United States looks different depending on how it is divided. Which of

these comparisons has the largest disparity? a. Comparing the bottom 99% to the top 1% b. Comparing the bottom 90% to the top 10% c. Comparing the bottom 90% to the top 0.1% d. Comparing the bottom 50% to the top 50% ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 212 OBJ: LO 8–2 Identify the factors involved in U.S. economic inequality, including income, wealth, and poverty.

TOP: Income Inequality COG: Knowledge 13. _____________________ refers to the loss of high-paying manufacturing jobs, resulting in the

decline of the middle class who end up in low-paying service jobs. a. Deindustrialization b. Industrialization c. McDonaldization d. Desegregation ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 212 OBJ: LO 8–2 Identify the factors involved in U.S. economic inequality, including income, wealth, and poverty.

TOP: Income Inequality COG: Knowledge 14. The text states that wealth rather than income is where the biggest disparities exist in U.S.

society. However, wealth and income are linked in which of these ways? a. Wealth produces sources of income

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b. Wealth is simply a more specific measurement of income c. Wealth includes one’s status, and status can help someone earn income d. They are only linked by being measures of money; disparities in one don’t influence

inequalities in the other one ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 208 OBJ: LO 8–1 Describe the dimensions of social stratification in the United States social class, status, and power.

TOP: Wealth Inequality COG: Comprehension 15. According to Thomas Piketty’s book Capital in the Twenty-First Century, which is more

important, income or wealth? a. Income b. Wealth c. They are equally important ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 216 OBJ: LO 8–2 Identify the factors involved in U.S. economic inequality, including income, wealth, and poverty.

TOP: Wealth Inequality COG: Knowledge 16. According to the text, the top 10 percent of the United States owns ____ percent of the nation’s

wealth, while the bottom 50 percent own ____ percent of the nation’s wealth. a. 99; 1 b. 75; 25 c. 75; 2 d. 50; 10 ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 216 OBJ: LO 8–2 Identify the factors involved in U.S. economic inequality, including income, wealth, and poverty.

TOP: Wealth Inequality COG: Knowledge 17. Although there are many paths by which any individual person may come to be wealthy, the

Ritzer text implies that which of these is the most statistically likely to result in being wealthy? a. Inventing new technology b. Being born to wealthy people c. Having an IQ over 150 d. Being a top-notch athlete ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 217–218 OBJ: LO 8–2 Identify the factors involved in U.S. economic inequality, including income, wealth, and poverty.

TOP: The Perpetuation of Wealth COG: Knowledge 18. Many people consider themselves to be middle class, but the book defines the middle class by

the following criteria: a. a family of four that makes between $35,000 and $100,000 per year b. an individual who makes between $50,000 and $100,000 per year c. a family of four that has two working parents and owns a home d. an individual who is employed and owns assets worth $50,000 to $100,000 ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 218 OBJ: LO 8–2 Identify the factors involved in U.S. economic inequality, including income, wealth, and poverty.

TOP: The Decline of the American Middle Class COG: Knowledge

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19. Which of these is listed in the text as one of the biggest disadvantages associated with being in

the lower class in the United States? a. Limited ability to move up in an occupation b. Increased likelihood of domestic issues c. A shorter life expectancy d. Hard economic times are likely to affect the poor first ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 219 OBJ: LO 8–2 Identify the factors involved in U.S. economic inequality, including income, wealth, and poverty.

TOP: Poverty COG: Comprehension 20. Fred has been homeless for over 10 years due to a divorce and a loss of his job. He barely makes

enough panhandling to eat every day. Which of these best describes the type of poverty Fred is experiencing? a. Relative poverty b. Indolent poverty c. Absolute poverty d. Comparative poverty ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 220 OBJ: LO 8–2 Identify the factors involved in U.S. economic inequality, including income, wealth, and poverty.

TOP: Analyzing Poverty COG: Application 21. John and Sue are both factory workers who earn a combined income of $30,000 a year. They

also have four children. They rarely go out to eat, and rely on family and friends for help with day care and other needs. Their family would be considered to live in: a. absolute poverty b. technical poverty c. relative poverty d. limited poverty ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 220 OBJ: LO 8–2 Identify the factors involved in U.S. economic inequality, including income, wealth, and poverty.

TOP: Analyzing Poverty COG: Application 22. The poverty line in the United States is measured by the federal government using the following

formula: a. The median cost of rent based on one’s geographic region multiplied by two b. The cost of a nutritionally adequate food plan multiplied by three c. The median cost of rent in one geographic region plus the standard cost for a nutritionally adequate food plan times number of people in household d. The sum total of the average cost for the four major household expenses: transportation, housing, food, and child care ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 220 OBJ: LO 8–2 Identify the factors involved in U.S. economic inequality, including income, wealth, and poverty.

TOP: Poverty in the United States COG: Comprehension 23. According to the text, how many Americans were considered to be living in poverty in 2013? a. 10% b. 14.5% c. 18.6%

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d. 21% ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 220 OBJ: LO 8–2 Identify the factors involved in U.S. economic inequality, including income, wealth, and poverty.

TOP: Poverty in the United States COG: Knowledge 24. In the time period since 1959, poverty in the United States: a. has been a very consistent proportion of the population b. has consistently grown as a part of the population c. has consistently grown in number but has become a smaller proportion of the

population d. has varied from year to year between 10% and 25% of the population ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 221 OBJ: LO 8–2 Identify the factors involved in U.S. economic inequality, including income, wealth, and poverty.

TOP: Poverty in the United States COG: Knowledge 25. Single-parent households headed by women are more likely to live in poverty compared to

single-parent households headed by men. This is an example of the: a. feminization of poverty b. poverty-gender threshold c. feminist poverty line d. stratification of poverty ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 222 OBJ: LO 8–2 Identify the factors involved in U.S. economic inequality, including income, wealth, and poverty.

TOP: The Feminization of Poverty COG: Comprehension 26. According to the text, poverty rates by family type in the United States over time show that

_____________________ is the family type with the lowest poverty rate in the United States. a. married-couple families b. divorced families with shared custody c. male householders with no wife present d. female householders with no husband present ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 221 OBJ: LO 8–2 Identify the factors involved in U.S. economic inequality, including income, wealth, and poverty.

TOP: Poverty in the United States COG: Comprehension 27. According to one estimate, ______________ of the women in the United States are below the

poverty line. a. 5.8% b. 13.1% c. 15.8% d. 25.6% ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 222 OBJ: LO 8–2 Identify the factors involved in U.S. economic inequality, including income, wealth, and poverty.

TOP: The Feminization of Poverty COG: Knowledge 28. The ability, or inability, to change one’s place within the social classes in a society is called: a. stratification b. mobilization

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c. social mobility d. achievement status ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 222 OBJ: LO 8–3 Identify the types of social mobility in the United States and the forces that help and hinder them.

TOP: Social Mobility COG: Knowledge 29. Mary is a real estate agent who makes $100,000 a year. She lives in a three bedroom house and

has a Lexus. The economy takes a downturn and she loses her job. Within a year, she loses her home and her vehicle and becomes homeless. This is an example of: a. upward mobility b. relative poverty c. intergenerational mobility d. downward mobility ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 224 OBJ: LO 8–3 Identify the types of social mobility in the United States and the forces that help and hinder them.

TOP: Types of Social Mobility COG: Application 30. John, 31, earns $10,000 a year as a seasonal worker at Macy's. His parents earn a combined

income of $200,000 as lawyers. This is an example of: a. upward intergenerational mobility b. upward intragenerational mobility c. downward intergenerational mobility d. downward horizontal mobility ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 224 OBJ: LO 8–3 Identify the types of social mobility in the United States and the forces that help and hinder them.

TOP: Types of Social Mobility COG: Application 31. Sue is a cashier at grocery store and has been at her position for 5 years, making $20,000 a year.

When the store goes out of business, she takes a job at a department store making $21,000 a year. This would be an example of: a. vertical mobility b. intergenerational mobility c. structural mobility d. horizontal mobility ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 224 OBJ: LO 8–3 Identify the types of social mobility in the United States and the forces that help and hinder them.

TOP: Types of Social Mobility COG: Application 32. Sue is a part-time teacher at a local preschool. She decides to go to school and get her teaching

certificate. Eventually, she becomes a full-time math teacher. This is an example of: a. horizontal mobility b. structural mobility c. occupational mobility d. individual mobility ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 224 OBJ: LO 8–3 Identify the types of social mobility in the United States and the forces that help and hinder them.

TOP: Types of Social Mobility COG: Application

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33. The largest occupational category, from 1930 to today, has changed from

_____________________. a. white-collar to blue-collar b. blue-collar to white-collar c. farming to white-collar d. farming to blue-collar ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 224–225 OBJ: LO 8–3 Identify the types of social mobility in the United States and the forces that help and hinder them.

TOP: Structural Mobility in the United States COG: Knowledge 34. As of 2012, the mean income of a man who earns a Bachelor’s Degree in the United States is: a. around $40,000 b. around $57,000 c. around $66,000 d. around $82,000 ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 225 OBJ: LO 8–3 Identify the types of social mobility in the United States and the forces that help and hinder them.

TOP: Structural Mobility in the United States COG: Knowledge 35. Prince William and Prince Harry, sons of Prince Charles, were born into royalty and thus gained

instant notoriety. This is an example of which characteristic? a. Achievement b. Accomplishment c. Attainment d. Ascription ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 226 OBJ: LO 8–3 Identify the types of social mobility in the United States and the forces that help and hinder them.

TOP: Achievement and Ascription COG: Application 36. The caste system, found among the Hindus of India, is primarily based on

___________________ characteristics. a. achieved characteristics b. ascribed characteristics c. structural mobility d. intergenerational mobility ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 226 OBJ: LO 8–3 Identify the types of social mobility in the United States and the forces that help and hinder them.

TOP: Achievement and Ascription COG: Application 37. Which of these arguments about stratification is a structural-functional theory? a. Stratification is needed because it ensures that people with the right abilities end up

in the right positions b. Stratification is based on power relations that are structured into society c. Stratification is in all societies, but only becomes inequality at the face-to-face level d. When societies are structured poorly, they have dysfunctional ways to stratify

people

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ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 227 OBJ: LO 8–4 Discuss structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories of social stratification.

TOP: Structural/Functional Theories COG: Comprehension 38. According to the ____________________ perspective on stratification, certain occupations,

such as airplane pilots and Supreme Court judges, are occupations which require a great deal of education and therefore must be rewarded with higher salaries and extensive benefit packages. a. conflict b. inter/actionist c. structural/functional d. feminist perspective ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 226–227 OBJ: LO 8–4 Discuss structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories of social stratification.

TOP: Structural/Functional Theories COG: Comprehension 39. _______________ theorists advocate for narrowing the income gap between the very rich and

the very poor. a. Structural/functional b. Conflict c. Interaction d. Feminist ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 227 OBJ: LO 8–4 Discuss structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories of social stratification.

TOP: Structural/Functional Theories COG: Comprehension 40. Theorists from the _________________ perspective tend to focus on what people do within a

stratified structure, such as how they present their authority or lack of authority in their body language. a. structural/functionalist b. conflict c. ethnomethodologist d. inter/actionist ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 229 OBJ: LO 8–4 Discuss structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories of social stratification.

TOP: Inter/Actionist Theories COG: Comprehension 41. Groups from different social classes tend to distinguish themselves by purchasing different

fashions in clothing, although lower classes may get imitation items of the latest fashions. This is an example of: a. imitative stratification b. conspicuous consumption c. a cultural omnivore d. stratified consumption ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 229 OBJ: LO 8–5 Explain the relationship between consumption and social stratification in the United States. TOP: Stratified Consumption COG: Comprehension

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42. This theorist argued that elite members of society want their social class membership to be

obvious to others, and they accomplish this through conspicuous consumption, and lower classes mimic them. a. Pierre Bourdieu b. Jean Baudrillard c. Erving Goffman d. Georg Simmel ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 229 OBJ: LO 8–5 Explain the relationship between consumption and social stratification in the United States. TOP: Stratified Consumption COG: Knowledge 43. Many actors and actresses earn millions each year and display their wealth by living in upscale

mansions and driving expensive vehicles. This is an example of: a. stratified consumption b. conspicuous consumption c. dangerous consumption d. ranked consumption ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 229 OBJ: LO 8–5 Explain the relationship between consumption and social stratification in the United States. TOP: Consumption and Social Stratification COG: Knowledge 44. __________________ coined the term conspicuous consumption, which refers to those of the

upper class who use their wealth to demonstrate their status in society. a. Karl Marx b. Max Weber c. Auguste Comte d. Thorstein Veblen ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 229 OBJ: LO 8–5 Explain the relationship between consumption and social stratification in the United States. TOP: Consumption and Social Stratification COG: Knowledge 45. Many celebrities purchase large mansions and expensive vehicles. In addition, they also often

purchase designer clothing and wear lavish jewelry. According to Pierre Bourdieu, this is an example of ________________. a. status inconsistency b. status offense c. distinction d. consumption ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 231 OBJ: LO 8–5 Explain the relationship between consumption and social stratification in the United States. TOP: The Quest for Distinction COG: Knowledge 46. Julia is a highly paid actress who likes expensive clothing and inexpensive jewelry and reads

comic books as well as best-selling books. From this example, it could be said that Julia is a: a. cultural feeder b. cultural omnivore c. status offender d. cultural dissident

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ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 230 OBJ: LO 8–5 Explain the relationship between consumption and social stratification in the United States. TOP: Elites as Cultural Omnivores COG: Knowledge MULTIPLE RESPONSE 47. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of these reasons have contributed to the increase in

income inequality in since 1979? a. Tax policies that shifted to favor long-term capital gains b. Tax cuts favoring the rich during President George W. Bush’s administration c. Increases in the federal minimum wage d. Improvements to federal benefits that save corporations money ANS: A, B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 212–213 OBJ: LO 8–2 Identify the factors involved in U.S. economic inequality, including income, wealth, and poverty.

TOP: Income Inequality COG: Knowledge 48. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following is an advantage of having a great degree

of wealth? a. Being able to invest in stocks and bonds b. Receiving more scrutiny for following laws c. Being able to pass on wealth to future generations d. Being able to retire at an early age and enjoy a life of leisure ANS: A, C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 213 OBJ: LO 8–2 Identify the factors involved in U.S. economic inequality, including income, wealth, and poverty.

TOP: Wealth Inequality COG: Comprehension 49. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY The wealthy perpetuate their wealthy by using money and

influence to resist taxation that would redistribute wealth. Which of these taxes have been affected by this influence according to the text? a. Sales tax b. Death tax c. Estate tax d. Luxury tax ANS: B, C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 217–218 OBJ: LO 8–2 Identify the factors involved in U.S. economic inequality, including income, wealth, and poverty.

TOP: The Perpetuation of Wealth COG: Knowledge 50. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of these are given as major reasons for declines in the

middle class between 1967 and 2013? a. None—the middle class did not decline during this time b. Fewer unionized jobs, especially in the manufacturing sector c. Stagnation in wages for middle class workers d. Student loans and credit card debt have all but eliminated savings among the middle class ANS: B, C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 218 OBJ: LO 8–2 Identify the factors involved in U.S. economic inequality, including income, wealth, and poverty.

TOP: The Decline of the American Middle Class

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COG: Comprehension 51. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of these arguments does the text present as the reasons

that poverty persists? a. Poverty is built into capitalist economies b. There are always people who are lazy or exhibit terrible judgment c. Some groups will always limit opportunities and resources available to others d. Government benefits may not offer enough to reduce or eliminate poverty because they are not supported by the public or elected representatives as an appropriate solution ANS: A, C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 220 OBJ: LO 8–2 Identify the factors involved in U.S. economic inequality, including income, wealth, and poverty.

TOP: Analyzing Poverty COG: Analysis 52. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following is associated with the feminization of

poverty? a. Women are less likely to live alone b. More unmarried women are having children c. Women live longer than men d. Women earn less than men ANS: B, C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 223 OBJ: LO 8–2 Identify the factors involved in U.S. economic inequality, including income, wealth, and poverty.

TOP: The Feminization of Poverty COG: Analysis 53. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are ways that women have been

disadvantaged by occupational gender segregation? a. They are discouraged from entering professions considered “male” occupations b. They are often given a lower starting wage and fewer promotions c. They confront more issues in managing a work-life balance d. They are discouraged from presenting themselves as confident in their accomplishments in the same way as men ANS: B, C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 228 OBJ: LO 8–4 Discuss structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories of social stratification.

TOP: Inter/Actionist Theories COG: Comprehension TRUE/FALSE 54. The three dimensions of social stratification are social class, income, and power.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 209 OBJ: LO 8–1 Describe the dimensions of social stratification in the United States social class, status, and power.

TOP: Social Class COG: Knowledge 55. New York trash collectors sometimes earn a higher income than local business owners. This

would be an example of status inconsistency. a. True

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b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 210 OBJ: LO 8–1 Describe the dimensions of social stratification in the United States social class, status, and power.

TOP: Consistency/Inconsistency across Dimensions of Stratification COG: Comprehension 56. A woman helps her elderly neighbor by running weekly errands for her. The neighbor helps her

by keeping an eye on her house while she is at work. This is an example of symbolic exchange. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 211 OBJ: LO 8–1 Describe the dimensions of social stratification in the United States social class, status, and power.

TOP: Economic Inequality COG: Comprehension 57. Wealth refers to money earned from wages and rents, whereas income refers to assets.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 211 OBJ: LO 8–2 Identify the factors involved in U.S. economic inequality, including income, wealth, and poverty.

TOP: Economic Inequality COG: Knowledge 58. Deindustrialization is related to the increase in income inequality in the United States.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 212 OBJ: LO 8–2 Identify the factors involved in U.S. economic inequality, including income, wealth, and poverty.

TOP: Income Inequality COG: Comprehension 59. Wealth is a key indicator that helps people buy or otherwise acquire high status and power.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 216 OBJ: LO 8–2 Identify the factors involved in U.S. economic inequality, including income, wealth, and poverty.

TOP: Status, Power, and Wealth COG: Comprehension 60. The major reason for the decline of the middle class is the decline of middle-income jobs, often

as a result of technological change. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 218 OBJ: LO 8–2 Identify the factors involved in U.S. economic inequality, including income, wealth, and poverty.

TOP: The Perpetuation of Wealth COG: Comprehension 61. There are two ways that poverty is seen as a moral problem. Some believe that the poor are

disreputable and create a moral stain on society, while others think the moral problem is tied to the way poverty hurts the economy because the poor are unable to consume very much.

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a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 219 OBJ: LO 8–2 Identify the factors involved in U.S. economic inequality, including income, wealth, and poverty.

TOP: Poverty COG: Comprehension 62. A cashier at Walmart who eventually becomes the district regional manager would be an

example of horizontal mobility. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 224 OBJ: LO 8–3 Identify the types of social mobility in the United States and the forces that help and hinder them.

TOP: Types of Social Mobility COG: Comprehension 63. A third-grade teacher who fills in as a second-grade teacher the following year is an example of

horizontal mobility. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 224 OBJ: LO 8–3 Identify the types of social mobility in the United States and the forces that help and hinder them.

TOP: Types of Social Mobility COG: Comprehension 64. Cindi is a bus driver who eventually becomes a special education teacher. This is an example of

structural mobility. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 224 OBJ: LO 8–3 Identify the types of social mobility in the United States and the forces that help and hinder them.

TOP: Types of Social Mobility COG: Comprehension 65. John's father is unemployed and living on welfare, whereas John is the president of his

company, an auto parts warehouse. This is an example of intergenerational mobility. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 224 OBJ: LO 8–3 Identify the types of social mobility in the United States and the forces that help and hinder them.

TOP: Types of Social Mobility COG: Comprehension 66. A hospital pays higher salaries to doctors who specialize in multiple areas. This is an example

of the conflict theory as it relates to social stratification. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 225–226 OBJ: LO 8–4 Discuss structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories of social stratification.

TOP: Theories of Social Stratification COG: Comprehension

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67. According to the structural-functional theory of stratification, brain surgeons should be offered

greater rewards, such as higher salaries and lucrative stock options, than doctors who work in family practices. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 225–226 OBJ: LO 8–4 Discuss structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories of social stratification.

TOP: Theories of Social Stratification COG: Comprehension 68. Mike owns a collection business and is very strict with his employees. He sees his employees in

a very subservient way and expects them to adhere to all of his rules. This would be an example of an inter/actionist theory as it pertains to social stratification. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 228–229 OBJ: LO 8–4 Discuss structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories of social stratification.

TOP: Inter/Actionist Theories COG: Comprehension 69. According to the conflict perspective, waiters and waitresses are just as valuable as the

restaurant manager, as each position has value and performs necessary functions. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 227 OBJ: LO 8–4 Discuss structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories of social stratification.

TOP: Conflict/Critical Theories COG: Comprehension 70. An example of stratified consumption would be actresses who wear expensive diamonds and

pearl necklaces to award shows. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 229 OBJ: LO 8–5 Explain the relationship between consumption and social stratification in the United States. TOP: Stratified Consumption COG: Comprehension 71. The key difference between Georg Simmel and Thorstein Veblen’s theories of stratified

consumption is that Simmel thinks the lower classes invent their own fashionable styles, while Veblen thinks they simply mimic the taste of the upper class. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 230 OBJ: LO 8–5 Explain the relationship between consumption and social stratification in the United States. TOP: Stratified Consumption COG: Comprehension 72. Cultural omnivores are people in the elite class who enjoy culture and consumption from across

a wide range of available offerings. a. True

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b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 231 OBJ: LO 8–5 Explain the relationship between consumption and social stratification in the United States. TOP: Elites as Cultural Omnivores COG: Knowledge 73. Recent research suggests that people on both the low and the high levels of the stratification

system greatly overestimate the amount of upward mobility experienced by people in the United States. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 218 OBJ: LO 8–3 Identify the types of social mobility in the United States and the forces that help and hinder them.

TOP: The Perpetuation of Wealth COG: Knowledge SHORT ANSWER 74. Discuss the three main dimensions of social stratification. Give an example of how each

dimension shapes one’s position within the stratified system.

ANS:

Answers vary but should identify social class, status, and power as the three main dimensions of social stratification. Social class should be ones position based on income and wealth. An example would be to name any profession or income level and identify it as an appropriate location in the class system based on information provided on page 209. Status is the prestige associated with a person’s position within society. This should be exemplified by identifying a position such as firefighter or college president and correctly matching it to a level of prestige.

Power is the ability to get others to do what you want them to do, even if it is against their will, and those with more power are higher ranked in the stratification system. An example might be a head of household or a manager in a company.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 208–209 OBJ: LO 8–1 Describe the dimensions of social stratification in the United States social class, status, and power.

TOP: Social Class COG: Analysis 75. Define both income and wealth. Are both of these elements distributed equally in the United

States? Which is more unevenly distributed within the United States? Is that difference becoming smaller or greater?

ANS:

Answers may vary but should explain that income is the amount of money a person earns from a job, business, or returns on investment in a year, measured year by year, and wealth is a measure of a person’s total financial assets and other assets that have worth such as property or automobiles. Wealth is more unevenly distributed than income, as identified on page 214.

Income has some big disparities, especially if the top 0.1 percent is compared to the bottom 90%, but even with how big that difference is, wealth inequality is the big difference and it has increased in recent years in the United States and other Western countries.

PTS: 1

DIF: Medium

REF: 211–214

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OBJ: LO 8–2 Identify the factors involved in U.S. economic inequality, including income, wealth, and poverty.

TOP: Economic Inequality COG: Analysis 76. Wealth is an economic measure, but it usually aligns with one’s other dimensions within the

system of stratification in the United States. However, there are times when these things do not match. Describe the term that is used for this mismatch in dimensions of stratification, and provide an example of a person who fits this category.

ANS:

Answers will vary but should identify this as a form of status inconsistency as described on page 210. An example of someone who fits this description with regard to wealth could be someone who used to be wealthy but then lost all their wealth and became poor, yet kept their high prestige social standing. Another example might be someone who made a lot of money quickly by winning the lottery or starting a business that became an overnight success, but whose “nouveau riche” tastes are inelegant and whose behaviors are out of sync with people in the upper class.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 210 | 216 OBJ: LO 8–2 Identify the factors involved in U.S. economic inequality, including income, wealth, and poverty.

TOP: Status, Power, and Wealth COG: Analysis 77. Discuss the similarities and differences between absolute poverty and relative poverty. What

are the consequences of living in each type of poverty?

ANS:

Answers will vary but should include a definition of absolute poverty as a measure of what people need to survive. Those in absolute poverty do not have the basics needed for survival.

They are poor by any measure. The consequences of absolute poverty might include no access to shelter, no food or money to purchase food, and going hungry. By contrast, relative poverty is a measure of poverty relative to the surrounding community of peers. A person who cannot meet the basic standard of living of their community is experiencing relative poverty.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 220 OBJ: LO 8–2 Identify the factors involved in U.S. economic inequality, including income, wealth, and poverty.

TOP: Analyzing Poverty COG: Analysis 78. How is the poverty line set in the United States? What purpose does a poverty line serve?

Discuss one criticism of the current method for setting the poverty line. What is one strategy that families use to manage poverty?

ANS:

Answers will vary but should include a definition of the poverty line, which is a threshold of income for a household that determines for practical purposes if that household qualifies as poor. This number is set by the number of people in the household, the geographic location of the household, and is determined by a formula in which the cost of a nutritionally adequate food plan is multiplied by three. This is because it is assumed that a family spends a third of its total budget on food. One criticism is that other necessary expenses are not accounted for, or that it is a formula that does not count many people who are poor as below the poverty line. This is important because being labeled as officially “poor” allows a family or household to access government subsidies and resources.

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PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 220–221 OBJ: LO 8–2 Identify the factors involved in U.S. economic inequality, including income, wealth, and poverty.

TOP: Poverty in the United States COG: Analysis 79. Select two different types of social mobility and define each type. Give an example of each one.

ANS:

Answers vary but may include vertical mobility, horizontal mobility, intergenerational mobility, intragenerational mobility, occupational mobility, and structural mobility on page 224. Vertical mobility may include upward and downward mobility as categories. These are defined on page 223.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 224 OBJ: LO 8–3 Identify the types of social mobility in the United States and the forces that help and hinder them.

TOP: Types of Social Mobility COG: Analysis 80. Define the terms ascription and achievement. Give an example of a characteristic that fits with

each one.

ANS:

Varies but should include a definition of ascription as a status someone is born with, which may include race, gender, wealth, or other characteristics that has little or no relationship to one’s accomplishments, skills, or abilities. Achievement is related to one’s accomplishments or merits.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 226 OBJ: LO 8–4 Discuss structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories of social stratification.

TOP: Achievement and Ascription COG: Comprehension ESSAY 81. Discuss the three basic reasons that poverty persists according to sociological research. In a few

sentences, explain why each factor contributes to the perpetuation of poverty.

ANS:

Answers will vary but should identify the three reasons that poverty persists. First, that poverty is built into the capitalist system, and most systems are capitalist today. This is true because capitalism seeks to maximize profits by keeping wages low and hiring as few workers as possible. This means that people have to compete for work and there is often not enough work to go around for everyone. Second, poverty persists because there is competition among social classes that encourages some elite groups to enhance their position by limiting the ability of other groups to access resources. Those who cannot gain access to opportunities or resources end up poor. Third, although the government often acts to reduce poverty or to reduce its effects, people often believe that poverty is not the fault of the system but instead is the fault of the poor person who isn’t trying hard enough. As long as a society believes that the poor are undeserving of help, the amount of help a government offers the poor is limited and may not offset the needs of the poor.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 220 OBJ: LO 8–2 Identify the factors involved in U.S. economic inequality, including income, wealth, and poverty.

TOP: Analyzing Poverty COG: Analysis

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82. Discuss the structural/functional theory of stratification. How does conflict/critical theory agree

or disagree with this theory?

ANS:

Answers will vary but should include a description of each theory. Structural/functional theory of stratification suggests that stratification is needed to ensure that people are motivated to occupy less pleasant positions and to ensure that people with the right abilities and talents end up in the right positions. This assumes that higher-level occupations are more important to society than lower-level occupations. It also assumes that people are motivated by large amounts of money as the only reason to work at a job. Conflict/critical theories of stratification suggest that social structures promote inequality. These theories are critical of structural/functional theories and ridicule the idea that higher level positions are more important. Conflict theorists also criticize the idea that large differences in pay are necessary to motivate those who want high prestige jobs or jobs that are meaningful to them.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 226–228 OBJ: LO 8–4 Discuss structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories of social stratification.

TOP: Theories of Social Stratification COG: Analysis 83. Discuss the theories of Simmel, Veblen, Bourdieu, and the cultural omnivore theory on

stratified consumption, addressing what each theory says elites are expressing through consumption. How would each of these theories describe how elites would consume music in contrast with the music consumption of those in other social classes?

ANS:

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Answers vary but should include a discussion of Georg Simmel and Thorstein Veblen, who both believe that the elite want their consumption to be evident to others. Veblen used the term conspicuous consumption to describe the desire to have others see what the elite are able to consume in order to differentiate from the lower classes. Simmel and Veblen differ because Simmel assume that the lower classes will imitate the things that the elites consume, but Veblen felt that the elite’s consumption included things that were not easily copied by the lower classes because they were too expensive to buy. Veblen understood the elites to engage in wasteful consumption to maintain this difference. Bourdieu talked about taste not only in terms of a way to achieve status or indicate one’s membership in an elite class, but that people in each social class end up developing tastes that are particular to their cultural and social structural location.

It is not only how others classify you, but how you classify yourself and demonstrate your taste or lack thereof. While Simmel and Veblen focus on the economic aspects of consumption, Bourdieu focuses on the cultural dimension, or our desire to distinguish ourselves from others, and that the elite in particular are trying to establish that they have good taste. The cultural omnivores theory suggests that elites are not trying to just express refined taste, but are trying to appear worldly, wide-ranging, and inclusive in their tastes. They have access to more resources, including cultural resources and travel, so elites can develop very diverse tastes that range from highly refined to knowing the nitty-gritty of pop culture. By contrast, the lower classes might be more limited in their cultural knowledge and in their consumption choices. For music, Simmel and Veblen would probably describe elites as selecting a large music selection, expensive music performances such as operas to attend, where they would wear expensive clothes and jewelry and display conspicuous consumption so that others could tell they belonged to the elite class.

Bourdieu might say that they were not only displaying membership but were also using their musical consumption of opera or classical music as a part of their own identity by having hobbies that seemed to reflect refinement and good taste. By contrast, the theory of the cultural omnivore would expect the elite who is interested in music to have a broad knowledge of music, from the highest forms of classical and opera to street music and lowbrow forms such as hip-hop, and to be comfortable jumping between various types.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 208 OBJ: LO 8–1 Describe the dimensions of social stratification in the United States social class, status, and power.

TOP: Social Class COG: Comprehension

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Chapter 09: Global Stratification Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Stratification on the global level is often seen as a divide of __________ and _____________. a. East; West b. Global North; Global South c. First World; Second World d. core; periphery ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 236 OBJ: LO 9–1 Discuss ways that countries and individuals can be classified within global stratification.

TOP: The Global North and South COG: Knowledge 2. In global stratification, the __________ has dominated, controlled, exploited, and oppressed the

________________. a. West; East b. bigger continents; smaller continents c. Global South; Global North d. Global North; Global South ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 236 OBJ: LO 9–1 Discuss ways that countries and individuals can be classified within global stratification.

TOP: The Global North and South COG: Knowledge 3. How many countries in the world are categorized as “high-income countries”? a. 59 b. 12 c. 75 d. 36 ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 237 OBJ: LO 9–1 Discuss ways that countries and individuals can be classified within global stratification.

TOP: High-, Middle-, and Low-Income Countries COG: Knowledge 4. Which income category contains the largest number of countries according to the ranking by the

World Bank? a. High-income economies b. Middle-income economies c. Low-income economies d. The World Bank divided countries equally among these categories ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 237 OBJ: LO 9–1 Discuss ways that countries and individuals can be classified within global stratification.

TOP: High-, Middle-, and Low-Income Countries COG: Comprehension 5. In percentages, how much of the world’s wealth is owned by the richest 1% of people in the

world as of 2014?

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a. b. c. d.

75% 48% 25% 12%

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 238 OBJ: LO 9–1 Discuss ways that countries and individuals can be classified within global stratification.

TOP: The Richest People in the World COG: Knowledge 6. Where do the vast majority (70%) of those in the bottom billion live? a. India b. China c. Africa d. Mexico ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 238 OBJ: LO 9–1 Discuss ways that countries and individuals can be classified within global stratification.

TOP: The Poorest People in the World COG: Knowledge 7. The term ______________________ refers to people who live in extreme poverty and are more

likely to live in the least industrialized nations, such as Africa, Bolivia, and Laos. a. bottom billion b. underdeveloped c. trapped d. underprivileged ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 238 OBJ: LO 9–1 Discuss ways that countries and individuals can be classified within global stratification.

TOP: The Poorest People in the World COG: Comprehension 8. At least theoretically, the Internet allows for participation by anyone anywhere in the global,

digital economy, but not everyone has real and practical access. This is called: a. the global digital divide b. the Internet vacuum c. digital stratification d. the global Internet ladder ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 239 OBJ: LO 9–2 Describe forms of global stratification, including the global digital divide, health inequalities, and gender stratification.

TOP: The Global Digital Divide COG: Knowledge 9. According to the text, what is the main barrier to global equality in Internet access? a. The ability to afford a computer b. Individuals cannot afford the power to operate a computer c. The lack of infrastructure to connect to electricity or internet cables d. The lack of educational opportunities ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 239–242 OBJ: LO 9–2 Describe forms of global stratification, including the global digital divide, health inequalities, and gender stratification.

TOP: The Global Digital Divide COG: Comprehension

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10. What development has helped to narrow the digital divide? a. The introduction of laptops with long battery times b. The introduction of more solar power options c. The spread in the use of “smart” mobile phones d. The social philanthropy of technology billionaires, who are building the necessary

infrastructure in the Global South ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 239 OBJ: LO 9–2 Describe forms of global stratification, including the global digital divide, health inequalities, and gender stratification.

TOP: The Global Digital Divide COG: Comprehension 11. There have been some improvements in health in the Global South. Most of these

improvements tend to be found: a. in countries that are best connected to the global economy b. in countries that have the best sanitation practices c. in countries with the most tourism from high-income countries d. in countries that were once a part of the USSR ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 240 OBJ: LO 9–2 Describe forms of global stratification, including the global digital divide, health inequalities, and gender stratification.

TOP: Global Health Inequality COG: Comprehension 12. The text suggests that those in the Global South suffer from a “double nutritional burden.” What

makes the burden double? a. Farmers cannot afford to maintain crops and therefore they don’t have enough to eat b. Starvation and being underweight from lack of food is a problem; so is obesity from eating too much and in an imbalanced way c. The nutrition of the parents is not good so they have more difficulty delivering healthy children d. There are problems with getting access to enough vegetables and with getting enough protein ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 241 OBJ: LO 9–2 Describe forms of global stratification, including the global digital divide, health inequalities, and gender stratification.

TOP: Global Health Inequality COG: Comprehension 13. The recent Ebola outbreak illustrated global health issues in what way? a. Low-income countries with low population density were less likely to be affected b. Once someone contracted the disease, they were likely to die regardless of where

they were treated c. Those treated in the Global North recovered at much higher rates than those in the

Global South d. Diseases like Ebola, which spreads through casual contact, can quickly be spread

around the world in the current global age ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 241 OBJ: LO 9–2 Describe forms of global stratification, including the global digital divide, health inequalities, and gender stratification.

TOP: Global Health Inequality COG: Application

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14. In what sector of the global paid-labor market are women most heavily employed? a. Teaching b. Secretarial work c. Agriculture d. Customer support operations ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 243 OBJ: LO 9–2 Describe forms of global stratification, including the global digital divide, health inequalities, and gender stratification.

TOP: Inequality in Employment, Occupations, and Wealth COG: Knowledge 15. Maria is a domestic worker for a household where she has no secure contract, worker benefits,

or wage agreement. Maria’s job is considered part of: a. the Global South economy b. the informal economy c. the domicile economy d. the guest-worker economy ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 244 OBJ: LO 9–2 Describe forms of global stratification, including the global digital divide, health inequalities, and gender stratification.

TOP: Women and Informal Employment COG: Knowledge 16. Arlie Hochschild named the networks of immigrants who migrate to complete domestic work in

the global economy “_____________”. a. global care chains b. globalized domestics c. underground economy networks d. the apron economy ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 245 OBJ: LO 9–2 Describe forms of global stratification, including the global digital divide, health inequalities, and gender stratification.

TOP: Women in Global Care Chains COG: Knowledge 17. What is the “race to the bottom”? a. When countries near the bottom of the global hierarchy lower their prices to outbid

other similar competitors for work b. This is a spiral that begins to happen when countries stay near the bottom of the

hierarchy too long—they begin to lose their national infrastructure c. This is when countries want to appear to be the most needy in order to receive the most attention from the Global North in order to receive more aid ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 246 OBJ: LO 9–3 Identify ways that countries’ positions within the global stratification structure might be improved.

TOP: Race to the Bottom COG: Comprehension 18. In Pietra Rivoli’s study of the global market for T-shirts, she found: a. the T-shirt market did not conform to “race to the bottom” tactics b. that countries that bid the lowest will eventually collapse c. countries that won the “race to the bottom” centuries ago now have the most

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successful economies d. global textiles are a market that has had a strong monopoly in China for centuries ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 247 OBJ: LO 9–3 Identify ways that countries’ positions within the global stratification structure might be improved.

TOP: Race to the Bottom COG: Comprehension 19. When nations or firms progressively undertake more complex, higher-value production

activities, it is called: a. winning the race to the bottom b. industrial upgrading c. technologizing d. manufacturing the economy ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 247 OBJ: LO 9–3 Identify ways that countries’ positions within the global stratification structure might be improved.

TOP: Industrial Upgrading COG: Comprehension 20. In Mexico, the maquiladora manufacturing operations is an example of ______________. a. global care chains b. outsourcing c. industrial upgrading d. colonialism ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 248 OBJ: LO 9–3 Identify ways that countries’ positions within the global stratification structure might be improved.

TOP: Industrial Upgrading COG: Comprehension 21. The industrial upgrading process is always threatened in any nation by: a. the uncertainty of the temporary labor force b. the fluctuations of the global market c. the ability to acquire the necessary raw materials d. the race to the bottom ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 248 OBJ: LO 9–3 Identify ways that countries’ positions within the global stratification structure might be improved.

TOP: Industrial Upgrading COG: Comprehension 22. Economic assistance given by countries or global institutions to foreign countries in order to

promote development or social welfare is also known as: a. outsourcing b. foreign aid c. World Systems theory d. globalization loans ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 249 OBJ: LO 9–3 Identify ways that countries’ positions within the global stratification structure might be improved.

TOP: Foreign Aid and Development COG: Knowledge 23. When did foreign aid begin in its contemporary form? a. After World War I b. After World War II c. After the Korean War

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d. After the Vietnam War ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 249 OBJ: LO 9–3 Identify ways that countries’ positions within the global stratification structure might be improved.

TOP: Foreign Aid and Development COG: Knowledge 24. ____________ is the country that gives the most foreign aid in terms of dollars, but

_____________ routinely give more in terms of the percentage of its gross national income. a. The United Kingdom; the Nordic countries b. The United States; the Nordic countries c. The United Arab Emirates; Western European countries d. The United States; Western European countries ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 249 OBJ: LO 9–3 Identify ways that countries’ positions within the global stratification structure might be improved.

TOP: Foreign Aid and Development COG: Comprehension 25. What is the primary goal of foreign aid? a. To affect the politics in the recipient country b. To improve the infrastructure of the recipient country c. To generate economic growth in the recipient country d. To spread democracy around the world ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 249 OBJ: LO 9–3 Identify ways that countries’ positions within the global stratification structure might be improved.

TOP: Foreign Aid and Development COG: Comprehension 26. One theory of global stratification by the ____________ approach is the modernization theory,

which explains unequal economic differences based on structural and cultural differences between countries. a. structural/functionalist b. conflict/critical c. interactionist d. ethnomethodological ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 250 OBJ: LO 9–4 Discuss structural/functional and conflict/critical theories of global stratification.

TOP: Structural/Functional Theories COG: Comprehension 27. Walt Rostow was an adviser to President John F. Kennedy. Rostow’s use of modernization

theory had a major influence on U.S. foreign policy during the Cold War. This theory is derived from the __________________ school of thought. a. structural/functionalist b. conflict/critical c. interactionist d. ethnomethodological ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 250 OBJ: LO 9–4 Discuss structural/functional and conflict/critical theories of global stratification.

TOP: Structural/Functional Theories COG: Application 28. Critics of modernization theory feel that it focuses too narrowly on what? a. Consumption

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b. Politics c. Technology d. The economy ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 251 OBJ: LO 9–4 Discuss structural/functional and conflict/critical theories of global stratification.

TOP: Structural/Functional Theories COG: Comprehension 29. Theories from the _________________ approach examine the relationship of dependency

between wealthy countries and their transnational corporations that exploit poor countries. a. structural/functionalist b. conflict/critical c. interactionist d. ethnomethodological ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 252 OBJ: LO 9–4 Discuss structural/functional and conflict/critical theories of global stratification.

TOP: Conflict/Critical Theories COG: Comprehension 30. The purpose of _____________________ is to exploit the weaker nation's people and resources

for the benefit of the stronger country. a. neocolonialism b. colonialism c. capitalism d. communism ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 252 OBJ: LO 9–4 Discuss structural/functional and conflict/critical theories of global stratification.

TOP: Colonialism, Imperialism, and Postcolonialism COG: Comprehension 31. One key difference between colonialism and postcolonialism is: a. the presence of settlers in colonies b. the creation of an administrative apparatus c. colonialism is from before 1900; postcolonialism is after 1900 d. postcolonialism is liberated from exploitive actions through colonialism ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 252 OBJ: LO 9–4 Discuss structural/functional and conflict/critical theories of global stratification.

TOP: Colonialism, Imperialism, and Postcolonialism COG: Comprehension 32. When control is established without the creation of colonies or formal methods of control, it is

called: a. postcolonialism b. neomodernization c. modernization d. imperialism ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 252 OBJ: LO 9–4 Discuss structural/functional and conflict/critical theories of global stratification.

TOP: Colonialism, Imperialism, and Postcolonialism COG: Comprehension 33. According to _____________________, some areas, such as the Mediterranean countries, lack

strong central governments and export raw materials to the core.

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a. b. c. d.

neocolonialism imperialism colonialism world-systems theory

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 253 OBJ: LO 9–4 Discuss structural/functional and conflict/critical theories of global stratification.

TOP: World Systems Theory COG: Application 34. __________________ is the theorist associated with World Systems Theory. a. Walter Rostow b. Pierre Bourdieu c. Arlie Hochschild d. Immanuel Wallerstein ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 253 OBJ: LO 9–4 Discuss structural/functional and conflict/critical theories of global stratification.

TOP: World Systems Theory COG: Application 35. According to world-systems theory, the current world system has its roots in: a. slavery b. the process of colonization c. modernization d. neomodernization ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 253 OBJ: LO 9–4 Discuss structural/functional and conflict/critical theories of global stratification.

TOP: World Systems Theory COG: Application 36. World-systems theory divides the world into two parts: the _________ and the ________. a. Global North; Global South b. colonizers; colonized c. core; periphery d. capitalist; noncapitalist ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 253 OBJ: LO 9–4 Discuss structural/functional and conflict/critical theories of global stratification.

TOP: World Systems Theory COG: Application 37. World-systems theory is a _______________ theory that was strongly influenced by

_________. a. conflict/critical; Marx b. conflict/critical; Merton c. structural/functionalist; Durkheim d. historical/comparative; Weber ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 254 OBJ: LO 9–4 Discuss structural/functional and conflict/critical theories of global stratification.

TOP: World Systems Theory COG: Knowledge 38. Mark has a large house, a big car, and multiple television sets. These are consumption markers

for development according to which theory? a. neomodernization theory

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b. world-systems theory c. postcolonialism theory d. modernization theory ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 255 OBJ: LO 9–5 Explain some of the relationships between consumption and global stratification.

TOP: Global Consumer Culture and Inequality COG: Application 39. The idea of reorganizing unequal global trade in a way that minimizes inequalities is called: a. equal trade b. honest consumption c. fair trade d. neoconsumption ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 255 OBJ: LO 9–5 Explain some of the relationships between consumption and global stratification.

TOP: Fair Trade COG: Knowledge 40. One of the most common products in the fair trade system is: a. coffee b. T-shirts c. vegetables d. tobacco ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 255 OBJ: LO 9–5 Explain some of the relationships between consumption and global stratification.

TOP: Fair Trade COG: Knowledge 41. Much of the world’s coffee is produced by small farmers in the Global South. When services

like Coffee CSA work with these farmers, they agree to lock in a price paid by the Global North for the coffee so long as the producer meets the production criteria set by the CSA. This is an example of: a. fair trade b. postcolonialism c. neomodernization d. globalized equity ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 255–256 OBJ: LO 9–5 Explain some of the relationships between consumption and global stratification.

TOP: Fair Trade COG: Application 42. Stratification at the global level is a divide of Global North and South. What do North and South

indicate? a. The North and South poles of the globe as indicators of top and bottom b. North and South America c. Northern and Southern Hemispheres d. Core and periphery ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 236 OBJ: LO 9–1 Discuss ways that countries and individuals can be classified within global stratification.

TOP: The Global North and South COG: Knowledge

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MULTIPLE RESPONSE 43. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. The bottom billion face the following problems at higher rates

than other countries: a. lower life expectancy b. higher infant mortality rates c. higher crime rates d. higher rates of malnutrition ANS: A, B, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 238 OBJ: LO 9–1 Discuss ways that countries and individuals can be classified within global stratification.

TOP: The Poorest People in the World COG: Comprehension 44. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: What are the major areas of global inequality according to the

text? a. The digital divide in Internet access b. Global health inequalities c. Global transportation inequalities d. The global stratification of garbage disposal ANS: A, B, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 239–242 OBJ: LO 9–2 Describe forms of global stratification, including the global digital divide, health inequalities, and gender stratification.

TOP: Global Economic Inequalities COG: Comprehension 45. Many people, especially in the least industrialized nations, have no access to computers,

phones, and the Internet, and in those places where the Internet is available, it is very expensive.

This reflects the concept of the: a. computer revolution b. global digital divide c. cyberspace phenomenon d. technological process ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 240 OBJ: LO 9–2 Describe forms of global stratification, including the global digital divide, health inequalities, and gender stratification.

TOP: The Global Digital Divide COG: Knowledge 46. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Of these options, select the items that are true for health in the

Global South: a. the Global South carries a disproportionate share of the disease burden b. It would be very expensive to treat the diseases of the Global South c. The United States dedicates about 25% of total research funds to health problems of the Global South d. There is a 19-year gap in life expectancy between high- and low-income countries ANS: A, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 240 OBJ: LO 9–2 Describe forms of global stratification, including the global digital divide, health inequalities, and gender stratification.

TOP: Global Health Inequality COG: Analysis

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47. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following are stages in the process of industrial

upgrading? a. Original innovation b. Assembly c. Original equipment d. Original design manufacturing ANS: B, C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 248 OBJ: LO 9–3 Identify ways that countries’ positions within the global stratification structure might be improved.

TOP: Industrial Upgrading COG: Comprehension 48. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: the OECD specifies that foreign aid must meet which of these

standards? a. It must be unilateral, coming from one source and given directly to another country b. It must have an interest rate that is at least 25% below market rates c. Some acceptable purposes for the loan include education, health, or debt relief d. Any balance can be transferred to neighboring countries who also meet the loan criteria ANS: B, C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 249 OBJ: LO 9–3 Identify ways that countries’ positions within the global stratification structure might be improved.

TOP: Foreign Aid and Development COG: Knowledge 49. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following are stages in Rostow’s modernization

theory? a. The traditional stage b. The production stage c. The takeoff stage d. The high mass consumption stage ANS: A, C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 250–251 OBJ: LO 9–4 Discuss structural/functional and conflict/critical theories of global stratification.

TOP: Structural/Functional Theories COG: Analysis 50. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Cultural theorists Horkheimer and Adorno argue which of the

following about consumerism? a. All people are seduced into passivity through consumption b. Certain companies know how to read the cultural tastes of the elite c. No one intentionally creates products that are marketed to the poor d. People want consumer items because they believe they cannot be cool or happy without them ANS: A, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 255 OBJ: LO 9–5 Explain some of the relationships between consumption and global stratification.

TOP: Global Consumer Culture and Inequality COG: Analysis 51. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Horkheimer and Adorno would likely criticize fair trade

programs for the following reasons: a. They only trade from the Global South to the Global North b. These changes only further encourage overconsumption in cultures already dominated by consumption c. Rather than correcting inequalities, this reinforces inequalities by exploiting a new

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market segment for profit d. This type of policy does not address poor environmental standards ANS: B, C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 256 OBJ: LO 9–5 Explain some of the relationships between consumption and global stratification.

TOP: Fair Trade COG: Analysis TRUE/FALSE 52. China and Japan are part of the Global South. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 236 OBJ: LO 9–1 Discuss ways that countries and individuals can be classified within global stratification.

TOP: The Global North and South COG: Knowledge 53. A society’s position in the larger global stratification system has an effect on the stratification that is found within that society. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 236 OBJ: LO 9–1 Discuss ways that countries and individuals can be classified within global stratification.

TOP: The Global North and South COG: Comprehension 54. There is a wide variation of economies between and within the countries that are part of the Global North. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 236 OBJ: LO 9–1 Discuss ways that countries and individuals can be classified within global stratification.

TOP: High-, Middle-, and Low-Income Countries COG: Comprehension 55. Countries that industrialized relatively recently are commonly found in the middle-income category range. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 236 OBJ: LO 9–1 Discuss ways that countries and individuals can be classified within global stratification.

TOP: High-, Middle-, and Low-Income Countries COG: Knowledge 56. Countries in the low-income category are largely agrarian with low levels of industry. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 237 OBJ: LO 9–1 Discuss ways that countries and individuals can be classified within global stratification.

TOP: High-, Middle-, and Low-Income Countries

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COG: Knowledge 57. All people in the lowest 10% of the world’s population are in debt. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 238 OBJ: LO 9–1 Discuss ways that countries and individuals can be classified within global stratification.

TOP: The Richest People in the World COG: Knowledge 58. The highest level of net worth from cash and assets possessed by a person who falls in the lowest 50% of income worldwide is around $25,000. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 238 OBJ: LO 9–1 Discuss ways that countries and individuals can be classified within global stratification.

TOP: The Richest People in the World COG: Knowledge 59. The majority of Internet sites are in 10 languages, and this disadvantages those in the Global South who do not typically speak these languages. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 239 OBJ: LO 9–2 Describe forms of global stratification, including the global digital divide, health inequalities, and gender stratification.

TOP: The Global Digital Divide COG: Comprehension 60. Only about 12% of households in the developing world have Internet access as of 2014. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 240 OBJ: LO 9–2 Describe forms of global stratification, including the global digital divide, health inequalities, and gender stratification.

TOP: The Global Digital Divide COG: Knowledge 61. According to the text, globalization is associated with narrowed global disparities in life span and health outcomes. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 240 OBJ: LO 9–2 Describe forms of global stratification, including the global digital divide, health inequalities, and gender stratification.

TOP: The Global Digital Divide COG: Knowledge 62. According to the text, only developed countries produce garbage that is dangerous to others, but they are mostly able to force less developed countries to process it. a. True b. False ANS: F

PTS: 1

DIF: Medium

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REF: 242

OBJ: LO 9–2 Describe forms of global stratification, including the global digital divide, health inequalities, and gender stratification.

TOP: Global Waste and The Churequeros COG: Comprehension 63. According to the text, women are as involved as men in the labor force in some areas, such as Southeast Asia and China. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 243 OBJ: LO 9–2 Describe forms of global stratification, including the global digital divide, health inequalities, and gender stratification.

TOP: Inequality in Employment, Occupations, and Wealth COG: Comprehension 64. Men are twice as likely as women to have full-time jobs in the global workforce. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 244 OBJ: LO 9–2 Describe forms of global stratification, including the global digital divide, health inequalities, and gender stratification.

TOP: Inequality in Employment, Occupations, and Wealth COG: Knowledge 65. One of the reasons that women accept work in the informal economy, despite its insecurity and low wages, is to be able to work at home and complete their family obligations. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 244 OBJ: LO 9–2 Describe forms of global stratification, including the global digital divide, health inequalities, and gender stratification.

TOP: Women and Informal Employment COG: Knowledge 66. Women make less than men in the formal economy, but men and women make the same amount in the informal economy—they both make equally low wages. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 244 OBJ: LO 9–2 Describe forms of global stratification, including the global digital divide, health inequalities, and gender stratification.

TOP: Women and Informal Employment COG: Knowledge 67. One of the purposes of colonialism is to establish economic colonies which exploit the colonized nation's people and resources for the benefit of the more powerful country. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 252 OBJ: LO 9–4 Discuss structural/functional and conflict/critical theories of global stratification.

TOP: Colonialism, Imperialism, and Postcolonialism COG: Knowledge

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68. The world-systems theory focuses on the fact that many countries are dependent upon the United States for basic supplies such as food and clothing, as well as financial support, whereas the United States exploits these countries for cheap labor. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 254 OBJ: LO 9–4 Discuss structural/functional and conflict/critical theories of global stratification.

TOP: World Systems Theory COG: Application 69. The world relations theory focuses on the relationship between the core and periphery nations. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 253 OBJ: LO 9–4 Discuss structural/functional and conflict/critical theories of global stratification.

TOP: World Systems Theory COG: Knowledge 70. Consumer culture goes beyond consumption as a means to an end and creates the sense that consumption is a value in and of itself. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 255 OBJ: LO 9–5 Explain some of the relationships between consumption and global stratification.

TOP: World Systems Theory COG: Knowledge SHORT ANSWER 71. Name two of the serious problems faced by people who live in the bottom billion.

ANS: Answers vary but could include low life expectancy of about 50 years; a high infant mortality rate, and a higher likelihood of malnourishment or malnutrition, with about one third showing signs of malnutrition. They face huge barriers to improving their position and have frequent conflicts with neighbors in the form of civil wars or revolutions. They are likely to have bad or corrupt governments or may be “failed states” due to governments that repeatedly failed or no national government.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 238 OBJ: LO 9–1 Discuss ways that countries and individuals can be classified within global stratification.

TOP: The Poorest People in the World COG: Analysis 72. The Global North produces a disproportionate amount of garbage in the world and passes it along to countries in the Global South. Briefly explain why countries in the Global South would accept the electronic waste of the Global North.

ANS:

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Answers will vary but might include that Global South countries have less resources to keep out items that they don’t want. However, they may accept electronic waste from the Global North because it creates jobs for their citizens and because the waste itself contains components such as metals, including copper, aluminum, and gold, which are considered valuable and can be recycled for money or used in new products. It would be a mistake to think that people enjoy garbage, but some live in such desperate situations that they live and work by scavenging through garbage as a way to have enough resources to live.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 242–243 OBJ: LO 9–2 Describe forms of global stratification, including the global digital divide, health inequalities, and gender stratification.

TOP: Global Waste and The Churequeros COG: Comprehension 73. As women in the Global North seek out full-time professional careers, many choose to outsource domestic labor, and even reproductive labor, to female immigrants who have migrated from the Global South in search of work. How does this affect gender inequality according to the text? What, if anything, is new about this trend?

ANS: Answers may vary, but they should include a discussion about the fact that rather than improving gender equity, this arrangement tends to reinforce traditional gender roles and exploit immigrant women.

Migrant domestic workers have been around for centuries, so this is not a new development.

Class-privileged women have exploited the work of women in lower classes for some time, but the flow of reproductive labor has increased with globalization and the growth of the global economy. The increase in demand is new.

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 245 OBJ: LO 9–2 Describe forms of global stratification, including the global digital divide, health inequalities, and gender stratification.

TOP: Women in Global Care Chains COG: Knowledge 74. What was the purpose of the first foreign aid given in the contemporary era of foreign aid? Who gave foreign aid, under what plan, and to whom?

ANS: Answer should say that the first contemporary foreign aid was given to Europe by the United States under the Marshall Plan. This was due to the devastation caused by World War II. PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 249 OBJ: LO 9–3 Identify ways that countries’ positions within the global stratification structure might be improved.

TOP: Foreign Aid and Development COG: Knowledge 75. Discuss one trend and one criticism related to the use of foreign aid as a way to address global economic inequality.

ANS:

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Answers will vary, but the trends could be that disproportionate amounts of aid go to countries with smaller populations when analyzed on a per capita basis, smaller countries may receive more aid because they tend to show more noticeable changes as a result of aid than do countries with large populations such as China or India. Counties with colonial histories tend to receive more aid when they are aligned politically with the major donor countries. These characteristics tell us more about who will receive aid and how much than levels of poverty or democratization, or economic openness can. (One of these answers will suffice.) The criticisms include that foreign aid focuses on issues that have questionable effectiveness; that donors and recipients may have ulterior political agendas or motives; and that donations can have adverse effects on the countries that the foreign aid is trying to help. The aid can reinforce existing inequalities and global power structures.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 249 OBJ: LO 9–3 Identify ways that countries’ positions within the global stratification structure might be improved.

TOP: Foreign Aid and Development COG: Analysis 76. Discuss the similarities and differences between colonialism, imperialism, and postcolonialism. Are these categories exclusive?

ANS: Answers will vary but should include definitions of colonialism: methods employed by one country to gain control, sometimes through territorial conquest, of another country or geographic area. Colonialism generally involves settlers and formal mechanisms of control over a country’s colonies. It involves gaining political control. Imperialism involves control but without the creation of colonies, without settlers, and without formal methods of control. It is instead characterized by economic control and exploitation. Postcolonialism refers to a once-colonized area after the colonizing power has departed.

Power may be implemented from a distance by the prior colonial power, and may be political or economic in nature, mainly through controlling the locals.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 252 OBJ: LO 9–4 Discuss structural/functional and conflict/critical theories of global stratification.

TOP: Colonialism, Imperialism, and Postcolonialism COG: Analysis ESSAY 77. What is industrial upgrading, and which types of countries do it? List the four stages associated with industrial upgrading. In each of the four stages, be sure to provide more than a phrase—give specific examples of how industrial upgrading occurs in that stage. What is the overall effect of industrial upgrading on wages and working conditions?

ANS: Answers will vary but should include the definition of industrial upgrading: A process in which nations, firms, or even workers take on progressively more complex and higher-value production activities. This is a means for middle income countries to enter the global economic market or move up that market by becoming more competitive economically.

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Industrial upgrading has four stages: 1. Assembly is the ability to assemble more complexly, such as incorporating electronic components into a full smartphone and branding it to the name of the client that now makes a phone and not just parts for the phone. 2 Original equipment manufacturing is a process in which the nation, firm, or worker will design and produce a television that conforms to the client specifications and is sold under the client’s brand. 3. Original brand-name manufacturing. In stage 3, companies may now design and sell their own automobile or phone with their own brand name. 4.

Original design manufacturing is the fourth and final stage and therefore is the most complex, in which a company designs and produces a high-end product for the market that is simply purchased and resold by the client. An instance might be designing a high-end audio speaker that is now put into every Apple laptop. Wages and working conditions improve as nations or companies move to higher levels of complexity.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 248 OBJ: LO 9–3 Identify ways that countries’ positions within the global stratification structure might be improved.

TOP: Industrial Upgrading COG: Comprehension 78. Rostow’s version of modernization theory was used during the Cold War to describe what progression?

What are the four stages of modernization theory that countries must go through according to Rostow’s model?

ANS: Rostow’s theory of modernization argued that low-income countries have to abandon their traditional values and ways of life in order to improve their economic standards of living. Countries progress through four stages on a linear path to economic development: 1. Traditional stage is when people in traditional societies have lived their lives the same way for many generations and know only the lives of their ancestors. They often include hardship and lack of material comforts. People are encouraged to follow the path of others in their families and communities. These societies do not incentivize working harder to get ahead. 2. Takeoff stage. This is when people in poor countries start to abandon traditional values and think more ambitiously about their future. They move toward greater individualism and begin to work with developing markets and economic growth. 3. Drive to technological maturity. This is when a country begins to bring in more advanced industries and higher levels of investment, more urbanization, and higher standards of living. People demand more material comforts and more education. 4. High mass consumption. This is the fully modernized version of the country, which includes high levels of consumption and a high standard of living. Absolute poverty falls and people come to be used to conveniences.

PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 250 OBJ: LO 9–4 Discuss structural/functional and conflict/critical theories of global stratification.

TOP: Structural/Functional Theories COG: Application 79. How does world-systems theory view the world? Describe the categories that the world-systems theory uses to divide up the world, including examples that fit into each category. What is the dimension that separates these two categories from one another? How does one benefit from the other? What consequences does WST suggest for understanding the world?

ANS:

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Answers will vary but should identifying that world-systems theory sees the world as a single economic system with two main categories: the core and the periphery, which are defined in relationship to the economy. The core includes the wealthiest industrialized countries and the periphery are the countries that are dependent on, and exploited by, the core nation-states. The core includes countries such as the United States, Australia, and Japan; the periphery includes most African countries, and parts of Asia, the Middle East, and South America. Some countries are in the “semiperiphery” such as Eastern Europe and Thailand. Countries ended up in their categories based on colonization during its early phases. Core nations benefit from periphery by exploiting their labor and natural resources. They are able to keep the periphery focused on narrow, export-oriented economies instead of developing industrial capacity and producing goods for the domestic market. The periphery’s cheap labor helps the corporations in the core to make stronger profits, and the power imbalance allows the core to dictate loan terms to the periphery.

Ultimately, WST suggests that you can only understand nations and their economic wealth by understanding them in their relative position within the world system and their current relationships to other countries.

PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 253 OBJ: LO 9–4 Discuss structural/functional and conflict/critical theories of global stratification.

TOP: World Systems Theory COG: Application

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Chapter 10: Race and Ethnicity Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. African Americans and Asians are defined primarily as a(n): a. ethnic group b. racial group c. cultural group d. social group ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 262 OBJ: LO 10–1 Contrast historical and recent views of racial categories and ethnic identities in the United States.

TOP: Race and Ethnicity COG: Comprehension 2. When a minority group is defined as a race and then negative characteristics are attributed to

that group, it is called: a. ethnocentric b. racialism c. racicsm d. racial profiling ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 262 OBJ: LO 10–1 Contrast historical and recent views of racial categories and ethnic identities in the United States.

TOP: Race and Ethnicity COG: Comprehension 3. ______________ is based on some real or presumed physical or biological characteristic, such

as skin or hair color. a. Ethnicity b. Race c. Culture ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 262 OBJ: LO 10–1 Contrast historical and recent views of racial categories and ethnic identities in the United States.

TOP: The Concepts of Race and Ethnicity COG: Comprehension 4. ____________ is defined on the basis of some real or presumed cultural characteristic, such as

language or religion. a. Ethnicity b. Culture c. Race d. Biological heritage ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 262 OBJ: LO 10–1 Contrast historical and recent views of racial categories and ethnic identities in the United States.

TOP: The Concepts of Race and Ethnicity COG: Comprehension 5. The lines between racial and ethnic groups are: a. separated by nature and nurture

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b. very obvious c. vague and unclear d. historically defined ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 262 OBJ: LO 10–1 Contrast historical and recent views of racial categories and ethnic identities in the United States.

TOP: The Concepts of Race and Ethnicity COG: Comprehension 6. How old is the concept of race? a. It is a twentieth-century phenomenon b. It began around the Renaissance c. It goes back to ancient history d. Race is biological, so it has always been a category of importance ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 262 OBJ: LO 10–1 Contrast historical and recent views of racial categories and ethnic identities in the United States.

TOP: The Concepts of Race and Ethnicity COG: Comprehension 7. During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, folk ideas about race were supplemented with

_____________ justifications for treating people of other races differently. a. realistic b. irrational c. legal d. scientific ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 263 OBJ: LO 10–1 Contrast historical and recent views of racial categories and ethnic identities in the United States.

TOP: “Scientific” Explanations COG: Comprehension 8. _________________ refers to the belief that racial differences were the result of evolutionary

differences among the races. a. Cultural heritage b. Ethnocentrism c. Racial hypothesis d. Social Darwinism ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 263 OBJ: LO 10–1 Contrast historical and recent views of racial categories and ethnic identities in the United States.

TOP: “Scientific” Explanations COG: Knowledge 9. According to the science of race, how many races are there? a. 1,740 specific races b. 4 major races c. 30 races d. Since race is a socially constructed category, there is not a scientifically specific

answer that is correct ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 263 OBJ: LO 10–1 Contrast historical and recent views of racial categories and ethnic identities in the United States.

TOP: “Scientific” Explanations COG: Comprehension

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10. George Mendel's work on genetics and heredity during the nineteenth century led to the idea

that: a. races could not be distinguished from one another on the basis of genetic makeup b. race was related to the melanin levels in skin based on sun exposure c. races could be distinguished from one another on the basis of genetic makeup d. aside from skin tone, people were the same physiologically, with the same number of genes ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 263 OBJ: LO 10–1 Contrast historical and recent views of racial categories and ethnic identities in the United States.

TOP: “Scientific” Explanations COG: Comprehension 11. John is very proud of his Italian and French background. Therefore, it can be said that John is

very proud of his ___________________. a. racial background b. interpersonal background c. ethnicity d. social heritage ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 262 OBJ: LO 10–1 Contrast historical and recent views of racial categories and ethnic identities in the United States.

TOP: The Concepts of Race and Ethnicity COG: Application 12. The name of the movement that notoriously argued for genetic improvements to the human

population through scientific manipulation is: a. eugenics b. social Darwinism c. phrenology d. the Human Genome Project ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 263 OBJ: LO 10–1 Contrast historical and recent views of racial categories and ethnic identities in the United States.

TOP: “Scientific” Explanations COG: Application 13. In order to show genetically based racial differences in intelligence in the early 1900s, what test

was used? a. blood type tests b. skull measurements c. IQ tests d. taxonomic testing ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 263 OBJ: LO 10–1 Contrast historical and recent views of racial categories and ethnic identities in the United States.

TOP: “Scientific” Explanations COG: Application 14. While historical explanations of race favored __________ explanations, contemporary

explanations of race tend to base explanations on ___________. a. pseudoscientific; cultural factors b. geographic; genetic factors c. legal; social and cultural factors d. scientific; genetic

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ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 265 OBJ: LO 10–1 Contrast historical and recent views of racial categories and ethnic identities in the United States.

TOP: Cultural Factors COG: Application 15. The hypodescent rule is a legacy of racial relations in America because it interpreted race as: a. anyone with one black ancestor is considered black b. anyone with at least two white grandparents is considered white c. anyone who married a black person would be considered black in the eyes of the law d. anyone whose skin tone was “hypodescent” or darker than a shade specified in the

law, was considered black regardless of parentage ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 265 OBJ: LO 10–1 Contrast historical and recent views of racial categories and ethnic identities in the United States.

TOP: The Fluidity of Racial Categories COG: Application MULTIPLE RESPONSE 16. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following were legal names assigned to people

with mixed blood ancestry? a. quadroon b. octoroon c. mulatto d. pastiche ANS: A, B, C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 265 OBJ: LO 10–1 Contrast historical and recent views of racial categories and ethnic identities in the United States.

TOP: The Fluidity of Racial Categories COG: Application 17. President Barack Obama is typically referred to as black or African American, not “half-black”

or “half African American,” even though he had one white parent and one black parent and was raised by his white mother and white grandparents. The text argues that this is a legacy of: a. racism b. the hypodescent rule c. social Darwinism d. eugenics ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 265 OBJ: LO 10–1 Contrast historical and recent views of racial categories and ethnic identities in the United States.

TOP: The Fluidity of Racial Categories COG: Application 18. The “separate but equal” doctrine of segregation started with an 1896 Supreme Court decision.

The case was brought by a man who was one-eighth black, after being asked to leave a “whites only” train car when it was discovered that he was legally considered “colored.” The name of this famous case is: a. Brown v. Board of Education b. Jim Crow v. the United States c. Plessy v. Ferguson d. Love v. Virginia ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 265 OBJ: LO 10–1 Contrast historical and recent views of racial categories and ethnic identities in the United States.

TOP: The Fluidity of Racial Categories COG: Knowledge

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19. The “separate but equal” doctrine of segregation was overturned in the famous

___________________ ruling of 1954. a. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka b. Jim Crow v. the United States c. Plessy v. Ferguson d. Love v. Virginia ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 266 OBJ: LO 10–1 Contrast historical and recent views of racial categories and ethnic identities in the United States.

TOP: The Fluidity of Racial Categories COG: Knowledge 20. It wasn't until the __________ census that people were allowed to officially identify with 2 or

more races. a. 1990 b. 1970 c. 2000 d. 1980 ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 266 OBJ: LO 10–1 Contrast historical and recent views of racial categories and ethnic identities in the United States.

TOP: The Fluidity of Racial Categories COG: Knowledge 21. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Because oppression and subordination are associated with

minority racial and ethnic categories, some individuals go to lengths to identify with the dominant group. Which of these are named in the text as ways that individuals attempt to assimilate? a. Learning the dominant language b. Changing one’s name to one that sounds more like a member of the dominant group c. Undergoing cosmetic surgery d. Changing the looks of one’s hair to look like the dominant group ANS: A, B, C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 266 OBJ: LO 10–1 Contrast historical and recent views of racial categories and ethnic identities in the United States.

TOP: Racial and Ethnic Identities COG: Analysis 22. The minority group is in a subordinate position in terms of wealth, power, and prestige, while a

majority group is in the dominant position on those dimensions. This definition of group categories comes from sociologist: a. Karl Marx b. Max Weber c. Émile Durkheim d. Herbert Spencer ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 268 OBJ: LO 10–2 Describe the effects of stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, and the social construction of difference on majority-minority relations.

TOP: Majority–Minority Relations COG: Knowledge 23. The U.S. Census Bureau has estimated that in 2043, the non-Hispanic white population will be

in the minority when compared to the combined nonwhite population groups in the United States, but will still be the largest single category. This is called:

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a. b. c. d.

a demographic flip an unmarked minority category a majority-minority population a minority-majority population

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 267 OBJ: LO 10–2 Describe the effects of stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, and the social construction of difference on majority-minority relations.

TOP: Majority–Minority Relations COG: Knowledge 24. A classic argument in sociology is “If men define situations as real, they are real in their

consequences.” The text author uses this to demonstrate that: a. majority groups cannot think of themselves as minority groups b. minority groups often suffer from stereotype threats c. even though majority and minority statuses are socially constructed, they are treated as “objective” d. people rarely change their attitudes about race ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 268 OBJ: LO 10–2 Describe the effects of stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, and the social construction of difference on majority-minority relations.

TOP: The Social Construction of Difference COG: Comprehension 25. When Latinos and blacks are portrayed in violent video games as criminals and members of

gangs, this is an example of _________________: a. stereotypes b. mental representations c. internal representations d. pigeonholes ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 269 OBJ: LO 10–2 Describe the effects of stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, and the social construction of difference on majority-minority relations.

TOP: Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination COG: Comprehension 26. Prejudice is a(n) _______________, whereas discrimination is a(n) ______________. a. action; attitude b. process; belief c. activity; action d. attitude; action ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 269 OBJ: LO 10–2 Describe the effects of stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, and the social construction of difference on majority-minority relations.

TOP: Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination COG: Comprehension 27. Mary is a waitress who refuses to wait on black customers. This is an example of: a. prejudice b. discrimination c. intersectionality d. stereotyping ANS: B

PTS: 1

DIF: Hard

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REF: 269

OBJ: LO 10–2 Describe the effects of stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, and the social construction of difference on majority-minority relations.

TOP: Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination COG: Application 28. Which of the statements is FALSE in regard to prejudice and discrimination? a. One can't discriminate without holding prejudicial attitudes. b. One can be prejudicial and not discriminate against others. c. Prejudice and discrimination don't always go hand in hand. d. One can discriminate and not be prejudicial.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 269 OBJ: LO 10–2 Describe the effects of stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, and the social construction of difference on majority-minority relations.

TOP: Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination COG: Comprehension 29. ___________________ is the idea that members of a minority group are affected by the nature

of their position in other systems or forms of social inequality. a. Multiracialism b. Pluralism c. Intersectionality d. Hegemony ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 269 OBJ: LO 10–2 Describe the effects of stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, and the social construction of difference on majority-minority relations.

TOP: Intersectionality COG: Comprehension 30. Marco grew up in Puerto Rico and considers himself Hispanic. He is also gay and in his late

30s. Marco’s experiences are not only affected by his ethnicity but by his membership in multiple categories, a concept called: a. multiracialism b. pluralism c. intersectionality d. hegemony ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 269 OBJ: LO 10–2 Describe the effects of stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, and the social construction of difference on majority-minority relations.

TOP: Intersectionality COG: Application 31. Sue is a 22-year-old African American female who has been passed over for a promotion for 5

years at her company. She feels as if her age, race, and sex have prevented her from climbing the executive ladder. This is an example of which concept? a. Hyposectionality b. Hypersectionality c. Horizontal mobility d. Intersectionality ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 269 OBJ: LO 10–2 Describe the effects of stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, and the social construction of difference on majority-minority relations.

TOP: Intersectionality COG: Application

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32. According to your text, who is MOST likely to rely on Social Security benefits? a. White men over the age of 65 b. Black women over the age of 65 c. Asian men over the age of 65 d. Hispanic women over the age of 75 ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 271 OBJ: LO 10–2 Describe the effects of stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, and the social construction of difference on majority-minority relations.

TOP: Intersectionality COG: Application 33. John and Sue are emergency room nurses. Within 5 years, John has been promoted twice and

has doubled his salary. His boss, when interviewed, believes that John is more capable at the job than Sue because he is male. This is an example of which concept? a. The glass room b. The invisible ceiling c. Prejudicial bias d. The glass escalator ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 271 OBJ: LO 10–2 Describe the effects of stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, and the social construction of difference on majority-minority relations.

TOP: Intersectionality COG: Application 34. Many American tourists who visit Mexico experience many vendors who try to sell items that

are found only within the Mexican culture. This is an example of: a. the commercialization of racial groups b. intersectionality c. the commercialization of ethnicity d. rational ideology ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 275 OBJ: LO 10–2 Describe the effects of stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, and the social construction of difference on majority-minority relations.

TOP: The Commercialization of Ethnicity COG: Application 35. When immigrants come to the United States, many of them feel compelled to give up their

native language in order to learn English. This is an example of ______________________. a. segregation b. genocide c. assimilation d. pluralism ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 272 OBJ: LO 10–2 Describe the effects of stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, and the social construction of difference on majority-minority relations.

TOP: Patterns of Interaction COG: Application 36. During the 1950s, blacks and whites had separate bathroom facilities, attended separate schools,

and used different water fountains. This is an example of ________________. a. genocide b. assimilation

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c. segregation d. pluralism ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 272 OBJ: LO 10–2 Describe the effects of stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, and the social construction of difference on majority-minority relations.

TOP: Patterns of Interaction COG: Application 37. According to your text, an example of racialized marketing is: a. alcohol b. automobiles c. menthol cigarettes d. ethnic foods ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 274 OBJ: LO 10–2 Describe the effects of stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, and the social construction of difference on majority-minority relations.

TOP: Marketing to Minorities COG: Application 38. White consumption of black culture in the United States has historically been: a. broad and general b. highly selective c. not done at all d. punishable by law ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 275 OBJ: LO 10–2 Describe the effects of stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, and the social construction of difference on majority-minority relations.

TOP: White Consumption of Black Culture COG: Application 39. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of these are included as factors related to lower

educational attainment for black students? a. The likelihood of growing up with siblings who did not go to college b. The likelihood of growing up in a single-parent household c. Black students often disengage in school due to an oppositional peer culture d. Black students are likely to be at a poorer public schools with a majority of black students ANS: B, C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 273 OBJ: LO 10–2 Describe the effects of stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, and the social construction of difference on majority-minority relations.

TOP: Race, Ethnicity, and Education COG: Analysis 40. Perhaps ironically, more recent Hispanic immigrants often perform better in school than those

who have been here longer. This is called: a. the immigrant advantage b. immigrant motivation c. immigrant paradox d. first-generation pressure ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 273 OBJ: LO 10–2 Describe the effects of stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, and the social construction of difference on majority-minority relations.

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TOP: Race, Ethnicity, and Education

COG: Comprehension

41. Many tourists are attracted to attend a luau when they visit Hawaii. This is an example of: a. intersectionality b. xenophobia c. commercialization of ethnicity d. assimilation ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 275 OBJ: LO 10–2 Describe the effects of stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, and the social construction of difference on majority-minority relations.

TOP: Commercialization of Ethnicity COG: Application 42. When Irish immigrants came to the United States in the early 1900s, many whites called them

names and treated them in a very negative manner. This is an example of _______________. a. homophobia b. altophobia c. xenophobia d. structural racism ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 276 OBJ: LO 10–3 Discuss the foundations of racism, including xenophobia, ethnocentrism, and social structures and institutions.

TOP: Commercialization of Ethnicity COG: Comprehension 43. When a set of ideas that reflects the point of view of a white person is accepted as the taken for

granted understanding of how to interpret culture, it is referred to as: a. white privilege b. white racial frame c. xenophobia d. institutional racism ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 277 OBJ: LO 10–3 Discuss the foundations of racism, including xenophobia, ethnocentrism, and social structures and institutions.

TOP: Culture and Racism COG: Comprehension 44. Mike, who is white, is upset because he got passed over for a promotion by a fellow employee,

who is Latino, named Joe. He proceeds to write hateful e-mails about Joe to his fellow coworkers. Mike's actions can be categorized as being driven by a ______________________ motive. a. political-territorial b. bigotry c. ideological d. criminal-materialist ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 278 OBJ: LO 10–3 Discuss the foundations of racism, including xenophobia, ethnocentrism, and social structures and institutions.

TOP: Racist Motives COG: Application 45. Recently, members of a gang decided to write negative racial slurs all over a rival gang's

territory just for the fun of it. This is an example of which racial motive?

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a. b. c. d.

Emotional motive Bigotry motive Ideological motive Political-territorial motive

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 278 OBJ: LO 10–3 Discuss the foundations of racism, including xenophobia, ethnocentrism, and social structures and institutions.

TOP: Racist Motives COG: Application 46. Recently, a black family moved into an all-white neighborhood. The whites who lived in the

neighborhood wanted the black family to leave so they began to harass them on a daily basis.

This is an example of ______________________ motive. a. ideological b. bigotry c. political-territorial d. emotional ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 278 OBJ: LO 10–3 Discuss the foundations of racism, including xenophobia, ethnocentrism, and social structures and institutions.

TOP: Racist Motives COG: Application 47. Many schools and employers have instituted a policy of ____________________, which

attempts to offset institutional racism by taking race and other minority group factors into consideration when making decisions. a. intersectionality b. affirmatory action c. hegemony d. affirmative action ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 278 OBJ: LO 10–3 Discuss the foundations of racism, including xenophobia, ethnocentrism, and social structures and institutions.

TOP: Racist Motives COG: Application 48. When majority group members who occupy lower levels in the hierarchy sense that their

superiors expect them to behave in a racist manner, they are operating from a: a. group norm motive b. structural motive c. bigotry motive d. ideological motive ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 278 OBJ: LO 10–3 Discuss the foundations of racism, including xenophobia, ethnocentrism, and social structures and institutions.

TOP: Racist Motives COG: Application 49. When hospitals give preferential treatment to whites as opposed to members of minority

groups, this is referred to as: a. prejudicial bias b. individual bias

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c. institutional discrimination d. individual discrimination ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 278–279 OBJ: LO 10–3 Discuss the foundations of racism, including xenophobia, ethnocentrism, and social structures and institutions.

TOP: Institutional Racism COG: Application 50. Research indicates that prejudice and racism at the individual level _________________. a. has been steadily increasing b. has remained the same in recent decades c. has been decreasing d. can't be documented because it's hard to detect ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 280 OBJ: LO 10–3 Discuss the foundations of racism, including xenophobia, ethnocentrism, and social structures and institutions.

TOP: The Role of Individuals in Institutional Racism COG: Knowledge 51. Which statement regarding individual and institutional discrimination is true? a. Individual discrimination is always linked to prejudicial attitudes b. Individual discrimination is more difficult to detect then institutional discrimination c. Institutional discrimination occurs between two individuals d. Institutional discrimination is harder to detect compared to individual discrimination ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 280 OBJ: LO 10–3 Discuss the foundations of racism, including xenophobia, ethnocentrism, and social structures and institutions.

TOP: The Role of Individuals in Institutional Racism COG: Analysis 52. Neo-Nazis and the Klu Klux Klan are examples of __________________. a. xenophobic groups b. hate groups c. racial groups d. hegemonic groups ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 280 OBJ: LO 10–3 Discuss the foundations of racism, including xenophobia, ethnocentrism, and social structures and institutions.

TOP: Hate Groups COG: Knowledge 53. The civil rights movement, which took place in the 1950s and 1960s, ended the

_________________ laws. a. Jim Crow b. August Comte c. Stanley Milgram d. Franklin Mills ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 281 OBJ: LO 10–3 Discuss the foundations of racism, including xenophobia, ethnocentrism, and social structures and institutions.

TOP: The Civil Rights Movement COG: Knowledge

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54. After the successes of the civil rights movement, several social movements arose in the late

1960s and early 1970s that promoted pride in one’s racial identity. These movements were called: a. diaspora movements b. ghetto movements c. power movements d. indigenous movements ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 282 OBJ: LO 10–3 Discuss the foundations of racism, including xenophobia, ethnocentrism, and social structures and institutions.

TOP: Collective Identity and “Power” Movements COG: Knowledge 55. ________________ refers to the dispersal, typically involuntary, of a racial or ethnic

population from its traditional homeland and over a wide geographic area. a. Assimilation b. Genocide c. Segregation d. Diaspora ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 282 OBJ: LO 10–4 Describe how globalization is affecting ethnic identities, ethnic conflicts, and migrations.

TOP: Race and Ethnicity in a Global Context COG: Comprehension 56. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following statements regarding the relationship

between ethnic identity and globalization is true? a. Ethnic identities are very fragile b. Globalization is a force in the creation and proliferation of ethnic identity c. Ethnic identity and globalization are part of the same modern process d. Ethnicity usually becomes part of a person's core identity ANS: B, C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 282 OBJ: LO 10–4 Describe how globalization is affecting ethnic identities, ethnic conflicts, and migrations.

TOP: Ethnic Identity and Globalization COG: Analysis 57. ___________________ refers to the establishment by the dominant group of policies that allow

or require the forcible removal of people of another ethnic group. a. Assimilation b. Genocide c. Ethnic cleansing d. Pluralism ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 287 OBJ: LO 10–4 Describe how globalization is affecting ethnic identities, ethnic conflicts, and migrations.

TOP: Ethnic Cleansing COG: Analysis 58. The Holocaust is an example of ___________________. a. assimilation b. genocide c. amalgamation d. segregation

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ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 288 OBJ: LO 10–4 Describe how globalization is affecting ethnic identities, ethnic conflicts, and migrations.

TOP: Genocide COG: Application TRUE/FALSE 59. #39Race is related to education. Hispanics and blacks have lower levels of educational

attainment than whites and Asians. This matters because economic success is largely predicted by educational achievement. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 272 OBJ: LO 10–2 Describe the effects of stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, and the social construction of difference on majority-minority relations.

TOP: Race, Ethnicity, and Education COG: Application 60. A racial group is defined primary by cultural characteristics.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 262 OBJ: LO 10–1 Contrast historical and recent views of racial categories and ethnic identities in the United States.

TOP: Race and Ethnicity COG: Comprehension 61. People who are French would be considered an ethnic group.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 262 OBJ: LO 10–1 Contrast historical and recent views of racial categories and ethnic identities in the United States.

TOP: Race and Ethnicity COG: Comprehension 62. A racial group is defined primarily by physical characteristics, whereas an ethnic group is

defined primarily by cultural characteristics. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 262 OBJ: LO 10–1 Contrast historical and recent views of racial categories and ethnic identities in the United States.

TOP: Race and Ethnicity COG: Comprehension 63. The one drop rule or one black ancestor rule is also known as the hyperdescent rule.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 265 OBJ: LO 10–1 Contrast historical and recent views of racial categories and ethnic identities in the United States.

TOP: The Fluidity of Racial Categories COG: Application 64. New Mexico and Texas are two states which have a majority-minority population.

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a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 268 OBJ: LO 10–2 Describe the effects of stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, and the social construction of difference on majority-minority relations.

TOP: Majority–Minority Relations COG: Comprehension 65. Women would be categorized as a minority group, whereas men would be categorized as a

majority group. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 268 OBJ: LO 10–2 Describe the effects of stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, and the social construction of difference on majority-minority relations.

TOP: Majority–Minority Relations COG: Comprehension 66. A stereotype is a generalization about an entire category of people.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 269 OBJ: LO 10–2 Describe the effects of stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, and the social construction of difference on majority-minority relations.

TOP: Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination COG: Comprehension 67. John believes that people who have a Latino background are lazy. This would be referred to as

discrimination. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 269 OBJ: LO 10–2 Describe the effects of stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, and the social construction of difference on majority-minority relations.

TOP: Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination COG: Comprehension 68. Prejudice is an attitude and discrimination is an action.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 269 OBJ: LO 10–2 Describe the effects of stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, and the social construction of difference on majority-minority relations.

TOP: Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination COG: Comprehension 69. An example of assimilation would be Asian immigrants who come to the United States and give

up their cultural traditions. a. True b. False ANS: T

PTS: 1

DIF: Medium

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REF: 272

OBJ: LO 10–2 Describe the effects of stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, and the social construction of difference on majority-minority relations.

TOP: Patterns of Interaction COG: Comprehension 70. Philadelphia is a city where many religions are practiced and many different types of languages

are spoken. This is an example of segregation. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 272 OBJ: LO 10–2 Describe the effects of stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, and the social construction of difference on majority-minority relations.

TOP: Patterns of Interaction COG: Comprehension 71. An example of genocide occurred when American Indians were killed in large numbers by the

white settlers in the period of westward expansion. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 272 OBJ: LO 10–2 Describe the effects of stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, and the social construction of difference on majority-minority relations.

TOP: Patterns of Interaction COG: Comprehension 72. Racism involves defining a majority group as a race and attributing negative characteristics to

that group. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 276 OBJ: LO 10–3 Discuss the foundations of racism, including xenophobia, ethnocentrism, and social structures and institutions.

TOP: Racism COG: Comprehension 73. Joe decides to spray paint racial slurs on his neighbor's car because he believes it is fun and

enjoyable to do so. This is example of a criminal-materialist motive. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 278 OBJ: LO 10–3 Discuss the foundations of racism, including xenophobia, ethnocentrism, and social structures and institutions.

TOP: Racist Motives COG: Comprehension 74. Hitler was an example of someone who used ideological motives to sway the German people

that the Jewish population was inferior to the Aryan race. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 278 OBJ: LO 10–3 Discuss the foundations of racism, including xenophobia, ethnocentrism, and social structures and institutions.

TOP: Racist Motives COG: Comprehension

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75. A bank has a history of giving low-interest loans to whites and charging high-interest loans to

minority groups. This is an example of individual racism. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 278 OBJ: LO 10–3 Discuss the foundations of racism, including xenophobia, ethnocentrism, and social structures and institutions.

TOP: Racist Motives COG: Comprehension 76. Institutional discrimination can be found within the educational and health care systems.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 279 OBJ: LO 10–3 Discuss the foundations of racism, including xenophobia, ethnocentrism, and social structures and institutions.

TOP: Institutional Racism COG: Comprehension 77. Institutional discrimination is harder to detect when compared to individual discrimination.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 280 OBJ: LO 10–3 Discuss the foundations of racism, including xenophobia, ethnocentrism, and social structures and institutions.

TOP: Institutional Racism COG: Comprehension 78. Diaspora refers to the dispersal, typically involuntary, of a racial or ethnic group from its

traditional homeland. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 282 OBJ: LO 10–4 Describe how globalization is affecting ethnic identities, ethnic conflicts, and migrations.

TOP: Race and Ethnicity in a Global Context COG: Knowledge 79. Ethnic cleansing is defined as the establishment by the minority group of policies that allow or

require the forcible removal of people of another racial group. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 287 OBJ: LO 10–4 Describe how globalization is affecting ethnic identities, ethnic conflicts, and migrations.

TOP: Ethnic Cleansing COG: Knowledge 80. Today, genocide is no longer being practiced within nation-states.

a. True b. False

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ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 288 OBJ: LO 10–4 Describe how globalization is affecting ethnic identities, ethnic conflicts, and migrations.

TOP: Genocide COG: Knowledge SHORT ANSWER 81. Differentiate between race and ethnicity and give two examples of each type of group.

ANS:

Varies but should define race and ethnicity and give two examples of each.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 262 OBJ: LO 10–1 Contrast historical and recent views of racial categories and ethnic identities in the United States.

TOP: Race and Ethnicity COG: Comprehension 82. Define a majority and a minority group. Give an example of each type of group.

ANS:

Varies but should include a definition of a majority group and a minority group with an example of each.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 268 OBJ: LO 10–2 Describe the effects of stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, and the social construction of difference on majority-minority relations.

TOP: Majority–Minority Relations COG: Comprehension 83. What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination? Give an example of each. Can a

person be prejudicial without being discriminatory? Explain your answer. Can a person be discriminatory without being prejudicial? Explain your answer.

ANS:

Correct answer varies but should include a definition of prejudice and discrimination and the difference between the two, followed by an example of each one that elaborates why it fits into the named category.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 269 OBJ: LO 10–2 Describe the effects of stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, and the social construction of difference on majority-minority relations.

TOP: Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination COG: Comprehension 84. Discuss institutional racism and provide an example (the example can be hypothetical).

Differentiate individual racism from institutional racism. Can institutional racism happen when an individual is not racist?

ANS:

Correct answer varies but should include an explanation of institutional racism and individual racism, and discuss how institutional racism need not be based on an individual’s racism.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 280 OBJ: LO 10–3 Discuss the foundations of racism, including xenophobia, ethnocentrism, and social structures and institutions.

TOP: Institutional Racism

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COG: Comprehension 85. In this essay, discuss the factors that affect blacks and Hispanics when it comes to educational

attainment. What are some of the relationships between educational attainment and other life factors that might help to explain lower levels of educational attainment? How does lower educational attainment in turn affect other outcomes?

ANS:

Answers will vary but should discuss the role of family structure, peer culture in high school, segregation in schools, language barriers for Hispanics, the black-white achievement gap, and the immigrant paradox as possible topics. It should discuss how lower educational outcomes affect income over one’s life, and this can affect all kinds of other outcomes in terms of equality.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 273 OBJ: LO 10–2 Describe the effects of stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, and the social construction of difference on majority-minority relations.

TOP: Race, Ethnicity, and Education COG: Comprehension

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Chapter 11: Gender and Sexuality Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Sex is based on __________________ distinctions, whereas gender is based on

_____________ distinctions. a. social; physical b. cultural; biological c. biological; social d. social; cultural ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 294 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Gender and Sex COG: Comprehension 2. Emily likes to wear dresses, play with dolls, and paint her nails. These are examples of the

various ways Emily is expressing her: a. sex b. gender ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 294 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Gender and Sex COG: Comprehension 3. One of the first questions we ask when we find out someone is having or adopting a baby is

“boy or girl?” This is because we consider sex and gender a _________; it is a position that affects all other positions we hold. a. master status b. dominant role c. biological imperative d. cultural anchor ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 294 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Gender and Sex COG: Comprehension 4. People who are born with ambiguous genitalia are usually referred to as

___________________. a. transsexual b. heterosexual c. intersex d. ambiphilic ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 294 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Gender and Sex COG: Knowledge 5. Levandus is biologically a male but prefers to dress in a very feminine manner and wear

make-up. He decides to undergo a sex change operation in a few years. Levandus would be considered a(n) _____________________.

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a. b. c. d.

intersexual heterosexual homosexual transsexual

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 294 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Gender and Sex COG: Knowledge 6. More and more women are falling below the poverty line. This is referred to as: a. feminization of work b. feminine relativism c. feminization of poverty d. relative poverty of women ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 316 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: The Feminization of Poverty and Female Proletarianization COG: Knowledge 7. The term _________________ is used to mean a dominant or idealized form of something. a. heteronormative b. hegemonic c. aspirational d. hierarchical ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 295 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Femininities and Masculinities COG: Knowledge 8. __________________ is a form of society that is dominated by men. a. Hegemony b. Masculized society c. Proletarianism d. Oligarchy ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 295 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Femininities and Masculinities COG: Knowledge 9. The characteristics associated with being a male, such as being tall, handsome, young, and

athletic, is referred to as ______________________. a. emphasized masculinity b. hegemonic masculinity c. dominant masculinity d. hypermonic masculinity ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 295 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Femininities and Masculinities COG: Knowledge

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10. During the 1950s, women were expected to stay at home and take care of their husband and

children's needs. These socially constructed ideas are referred to as __________________________. a. hegemonic femininity b. social femininity c. cultural femininity d. emphasized femininity ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 295 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Femininities and Masculinities COG: Knowledge 11. According to the text, a term for a person who does not identify with either being a man or a

woman is: a. asexual b. agender c. transsexual d. ambisexual ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 297 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Transgender and Nonbinary Genders COG: Knowledge 12. __________ is the umbrella term for people whose gender identification or presentation differs

from the gender assigned to them at birth. a. Cross-gendered b. Transsexual c. Transgender d. Misgendered ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 297 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Transgender and Nonbinary Genders COG: Knowledge 13. A person’s internal sense of being either male or female is called: a. internal gender b. gender identity c. sexual psychology d. cognitive gender ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 297 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Transgender and Nonbinary Genders COG: Knowledge 14. People who feel that their identity along the male/female spectrum changes depending on the

context are referred to as: a. genderqueer b. transgender c. gender fluid d. bisexual ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 297 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

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TOP: Transgender and Nonbinary Genders

COG: Knowledge

15. The start of the modern U.S. lesbian, gay, and trans rights movement is often connected to: a. the liberty marches of the 1920s b. the formation of gay rights groups directly after World War II (1945) c. the Stonewall riots of 1969 d. AIDS activism in the early 1980s ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 297 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Transgender and Nonbinary Genders COG: Knowledge 16. In the First Nations, two-spirit individuals are considered neither male nor female. In

Afghanistan, sons are required, so some girls are treated as boys until the age of puberty. These are two examples of: a. gender confusion b. gender reversals c. nonbinary gender d. gender inequality ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 298 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Gender Diversity COG: Application 17. Recently, Target decided to stop labeling toys by gender. This is similar to actions in what other

area of the world according to the text? a. Ireland and the United Kingdom b. Australia c. China d. Brazil ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 298 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Gender Diversity COG: Knowledge 18. One root cause of the gender gap in education is the _____________, which is a way that

dominant social and cultural norms are transmitted through educational systems. a. transgendered norms b. gendered curriculum c. hidden curriculum d. sex-biased learning ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 299 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Gender and Education COG: Knowledge 19. Studies indicate that from fourth to twelfth grade female students: a. score less on writing and reading assessments when compared to males b. score more on science assessments when compared to males c. are more likely to drop out of school when compared to males d. score higher on reading and writing assessments when compared to males ANS: D

PTS: 1

DIF: Easy

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REF: 299–300

OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Gender and Education COG: Knowledge 20. Girls often outperform boys on most academic indicators. This is because: a. girls are smarter than boys b. girls have faster cognitive development than boys c. girls are better than boys at noncognitive skills such as following rules and doing

homework d. girls generally work harder than boys ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 300 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Gender and Education COG: Analysis 21. Many female-segregated occupations require education and many male-segregated occupations

do not. This may help to explain: a. a structural reason for girls’ success in school b. an interpersonal reason for girls’ success in school c. a structural reason why girls do worse than boys after grade school d. an ethnomethodological explanation for girls’ success in school ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 300 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Gender and Education COG: Comprehension 22. Women have made big gains in higher education. The effect on the pay gap between men and

women is: a. the pay gap still exists b. the pay gap has disappeared ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 300 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Gender and Education COG: Comprehension 23. When compared to males, females are: a. Less likely to graduate from high school b. More likely to receive a bachelor's degree c. Less likely to receive a bachelor's degree d. Less competent in reading and writing assessments ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 300 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Gender and Education COG: Comprehension 24. Studies indicate that boys are: a. less likely than girls to get more attention in class from the teachers b. less likely to be asked questions when compared to girls c. receive less constructive criticism d. more likely to monopolize class discussions ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 300 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Gender and Education COG: Comprehension

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25. In the order of earnings, ____________ earn the most. a. unmarried men b. married men c. married women d. unmarried women ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 300 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Gender, Family, and Work COG: Comprehension 26. According to the text, how did industrialization affect gendered role? a. It led men and women to occupy both the public and the private spheres b. It led to the separation of the public and the private spheres c. It led to a blending of the public and private spheres ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 301 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Gender, Family, and Work COG: Comprehension 27. Arlie Hochschild's book, The Second Shift, discusses how: a. women must make the transition from being in the private sphere to being in the

public sphere b. most women can only find jobs during the evening or second shift c. women work outside of the home and then also take care of the majority of the

household duties d. most women feel as if dual earning households turn private life into a second shift of

work for married men and women ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 301 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Dual-Earner Households and the Stalled Revolution COG: Comprehension 28. Hochschild’s research found that women tend to do more domestic work than men. What does

research suggest on the split between heterosexual men and women on housework in recent years? a. The proportion that women do has increased b. The difference between the genders is shrinking c. Everyone does less and just has messier houses d. Men are now performing more of the housework than women ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 302 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Dual-Earner Households and the Stalled Revolution COG: Comprehension 29. How much do women earn on average for every dollar earned by a white man based on 2013

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics? a. 65 cents b. 75 cents c. 80 cents d. 90 cents ANS: C

PTS: 1

DIF: Medium

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REF: 303

OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Gender Inequality at Work COG: Analysis 30. Research on women in the workplace shows that women ____________ authority on the job

had more diminished mental health than _____________. a. without; men with authority b. without; women with authority c. with; men without authority d. with; women without authority ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 303–304 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Gender Inequality at Work COG: Comprehension 31. Since the Industrial Revolution, ___________ were considered the primary consumers in the

household. a. Men b. Women ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 304 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Consumption, Work, and Family COG: Knowledge 32. Women are still thought of as a _________________ market because they purchase things for

others. a. secondary b. dependent c. multiple d. layered ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 303–304 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Gender Inequality at Work COG: Comprehension 33. Women are thought of as a multiple market. What does this mean? a. Women have more diversity when purchasing items for themselves b. Women purchase much of the food but also many types of clothing c. Women buy not only for themselves but make purchases for other people d. Women tend to buy things in multiples ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 304 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Gender Inequality at Work COG: Comprehension 34. Which of the following reasons was given for changes in women’s consumption patterns? a. Increased participation in the labor force b. Having children at later ages c. The spread of feminism d. The increased importance of expressing identity through consumption ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 304 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Gender Inequality at Work COG: Comprehension

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35. According to the text, when did “shopping for fun” originate? a. in the 1900s, when department stores spread b. in the 1920s, after the end of alcohol prohibition c. in the 1950s, during post-war economic growth d. in the 1970s, with expansion of imported goods ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 305 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Women and Girls as Consumers COG: Knowledge 36. _______________ has become a global concern related to consumption and marketing for girls

in the Internet age. a. Truthful advertising b. Hypersexualization c. Self-esteem d. Ambiguous gender messaging ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 306 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Women and Girls as Consumers COG: Comprehension 37. Globally, men’s consumer habits: a. account for less sales than women’s consumer habits b. are more in the Western world than in Eastern cultures c. are stronger among boys than among men over 18 d. are highly variable ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 306 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Men and Boys as Consumers COG: Comprehension 38. Which of the following are true of contemporary marketing and advertising? a. Products are marketed in mostly gender-neutral ways b. Products are still mostly marketed to women c. Products are marketed in highly gendered ways d. Adult men and women are passive in the face of marketing pressures ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 306–307 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Advertising and Gender COG: Analysis 39. How have the consumption patterns of women changed since the time of the Industrial

Revolution? a. Women today generally consume for their families b. Much of women's shopping today is related to love c. Consumer practices are tied very closely to their domestic practices d. Women are more likely today to consume subcontracted services such as childcare ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 306 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Women and Girls as Consumers COG: Comprehension

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40. Virginity and “coming out” are two examples of what phenomenon? a. The differences between behaviors and attitudes b. The importance of norms c. The use of stories to provide scripts about sexuality d. The ways that U.S. culture around sexuality has changed in the last 20 years ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 307 OBJ: LO 11–2 Describe the ways in which social forces and factors constrain sexuality.

TOP: The Sociology of Sexuality COG: Analysis 41. Hamilton and Armstrong define “sexual dilemmas” as: a. the difficulty in matching experiences to sexual scripts b. the difficulty of having contradictory norms around sex when it comes to gender,

race, and social class c. the contradiction of biological and psychological sexual drives d. the differences in cultural norms around sex in youth culture and the larger

American culture ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 309–310 OBJ: LO 11–2 Describe the ways in which social forces and factors constrain sexuality.

TOP: The Sociology of Sexuality COG: Analysis 42. According to the text, which of these previously unacceptable behaviors do the majority (over

50%) of Americans now report as “morally acceptable” based on a 2003 report? a. Sex between an unmarried man and an unmarried woman b. Married men or women having an affair c. Polygamy ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 310 OBJ: LO 11–2 Describe the ways in which social forces and factors constrain sexuality.

TOP: Social Constraints on Sexuality COG: Comprehension 43. Which of the following is NOT a social change linked to the globalization of sexuality? a. Global network of sexperts b. Increasing urbanization c. Globalization of media d. Decreased mobility ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 313 OBJ: LO 11–3 Describe the effects of globalization on gender and sexualities.

TOP: Social Change and the Globalization of Sexuality COG: Comprehension 44. The term ____________ is an export from the Global North in the global diffusion of sex and

sexuality. a. rape b. pornography c. gay d. transgender ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 314 OBJ: LO 11–3 Describe the effects of globalization on gender and sexualities.

TOP: Global Flows Related to Sex and Sexuality COG: Knowledge

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45. According to the 2010 report on the global sex industry, _________ million people throughout

the world, both adults and children, were in forced labor, bonded labor, and forced prostitution. a. 20 million b. 8.5 million c. 12.3 million d. 2.6 million ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 315 OBJ: LO 11–3 Describe the effects of globalization on gender and sexualities.

TOP: The Global Sex Industry COG: Knowledge 46. The increasing participation of women in the labor force has been termed the: a. contingent work increase b. feminization of labor c. the glass escalator d. industrialized feminism ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: LO 11–4 Discuss global flows related to gender.

COG: Knowledge

REF: 316 TOP: The Feminization of Labor

47. Women in the global paid-labor market have been drawn into labor-intensive, low-paying

industries. This is called: a. feminization of labor b. female proletarianization c. globalization of femininity d. the export processing zone ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 316 OBJ: LO 11–4 Discuss global flows related to gender.

TOP: The Feminization of Poverty and Female Proletarianization COG: Knowledge 48. The increasing number of women who are being channeled into low-status, poorly paid manual

work is referred to as: a. institutionalized sexism b. female proletarianization c. feminization of work d. pink-collar feminization ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 316 OBJ: LO 11–4 Discuss global flows related to gender.

TOP: The Feminization of Poverty and Female Proletarianization COG: Knowledge MULTIPLE RESPONSE 49. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Choose the statement(s) that are accurate about sex and gender: a. only men have testosterone and only women have estrogen b. male and female are binary categories; you are either one or the other c. gender exists on a continuum d. biological sex exists on a continuum

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ANS: C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 295 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Gender and Sex COG: Analysis 50. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Marcel is an athletic black American man. He likes to wear

brightly colored shoes and enjoys dancing. His slightly overweight white American friend Brian enjoys the same things, but he doesn’t do them because if he did, his white friends would tease him for being “gay.” Which point does this illustrate? a. Brian’s friends are racist b. Masculinity is associated with homosexuality in white culture only c. Masculinity is in part defined by the culture you belong to d. We merge gendered expectations with those of other intersectional statuses ANS: C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 295 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Femininities and Masculinities COG: Application 51. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Pierre is a slender French man who likes to wear a bright purple

scarf and skinny jeans. Nathan, an American, tried wearing a brightly colored scarf, but his roommate said it made him look like a girl. This illustrates which point(s)? a. Pierre exhibits hegemonic masculinity b. Gender performance is static based on one’s upbringing c. Masculinity is fluid and how it is performed can vary across social settings d. We merge gendered expectations with those of other intersectional statuses ANS: C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 295 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Femininities and Masculinities COG: Application 52. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Even though women have made gains in higher education,

which of the following is also TRUE: a. Men still earn more bachelor’s degrees than women each year b. Women still earn less than men c. Women still earn far fewer degrees in the STEM disciplines d. Women rarely earn degrees above a bachelor’s degree ANS: B, C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 300 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Gender and Education COG: Comprehension 53. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: The failure of men to perform more housework has been called

a stalled revolution in gender equality, especially in the United States. What are some of the factors in the United States that have contributed to this according to the text? a. The insufficient two-week vacation time in most American jobs b. The lack of parent-friendly work policies that support policies such as maternity leave c. The technological revolution that encourages everyone to work around the clock on their paid employment d. The rise of video games that men tend to do instead of cleaning up after themselves ANS: A, B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 303 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

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TOP: Dual-Earner Households and the Stalled Revolution

COG: Analysis

54. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Women lose ground on salaries and advancement in the

workforce for the following reasons according to the text: a. They take time away to care for children b. They are on average less educated than men c. Their domestic work limits their performance at work d. They rarely take charge or try to advance ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 303 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Gender Inequality at Work COG: Analysis 55. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following are reasons for increased interest by

sociologists in the topic of sexuality? a. The growing number of sexually linked problems b. The increase in teen pregnancies c. Social changes in attitudes and behaviors around sex d. The sex culture of the Internet ANS: A, C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 307 OBJ: LO 11–2 Describe the ways in which social forces and factors constrain sexuality.

TOP: The Sociology of Sexuality COG: Analysis 56. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of these criteria are necessary ingredients to informed,

effective sexual consent? a. Both parties understand what they are consenting to b. There is no coercion, force, threats, or pressuring c. Understanding is expressed by both parties, either through words, actions, or silent agreement d. Both parties understand that consent can be revoked at any time ANS: A, B, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 311 OBJ: LO 11–2 Describe the ways in which social forces and factors constrain sexuality.

TOP: Social Constraints on Sexuality COG: Comprehension 57. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Identify the items in this list that represent risks to survivors of

rape, sexual abuse, incest, or sexual violence when compared with those who did not have this traumatic experience: a. 3 times more likely to experience depression b. 4 times more likely to contemplate suicide c. 13 times more likely to abuse alcohol d. 26 times more likely to abuse drugs ANS: A, B, C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 311 OBJ: LO 11–2 Describe the ways in which social forces and factors constrain sexuality.

TOP: Culture and Consent COG: Comprehension 58. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Factors used to control workers that are particularly harsh for

women workers who work for multinational corporations in export processing zones (EPZs) include: a. mandatory pregnancy testing

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b. forced consumption of amphetamines to ensure efficiency c. impossibly long shifts with unpaid overtime d. offering incentives for extra pay that are nearly impossible to earn because the

quotas are unrealistic, but they increase productivity ANS: A, B, C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium OBJ: LO 11–4 Discuss global flows related to gender.

TOP: Women in Export Processing Zones

REF: 317 COG: Analysis

59. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of these factors have contributed to women being the

more likely victims of international violence? a. The nature of warfare has become more asymmetric, leaving women more vulnerable to violence b. Women are more likely to be in the armed forces now than in the past c. Women are more affected when a conventional ground battle takes place d. Women are more likely to be terrorists now than in the past ANS: A, B, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium OBJ: LO 11–4 Discuss global flows related to gender.

COG: Analysis

REF: 318 TOP: Gender, War, and Violence

60. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following has been a focus of the larger global

women's movement? a. The increase of women's voices in global civil society b. The adverse effects of global capitalism c. Increased global trafficking in women d. The growth of antifeminist fundamentalist movements ANS: B, C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 316 OBJ: LO 11–4 Discuss global flows related to gender.

TOP: The Feminization of Poverty and Female Proletarianization COG: Analysis TRUE/FALSE 61. Sex is primarily a biological distinction between males and females, whereas gender is based

primarily on social distinctions. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 294 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Sex and Gender COG: Knowledge 62. People who are born with ambiguous genitalia are usually referred to as transsexuals.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 294 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Sex and Gender COG: Knowledge

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63. Sex is binary, but gender exists on a continuum.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 295 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Sex and Gender COG: Comprehension 64. Cultural definitions of traits associated with being a woman or a man are called “femininities”

and “masculinities.” a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 294 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Femininities and Masculinities COG: Knowledge 65. Hegemonic masculinity is directly linked to patriarchy as a societal form.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 294 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Femininities and Masculinities COG: Knowledge 66. According to the text, men have to think more about what it means to be a “man,” while women

can take what being a “woman” means based on the definitions of gender under conditions of inequality. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 294 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Femininities and Masculinities COG: Knowledge 67. Heteromonic masculinity refers to a set of socially constructed ideas about masculinity that

focuses on the interests and desires of men. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 294 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Femininities and Masculinities COG: Knowledge 68. Being masculine or feminine must be attached to gender, but can be detached from biological

sex or the body. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 294 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

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TOP: Femininities and Masculinities

COG: Knowledge

69. Don was born a male but prefers to dress and behave like a female. His identity can be referred

to transgender. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 297 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Transgender and Nonbinary Genders COG: Comprehension 70. Gender is a master status.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 298 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Gender Diversity COG: Knowledge 71. Gender is most often left out of the structure of our social institutions.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 298 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Gendered Inequalities COG: Knowledge 72. In global measures of gender inequality, no country has a measure that represents complete

equality, where women do as well as men across all life dimensions. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 298 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Gendered Inequalities COG: Knowledge 73. Studies indicate that from fourth to twelfth grade, male students consistently score higher than

female students on both reading and writing assessments. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 300 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Gender and Education COG: Comprehension 74. The hidden curriculum is a term which refers to a school's unofficial rules by which students

learn various behaviors, attitudes, and values. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 299 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

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TOP: Gender and Education

COG: Comprehension

75. Arlie Hochschild's book The Second Shift argues that women work outside the home and take

care of the majority of household and child care duties within the home as well. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 301 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Dual-Earner Households and the Stalled Revolution COG: Comprehension 76. Sexuality has a growing presence in the global media.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 313 OBJ: LO 11–3 Describe the effects of globalization on gender and sexualities.

TOP: Dual-Earner Households and the Stalled Revolution COG: Comprehension 77. More and more women have been entering the labor market in large numbers in countries all

over the world. This is referred to as the feminization of labor. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium OBJ: LO 11–4 Discuss global flows related to gender.

COG: Comprehension

REF: 316 TOP: The Feminization of Labor

78. Many women, especially in developing economies, are working in low-paying jobs that provide

no benefits and have substandard working conditions. This is referred to as marginal feminization. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium OBJ: LO 11–4 Discuss global flows related to gender.

COG: Comprehension

REF: 316 TOP: The Feminization of Labor

79. The global women's movement has focused on such issues as economic concerns, health care

issues, and violence against women. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 320 OBJ: LO 11–4 Discuss global flows related to gender.

TOP: The Global Women’s Movement COG: Comprehension 80. Rape cultures tend to be prevalent in and around college campuses due to the presence of

alcohol and drugs, the age of the population, and the ratio of men to women. a. True b. False

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ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 311 OBJ: LO 11–2 Describe the ways in which social forces and factors constrain sexuality.

TOP: Culture and Consent COG: Comprehension 81. People categorized as engaging in sexual behavior that is other than heterosexual are generally

labeled deviant and expected to explain this behavior. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 308 OBJ: LO 11–2 Describe the ways in which social forces and factors constrain sexuality.

TOP: Sexual Selves COG: Comprehension SHORT ANSWER 82. Explain the difference between sex and gender, and explain how the two terms relate to each

other.

ANS:

Correct answer varies but should define gender as a cultural term referring to societal definitions of expected behaviors, attitudes, and personalities, and usually related in terms like man, woman, boy, or girl. Sex, by contrast, is principally a biological term expressed as male or female and refers to a person’s chromosomes, genitalia, and hormones.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 294 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Gender and Sex COG: Comprehension 83. Explain the terms hegemonic masculinity and emphasized femininity. What social consequences

are related to these two gender forms?

ANS:

Answers vary but should define hegemonic masculinity as the dominant form or most idealized vision of masculinity that is taken as natural and linked to patriarchy, a form of society that is dominated by men and focused on men and hegemonic masculinity. This pairs with emphasized femininity in which ideas of model womanhood are organized around accommodating the interests of men and patriarchy. Emphasized femininity focuses on women’s social rather than intellectual abilities, encouraging them to accept secondary roles that nurture others. The text claims that these roles adversely affect men and women because they are rigid expectations that create stress and disappointment for those who fall short of these ideals. However, some men do greatly benefit from this arrangement, but often in ways that are invisible to them.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 295 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Femininities and Masculinities COG: Comprehension 84. Transgender is an umbrella term related to several gender identities. What gender identities are

grouped under the term transgender? Name one risk factor for people who identify as transgender.

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ANS:

Correct answers vary but should include a definition of transgender as any person whose gender identity and/or gender presentation differs from the gender assigned to them at birth or in infancy. This is not a single path, but may include those who choose to have surgery and hormones to accomplish gender reassignment, or those who opt not to make these adjustments; it may include people who feel their identities change depending on social context, “gender fluid”; or may include those who feel that neither gender is a completely appropriate match.

Transgender people are at risk for discrimination in most parts of the world, which can include violence or other forms of discrimination in the workplace and the world.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 297 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Transgender and Nonbinary Genders COG: Analysis 85. How has the hidden curriculum affected the way girls are treated in the educational system?

Identify one way that girls are affected in their outcomes as adults.

ANS:

Correct answers vary but should include a definition of hidden curriculum, or a school’s unofficial norms, routines, and structures that transmit dominant cultural norms and values, including those related to gender. Girls are affected by this because the hidden curriculum conforms to gender norms that create a gap in education between education in girls and boys.

Girls often experience success in primary and secondary schooling, in part because they are more likely than boys to comply with school rules, do homework, and be obedient to teacher requests. However, women still do not go into STEM disciplines at the rates of men, and despite better performance on completion of high school and college, women do more poorly on standardized exams and experience a pay gap in the workplace.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 299 OBJ: LO 11–1 Discuss the cultural influences on gender and the effects of gender inequalities.

TOP: Gender and Education COG: Analysis 86. What is meant by the term sexual scripts? Explain ways that sexual scripts are used and how

they influence sexual identities, and give one example of a sexual script.

ANS:

Correct answers will vary but should define sexual scripts as the culturally produced, shared, and reinforced social norms that serve as blueprints, or maps, to guide sexual and gender behavior. These scripts include information on the who, what, where, when, how, and why of socially constructed sexualities. These may be used to explain deviant sexual choices or common stories of sexuality, such as virginity. They offer a cultural path for explaining specific sexual choices and are greater in sexuality than in any other aspect of intimate life, but they may make it seem like there is a clear process around sexual experiences, when often there is not.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 309 OBJ: LO 11–2 Describe the ways in which social forces and factors constrain sexuality.

TOP: Gendered Sexual Scripts COG: Analysis ESSAY

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87. Discuss the social changes that are significant to the globalization of sexuality. Name at least

three reasons and discuss its implications for sexuality.

ANS:

Correct answers vary but could include the factors of globalization of media and technologies, increasing urbanization, globalized social movements and social change, and increased mobility.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 313–314 OBJ: LO 11–3 Describe the effects of globalization on gender and sexualities.

TOP: Social Change and the Globalization of Sexuality COG: Analysis 88. Discuss the concept of “feminization” as it relates to global flows. Select two forms of

feminization discussed by the text and elaborate on the meaning of each, using an example and citing at least two factors for how this affects women globally.

ANS:

Correct answer varies but should include at least two of these: feminization of migration, feminization of labor, feminization of poverty, and female proletarianization. Women in export processing zones may also be considered as correct. Feminization of migration: an unprecedented increase in women’s migration which enriches the Global North but often exposes women to the worst forms of discrimination, exploitation and abuse. Feminization of labor: a notable increase in women’s labor force participation rates worldwide, which allows for gender equality movements and better integration of many areas of the world into the world economy. Feminization of poverty was first framed as a concept in 1978 and means that those living in poverty are more likely to be women than men. Female proletarianization is the channeling of women into low-paying manual work with low status and often in dangerous occupations with lack of security and poor working conditions. Women in export processing zones may also be considered as correct as a subset of female proletarianization in special industrial areas of developing countries designed to draw foreign investment from multinational corporations. The effects are that they claim to reduce poverty and unemployment but the working conditions are often brutal with long daily schedules, insufficient breaks or health and safety measures, and sexual harassment, violence, and abuse in the workplace.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 316–218 OBJ: LO 11–4 Discuss global flows related to gender.

TOP: Global Flows Related to Gender COG: Analysis

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Chapter 12: The Family Test Bank MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Sociologists are interested in the following aspects of families: a. The relationship between family and marriage b. The importance of birth order to parental behavior c. The different forms of family and how they are formed and maintained d. Family strictly defined as heterosexual marriage ANS: A, C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 326 OBJ: LO 12–1 Explain basic sociological concepts of the family, marriage, and intimate relationships.

TOP: Family, Marriage, and Intimate Relationships COG: Comprehension 2. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of these helps to explain differences in marriage between

1970 and 2012? a. There is little difference; marriage has been very consistent as a percentage of the population b. It looks like fewer people get married, but in reality, fewer people get married by age 25. When comparing the numbers of “never married” at 45, they are the same for 1970 and 2012 c. Fewer people are getting married in 2012 in all age groups d. The differences in numbers is not only due to marriage versus cohabitation; more men and more women live alone in 2012 than in 1970 ANS: C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 328–329 OBJ: LO 12–2 Describe trends leading to the decline in marriage rates and changes in the family household, including single parenting, blended families, and lesbian and gay families.

TOP: Decline in Marriage COG: Analysis 3. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following is a factor in the deinstitutionalization of

marriage according to Andrew Cherlin? a. The erosion of norms about having children within the context of marriage b. The decrease in the divorce rate c. The erosion of norms regarding the roles of men and women in a marriage d. The increase in the cohabitation rate ANS: A, C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 328 OBJ: LO 12–2 Describe trends leading to the decline in marriage rates and changes in the family household, including single parenting, blended families, and lesbian and gay families.

TOP: The Deinstitutionalization of Marriage COG: Analysis 4. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the

changes that have been taking place over the years in regard to the family household? a. People are living longer b. Women outlive men c. Families are getting larger d. There are more births to unmarried women

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ANS: A, B, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 334 OBJ: LO 12–2 Describe trends leading to the decline in marriage rates and changes in the family household, including single parenting, blended families, and lesbian and gay families.

TOP: The Deinstitutionalization of Marriage COG: Analysis 5. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following is a difference between a stepfamily and

a first-marriage family? a. Children are less likely to spend time with a stepparent compared to the parent from a first-marriage family b. There is insufficient time to develop the family routines that are likely to have existed in first families c. Children may have difficulty adapting to these new ways of living d. The bonds between first-marriage parent and children are better established than the new spousal bonds ANS: B, C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 337 OBJ: LO 12–2 Describe trends leading to the decline in marriage rates and changes in the family household, including single parenting, blended families, and lesbian and gay families.

TOP: Stepfamilies and Blended Families COG: Analysis 6. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Studies of children of same-sex couples have shown that

children who grow up in these households: a. suffer from psychological problems b. have academic problems in school c. suffer from high levels of depression d. show no adverse effects ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 337–338 OBJ: LO 12–2 Describe trends leading to the decline in marriage rates and changes in the family household, including single parenting, blended families, and lesbian and gay families.

TOP: Lesbian and Gay Families COG: Analysis 7. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following is a consequence of child abuse? a. Decreased likelihood of cognitive impairment b. Impaired ability to reason morally c. Greater likelihood of engaging in violence d. Increasing violence toward other children ANS: B, C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 343 OBJ: LO 12–4 Describe current models of family conflict, forms of abuse and violence within the family, and the effects of poverty on family life.

TOP: Child Abuse COG: Comprehension 8. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following statements regarding domestic violence

is TRUE? a. Women are 5 times more likely than men to be victims of domestic violence b. Between 1994 and 2010, domestic violence increased 10% c. Females between the ages of 28–35 are the most likely to be the victims of domestic violence d. Domestic violence is a major cause of homelessness ANS: A, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 343–344 OBJ: LO 12–4 Describe current models of family conflict, forms of abuse and violence within the

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family, and the effects of poverty on family life.

COG: Comprehension

TOP: Domestic Violence

9. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of these is TRUE regarding how family consumption

patterns have changed following the Great Recession? a. Some families are buying more showy items and are more likely to engage in conspicuous consumption to display status b. Some families are not only buying less but focusing more on low-cost family activities c. Some families have abandoned the “work-and-spend” syndrome d. Some families are saving more and spending less ANS: B, C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 346–347 OBJ: LO 12–4 Describe current models of family conflict, forms of abuse and violence within the family, and the effects of poverty on family life.

TOP: The Family, Consumption, and the Great Recession COG: Analysis 10. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of these global flows is discussed by the text in relation

to affecting families globally? a. Global migration b. Global marriage statistics c. Global trafficking d. Global conflict ANS: A, C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 351–352 OBJ: LO 12–5 Identify the effects of globalization and global flows on the family today.

TOP: Global Flows that Involve the Family COG: Analysis TRUE/FALSE 11. The definition of the family according to the Census Bureau only includes those who are related

by descent, marriage, or adoption. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 326 OBJ: LO 12–1 Explain basic sociological concepts of the family, marriage, and intimate relationships.

TOP: Family, Marriage, and Intimate Relationships COG: Comprehension 12. Sociologists view the family as a universal social institution that is central to social life.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 326 OBJ: LO 12–1 Explain basic sociological concepts of the family, marriage, and intimate relationships.

TOP: Family, Marriage, and Intimate Relationships COG: Comprehension 13. John is married to Sue, and therefore, it can be stated that John and Sue are practicing

monogamy.

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a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 326 OBJ: LO 12–1 Explain basic sociological concepts of the family, marriage, and intimate relationships.

TOP: Marriage COG: Comprehension 14. Group marriage is referred to as exogamy.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 326 OBJ: LO 12–1 Explain basic sociological concepts of the family, marriage, and intimate relationships.

TOP: Marriage COG: Knowledge 15. Michael is a college graduate who enjoys sports and Italian food. He is married to Jennifer who

is also a college graduate and enjoys playing sports and going out to Italian restaurants. This is an example of endogamy. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 326 OBJ: LO 12–1 Explain basic sociological concepts of the family, marriage, and intimate relationships.

TOP: Marriage COG: Knowledge 16. The nature of intimacy is static, and does not change over time.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 327 OBJ: LO 12–1 Explain basic sociological concepts of the family, marriage, and intimate relationships.

TOP: Intimate Relationships COG: Comprehension 17. Passionate love is more likely than companionate love to lead to a long-term intimate

relationship. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 327 OBJ: LO 12–1 Explain basic sociological concepts of the family, marriage, and intimate relationships.

TOP: Intimate Relationships COG: Comprehension 18. One of the five factors, according to Cherlin, in the deinstitutionalization of marriage is that the

norms about having children within the context of marriage and the family have been eroding. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 328–329 OBJ: LO 12–2 Describe trends leading to the decline in marriage rates and changes in the family household, including single parenting, blended families, and lesbian and gay families.

TOP: The Deinstitutionalization of Marriage COG: Comprehension

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19. Nuclear families made up less than 25% of all U.S. households in 2012.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 328 OBJ: LO 12–2 Describe trends leading to the decline in marriage rates and changes in the family household, including single parenting, blended families, and lesbian and gay families.

TOP: Decline in Marriage COG: Knowledge 20. Anthony Giddens coined the term pure relationships, which refers to a relationship that is

entered into for its own sake and for what each partner can get from it. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 331 OBJ: LO 12–2 Describe trends leading to the decline in marriage rates and changes in the family household, including single parenting, blended families, and lesbian and gay families.

TOP: Self-Disclosing Intimacy and Pure Relationships COG: Comprehension 21. According to the text, a “marriage planner” sees marriage as the prerequisite to being an adult.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 331 OBJ: LO 12–2 Describe trends leading to the decline in marriage rates and changes in the family household, including single parenting, blended families, and lesbian and gay families.

TOP: The Resilience of Marriage COG: Comprehension 22. The United States has had an increase in the number of one-person households over the last 40

years. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 333 OBJ: LO 12–2 Describe trends leading to the decline in marriage rates and changes in the family household, including single parenting, blended families, and lesbian and gay families.

TOP: Nonfamily Households: “Going Solo” COG: Comprehension 23. The family household, like the family itself, has declined in the United States, and in the Global

North more generally speaking. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 333 OBJ: LO 12–2 Describe trends leading to the decline in marriage rates and changes in the family household, including single parenting, blended families, and lesbian and gay families.

TOP: The Family Household COG: Knowledge 24. There is an increase in the number of births to married women in two-parent families and a

decrease in the number of births to unmarried women. a. True b. False

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ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 333 OBJ: LO 12–2 Describe trends leading to the decline in marriage rates and changes in the family household, including single parenting, blended families, and lesbian and gay families.

TOP: The Family Household COG: Knowledge 25. Less than 50% of cohabiting couples ultimately get married to one another.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 335 OBJ: LO 12–2 Describe trends leading to the decline in marriage rates and changes in the family household, including single parenting, blended families, and lesbian and gay families.

TOP: Cohabitation COG: Knowledge 26. Structural functionalists are interested in socialization of children because their focus is on how

family creates social order. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 339 OBJ: LO 12–3 Apply structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories to the social institution of the family.

TOP: Structural/Functional Theories COG: Comprehension 27. The feminist theory focuses on the family as being based on a patriarchal structure, in which

men have the power and control. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 340–341 OBJ: LO 12–3 Apply structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories to the social institution of the family.

TOP: Feminist Theory COG: Comprehension 28. The overload model, as it pertains to family troubles, focuses on how family members now need

to take on roles that used to be provided for by the public sphere. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 342 OBJ: LO 12–3 Apply structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories to the social institution of the family.

TOP: Family Conflict COG: Comprehension 29. According to Kimmel, the most common person to commit child abuse is the father or father

surrogate. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 343 OBJ: LO 12–4 Describe current models of family conflict, forms of abuse and violence within the

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family, and the effects of poverty on family life.

COG: Knowledge

TOP: Child Abuse

30. Women are six times more likely to be assaulted by a person with whom they are intimate than

by a stranger. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 343 OBJ: LO 12–4 Describe current models of family conflict, forms of abuse and violence within the family, and the effects of poverty on family life.

TOP: Domestic Violence COG: Knowledge 31. Globally, child abuse is the most common form of family violence.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 348 OBJ: LO 12–4 Describe current models of family conflict, forms of abuse and violence within the family, and the effects of poverty on family life.

TOP: Gender Inequalities COG: Knowledge 32. The United States has one of the lowest divorce rates in the world.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 348 OBJ: LO 12–4 Describe current models of family conflict, forms of abuse and violence within the family, and the effects of poverty on family life.

TOP: Divorce COG: Knowledge 33. The increasing emphasis on the self and individualism in the United States is an important

factor in divorce today. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 349 OBJ: LO 12–4 Describe current models of family conflict, forms of abuse and violence within the family, and the effects of poverty on family life.

TOP: Factors in Divorce COG: Knowledge 34. Divorce has risen in part due to the changes in the laws that govern divorce.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 349 OBJ: LO 12–4 Describe current models of family conflict, forms of abuse and violence within the family, and the effects of poverty on family life.

TOP: Factors in Divorce COG: Knowledge MULTIPLE CHOICE

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35. A society where multiple spouses are the dominant marital pattern is referred to as: a. monogamy b. homogamy c. exogamy d. polygamy ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 326 OBJ: LO 12–1 Explain basic sociological concepts of the family, marriage, and intimate relationships.

TOP: Marriage COG: Knowledge 36. Sue lives in a country where women have multiple husbands. This type of marital pattern is

referred to as: a. polygyny b. polyandry c. monogamy d. heterogamy ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 326 OBJ: LO 12–1 Explain basic sociological concepts of the family, marriage, and intimate relationships.

TOP: Marriage COG: Application 37. Another term for group marriage is __________________. a. homogamy b. polygyny c. polyandry d. cenogamy ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 326 OBJ: LO 12–1 Explain basic sociological concepts of the family, marriage, and intimate relationships.

TOP: Marriage COG: Knowledge 38. John is a white 50-year-old man who is married to Sue, who is a 22-year-old African American

female. Their marriage is an example of ___________________. a. homogamy b. polygamy c. exogamy d. endogamy ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 326 OBJ: LO 12–1 Explain basic sociological concepts of the family, marriage, and intimate relationships.

TOP: Marriage COG: Application 39. Throughout history, families have been defined much more by _______________ than

_________________. a. heterogamy; homogamy b. polygamy; endogamy c. endogamy; exogamy d. cenogamy; endogamy ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 326 OBJ: LO 12–1 Explain basic sociological concepts of the family, marriage, and intimate relationships.

TOP: Marriage COG: Comprehension

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40. According to the text, the link between marriage and family: a. is as strong as ever b. has been greatly weakened, if not broken c. has been redefined to be of greater importance d. has slightly decreased in importance ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 326 OBJ: LO 12–1 Explain basic sociological concepts of the family, marriage, and intimate relationships.

TOP: Marriage COG: Comprehension 41. Joe and Mary have been dating for 5 years and are best friends who share everything. They are

involved in a(n) ____________________________. a. intimate relationship b. private relationship c. cohabiting relationship d. endogamous relationship ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 327 OBJ: LO 12–1 Explain basic sociological concepts of the family, marriage, and intimate relationships.

TOP: Intimate Relationships COG: Application 42. __________________ love is more likely to lead to long-lasting intimate relationships when

compared to ______________________ love. a. Formal; superficial b. Informal; passionate c. Passionate; companionate d. Companionate; passionate ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 327 OBJ: LO 12–1 Explain basic sociological concepts of the family, marriage, and intimate relationships.

TOP: Love COG: Application 43. The premise of Liquid Love, written by Zygmunt Bauman, is: a. relationships are becoming easier to understand b. relationships form and end more easily, which challenges marriage as an institution c. sociologists focus more on marriage and the family and less on relationships d. the Internet and new communication forms have changed relationships ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 327 OBJ: LO 12–1 Explain basic sociological concepts of the family, marriage, and intimate relationships.

TOP: Love COG: Comprehension 44. According to the text, married couples in 1970 comprised 70.6% of all U.S. households. In

2012, married couples comprised ______% of all households. a. roughly 70% b. around 60% c. just under 50% d. only 30% ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 328 OBJ: LO 12–2 Describe trends leading to the decline in marriage rates and changes in the family household, including single parenting, blended families, and lesbian and gay families.

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TOP: Decline in Marriage

COG: Comprehension

45. The text refers to the weakening of social norms related to marriage as: a. the McDonalidization of marriage b. the deinstitutionalization of marriage c. the carousel of marriage d. the feminization of marriage ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 328 OBJ: LO 12–2 Describe trends leading to the decline in marriage rates and changes in the family household, including single parenting, blended families, and lesbian and gay families.

TOP: The Deinstitutionalization of Marriage COG: Knowledge 46. _________________ marriage meshes well with the nuclear family because there is a clear

distinction between the husband's and wife's roles within the household. a. Instrumental b. Passionate c. Companionate d. Institutional ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 329 OBJ: LO 12–2 Describe trends leading to the decline in marriage rates and changes in the family household, including single parenting, blended families, and lesbian and gay families.

TOP: The Deinstitutionalization of Marriage COG: Comprehension 47. Rather than being collective in nature, ____________ marriage is focused on the satisfaction of

each individual involved. a. companionate b. passionate c. individualized d. deinstitutionalized ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 331 OBJ: LO 12–2 Describe trends leading to the decline in marriage rates and changes in the family household, including single parenting, blended families, and lesbian and gay families.

TOP: Self-Disclosing Intimacy and Pure Relationships COG: Comprehension 48. ____________________ coined the term pure relationship, which refers to one that is entered

into for its own sake. a. Anthony Giddens b. Andrew Cherlin c. Emma Goldman d. Randall Collins ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 331 OBJ: LO 12–2 Describe trends leading to the decline in marriage rates and changes in the family household, including single parenting, blended families, and lesbian and gay families.

TOP: Self-Disclosing Intimacy and Pure Relationships COG: Knowledge 49. _____________ are those committed to the traditional notion of marriage as an expected

outcome of a relationship that has endured over a period of time. a. Marriage naturalists b. Marriage planners

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c. Marriage conservatives d. Marriage conservationists ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 332 OBJ: LO 12–2 Describe trends leading to the decline in marriage rates and changes in the family household, including single parenting, blended families, and lesbian and gay families.

TOP: The Resilience of Marriage COG: Knowledge 50. When couples share a home and a bed without being legally married, they are practicing: a. a family household b. a nonfamily household c. cohabitation d. companionate marriage ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 334 OBJ: LO 12–2 Describe trends leading to the decline in marriage rates and changes in the family household, including single parenting, blended families, and lesbian and gay families.

TOP: Cohabitation COG: Knowledge 51. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding cohabitation demographics? a. Whites are more likely to cohabit compared to blacks b. Cohabitation has become increasingly common among those who have an advanced

education c. Whites see cohabitation as an alternative to marriage d. Hispanics are more likely to cohabit compared to blacks ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 334–335 OBJ: LO 12–2 Describe trends leading to the decline in marriage rates and changes in the family household, including single parenting, blended families, and lesbian and gay families.

TOP: Cohabitation COG: Comprehension 52. Which country has a long history of cohabitation, with roughly half of all births taking place

within cohabitative relationships? a. United States b. Mexico c. Sweden d. France ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 334–335 OBJ: LO 12–2 Describe trends leading to the decline in marriage rates and changes in the family household, including single parenting, blended families, and lesbian and gay families.

TOP: Cohabitation COG: Knowledge 53. Tom, Fred, and Mike are divorced. They refuse to pay child support as they no longer speak to

their children and are not involved in their lives. Which phrase can be used to describe these fathers? a. Serial fatherhood b. Masculinization of irresponsibility c. Absent fatherhood d. Invisibility of fatherhood ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 336 OBJ: LO 12–2 Describe trends leading to the decline in marriage rates and changes in the family

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household, including single parenting, blended families, and lesbian and gay families.

TOP: Nonresident Parents COG: Knowledge 54. Nonresident mothers are more likely than nonresident fathers to: a. Maintain contact with their children through telephone calls or e-mail b. See their children more frequently c. Have more open encounters with their children d. All of the above ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 336 OBJ: LO 12–2 Describe trends leading to the decline in marriage rates and changes in the family household, including single parenting, blended families, and lesbian and gay families.

TOP: Nonresident Parents COG: Knowledge 55. The Brady Bunch was composed of three children from the mom’s previous marriage and three

children from the dad’s previous marriage. It is an example of a(n) _____________. a. extended family b. homogenized family c. protracted family d. blended family ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 337 OBJ: LO 12–2 Describe trends leading to the decline in marriage rates and changes in the family household, including single parenting, blended families, and lesbian and gay families.

TOP: Stepfamilies and Blended Families COG: Application 56. Which sociologist is associated with the structural-functional theory as it pertains to the family? a. Georg Simmel b. Talcott Parsons c. Andrew Cherlin d. Laura Jameson ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 339 OBJ: LO 12–3 Apply structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories to the social institution of the family.

TOP: Structural/Functional Theories COG: Knowledge 57. John, a sociologist, is researching the family and is focusing on the socialization process

children experience within the family and how parents transmit norms and values to their children. Which theoretical perspective is the basis for John's research? a. Conflict theory b. Feminist theory c. Interactionist theory d. Structural/functional theory ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 339 OBJ: LO 12–3 Apply structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories to the social institution of the family.

TOP: Structural/Functional Theories COG: Application 58. The ____________________ focuses on how many families have traditionally been dominated

by the males, leaving females in subordinate roles. a. structural-functional theory

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b. conflict theory c. interactionist theory d. exchange theory ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 340 OBJ: LO 12–3 Apply structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories to the social institution of the family.

TOP: Conflict/Critical Theories COG: Knowledge 59. Which theoretical perspective focuses on the fact that girls learn, from an early age, that family

responsibilities take precedence over all other aspects of their lives? a. Feminist b. Interactionist c. Structural-functional d. Conflict ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 340–341 OBJ: LO 12–3 Apply structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories to the social institution of the family.

TOP: Feminist Theory COG: Comprehension 60. Bill is a researcher who decides to study John and Mary's relationship and writes that after 5

years of dating, John decides to ask Mary to marry him because he is willing to overlook Mary’s annoying qualities and focus on her positive qualities as a kind and thoughtful person. Bill utilizes the _______________________ to analyze his research. a. conflict theory b. interactionist theory c. exchange theory d. None of the above ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 340 OBJ: LO 12–3 Apply structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories to the social institution of the family.

TOP: Exchange Theory COG: Application 61. Sociologists who study the various roles family members play within their families are utilizing

the _______________________ theoretical perspective. a. interactionist b. structural-functional c. conflict d. feminist ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 341 OBJ: LO 12–3 Apply structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories to the social institution of the family.

TOP: Interactionist Theories COG: Comprehension 62. The _________________ model focuses on how some children who grow up in poverty-ridden

households have access to limited opportunities for proper socialization. a. anomie b. overload c. deficit

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d. cultural tension ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 342 OBJ: LO 12–4 Describe current models of family conflict, forms of abuse and violence within the family, and the effects of poverty on family life.

TOP: Family Conflict COG: Analysis 63. The ____________________ model focuses on strains traceable to the existence of family

commitments and responsibilities on the one hand and the increasing emphasis in society on the self and individualization on the other hand. a. overload b. cultural tension c. anomie d. conflict-of-interest ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 342 OBJ: LO 12–4 Describe current models of family conflict, forms of abuse and violence within the family, and the effects of poverty on family life.

TOP: Family Conflict COG: Analysis 64. Pam is spending more and more time at her work, as her boss has given her more

responsibilities. Her husband is unhappy because she is hardly home and he is taking on the household and child care duties. This is an example of the _____________________ model as it relates to family conflict. a. anomie b. conflict-of-interest c. cultural tensions d. overload ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 342 OBJ: LO 12–4 Describe current models of family conflict, forms of abuse and violence within the family, and the effects of poverty on family life.

TOP: Family Conflict COG: Analysis 65. The most common form of child abuse is: a. sexual abuse b. parents hitting their child with an object c. emotional neglect d. verbal neglect ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 343 OBJ: LO 12–4 Describe current models of family conflict, forms of abuse and violence within the family, and the effects of poverty on family life.

TOP: Child Abuse COG: Comprehension 66. According to a national study, about _________ of elderly respondents reported some type of

abuse. a. 30% b. 90% c. 10% d. 60% ANS: C

PTS: 1

DIF: Easy

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REF: 345

OBJ: LO 12–4 Describe current models of family conflict, forms of abuse and violence within the family, and the effects of poverty on family life.

TOP: Elder Abuse COG: Knowledge 67. _____________________ are the most common perpetrators of elder abuse. a. Adult children and spouses b. Home health aides c. Strangers d. Nursing home attendants ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 345 OBJ: LO 12–4 Describe current models of family conflict, forms of abuse and violence within the family, and the effects of poverty on family life.

TOP: Elder Abuse COG: Knowledge 68. The poverty rate for female-headed families in 2013 was ________________ times higher than

that of married-couple families. a. 10 b. 5 c. 2 d. 8 ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 345 OBJ: LO 12–4 Describe current models of family conflict, forms of abuse and violence within the family, and the effects of poverty on family life.

TOP: Poverty and the Family COG: Knowledge 69. Globally, _______ is the most common form of family violence. a. child abuse b. elder abuse c. wife beating d. emotional neglect of children ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 348 OBJ: LO 12–4 Describe current models of family conflict, forms of abuse and violence within the family, and the effects of poverty on family life.

TOP: Gender Inequalities COG: Knowledge 70. Which of the following is a risk factor as it relates to divorce? a. Getting married at an older age b. Stable finances c. Couple cohabitated before marriage d. Being wealthy ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 349 OBJ: LO 12–4 Describe current models of family conflict, forms of abuse and violence within the family, and the effects of poverty on family life.

TOP: Factors in Divorce COG: Analysis 71. Studies indicate that couples who divorce, as compared to married couples: a. are better off financially b. are more likely to be happy c. have less physical and mental health problems

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d. have higher poverty rates, especially for women ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 345 OBJ: LO 12–4 Describe current models of family conflict, forms of abuse and violence within the family, and the effects of poverty on family life.

TOP: Poverty and the Family COG: Comprehension 72. Which country is the world leader in the adoption of children from other countries? a. Russia b. United States c. France d. Germany ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 351 OBJ: LO 12–5 Identify the effects of globalization and global flows on the family today.

TOP: Global Flows that Involve the Family COG: Knowledge SHORT ANSWER 73. Define the most common marital arrangement in the United States: monogamy. Name and

describe two other possible marital forms.

ANS:

Correct answer varies but should describe monogamy as a marital form between one wife and one husband traditionally but also encompasses gay marriage between two same-sex individuals. (Note that gay marriage should not be counted as one of the two other possible marital forms. It is still in a monogamy form.) The other two forms named might be: polygamy between multiple spouses, polygyny, one husband, multiple wives; polyandry, one wife, multiple husbands; or cenogamy group marriage.

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 326 OBJ: LO 12–1 Explain basic sociological concepts of the family, marriage, and intimate relationships.

TOP: Marriage COG: Knowledge ESSAY 74. Discuss three factors that influenced the trend toward a deinstitutionalization of marriage

according to Andrew Cherlin.

ANS:

Correct answers will vary but should include three of the five factors considered influential in the deinstitutionalization of marriage: 1. More women in the labor force, including a breakdown in norms that surrounded male and female roles in the home. 2. Erosion of norms about having children only within the context of marriage. 3. High and increasing divorce rate from 1960-1980. 4. Growth in cohabitation since 1970s. 5. Same-sex marriage has grown in acceptance since the 1990s.

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 328–329 OBJ: LO 12–2 Describe trends leading to the decline in marriage rates and changes in the family household, including single parenting, blended families, and lesbian and gay families.

TOP: The Deinstitutionalization of Marriage COG: Knowledge

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75. Discuss the three types of marriage as they have changed in the trend toward

deinstitutionalization. Name and describe each type of marital pattern, and identify the time in which it was most prominent in the United States.

ANS:

Correct answers will vary but should include institutional marriage, which was early twentieth century and focused on marriage as an important institution to participate in, and less focus on good companionship, much less passion and intimate love. Companionate marriage is during the mid-twentieth century and focuses on companionate love, a clear division of labor between roles of husband and wife, and held together by bonds of sentiment, friendship, and sexuality. Individualized marriage is post 1960 and focuses more on individual satisfaction than on family as a whole. In this form, marriage should support the development and growth of the individual.

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 329–330 OBJ: LO 12–2 Describe trends leading to the decline in marriage rates and changes in the family household, including single parenting, blended families, and lesbian and gay families.

TOP: The Deinstitutionalization of Marriage COG: Knowledge 76. What is considered a “family household”? How has the family household in the United States

changed since the 1970s? Provide three specific examples.

ANS:

Correct answers will vary but should include a definition of a family household as a household consisting of two or more people who occupy a given domicile and are related by blood, marriage, or adoption. Changes might include: Family households are in decline since 1970 but still make up about two thirds of households in the United States. People are living longer and can maintain household and family structure for more years. Women outlive men, which means many women who were in family households live out the end of life alone or in a nonfamily household. Family households are smaller than in the past because people have fewer children, and there are declines in the birth rates for married women in two-parent families but increases in families with one parent. Finally, the Great Recession did cause a slight uptick in the number of people living in some form of family household, which may be an effect of the poor economy forcing people to move in together.

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 333–334 OBJ: LO 12–2 Describe trends leading to the decline in marriage rates and changes in the family household, including single parenting, blended families, and lesbian and gay families.

TOP: The Family Household COG: Knowledge 77. What is cohabitation? Why is it hard to find the exact number of people who are cohabiting in

the United States? Where do cohabitation rates in the United States rank among developed countries? Who is most likely to cohabitate today within the United States? According to a study referenced in your text, what were two rationales people gave for cohabitating?

ANS:

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Correct answers will vary but should include a definition of cohabitation as an arrangement in which a couple shares a home and bed without being legally married. Rates are up today compared to the past, but the United States ranks in the middle of developed countries, with only about 5.5% of households reporting as cohabiting; however, it is hard to measure since statistics rely on self-report and are not a legal arrangement so there are no formal legal records that can validate the number. There is also a gray area of how much co-residence constitutes cohabitation. Those more likely to cohabit are more educated and white, although in the past it was more common for people who were working class and less educated, and more common among black women than white women. Rationales include that it was simply easier to spend time with one’s partner this way. Second, it was a cost savings to cohabit and share household expenses instead of maintaining separate households. Third, it was a way to “test drive” a relationship prior to marriage to make sure it would work.

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 334 OBJ: LO 12–2 Describe trends leading to the decline in marriage rates and changes in the family household, including single parenting, blended families, and lesbian and gay families.

TOP: Cohabitation COG: Knowledge 78. Choose a married family type other than the heterosexual nuclear family from a first marriage.

Discuss two considerations or findings related to this family type based on the research.

ANS:

Correct answers will vary but could discuss single-parent families, stepfamilies, or gay and lesbian families. Single-parent families: The United States has highest rate in the world.

Nonresident parents have a bad reputation, but many want to be involved; however, they face hurdles to involvement. This may be emotional issues of separation and the heartache caused by only having brief intermittent time with their children. It can be a practical issue in which it is hard to juggle money or to spend enough time together with children. Stepfamilies or blended families are families that have at least one child from a previous relationship or marriage living with the family in the newly formed relationship or marriage. About one third of American children live in stepfamily arrangements. Stepchildren can have more difficulties at school or with behavioral issues and create complexity as children try to spend time with each parent, a situation that can cause stress. Stepparents may come to resent time spent with the other family or there can be conflicts over loyalty or allocation of time and money. Stepfamilies are “incomplete institutions” and roles within them may not be clear, which can cause difficulties, resentments, and confusion. Same-sex marriage has been legalized in the United States and in other countries in the world. Gay and lesbians have some similarities with heterosexual families, but they do tend to be more reflexive and democratic in their family decisions and practices. They also are less constrained by gender roles and that allows more negotiation over relational and family practices. Gay male relationships are more fragile and lesbian relationships are more stable family forms. No adverse effects on children of gay and lesbian parents have been found by the research.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 335–339 OBJ: LO 12–2 Describe trends leading to the decline in marriage rates and changes in the family household, including single parenting, blended families, and lesbian and gay families.

TOP: Alternative Forms of Family COG: Analysis 79. Select any three theoretical perspectives and discuss how each one views the family.

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ANS:

Correct answers will vary but could include structural/functional, with a focus on the function of the family, particularly in relation to social order; conflict/critical theory, which focuses on the family as a point of stress, strain, and conflict that affects individuals and interacts to affect society as a whole; feminist theory, which focuses more specifically on the gender roles in the family and the different economic and social positions and interests of men and women; symbolic interactionism, which focuses on the meanings that are socially constructed through family identities, roles, and relationships; and exchange theory, which looks at the family from the perspective of choices made based on rewards and costs.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 339–341 OBJ: LO 12–3 Apply structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories to the social institution of the family.

TOP: Theorizing the Family COG: Analysis 80. What are some common forms of abuse found in the family? Select one, and describe three facts

or outcomes related to this form of abuse found in families.

ANS:

Correct answers will vary but should include child abuse, domestic violence, or elder abuse.

A discussion can be found on these pages for the facts or outcomes that might be included as relevant to each.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 342–345 OBJ: LO 12–4 Describe current models of family conflict, forms of abuse and violence within the family, and the effects of poverty on family life.

TOP: Abuse and Violence within the Family COG: Analysis 81. Which country has the highest divorce rate in the world? Name two factors that have influenced

the ability to divorce. What are two risk factors as they relate to divorce?

ANS:

Correct answers will vary but should state that the United States has the highest divorce rate in the world, but may optionally include the fact that the often-repeated “statistic” stating that “half of all U.S. marriages end in divorce” is wrong. Divorce is usually caused by multiple factors, but some big-scale factors include the increased emphasis on individualism and the self, and the sense based on changed norms that the individual is not locked into the relationship due to being married and can leave if it ceases to work for them. Acceptance of divorce and greater knowledge about how unhappy marriages affect children worse than divorce has lowered the use of children as a reason for staying married. Material circumstances also affect divorce rates.

Women are more likely to have an education and careers than in the past, enabling the choice to leave a marriage more readily, or allowing men to leave without feeling they will leave their wife and children without support. Changes to the law that allow no-fault divorce have made it easier to obtain a divorce. Risk factors that increase the likelihood of divorce include marrying as a teen, cohabitating prior to marriage, poverty, drug abuse, alcohol abuse, infidelity, having divorced parents, mismanaged finances, and domestic violence.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 348–350 OBJ: LO 12–5 Identify the effects of globalization and global flows on the family today.

TOP: Abuse and Violence within the Family COG: Analysis

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Chapter 13: Education Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Education and ___________ are closely related processes because education builds on the base

of knowledge already acquired in early life. a. socialization b. family c. bureaucracy d. stratification ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 358 OBJ: LO 13–1 Apply structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist approaches to the social institution of education.

TOP: Education COG: Comprehension 2. The correlation between educational attainment and employment earnings is: a. strong and negative b. strong and positive c. weak and positive d. weak and negative ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 358 OBJ: LO 13–1 Apply structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist approaches to the social institution of education.

TOP: Education COG: Comprehension 3. Which structural-functionalist founder of sociology was also a professor of education at the

Sorbonne? a. Max Weber b. Karl Marx c. Émile Durkheim d. Auguste Comte ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 359 OBJ: LO 13–1 Apply structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist approaches to the social institution of education.

TOP: Durkheim on Education COG: Knowledge 4. According to Durkheim, the two types of training that the educational system should provide

are _________ and ____________. a. general; specific b. beginner; intermediate c. skills; content d. reading; math ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 359 OBJ: LO 13–1 Apply structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist approaches to the social institution of education.

TOP: Durkheim on Education COG: Knowledge 5. Structural functionalists generally focus on how schools_____________.

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a. b. c. d.

produce value for society educate students in both intended and unintended ways further stratify society by social class construct interaction order in the classroom

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 360 OBJ: LO 13–1 Apply structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist approaches to the social institution of education.

TOP: A Later Structural-Functional Approach COG: Comprehension 6. ______________ theories examine how education serves to reproduce social inequalities and

reinforce the system of social stratification. a. Structural/functional b. Symbolic interaction c. Conflict/critical d. Exchange ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 360 OBJ: LO 13–1 Apply structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist approaches to the social institution of education.

TOP: Conflict/Critical Theories COG: Comprehension 7. Which of these best represents how conflict/critical theorists Bowles and Gintis see the role of

school? a. Schools train students to become “good workers” before they enter the capitalist system b. Schools train students to be aware of class differences c. Schools train all students to be independent problem solvers d. Schools train individuals to be achievement oriented ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 360 OBJ: LO 13–1 Apply structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist approaches to the social institution of education.

TOP: Capitalist Systems and Education COG: Comprehension 8. Max Weber believed that education was: a. part of the class conflict between various social classes b. functional for many reasons c. useless in a socialist economy d. central to a status competition among groups with society ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 361 OBJ: LO 13–1 Apply structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist approaches to the social institution of education.

TOP: Industrialized Society and Education COG: Knowledge 9. Conflict/critical theories have two branches based on the classical theories of ________ and

__________. a. Durkheim; Weber b. Durkheim; Marx c. Marx; Weber d. Marx; Veblen

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ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 360–361 OBJ: LO 13–1 Apply structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist approaches to the social institution of education.

TOP: Conflict/Critical Theories COG: Comprehension 10. One conflict/critical perspective on education sees the school as a form of _________. a. meritocracy b. prison c. bureaucracy d. social construction ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 361 OBJ: LO 13–1 Apply structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist approaches to the social institution of education.

TOP: Industrialized Society and Education COG: Knowledge 11. Randall Collins focused on the growth of ______________ as a social signal that high-status

groups use to maintain their status. a. business degrees b. credentials c. private schools d. mentorship ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 361 OBJ: LO 13–1 Apply structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist approaches to the social institution of education.

TOP: Industrialized Society and Education COG: Knowledge 12. John is a factory worker who has a high school degree. He would like to be promoted to the

managerial position, but Bob, who has a bachelor's degree, obtains the position. This is an example of ___________________________. a. discriminatory meritocracy b. credentialing c. workplace bias d. commercialization ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 361 OBJ: LO 13–1 Apply structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist approaches to the social institution of education.

TOP: Industrialized Society and Education COG: Application 13. ____________ focus on labels that students acquire in school and how this affects the way they

are treated by teachers. a. Structural-functionalists b. Symbolic interactionists c. Conflict/critical theorists d. Exchange theorists ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 362 OBJ: LO 13–1 Apply structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist approaches to the social institution of education.

TOP: Inter/Actionist Theories COG: Knowledge

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14. Mrs. Harper, a third grade teacher, labels certain students as achievers and other students as

slackers. This, in turn, affects their school performance. This is an example of the labeling theory, which is part of the _________________________ theory as it pertains to education. a. functionalist b. conflict c. symbolic interactionist d. critical ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 362 OBJ: LO 13–1 Apply structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist approaches to the social institution of education.

TOP: Inter/Actionist Theories COG: Application 15. Symbolic interactionists, when studying the educational system, are most likely to focus on: a. the behaviors between students in a particular classroom b. the struggles that working class and upper class face c. the functions of the educational system in various countries d. the larger structure of the school system ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 362 OBJ: LO 13–1 Apply structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist approaches to the social institution of education.

TOP: Inter/Actionist Theories COG: Application 16. _______________ are interested in everyday methods that students employ to accomplish

school-related tasks, such as completing exams. a. Structural-functionalists b. Conflict/critical theorists c. Ethnomethodologists d. Exchange theorists ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 362 OBJ: LO 13–1 Apply structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist approaches to the social institution of education.

TOP: Inter/Actionist Theories COG: Comprehension 17. Ethnomethodologists do not theorize about students as if they are being controlled by a variety

of external forces without activity being involved in decisions. They don’t see students as _________________. a. cultural dopes b. culturally undefined c. children d. consumers ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 362 OBJ: LO 13–1 Apply structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist approaches to the social institution of education.

TOP: Inter/Actionist Theories COG: Knowledge 18. Ethnomethodologists would be particularly interested in focusing on: a. how teachers administer an exam to students b. the overall structure of the educational system

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c. the class conflicts between students of various social classes d. trends in how education is currently purchased and consumed ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 362 OBJ: LO 13–1 Apply structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist approaches to the social institution of education.

TOP: Inter/Actionist Theories COG: Knowledge 19. According to the text, students cannot help bring the ethos of _________ to the college

experience since it is pervasive throughout U.S. society. a. narcissism b. consumption c. short attention spans d. anti-intellectualism ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 363 OBJ: LO 13–2 Discuss the relationships among education, commercialization, and consumption.

TOP: Education and Consumption COG: Comprehension 20. Student loan default rates are highest for those at: a. private nonprofit institutions b. public universities c. two-year colleges d. private for-profit colleges ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 363–364 OBJ: LO 13–2 Discuss the relationships among education, commercialization, and consumption.

TOP: Education and Consumption COG: Knowledge 21. Which of the following would be a disadvantage of commercialized education? a. Teaching becomes McDonaldized b. College degrees become devalued c. Students shop for education based on cost instead of other values d. Instruction becomes infused with commercialized messages ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 363–364 OBJ: LO 13–2 Discuss the relationships among education, commercialization, and consumption.

TOP: Education and Consumption COG: Knowledge 22. ___________________ view meritocracy as a positive development because society benefits

from having the most important positions filled by the hardest working and most skilled individuals. a. Symbolic interactionists b. Conflict theorists c. Feminists d. Structural-functionalists ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 365 OBJ: LO 13–3 Describe inequality in education, its sources, and its effects.

TOP: Inequality in Education COG: Comprehension 23. __________ is a system based on the idea that all people have an equal chance of succeeding

economically based on their hard work and skills.

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a. b. c. d.

Democracy Meritocracy Credentialism Capitalized education

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 365 OBJ: LO 13–3 Describe inequality in education, its sources, and its effects.

TOP: Inequality in Education COG: Comprehension 24. __________ argue that within meritocracies, advantaged groups can secure better opportunities

for their children, ultimately reproducing inequalities across generations. a. Symbolic interactionists b. Conflict theorists c. Feminists d. Structural-functionalists ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 366 OBJ: LO 13–3 Describe inequality in education, its sources, and its effects.

TOP: Inequality in Education COG: Comprehension 25. In the U.S. education system, students with the highest reading and math scores: a. are scattered throughout various backgrounds with no pattern b. are divided evenly based on the teacher’s experience level c. are correlated to the education level of the students’ parents d. decrease between groups from first grade to twelfth grade ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 367 OBJ: LO 13–3 Describe inequality in education, its sources, and its effects.

TOP: Who Succeeds in School?

COG: Comprehension 26. The first large-scale study of American schools was conducted in the 1960s by

___________________________. a. Émile Durkheim b. James Coleman c. David Brooks d. Randall Collins ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 367 OBJ: LO 13–3 Describe inequality in education, its sources, and its effects.

TOP: The Coleman Report COG: Knowledge 27. The first study of American schools found that the most important school characteristics were

the family background and racial composition of the students attending the school as well as _____________________________. a. teacher quality b. a friendly administration c. funding d. gender ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 367 OBJ: LO 13–3 Describe inequality in education, its sources, and its effects.

TOP: The Coleman Report COG: Comprehension

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28. According to the text, differences in children’s educational levels can be detected as early as: a. six months of age b. two years of age c. four years of age d. seven years of age ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 368 OBJ: LO 13–3 Describe inequality in education, its sources, and its effects.

TOP: The Coleman Report COG: Comprehension 29. Which of these social events did the original Coleman study address? a. Whether or not schools should be racially integrated b. Whether or not schools should educate girls and boys separately c. Whether or not educational differences were genetic or biological d. Whether or not students should be homeschooled ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 368 OBJ: LO 13–3 Describe inequality in education, its sources, and its effects.

TOP: The Coleman Report COG: Comprehension 30. Herrnstein and Murray argue that educational inequalities and differences in learning and

schooling are largely determined by _________________________. a. social class background b. one’s neighborhood c. inborn differences in intelligence d. teaching quality ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 368 OBJ: LO 13–3 Describe inequality in education, its sources, and its effects.

TOP: Intelligence and School Success COG: Comprehension 31. What was the most controversial finding that sociologists have debunked from The Bell Curve

by Herrnstein and Murray? a. Men are innately smarter than women b. There are innate intelligence differences by race c. Those from elite social groups are innately smarter than those from lower classes d. Some individuals are incapable of learning at a college level ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 369 OBJ: LO 13–3 Describe inequality in education, its sources, and its effects.

TOP: Intelligence and School Success COG: Comprehension 32. Hart and Risley concluded, through their research, that there is a correlation between children's

exposure to differences in parenting practices and _________________________. a. academic performance b. how they raised their own children c. vocabulary growth d. discipline problems ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 369 OBJ: LO 13–3 Describe inequality in education, its sources, and its effects.

TOP: Class Differences in Early Childhood COG: Knowledge

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33. The process by which the most advantaged individuals are awarded the best opportunities is

referred to as the _________________________. a. cumulative advantage b. tracking advantage c. performance advantage d. schooling advantage ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 370 OBJ: LO 13–3 Describe inequality in education, its sources, and its effects.

TOP: Inequality within Schools COG: Comprehension 34. When the government issues certificates to allow students to pay tuition to private school with

public tax dollars, it is called: a. scholarship tax b. vouchers c. unschooling d. charter schools ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 372 OBJ: LO 13–3 Describe inequality in education, its sources, and its effects.

TOP: Alternatives to Traditional Public School COG: Comprehension 35. Which alternative to public school attempts to allow every student and teacher an equal voice in

decision making about how long classes are and who teaches them? a. Homeschooling b. Charter schools c. Voucher schools d. Unschool ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 372 OBJ: LO 13–3 Describe inequality in education, its sources, and its effects.

TOP: Alternatives to Traditional Public School COG: Comprehension 36. The popularity of ____________ has/have grown in recent years, while the popularity of

_______________ has/have been mixed at best. a. charter schools; homeschooling b. homeschooling; unschooling c. unschool; charter schools d. homeschooling; charter schools ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 372 OBJ: LO 13–3 Describe inequality in education, its sources, and its effects.

TOP: Alternatives to Traditional Public School COG: Comprehension 37. Jill and Steve are parents to three young children and are college educated. They are always

stressing the importance of a college education to their children. Their children are developing a(n) _____________________ as a result of this socialization. a. college-going habitus b. achievement orientation c. organizational capacity d. cumulative advantage ANS: A

PTS: 1

DIF: Medium

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REF: 370

OBJ: LO 13–3 Describe inequality in education, its sources, and its effects.

TOP: Who Goes to College?

COG: Comprehension 38. Rankings of worldwide student educational performance are known as: a. WSEP rankings b. PISA rankings c. MOOC rankings d. EDUC rankings ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 377 OBJ: LO 13–4 Compare the position of the educational system in United States to those in other countries around the world.

TOP: Globalization and Education COG: Knowledge 39. Which country tops the worldwide student educational performance rankings in math, reading,

and science as of 2012? a. The United States b. Norway c. Shanghai-China d. South Korea ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 377 OBJ: LO 13–4 Compare the position of the educational system in United States to those in other countries around the world.

TOP: PISA Rankings COG: Knowledge 40. At what grade level do German schools recommend an academic track for all students? a. Kindergarten b. Second grade c. Fourth grade d. Seventh grade ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 380 OBJ: LO 13–4 Compare the position of the educational system in United States to those in other countries around the world.

TOP: U.S., German, and Japanese Educational Systems COG: Knowledge 41. In what way do Japanese schools recommend an academic track following the first nine years of

school? a. Evaluation of student grade record b. Standardized test c. A combination of past performance and student career assessment measures d. A formal interview with student and parents ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 380 OBJ: LO 13–4 Compare the position of the educational system in United States to those in other countries around the world.

TOP: U.S., German, and Japanese Educational Systems COG: Knowledge MULTIPLE RESPONSE

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42. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following values did Robert Dreeben believe

schools should teach students in order for them to become successful? a. To value independence among students b. The value of achievement c. To value being evaluated on specific skill competence d. To see adults and always focused on assisting children ANS: A, B, C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 360 OBJ: LO 13–1 Apply structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist approaches to the social institution of education.

TOP: A Later Structural-Functional Approach COG: Comprehension 43. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Symbolic interactionists are interested in the following issues

related to schools: a. how schools reproduce social class inequalities b. mundane ways that students can disrupt classes c. how gang activity affects classrooms d. how schools function to prepare students as workers under capitalism ANS: B, C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 362 OBJ: LO 13–1 Apply structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist approaches to the social institution of education.

TOP: Inter/Actionist Theories COG: Knowledge 44. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following are considered indicators of the

commercialization of education? a. The increase of college logo apparel and houseware goods on the market b. Increased enrollment in for-profit colleges c. Sales of fake degrees from nonexistent universities d. The exchange of free video and communication equipment for broadcasting programming schools ANS: B, C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 363–364 OBJ: LO 13–2 Discuss the relationships among education, commercialization, and consumption.

TOP: Education and Consumption COG: Analysis 45. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: According to the study referenced in your text, a group of black

impoverished children who attended an enriched preschool (Perry Preschool) for two years: a. performed at an equal level to children from the same background who didn't receive any preschooling b. maintained an academic advantage throughout elementary school but resembled peers without preschool by the time they reached junior high c. experienced larger gains in intelligence than those who didn't receive any preschooling d. were more likely to finish college ANS: C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 370 OBJ: LO 13–3 Describe inequality in education, its sources, and its effects.

TOP: Preschool COG: Comprehension 46. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: A study of Baltimore school children found that the differences

over grades K through 5 between low-income and high-income students:

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a. b. c. d.

were due to low-income students falling behind in classes during each school year were lower in reading comprehension in the low-income group kept the same pace of learning during the school year differed in how much they maintained or increased learning over the summers

ANS: C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 370 OBJ: LO 13–3 Describe inequality in education, its sources, and its effects.

TOP: Seasonal Learning and Class Differences in Achievement COG: Comprehension 47. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: According to the text, which of these are the alternatives to

public school that have emerged over the past few decades? a. Homeschooling b. Competency-based education c. Unschooling d. Charter schools ANS: A, C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 372 OBJ: LO 13–3 Describe inequality in education, its sources, and its effects.

TOP: Alternatives to Traditional Public School COG: Comprehension 48. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: According to current college enrollment statistics: a. enrollment rates of students from low-income households has increased modestly

since 1970 b. high-income students have college enrollment rates that are almost 30 percent

higher than their low-income peers c. students from middle-class backgrounds were the most likely of all types to

complete a degree d. while rates of enrollment among low-income students have increased over the last

40 years, the rate of graduation with a degree has stayed the same ANS: A, B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 376–377 OBJ: LO 13–3 Describe inequality in education, its sources, and its effects.

TOP: Who Goes to College?

COG: Comprehension 49. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Educational experts have been interested in the consistently

high rankings of Finland. Which of these are characteristics of Finland’s educational system? a. Teachers are well trained and unionized b. Finnish schools rely heavily on standardized testing c. Finnish schools show consistency across schools indicating equality of educational opportunity for all d. Characteristics of the country of Finland make it a good model for the United States or other countries in the developed world ANS: A, C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 379 OBJ: LO 13–4 Compare the position of the educational system in United States to those in other countries around the world.

TOP: PISA Rankings COG: Analysis 50. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: In which of these ways does the U.S. system differ from

Germany and Japan? a. Tracking occurs within schools, not between schools

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b. The United States organizes education at the state level, but Germany and Japan

each have one national system c. The United States has the highest levels of achievement inequality when compared

to Germany and Japan d. The United States has achievement levels between Japan and Germany ANS: A, B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 380 OBJ: LO 13–4 Compare the position of the educational system in United States to those in other countries around the world.

TOP: U.S., German, and Japanese Educational Systems COG: Knowledge SHORT ANSWER 51. Discuss two ways that education is related to socialization within the family.

ANS:

Correct answer varies but could include that there is no clear line between the two since they both involve the learning process, but socialization tends to be informal and education is formal.

Socialization in the family is in the early years. The classroom teaches children about order, respect for authority, the benefits of conformity.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 358 OBJ: LO 13–1 Apply structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist approaches to the social institution of education.

TOP: Education COG: Comprehension 52. What are two outcomes that are associated with higher levels of educational attainment?

ANS:

Correct answer varies but could include buffer from unemployment in hard economic times; individual median weekly earnings increase significantly with level of education (except between professional degree and PhD). Those with a professional degree earn four times the earnings (median weekly) compared to those without a high school degree and three times those with a high school degree.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 358 OBJ: LO 13–1 Apply structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist approaches to the social institution of education.

TOP: Education COG: Analysis ESSAY 53. Compare and contrast the structural/functional and conflict perspectives on education. How do

these two theories see the role of education differently?

ANS:

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Correct answer varies but could include that S/F focuses on the positive functions of education in its contribution to social order. They felt it should include general and specific training, and the general training is about teaching someone their culture’s moral codes, values, and norms.

S/F also tends to see outcomes as aligning with the right functions in society, and does not account for how inequalities might affect the right person getting the right training. It may talk about how schools teach students to value achievement. Conflict theorists are more critical of socializing people to accept cultural values and norms and see people as more diverse, take an account of power. Conflict theorists do not see the role of education in such a benign light as S/F. They see the socializing role as preparing students to be “good workers”: submissive, docile, punctual, and hardworking.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 359–361 OBJ: LO 13–2 Discuss the relationships among education, commercialization, and consumption.

TOP: Thinking about Education COG: Analysis 54. Discuss two indicators of the commercialization of education.

ANS:

Correct answers vary but could include points about the commercialization of education, such as the growth in for-profit institutions, the greater proportion of debt associated with for-profit education, the encroachment of commercial broadcasting into the classroom in exchange for provision of resources to schools, or the use of corporate logos and labels on sports teams in exchange for funding, and the increase in for-profit tutoring and student support services.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 359–361 OBJ: LO 13–2 Discuss the relationships among education, commercialization, and consumption.

TOP: Thinking about Education COG: Analysis 55. Define the term meritocracy. Discuss two findings of the Coleman Report, which was

conducted in 1960s. What does the Coleman Report suggest about meritocracy in the American educational system?

ANS:

Correct answer varies but should include a definition of meritocracy as a system based on a dominant ideology involving the belief that all people have an equal chance of succeeding economically based on their hard work and skills. In a meritocracy, people’s social origins and characteristics such as class, race, and gender need to be unrelated to their opportunity to move up in the system. The Coleman Report findings, however, show that there are differences in student learning that reflect inequalities in school quality and that this quality is not related to school funding or resources. Student achievement was most related to teacher quality and family background, including racial composition of the students attending the school. Family background was the most important predictor. This shows that American schools are not a meritocracy.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 365–368 OBJ: LO 13–3 Describe inequality in education, its sources, and its effects.

TOP: Inequality in Education COG: Analysis 56. Discuss the Coleman Report findings in relation to The Bell Curve work by Herrnstein and

Murray. What claims did each research make, and what were its implications? How has sociology responded to these findings?

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ANS:

Correct answer varies but should include a description of the Coleman Report findings. The report shows that there are differences in student learning that reflect inequalities in school quality, and that this quality is not related to school funding or resources. Student achievement was most related to teacher quality and family background, including racial composition of the students attending the school. Family background was the most important predictor. Herrnstein and Murray’s research argued that inequalities were mostly due to “natural” differences in intelligence in the human population rather than systematic differences in educational opportunities. Specifically, and most controversially, they argued that innate intelligence differed by racial background. The Bell Curve research and the Coleman Report made opposite arguments about the causes of difference in educational attainment outcomes. After Herrnstein and Murray’s research was published, other studies raised doubts about its conclusion. The consensus in the sociological community is that there are no grounds for arguing that innate intelligence differs along racial lines.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 365–368 OBJ: LO 13–3 Describe inequality in education, its sources, and its effects.

TOP: Inequality in Education COG: Analysis 57. Select and discuss one way that family background has affected educational outcomes in the

United States. What does this say about equality within the American education system?

ANS:

Correct answer varies but could include information about early educational outcomes, participation, and graduation from college, or Coleman Report findings.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 358–377 OBJ: LO 13–3 Describe inequality in education, its sources, and its effects.

TOP: Education COG: Analysis 58. Compare three types of alternative types of schooling discussed in the text. In current trends,

where do each of these alternatives stand?

ANS:

Correct answer varies but must discuss vouchers, charter schools, unschooling and/or homeschooling. It should discuss some characteristics of each, and include that unschooling went by the wayside, while charter schools get mixed reviews and homeschooling is on the rise.

Vouchers have variations in support depending on political affiliation—more supported by conservatives as a private market-based solution, a type of solution often not promoted by progressives.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 372–377 OBJ: LO 13–3 Describe inequality in education, its sources, and its effects.

TOP: Alternatives to Traditional Public School COG: Analysis 59. Compare the differences that exist between German, Japanese, and American schools.

ANS:

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Correct answer varies but could include the differences in tracking students between the three systems, and the tracks that students are placed on; the level of government at which education is managed; the degree to which curriculum determines college eligibility, the equality and achievement levels in each system.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 380–381 OBJ: LO 13–3 Describe inequality in education, its sources, and its effects.

TOP: U.S., German, and Japanese Educational Systems COG: Analysis 60. What are three specific characteristics of the Finnish school system that have defined its

success? What is the potential for applying lessons learned through the Finnish educational system to systems in other countries?

ANS:

Correct answer varies but could include that the teachers are well trained and unionized, and the profession draws people committed to their profession because it maintains a high level of prestige. Second, Finland has not done any of the privatization of education through vouchers, etc. Third, Finnish schools are remarkably similar with less variation in achievement across the educational system than in other countries. However, Finland is a rich, small country with a homogeneous population, and many think this system is hard to translate to a large diverse population.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 377=378 OBJ: LO 13–3 Describe inequality in education, its sources, and its effects.

TOP: PISA Rankings COG: Analysis TRUE/FALSE 61. Education can serve as a buffer to those with higher educational levels in times of economic

recession. Those with the highest educational levels had a much lower unemployment rate during the recession. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 358 OBJ: LO 13–1 Apply structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist approaches to the social institution of education.

TOP: Education COG: Comprehension 62. Education makes a big difference at the individual level, but varies too much person by person

to affect the national level of income. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 358 OBJ: LO 13–1 Apply structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist approaches to the social institution of education.

TOP: Education COG: Comprehension 63. Durkheim believed that schools should provide every student with the same education.

a. True b. False

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ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 359 OBJ: LO 13–1 Apply structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist approaches to the social institution of education.

TOP: Durkheim on Education COG: Knowledge 64. Conflict theorists inspired by Marx see the educational system as a system of social

reproduction of class relations. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 361 OBJ: LO 13–1 Apply structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist approaches to the social institution of education.

TOP: Capitalist Systems and Education COG: Comprehension 65. Critical theorists see education as a part of the culture that is meant to keep people passive and

in their place. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 362 OBJ: LO 13–1 Apply structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist approaches to the social institution of education.

TOP: Industrialized Society and Education COG: Comprehension 66. Teachers who label students in a certain manner can affect their academic performance. This is

part of the symbolic interactionist perspective as it pertains to education. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 362 OBJ: LO 13–1 Apply structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist approaches to the social institution of education.

TOP: Inter/Actionist Theories COG: Knowledge 67. There is an increase in the commercialization of education.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 363 OBJ: LO 13–2 Discuss the relationships among education, commercialization, and consumption.

TOP: Education and Consumption COG: Comprehension 68. We can tell that American education is meritocratic because social origin and ascribed statuses

have little effect on how much students learn and how far they go in school. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 366 OBJ: LO 13–3 Describe inequality in education, its sources, and its effects.

TOP: Who Succeeds in School?

COG: Comprehension

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69. Completion of a bachelor’s degree or higher varies by race more than graduation from high

school. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 367 OBJ: LO 13–3 Describe inequality in education, its sources, and its effects.

TOP: Who Succeeds in School?

COG: Comprehension 70. Recent research on school effects has contradicted the findings of the Coleman Report.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 368 OBJ: LO 13–3 Describe inequality in education, its sources, and its effects.

TOP: The Coleman Report COG: Comprehension 71. Herrnstein and Murray claimed that differences in learning and schooling are largely

determined by differences in intelligence. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 369 OBJ: LO 13–3 Describe inequality in education, its sources, and its effects.

TOP: Intelligence and School Success COG: Comprehension 72. Proponents of alternatives to public school have much in common with each other.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 372 OBJ: LO 13–3 Describe inequality in education, its sources, and its effects.

TOP: Alternatives to Traditional Public School COG: Comprehension 73. Many of the choices made for educational reform benefit those with the ability to participate

and influence politics, those who have capital. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 375 OBJ: LO 13–3 Describe inequality in education, its sources, and its effects.

TOP: The Politics of Public Education COG: Comprehension 74. Public education is undermined by focusing solely on the interests of private individuals as

consumers rather than the role of education as a public institution. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 375 OBJ: LO 13–3 Describe inequality in education, its sources, and its effects.

TOP: The Politics of Public Education COG: Comprehension

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75. Diane Ravitch has been and remains a staunch advocate for privatization in education and

believes these efforts can create better results if implemented better. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 375 OBJ: LO 13–3 Describe inequality in education, its sources, and its effects.

TOP: The Politics of Public Education COG: Comprehension 76. Private, market-based solutions often offered by more politically conservative candidates have

experienced a great deal of success in the last ten years. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 375 OBJ: LO 13–3 Describe inequality in education, its sources, and its effects.

TOP: The Politics of Public Education COG: Comprehension 77. As advanced by educational philosopher John Dewey, the ideal of public education is to serve

the public interest by providing educational opportunity for all citizens. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 375 OBJ: LO 13–3 Describe inequality in education, its sources, and its effects.

TOP: The Politics of Public Education COG: Comprehension 78. Asian countries ranked highest in the PISA scores for math, reading, and science.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 379 OBJ: LO 13–3 Describe inequality in education, its sources, and its effects.

TOP: PISA Rankings COG: Comprehension 79. The text compares schools in the United States, Germany, and Japan to illustrate the superiority

of the U.S. educational system when compared to other developed nations. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 380 OBJ: LO 13–4 Compare the position of the educational system in United States to those in other countries around the world.

TOP: U.S., German, and Japanese Educational Systems COG: Knowledge 80. For the first nine years of school, German students are exposed to a uniform curriculum.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 380 OBJ: LO 13–4 Compare the position of the educational system in United States to those in other countries around the world.

TOP: U.S., German, and Japanese Educational Systems

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COG: Knowledge

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Chapter 14: Religion Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. According to __________, religion brings pleasure or consolation to believers who think they

are incapable of changing their distressing social conditions. a. Max Weber b. Karl Marx c. Émile Durkheim d. Georg Simmel ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 386 OBJ: LO 14–1 Discuss the ideas of Marx, Weber, and Durkheim on the role of religion as a central force in many lives. TOP: Early Sociologists and Religion COG: Knowledge 2. Émile Durkheim contended that religion is the basis of _________________. a. ritual b. community c. collective conscience d. society ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 386 OBJ: LO 14–1 Discuss the ideas of Marx, Weber, and Durkheim on the role of religion as a central force in many lives. TOP: Early Sociologists and Religion COG: Knowledge 3. _______________ is a social phenomenon that consists of beliefs about the sacred; practices or

rituals; and the community that shares similar beliefs and practices. a. Education b. Philosophy c. Religion d. Faith ANS: C PTS: 1 OBJ: LO 14–2 Define religion.

COG: Comprehension

DIF: Medium REF: 387 TOP: What is Religion?

4. A(n) _________ is an idea that explains the world and identifies what should be sacred. a. belief b. ritual c. attitude d. religion ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 388 OBJ: LO 14–3 Define the major components of religion—beliefs, rituals, and experiences.

TOP: Belief COG: Knowledge 5. Most religions have a story about how and why the world was created called a(n): a. origin story b. cosmology c. cosmogony

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d. theology ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 388 OBJ: LO 14–3 Define the major components of religion—beliefs, rituals, and experiences.

TOP: Belief COG: Knowledge 6. According to the text, one of the most difficult things for any religion is: a. to explain why we are here b. to explain why there are other religions c. to explain suffering d. to explain the signs of a higher power without scientific evidence ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 388 OBJ: LO 14–3 Define the major components of religion—beliefs, rituals, and experiences.

TOP: Belief COG: Knowledge 7. Marriage and graduating from high school are examples of: a. rituals b. rites of passage c. habits d. civil religion ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 389 OBJ: LO 14–3 Define the major components of religion—beliefs, rituals, and experiences.

TOP: Ritual COG: Comprehension 8. Religious rituals mark a _______________ period, or a special time set apart from ordinary

reality. a. ritual b. transitional c. liminal d. marginal ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 389 OBJ: LO 14–3 Define the major components of religion—beliefs, rituals, and experiences.

TOP: Ritual COG: Comprehension 9. The major components of religion are beliefs, rituals, and ___________________. a. experiences b. habits c. occurrences d. content ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 387–388 OBJ: LO 14–3 Define the major components of religion—beliefs, rituals, and experiences.

TOP: Components of Religion COG: Comprehension 10. Émile Durkheim argued that all human experience could be divided into two categories, the

_______________ and the ________________. a. ordinary; extraordinary b. sacred; profane c. plain; special d. reverend; sublime

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ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 388 OBJ: LO 14–3 Define the major components of religion—beliefs, rituals, and experiences.

TOP: Components of Religion COG: Knowledge 11. There is negative relationship between wealth and religiosity, demonstrated in the fact that: a. people living in richer nations are more religious than those in poorer nations b. people living in poorer nations are more religious than those in richer nations c. people in the poor neighborhoods of rich countries are more religious than richer

areas in the same countries d. there are more churches in poorer countries ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 390 OBJ: LO 14–3 Define the major components of religion—beliefs, rituals, and experiences.

TOP: Experience COG: Comprehension 12. According to the text, in which region do countries report the highest importance of religion? a. Countries in parts of Asia, the Middle East, and sub-Saharan Africa b. Countries in Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean c. Countries in Western Europe and North America d. Countries in Central America and South America ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 390 OBJ: LO 14–3 Define the major components of religion—beliefs, rituals, and experiences.

TOP: Civil Religion COG: Comprehension 13. In which of these ways is the United States an exception when it comes to religion? a. More of the U.S. population rates religion as important than wealthy countries b. More of the U.S. population rates religion as important than other countries with

similar levels of Christianity c. Less of the U.S. population rates religion as important than other wealthy countries d. Less of the U.S population rates religion as important than other countries with similar levels of Christianity ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 390 OBJ: LO 14–1 Discuss the ideas of Marx, Weber, and Durkheim on the role of religion as a central force in many lives. TOP: Civil Religion COG: Comprehension 14. Each year, the Smith family spends time visiting historical monuments in Virginia and

Washington, DC. This ritual is part of __________________. a. family religion b. state religion c. civil religion d. ecclesiastic religion ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 390 OBJ: LO 14–3 Define the major components of religion—beliefs, rituals, and experiences.

TOP: Civil Religion COG: Comprehension 15. Some people would say that the beliefs, experiences, and rituals that provide a sense of

collective national identity create a(n): a. patriotic religion b. state religion

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c. capitalist religion d. civil religion ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 391 OBJ: LO 14–3 Define the major components of religion—beliefs, rituals, and experiences.

TOP: Civil Religion COG: Comprehension 16. The decline in the significance of religion is called ___________________. a. secularization b. demystification c. civil religion d. atheization ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 391 OBJ: LO 14–3 Define the major components of religion—beliefs, rituals, and experiences.

TOP: Secularization COG: Comprehension 17. Religious institutions with pluralistic worldviews tend to be more ___________, whereas those

with more homogeneous populations tend to be more _____________. a. decentralized; centralized b. liberal; conservative c. sect-like; church-like d. strict; lenient ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 395 OBJ: LO 14–4 Describe the types of religious organizations.

TOP: Types of Religious Institutions COG: Comprehension 18. Sect and church are: a. religious organization from two different religions b. two poles on a continuum of religious organization c. two poles on a continuum of religious belief systems d. religious organizations from two different global regions ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 395 OBJ: LO 14–4 Describe the types of religious organizations.

TOP: Types of Religious Institutions COG: Comprehension 19. The Amish are an example of a(n) ______________. a. church b. cult c. ecclesia d. sect ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard OBJ: LO 14–4 Describe the types of religious organizations.

COG: Application

REF: 395 TOP: Sect

20. _______________ tend to draw members from all social classes and are more mainstream than

sects. a. Churches b. Cults c. Ecclesias

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d. Factions ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Hard OBJ: LO 14–4 Describe the types of religious organizations.

COG: Application

REF: 396 TOP: Churches

21. The Puritans are an example of a ______________. a. church b. cult c. ecclesia d. sect ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard OBJ: LO 14–4 Describe the types of religious organizations.

COG: Application

REF: 395 TOP: Sect

22. Which of these is the best example of church in its strictest interpretation based on Troeltsch’s

definition? a. The contemporary Roman Catholic Church b. The Christian megachurch c. The Jehovah’s Witnesses d. The Anglican Church in England ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard OBJ: LO 14–4 Describe the types of religious organizations.

COG: Application

REF: 396 TOP: Churches

23. Which of these forms does a cult resemble? a. A sect b. A church c. A historical church d. A consumer experience ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: LO 14–4 Describe the types of religious organizations.

TOP: Cults and New Religious Movements

REF: 397 COG: Knowledge

24. A new and innovative religion that is often at odds with both established religions and the larger

society is referred to as a(n) ________________. a. sect b. church c. cult d. ecclesia ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium OBJ: LO 14–4 Describe the types of religious organizations.

TOP: Cults and New Religious Movements

REF: 397 COG: Comprehension

25. Which of the following statements is TRUE in regard to new religious movements? a. New religious movements appeal to a large segment of the population b. New religious movements are often led by charismatic leaders c. No differentiation between "us" and "them" d. Members of new religious movements are very trusting of others

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ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium OBJ: LO 14–4 Describe the types of religious organizations.

TOP: Cults and New Religious Movements

REF: 397 COG: Comprehension

26. Which of the following is NOT a function of religion according to Émile Durkheim? a. Religion provides explanations for puzzling aspects of life b. Religion promotes solidarity c. Religion cures medical illnesses that doctors haven't been able to resolve d. Religion provides ethical guidelines ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium OBJ: LO 14–4 Describe the types of religious organizations.

COG: Comprehension

REF: 398 TOP: Denominations

27. ____________ are theories that help us better understand and deal with suffering and death. a. Ideologies b. Theodicies c. Theologies d. Ethics ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 400 OBJ: LO 14–5 Apply structural/functional and conflict/critical theories to religion.

TOP: Functions of Religion COG: Comprehension 28. When large numbers of people do not have a clear and correct sense of their true interests, this is

referred to as ________________________. a. mixed consciousness b. class consciousness c. false consciousness d. confused consciousness ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 401–402 OBJ: LO 14–5 Apply structural/functional and conflict/critical theories to religion.

TOP: Conflict/Critical Theories COG: Comprehension 29. Marx influenced the conflict theory on religion, claiming that religion performs like a(n)

______________, which distorts and hides underlying realities of capitalist society. a. theodicy b. market c. ideology d. bureaucracy ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 401 OBJ: LO 14–5 Apply structural/functional and conflict/critical theories to religion.

TOP: Conflict/Critical Theories COG: Comprehension 30. Critical theorist Jürgen Habermas calls religion a type of _________, or system of ideas

generated by the social system to support its own existence. a. theodicy b. rationalization c. legitimation d. bureaucracy

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ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 401 OBJ: LO 14–5 Apply structural/functional and conflict/critical theories to religion.

TOP: Conflict/Critical Theories COG: Comprehension 31. All of the global religions originated in __________________. a. Asia b. North America c. South America d. Europe ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 402 OBJ: LO 14–6 Describe the relationship between globalization and the world’s major religions.

TOP: Religion and Globalization COG: Comprehension 32. The religion with the largest number in the world’s population is: a. Muslim b. Buddhist c. Christian d. Hindu ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 402 OBJ: LO 14–6 Describe the relationship between globalization and the world’s major religions.

TOP: Religion and Globalization COG: Comprehension 33. ____________ and _____________ are the two fastest-growing religions in the world today. a. Methodist; Judaism b. Christianity; Islam c. Buddhism; Lutheran d. Islam; Presbyterian ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 402 OBJ: LO 14–6 Describe the relationship between globalization and the world’s major religions.

TOP: Religion and Globalization COG: Comprehension 34. Which of the following is NOT a global process as it relates to Mormonism? a. Mormons have made extensive use of the Internet b. Mormons have elected officials in political office around the world c. Mormons send tens of thousands of missionaries throughout the world d. Its headquarters and services broadcast via satellite to 6,000 of its churches around

the world ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 405 OBJ: LO 14–6 Describe the relationship between globalization and the world’s major religions.

TOP: Mormonism COG: Comprehension 35. ___________ is a strongly held belief in the basic precepts of a religion, and a rejection of the

modern secular world. a. Islam b. Pluralism c. Fundamentalism d. Sectarianism

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ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 405 OBJ: LO 14–6 Describe the relationship between globalization and the world’s major religions.

TOP: Fundamentalism COG: Comprehension 36. __________________ is one of the smallest of the world’s religions, but is one of the most

important historically and contemporarily. a. Hinduism b. Buddhism c. Muslim d. Judaism ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 403–404 OBJ: LO 14–6 Describe the relationship between globalization and the world’s major religions.

TOP: The Most Significant Global Religions COG: Comprehension 37. ______________ is heavily concentrated in India and is closely associated with the caste

system of that country but spans six continents through migration and the spread of religious teaching. a. Hinduism b. Buddhism c. Islam d. Pentecostalism ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 403–404 OBJ: LO 14–6 Describe the relationship between globalization and the world’s major religions.

TOP: The Most Significant Global Religions COG: Comprehension 38. When the Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project looked at patterns of religion and

migration, which religious group accounted for the largest number of immigrants worldwide? a. Muslims b. Christians c. Hindus c. Jews ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 407 OBJ: LO 14–6 Describe the relationship between globalization and the world’s major religions.

TOP: Faith on the Move COG: Comprehension 39. According to the Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project, which country had the

largest proportion of Christian immigrants? a. United States b. Russia c. Mexico d. Germany ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 407 OBJ: LO 14–6 Describe the relationship between globalization and the world’s major religions.

TOP: Faith on the Move COG: Comprehension 40. In what part of the world has resistance to creating cultural and religious space for Muslim

immigrants been greatest? a. The United States

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b. Western Europe c. China d. Eastern Europe ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 408 OBJ: LO 14–6 Describe the relationship between globalization and the world’s major religions.

TOP: Faith on the Move COG: Comprehension MULTIPLE RESPONSE 41. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: According to the text, rituals are often used for which of these

purposes: a. to identify the source of a problem b. to characterize what is evil c. to remove boundaries d. to arrive at a means for working on a solution ANS: A, B, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 389 OBJ: LO 14–3 Define the major components of religion—beliefs, rituals, and experiences.

TOP: Ritual COG: Comprehension 42. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following statements is TRUE in regard to the

characteristics of a sect? a. The behavior of sect members tends to be spontaneous b. A sect's leadership is composed of those who have specialized training c. Sects tend to draw their membership mainly from those of the lower social classes d. Sects tend to set themselves apart from society in terms of how they dress and what they eat ANS: A, C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard OBJ: LO 14–4 Describe the types of religious organizations.

COG: Application

REF: 395 TOP: Sect

43. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of these suggest religion is a form of consumption? a. Religions are inherited from one’s family of origin b. Religious organizations must market their religion to attract members c. Just like consumers, those who select a religion do so for different reasons d. Church employee roles within religious organizations have become McDonaldized ANS: B, C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium OBJ: LO 14–4 Describe the types of religious organizations.

TOP: Religion as a Form of Consumption

REF: 393 COG: Comprehension

44. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Major U.S. contemporary religious denominations include

which of the following? a. Protestant groups b. Eastern Orthodox c. Reform Judaism ANS: A, B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium OBJ: LO 14–4 Describe the types of religious organizations.

COG: Comprehension

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REF: 398 TOP: Denominations

45. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of these characteristics do churches and denominations

have in common? a. They are both bureaucratic b. They have a positive view of larger society c. They care about the individual’s emotional religious experience d. Religious services are formal and reserved with an emphasis on teaching ANS: B, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium OBJ: LO 14–4 Describe the types of religious organizations.

COG: Comprehension

REF: 398–399 TOP: Denominations

46. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of these do structural/functionalists name as functions of

religion? a. It helps to create a sense of meaning b. It offers theodicies to help explain puzzling aspects of life c. It provides ethical guidelines for moral and immoral behavior d. It provides guidance and awareness on important social issues ANS: A, B, C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 400 OBJ: LO 14–5 Apply structural/functional and conflict/critical theories to religion.

TOP: Functions of Religion COG: Comprehension TRUE/FALSE 47. #3In modern societies characterized by organic solidarity, Durkheim believed that religion

would no longer be very important because value and belief consensus is no longer possible. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 386 OBJ: LO 14–1 Discuss the ideas of Marx, Weber, and Durkheim on the role of religion as a central force in many lives. TOP: Early Sociologists and Religion COG: Comprehension 48. #4Sociological interest in religion is focused primarily on marginal religious groups.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 387 OBJ: LO 14–1 Discuss the ideas of Marx, Weber, and Durkheim on the role of religion as a central force in many lives. TOP: What is Religion?

COG: Comprehension 49. #6The three main components of religion are beliefs, rituals, and experiences.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 387 OBJ: LO 14–3 Define the major components of religion—beliefs, rituals, and experiences.

TOP: Components of Religion COG: Comprehension 50. Sociologists evaluate religions, including an evaluation of how likely they are to be accurate.

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a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 387 OBJ: LO 14–1 Discuss the ideas of Marx, Weber, and Durkheim on the role of religion as a central force in many lives. TOP: What is Religion?

COG: Knowledge 51. Religion is a social phenomenon that consists of beliefs about the sacred; practices, or rituals;

and the community that shares similar beliefs and practices. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 OBJ: LO 14–2 Define religion.

COG: Knowledge

DIF: Easy REF: 387 TOP: What is Religion?

52. Most religious traditions are loaded with rituals that reinforce beliefs.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 389 OBJ: LO 14–3 Define the major components of religion—beliefs, rituals, and experiences.

TOP: Ritual COG: Comprehension 53. According to the text, very small numbers of people in Africa reported religion and religious

experiences to be very important in their lives. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium OBJ: LO 14–4 Describe the types of religious organizations.

COG: Comprehension

REF: 390 TOP: Experience

54. Religious rituals often mark a liminal period, which is a special period set apart from ordinary

reality. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 389 OBJ: LO 14–3 Define the major components of religion—beliefs, rituals, and experiences.

TOP: Ritual COG: Knowledge 55. Due to the divisions in American society, civil religion is less important today than when the

concept was introduced in the mid-1970s. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 391 OBJ: LO 14–3 Define the major components of religion—beliefs, rituals, and experiences.

TOP: Civil Religion COG: Comprehension

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56. Americans often celebrate the Fourth of July with fireworks and lively music. These practices

are part of what is referred to as civil religion. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 391 OBJ: LO 14–3 Define the major components of religion—beliefs, rituals, and experiences.

TOP: Civil Religion COG: Comprehension 57. Secularization refers to the decline of the significance of religion at the societal level but cannot

be used to describe this decline at the individual level. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 391 OBJ: LO 14–3 Define the major components of religion—beliefs, rituals, and experiences.

TOP: Secularization COG: Comprehension 58. Serialization refers to the declining significance of religion.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 391 OBJ: LO 14–3 Define the major components of religion—beliefs, rituals, and experiences.

TOP: Secularization COG: Comprehension 59. According to Troeltsch’s definition, there are no churches in the United States.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Hard OBJ: LO 14–4 Describe the types of religious organizations.

COG: Application

REF: 395 TOP: Church

60. The behavior of members that belong to a sect is often spontaneous, and the members of the sect

also tend to be drawn from those of the lower social classes. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium OBJ: LO 14–4 Describe the types of religious organizations.

COG: Comprehension

REF: 395 TOP: Sect

61. Émile Durkheim argued that all human experience could be divided into two categories: the

sacred and the ordinary. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 389 OBJ: LO 14–3 Define the major components of religion—beliefs, rituals, and experiences.

TOP: Ritual COG: Comprehension

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62. A cult is a new, innovative, small, and exclusive religious tradition that was never associated

with any religious organization. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium OBJ: LO 14–4 Describe the types of religious organizations.

TOP: Cults and New Religious Movements

REF: 397 COG: Comprehension

63. Religious rituals often mark a cosmic period, or a special time set apart from ordinary reality,

such as attending church every Sunday. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 389 OBJ: LO 14–3 Define the major components of religion—beliefs, rituals, and experiences.

TOP: Ritual COG: Comprehension 64. Denominations are both hierarchical and bureaucratic.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: LO 14–4 Describe the types of religious organizations.

COG: Knowledge

REF: 398 TOP: Denominations

65. Structural-functionalists recognize that violence and intolerance are two dysfunctions of

religion. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 400 OBJ: LO 14–5 Apply structural/functional and conflict/critical theories to religion.

TOP: Dysfunctions of Religion COG: Knowledge 66. The two fastest-growing religions in the world today are Christianity and Islam.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 400 OBJ: LO 14–6 Describe the relationship between globalization and the world’s major religions.

TOP: Dysfunctions of Religion COG: Knowledge 67. The majority of the world’s estimated 230 million to 500 million Buddhists reside in many

countries across Asia, with the largest number in China. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 404 OBJ: LO 14–6 Describe the relationship between globalization and the world’s major religions.

TOP: Buddhism COG: Knowledge

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68. Islam was the first religion to understand itself as one religion among others.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 404 OBJ: LO 14–6 Describe the relationship between globalization and the world’s major religions.

TOP: Islam COG: Knowledge 69. Traditional Islamic law, or sharia, is a form of fundamentalism that includes modest dress for

women, abstention from alcohol, and participation in public prayers. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 405–406 OBJ: LO 14–6 Describe the relationship between globalization and the world’s major religions.

TOP: Fundamentalism COG: Knowledge 70. Muslims make up the largest migrating group, with over 2 million adherents worldwide and

50% of all the world’s immigrants. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 407 OBJ: LO 14–6 Describe the relationship between globalization and the world’s major religions.

TOP: Faith on the Move COG: Knowledge SHORT ANSWER 71. What defines religion? Name the three major components of religion.

ANS:

Answers vary but should include a definition of religion as a social phenomenon that consists of beliefs about the sacred and the profane, experiences, practices, rituals that reinforce those beliefs, and the communities that share similar beliefs and practices.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium TOP: What is Religion?

REF: 387 OBJ: LO 14–2 Define religion.

COG: Comprehension

72. How does the text define beliefs in the context of religion? What are three areas of belief that

religious traditions typically address?

ANS:

Answers vary but should include a definition of beliefs as ideas that explain the world and identify what should be sacred or held in awe, which is religion’s ultimate concern. Beliefs that most religions address could include separating things into two categories, the sacred and the profane; weaving together fabric of many different and interdependent beliefs about ethical standards for judging proper behavior; origins and meaning of life; theories of why the world was created (or cosmogony); explanations of evil, suffering and death; information for how to interpret the world and how to interact with a higher power.

PTS: 1

DIF: Medium

REF: 388

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OBJ: LO 14–2 Define religion.

TOP: Belief

COG: Analysis

73. Explain the conflict theory as it pertains to religion. Which sociologist is associated with this

perspective?

ANS:

Correct answer varies but should include that conflict theory on religion identifies Karl Marx as the classical sociologist with whom conflict theory on religion is associated. According to Marx, religion performs this function by serving as an ideology that, like all ideologies, distorts and hides the underlying realities of capitalist society. Because of religion and many other social forces, large numbers of people do not have a clear and correct sense of their true interests. Without religion, people would be better able to see that their interests would be furthered by the overthrow of the capitalist system as well as the religious system that supports it.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 401 OBJ: LO 14–4 Describe the types of religious organizations.

COG: Analysis

TOP: Conflict/Critical Theories

74. What is a cult? Discuss the term cult and give one example of a historical group that was

considered a cult. Are cults increasing or decreasing?

ANS:

Correct answer varies but should include a definition of a cult as a new, innovative, small, voluntary, and exclusive religious tradition that was never associated with a religious organization. Examples could include Charles Manson family, David Koresh, Heaven’s Gate, Jim Jones, Baha’i, or the Moonies. There are negative connotations associated with cults, and they often end badly. Sociologists have quit using the term cult because of these negative associations.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 401 OBJ: LO 14–5 Apply structural/functional and conflict/critical theories to religion.

TOP: Conflict/Critical Theories COG: Analysis 75. Discuss two aspects describing the process by which religion has undergone globalization.

When did religion begin to undergo globalization?

ANS:

Correct answers will vary but should include that religious globalization is over 2,000 years old and globalized before anything else. Two aspects of relation to religion and globalization: 1.

The issue of the importance of religion in transnational migration, in the bringing of institutional religion to new locales. 2. The spread of religious organizations and movements through independent missions. Here, the Christian Church, especially the Roman Catholic Church, has played a central role through its missionaries.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 402 OBJ: LO 14–5 Apply structural/functional and conflict/critical theories to religion.

TOP: Religion and Globalization COG: Analysis ESSAY

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76. Describe the purpose of rituals in religious traditions. What steps do rituals take to address

crises? At what times are rituals more likely to take place, and toward what purpose?

ANS:

Answers vary but should include a definition of a ritual as a regular, repeated, or prescribed behavior that symbolizes a value or belief. This often takes place at points of transition in life, or rites of passage. It can come in many forms, such as prayer or singing, and helps people communicate with or show devotion to a higher power. Some rituals at times of crisis are engaged in problem solving in which the steps are to: 1. Identify the source of the problem; 2.

Characterize it as evil; 3. Mark boundaries between “us” and “them”; and 4. Arrive at a means of working toward a solution. Rituals are more likely to take place at times of transition or times of crisis. Transitions can also have a liminal period in which someone is considered between states; for example, between being not married and married, or between childhood and adulthood.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 389 OBJ: LO 14–3 Define the major components of religion—beliefs, rituals, and experiences.

TOP: Ritual COG: Analysis 77. Secularization is increasing. What is meant by secularization? What are three of the

mechanisms that have contributed to the historical development of secularization? What is the prediction about secularization going forward?

ANS:

Answers vary but should include a definition of secularization as the declining significance of religion. At the societal level, this has been the declining power of organized religion. At the individual level, it means individual experiences with religion have been less intense or important than other kinds of experiences. Some of the reasons that could be given: 1. Rise of scientific thinking as an alternative way of interpreting the world (the scientific perspective encourages skepticism and doubt, thereby challenging the certainty of religious belief); 2. The development of industrial society, particularly when it results in relative affluence and thus encourages materialism and downplays otherworldly concerns; 3. The rise of governments that do not mandate or promote an established religion; 4. The encouragement of religious tolerance, which leads to a “watering down” of religion in general and religious differences in particular; 5. The existence of competing secular moral ideologies, such as humanism. The combination of these developments has led theorists to predict that secularization will continue. However, there is some question that original predictions will hold true, and the United States continues to have a high level of religious belief, even though it is declining. The growth of Islam also counteracts this view and makes it look like secularization at the level it is seen in Europe is more the exception than the rule.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 391 OBJ: LO 14–3 Define the major components of religion—beliefs, rituals, and experiences.

TOP: Secularization COG: Analysis 78. Discuss three ways that religion can be seen as a form of consumption. What are the

implications of seeing religion through a consumption lens?

ANS:

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Answers will vary but could include a discussion of the idea that religious institutions are seeking to serve a market and there are many choices so they enter competitive relationships with other religious organizations to expand market share and attract more consumers or people. Religious consumers have different tastes, and like other consumer tastes, are tied to and influenced by class, race, gender, education, region, and similar factors. People also “purchase” for different reasons. Religious leaders may need to respond to “market demand.”

Religious holidays have also been commercialized. Megachurches can be considered as a response to a market, which offer consumer-friendly choices by adding multimedia, fitness classes, rock music, and other fun and social activities to make religion fit with contemporary leisure activities.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 392–393 OBJ: LO 14–3 Define the major components of religion—beliefs, rituals, and experiences.

TOP: Religion as a Form of Consumption COG: Analysis 79. Discuss the view that structural-functionalists have on religion. What are three points they

would make about the positive role of religion? What is one negative role they would acknowledge?

ANS:

Correct answer varies but should say that structural-functionalists view the function that organizations play in society. They list several functions that religion plays in social life: 1.

Gives people a sense of security and allows them to feel solidarity with others, have a sense of the overall world and how to organize life; 2. Explains puzzling aspects of life and helps to deal with negatives such as suffering and death; 3. Provides ethical guidelines for moral and immoral behavior; 4. Provides guidelines for a better style of life such as how to stay healthy physically and mentally; 5. Religious systems can provide individuals with hope for the future and provide a sense of self-confidence and optimism about the future ,that everything will turn out all right; 6. Religion helps in the process of social change and defines some of the foundation for major changes in society. Dysfunctions include violence, intolerance, disrespect, and exploitation of minority groups.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 400 OBJ: LO 14–4 Describe the types of religious organizations.

COG: Analysis

TOP: Functions of Religion

80. Select any two religions that are discussed in your text and explain the characteristics of each

religion, such as its size and where it is primarily located in the world.

ANS:

Correct answers vary but could include Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, or Buddhism.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 403–405 OBJ: LO 14–6 Describe the relationship between globalization and the world’s major religions.

TOP: The Most Significant Global Religions COG: Analysis

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Chapter 15: Politics and the Economy Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. When groups go through established governmental channels to compete and meet their own

objectives, this is referred to as ________________. a. governmental institutionalization b. politics c. political science d. the conflict hypothesis ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: LO 15–1 Contrast democracy and dictatorship.

TOP: Politics: Democracy or Dictatorship

REF: 414 COG: Knowledge

2. ____________ is a political system in which people vote for their leaders and for legislation in

some cases. a. Capitalism b. Dictatorship c. Republic d. Democracy ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: LO 15–1 Contrast democracy and dictatorship.

TOP: Democracy: Citizenship as a Radical Idea

REF: 414 COG: Knowledge

3. When the power to rule comes from the consent of the people, which is translated through

elected officials, it is called: a. national democracy b. representative democracy c. direct democracy d. representative republic ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: LO 15–1 Contrast democracy and dictatorship.

TOP: Democracy: Citizenship as a Radical Idea

REF: 414 COG: Knowledge

4. Democracies are typically organized into __________ with clear hierarchies and written laws. a. constitutional systems b. nation-states c. bureaucracies d. census tracts ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: LO 15–1 Contrast democracy and dictatorship.

TOP: Democracy: Citizenship as a Radical Idea

REF: 414 COG: Knowledge

5. John has the right to vote for representatives, and responsibilities such as paying taxes, that

come with being a ______________ in the United States. a. veteran

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b. immigrant c. citizen d. democrat ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: LO 15–1 Contrast democracy and dictatorship.

TOP: Democracy: Citizenship as a Radical Idea

REF: 414 COG: Knowledge

6. The region with the lowest ranking on democratic human rights from around the world in 2015

is: a. b. c. d.

Europe China Middle East/North Africa South Africa

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: LO 15–1 Contrast democracy and dictatorship.

TOP: Democracy: Citizenship as a Radical Idea

REF: 414 COG: Knowledge

7. ____________ are states that are usually totalitarian and ruled either by a single individual or

by a small group of people. a. Monarchies b. Dictatorships c. Democracies d. Oligarchies ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: LO 15–1 Contrast democracy and dictatorship.

REF: 415 COG: Knowledge

8. The national government in the United State is an example of a(n) _________________

democracy. a. representative b. symbolic c. emblematic d. direct ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: LO 15–1 Contrast democracy and dictatorship.

TOP: Democracy: Citizenship as a Radical Idea

REF: 414 COG: Knowledge

9. Democracies tend to extend rights to ________________, or the people represented by a given

state. a. subjects b. noncitizens c. citizens d. cliques ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: LO 15–1 Contrast democracy and dictatorship.

TOP: Democracy: Citizenship as a Radical Idea

REF: 414 COG: Knowledge

10. Which of the following is a criticism of democracies according to your text? a. Voters are typically uninformed about political issues

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b. Liberal democracies don't extend enough rights c. There is no diversity of thought d. There is little interest by the citizens ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: LO 15–1 Contrast democracy and dictatorship.

TOP: Democracy: Citizenship as a Radical Idea

REF: 415 COG: Knowledge

11. Saddam Hussein was considered a _________________ of Iraq. a. ruler b. president c. dictator d. authority ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: LO 15–1 Contrast democracy and dictatorship.

TOP: Dictatorship: The Seizure of Power

REF: 415 COG: Knowledge

12. The dictatorships discussed in your text all had a(n) ______________________ in which

political life and the public sphere centered around men. a. organizational structure b. patriarchal structure c. cult of masculinity d. center of masculinity ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: LO 15–1 Contrast democracy and dictatorship.

TOP: Dictatorship: The Seizure of Power

REF: 415 COG: Knowledge

13. Structural-functionalism answers the question “Who rules America” with: a. the wealthy b. pluralism c. representatives d. the president ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium OBJ: LO 15–1 Contrast democracy and dictatorship.

TOP: The Structural/Functional Perspective: Pluralism

REF: 417 COG: Comprehension

14. One strand of structural-functionalism focuses on ____________, in which society has many

different players, and how they compete for access to political power. a. group pluralism b. power elites c. citizens d. elite pluralism ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium OBJ: LO 15–1 Contrast democracy and dictatorship.

TOP: The Structural/Functional Perspective: Pluralism

REF: 417 COG: Comprehension

15. The ________________________ believe that America is ruled by pluralism, which refers to

the fact that the United States is characterized by a number of powerful competing interest groups.

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a. b. c. d.

conflict interactionist structural-functionalist feminist

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium OBJ: LO 15–1 Contrast democracy and dictatorship.

TOP: The Structural/Functional Perspective: Pluralism

REF: 417 COG: Comprehension

16. Elite pluralists take the position that: a. voters make the final decisions as far as who represents them b. political elites are not a diverse social body c. there is no diversity of interests among the various political groups d. the competition for votes ensures that no one group retains political power

indefinitely ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium OBJ: LO 15–1 Contrast democracy and dictatorship.

TOP: The Structural/Functional Perspective: Pluralism

REF: 417 COG: Comprehension

17. Which sociologist created the power elite theory? a. Karl Marx b. C. Wright Mills c. William Julius Wilson d. Max Weber ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium OBJ: LO 15–1 Contrast democracy and dictatorship.

TOP: The Conflict/Critical Perspective: The Power Elite

REF: 417 COG: Comprehension

18. The power elite theory states that power is: a. concentrated in a small number of people who control the major institutions of the

state b. dispersed throughout a stable society c. concentrated in the hands of the people rather than the elite d. concentrated in the hands of those in government ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium OBJ: LO 15–1 Contrast democracy and dictatorship.

TOP: The Conflict/Critical Perspective: The Power Elite

REF: 417 COG: Comprehension

19. A problem with power elite theory according to your text is: a. it does not explain how the elites come to power b. it assumes that elites share a common worldview c. it does not explain how people come to elect certain types of elite to office d. it is unclear and vague in its explanation ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium OBJ: LO 15–1 Contrast democracy and dictatorship.

TOP: The Conflict/Critical Perspective: The Power Elite 20. The League of Nations was created in: a. 1935

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REF: 417 COG: Comprehension

b. 1955 c. 1910 d. 1920 ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 418 OBJ: LO 15–2 Explain how global politics affect war and terrorism, geopolitics, and the nation–state.

TOP: Global Politics COG: Knowledge 21. Political relationships that involve geographic areas, including the globe as a whole, are referred

to as ________________________. a. self-interest politics b. urbanized politics c. geopolitics d. egotism politics ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 420 OBJ: LO 15–2 Explain how global politics affect war and terrorism, geopolitics, and the nation–state.

TOP: Geopolitics COG: Comprehension 22. Germany and France are examples of a _______________, due to the fact that within these

countries there is a group of people who share similar cultural, religious, ethnic, and linguistic characteristics. a. federation b. nation c. city-state d. body politic ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 421 OBJ: LO 15–2 Explain how global politics affect war and terrorism, geopolitics, and the nation–state.

TOP: The Nation and the Nation-State COG: Comprehension 23. John and his family now live in the United States after living in Germany for most of their lives.

They still see themselves as German and part of that country. They are part of a(n) __________________________________. a. real community b. invisible nation c. imagined community d. disperse community ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 421 OBJ: LO 15–2 Explain how global politics affect war and terrorism, geopolitics, and the nation–state.

TOP: The Nation and the Nation-State COG: Application 24. When did the United Nations form? a. 1920 b. 1945 c. 1950 d. 1962 ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 418 OBJ: LO 15–2 Explain how global politics affect war and terrorism, geopolitics, and the nation–state.

TOP: Global Politics COG: Knowledge

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25. When nongovernmental actors engage in acts of violence targeting noncombatants or private

property, they are called: a. criminals b. terrorists c. warriors d. civilian-soldiers ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 420 OBJ: LO 15–2 Explain how global politics affect war and terrorism, geopolitics, and the nation–state.

TOP: Terrorism COG: Knowledge 26. When Boko Haram killed people and kidnapped girls from a school in Nigeria, it was

considered: a. terrorism b. globalization c. insurgent war d. legitimate violence ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 420 OBJ: LO 15–2 Explain how global politics affect war and terrorism, geopolitics, and the nation–state.

TOP: Terrorism COG: Application 27. The _______________ is the social system involved in the production and distribution of

goods. a. government b. political system c. economy d. regime ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 423 OBJ: LO 15–3 Describe the U.S. economy’s transition from industrialization to deindustrialization.

TOP: The U.S. Economy COG: Knowledge 28. The key development in the emergence of the modern economy was: a. the Industrial Revolution b. the Agricultural Revolution c. the Postindustrial Revolution d. the Progressive Revolution ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 423 OBJ: LO 15–3 Describe the U.S. economy’s transition from industrialization to deindustrialization.

TOP: The U.S. Economy COG: Knowledge 29. Automobile factories and manufacturing plants are examples of ________________ industries. a. bureaucratic b. bulk-production c. mass-production d. structural ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 423 OBJ: LO 15–3 Describe the U.S. economy’s transition from industrialization to deindustrialization.

TOP: The U.S. Economy COG: Application

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30. Frederick Taylor championed ________________________, or the application of scientific

principles and methods to management. a. technological management b. knowledge management c. scientific management d. economic management ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 423 OBJ: LO 15–3 Describe the U.S. economy’s transition from industrialization to deindustrialization.

TOP: The U.S. Economy COG: Knowledge 31. Fordism, which refers to the mass production of homogeneous products, dominated much of the

_______________ American automobile industry. a. nineteenth century b. twenty-first century c. eighteenth century d. twentieth century ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 423–424 OBJ: LO 15–3 Describe the U.S. economy’s transition from industrialization to deindustrialization.

TOP: From Fordism to Post-Fordism COG: Knowledge 32. Post-Fordism is associated with ________________ when compared to Fordism. a. smaller production runs b. larger production runs c. more generic products d. more reliance on economies of scale ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 424 OBJ: LO 15–3 Describe the U.S. economy’s transition from industrialization to deindustrialization.

TOP: From Fordism to Post-Fordism COG: Comprehension 33. A characteristic of a communistic system is: a. The collective ownership of the means of production b. The private ownership of the means of production c. Maximization of profit d. Division of social classes ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 424 OBJ: LO 15–3 Describe the U.S. economy’s transition from industrialization to deindustrialization.

TOP: Socialism and Communism COG: Comprehension 34. Which country continues to see itself as a communist society today? a. China b. United States c. Cuba d. England ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 425 OBJ: LO 15–3 Describe the U.S. economy’s transition from industrialization to deindustrialization.

TOP: Socialism and Communism COG: Knowledge 35. A___________________ seeks to operate economic markets efficiently but also equitably.

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a. b. c. d.

socialist state communist state welfare state capitalist state

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 425 OBJ: LO 15–3 Describe the U.S. economy’s transition from industrialization to deindustrialization.

TOP: Welfare States COG: Knowledge 36. When a few companies come to dominate the market, this is referred to as

______________________________. a. dominant capitalism b. monopoly capitalism c. conglomerate capitalism d. welfare capitalism ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 426 OBJ: LO 15–3 Describe the U.S. economy’s transition from industrialization to deindustrialization.

TOP: Capitalism COG: Knowledge 37. Many manufacturing plants in the Northeast, since the 1960s, have closed and many lost their

jobs. This is an example of ___________________________. a. deinstitutionalization b. outsourcing c. deindustrialization d. enterprise reduction ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 427 OBJ: LO 15–3 Describe the U.S. economy’s transition from industrialization to deindustrialization.

TOP: Deindustrialization in the United States COG: Analysis 38. Which of the following is NOT a factor in regard to why deindustrialization occurred? a. Technology is aging in many American industries b. Automated technologies have become inefficient c. Businesses have become reliant on antiquated technologies d. Expansion of globalization ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 427–428 OBJ: LO 15–3 Describe the U.S. economy’s transition from industrialization to deindustrialization.

TOP: Deindustrialization in the United States COG: Analysis 39. A decline in U.S. labor unions began in the ______________. a. 1960s b. 1980s c. 1950s d. 1920s ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 429 OBJ: LO 15–3 Describe the U.S. economy’s transition from industrialization to deindustrialization.

TOP: The Decline of American Labor Unions COG: Knowledge 40. ____________________ is a society that has transitioned from manufacture of goods to service

work.

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a. b. c. d.

postindustrial society socialism competitive capitalism transnational capitalism

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 429 OBJ: LO 15–3 Describe the U.S. economy’s transition from industrialization to deindustrialization.

TOP: The Decline of American Labor Unions COG: Comprehension 41. __________________refers to a large group of people who are marginally attached to the

workforce. a. Overemployed workers b. Frustrated workers c. Demoralized workers d. Discouraged workers ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 432 OBJ: LO 15–4 Discuss your relationship to employment, unemployment and underemployment, consumption, and leisure.

TOP: Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment COG: Comprehension 42. Sociologist ____________________ focused on the problems that long-term unemployment

creates for black Americans. a. Karl Marx b. William Julius Wilson c. Émile Durkheim d. Auguste Comte ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 432 OBJ: LO 15–4 Discuss your relationship to employment, unemployment and underemployment, consumption, and leisure.

TOP: Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment COG: Comprehension 43. A characteristic of _____________________ is that money is increasingly liquid and flows

around the world quite readily. a. microfinance b. liquid finance c. macrofinance d. small finance ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 436 OBJ: LO 15–5 Describe the effects of globalization on the world economy.

TOP: Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment COG: Comprehension 44. Places like shopping malls, theme parks, and Amazon.com can be considered: a. macrofinance b. cathedrals of consumption c. postconsumer spaces d. hyperconsumption spaces ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 433 OBJ: LO 15–4 Discuss your relationship to employment, unemployment and underemployment, consumption, and leisure.

TOP: Consumption and the Postmodern Society

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COG: Comprehension 45. Sue's credit card debt is $25,000 and she can barely make the mortgage on her seven bedroom

estate. This is an example of _________________________. a. hypoconsumerism b. hyperdebt c. hyperconsumerism d. the credit-debt society ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 435 OBJ: LO 15–4 Discuss your relationship to employment, unemployment and underemployment, consumption, and leisure.

TOP: Consumption and the Postmodern Society COG: Comprehension 46. Leisure-time activities are more likely to be found among which social class? a. Lower social classes b. The underclass c. Upper social classes d. Working classes ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 435 OBJ: LO 15–4 Discuss your relationship to employment, unemployment and underemployment, consumption, and leisure.

TOP: Leisure COG: Comprehension 47. One of the factors that worsened the international financial situation subsequent to the Great

Recession was: a. the difficulty in importing food and consumer goods b. the difficulty in borrowing money to keep economies functioning c. the difficulty of traveling past international borders d. the increase in war around the globe ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 438 OBJ: LO 15–5 Describe the effects of globalization on the world economy.

TOP: Globalization and the Economy COG: Comprehension MULTIPLE RESPONSE 48. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following does the state decide related to

violence? a. It can use violence legitimately through the police b. It can use violence legitimately through the military c. It can exile violent citizens d. It can determine that a private firm can use violence legitimately ANS: A, B, D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 418 OBJ: LO 15–2 Explain how global politics affect war and terrorism, geopolitics, and the nation–state.

TOP: Implementing Political Objectives COG: Knowledge 49. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: According to the text, why does war occur? a. People want to use the resources available in another country b. There is a cultural tradition of war that makes such actions legitimate c. There must be a situation in which two political actors have incompatible objectives

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d. Something must happen to trigger action at the level of making war ANS: B, C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 419 OBJ: LO 15–2 Explain how global politics affect war and terrorism, geopolitics, and the nation–state.

TOP: Implementing Political Objectives COG: Analysis 50. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: The transnational capitalist class includes: a. state bureaucrats b. transnational corporations c. professionals and technical personnel d. welfare programs ANS: A, B, C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 427 OBJ: LO 15–3 Describe the U.S. economy’s transition from industrialization to deindustrialization.

TOP: Capitalism COG: Analysis 51. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: All of the following are part of the process as it relates to

consumption: a. Involvement of consumed objects such as clothes and cars b. The requirement of consumers who do the consuming c. The process does not take place in consumption sites d. There must be a process of consumption ANS: A, B, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 434 OBJ: LO 15–4 Discuss your relationship to employment, unemployment and underemployment, consumption, and leisure.

TOP: Consumption and the Postmodern Society COG: Comprehension 52. The global recession was in part set off by problems related to financial markets, which were: a. affected by bad international investments b. largely deregulated c. driven by U.S. consumer debt d. due to problems with the use of the euro as common currency ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 438 OBJ: LO 15–5 Describe the effects of globalization on the world economy.

TOP: Globalization and the Economy COG: Comprehension TRUE/FALSE 53. The state can be defined as a political body that is organized for government and civil rule.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 421 OBJ: LO 15–2 Explain how global politics affect war and terrorism, geopolitics, and the nation–state.

TOP: The Nation and the Nation-State COG: Comprehension 54. After World War II, much of geopolitics focused on the relationship between the United States

and the Soviet Union. a. True b. False

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ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 421 OBJ: LO 15–2 Explain how global politics affect war and terrorism, geopolitics, and the nation–state.

TOP: Geopolitics COG: Comprehension 55. One major strand of structural functionalism suggests that pluralism consists of political elites

from similar interest groups and organizations that vie for power. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium OBJ: LO 15–1 Contrast democracy and dictatorship.

TOP: The Structural/Functional Perspective: Pluralism

REF: 417 COG: Comprehension

56. Citizenship has always been universal, meaning that both men and women could vote for their

representatives. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: LO 15–1 Contrast democracy and dictatorship.

TOP: Democracy: Citizenship as a Radical Idea

REF: 414 COG: Knowledge

57. Dictators who organized political life and public sphere around men were building a core of

masculinity. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: LO 15–1 Contrast democracy and dictatorship.

TOP: Dictatorship: The Seizure of Power

REF: 415 COG: Knowledge

58. According to the structural-functionalist perspective, America is ruled by a system known as

pluralism. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium OBJ: LO 15–1 Contrast democracy and dictatorship.

TOP: The Structural/Functional Perspective: Pluralism

REF: 417 COG: Comprehension

59. Cohort pluralism focuses on the balance of power, where no one group retains power

indefinitely. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium OBJ: LO 15–1 Contrast democracy and dictatorship.

TOP: The Structural/Functional Perspective: Pluralism

REF: 417 COG: Comprehension

60. Karl Marx is the founder of the power elite theory, which states that power is concentrated in a

small number of people who control the major institutions of the state.

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a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium OBJ: LO 15–1 Contrast democracy and dictatorship.

TOP: The Conflict/Critical Perspective: The Power Elite

REF: 417 COG: Comprehension

61. Nation-states are affected by globalization in various ways, including the fact that government

itself has to change in order to adjust to global changes. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 421 OBJ: LO 15–2 Explain how global politics affect war and terrorism, geopolitics, and the nation–state.

TOP: The Nation and the Nation-State COG: Knowledge 62. Automobile factories are examples of mass production.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 423 OBJ: LO 15–3 Describe the U.S. economy’s transition from industrialization to deindustrialization.

TOP: Sociology of the Economy COG: Knowledge 63. Communism is an economic system that is based primarily on the private ownership of the

means of production. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 425 OBJ: LO 15–3 Describe the U.S. economy’s transition from industrialization to deindustrialization.

TOP: Socialism and Communism COG: Knowledge 64. The goal of welfare states is to provide for the well-being of its citizens, such as national health

plans and old age plans. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 425 OBJ: LO 15–3 Describe the U.S. economy’s transition from industrialization to deindustrialization.

TOP: Welfare States COG: Knowledge 65. The key components of a transnational capitalistic society are local corporations that are found

in certain areas of the world. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 425 OBJ: LO 15–3 Describe the U.S. economy’s transition from industrialization to deindustrialization.

TOP: Capitalism COG: Comprehension

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66. The decline of manufacturing plants in the Northeast area of the United States during the 1960s

is referred to as outsourcing. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 427 OBJ: LO 15–3 Describe the U.S. economy’s transition from industrialization to deindustrialization.

TOP: Deindustrialization in the United States COG: Analysis 67. A postindustrial society is one where the main focus is on service work rather than

manufacturing of goods. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 430 OBJ: LO 15–5 Describe the effects of globalization on the world economy.

TOP: The Postindustrial Society COG: Comprehension 68. William Julius Wilson is a sociologist who focuses on the problems that long-term

unemployment creates for black Americans. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 432 OBJ: LO 15–4 Discuss your relationship to employment, unemployment and underemployment, consumption, and leisure.

TOP: Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment COG: Comprehension 69. Many people live in mansions and have two or three vehicles, yet they don't have the money to

pay the mortgage and car payments. This is an example of hypoconsumption. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 435 OBJ: LO 15–4 Discuss your relationship to employment, unemployment and underemployment, consumption, and leisure.

TOP: Consumption and the Postmodern Society COG: Comprehension SHORT ANSWER 70. Define the term democracy and discuss the differences between a representative and direct

democracy. Include in your discussion the terms citizens and citizenship.

ANS:

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Correct answer varies but should include a definition of democracy as a political system in which people within a given state vote to choose their leaders and in some cases vote on legislation as well. In modern democracies, people vote to choose their legislators rather than actually managing their own political affairs and directly making decisions about the things that affect their lives. Nevertheless, contemporary theorists of democracy often suggest that the power to rule in democracies comes from the consent of the people. In representative democracies, the people, as a whole body, do not actually rule themselves but rather have some say in who will best represent them in the state. In direct democracies, by contrast, the people have a say in decisions that directly affect them.

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 414 OBJ: LO 15–1 Contrast democracy and dictatorship.

TOP: Democracy: Citizenship as a Radical Idea

COG: Knowledge

71. Discuss the concept of Fordism. When did this emerge and why? Name at least two

characteristics of Fordism.

ANS:

Correct answers vary but should include a description of Fordism as the ideas, principles, and systems created by Henry Ford and his associates at the beginning of the twentieth century.

Ford is credited with inventing modern production processes primarily through the creation of the automobile assembly line. Among the characteristics associated with Fordism are the mass production of homogeneous products, reliance on inflexible technologies such as the assembly line, the use of standardized work routines, economies of scale, and the creation of a mass market for products, like automobiles, that flow from the assembly line.

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 423–424 OBJ: LO 15–3 Describe the U.S. economy’s transition from industrialization to deindustrialization.

TOP: From Fordism to Post-Fordism COG: Knowledge 72. Discuss the differences between communism and socialism.

ANS:

Correct answer varies but includes a description of communism as an economic system oriented to the collective rather than the private and ownership of the means of production. By contrast, socialism can be seen as a historical stage following communism. It involves the effort by society to plan and organize production consciously and rationally so that all members of society benefit from it.

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 424–425 OBJ: LO 15–3 Describe the U.S. economy’s transition from industrialization to deindustrialization.

TOP: Socialism and Communism COG: Knowledge 73. Briefly describe two different types of capitalism.

ANS:

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Correct answer varies but includes a description of competitive capitalism, characterized by a large number of relatively small firms common in the late nineteenth century. No single firm or small subset of firms could completely dominate and control a given area of the economy. The capitalism of Marx’s day was highly competitive. However, in the late nineteenth century and into much of the twentieth century, this situation changed. Huge corporations emerged and, alone or in combination with a few other similarly sized corporations, came to dominate, or monopolize, certain markets. This was monopoly capitalism. Perhaps the best example is the American automobile industry, which for much of the twentieth century was dominated by three huge corporations—General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler. In recent years, capitalism has certainly become increasingly global. This can be seen as transnational capitalism, where it is no longer national but transnational economic practices that predominate. The global flow of automobiles and even money has become far more important than their existence and movement within national boundaries.

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 426–427 OBJ: LO 15–3 Describe the U.S. economy’s transition from industrialization to deindustrialization.

TOP: Capitalism COG: Knowledge 74. Define the term unemployment. What is meant by underemployment? What is meant by the

term discouraged workers?

ANS:

Correct answer varies but should include unemployment defined as being economically active and in the labor force (e.g., not retired), able and willing to work, and seeking employment but unable to find a job. A large number of Americans must also cope with the problem of underemployment (Dooley and Prause 2009). This involves: (a) being in jobs that are not up to one’s training and ability, such as a college professor driving a taxi at night; (b) being an involuntary part-time worker; that is, working part-time because one cannot find full-time work; or (c) working in jobs that are not fully occupying, such as in a seasonal industry like agriculture where work slows down dramatically or disappears in the off-season. The statistics on unemployment understate the problem of lack of work because they deal only with those who are in the labor force and who are actively seeking work. Another large group of people who are marginally attached to the workforce includes discouraged workers (Heslin, Bell, and Fletcher 2012). To be categorized as such, people must have sought work within the last year or since their last job ended, if that was less than a year previous, and must have not sought work in the last four weeks. Other reasons to be considered marginally attached to the labor force include being prevented from working because of family responsibilities or because of a lack of transportation.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 432 OBJ: LO 15–4 Discuss your relationship to employment, unemployment and underemployment, consumption, and leisure.

TOP: Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment COG: Analysis 75. Discuss the characteristics of a postmodern society. Include in your response what is meant by

the terms consumerism, hyperconsumption, and hyperdebt.

ANS:

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Correct answer varies. Consumerism is an obsession with consumption. We have become consumed by consumption. Postmodernists are very prone to appending the prefix hyper- to many things to turn it into something associated with, and critical of, the postmodern world. For example, the postmodern world is associated with hyperconsumption, or buying more than you want, need, and can afford. Related to the idea of hyperconsumption, especially consuming more than you can afford, is the idea of hyperdebt, or borrowing more than you should, thereby owing more than you will be able to repay.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 435 OBJ: LO 15–4 Discuss your relationship to employment, unemployment and underemployment, consumption, and leisure.

TOP: Consumption and the Postmodern Society COG: Analysis ESSAY 76. Who rules the United States according to the structural-functional and conflict perspectives?

Include in your discussion the power elite theory and elite pluralism in your response. Include one criticism of each perspective.

ANS:

Correct answers vary but should include the structural-functional position in which the question “who rules America” is answered with pluralism. This is the view that the United States is characterized by a number of powerful competing interest groups, and no one of them is in control all of the time, in a stable society kept stable by the balance of interests. There are two major strands of thought: Group pluralism focuses on society’s many different interest groups and organizations and how they compete for access to political power; Elite pluralism focuses specifically on how political elites form similar interest groups and organizations that vie for power. Competition for votes ensures that no one group retains political power indefinitely.

Pluralism is often juxtaposed to a theory produced by conflict/critical theorists: C. Wright Mills’s (1956; Maclean, Harvey, and Chia 2010) power elite theory. This theory holds that power is not dispersed throughout a stable society. Rather, power is concentrated among a small number of people who control the major institutions of the state, the corporate economy, and the military. To power elite theorists, the state is not some neutral institution existing in a stable society where everyone has an equal chance of having their interests met. Rather, the state is an institution controlled by the elites. The pluralist idea that latent interests influence politicians cannot be verified empirically. The assumption that society is stable is also problematic. It avoids issues such as for whom society might be stable and in which contexts. Finally, pluralism assumes that the state is a neutral institution rather than an institution with its own interests and one that tends to be controlled by wealthy elites. Power elite theory also has various problems. For example, it assumes that elites share a common worldview and common interests to an extent that may not match reality. Indeed, can we assume that the power elite is monolithic and has little diversity of thought? Further, is the power elite untouchable by the masses of people? Does it control society to the extent that power elite theorists would have us believe, or are there avenues for changing society from below that those theorists are ignoring?

And if the members of the power elite all but control our society, how is it that legislation that benefits some sections of society at their expense is passed?

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 416–418 OBJ: LO 15–1 Contrast democracy and dictatorship.

TOP: Who Rules the United States?

COG: Knowledge

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77. Define the term deindustrialization and discuss two factors that are responsible for

deindustrialization in the United States.

ANS:

Correct answer varies but could include a description of deindustrialization as the decline of manufacturing as well as a corresponding increase in various types of services. This process has been going on for decades in the United States and is now far advanced, and may even be near completion. Factors: aging technology, globalization, rise of consumer society, rise of the service sector in the United States leading to a proliferation in the service sector.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 427–429 OBJ: LO 15–3 Describe the U.S. economy’s transition from industrialization to deindustrialization.

TOP: Deindustrialization in the United States COG: Analysis

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Chapter 16: The Body, Medicine, Health, and Health Care Test Bank MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: According to your text, sociologists see health and the body as a

major concern for sociology because: a. health care is at the top of the the social agenda b. health is on the personal agenda of almost all people c. health issues vary by social categories such as race and gender d. health care overlaps with many other social issues ANS: A, B, C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 444 OBJ: LO 16–1 Discuss sociological concepts that relate to the body, including sexuality, health and beauty, body modifications, and risky behaviors.

TOP: The Body, Medicine, Health, and Health Care COG: Comprehension 2. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Looks-related stress and depression can be found among men

and women and in countries around the world; however, young women are particularly susceptible. The countries with the highest looks-related depression are: a. Sweden b. the United States c. New Zealand d. Brazil ANS: A, C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 449 OBJ: LO 16–1 Discuss sociological concepts that relate to the body, including sexuality, health and beauty, body modifications, and risky behaviors.

TOP: The Quest for the Ideal, the Consumption of Beauty, and the Fit Body COG: Comprehension 3. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following is a factor in the deprofessionalization

of physicians? a. Physicians had acquired too much power a half century ago for them to be able to sustain it at that level for very long b. The public didn't question the medical profession c. The revelations of medical malpractice, which showed that doctors didn't always adhere to their own code of ethics d. The government has come to exert more power over the medical profession ANS: A, C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 454 OBJ: LO 16–2 Outline the issues studied in medical sociology, including the U.S. medical profession, the health care system and its weaknesses and inequities, consumerism in health care, and the influence of technology on the practice of medicine.

TOP: The Sociology of Health and Medicine COG: Knowledge 4. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: What have been effects of increasing health care information on

the Internet? a. People see doctors more often b. Patients are more informed about their health c. Patients can comparison shop for medical care on the Internet

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d. People can make health decisions based on inaccurate information ANS: B, C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 462–463 OBJ: LO 16–2 Outline the issues studied in medical sociology, including the U.S. medical profession, the health care system and its weaknesses and inequities, consumerism in health care, and the influence of technology on the practice of medicine.

TOP: The Internet and the Consumption of Health Care COG: Analysis TRUE/FALSE 5. The line between the body and the mind is not clear.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 444 OBJ: LO 16–1 Discuss sociological concepts that relate to the body, including sexuality, health and beauty, body modifications, and risky behaviors.

TOP: The Body, Medicine, Health, and Health Care COG: Comprehension 6. Michael Foucault's best-known book is The Sociological Body.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 445 OBJ: LO 16–1 Discuss sociological concepts that relate to the body, including sexuality, health and beauty, body modifications, and risky behaviors.

TOP: The Thinking of Michel Foucault COG: Comprehension 7. The most popular plastic surgery in 2013 was liposuction.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 447 OBJ: LO 16–1 Discuss sociological concepts that relate to the body, including sexuality, health and beauty, body modifications, and risky behaviors.

TOP: The Quest for the Ideal, the Consumption of Beauty, and the Fit Body COG: Comprehension 8. Body modifications such as tattoos have become less widespread and common in recent years.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 450 OBJ: LO 16–1 Discuss sociological concepts that relate to the body, including sexuality, health and beauty, body modifications, and risky behaviors.

TOP: Body Modifications COG: Comprehension 9. In a study conducted by Dukes and Stein, girls who had piercings were less school-oriented

compared with girls with tattoos. a. True b. False

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ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 450 OBJ: LO 16–1 Discuss sociological concepts that relate to the body, including sexuality, health and beauty, body modifications, and risky behaviors.

TOP: Body Modifications COG: Comprehension 10. German sociologist Ulrich Beck argues that we live in a body-oriented society.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 452 OBJ: LO 16–1 Discuss sociological concepts that relate to the body, including sexuality, health and beauty, body modifications, and risky behaviors.

TOP: Risky Behavior COG: Comprehension 11. Medical sociology addresses a wide variety of specific issues such as racial-ethnic differences

in health care. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 452 OBJ: LO 16–2 Outline the issues studied in medical sociology, including the U.S. medical profession, the health care system and its weaknesses and inequities, consumerism in health care, and the influence of technology on the practice of medicine.

TOP: The Sociology of Health and Medicine COG: Comprehension 12. The medical profession has gotten more diverse over the last 50 years, but white males still

make the highest starting salaries on average. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 452 OBJ: LO 16–2 Outline the issues studied in medical sociology, including the U.S. medical profession, the health care system and its weaknesses and inequities, consumerism in health care, and the influence of technology on the practice of medicine.

TOP: The Sociology of Health and Medicine COG: Comprehension 13. Medicalization is the process of labeling and defining aspects of life as medical problems that

were not previously so labeled and defined. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 460 OBJ: LO 16–2 Outline the issues studied in medical sociology, including the U.S. medical profession, the health care system and its weaknesses and inequities, consumerism in health care, and the influence of technology on the practice of medicine.

TOP: The Sociology of Health and Medicine COG: Comprehension 14. According to Figure 16.5, the country that spends the most on health as a percentage of Gross

Domestic Product is Canada. a. True b. False

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ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 458 OBJ: LO 16–2 Outline the issues studied in medical sociology, including the U.S. medical profession, the health care system and its weaknesses and inequities, consumerism in health care, and the influence of technology on the practice of medicine.

TOP: Inequalities in U.S. Health Care COG: Knowledge 15. Early childhood differences in health by social class tend to have long-lasting effects over the

life span. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 458 OBJ: LO 16–2 Outline the issues studied in medical sociology, including the U.S. medical profession, the health care system and its weaknesses and inequities, consumerism in health care, and the influence of technology on the practice of medicine.

TOP: Inequalities in U.S. Health Care COG: Comprehension 16. Smoking presents a clear example of inequalities by social class in the health care system in the

United States. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 458 OBJ: LO 16–2 Outline the issues studied in medical sociology, including the U.S. medical profession, the health care system and its weaknesses and inequities, consumerism in health care, and the influence of technology on the practice of medicine.

TOP: Inequalities in U.S. Health Care COG: Comprehension 17. The lower one's social class, the poorer one's health is likely to be.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 458 OBJ: LO 16–2 Outline the issues studied in medical sociology, including the U.S. medical profession, the health care system and its weaknesses and inequities, consumerism in health care, and the influence of technology on the practice of medicine.

TOP: Inequalities in U.S. Health Care COG: Comprehension 18. Blacks tend to underutilize the health care system and be healthier than whites.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 459 OBJ: LO 16–2 Outline the issues studied in medical sociology, including the U.S. medical profession, the health care system and its weaknesses and inequities, consumerism in health care, and the influence of technology on the practice of medicine.

TOP: Inequalities in U.S. Health Care COG: Comprehension 19. One of the key aspects of the new health care legislation of 2010 states that employers with

more than 50 employees will be required to provide health insurance for them or be fined. a. True b. False

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ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 461 OBJ: LO 16–2 Outline the issues studied in medical sociology, including the U.S. medical profession, the health care system and its weaknesses and inequities, consumerism in health care, and the influence of technology on the practice of medicine.

TOP: Health Care Reform in the United States COG: Knowledge 20. A problem associated with using the Internet for health-related consumption is the possibility of

getting counterfeit and perhaps ineffective medications. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 462–463 OBJ: LO 16–2 Outline the issues studied in medical sociology, including the U.S. medical profession, the health care system and its weaknesses and inequities, consumerism in health care, and the influence of technology on the practice of medicine.

TOP: The Internet and the Consumption of Health Care COG: Analysis 21. Undernutrition is a form of malnutrition that mainly affects people in the most developed

countries. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 464 OBJ: LO 16–3 Discuss the influence of globalization on health, illness and disease, and health care.

TOP: Malnutrition COG: Knowledge 22. According to the World Health Organization, 2 million people die each year from tobacco use.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 465 OBJ: LO 16–3 Discuss the influence of globalization on health, illness and disease, and health care.

TOP: Smoking COG: Knowledge 23. Africa is the area of the world that has been devastated the most from the effects of AIDS.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 467–468 OBJ: LO 16–3 Discuss the influence of globalization on health, illness and disease, and health care.

TOP: HIV/AIDS COG: Knowledge 24. The population that is most vulnerable to the spread of HIV/AIDS is the least likely to have

access to high-quality health care and expensive drugs that can slow the progress of the disease. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 468 OBJ: LO 16–3 Discuss the influence of globalization on health, illness and disease, and health care.

TOP: HIV/AIDS COG: Knowledge

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25. Increasing interpersonal relations among and between various regions throughout the world

means that positive developments in one part of the world are likely to find their way to most other parts of the world, and quite rapidly. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 468 OBJ: LO 16–3 Discuss the influence of globalization on health, illness and disease, and health care.

TOP: HIV/AIDS COG: Knowledge MULTIPLE CHOICE 26. The line between the body and the mind is: a. very clear b. obvious to researchers c. not clear d. individual ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 444 OBJ: LO 16–1 Discuss sociological concepts that relate to the body, including sexuality, health and beauty, body modifications, and risky behaviors.

TOP: The Body, Medicine, Health, and Health Care COG: Comprehension 27. Michael Foucault's best-known book is: a. The Mind and Body Connection b. Discipline and Punish c. The History of the Body d. The Alteration of the Mind ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 445 OBJ: LO 16–1 Discuss sociological concepts that relate to the body, including sexuality, health and beauty, body modifications, and risky behaviors.

TOP: The Thinking of Michel Foucault COG: Comprehension 28. Michael Foucault's book The Birth of the Clinic discusses: a. The treatment of criminals and their bodies b. The fact that doctors shifted their focus from lists of diseases to human beings c. The importance of sexuality and the role of the body in obtaining sexual pleasure d. The development of gender-differentiated medical research ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 445 OBJ: LO 16–1 Discuss sociological concepts that relate to the body, including sexuality, health and beauty, body modifications, and risky behaviors.

TOP: The Thinking of Michel Foucault COG: Comprehension 29. ____________ often leads to dissatisfaction with the body, especially as a result of influence

from peers and media. a. Reflexivity b. Hypersexuality c. Consumptive beauty d. Adolescence

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ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 447 OBJ: LO 16–1 Discuss sociological concepts that relate to the body, including sexuality, health and beauty, body modifications, and risky behaviors.

TOP: The Healthy Body COG: Knowledge 30. More and more girls between the ages of 8 and 11 are becoming increasingly concerned with

their physical appearance, so many are going on diets and turning to extreme forms of exercising. This is an example of how we are living in a(n) _____________________ society. a. hyperflexive b. hypoflexive c. automative d. reflexive ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 447 OBJ: LO 16–1 Discuss sociological concepts that relate to the body, including sexuality, health and beauty, body modifications, and risky behaviors.

TOP: The Healthy Body COG: Application 31. The premise of Naomi Wolf's book ________________________ states that the media exerts a

great deal of influence in terms of physical appearance and sets unattainable standards of beauty. a. Skin Deep Beauty b. The Outside and the Inside of the Body c. The Beauty Myth d. The Myth of the Body ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 448 OBJ: LO 16–1 Discuss sociological concepts that relate to the body, including sexuality, health and beauty, body modifications, and risky behaviors.

TOP: Beauty: Cultural Contexts COG: Knowledge 32. Some argue that the importance of beauty in our culture has its roots in: a. evolution b. heterosexuality c. religious idealism d. stereotyping ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 448 OBJ: LO 16–1 Discuss sociological concepts that relate to the body, including sexuality, health and beauty, body modifications, and risky behaviors.

TOP: Beauty: Cultural Contexts COG: Comprehension 33. The most popular type of plastic surgery performed in 2013 was: a. liposuction b. breast augmentation c. rhinoplasty d. abdominoplasty ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 447 OBJ: LO 16–1 Discuss sociological concepts that relate to the body, including sexuality, health and beauty, body modifications, and risky behaviors.

TOP: The Quest for the Ideal, the Consumption of Beauty, and the Fit Body COG: Comprehension

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34. Exercise-related injuries in sports have been _____________ in recent years. a. stagnant b. decreasing c. increasing d. impossible to document ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 449 OBJ: LO 16–1 Discuss sociological concepts that relate to the body, including sexuality, health and beauty, body modifications, and risky behaviors.

TOP: Fitness and the Healthy Body COG: Comprehension 35. Joe is a wrestler who stops eating to try and meet his goal weight for his upcoming match. Soon

he develops a condition known as ____________________. a. anorexia b. hyperanorexia c. hypoanorexia d. manorexia ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 449 OBJ: LO 16–1 Discuss sociological concepts that relate to the body, including sexuality, health and beauty, body modifications, and risky behaviors.

TOP: Fitness and the Healthy Body COG: Application 36. Today, body modifications, especially tattoos, are: a. associated mainly with outlaw motorcycle gang members b. widespread and common c. decreasing among those who are in the military d. decreasing on a large scale ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 450 OBJ: LO 16–1 Discuss sociological concepts that relate to the body, including sexuality, health and beauty, body modifications, and risky behaviors.

TOP: Body Modifications COG: Comprehension 37. According to a study by Dukes and Stein, girls with piercings: a. were more school-oriented than girls with tattoos b. were the most popular group of girls in their school c. reported less deviant behavior than girls who were not pierced d. reported more deviant behavior than girls who were pierced ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 450 OBJ: LO 16–1 Discuss sociological concepts that relate to the body, including sexuality, health and beauty, body modifications, and risky behaviors.

TOP: Body Modifications COG: Comprehension 38. The German sociologist Ulrich Beck argues that we live in a risk society, meaning: a. people are afraid to take risks b. people who are poor tend to take more risks c. many people take risks that endanger their heath, their bodies, and their lives d. people from larger cities tend to take more risks than those from rural areas ANS: C

PTS: 1

DIF: Medium

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REF: 452

OBJ: LO 16–1 Discuss sociological concepts that relate to the body, including sexuality, health and beauty, body modifications, and risky behaviors.

TOP: Risky Behavior COG: Comprehension 39. An example of a risky behavior is: a. cigarette smoking b. square dancing c. avoiding alcohol d. having protected sex ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 452 OBJ: LO 16–1 Discuss sociological concepts that relate to the body, including sexuality, health and beauty, body modifications, and risky behaviors.

TOP: Risky Behavior COG: Comprehension 40. Which of the following is NOT addressed within the field of medical sociology? a. The relationship between stress and health b. The genetic differences between women and men c. The inequalities by social class d. The increasing use of advanced medical technology ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 452 OBJ: LO 16–2 Outline the issues studied in medical sociology, including the U.S. medical profession, the health care system and its weaknesses and inequities, consumerism in health care, and the influence of technology on the practice of medicine.

TOP: The Sociology of Health and Medicine COG: Analysis 41. The industry with the highest rate of fatal work injuries as an overall number is: a. manufacturing b. construction c. transportation d. mining, oil and gas extraction ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 453 OBJ: LO 16–2 Outline the issues studied in medical sociology, including the U.S. medical profession, the health care system and its weaknesses and inequities, consumerism in health care, and the influence of technology on the practice of medicine.

TOP: The Sociology of Health and Medicine COG: Knowledge 42. Since 1970, the number of cesarean births has increased, which exemplifies the concept of: a. deinstitutionalization b. medical establishments c. McDonaldization d. medicalization ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 454 OBJ: LO 16–2 Outline the issues studied in medical sociology, including the U.S. medical profession, the health care system and its weaknesses and inequities, consumerism in health care, and the influence of technology on the practice of medicine.

TOP: The Sociology of Health and Medicine COG: Knowledge 43. The process of deprofessionalization refers to the fact that the power of __________________

has declined in recent years, whereas the power of _________________ has increased.

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a. b. c. d.

doctors; nurses doctors; patients surgeons; nurses nurses; surgeons

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 453 OBJ: LO 16–2 Outline the issues studied in medical sociology, including the U.S. medical profession, the health care system and its weaknesses and inequities, consumerism in health care, and the influence of technology on the practice of medicine. TOP: The Medical Profession COG: Knowledge 44. A trend among many doctors is that they are leaving traditional private practice for what are

called ____________________ practices. a. concierge b. caretaker c. group d. patient ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 455 OBJ: LO 16–2 Outline the issues studied in medical sociology, including the U.S. medical profession, the health care system and its weaknesses and inequities, consumerism in health care, and the influence of technology on the practice of medicine.

TOP: The Sociology of Health and Medicine COG: Knowledge 45. Nurses are said to engage in ____________________. a. physical work b. occupational work c. emotion work d. primary work ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 456 OBJ: LO 16–2 Outline the issues studied in medical sociology, including the U.S. medical profession, the health care system and its weaknesses and inequities, consumerism in health care, and the influence of technology on the practice of medicine.

TOP: The Sociology of Health and Medicine COG: Knowledge 46. In 2012, the United States spent _________________ percent of the GDP on health

expenditures, ranking ____ in country expenditures as a proportion of GDP. a. 5.4; last b. 16.9; first c. 8.1; twentieth d. 10.9; fifth ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 456 OBJ: LO 16–2 Outline the issues studied in medical sociology, including the U.S. medical profession, the health care system and its weaknesses and inequities, consumerism in health care, and the influence of technology on the practice of medicine.

TOP: The Sociology of Health and Medicine COG: Knowledge 47. One’s health is likely to be poorer if one is: a. lower in social class b. born before 1970 c. from any social class but engage in bad health habits

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d. male ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 459 OBJ: LO 16–2 Outline the issues studied in medical sociology, including the U.S. medical profession, the health care system and its weaknesses and inequities, consumerism in health care, and the influence of technology on the practice of medicine.

TOP: Inequalities in U.S. Health Care COG: Knowledge 48. There is a greater likelihood that people who live in the lower social classes: a. have poorer health b. live in adequate housing c. live in the suburbs and feel a sense of security d. are unlikely to take illegal drugs ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 458 OBJ: LO 16–2 Outline the issues studied in medical sociology, including the U.S. medical profession, the health care system and its weaknesses and inequities, consumerism in health care, and the influence of technology on the practice of medicine.

TOP: Inequalities in U.S. Health Care COG: Knowledge 49. Blacks have a life expectancy that is ____________ years less than that of whites. a. 3.5 b. 2.6 c. 6.3 d. 4.8 ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 459 OBJ: LO 16–2 Outline the issues studied in medical sociology, including the U.S. medical profession, the health care system and its weaknesses and inequities, consumerism in health care, and the influence of technology on the practice of medicine.

TOP: Inequalities in U.S. Health Care COG: Knowledge 50. Blacks are more likely to visit ______________hospitals due to a lack of health insurance. a. private b. public c. nonpublic d. universal ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 459 OBJ: LO 16–2 Outline the issues studied in medical sociology, including the U.S. medical profession, the health care system and its weaknesses and inequities, consumerism in health care, and the influence of technology on the practice of medicine.

TOP: Inequalities in U.S. Health Care COG: Knowledge 51. Nuru-Jeter and her colleagues found that the stress associated with racism throughout the life

course: a. leads to drug usage b. leads to broken marriages c. adversely affects the mortality rate of black women and infants d. leads to increased hostility among minority groups ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 459 OBJ: LO 16–2 Outline the issues studied in medical sociology, including the U.S. medical profession,

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the health care system and its weaknesses and inequities, consumerism in health care, and the influence of technology on the practice of medicine.

TOP: Inequalities in U.S. Health Care COG: Knowledge 52. Studies show the ratio of men to women who have coronary artery disease is: a. widening b. staying the same c. narrowing d. not a concern to doctors ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 460 OBJ: LO 16–2 Outline the issues studied in medical sociology, including the U.S. medical profession, the health care system and its weaknesses and inequities, consumerism in health care, and the influence of technology on the practice of medicine.

TOP: Inequalities in U.S. Health Care COG: Knowledge 53. Research funded by the National Institutes of Health must now include proportionate numbers

of ________________unless researchers receive a special dispensation to bypass this requirement. a. women b. children c. racial minorities d. disabled individuals ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 460 OBJ: LO 16–2 Outline the issues studied in medical sociology, including the U.S. medical profession, the health care system and its weaknesses and inequities, consumerism in health care, and the influence of technology on the practice of medicine.

TOP: Inequalities in U.S. Health Care COG: Knowledge 54. Why is there little knowledge in regard to women and coronary heart disease? a. Doctors often refuse to treat women who have this disease b. Women are not included in clinical trials c. This subject is not covered in medical schools d. Women are less likely to visit a doctor if they feel unwell ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 460 OBJ: LO 16–2 Outline the issues studied in medical sociology, including the U.S. medical profession, the health care system and its weaknesses and inequities, consumerism in health care, and the influence of technology on the practice of medicine.

TOP: Inequalities in U.S. Health Care COG: Knowledge 55. The tendency to label as an illness a phenomenon or syndrome that was not previously

considered an illness is referred to as _____________________. a. manifestation b. materialization c. medicalization d. manifestization ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 460 OBJ: LO 16–2 Outline the issues studied in medical sociology, including the U.S. medical profession, the health care system and its weaknesses and inequities, consumerism in health care, and the influence of technology on the practice of medicine.

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TOP: Inequalities in U.S. Health Care

COG: Knowledge

56. Which of the following is NOT a key aspect of the new health care legislation that went into

effect in 2010? a. Virtually all Americans will be required to have health insurance b. Medicaid coverage is decreased for the poor c. Employers with more than 50 employees will be required to provide health insurance for them d. Health insurance companies will be unable to reject applicants because they have pre-existing conditions ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 461 OBJ: LO 16–2 Outline the issues studied in medical sociology, including the U.S. medical profession, the health care system and its weaknesses and inequities, consumerism in health care, and the influence of technology on the practice of medicine.

TOP: Health Care Reform in the United States COG: Knowledge 57. Which of these is the best example of increasing consumerism in contemporary medicine? a. The decision to market pharmaceutical drugs directly to consumers b. The use of the Internet to self-diagnose c. The willingness to travel to other countries to obtain drugs or operations that are

illegal in the United States d. The increased use of complementary and alternative medicine around the world ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 462 OBJ: LO 16–2 Outline the issues studied in medical sociology, including the U.S. medical profession, the health care system and its weaknesses and inequities, consumerism in health care, and the influence of technology on the practice of medicine.

TOP: Consumerism and Health Care COG: Analysis 58. ________________ tend to be the most vulnerable populations globally due to their lower

social positions and poor access to health care. a. Women and children b. Middle-aged men and children c. Elderly men and children d. Elderly women and children ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 463 OBJ: LO 16–3 Discuss the influence of globalization on health, illness and disease, and health care.

TOP: Growing Global Inequality COG: Knowledge 59. Countries in the _____________________ suffer disproportionately from hunger and

malnutrition. a. Global West b. Global North c. Global East d. Global South ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 463 OBJ: LO 16–3 Discuss the influence of globalization on health, illness and disease, and health care.

TOP: Malnutrition COG: Knowledge 60. The greatest problem in the less-developed world is _____________________.

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a. b. c. d.

undernutrition overnutrition diminishing population unsanitary conditions

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 464 OBJ: LO 16–3 Discuss the influence of globalization on health, illness and disease, and health care.

TOP: Malnutrition COG: Knowledge 61. According to one projection, _______________ people will die in the twenty-first century from

smoking-related diseases. a. 1 million b. 1 trillion c. one hundred thousand d. 1 billion ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 465 OBJ: LO 16–3 Discuss the influence of globalization on health, illness and disease, and health care.

TOP: Smoking COG: Knowledge 62. A negative aspect of globalization in regard to health is the flow of ______________ diseases. a. predictable b. borderless c. contractible d. transmissible ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 465 OBJ: LO 16–3 Discuss the influence of globalization on health, illness and disease, and health care.

TOP: Borderless Diseases COG: Knowledge 63. Which of the following is NOT a factor in regard to the increasing global mobility of borderless

diseases? a. There is a growing human migration and the ease with which people can cross borders b. The expansion of massive urban areas in which people can easily infect one another c. The decrease in human involvement with regard to natural habitats previously untouched by human beings d. There is an increase in global travel ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 465–466 OBJ: LO 16–3 Discuss the influence of globalization on health, illness and disease, and health care.

TOP: Borderless Diseases COG: Knowledge 64. Life expectancy at birth is greatest in ____________ and ____________ at 84 years old. a. Japan; Singapore b. Japan; Germany c. France; Germany d. Canada; Australia ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 464 OBJ: LO 16–3 Discuss the influence of globalization on health, illness and disease, and health care.

TOP: Growing Global Inequality COG: Knowledge

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65. The range of life expectancy between countries ranges from 84 at the top to ____ at the bottom. a. 49 b. 30 c. 59 d. 62 ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 464 OBJ: LO 16–3 Discuss the influence of globalization on health, illness and disease, and health care.

TOP: Growing Global Inequality COG: Knowledge 66. The area of the world that has been most devastated by Ebola is ________________________. a. southeast Asia b. southern Africa c. China d. western Africa ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 466 OBJ: LO 16–3 Discuss the influence of globalization on health, illness and disease, and health care.

TOP: Borderless Diseases COG: Knowledge 67. _________________ has its greatest impact on the less well-off and most vulnerable

populations in the developing world. a. Malaria b. Cholera c. Mononucleosis d. Tuberculosis ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 466 OBJ: LO 16–3 Discuss the influence of globalization on health, illness and disease, and health care.

TOP: Borderless Diseases COG: Knowledge 68. What proportion of all of the world HIV population lives in sub-Saharan Africa? a. 10% b. 30% c. 50% d. 70% ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 467 OBJ: LO 16–3 Discuss the influence of globalization on health, illness and disease, and health care.

TOP: HIV/AIDS COG: Knowledge 69. War has all of the following effects on the health and well-being of people, except: a. Four times as much money is spent on the military than is spent on health and

education b. Ninety percent of casualties are civilians c. Agricultural lands and crops are overrun and the functioning of the economy is adversely affected d. Food security increases ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 468 OBJ: LO 16–3 Discuss the influence of globalization on health, illness and disease, and health care.

TOP: HIV/AIDS COG: Knowledge

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70. A problem in the Global South in terms of health information is: a. The flow of information to professionals is more limited b. There are no computers to access the information c. Doctors don't understand the information d. None of the above ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 469 OBJ: LO 16–3 Discuss the influence of globalization on health, illness and disease, and health care.

TOP: Globalization and Improvements in Health and Health Care COG: Knowledge SHORT ANSWER 71. Discuss one work of Foucault that discusses the body as its central issue. What was the

relevance of Foucault for the sociology of the body?

ANS:

Correct answer varies but could discuss Discipline and Punish, The Birth of the Clinic, or The History of Sexuality. In many ways, Foucault’s work stands as the base of the study of the body, society, and culture in contemporary sociology, with particular interest in how bodies are controlled.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 445 OBJ: LO 16–1 Discuss sociological concepts that relate to the body, including sexuality, health and beauty, body modifications, and risky behaviors.

TOP: The Thinking of Michel Foucault COG: Analysis 72. Discuss the role the media has played in regard to women and beauty. Give two specific

examples from your own life experiences.

ANS:

Correct answer varies but can include a discussion of reflexivity, which creates a heightened awareness of the body. We know risks and care about fitness and health but engage in risky behaviors anyway. Reflexivity often leads to dissatisfaction with the body, especially as a result of the influence of peers and the media. We live in what might be called an “appearance culture”; that is, one in which appearance is of central importance to peers and in the media.

That culture includes ideas about what makes an appearance “attractive,” and such ideas can negatively affect people’s feelings about their own appearance. This is particularly true for adolescents, especially young women. Men and women often feel pressure to have bodies that fit with stereotypes of gender. Can discuss Naomi Wolf’s The Beauty Myth. Wolf argues that the media present the vast majority of people with an unattainable standard of beauty. The “objectifying gaze,” rooted in patriarchal and Eurocentric ideals of beauty and attractiveness and expressed through media, includes a narrow standard for beauty and desirability.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 447–448 OBJ: LO 16–1 Discuss sociological concepts that relate to the body, including sexuality, health and beauty, body modifications, and risky behaviors.

TOP: The Healthy Body COG: Analysis 73. Define the concept of a risk society and discuss two ways that people can take risk that have the

potential to jeopardize their health.

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ANS:

Correct answer varies but should include a discussion of Ulrich Beck and his concept of risk society. The idea of risk has become a central concern in many areas of sociology, and one of those is the way in which it relates to the body and to health. Interestingly, this meshes well with Foucault’s ideas on limit experiences, since it is in such experiences that risks are greatest.

Indeed, it is the risks that draw at least some people to these experiences. People take a wide range of risks that have the potential to jeopardize their health. On the one hand, there are the things people do not do, such as see their physicians, have regular medical checkups, and take prescribed medicines. Another example is the failure, or refusal, to be vaccinated against various diseases. This was made clear in the recent outbreak of measles in the United States caused, at least in part, by the refusal of some parents to have their children vaccinated. On the other hand, people engage in many behaviors that they know pose health risks; cigarette smoking is at, or near, the top of the list. It may well be that taking some risks makes some people happier, and mentally, and perhaps even physically, healthier.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 452 OBJ: LO 16–1 Discuss sociological concepts that relate to the body, including sexuality, health and beauty, body modifications, and risky behaviors.

TOP: Risky Behavior COG: Analysis 74. Discuss two ways that the medical profession has changed in the last 50 years.

ANS:

Correct answers vary but could include that there is greater diversity in the medical profession.

For example, women earned only 6.9% of medical degrees in 1966, but by 2011 they earned 48% of those degrees. However, white male physicians’ historical power continues to be evident in their starting salaries, which are consistently higher than those of their female counterparts. Another point: In the last several decades, the professions have been characterized by a process of deprofessionalization; that is, their power and autonomy, as well as their high status and associated wealth, have declined, at least relative to the exalted position they once held.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 452 OBJ: LO 16–2 Outline the issues studied in medical sociology, including the U.S. medical profession, the health care system and its weaknesses and inequities, consumerism in health care, and the influence of technology on the practice of medicine. TOP: Risky Behavior COG: Analysis 75. How many people worldwide are affected by malnutrition? Aside from the direct effects of

undernutrition—being underweight, hungry or starving—what is one problem associated with undernutrition?

ANS:

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Correct answer varies but could include: Roughly 850 million people are affected by these problems, which are the result of inadequate, or totally unavailable, food supplies and poor and unbalanced diets. Undernutrition is a form of malnutrition involving an inadequate intake of nutrients, including calories, vitamins, and minerals. Developing countries now increasingly suffer from a “double nutritional burden,” with some people not having enough to eat and others eating too much, especially of the wrong kinds of food. Undernutrition creates difficulties that continue throughout the life cycle and is responsible for stunted growth, lower levels of schooling, lower productivity, and chronic diseases; undernourished women also give birth to low-weight infants. Undernutrition has also been linked to rapid weight gain and obesity among formerly underweight children. Undernutrition is related to problems not only for individuals but also for societies as a whole. It leads to underdevelopment and tends to perpetuate poverty.

Without adequate nutrition, the human capital needed for economic development cannot develop.

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 463–464 OBJ: LO 16–3 Discuss the influence of globalization on health, illness and disease, and health care.

TOP: Malnutrition COG: Knowledge ESSAY 76. Define the term deprofessionalization and discuss two ways this phenomenon has occurred in

recent years.

ANS:

Correct answer varies. How do we account for the deprofessionalization of physicians? First, they simply had acquired too much power a half century ago to be able to sustain it at that level for very long. Second, the public, which had granted (or at least ceded to) the medical profession that power and autonomy, came to question the medical profession. One basis of this increasing doubt was a growing awareness of the extraordinary wealth and power acquired by many physicians. Another was the revelation of medical malpractice, which demonstrated that physicians did not always adhere to their own code of ethics (Ocloo 2010). The growth in malpractice suits was aided, if not instigated, by the other major profession, law, which reaped great economic rewards from medical malpractice lawsuits. Third, the government came to exert more power over the medical profession through, for example, Medicare and Medicaid.

Fourth, as discussed in the coming pages, patients became much more active and aggressive consumers of physician services as well as of other aspects of the medical system. Fifth, and perhaps most important, private health insurance companies like UnitedHealthcare became the most powerful players in the medical care system. Among other things, the insurance companies squeezed physicians’ income by reimbursing them for office visits and medical services at much lower rates than the amounts billed.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 454–455 OBJ: LO 16–2 Outline the issues studied in medical sociology, including the U.S. medical profession, the health care system and its weaknesses and inequities, consumerism in health care, and the influence of technology on the practice of medicine.

TOP: The Sociology of Health and Medicine COG: Analysis 77. Discuss two problems found within the U.S. health care system and discuss how the U.S. health

care system compares to countries around the world.

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ANS:

Correct answer varies but can include that there has been a broad consensus that the U.S. system of health care is badly flawed. One major problem is high costs. In 2013, health care spending in the United States reached $2.9 trillion, almost $9,255 per person. The United States spent almost 17% of its gross domestic product on health care in 2012—the highest percentage among OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries by a considerable margin. The cost is high because Americans love expensive advanced medical technologies; there’s a profit motive instead of a nonprofit structure; there are lobbyists that push back on cost reductions to maintain profits; Americans have a culture hubris and think they deserve the best; the aging population spends more proportionally than a younger group; large numbers of well-off Americans drive up the cost because they will spend any amount to recover from illness. In spite of the high costs, the U.S. health care system fares poorly in comparison to the health care systems in other countries. Life expectancy in the United States is among the lowest of the high-income nations in the world, high infant mortality rate.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 456–457 OBJ: LO 16–2 Outline the issues studied in medical sociology, including the U.S. medical profession, the health care system and its weaknesses and inequities, consumerism in health care, and the influence of technology on the practice of medicine.

TOP: Weaknesses in the U.S. Health Care System COG: Analysis 78. Discuss three points explaining the relationship between social class, race, and health in the

United States.

ANS:

Correct answer varies but could include that there are great inequalities in the American health care system. There is a largely constant relationship—the “health inequalities invariance”—between social class and health. That is, the lower one’s social class, the poorer one’s health is likely to be. There are a number of causes of social class differences in health (Lahelma 2007). First, the conditions in which children live matter a great deal, since early differences may have long-lasting health consequences. Thus, living in poverty or in a broken home can contribute to ill health in childhood and therefore later in life. Could discuss smoking, illegal drug use, exercise, drinking to excess, poor eating habits. The relationship between race and health is closely related to that between social class and health: Whites are more likely to be in the middle and upper classes, while blacks and Hispanics are disproportionately in the lower classes. Blacks are also more likely to be poorly treated, or even mistreated, by the health care system. Working-class and lower-middle-class blacks are more likely to be relegated to neighborhoods and conditions that adversely affect their health.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 459 OBJ: LO 16–2 Outline the issues studied in medical sociology, including the U.S. medical profession, the health care system and its weaknesses and inequities, consumerism in health care, and the influence of technology on the practice of medicine.

TOP: Inequalities in U.S. Health Care COG: Comprehension 79. Discuss three ways that the Internet has played a role in consumerism as it relates to health care.

ANS:

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The Internet has become implicated in the consumption of health care (e-health) in various ways. The first, and most obvious, way is by allowing people to find health care providers of all sorts more easily. The Internet is a vast resource for finding providers, by specialty, on the local, national, and even global levels. There is also a wealth of information and evaluation available on pharmaceuticals, medical technologies, and alternative treatments. The increasing amount of health care–related data of all sorts on the Internet allows people to become much more knowledgeable consumers of health care services and products. Increasingly, however, consumer-patients can comparison shop for medical care on the Internet. The Internet also opens a global range of views, possibilities, and alternatives to the consumers of medical goods and services. Consumers are better able to make themselves aware of alternatives available elsewhere in the world, obtain information and advice about them, and find ways of obtaining them. On the positive side, this gives medical consumers better access to most goods and services and many more choices and options. On the negative side, this is all relatively new and unregulated global territory, and consumers need to be aware of the danger that they may obtain fraudulent medical products and services. The net result of the above is that a patient who uses online resources can become a much more sophisticated, knowledgeable, and independent consumer of medical services and products.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 461–462 OBJ: LO 16–2 Outline the issues studied in medical sociology, including the U.S. medical profession, the health care system and its weaknesses and inequities, consumerism in health care, and the influence of technology on the practice of medicine.

TOP: The Internet and the Consumption of Health Care COG: Analysis 80. Where is the AIDS epidemic most problematic? How is HIV/AIDS linked to globalization?

ANS:

Correct answer varies but could include that HIV/AIDS was first recognized in the United States in 1981 and has since been acknowledged as a scourge throughout not only the United States but also much of the world. In 2013, it was estimated that 39 million people worldwide had died from AIDS since the first diagnosis. Sub-Saharan Africa has been hit hardest, with 71% (24.7 million) of the world’s HIV population living in that region. Of the 2.1 million people newly infected in 2013 around the world, 1.5 million live in sub-Saharan Africa. The spread of AIDS is linked to globalization, especially the increased global mobility associated with tourism (notably, sex tourism), the greater migration rates of workers, increased legal and illegal immigration, much higher rates of commercial and business travel, the movement (sometimes on a mass basis) of refugees, military interventions and the movement of military personnel, and so on. People who have the disease can travel great distances over a period of years without knowing they have been infected. They therefore have the ability to transmit the disease unknowingly to many others in widely scattered locales. The disease, as well as the many burdens associated with it, is having an adverse effect on all aspects of social and economic life throughout Africa. Some observers predict the failure of African states and the complete economic collapse of some as a result of the spread of the disease.

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 467–468 OBJ: LO 16–3 Discuss the influence of globalization on health, illness and disease, and health care.

TOP: HIV/AIDS COG: Knowledge

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Chapter 17: Population, Urbanization, and the Environment Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. __________________ is the scientific study of population, especially its growth, decline, as

well as the movement of people. a. Geography b. Demography c. Sociology d. Ethnography ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 476 OBJ: LO 17–1 Discuss the causes and effects of population growth, population decline, and immigration.

TOP: Population COG: Knowledge 2. John studies the fertility and migration trends of countries around the world. John would be

classified as a(n) _____________________. a. environmentalist b. geographer c. demographer d. philosopher ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 476 OBJ: LO 17–1 Discuss the causes and effects of population growth, population decline, and immigration.

TOP: Population COG: Application 3. Projections are that the global population will reach ________ billion by 2050. a. 3.1 b. 8.2 c. 9.4 d. 12.7 ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 476 OBJ: LO 17–1 Discuss the causes and effects of population growth, population decline, and immigration.

TOP: Population Growth COG: Knowledge 4. Globally, fertility rates are _____________________. a. dropping b. increasing c. at an equilibrium d. so low they have been lowering the size of the global population for the past 5 years ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 476 OBJ: LO 17–1 Discuss the causes and effects of population growth, population decline, and immigration.

TOP: Population Growth COG: Comprehension 5. We reached a global population of 1 billion in the early _________. a. 1700s b. 1800s c. 1910s

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d. 1930s ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 476 OBJ: LO 17–1 Discuss the causes and effects of population growth, population decline, and immigration.

TOP: Population Growth COG: Knowledge 6. The recent slowdown in population growth is: a. exactly as predicted b. a dramatic reduction from prior estimates c. similar to the growth rate just after World War II d. a correction that makes population growth no longer a problem ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 476 OBJ: LO 17–1 Discuss the causes and effects of population growth, population decline, and immigration.

TOP: Population Growth COG: Comprehension 7. The _______________ refers to the number of childbirths per 1,000 people per year. a. child ratio b. birthrate c. lifespan d. fertility rate ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 477 OBJ: LO 17–1 Discuss the causes and effects of population growth, population decline, and immigration.

TOP: Population Decline COG: Knowledge 8. The three basic processes of concern to demographers are: a. fertility, health, and income b. fertility, mortality, and migration c. childbirth rates, population size, and region d. fertility, morbidity, and average life expectancy ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 478 OBJ: LO 17–1 Discuss the causes and effects of population growth, population decline, and immigration.

TOP: The Processes of Population Change COG: Knowledge 9. The baby boom took place between: a. 1930 and 1947 b. 1960 and 1975 c. 1946 and 1960 d. 1922 and 1930 ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 478 OBJ: LO 17–1 Discuss the causes and effects of population growth, population decline, and immigration.

TOP: Fertility COG: Knowledge 10. Which of the following IS a factor in the decline of mortality rates in certain countries? a. Weaker norms in regard to losing weight and stopping smoking b. A decrease in the standards of living c. Better public health d. The government's inability to control certain diseases like malaria

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ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 479 OBJ: LO 17–1 Discuss the causes and effects of population growth, population decline, and immigration.

TOP: Mortality COG: Comprehension 11. Over ________________ new cases of cancer per year in the United States can be traced to

obesity. a. 30,000 b. 100,000 c. 20,000 d. 40,000 ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 480 OBJ: LO 17–1 Discuss the causes and effects of population growth, population decline, and immigration.

TOP: Mortality COG: Knowledge 12. The final stage of the demographic transition theory is: a. a balance between high death rates and high birthrates b. the birthrate remains high or declines more slowly than the death rate c. the decline in the death rates leads to more children in the family d. an increase in infant mortality rates in the family ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 480 OBJ: LO 17–1 Discuss the causes and effects of population growth, population decline, and immigration.

TOP: The Demographic Transition COG: Comprehension 13. What would be considered a pull factor as it relates to migration? a. Desire of the migrants for a better life b. Problems in the home country c. Major disruptions such as war d. Favorable immigration policy ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 482 OBJ: LO 17–1 Discuss the causes and effects of population growth, population decline, and immigration.

TOP: Migration COG: Analysis 14. Joe runs away from his home country of Afghanistan to escape religious persecution. He is an

example of a(n) _________________. a. asylum seeker b. refugee c. migrant d. vagrant ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 483 OBJ: LO 17–1 Discuss the causes and effects of population growth, population decline, and immigration.

TOP: Migration COG: Application 15. It is estimated that ______% of Mexico’s population lives in the United States. a. 1 b. 5 c. 10 d. 14 ANS: C

PTS: 1

DIF: Easy

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REF: 483

OBJ: LO 17–1 Discuss the causes and effects of population growth, population decline, and immigration.

TOP: Migration COG: Knowledge 16. Demographers predict that by 2050 __________ of the world's population will live in urban

areas. a. 50% or 1/2 b. 60% or 3/5 c. 66% or 2/3 d. 75% or 3/4 ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 483 OBJ: LO 17–2 Describe the growing urbanization of the world’s population and the effects of deindustrialization on U.S. cities.

TOP: Urbanization COG: Knowledge 17. The U.S. government labels a city of 50,000 residents or greater a(n) __________________. a. suburbanized area b. rural area c. urban area d. geographic area ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 486 OBJ: LO 17–2 Describe the growing urbanization of the world’s population and the effects of deindustrialization on U.S. cities.

TOP: Urbanization COG: Knowledge 18. Migrants who are forced to leave their homeland, or leave involuntarily due to fear for safety,

are called ___________. a. undocumented migrants b. refugees c. crisis migrants d. temporary migrants ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 483 OBJ: LO 17–1 Discuss the causes and effects of population growth, population decline, and immigration.

TOP: Migration COG: Knowledge 19. Suburban areas continue to push outward to encompass land and housing that is cheaper. These

outlying areas are called: a. the enterprise zone b. concentric zones c. subrural d. exurbia ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 486 OBJ: LO 17–2 Describe the growing urbanization of the world’s population and the effects of deindustrialization on U.S. cities.

TOP: Urbanization COG: Knowledge 20. The area between Boston, MA, and Washington, DC, in the United States is classified as a

___________________. a. metropolis b. megalopolis

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c. populated area d. None of the above ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 483 OBJ: LO 17–2 Describe the growing urbanization of the world’s population and the effects of deindustrialization on U.S. cities.

TOP: Urbanization COG: Knowledge 21. Joe lives in a ________________, which is situated about 5 miles outside the city of

Philadelphia. a. suburb b. megalopolis c. metropolis d. mega-region ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 485 OBJ: LO 17–2 Describe the growing urbanization of the world’s population and the effects of deindustrialization on U.S. cities.

TOP: Urbanization COG: Application 22. A(n) _______________________ is a city with a population greater than 10 million. a. metropolis b. megacity c. edge city d. cosmocity ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 488 OBJ: LO 17–2 Describe the growing urbanization of the world’s population and the effects of deindustrialization on U.S. cities.

TOP: Megacities (and Beyond) COG: Knowledge 23. Mary lives in a community where there are guards and surveillance cameras in every corner of

the development. She moved here, away from the city, to escape the crime problem. Mary lives in a _____________ community. a. barrier b. gated c. secure d. locked ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 483 OBJ: LO 17–2 Describe the growing urbanization of the world’s population and the effects of deindustrialization on U.S. cities.

TOP: Suburbanization COG: Application 24. ________________ refers to areas where land and housing costs are lower, and at their outer

edges they blend into the rural countryside and agricultural areas. a. Exurbia b. Suburbia c. Urban areas d. Gated communities ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 483 OBJ: LO 17–2 Describe the growing urbanization of the world’s population and the effects of

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deindustrialization on U.S. cities.

COG: Comprehension

TOP: Suburbanization

25. Today, there are many areas that are located near major highways that contain shopping centers

and many restaurants and surround large cities. These areas are often referred to as _______________________. a. metropolises b. suburbanized centers c. exurbias d. edge cities ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 484 OBJ: LO 17–2 Describe the growing urbanization of the world’s population and the effects of deindustrialization on U.S. cities.

TOP: Suburbanization COG: Application 26. ___________________ are key locations for industries and marketplaces, and centers of

production and innovation in many industries. a. Edge cities b. Global cities c. Megalopolises d. Metropolises ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 488 OBJ: LO 17–2 Describe the growing urbanization of the world’s population and the effects of deindustrialization on U.S. cities.

TOP: Global and World Cities COG: Knowledge 27. When real estate capital is reinvested in blighted inner-city areas in order to create a new

infrastructure for the well-to-do, this is referred to as ______________________. a. enterprise zoning b. restoration c. gentrification d. redlining ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 488 OBJ: LO 17–2 Describe the growing urbanization of the world’s population and the effects of deindustrialization on U.S. cities.

TOP: The Decline of U.S. Major Cities COG: Knowledge 28. During the process of gentrification, who is often forced out of the blighted areas in order to

make way for new housing? a. The middle classes b. The upper classes c. The capitalist classes d. The working classes ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 488 OBJ: LO 17–2 Describe the growing urbanization of the world’s population and the effects of deindustrialization on U.S. cities.

TOP: The Decline of U.S. Major Cities COG: Knowledge 29. A characteristic of a world city is:

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a. They are centers of communities of immigrants who interact with family and friends

in their homeland b. They are planned communities built around major international airports and

shopping centers c. They are found at the outermost rings surrounding large cities d. They are built near major highways and corporate offices ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 488 OBJ: LO 17–2 Describe the growing urbanization of the world’s population and the effects of deindustrialization on U.S. cities.

TOP: Global and World Cities COG: Knowledge 30. In 2014, there were ___________ megacities around the world. a. 2 b. 10 c. 14 d. 28 ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 489 OBJ: LO 17–2 Describe the growing urbanization of the world’s population and the effects of deindustrialization on U.S. cities.

TOP: Megacities (and Beyond) COG: Knowledge 31. Last year, the Smith family visited Orlando, Florida, for their summer vacation. Orlando, home

to Disney World, places great emphasis on spectacle. It can be classified as a(n) ____________ city. a. hyperconsumption b. edge c. fantasy d. simulated ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 490 OBJ: LO 17–2 Describe the growing urbanization of the world’s population and the effects of deindustrialization on U.S. cities.

TOP: The Center of Culture and Consumption COG: Knowledge 32. In recent years, the central role of cities in consumption has been: a. expanded into more cities worldwide b. intensified c. reduced due to Internet use and suburban malls d. supplemented by many more types of consumer services ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 490 OBJ: LO 17–2 Describe the growing urbanization of the world’s population and the effects of deindustrialization on U.S. cities.

TOP: The Center of Culture and Consumption COG: Knowledge 33. ______________ is the study on poisons and insecticides that heavily influenced the awareness

of environmental problems in the United States during the 1960s. a. Silent Spring b. Hot Planet c. Environmental Crisis

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d. New Spring ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 490 OBJ: LO 17–3 Discuss sociological theories of the environment and major environmental problems and responses.

TOP: The Center of Culture and Consumption COG: Knowledge 34. Mary is a researcher who is going to focus on the relationship between corporate policies and

environmental issues and the way the____________ explains how everyone in the system depends on continuous growth. a. hyperconsumption treadmill b. treadmill of production c. treadmill of consumption d. fast-food culture ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 492 OBJ: LO 17–3 Discuss sociological theories of the environment and major environmental problems and responses.

TOP: Theories of the Environment and Its Problems COG: Knowledge 35. The depletion of the ozone layer in the Earth's polar regions has been referred to as an

___________________. a. ozone crater b. ozone core c. ozone hole d. ozone fault ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 494 OBJ: LO 17–3 Discuss sociological theories of the environment and major environmental problems and responses.

TOP: Globalization and the Environment COG: Knowledge 36. The most notable deforestation in the world is taking place in

___________________________. a. the parks in North America b. the forests in Europe c. the villages of Southeast Asia d. the Amazon rain forest ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 495 OBJ: LO 17–3 Discuss sociological theories of the environment and major environmental problems and responses.

TOP: Destruction of Natural Habitats COG: Knowledge 37. ______________________ is the decline in the water supply as a result of the degradation and

deterioration of soil and vegetation. a. Deforestation b. Desertification c. Environmentalism d. Decentralization ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 495 OBJ: LO 17–3 Discuss sociological theories of the environment and major environmental problems and responses.

TOP: The Decline in Freshwater COG: Knowledge

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38. A negative effect of global warming is the melting of ____________________, which refers to

soil that has been at or below the freezing point of water for more than two years and will be irreversible once it starts. a. groundfrost b. solidfrost c. permafrost d. grimefrost ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 497 OBJ: LO 17–3 Discuss sociological theories of the environment and major environmental problems and responses.

TOP: Global Warming COG: Knowledge 39. Many global environmental problems, especially global warming, are traceable to

________________________________. a. communistic global development b. socialistic global development c. capitalistic global development d. all twentieth century economic systems ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 498 OBJ: LO 17–3 Discuss sociological theories of the environment and major environmental problems and responses.

TOP: Global Responses COG: Comprehension 40. _______________________ involves economic and environmental changes that meet the

needs of the present, especially of the world's poor, without jeopardizing the needs of the future. a. Environmental development b. Economical development c. Organic development d. Sustainable development ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 498 OBJ: LO 17–3 Discuss sociological theories of the environment and major environmental problems and responses.

TOP: Sustainable Development COG: Comprehension 41. Which of the following is NOT a dimension in regard to the relationship between globalization

and sustainability? a. Medical b. Technology c. Economic d. Politics ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 499 OBJ: LO 17–3 Discuss sociological theories of the environment and major environmental problems and responses.

TOP: Sustainable Development COG: Comprehension MULTIPLE RESPONSE 42. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following is a factor as it relates to the fertility

rate? a. The environmental makeup of a certain country b. The age of the women in a geographic area

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c. The lack of knowledge as it pertains to sexual behaviors d. The number of childbirths per 1,000 people per year ANS: B, C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 478 OBJ: LO 17–1 Discuss the causes and effects of population growth, population decline, and immigration.

TOP: Fertility COG: Comprehension 43. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following would be considered a type of

undocumented immigrant? a. Frank, who enters the United States legally but then stays beyond the period of time permitted by his visa b. Mary, who tries to gain entry without passing through a checkpoint c. John, who tries to immigrate to the United States but has fake documents d. Luisa, who is born in a U.S. hospital but whose parents are not U.S. citizens ANS: A, B, C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 484 OBJ: LO 17–1 Discuss the causes and effects of population growth, population decline, and immigration.

TOP: Migration COG: Analysis 44. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following is a characteristic of a global city? a. They are the homes of new financial, legal, and accountancy products b. They are the key locations for lending industries and marketplaces c. They are the setting from which businesses and organizations exercise global

command and control d. They are located in the western world ANS: A, B, C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 488 OBJ: LO 17–2 Describe the growing urbanization of the world’s population and the effects of deindustrialization on U.S. cities.

TOP: Global and World Cities COG: Knowledge 45. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of these is a problem faced by global and world cities? a. They are targets of major terrorist attacks b. They are destinations for large numbers of documented and undocumented

immigrants c. They are less environmentally efficient d. They are the sites where those affected by global health problems end up ANS: A, B, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 490 OBJ: LO 17–2 Describe the growing urbanization of the world’s population and the effects of deindustrialization on U.S. cities.

TOP: The Main Site of Global Problems COG: Analysis 46. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following is a way that environmental problems

are associated with the city? a. The increased movement away from the cities to the suburbs has created problems with the urban environment b. Cars and power plants emit greenhouse gases and pollution from carbon dioxide c. Heat retention in the treeless concrete jungles of cities d. The massive creation of waste such as organic matter rich in nutrients that could be used as fertilizer to benefit the environment in rural areas ANS: B, C, D

PTS: 1

DIF: Medium

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REF: 492

OBJ: LO 17–3 Discuss sociological theories of the environment and major environmental problems and responses.

TOP: Urban Areas and the Environment COG: Comprehension 47. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following is NOT a consequence of global

warming? a. Sea levels will decrease b. More intense heat waves c. More severe storms d. Waterborne diseases will increase with higher temperatures ANS: B, C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 496 OBJ: LO 17–3 Discuss sociological theories of the environment and major environmental problems and responses.

TOP: Global Warming COG: Knowledge TRUE/FALSE 48. Demography is the scientific study of population, especially in growth, decline, as well as the

movement of people. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 476 OBJ: LO 17–1 Discuss the causes and effects of population growth, population decline, and immigration.

TOP: Population COG: Knowledge 49. China's population is large, but it is decreasing, and soon will be surpassed by India in

population size. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 476 OBJ: LO 17–1 Discuss the causes and effects of population growth, population decline, and immigration.

TOP: Population Growth COG: Knowledge 50. The population of the United States is expected to double by 2050.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 476 OBJ: LO 17–1 Discuss the causes and effects of population growth, population decline, and immigration.

TOP: Population Growth COG: Knowledge 51. By 2050, Japan's population is projected to decline from 127.7 million to 107.1 million.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 476 OBJ: LO 17–1 Discuss the causes and effects of population growth, population decline, and immigration.

TOP: Population Growth COG: Knowledge

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52. Developing countries will experience a demographic dividend which results from a favorable

ratio in those nations of those able to work to dependents, such as the aged and children. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 477 OBJ: LO 17–1 Discuss the causes and effects of population growth, population decline, and immigration.

TOP: Population Decline COG: Knowledge 53. The fecundity rate refers to people’s reproductive behavior, especially the number of births.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 478 OBJ: LO 17–1 Discuss the causes and effects of population growth, population decline, and immigration.

TOP: Fertility COG: Knowledge 54. During the Great Depression, the United States experienced a high increase in population

growth. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 478 OBJ: LO 17–1 Discuss the causes and effects of population growth, population decline, and immigration.

TOP: Fertility COG: Knowledge 55. One of the major factors in the decline in mortality rates includes the advances in medicine and

medical technologies. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 479 OBJ: LO 17–1 Discuss the causes and effects of population growth, population decline, and immigration.

TOP: Mortality COG: Comprehension 56. There are five stages associated with the demographic transition theory.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 480 OBJ: LO 17–1 Discuss the causes and effects of population growth, population decline, and immigration.

TOP: The Demographic Transition COG: Comprehension 57. Infanticide is most commonly found in South and East Asia.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 480 OBJ: LO 17–1 Discuss the causes and effects of population growth, population decline, and immigration.

TOP: The Demographic Transition COG: Comprehension

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58. Juan Carlos lives in Mexico and wants to move to the United States because he seeks a better

life and job opportunities. These are referred to as push factors. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 483 OBJ: LO 17–1 Discuss the causes and effects of population growth, population decline, and immigration.

TOP: Migration COG: Knowledge 59. Migrants who gain entry without passing a checkpoint are called undocumented immigrants.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 484 OBJ: LO 17–1 Discuss the causes and effects of population growth, population decline, and immigration.

TOP: Migration COG: Knowledge 60. Economically, immigration has had a negative effect on the economy of the United States, as

well as other developed nations. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 484 OBJ: LO 17–1 Discuss the causes and effects of population growth, population decline, and immigration.

TOP: Migration COG: Knowledge 61. According to projections, 30% of the world's population will live in urban areas.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 485 OBJ: LO 17–2 Describe the growing urbanization of the world’s population and the effects of deindustrialization on U.S. cities.

TOP: Urbanization COG: Application 62. An area must have more than 50,000 inhabitants to be considered urban.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: 485 OBJ: LO 17–2 Describe the growing urbanization of the world’s population and the effects of deindustrialization on U.S. cities.

TOP: Urbanization COG: Application 63. Urbanism is the way of life that emerges in urban areas; urbanization is the process of

increasing density in a populated urban area. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 485 OBJ: LO 17–2 Describe the growing urbanization of the world’s population and the effects of deindustrialization on U.S. cities.

TOP: Urbanization

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COG: Knowledge 64. Chicago is an example of a metropolis.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 486 OBJ: LO 17–2 Describe the growing urbanization of the world’s population and the effects of deindustrialization on U.S. cities.

TOP: Urbanization COG: Knowledge 65. The early suburbs were primarily residential bedroom communities for those who worked,

shopped, and enjoyed leisure activities in the city. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 486 OBJ: LO 17–2 Describe the growing urbanization of the world’s population and the effects of deindustrialization on U.S. cities.

TOP: Suburbanization COG: Knowledge 66. Subcities are developments at the outermost ring surrounding large cities that resemble cities

rather than suburbs. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 486 OBJ: LO 17–2 Describe the growing urbanization of the world’s population and the effects of deindustrialization on U.S. cities.

TOP: The Postsuburban Era COG: Knowledge 67. Landscape urbanism is a new urban development toward ecological sustainability in the new

urbanism. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 487 OBJ: LO 17–2 Describe the growing urbanization of the world’s population and the effects of deindustrialization on U.S. cities.

TOP: The Postsuburban Era COG: Knowledge 68. According to Friedman, there are 30 cities under the heading of world cities, including New

York and London. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 488 OBJ: LO 17–2 Describe the growing urbanization of the world’s population and the effects of deindustrialization on U.S. cities.

TOP: Cities and globalization COG: Knowledge 69. Lagos, Nigeria, is the fastest-growing megacity in the world.

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a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 488 OBJ: LO 17–2 Describe the growing urbanization of the world’s population and the effects of deindustrialization on U.S. cities.

TOP: Cities and globalization COG: Knowledge 70. The treadmill of production states that everyone in the system depends on continuous growth in

production, and the economy more generally. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 492 OBJ: LO 17–3 Discuss sociological theories of the environment and major environmental problems and responses.

TOP: Theories of the Environment and Its Problems COG: Knowledge 71. The earliest work on globalization tended to focus on the natural environment.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 493 OBJ: LO 17–3 Discuss sociological theories of the environment and major environmental problems and responses.

TOP: Globalization and the Environment COG: Knowledge 72. An early twenty-first century study concluded that industrial fishing had led to a 20% decline in

swordfish, tuna, and marlin populations. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 495 OBJ: LO 17–3 Discuss sociological theories of the environment and major environmental problems and responses.

TOP: Adverse Effect on Marine Life COG: Comprehension 73. Desertification refers to the decline in the water supply as a result of the degradation and

deterioration of soil and vegetation. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 495 OBJ: LO 17–3 Discuss sociological theories of the environment and major environmental problems and responses.

TOP: The Decline in Freshwater COG: Comprehension 74. Deaths from ozone pollution could increase by 5% by 2050.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 498 OBJ: LO 17–3 Discuss sociological theories of the environment and major environmental problems and responses.

TOP: Global Warming COG: Knowledge

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75. Many global environmental problems are traceable to communistic economic development.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 498 OBJ: LO 17–3 Discuss sociological theories of the environment and major environmental problems and responses.

TOP: Global Warming COG: Knowledge 76. The main focus of sustainable development is physical sustainability, but there must also be a

concern for equity within the current generation and for future generations. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 498 OBJ: LO 17–3 Discuss sociological theories of the environment and major environmental problems and responses.

TOP: Global Warming COG: Knowledge ESSAY 77. Define demography. What three processes of population change are basic to the work of

demographers? Describe what each measures.

ANS:

Correct answer varies but should include a definition of demography as the scientific study of population. They look at population growth and decline, which means they care about macro-level patterns of births, deaths, and migrations. These three basic processes are captured in measures of fertility, or people’s reproductive behavior, especially the number of births. Key to understanding fertility is the birthrate. Second is mortality, or deaths and death rates within a population. Finally, there is migration, or the movements of people, or migrants, and the impact of these movements on both the sending and the receiving locales.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 476 OBJ: LO 17–1 Discuss the causes and effects of population growth, population decline, and immigration.

TOP: Population COG: Comprehension 78. Discuss the three stages of the demographic transition theory.

ANS:

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Correct answer varies but should include that the issues of fertility and mortality are central to a major theory of population: demographic transition theory. According to this theory, population changes are related to the shift from an agricultural society to a more industrialized and urbanized society. Four stages are associated with the demographic transition: 1. Preindustrial stage, there is a rough balance between high death rates (mortality) and high birthrates. As a result, population growth rate, while high, is fairly stable; 2. Transitional stage, the death rate declines dramatically while the birthrate remains high. The total population grows rapidly under these circumstances; 3. In the industrial stage, the death rate drops more slowly over time to its lowest level. The deep decline in the death rate leads to more children in the family and the community. As a result, people begin thinking about limiting the number of children. Women begin to have greater access to, and are more likely to use, birth control; 4. In the postindustrial stage, while there is some variation over time, birthrates and death rates remain low. As a result, in the postindustrial stage, as in the latter part of the industrial stage, population growth remains slow or stabilizes. In Western Europe, the entire demographic transition took about 200 years.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 480 OBJ: LO 17–1 Discuss the causes and effects of population growth, population decline, and immigration.

TOP: The Demographic Transition COG: Comprehension 79. When did we start regulating national borders? How universal is border regulation? Describe

two push and pull factors of migration. What economic effect does immigration have? What is one moral argument presented for not regulating migration?

ANS:

Correct answer varies but could include that movement was free as late as the end of the nineteenth century. About 50 million people left Europe for the United States between 1820 and the end of the nineteenth century, and prior to 1880, entry into the United States was largely unregulated—virtually anyone who wanted to could get in. It was World War I that changed attitudes and the situation dramatically; nation-states began to impose drastic restrictions on the global movement of people. Today, while there is variation among nation-states, “there is not a single state that allows free access to all immigrants.” Among the push factors are the desire of migrants for better or safer lives; problems in the home country, such as unemployment and low pay, making it difficult or impossible for migrants to achieve their goals; and major disruptions such as war, famine, political and religious persecution, and economic depression. Pull factors include features of the host country such as it being a nation at peace and having a favorable immigration policy, a prosperous economy, higher pay and lower unemployment, available food, formal and informal networks that cater to immigrants, labor shortages, and language and culture similar to those of the home country. Economically, immigration has had positive—not negative—effects on the economies of the United States and other developed nations. There are two basic moral arguments in support of freer migration. First, as an end in itself, free mobility is “a universal and basic human right.” Second, instrumentally, free migration is a means of achieving greater economic and political justice.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 482–484 OBJ: LO 17–1 Discuss the causes and effects of population growth, population decline, and immigration.

TOP: Migration COG: Analysis 80. Discuss the concepts of urbanization and suburbanization. Select two types of specific urban or

suburban types described in the text and explain them with examples. Which type of area—urban or suburban—is growing, and by what measure?

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ANS:

Correct answer varies but should include urbanization, the process by which an increasing percentage of a society’s population comes to be located in relatively densely populated urban areas. The process of suburbanization occurs when large numbers of people move out of the city and into nearby, less densely populated environs. Could discuss edge cities, exurbs, megalopolis, metropolis, megacity, global city, world city. Urban areas are growing and two thirds of people are expected to live in urban areas by 2050. Suburbanization peaked in the late twentieth century and is now on the decline, and we are in a postsuburban era in terms of population movement, but in terms of land, suburbs do continue to expand.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 485–489 OBJ: LO 17–2 Describe the growing urbanization of the world’s population and the effects of deindustrialization on U.S. cities.

TOP: Urbanization COG: Analysis 81. Discuss any two environmental problems and the negative consequences associated with each

of these problems. Name one type of global response to environmental problems and provide an example.

ANS:

Correct answer varies but should discuss two of these problems: destruction of natural habitat; adverse effects on marine life; decline in freshwater (water pollution, marine pollution, scarcity of water, water inequality, flooding); desertification; global warming (drying and wetting of areas, loss of glaciers, greenhouse gasses, changes in weather patterns, rise of sea levels, rising temperatures speed up pollution problems, disease in animals and insects). Global responses include the fact that problems are traceable to the capitalist economy, and different efforts have tried to address them through sustainable development and technological fixes.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 493–500 OBJ: LO 17–3 Discuss sociological theories of the environment and major environmental problems and responses.

TOP: Urbanization COG: Analysis

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Chapter 18: Social Change, Social Movements, and Collective Action Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. In late 2010, social movements began in ____________ that have dramatically changed its

society. a. Canada b. the Asian world c. the Arab world d. India ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 504 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: Social Change, Social Movements, and Collective Action COG: Comprehension 2. _______________ involves variations over time in every aspect of the social world, ranging

from changes affecting individuals to transformations having an impact on the globe as a whole. a. Social change b. Social movements c. Social variations d. Social transfer ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 504 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: Social Change, Social Movements, and Collective Action COG: Comprehension 3. In Malcolm Gladwell's essay "Small Change: Why the Revolution Will Not Be Tweeted," the

argument was made that social media are built on the basis of people who have _________________ with one another. a. both strong and weak ties b. weak ties c. strong ties d. unstable ties ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 506 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: Social Movements COG: Comprehension 4. The gay and lesbian movement is one example of a(n) ________________________________. a. cultural movement b. social movement c. ethnic movement d. social organization ANS: B

PTS: 1

DIF: Medium

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REF: 505

OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: Social Movements COG: Comprehension 5. The Tea Party wields great power over and within the ____________________ Party. a. Republican b. Democrat c. Independent d. Third ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 505 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: The Tea Party COG: Comprehension 6. Jane Fonda and Gloria Steinem believe in ________________, or the belief that women are

equal to men, especially socially, politically, and economically. a. equalism b. socialism c. feminism d. suffrage ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 505–506 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: Feminist Movements COG: Comprehension 7. The first wave of the women's movement in the United States is traceable to the

_________________. a. 1900s b. 1750s c. 1840s d. 1620s ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 505 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: Feminist Movements COG: Knowledge 8. The first wave of the women's movement focused largely on: a. women's rights in the workplace b. women's rights in the educational field c. gaining the right to vote for women d. gaining the right for women to run for political office ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 508 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: Feminist Movements COG: Comprehension 9. Betty Friedan's book _________________ had a strong effect on the second wave of the

women's movement. a. Nickel and Dimed

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b. Women's Rights c. The Doctrine of Women d. The Feminine Mystique ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 508 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: Feminist Movements COG: Comprehension 10. The defining characteristic of the third wave of the women's movement has been: a. greater racial and ethnic inclusivity b. gaining rights for women in the political world c. bringing awareness to women in higher education d. all of the above ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 509 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: Feminist Movements COG: Comprehension 11. The main focus of the World Women's Christian Temperance Union, which was founded in

1874, was ____________________________. a. educational opportunities for women b. women's rights in the workplace c. political rights for women d. women's rights in the household ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 510 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: Feminist Movements COG: Comprehension 12. Which era has been described as the golden age for gays and lesbians in the United States? a. The World War I era b. The Iraqi War era c. The World War II era d. The Cold War era ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 511 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: The Gay and Lesbian Movements COG: Knowledge 13. The _______________________ signaled a turning point for the history of gay and lesbian

movements in the United States. a. purple heart b. Lavender Scare c. Homophobia Scare d. lesbian movement ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 511 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

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TOP: World War II and the Lavender Scare

COG: Knowledge

14. Which event is regarded by many as pivotal in the twentieth-century struggle for gay rights and

denotes the beginning of the modern gay rights movement? a. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 b. The passage of the Fair Housing Act of 1968 c. The 1969 uprisings at Greenwich Village's mafia-owned Stonewall Inn d. The ACT/UP social action in 1989 ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 512 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: Stonewall COG: Knowledge 15. Homosexuality was removed from the DSM as a mental illness in _______________. a. 1967 b. 1980 c. 1945 d. 1973 ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 512 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: Homosexuality in the DSM COG: Knowledge 16. Who was the first openly gay candidate to be elected to major political office in the state of

California? a. Henry Smith b. John Booth c. Frank Miller d. Harvey Milk ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 513 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: Harvey Milk COG: Knowledge 17. The key event in the history of the civil rights movement was: a. the emergence of voting booths for blacks in 1957 b. restaurants building restrooms for blacks in 1952 c. whites and blacks attending dances together in 1953 d. the 1955 bus boycott in Alabama ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 514 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: The Civil Rights Movement COG: Knowledge 18. The ________________________ banned discrimination not only on the basis of race, but also

of sex, religion, and national identity. a. the Social Movement Act of 1962 b. the Civil Rights Act of 1964 c. the Social Change Act of 1965

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d. the Equality Act of 1961 ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 515 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: The Civil Rights Movement COG: Knowledge 19. The focus on what groups of people need to do in order to effectively bring about social change

is referred to as the __________________________ theory. a. resource mobilization b. emergent norm c. individual mobilization d. cultural resource ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 514 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: The Civil Rights Movement COG: Knowledge 20. Which of the following is NOT a type of resource that is important in the mobilization of social

movements? a. Personal assets b. Moral resources c. Cultural resources d. Material resources ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 514 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: Resource and Mobilization of Social Movements COG: Comprehension 21. Which of the following statements is TRUE in regard to the success of a social movement? a. Very few social movements start off as small b. Violence is counter-productive by turning off potential supporters and members c. Nonviolence is not a successful method for social movements d. The novelty of the movement is not important ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 517 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: Resource and Mobilization of Social Movements COG: Comprehension 22. Riots, crowds, and disasters are all examples of ____________________________. a. integrative behavior b. agglomerated behavior c. collective behavior d. united behavior ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 518 OBJ: LO 18–2 Contrast social movements and other types of collective action, such as crowds, riots, and disasters.

TOP: Collective Action COG: Knowledge

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23. The _______________ theory is based on the idea that new norms emerge in light of some

precipitating event, and they guide the often nontraditional actions that characterize collective behavior. a. emergent norm b. innovative norm c. changing norm d. resource norm ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 519 OBJ: LO 18–2 Contrast social movements and other types of collective action, such as crowds, riots, and disasters.

TOP: Collective Action COG: Knowledge 24. Many ___________________ are organized via the Internet and other social networking sites,

oftentimes to rally for a certain cause. a. instant mobs b. flash mobs c. collective crowds d. innovative mobs ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 519 OBJ: LO 18–2 Contrast social movements and other types of collective action, such as crowds, riots, and disasters.

TOP: Crowds COG: Knowledge 25. Race ______________ occurred in Los Angeles in 1992 after police officers, charged with

beating black motorist Rodney King, were acquitted. a. rampages b. debaucheries c. fights d. riots ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 520 OBJ: LO 18–2 Contrast social movements and other types of collective action, such as crowds, riots, and disasters.

TOP: Riots COG: Knowledge 26. Hurricane Katrina, which took place in 2005, is an example of a natural _________________. a. riot b. calamity c. tragedy d. disaster ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 520 OBJ: LO 18–2 Contrast social movements and other types of collective action, such as crowds, riots, and disasters.

TOP: Disasters COG: Comprehension 27. The World Social Forum, founded in 2001, was concerned mainly with

______________________________. a. peace among nations around the world b. war in several countries c. socialism taking root in some industrialized nations d. the lack of democracy in global economic and political affairs ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 522 OBJ: LO 18–2 Contrast social movements and other types of collective action, such as crowds, riots,

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and disasters.

TOP: World Social Forum

COG: Comprehension

28. The slogan of the World Social Form has been coined

_________________________________. a. Another world is possible b. Freedom at any cost c. Togetherness is the key d. Fighting for truth ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 522 OBJ: LO 18–2 Contrast social movements and other types of collective action, such as crowds, riots, and disasters.

TOP: World Social Forum COG: Comprehension 29. Social change is particularly characteristic of three areas per your author: globalization,

consumption, and _____________________________. a. materialism b. the Internet c. social institutions d. community ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 523 OBJ: LO 18–3 Describe the process of social change, particularly the interactions of globalization, consumption, and the rise of the Internet. TOP: Social Change COG: Comprehension 30. Prior to the current epoch of globalization, one of the things that characterized people, things,

and information, among other things, was: a. they were location specific b. they were more linear c. they were more solid d. there was less density ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 524 OBJ: LO 18–3 Describe the process of social change, particularly the interactions of globalization, consumption, and the rise of the Internet. TOP: Globalization as the Ultimate Social Change COG: Comprehension 31. Disasters are often natural in origin but can also be human caused. All of the following are roles

humans often play in bringing about and/or exacerbating the consequences of disasters, except: a. building along fault lines and floodplains b. building flimsy structures that are likely to be destroyed in a disaster c. corporations and businesses not following safety procedures d. ensuring that building and safety codes are carefully followed ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 520 OBJ: LO 18–2 Contrast social movements and other types of collective action, such as crowds, riots, and disasters.

TOP: Disasters COG: Comprehension 32. According to Zygmunt Bauman, the perspective on globalization involves increasing

_________________________. a. permanence b. solidification

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c. liquidity d. density ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 524 OBJ: LO 18–3 Describe the process of social change, particularly the interactions of globalization, consumption, and the rise of the Internet. TOP: Globalization as the Ultimate Social Change COG: Comprehension 33. Many people in the United States feel that there are too many illegal immigrants who are living

within the country's boundaries. This is an example of a __________. a. global liquid b. natural action c. flux d. global flow ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 524 OBJ: LO 18–3 Describe the process of social change, particularly the interactions of globalization, consumption, and the rise of the Internet. TOP: Global Flows COG: Comprehension 34. Spam is considered a global success because: a. it makes lots of money for the creators of it b. it stems from virtually everywhere on the globe c. it impacts local communities and it does not affect larger countries d. it subverts the paradigm ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 525 OBJ: LO 18–3 Describe the process of social change, particularly the interactions of globalization, consumption, and the rise of the Internet. TOP: Spam COG: Comprehension 35. When did the first computer virus make its appearance in science fiction? a. late 1960s/early 1970s b. early 1980s c. 1946 d. late 1980s/early 1990s ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 525 OBJ: LO 18–3 Describe the process of social change, particularly the interactions of globalization, consumption, and the rise of the Internet. TOP: Computer Viruses COG: Knowledge 36. __________________ consumers never fully embraced the idea of a consumer society. a. American (U.S.) b. German c. Japanese d. French ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 526 OBJ: LO 18–3 Describe the process of social change, particularly the interactions of globalization, consumption, and the rise of the Internet. TOP: Local and Regional Differences COG: Knowledge 37. Pepsi and Levi’s Jeans are examples of well-known ______________ names.

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a. b. c. d.

trademark brand brandmark stigmatized

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 526 OBJ: LO 18–3 Describe the process of social change, particularly the interactions of globalization, consumption, and the rise of the Internet. TOP: Global Brands COG: Knowledge 38. In No Logo, _________________ is very critical of the role that branding plays in the world of

consumption. a. Malcolm Gladwell b. Émile Durkheim c. Jane Addams d. Naomi Klein ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 527 OBJ: LO 18–3 Describe the process of social change, particularly the interactions of globalization, consumption, and the rise of the Internet. TOP: Global Brands COG: Knowledge MULTIPLE RESPONSE 39. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following is a characteristic of the Tea Party

movement? a. It has been sustained for years b. It was brought into being intentionally c. It was brought into being unintentionally d. It is a collective effort ANS: A, B, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 505–506 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: The Tea Party COG: Comprehension 40. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Same-sex marriages are legal in which of the following

countries? a. Germany b. Spain c. South Africa d. Sweden ANS: B, C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 512 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: Homosexuality in the DSM COG: Knowledge 41. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following characteristics about riots is TRUE? a. Women, rather than men, are more likely to participate in riots b. People tend to live physically close to where the riots take place c. Those who participate in riots tend to be young

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d. Those who participate in riots feel as if their actions can make a difference ANS: B, C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 520 OBJ: LO 18–2 Contrast social movements and other types of collective action, such as crowds, riots, and disasters.

TOP: Riots COG: Analysis 42. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Riots are often motivated by frustrations over various kinds of

abuses and the inability to do much about them under normal circumstances. Thus, riots could be spawned by ________________. a. police brutality b. unjust economic policies c. racism and ethnocentrism d. spam ANS: A, B, C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 520 OBJ: LO 18–2 Contrast social movements and other types of collective action, such as crowds, riots, and disasters.

TOP: Riots COG: Analysis 43. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Riots can have positive effects, including which of the

following? a. leading to improvements in police procedures b. leading to politicians making changes to economic and social policies c. leading to violent suppression of the people engaged in protest d. opening a conversation between the public and the administrative/political sphere ANS: A, B, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 520 OBJ: LO 18–2 Contrast social movements and other types of collective action, such as crowds, riots, and disasters.

TOP: Riots COG: Analysis 44. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Cyberactivism includes which of the following: a. Organizing collective action to protest the World Trade Organization activities b. Organizing collective action to protest the treatment of Chinese immigrants in

Indonesia c. Organizing individuals on Facebook for a flash mob pillow fight in Washington

Square Park, New York City d. Organizing collective action to topple the Tunisian, Egyptian, and Libyan

governments during the Arab Spring ANS: A, B, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 525 OBJ: LO 18–3 Describe the process of social change, particularly the interactions of globalization, consumption, and the rise of the Internet. TOP: World Huaren Foundation COG: Comprehension TRUE/FALSE 45. Social change involves variations over time in every aspect of the social world, ranging from

changes affecting individuals to transformations having an impact on the globe as a whole. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 504 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as

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the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: Social Change, Social Movements, and Collective Action COG: Comprehension 46. Social movements that began in late 2010 and continue into 2012 are referred to collectively as

Europe Spring. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 504 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: Social Change, Social Movements, and Collective Action COG: Comprehension 47. Malcolm Gladwell believed that social activism has been radically transformed by the new

social media. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 506 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: Social Movements COG: Comprehension 48. The women's movement and the Tea Party are examples of social movements.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 505 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: Social Movements COG: Comprehension 49. The Tea Party has great power within the Democratic Party.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 505 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: The Tea Party COG: Comprehension 50. Feminism is the belief that women are equal to men, especially socially, politically, and

economically. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 505–506 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: Feminist Movements COG: Comprehension

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51. The first wave of the women's movement in the United States can be traced back to the 1700s.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 505–506 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: Feminist Movements COG: Comprehension 52. The law giving women the right to vote was passed in 1930.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 505–506 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: Feminist Movements COG: Comprehension 53. The National Organization of Women, which was founded in 1966, was a major factor in the

second feminist movement. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 505–506 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: Feminist Movements COG: Comprehension 54. The defining characteristic of the third feminist movement has been the rights of women in

politics and the educational field. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 505–506 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: Feminist Movements COG: Comprehension 55. The World War II era has been described by some as the golden age for gays and lesbians in the

United States. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 511 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: The Gay and Lesbian Movements COG: Knowledge 56. The homophobia scare was a term given to the government-sponsored attack on sexual

minorities and those who engaged in same-sex behaviors. a. True

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b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 511 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: The Gay and Lesbian Movements COG: Knowledge 57. The 1970 uprisings at Greenwich Village's mafia-owned Stonewall Inn denote the beginning of

the modern gay rights movement. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 511 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: The Gay and Lesbian Movements COG: Knowledge 58. Homosexuality was removed from the 1973 edition of the DSM as a result of the gay and

lesbian movement. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 511 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: The Gay and Lesbian Movements COG: Knowledge 59. John Stone was the first openly gay candidate to be elected to major political office in the state

of California in 1977. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 511 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: The Gay and Lesbian Movements COG: Knowledge 60. Same-sex couples have the right to marry in four U.S. states and the District of Columbia.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 511 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: The Gay and Lesbian Movements COG: Knowledge 61. The leader of the civil rights movement was Martin Luther King Jr.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 515 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as

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the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: The Civil Rights Movement COG: Knowledge 62. The civil rights movement had great success, especially the Education Rights Act of 1966,

which gave blacks the right to pursue a free education. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 515 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: The Civil Rights Movement COG: Knowledge 63. A condition that is necessary for a social movement to emerge is that there must be openings or

opportunities within the political system. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 514 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: The Civil Rights Movement COG: Knowledge 64. The social resource theory focus is on what groups of people need to do in order to mobilize

effectively to bring about social change. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 514 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: The Civil Rights Movement COG: Knowledge 65. There are three types of resources that have been identified as being important to the

mobilization of social movements. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 514 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: The Civil Rights Movement COG: Knowledge 66. One factor in determining whether or not a social movement will succeed is novelty, referring to

the uniqueness of the movement and its goals. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 517 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: Resource and Mobilization of Social Movements COG: Comprehension

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67. Hurricane Katrina, which occurred in 2005, is an example of a disaster.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 520 OBJ: LO 18–2 Contrast social movements and other types of collective action, such as crowds, riots, and disasters.

TOP: Disasters COG: Comprehension 68. A key concern of the World Social Forum, which was formed in 2001, was the lack of

governmental surveillance in global affairs. a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 522 OBJ: LO 18–2 Contrast social movements and other types of collective action, such as crowds, riots, and disasters.

TOP: World Social Forum COG: Comprehension 69. According to Zygmunt Bauman, the perspective on globalization involves decreasing liquidity.

a. True b. False ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 524 OBJ: LO 18–3 Describe the process of social change, particularly the interactions of globalization, consumption, and the rise of the Internet. TOP: Globalization as the Ultimate Social Change COG: Comprehension 70. Even though there are global brands, the local and regional differences are important in many

parts of the world. a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 526 OBJ: LO 18–3 Describe the process of social change, particularly the interactions of globalization, consumption, and the rise of the Internet. TOP: Local and Regional Differences COG: Knowledge 71. Social change is characteristic of globalization, consumption, and the Internet.

a. True b. False ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 523 OBJ: LO 18–3 Describe the process of social change, particularly the interactions of globalization, consumption, and the rise of the Internet. TOP: Social Change COG: Comprehension SHORT ANSWER 72. Discuss the basis of Malcolm Gladwell's essay titled "Small Change: Why the Revolution Will

Not Be Tweeted." According to Gladwell, what is the relationship between social activism and the social media?

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ANS:

Correct answer varies but should include information about Gladwell’s arguments against the notion that social activism had been radically transformed by the new social media. More generally, he contested the idea that “Facebook and Twitter and the like upended the traditional relationship between political authority and popular will, consequently making it easier for the less powerful to engage in collective action.” Gladwell based this view on the sociological argument that social media are built on the basis of people who have only “weak ties” with one another (Granovetter 1973) (see Chapter 5). He went on to argue that people who are not strongly related to one another are unlikely to come together to engage in high-risk behaviors such as a social revolution.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 506 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: Social Movements COG: Analysis 73. What three factors must exist for a social movement to emerge?

ANS:

Correct answer varies but includes 1. There must be openings or opportunities within the political system. 2. Social movements develop more easily when those who at least have the potential to become involved come into contact with one another fairly easily or on a regular basis. 3. Availability of resources. This is the concern of resource mobilization theory. The focus is on what groups of people need to do in order to mobilize effectively to bring about social change. This theory assumes that there is some strain within the larger society and that there are groups of people who have grievances that result from those strains.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 515 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: Factors in the Emergence of a Social Movement COG: Analysis 74. Identify three factors that determine whether or not a social movement will succeed.

ANS:

Correct answer varies but can include a variety of factors that help to determine whether or not a social movement will succeed (Cross and Snow 2012; Rochon 1990). One is its sheer size.

Another is novelty, or the uniqueness of the movement and its goals. Uniqueness and size are important because they lead to a great deal of media attention, which, in turn, is likely to generate additional supporters and funds. The latter are two of the many resources social movements need to succeed. Militancy can also be double-edged, since a highly militant social movement might be able to achieve its goals quickly, but militancy, like violence, can lead to counterreactions and suppression. Nonviolence has been a successful method for social movements because it avoids the powerful counterreactions engendered by violent and militant social movements.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 517 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: Resource and Mobilization of Social Movements COG: Analysis

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75. Define what is meant by the term collective action. Discuss the two ways social movements

differ from other forms of collective action.

ANS:

Correct answer varies but could discuss collective action is generated, or engaged in, by a group of people to encourage or retard social change, and social movements are one kind of collective action. The other types are crowds, riots, and disasters.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 519 OBJ: LO 18–2 Contrast social movements and other types of collective action, such as crowds, riots, and disasters.

TOP: Collective Action COG: Analysis ESSAY 76. Define the term social movement. Select one social movement from the readings and discuss

three characteristics that demonstrate it is a social movement.

ANS:

Correct answer varies greatly but should include a definition of social movement: A sustained and intentional collective effort, usually operating outside established institutional channels, either to bring about or to retard social change, and discuss either Tea Party, feminist movement, gay and lesbian rights movement, or civil rights movement.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 506–518 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: Social Movements COG: Analysis 77. Discuss the three waves of the women's movement and the key characteristics associated with

each wave.

ANS:

Correct answers vary but should include a description of the three waves of feminism. Wave 1: Suffrage. Wave 2: 1960s discrimination against women in education, the rights of women within the family, and the problems of poor women. The second wave reached its peak between 1972 and 1982. Wave 3: By the early 1990s, it was clear that feminism was once again alive and well as a third wave of the women’s movement emerged. This wave, which is ongoing, has been marked by a reaction against the problems confronted by the movement in the 1980s.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 508–511 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: Feminist Movements COG: Analysis 78. Which period of time is known as the golden age for gays and lesbians in the United States?

Who was Harvey Milk and what role did he play in the gay and lesbian social movement?

ANS:

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Correct answer varies but should include some problems for gays and lesbians (such as mobilization against them in the military) developed during the World War II era. However, in general, that period was something of a golden age for gays and lesbians in the United States.

This period has been described as “somewhat of a nationwide coming out experience.” Milk was the first openly gay candidate to be elected to a major political office in the state of California. He continues to be lauded by many as a martyr, a hero, and a visionary. Although he held office for less than a year, he accomplished much during his abbreviated term. For example, he sponsored a sweeping civil rights bill that protected gays from discrimination. He advocated that gays and lesbians demolish prejudice by increasing their visibility and by “coming out” to the people in their personal and professional lives.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 511–514 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: The Gay and Lesbian Movements COG: Analysis 79. What is the key event in the history of the civil rights movement? Who was the leader of the

movement? What were some of the characteristics of the civil rights movement?

ANS:

Correct answers vary but should identify the civil rights movement as arguably the most notable social movement in the United States. Perhaps the key event in the history of the civil rights movement was the successful 1955 boycott of segregated city buses in Montgomery, Alabama.

While the movement was organized locally, it was led by the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. ([1958] 2010). His success there catapulted him into the position of leader of the national civil rights movement. The Montgomery boycott served as a model for future civil rights action and all other subsequent social movements. The success of the Montgomery bus boycott led black organizations to become more involved in civil rights activities. The movement had great success, manifest especially in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which banned discrimination on the basis not only of race but also of sex, religion, and national identity. Of course, the larger goal of eliminating racism in America eluded the civil rights movement.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 514–515 OBJ: LO 18–1 Use sociological concepts to explain the rise and impact of social movements such as the women’s movement, the gay and lesbian movement, the civil rights movement, and the Tea Party.

TOP: The Civil Rights Movement COG: Analysis 80. Explain the relationship between globalization and cyberactivism. Include an example from the

course or the reading in your discussion.

ANS:

Correct answer varies but could include that the existence of the Internet has given those opposed to globalization in general, or to some specific aspect of it, a powerful tool with which to mount their opposition on a regional and even a global basis. Indeed, the origins of the antiglobalization social movement at the World Trade Organization meetings in Seattle in late November 1999 were based on cyberactivism, as were the ensuing protests in Washington, D.C. (April 2000), Prague (September 2000), Genoa (July 2001), and other cities. Further, the World Social Forum was also made possible by such activism.

PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: 522–523 OBJ: LO 18–2 Contrast social movements and other types of collective action, such as crowds, riots,

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and disasters.

TOP: Globalization and Cyberactivism

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COG: Analysis