TEST BANK for Introducing Public Administration 10th Edition Jay M. Shafritz; E. W. Russell; Christo

Chapter 1 Defining Public Administration Questions

Question #1

Why do we need to understand public administration as a political process?

PP: 5-7; 22-24 Question #2

What is an example of direct public administration?

PP: 7-8 Question #3

What is an example of indirect public administration?

PP: 7-8 Question #4

Privatization of government services became popular during which presidential administration?

PP: 7 Question #5

Why do we think of public policy and public administration as two sides of the same coin?

Why does public policy making not end with implementation?

What role does evaluation have in public administration?

PP: 8-9

1

Question #6

Why is the definition of public interest a political process? How is public interest shaped?

How is the bureaucrat an interest-group broker? Does the bureaucrat need to maintain autonomy from special interest groups to ensure that the public interest is not compromised in the work of public administration?

PP: 8-9 Question #7

What is the legal basis of public law?

How is public administration bounded by rules and regulations?

Why can regulations be interpreted as a tool to reach the strategic goals of government?

PP: 10-12 Question #8

Why is judicial review so important?

PP: 10 Question #9

How does procedural public administration relate to administrative law?

PP: 10-12 Question #10

What is the basic mechanism of redistribution?

Why are government’s redistribution policies politically contentious?

PP: 12-13 Question #11

Why is Public Administration taught as a management discipline applicable to all levels of government and even non-profits?

What are the roles of middle managers in public administration?

Why is one person’s “red tape” considered as another’s “treasured procedural safeguard”?

PP 13-15

2

Question #12

How do the executive and legislative branches compete to influence public administration?

What is Alexander Hamilton’s understanding of the role of the executive in public administration?

PP: 13-14 Question #13

Why does idealism draw people into the field of public administration?

PP: 17-18 Question #14

How did the field of public administration benefit from the contributions of Woodrow Wilson?

PP: 18-19 Question #15

What were Leonard White’s four critical assumptions that formed the basis for the study of public administration?

PP: 18-20 Question #16

Why is the field of public administration thought to be having an identity crisis?

PP: 18-22 Question #17

Why does the textbook claim that Public Administration is now more interdisciplinary as a field of study and a discipline?

Why has public administration always been controversial as an independent academic field?

PP: 18-21

3

Question #18

Why can one argue that public administration is a profession?

PP: 21 Question #19

How did the Civil Service Reform Act of 1883 (Pendleton Act) influence the nature of public administration? How did reform Act intend to improve professionalization of civil service?

PP: 25-26 Question #20

How does Mosher argue in 1980 that the federal government’s pattern of involvement in public administration was shifting from over to covert?

PP: 26-29 Question #21

What was the logic behind deregulation of the 1970s and 1980s, and how did regulation still leave many critical oversight functions in the hands of public bureaucracies?

PP: 26-29 Question #22

How can the new challenges posed by the current pandemic, environmental sustainability, and social justice movements renew calls for greater government regulation?

How can various forms of populism and anti-government social behaviors pose challenges to public administration?

PP: 26-29

4

Question #23 Government’s use of private contractors to provide public services is an example of: A. B. C. D. E.

Bribery Indirect Public Administration Governmental Incompetence Boosting Public Sector Employment None of the Above

KEY: B Question #24 Public Administration does not require: A. B. C. D. E.

Legislative Oversight The Executive Branch to be Involved Any Judicial Review A Budget None of the Above

KEY: E Question #25 The largest expense category in state and local government budget is in: A. B. C. D. E.

Health and Social Welfare Protective Services (police, fire, corrections) Education Administration None of the Above

KEY: C

5

Question #26 Most public servants are employed in: A. B. C. D. E.

Local Government Federal Government State Government Inter-governmental Agencies None of the Above

KEY: A

6

Chapter 2 Political, Social and Economic Environment of Public Policy & Its Administration Questions

Question #1

Why is it said that the American president has had dictatorial powers concerning military operations?

How does the modern history of modern warfare expose Congress’s limitations in authorizing military operations?

PP: 1-6 Question #2

What is public policy?

In what sense is policy hierarchical?

PP: 7-8 Question #3

How can we understand our system of checks and balances between branches of government when we look at public policy?

PP: 6-7 Question #4

What are the three ways to interpret executive powers in policymaking?

PP: 8-10 Question #5

What are the stages of the public policy making cycle?

Why does the public policy making process need a feedback loop?

PP: 10-20; 19-20 1

Question #6

How can the three branches of government set agendas in public policy?

How can non-governmental actors be involved in agenda-setting?

PP: 10-12 Question #7

How does Anthony Downs’ issue-attention cycle draw attention to temporal constraints of bringing about changes in public policy?

PP: 12-13 Question #8

How does Herbert Simon’s concept of “bounded rationality” affect public policy decision making?

PP: 14-15 Question #9

How do you understand the principles of rational and incremental decision making?

What are the advantages and disadvantages of rational and incremental decision making?

PP: 14-16 Question #10

In what ways do bureaucracies invariably distort the goals of public policy during implementation?

PP: 17-18 Question #11

Why is evaluation of a public policy a critical part of the public policy cycle? How do you understand the concepts of efficiency and effectiveness in this context?

What role can the three branches of government play in the evaluation phase of the public policy cycle?

PP: 18-19 2

Question #12

What are the characteristics of “wicked problems” in public policy making?

How do “wicked problems” highlight the complex nature of public policy making?

PP: 21-22 Question #13

How does the pluralistic nature of the American governmental system complicate public policy making?

PP: 26-28 Question #14

Evaluate the differences between group theory and power-elite theory, and explain the significance of groups in American democracy PP: 28-31 Question #15

What is Theodore Lowi’s notion of iron triangles? How can iron triangles undermine accountability and transparency in public policy making?

PP: 28-31 Question #16

Are iron triangles inherently undemocratic? What are the advantages of having iron triangles devise public policy?

PP: 28-31 Question #17

Why are power relationships seen as permanent features of organizations?

How can competition over scarce resources and individual aspirations help us understand power relations within organizations.

PP:31-32

3

Question #18

How can shifts in organizational goals be explained through balance of power relations within organizations?

PP: 31-32 Question #19

What inside forces act on a public agency manager’s ability to exercise authority?

PP: 33 Question #20

How can budget constraints and employee unions affect a public agency manager’s power to implement public policy?

PP: 33 Question #21

The War Powers Resolution: A B C D E

Gives the judiciary ultimate authority to declare war.

Gives the legislature the ultimate authority to declare war.

Require that the President secure the approval of the Secretary of Defense Has largely been ignored by modern presidents has they engage in military action None of the above

KEY: D

4

Question #22 The restricted view of executive power: A B C D E

States that under certain conditions, the President possesses extraordinary powers to preserve the nation.

Limits Congress’s power to issue a subpoena to the president.

States that the president can only exercise powers that are expressly granted to the office of the presidency.

Allows the president to take any actions in the public interest that are not specifically forbidden by the Constitutions or statutory law.

None of the above

KEY: C Question #23 Evaluation is: A B C D E

The first step of the public policymaking process.

The final step of the public policymaking process.

The identification of a policy issue.

The systematic examination of activities undertaken by government to make a determination of their effects.

None of the above.

KEY: D Question #24 Wicked problems: A B C D E

Are difficult to define.

Usually have no clear solution.

Are socially complex.

Are often not stable.

All of the above

KEY: E

5

Question #25 Earl Latham distinguished three types of groups: A B C D E

incipient, conscious, organized conservative, liberal, radical reactionary, moderate, progressive incipient, latent, organized hardliner, moderate, soft liner

KEY: A

6

Chapter 3 The Social Equity Imperative in Public Administration Questions

Question #1

What is the role of public policies in promoting or undermining social equity?

How can public policies level the political and socioeconomic playing fields?

PP: 3-5

Question # 2

How have our systems of checks and balances, and our federal system of government advanced and reversed social equity through varying public policies over the decades?

PP: 5-8

Question # 3

What is social equity and why is it important to public administration?

How does the COVID-19 pandemic highlight the importance of the pursuit of social equity in public administration?

PP: 8-9

Question #4

How did the New Public Administration challenge the prevailing conceptions of “valueneutral” public administration?

PP: 9-10

Question #5

How can public administration strive to create a more socially equitable society? Why is it important to distinguish between “equality” and “equity” when trying to pursue a socially equitable society?

PP: 10-12

Question #6

What is an intersectional approach to public administration and public policy? How does such an approach deal with issues of systemic inequities?

PP: 13-16

Question #7

How has the American constitution’s dual commitment to freedom and equality compromised the advancement of social equity policies? What does this say about the inherent contradictions between democracy and capitalism?

PP: 16-17

Question #8

How have federalism and its concomitant principle of state’s rights impeded voting rights in recent history?

PP: 17-18

Question #9

What social inequities did the Civil Rights Era legislation of the 1960s - including the Fair Housing Act of 1968 - seek to undo? Why are the systemic inequities hard to overcome?

PP: 19-20

Question #10

What kind of discriminations do Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) laws seek to overcome? Why was it important for the EEO Act of 1972 to bring state and local governments under the federal EEO umbrella?

PP: 20-23

Question #11

How does the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 address issues of discrimination?

PP: 24-25

Question #12

Why have protecting equal rights for all regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity remained a source of controversy across federal and state levels?

PP: 25-27

Question #13

What was the rationale behind “Affirmative Action” when it was introduced as policy in the 1960s? Why is it a controversial notion? Why has the Supreme Court recently become less supportive of affirmative action measures?

PP: 28-30

Question #14

Why is it important for public administration to consider social inequities as policy problems?

PP: 30-31

Question #15

Why is it important to understand the distinction between a policy goal of equality of opportunity versus equality of outcome for public administration to promote social equity?

PP: 31-32

Questions #16

How can public administrators think about economic mobility and racial equality when considering the federal, state and local responses to the impacts of COVID-19 pandemic, Hurricane Katrina and the Great Recession of 2008?

PP: 31-32

Questions #17

What are the four dimensions of equity that are proposed by the National Academy of Public Administration (NAPA) to structure policies and programs meant to advance social equity?

PP: 20-23

Question #18

What kind of discriminations do Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) laws seek to overcome? Why was it important for the EEO Act of 1972 to bring state and local governments under the federal EEO umbrella?

PP: 20-23 Question #19 Which of the following is not a significant predictor of inequitable outcomes in housing and heath?

A B C D E

Income Race Gender Wealth All of the Above

KEY: E Question #20 Since the 1990s, the following group has the highest rate of completing college.

A B C D E

Men Women Immigrants African Americans None of the Above

KEY: B

Question #21 Which legal scholar coined the term intersectionality in 1989?

A B C D E

Kimberle Crenshaw Ruth Bader Ginsberg Alan Dershowitz Cass Sunstein None of the Above

KEY: A Question #22 Which of the following does not constitute an impediment to voting rights?

A B C D E

Limiting the hours of casting ballots.

Limiting the modalities of casting ballots Allowing for voter registration at DMVs Adding voter identification requirements Instituting list maintenance requirements

KEY: C Question #23 The National Academy of Public Administration does NOT articulate the following measurement criteria for policies and programs meant to advance social equity.

A B C D E

Procedural Fairness Access or Distributional Equity Citizenship Requirement Quality or Process Equity Outcome Fairness

KEY: C

Chapter 4 The Architecture and Institutions of Government Questions Question #1

Privatizing means that issues traditionally addressed by the public sector are contracted out, or provided by, the private sector. Discuss the pros and cons of privatization of the public sector in terms of equity and efficiency considerations PP: 3 Question #2

What is the key reason it is difficult to reduce the size of government?

PP: 5

Question #3

Why did the framers of the US constitution design the government to be inefficient?

PP: 6-7

Question #4

What is the mechanism in our Constitution that minimizes the likelihood that Congress or the President can become too powerful?

PP: 6-7 Question #5

What are the three main categories of organizations of the executive branch? How does the president exercise authority over the three groups of organizations within the executive branch?

PP: 7-10

1

Question #6

What is the difference between executive departments and independent public bodies?

PP: 8-10

Question #7

Which Constitutional amendment holds that the "powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people."

PP: 11 Question #8

What is the essence of Dillon’s rule? How does it define the relationship between state and local law?”

PP: 13-14

Question #9

In what sense do most state constitutions provide for a plural executive?

PP: 14

Question #10

What are the three forms of county government, as classified by Tanis Salant?

PP: 15-16

Question #11

How does the exodus of richer and predominantly white residents to suburbs undermine social capital formation in urban areas?

PP: 19

2

Question #12

Why did Congress oppose the Brownlow Committee’s recommendation of a major reorganization of the executive branch?

PP: 21-23

Question #13

What were the first Hoover Commission’s recommendations for increased managerial capacity in the Executive Office of the President?

PP: 23

Question #14

What were the main goals of the 1993 Clinton-Gore initiative National Performance Review, which was popularly known as REGO short for “Reinventing Government”? In what sense was REGO tied to a conservative ideology?

PP: 25-26

Question 15

How did the Great Recession of 2008 usher in the return of big government during the Obama Administration?

What other priorities of the Obama Administration required a more interventionist government?

PP: 27 Question #16

How did the Trump administration’s “drain the swamp” campaign metaphor affect public administration?

PP: 27 Question #17

How does the Administrative Procedure Act of 1946 govern the way federal agencies operate to safeguard agency clients and the general public?

PP: 28-29 3

Question #18

How did the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 effectively decrease congressional dependence on executive agencies for information?

PP: 29 Question #19

What is the overarching principle governing the logic of privatization of public sector programs and enterprises?

PP: 230 Question #20

What are the three basic forms or types of government privatization?

PP: 30-31 Question #21

What, according to E. S. Savas are the strategies of privatization that will reduce the size of government?

PP: 31

Question #22

What is marketplace failure and how does it affect the nonprofit sector?

PP: 32 Question #23

What are the characteristics that allow nonprofit organizations to claim tax exemption status?

PP: 32

4

Question 24

What are the essential features of nonprofit organizations?

PP: 32

Question #25

Why does voluntarism play a greater role in the United States than in most other countries? How do philanthropy and charity differ as types of voluntarism?

PP: 32-33

Question #26 The Department of Homeland Security was created: A B C D E

To reduce the size of government.

In the aftermath of World War I. In response to the attack of the World Trade Center in 2001.

To deal with rising urban violence of the 1990s.

None of the Above

KEY: C Question #27 The US president’s cabinet consists of: A B C D E

Executive Office Agencies 15 Executive Departments Independent Public Bodies 22 federal departments and agencies unified under the Department of Homeland Security All of the Above

KEY: B

Question #28 5

The Environmental Protection Agency is: A B C D E

A part of the Executive Office of the President An executive department that is part of the President’s cabinet An independent public body.

A government corporation.

None of the Above

KEY: C Question #29 The Ash Council’s recommendations for executive reorganization were NOT put into effect because of: A B C D E

Congressional opposition.

Supreme Court declaring them unconstitutional.

Mass protests against them.

Bureaucratic resistance.

President Nixon’s resignation in the aftermath of the Watergate scandal.

KEY: E Question #30 Which of the following is not one of the strategies of privatization suggested by E. S. Savas to “halt and reverse the growth of government”?

A B C D E

Load shedding Increasing pension benefits of existing public sector employees Alternative delivery systems Imposing charges for goods and services Restoring competition and minimizing government monopolies

KEY: B

6

7

Chapter 5 Intergovernmental Relations Questions Question #1

How does the variation of marijuana legalization across states highlight the nature of intergovernmental relations in the United States?

PP: 1-6 Question # 2

How did the 1973 decriminalization of marijuana in Oregon put the federal DEA at odds with the new state law? How did the DEA react to Oregon’s new law?

PP: 1-6 Question # 3

Why was the 1937 federal Marijuana Tax Act not received well in many states?

PP: 2-3 Question #4

How has the decriminalization aspect of legalized marijuana been linked to questions of racial equity?

PP: 5 Question #5

What are the three features of a true federal system?

PP: 6 Question #6

What are intergovernmental relations? How did intergovernmental relations play out in the aftermath of President Kennedy’s assassination in 1963?

PP: 7-8

Question #7

Why is it essential for every public administrator to understand intergovernmental relations and how it distributes power across levels of government?

PP: 8 Question #8

How does the US Constitution manage and define intergovernmental relations?

PP: 8-10; 13 Question #9

How did Chief Justice Marshall help create the American style of federalism? What role did McCullough v. Maryland (1819) play in shaping the nature of federalism in the United States?

PP: 9 Question #10

What are the defining features of a unitary government? What are the advantages of this form of government?

PP: 10-11 Question #11

How do higher levels of government use fiscal policy to influence lower units of government in federal systems?

PP: 11 Question #12

What are Confederations? What is the role of the central government in confederal systems?

PP: 12-13

Question #13

How can the structure of intergovernmental relations accommodate different communities of interest or subsystem diversity? How has subsystem diversity been managed in Canada?

PP: 12-13 Question #14

What is the marble cake metaphor for understanding federalism?

PP: 14-15 Question #15

How did the New Deal promote cooperative federalism? What are the horizontal and vertical dimensions of cooperative federalism?

PP: 17-18 Question #16

How did the Johnson administration use fiscal federalism to fight poverty and racial injustice? Why are the administration’s efforts referred to as creative federalism? Why did the Nixon and Ford administration refer to the same efforts as “coercive” federalism?

PP: 18-19 Question #17

How did the Reagan administration’s new policy objective reshape intergovernmental relations?

PP: 19-20 Question #18

What role have grant mandates played in increasing the federal government’s influence over state and local governments?

PP: 20-21

Question #19

What role do multijurisdictional cooperative arrangements play in structuring intergovernmental relations? Are such arrangements examples of primarily horizontal or vertical cooperation?

PP: 23 Question #20

What are four categories of federal grants and how do they vary in terms of federal control over recipient government?

PP: 24 Question #21

In what ways do block grants promote devolution of power? What are some of the arguments against block grants?

PP: 24-25 Question #22

Why do politicians prefer categorical grants over block grants? Which of the two grants are harder to evaluate?

PP: 24-25 Question #23

What are the three principal economic problems that the public sector has to solve? What role does fiscal federalism play in this regard?

PP: 26-28 Question #24

What are three key challenges that public administrators will face, as outlined by the 1999 National Academy of Public Administration’s Priority Issues Task Force?

PP: 29-30

Question #25

What are the key challenges facing public administrators in the era of pandemic and recession (circa 2021), according to the executive director of the National Academy of Public Administration?

PP: 30 Question #26

A confederation is: A B

A system in which a national, overarching government shares power with subnational or state governments A coalition of states agreeing to help each other in the event of war or crises

C

A political system without power sharing between tiers of government

D

A group of independent states that delegate power on selected issues to a central government

E

None of the Above

KEY: D Question #27

Which of the following is not an advantage of a unitary government over a federal one?

A

National direction is clear.

B

There can be no confusion as to accountability.

C

Subregional diversity is well represented.

D

Duplication of legislatures, bureaucracies and programs is avoided.

E

Issues of fairness in raising and spending money between levels of government do not arise.

KEY: C

Question #28 Which of the following is NOT an argument for Block Grants?

A

They promote the achievement of national objectives.

B

They increase government efficiency and program effectiveness by redistributing power and accountability through decentralization.

They promote partial devolution of decision-making authority from federal government to state and local governments.

They offer a means to reduce government expenditures without sacrificing government services They allow local governments flexibility.

C D E

KEY: A Question #29 For revenue generation, the federal government primarily relies on: A

Sales taxes

B

Income Taxes

C

User Charges

D

Property Taxes

E

Tariffs

KEY: B

Question #30 Which of the following sectors account for most of federal grants to state and local governments?

A

Income security

B

Community development

C

Education and employment

D

Transportation

E

Health

KEY: E

Chapter 6 Honor Ethics and Accountability Questions Question #1 How is Machiavelli’s set of axioms and ideas about obtaining power, holding on to power and using power to gain advantage related to public administration?

PP 1-3

Question #2 Why are honor and a call to service considered important in public administration? Why was George Washington considered a genuine Cincinnatus figure?

PP: 3-4

Question #3 How have wars been fought for national honor? What role did national honor play in the US decision to invade Afghanistan and withdraw from it?

PP: 4-5

Question #4 According to the authors, why does honor precede ethics? What are the different dimensions of honor?

PP: 5-6

Question #5 How does John Rohr describe “regime values” of public administrators? How do regime values relate to integrity and corruption?

PP: 7-8

1

Question #6 What are some of the harmful political and economic effects of corruption in public administration?

PP: 9

Question #7 What principle underlies the "dirty hands dilemma"? What are the costs of public officials engaging in this phenomenon?

PP: 10-11

Question #8 Why was Hannah Arendt’s concept of “banality of evil” criticized? How does the concept relate to public administration?

PP: 11-13

Question #9 What are the four levels of ethics in public administration?

PP: 14

Question #10 What are the four levels of ethics in public administration?

PP: 14

Question #11 Evaluate the Iran-Contra Affair through the lens of the four levels of ethics.

PP: 14-15

2

Question #12 How can the “higher law” argument be justified and not justified in the application of public administration? Give two examples to elucidate your arguments. How did Thomas Jefferson interpret higher law?

PP: 15

Question #13 Why is it difficult to ascertain whether Deep Throat’s action in the Watergate scandal was honorable or dishonorable behavior?

PP: 16-17; 19-23

Question #14 What are “standards of conduct” and “codes of ethics”? What differentiates them?

PP: 17-19

Question #15 Why is it important for government agencies to establish standards of conduct? What did they seek to accomplish?

PP: 17-19

Question #16 Why is whistleblowing a contentious action? How has Congress acted to protect whistleblowers?

PP: 19-23

Question #17 How did the Trump Administration handle the Ukraine whistleblower’s report? How did numerous inspectors generals act to protect the whistleblower?

PP: 23

3

Question #18 What is administrative accountability? How did Friedrich and Finer delineate two basic approaches to administrative accountability?

PP: 24

Question #19 How are possible abuses of power by the CIA and FBI controlled in the United States?

PP: 25

Question #20 What are the three reasons why public administrators should understand the constitutions, according to David Rosenbloom (1993)?

PP: 26

Question #21 How can obsessive accountability lead to incompetence in modern organizations? What is Peter Drucker’s view on excessive accountability and the cost it entails?

PP: 26-27

Question #22 What are the various ways that Congress ensures oversight over executive authority?

PP: 28-29

Question #23 How can congressional oversight of executive powers be abused?

PP: 29

Question #24 Congressional hearings on agency budget and congressional investigation of an agency’s policies both perform what function?

PP: 29-30 4

Question #25 Which of the following is not true about Standards of Conduct?

A B C D E

They are created by government They are more specific to operations and job responsibilities They are applicable to government employees They are created by professional organizations They entail legal penalties for violation

KEY: D Question #26 Lucius Cincinnatus symbolized: A B C D E

A lust for political power.

Republican virtue and personal integrity The virtue of lying to maintain social order The disregard for the need for checks and balances None of the Above

KEY: B Question #27 Which of the following is not listed as one of the four levels of ethics in public administration?

A B C D E

personal morality professional ethics partisan ethics organizational ethics social ethics

KEY: C

5

Question #28 Which of the following is NOT associated with whistleblowing?

A B C D E

Whistleblowing can be driven by a belief in the public’s right to know.

Whistleblowing can take place to expose corruption in an organization.

Whistleblowing may undermine national security.

Whistleblowing may be an effective check against abuse of power.

Whistleblowing does not entail any risks for the whistleblower.

KEY: E Question #29 Who is the author of the book Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil?

A B C D E

Adams and Balfour Niccolo Machiavelli Otto Eichmann Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein Hannah Arendt

KEY: E

6

Chapter 7 Public Administration and Organization Theory Questions

Question #1 What are the seven questions that the COVID19 pandemic raised for public administration and organization theory?

PP: 3-6

Question #2 What do the authors state about the future of remote work and its effect on morale and engagement?

PP: 3-4

Question #3 What is organization theory?

PP: 11-12

Question #4 How has work reorganization during the current pandemic affected productivity and engagement?

PP: 4-4

Question #5 What are the three building blocks for organizational redesigning to increase organizational speed, according to McKinsey Consulting?

PP: 6

Question #6 Why is it that the profession of public management began and developed as the profession of arms?

PP: 7-10

Question #7 Why are the principles of war used by the US Army applicable to public administration?

PP: 9-10

Question #8 In 1955, Catheryn Seckler-Hudson presented her 12 principles of business and public administration. Why did she warn: “It should never be assumed that principles of organization are immutable laws to be applied automatically?”

PP: 10-11

Question #9 What are the fundamental tenets of classical organization theory?

PP: 12-13

Question #10 What are Adam Smith’s contributions to organization theory?

PP: 13-14

Question #11 In what sense are organizations “force multipliers”?

PP: 13-14

Question #12 What is the staff principle (or staff concept) and how does it increase organizational efficiency?

PP: 14-18

Question #13 What are David McCallum’s (1855) six basic principles of general administration?

PP: 15-16

Question #14 How did Frederick Taylor’s scientific management seek to increase efficiency in production?

PP: 16-18

Question #15 What are Henry Fayol’s contributions to the general theory of management?

PP: 16

Question #16 What are Henry Fayol’s contributions to the general theory of management?

PP: 18

Question #17 What are Luther Gullick’s seven major functions of management, known as POSDCCORB? PP: 19

Question #18 What are Herbert Simon’s contributions to organization theory? What is his concept of “bounded rationality”?

PP: 20-21

Question #19 What is the neoclassical organizational theory’s critique of the classical school? What are the contributions of the Human Relations School in this regard?

PP: 21-22

Question #20 How have the discipline of sociology and the Anti-Bureaucracy School challenged the tenets of classical school of organizational theory?

PP: 22

Question #21 What are the characteristics of the ideal type of bureaucracy, according to Max Weber?

PP: 24

Question #22 What is “modern” structural organization theory? What are its basic assumptions?

PP: 25

Question #23 What are mechanistic and organic systems? What distinguishes them from each other?

PP: 25-26

Question #24 How does systems theory view an organization and its dynamics?”

PP: 26

Question #25 What is the concept of collaborative management? How does it differ from the principles of traditional management?

PP: 27-28

Question #26 What is the factor that is NOT considered by the authors as they posit questions on the nature of work during and after the pandemic?

A B C D E

How it will affect productivity.

How it will affect innovation.

How it will affect morale and engagement.

How it will affect wages How it will affect the number of meetings

KEY: D Question #27 Which of the following is NOT a principle of war currently used by the US Army?

A B C D E

Objective Security Economy of Force Unity of Command Complexity

KEY: E Question #28 The fundamental tenets of classical organization theory does NOT include the following: A B C D E

organization exist to accomplish production-related and economic goals organizations perish due to lack of competitiveness there is one best way to organize production production is maximized through specialization and division of labor people and organizations act in accordance with rational economic principles

KEY: B

Question #29

POSDCORB is associated with: A B C D E

Frederick Taylor Henri Fayol Daniel McCallum Luther Gulick Herbert Simon

KEY: D

Question #30 Herbert Simon is known for

A B C D E

The Staff Concept PODSCORB Bounded Rationality Mechanistic and Organic Systems None of the Above

KEY: C

Chapter 8 Organizational Behavior Questions

Question #1 What is groupthink? How does it affect decision making in organizations?

PP: 1-3

Question #2 What, according to Irving Janis, are the symptoms of groupthink?

PP: 2

Question #3 What are the characteristics of “mindfulness”, as championed by “high reliability” organizations?

PP: 3

Question #4 What is organizational behavior and how is it related to organization theory?

PP: 4-5

Question #5 What are the assumptions underlying between people, groups and the organizational environment, according to Douglas McGregor’s The Human Side of Enterprise (1960) ?

PP: 4-5

Question #6 What are the factors that contribute to group cohesiveness?

PP: 6

Question #7 What are the differences between formal and informal groups?

PP: 7

Question #8 What is organizational development and what does it seek to accomplish?

PP: 7-8

Question #9 What is the action research model of organizational change and what does action research involve?

PP: 9-10

Question #10 What were the findings of the Hawthorne experiments?

PP: 11-12

Question #11 How does Maslow’s needs hierarchy contribute to our understanding of organizational behavior?

PP: 12

Question #12 What factors, according to Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory, are determinants of job satisfaction?

PP: 13

Question #13 What factors, according to Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory, explain job dissatisfaction?

PP: 13

Question #14 What are Douglas McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y and how do they shape management behavior?

PP: 13-14

Question #15 How have management goals changed in terms of command and control of people and groups within an organization?

PP: 14

Question #16 How did Max Weber understand “dehumanization” as a “special virtue” of bureaucracy?

PP: 15-16

Question #17 What are the advantages and disadvantages of bureaucratic impersonality?

PP: 16

Question #18 How does Robert Merton critique bureaucracies' limitations? What does he mean by “trained incapacity” and “blind conformance”?

PP: 17

Question #19 How did Warren Bennis envision the end of bureaucracy in his book The Temporary Society?

PP: 17

Question #20 Why do the authors argue the bureaucracy’s death seems premature?

PP: 18

Question #21 What new form of organization does Michael Barzelay offer in his 1992 book Breaking Through Bureaucracy to improve governmental organization and performance?

PP: 18

Question #22 What are the reasons to view organizational behavior from a feminist perspective?

PP: 19-20

Question #23 What is the feminist critique of public admininistration’s traditional reliance on the scientific management approach?

PP: 20-21

Question #24 How are information technology and networks flattening organizational structures?

PP: 21

Question #25 How will Artificial Intelligence and emerging technologies change the role of the manager?

PP: 22-23

Question #26 How are social networks altering the role of formal structures in organizations?

PP: 23-24

Question #27 Which of the following is not an observable symptom of groupthink?

A B C D E

Shared illusion of unanimity of opinion.

Unquestioning belief in the morality of the in-group Encouragement of originality of thinking Strong, negative, stereotyped views about leaders of enemy groups An illusion of invulnerability

KEY: C Question #28 Which of the following is not a characteristic of mindfulness, as displayed by “high reliability” organizations?

A B C D E

Preoccupation with failure Ability to simplify interpretations High sensitivity of operations Commitment to resilience Deference to expertise

KEY: B Question #29 Which of the following are factors contributing to group cohesiveness?

A B C D E KEY: E

Size of group and agreement on goals Management demands and status of groups Competition from other groups and dependence on each other within the group Interpersonal attractiveness and agreement on goals All of the Above

Question #30 Which of the following is not in Maslow’s needs hierarchy?

A B C D E

Self-actualization Esteem needs Love or affiliation needs Need to dominate over subordinates Safety needs

KEY D Question #31 Which of the following is not an assumption of Theory Y? A B C D E

KEY A

People prefer to be directed The expenditure of physical and mental effort at work is as natural as play or rest A person will exercise self-direction and self-control in the service of objectives to which he or she is committed Avoidance of responsibility, lack of ambition, and emphasis on security are generally consequences of experience, not inherent human characteristics The capacity to exercise a relatively high degree of imagination, ingenuity, and creativity in the solution of organizational problems is widely, not narrowly, distributed in the population

Chapter 9 Public Management and Information Technology Questions Question 1 How did Socrates make the case for universal management?

PP: 1-2

Question #2 How can one argue that Aristotle implicitly spoke of public administration in his Politics?

PP: 3

Question #3 What is strategic management? Do objectives of strategic management vary across private, non-profit and public sectors?

PP: 4-6

Question #4 What are the six features of the strategic management approach?

PP: 5-6

Question #5 What is it said that management control is the last and first step of strategic management in the public sector?

PP: 6-8

Question #6 How did Peter Drucker’s notion of Management by Objectives (MBO)structure the work of public sector management? What role did delegation play in MBO? PP: 8-9

Question #7 What are the steps in the management-by-objectives process? Does the process differ in the public and private sectors?

PP: 9

Question #8 Why was the public sector relatively behind the private sector in adopting the idea of objectives-based management?

PP: 9

Question #9 What four characteristics should a good statement of objectives include?

PP: 9-10

Question #10 What concerns led to the creation of federal productivity measurement programs (FPMP) in the 1970s?

PP: 10-11

Question #11 What were the primary quantitative elements of federal productivity measurement programs (FPMP)? How did agency managers explain major shifts in productivity levels in the 1970s?

PP: 11

Question #12 What were the primary quantitative elements of federal productivity measurement programs (FPMP)? How did agency managers explain major shifts in productivity levels in the 1970s?

PP: 11

Question #13 How did Agency managers explain major shifts in productivity levels in the 1970s?

PP: 11

Question #14 What was the role of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in enhancing public sector productivity during the Reagan Administration? What was a productivity improvement plan?

PP: 11-12 Question #15 Why did federal agency managers resist the “productivity math” laid out in productivity improvement plans?

PP: 11-12

Question #16 What was the Total Quality Management (TQM) which was introduced by the ClintonGore Administration in 1993? Why was TQM deemed a better fit for most federal agencies than the Reagan era productivity improvement plan?

PP: 12

Question #17 Why was quality management deemed as highly com[patible with the aims and natural interests of a highly skilled workforce? What role did the Quality Circle (QC) play in quality management?

PP: 13

Question #18 Why are the core dimensions of quality management? How did the US General Accounting Office define quality management in 1991?

PP: 14-15

Question #19 How did George W. Bush’s Administration undermine the formal quality management model? What was his Administration’s shift of focus on federal level management?

PP: 14

Question #20 What is Business Process Reengineering (BPR)? How does the consumer factor into BPR? PP: 15-16

Question #21 What are the major steps in Business Process Reengineering (BPR) ?

PP: 16-17

Question #22 What are some of the weaknesses of the Business Process Reengineering (BPR) model that contributed to its short lifespan?

PP: 17-18

Question #23 What are some of the weaknesses of the Business Process Reengineering (BPR) model that contributed to its short lifespan?

PP: 17-18

Question #24 What were the tenets of Christopher Hood’s New Public Management? How did it fit into the ethos of Reinventing Government (REGO) of the Clinton-Gore Administration?

PP: 19-20

Question #25 What were the criticisms against New Public Management?

PP: 20

Question #26 What were the characteristics of Performance Results Management?

PP: 20-21

Question #27 What were the characteristics of Performance Results Management? Through which 1993 Act did the US government adopt performance management?

PP: 21

Question #28 How did the 2010 GPRA Modernization Act characterize a strategic plan?

PP: 21

Question #29 What are the four elements of the balanced management scorecard and what were its advantages?

PP: 20-22

Question #30 What were the five elements of the grading rubric of the management scorecards that were introduced in 2002 by the Bush Administration?

PP: 23

Question #31 What are the peculiarities of information technology on public management?

PP: 25

Question #32 What are the internal and external faces of e-government?

PP: 25-26

Question #33 What major concern does public administration have with e-management?

PP: 26-27

Question #34 Which of the following is NOT a feature of a strategic management approach?

A B C D E

The identification of objectives to be achieved in the future The adoption of a flexible time frame for these objectives are to be achieved A systematic analysis of the organization’s capabilities The selection of a strategy for the achievement of desired objectives by the future date, often comparing various alternatives The integration of organizational efforts around this strategy and the allocation of resources through budgeting for implementation

KEY: B Question #35 Management-by-objectives includes which of the following steps?

A B C D E

Reaching mutual agreement on ultimate goals Establishing measurable objectives to be met over a set time Assessing performance Feedback to a new agreement on future goals All of the above

KEY: E

Question #36 Which of the following should not be included in an organization's statement of objectives?

A B C D E

Succinct, and limited to the organization’ sphere of influence Directional, with specific future states to be achieved A review of past achievements Time limited, with indications of when each objective is to be achieved Measurable, so that achievement or progress can be evaluated

KEY: C Question #37 Which of the following was NOT on the grading rubric of the Bush Administration’s 2002 management scorecard?

A B C D E

Strategic management of human capital Competitive sourcing Environmental impact Expanded electronic government Budget and performance integration

KEY: C Question #38 Which of the following is part of the objectives of performance results management?

A B C D E

The specification of clear and measurable organizational objectives The systematic use of performance indicators, measures of organizational performance, to assess organizational output The linking of human and financial resource allocation to an annual management or budget cycle Regular review at the end of each planning cycle of the extent to which goals have been achieved and the reasons for performance that is better or worse than planned.

All of the Above

KEY: E

Chapter 10 Futuring, Planning and Governmental Regulation Questions

Question #1

What major shifts increase the value of scenario planning in the first decade of the 21st century? What arguments did early critics of scenario planning offer?

PP: 1 Question #2

What are the major purposes of scenario planning? What role do contingency strategies play in this regard?

PP: 1-2; 4-5 Question #3

How has scenario planning been used in recent decades to plan for pandemics?

PP: 6-7 Question #4

What are the temporal challenges to scenario planning in the public sector? What measures have been taken at the federal level to overcome these challenges?

PP: 8-9 Question #5

What types of challenges did the Department of Defense consider in its 2006 Quadrennial Defense Review?

PP: 10 Question #6

In what way can a SWOT analysis be considered as scenario planning?

PP: 11-15

Question #7

In what way can a PESTE assessment be considered as scenario planning?

PP: 13-14 Question #8

In what way can a SWOT analysis be considered as scenario planning?

PP: 11-15 Question #9

What “disruptive technology” did the McKinsey Global Institute miss, according to the authors of this textbook?

PP: 14-16 Question #10

In what way can a SWOT analysis be considered as scenario planning?

PP: 11-15 Question #11

How can NASA’s space exploration program be considered an example of joining futuring to strategic planning?

PP: 16-18 Question #12

How does a government use regulations to protect the public interest?

PP: 19 Question #13

How is regulation related to a government’s strategic planning?

PP: 16-18

Question #14

How did differences in government regulation lead to differing outcomes in the 2002 earthquakes in California and Southern Iran?

PP: 20 Question #15

What are some of the independent regulatory commissions in the federal bureaucracy?

Why is their independence from direct executive control important?

PP: 21-22 Question #16

How did the SEC fail its role as a regulatory body when dealing with Bernie Madoff?

What corrective actions did the SEC and the US legal system take in the aftermath of the Madoff scandal?

PP:22-23 Question #17

What is the scope of state government regulation? What is the constitutional basis for such regulations?

PP: 24 Question #18

Zoning and building codes are an example of a regulation governed by what type of entity? What do these regulations seek to accomplish?

PP: 25-27 Question #19

How can public health involve regulatory measures from different levels of government and from different branches of government? How can this lead to regulatory conflicts?

PP: 28-29

Question #20

How has American environmental regulation evolved since the early twentieth century?

Why is environmental regulation politically contentious?

PP: 28-29 Question #21 According to a 2020 Pew Research Center survey, the to public policy priority for Americans is: A B C D E

Crime Environmental Protection Economy Deficit Jobs

KEY: C Question #22 Which of the following is not a component of the acronym PESTE? A B C D E

Political Economic Social Scientific Technology

KEY: C Question #23 Which of the following is not an independent regulatory agency?

A B C D E

Federal Communication Commission Federal Trade Commission Securities and Exchange Commission Federal Reserve Board Federal Food Safety Commission

KEY: E

Question #24 Which of the following is not part of the strategic approach to government regulation of food?

A B C D E

Grand strategy Technical Level Operational Level Tactical Level (wholesale) Tactical level (retail)

KEY: B Question #25 Which of the following sectors is responsible for the largest share of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions?

A B C D E

Transportation Electricity Industry Commercial and Residential Agriculture

KEY: A

Chapter 11 Human Resource Management (HRM) and Labor Relations Questions

Question #1 What is J Donald Kingsley’s concept “representative bureaucracy”? What is the rationale behind it?

PP: 1

Question #2 How did executive orders of the Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon Administrations promote the concept of representative bureaucracy?

PP: 1

Question #3 What Acts of the 1970s promoted affirmative action in the private and public sector?

What role did the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) play in this endeavor?

PP: 1-2

Question #4 What were the primary arguments in the backlash against affirmative action? How did the 1978 landmark US Supreme Court case Regents of the University of California v.

Bakke rule on the issue of affirmative action?

PP: 2-3

Question #5 How did the 1989 US Supreme Court case City of Richmond v. Croson further undermine affirmative action?

PP: 3

Question #6 How did the Clinton Administration address affirmative action? What four standards did it set for reviewing all federal affirmative actions?

PP: 4

Question #7 At which levels are persons of color particularly underrepresented in the federal workforce?

PP: 6

Question #8 What are occupational segregation issues and how do they pose challenges in diversity management?

PP: 7

Question #8 What are occupational segregation issues and how do they pose challenges in diversity management?

PP: 7

Question #9 How is the Biden Administration addressing issues of diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility? What is unique about his cabinet?

PP: 7-8

Question #10 How does the Biden Administration’s Executive Order 14305 direct Executive Departments and Agencies to incorporate diversity, equity, inclusion and accessibility (DEI&A) in their planning and operations?

PP: 8-11

Question #11 What does the Biden Administration’s Executive Order 14305 state about formerly incarcerated individuals who have served their terms of incarceration?

PP: 10

Question #12 What are the major challenges facing states and local governments in the coming years regarding DEI&A, according to a 2021 report by the Mission Square Research Institute?

PP: 11

Question #13 What arguments were used to necessitate The Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 during the Carter Administration?

PP: 13

Question #14 What structural changes to the US Civil Service Commission did the The Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 bring about? What was the objective for such organizational restructuring?

PP: 13 Question #15 What are the features of the Merit Principles of the The Civil Service Reform Act of 1978?

PP: 14 Question #16 How does the word decentralization capture the focus of the 1993 National Performance Review (the Gore Report)?

PP: 14

Question #17 How did the 1993 National Performance Review (the Gore Report) affect the size of the Office of Personnel Management? What was the Gore Reports impact on labormanagement relations?

PP: 15 Question #18 What are the functions of a personnel staff or human resource management unit?

PP: 17 Question #19 What are the objectives of human resource planning and staffing?

PP: 18 Question #20 What are the basic principles of position classification, as articulated in the 1919 Congressional Joint Commission on Reclassification of Salaries?

PP: 19 Question #21 How does performance management seek to ensure accountability and quality work of employees?

PP: 20-21 Question #22 What is the difference between training workers and developing managers? What role does training and development play in personnel management?

PP: 22-23 Question #23 What range of issues fall under the rubric of “employee relations”?

PP: 23

Question #24 What is collective bargaining? What are the four basic stages of collective bargaining?

PP: 25-27 Question #25 How is the public sector very fragmented in terms of collective bargaining?

PP: 26-27 Question #26 How do mediation and conciliation differ from each other in the context of collective bargaining?

PP: 28-29 Question #27 How have public sector unions utilized the courts to change or rearrange employment conditions??

PP: 29-31 Question #28 How do “defined benefits” and “defined contributions” differ in pension systems?

PP: 31-32 Question #29 How do states vary in providing explicit constitutional provisions protecting public pensions? What recourse do public sector unions have should a rolling back of pension and benefit occur?

PP: 32-34

Question #30 The Equal Employment Opportunity Act was passed under the: A B C D E

Kennedy Administration Johnson Administration Nixon Administration Ford Administration Carter Administration

KEY: C Question #31 Which of the following cases asserted that affirmative action would only be accepted if racial discrimination could be proven to be pervasive?

A B C D E

1989 City of Richmond v. Croson 1987 United States v. Paradise 1986 Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education 1978 Regents of the University of California v. Bakke None of the above

KEY: A Question #32 People of color are most underrepresented in which level of public sector employment?

A B C D E

Entry Junior Mid-level Senior Executive

KEY: E

Question #33 Which President’s executive order made diversity, equity, inclusion and accessibility an integral part of federal human resources management?

A B C D E

Bill Clinton George W. Bush Barack Obama Donald Trump Joseph Biden

KEY: E Question #34 Which of the following is not a basic stage of collective bargaining?

A B C D E

The establishment of an organization if demands The organization of strikes The formulation of demands The negotiation of demands The administration of labor agreement

KEY: B

Chapter 12 Public Budgeting and Financial Management Questions

Question #1 What role have public budgeting and financial management played in dealing with the economic downturn associated with the COVID-19 pandemic?

PP: 4-5

Question #2 What actions did the Federal Reserve take to stimulate the economy during the COVID19 pandemic?

PP: 5-6

Question #3 What legislative actions were taken to counter the economic downturn associated with the COVID-19 pandemic?

PP: 6

Question #4 What were the differences in stimulus measures taken by the Bush and Obama administrations on the one hand, and the Trump and Biden administrations on the other?

PP: 8-9

Question #5 What are the essential functions that governments provide in mixed market economies using fiscal and monetary policies?

PP: 10

Question #6 What are market failures? What are the roles of public budgeting and financial management in addressing these failures?

PP: 10

Question #7 Why are public budgeting and financial budgeting at the center of debates surrounding the size and scope of government?

PP: 11

Question #8 In what ways must public budgeting systems adhere to the foundational design of the American system?

PP: 11-12

Question #9 What, according to V. O. Key, is the most significant aspect of public budgeting? How did he critique budgetary theory in 1940?

PP: 13

Question #10 Why does the federal government operate without a balanced budget requirement?

PP: 18-19

Question #11 What are the two primary types of public budgets and what are their functions?

PP: 19

Question #12 What are the five different budget formats of systems of budgeting and what do they each focus on?

PP; 20-22

Question #13 What explains the vast differences in budget processes across levels of government, and across states?

PP: 22-23; 25-28

Question #14 What is a budget cycle and what stages does the process entail?

PP: 22

Question #15 How do the executive and the legislative branches interact during the federal budget cycle?

PP: 23-24

Question #16 What is the role of the OMB in the federal budget cycle?

PP: 23

Question #17 What is the role of the CBO in the federal budget cycle?

PP: 24

Question #18 What is the role of the OMB in the federal budget cycle?

PP: 23

Question #19 What is meant by fiscal transparency and why is it important for public budgeting?

PP: 28

Question #20 What is participatory budgeting and what is its value?

PP: 28

Question #21 What are the advantages and disadvantages of incremental budgeting?

PP: 29

Question #22 What are the challenges facing the idea of equity budgeting? What is the criticism laid out against President Biden’s first budget in terms of its attempt to address equity issues?

PP: 29-30

Question #23 What are the main types of taxation used to finance public expenditure? Explain each type.

PP: 23

Question #24 What are progressive, proportional (flat) and regressive taxes? What are each of the tax systems ramification for social equity?

PP: 31

Question #25 What are the four types of sales taxes? Which level of state’s revenues relies on sales taxes the most?

PP: 23

Question #26 What are the five primary principles that govern and measure the effectiveness of a public revenue source in terms of generating substantive revenues for the government in the provision of services to the society, community, or jurisdiction in which it operates?

PP: 23

Question #27 What kinds of financial instruments are used for public borrowing by state and local governments?

PP: 35-37

Question #28 Which of the following is not an action undertaken by the Federal Reserve to mitigate the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic?

A B C D E

Asset purchases Liquidity measures Paycheck Protection Program Liquidity Facility Lending Facilities Income Support

KEY: E Question #29 Which of the following is not considered one of the five different budget formats?

A B C D E KEY: A

Discretionary budget Line-item budget Performance budget Planning and program budget Zero-based budget

Question #30 Which of the following is not a type of sales tax?

A General B Value-added C Selective D Entertainment E Sumptuary KEY: D Question #31 Which of the following are considered a principle that govern and measure the effectiveness of a public revenue source in terms of generating substantive revenues for the government in the provision of services to the public it serves?

A B C D E

Adequacy of revenue Equity Economic efficiency Political feasibility All of the above

KEY: E Question #32 Which of the following is not a financial instrument for state and local level public borrowing?

A B C D E KEY: D

Municipal bond General obligation bond Revenue bonds Treasury bills None of the above

Chapter 13 Program Evaluation and Audit Questions

Question #1 What is program evaluation?

PP: 4; 6

Question #2 What was Florence Nightingale’s contribution to program evaluation?

PP: 3-5

Question #3 What is distinct about evaluation research among the subsets of the field of public administration?

PP: 5

Question #4 What is policy analysis and how is it distinct from program evaluation?

PP: 6

Question #5 What is the relationship between program evaluation and accountability?

PP: 6

Question #6 What are the four essential steps for sophisticated program evaluations?

PP: 7

Question #7 What are the three frames of reference the planning programming budgeting systems (PPBS) use for program evaluation?

PP: 7

Question #8 Why did many public administrators resist evaluations?

PP: 7-8

Question #9 What, according to Carol H. Weiss, are four “less legitimate” reasons for evaluation?

PP: 8

Question #10 How are federal Inspectors General appointed? What is the work of the Council of Inspectors General on Integrity and Efficiency?

PP: 9

Question 11 Why do the authors argue that the Inspectors General are not completely insulated from executive branch influence?

PP: 10

Question 12 What, according to Carol Weiss, are the five criteria for choosing an inside vs outside evaluator?

PP; 10

Question 13 How are the three branches of government involved in evaluation of federal agencies and their programs??

PP: 10-11

Question 14 How do state legislatures evaluate state government agencies and their programs?

PP: 11-14

Question 15 What are sunset laws and how are they an evaluation tool?

12-14

Question 16 What are ex-ante facto, process, and ex-post facto evaluations?

PP: 14

Question 17 What are the challenges of evaluation of the public sector?

PP: 14

Question 18 What are the four standards against which a program can be evaluated?

PP: 15-16

Question 20 What is a logic model and why is it useful for program evaluation?

PP: 17-18

Question 21 Why is evaluation inherently political?

PP: 18

Question 22 What is an audit and how is it applied in public administration?

PP: 19-20

Question 23 How does the GAO conduct program evaluations of federal agencies and their programs?

PP: 24-25

Question 24 What three types of audits should a comprehensive audit program include, according to the GAO? PP: 22

Question 25 What is social equity audit? What are its goals?

PP: 24-25

Question 26 How is social equity audit used in schools? What are its three key areas of focus?

PP: 24-25

Question #27 Florence Nightingale’s research on fatalities in the Crimean War found that: A.

Few died due to epidemic disease

B.

Most died due to battlefield wounds

C.

Most died due to the army being ill-equipped

D.

More died from epidemic diseases than battlefield wounds

E.

None of the Above

KEY: D

Question #28 Planning programming budgeting systems (PPBS) emphasize the following basic step for program evaluations : A.

Define the objectives of the program in clear and measurable terms

B.

Determine where budget funds were being expended and human capital allocated

C.

Define alternative policies for the future and collect all possible data

D.

Set up a systematic procedure for bringing together all the data necessary for a proper decision

E.

All of the Above

KEY: E

Question #29 Which is the following is not on Carol Weiss’s list of “less legitimate” reasons for evaluation: A.

Postponement

B.

Accountability

C.

Ducking responsibility

D.

Public relations

E.

Fulfilling grant requirements

KEY: B

Question #30 The criteria for choosing an inside vs outside evaluator does not include which of the following, according to Carol Weiss?

A.

Administrative Confidence

B.

Objectivity

C.

Cost consideration

D

Program understanding

E.

Autonomy

KEY: C

Chapter 14 Leadership and Followership in Public Administration Questions Question #1

What is Mary Follet’s concept of “followership”?

PP:1

Question #2 What is Mary Follet’s concept of “collective self-control”?

PP:2

Question #3 What is Mary Follet’s concept of “leadership”?

PP: 3

Question #4 How does the role of leadership in public sector management differ from leadership in private sector management?

PP:3

Question #5 Why do the authors argue that it is hard to come up with a cogent definition of leadership? How do they understand leadership PP:3-4

Question #6 How are leaders different from managers, according to Abraham Zaleznik?

PP: 4

Question #7 How does Henry Mintzberg disagree with Abraham Zaleznik on the leadership versus management debate?

PP:4-5

Question #8 What are Max Weber’s three categories of legitimation strategies used to justify the right of rulers to rule?

PP: 5-6

Question #9 What, according to Max Weber, are transactional and transformational leaders?

PP: 6

Question #10 What are the four areas of leadership function, according to Chester Barnard?

PP:7

Question #11 What, according to Chester Barnard, are “active personal qualities of leaders”?

PP:7

Question #12 How is Chester Barnads understanding of leadership different from that of Mary Follett’s?

PP:7

Question #13 What is trait theory? What are the arguments against trait theory?

PP:7-8

Question #14 How does the transactional theory of leadership classify a leader’s orientation?

PP: 8

Question #15 What is the contingency theory of leadership?

PP: 8-9

Question #16 What is transformational leadership? Which of Max Weber’s leadership does it most resemble?

PP: 9-10

Question #17 What are the four ways that effective administrative and civic leaders exercise their leadership, according to Paul Hart and Lars Tummers?

PP:1

Question #18 What, according to Craig and Kaiser, are the six areas of destructive leadership?

PP:11-12

Question #19 What, according to Schmidt (2008), are the traits of toxic leadership?

PP:12

Question #20 How have leadership thinking and research changed in the 21st century? How does the notion of team leadership relate to this change PP: 14

Question #21 What is the shared leadership model?

PP:14

Question #22 What is the concept of virtual team leadership? What makes a good virtual team leader??

PP:15

Question #23 What, according to George Graen, are the four myths of team leadership that must be deflated?

PP:15-16

Question #24 What, according to Robert Kelley, are the five followership styles? What traits distinguish them?

PP:17

Question #25 What, according to Bridget Hyacinth (2014), are the seven types of followers? What are the two dimensions she uses to distinguish the seven types of followers? What does she mean when she states that “followership type is not a fixated state.”.

PP:18

Question #26 The following is not a sector of leadership behavior or functions, according to Chester Barnard: A.

Determining objectives

B.

Controlling subordinates

C.

Manipulating means

D.

Coordinating the instrumentality of action

E.

Stimulating coordinated action

[Key: B] Question #27 The following is an early theories of leadership: A.

Trait theories

B.

Transactional theories

C.

Contingency theories

D.

Transformational theories

E.

All of the above

[Key: E] Question #28 Contingency theories of leadership does not stress: A.

The type, structure, size, and purpose of the organization

B.

The formulation of an idealized future vision for the organization

C.

The external environment in which the organization functions

D.

The orientation, values, goals, and expectations of the leader, his or her superiors, and subordinates

E.

The expert or professional knowledge required of the position

[Key: B]

Question #29 Effective administrative and civic leaders exercise their leadership through: A.

Purposeful presencing

B.

Purposeful commitment

C.

Purposeful provocation

D.

Purposeful timing and pacing of their efforts

E.

All of the above

[Key: E] Question #30 Passive leadership is an example of: A.

Negligent or laissez faire leadership

B.

Unethical leadership

C.

Toxic leadership

D.

Narcissistic leadership

E.

Dark charisma

[Key: A]