TEST BANK for Archaeology The Science of the Human Past, 6e Mark Sutton. ISBN 9781000351217. (Full D

The study of ancient Greece and Rome fall under what type of archaeology?

Discovering financial records of trade between two groups would be an example of what?

c

prehistoric

ancient

classical

nautical

a

historical archaeology

prehistoric archaeology

pseudoscience

nautical archaeology

prehistoric archaeology

biblical archaeology

The archaeology of the Middle East from the time of the Bible is called ________.

d

Egyptology

pre-Columbian archaeology

The study of underwater cities would fall under which category?

c

pseudoscience

classical archaeology

maritime archaeology

prehistoric archaeology

Which of the following would not be part of the archaeological record?

d

ecofacts

sites

features

paradigms

Basic assumptions on how the world operates are called ________.

a

paradigms

theories

models

hypotheses

retesting

chronological

Which of the following is not a part of the scientific method for archaeology?

a

excavating

model building

developing hypotheses

Hypotheses and models that describe or explain things at single points in time and are called ________.

c

diachronic

empirical

synchronic

Those who work in the preservation and management of archaeological resources are practicing ________.

Which term best describes the material remains of past human activities and behaviors?

d

ethnology

historical archaeology

b

artifacts

archaeological record

stratigraphy

ecology

The distinct soil layers of an archaeological site is called ________.

b

processual

stratigraphy

ecology

cultural chronology

Recording where objects are found in the strata of an archaeological site would help in what type of dating?

c

chronometric

radiocarbon

relative

absolute

The most common method of absolute dating is ________.

a

radiocarbon

relative

chronometric

law of superposition

Patterns detected among traits of a past group of people are called ________.

c

archaeological record

hypotheses

archaeological cultures

stratigraphy

c

after fieldwork and excavation

when a hypothesis is not supported

before to going into the field

when a theory is ready to be stated

d

"planting" objects in sites

trying to pass off recreated artifacts as ancient ones

purposefully faking data

Failure to publish data

When should an archaeologist complete a research design?

Frauds in archaeology would include all of the following except for ________.

ethnoarchaeology

cultural resource management

Pseudoscience ________.

a

often relies on untestable assumptions

is rigorous and scientific

Open Questions Describe the differences between archaeology and anthropology.

What are the difficulties faced in prehistoric archaeology as opposed to historical archaeology?

Describe how the law of superposition works with stratigraphy.

Describe the different types of dating methods used by archaeologists.

How is the scientific method used in archaeology?

is a legitimate alternative to science

is always easy to disprove

Chapter 2 Question

Answer A

B

C

D

The earliest-known archaeological excavation was conducted by the ________.

c

ancient Greeks

ancient Romans

ancient Egyptians

Neanderthals

The first archaeology museum was created by the ________.

a

king of Babylon about 2,500 years ago

Egyptians about 4,000 years ago

ancient Greeks during the Trojan War period

British in London

Those who originally took up archaeology as a hobby are more commonly referred to as ________.

d

treasure hunters

aristocratic collectors

preservationists

antiquarians

Before the 1800s, the general belief was that the Earth was about ________ old.

d

10,000 years

4.5 billion years

10 million years

6,000 years

Who argued that geological evidence pointed to the Earth's real age?

b

Charles Darwin

Charles Lyell

Jacques Boucher de Perthes

Heinrich Schliemann

The Stone Age was divided into three periods except for ________.

d

the Paleolithic

the Mesolithic

the Neolithic

the Pseudolithic

The Paleolithic era was further divided into three periods except for ________.

a

the Central

the Upper

the Lower

the Middle

What discovery helped in deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphics?

b

Elgin Marbles

Rosetta Stone

buried city of Pompeii

tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamen

The excavations at Knossos on the island of Crete revealed what ancient civilization?

c

Greek

Philistine

Minoan

Egyptian

Which archaeological discovery provided the most complete view of Roman life?

a

buried city of Pompeii

Rosetta Stone

Elgin Marbles

excavations along the Somme River

c

whether biblical and mythical stories were true

the relationships between groups of ancient people

the discovery, classification, and description of ancient materials

the recreation and restoration of ancient architecture

d

biological theory of evolution

diffusion

unilinear cultural evolution

The historical approach to archaeology focuses on what?

What early archaeological theory claimed that all cultures moved through a progression of stages?

uniformiltarianism

Which of the following is an example of diffusion?

a

agriculture was developed in the Middle East and later spread throughout Europe

pyramids were invented independently in Egypt and Mexico

societies passed through stages from savages to barbarians and finally to civilizations

early humans lived alongside Neanderthals in Europe

Improvements in field methods in the 1800s included the following except for ________.

d

the grid system

typology

cross-dating

taphonomy

Early American explorers did not believe that the edifices found in the Mississippi and Ohio river valleys could have been built by which group of native peoples?

c

the Anasari

the Mayans

the Moundbuilders

the Cherokee and Choctaw

What was eventually discovered about the origins of Native Americans?

b

they were incapable of fashioning stone tools

they migrated from northeastern Asia to Alaska via an ancient land bridge

they had been in North America since at least the Bronze Age

they were genetically related to populations from the Fertile Crescent

Which native group in the Americas had a complex calendar?

b

the Moundbuilders

the Maya

the Chumash

the Anasazi

What civilization was discovered in Peru?

a

Inca

Mayan

Minoan

Anasazi

By about 1925, what area of the world became the focus for where humans originated?

b

Europe

Sub-Saharan Africa

Fertile Crescent

Egypt

What type of archaeology is focused on finding evidence to support nationalistic claims?

d

racism

colonialism

ethnocentrism

nationalism

Man the Hunter and Woman the Gatherer are examples of ________.

a

biases in archaeological research

current treatises on hunter-gatherer societies

studies that support nationalism

primitive societies that predated civilization

German geologist Karl Mauch discovered a massive stone fortress in what part of Africa?

b

Egypt

Great Zimbabwe

Ethiopia

central Africa

Open Questions What are the events and ideas that contributed to the abandonment of the biblical interpretation of the past and the development of the idea of prehistory?

Did antiquarians help develop the field of archaeology or were they just another type of looter or treasure hunter?

Why were the discoveries of the buried cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum so important in understanding ancient Roman culture?

Explain why the theories of unilateral cultural evolution and diffusion fell out of favor.

Describe the biases present in archaeological approaches that are based in colonialism, nationalism, and sexism.

Chapter 3 Question

Answer

A

B

C

D

After World War II, archaeologists began asking what type of questions for the first time?

b

When?

Why?

Who?

What?

dendrochronology and virtual reality

Two of the most important modern innovations in archaeological method since World War II are ________.

c

grid excavation and tree-ring dating

radiocarbon dating and exoarchaeology

radiocarbon dating and computer modeling

Archaeologist Lewis Binford in the 1960s argued that archaeology should be more ________.

a

scientific and quantitative

subjective and humanistic

psychological and behavioral

evolutionary and gender-focused

The New Archaeology movement is also called ________.

d

postmodernism

postprocessual archaeology

cultural materialism

processual archaeology

stating research methods

formulating a general hypothesis

explaining theoretical approach

comparing similar archaeological sites

middle-range theory

processual archaeology

cultural materialism

postprocessual archaeology

Which of the following is not one of the major aspects of constructing a research design?

The application of logic, analogy, and theory in archaeology is called ________.

d

a

Archaeologists who live among a group of contemporary people to compare their societies with those of the past are engaged in ________.

c

The controled replication of artifacts to help understand how they came to be made is called ________.

The study of animal bones among food remains at a prehistoric site usually has to take into account the possibility of ________.

cultural materialism

experimental archaeology

ethnoarchaeology

postprocessual archaeology

c

ethnographic analogy

ethnoarchaeology

experimental archaeology

cultural materialism

b

artistic expression

scavenging by animals

usage in religious ceremonies

extreme weather or flooding

A theoretical framework based on the idea that “human social life is a response to the practical problems” of existence is called ________.

d

experimental archaeology

middle-range theory

ethnographic analogy

cultural materialism

Postprocessualism expanded archaeology to include examinations of all of the following except for ________.

a

climate patterns

gender roles

minorities

social stratification

behavioral archaeology

evolutionary archaeology

indigenous archaeology

exoarchaeology

Which of the following is not a major branch of postprocessual archaeology? d

investigates the role of the individual in cultural change

holds that all cultural institutions can be explained by direct material payoff

explains the composition of a particular peopleʹs material culture through time

Cultural materialism ________.

c

is an indigenous approach to archaeology

Someone who studies the ancient symbolism and supernatural beliefs is probably what type of archaeologist?

b

exoarchaeologist

cognitive archaeologist

evolutionary archaeologist

behavioral archaeologist

What theory makes use of ethnographic analogy, experimental archaeology, and ethnoarchaeology?

a

postprocessualism

indigenous archaeology

evolutionary theory

middle-range theory

science is subjective and dehumanizing

voices of previously unconsidered people must be added to interpretations of the past

an archaeology of gender is impossible

the failure to consider issues of inequality

the spiritual evolution of the human species

the environmental conditions that might influence adaptation and change in a particular culture

how gender roles bring about cultural change

the geologic change of a particular environment

Criticisms of processual archaeology by postprocessualists include all of the following except for this belief.

Evolutionary archaeology is focused on ________.

c

b

Collaborative efforts between archaeologists and contemporary peoples is part of ________.

GIS programs allow archaeologists to ________.

Past speculation about canals on Mars is an example of ________.

Of the following modern archaeological techniques, which is the oldest?

Common careers in archaeology would not include which of the following?

cultural materialism

experimental archaeology

ethnoarchaeology

c

assign absolute dates to artifacts

determine the material used to make an artifact (e.g., bone vs. stone)

generate models to identify microscopic predict site locations plant remains in soils

d

experimental archaeology

middle-range theory

indigenous archaeology

exoarchaeology

radiocarbon dating

GIS, GPS, and 3-D technology

virtual reality

DNA analysis of ancient humans

teacher or professor

field and laboratory worker

d

a

b

museum specialist

science fiction writer

indigenous archaeology

Open Questions How has the development of modern technologies changed the practice of archaeology since World War II? Describe the major components of research design in scientific archaeology.

What are advantages and disadvantages to experimental archaeology?

Briefly describe some of the new areas of focus in postprocessual archaeology.

Can there ever be only one approach to archaeology? Why or why not?

Chapter 4 Question

Answer

A

B

C

D

Material remains (artifacts, ecofacts, and features) within an archaeological site are generally distributed ________.

a

nonrandomly

randomly

only within one strata layer

only on the surface

All archaeological materials in a site belonging to a particular cultural entity constitute a site's ________.

c

culture

artifacts

components

geofacts

One of the three major criteria for classifying sites is ________.

b

cultural associations

age

archaeological features

presence of human remains

The deposits of soils that consist of decomposed garbage are called ________.

d

anthropogenic soils

tells

strata

middens

What was found at the ancient archaeological site at Laetoli?

b

complex composite tools

fossilized hominin footprints

the first evidence of the use of fire

extensive ossuary

Tools that are present in the archaeological record but are seldom recognized and rarely recovered by archaeologists are ________ tools,

a

casual

specialized

simple

composite

The debris left over from the manufacture of tools can also be classified as ________.

b

ecofacts

artifacts

geofacts

manuports

Unmodified remains of biological materials used by people are called ________.

a

ecofacts

artifacts

geofacts

manuports

What is the study of pollen called?

c

taphonomy

hydrology

palynology

bioturbation

Which of the following is an example of a feature?

d

food remnants of animal bones

natural rock outcropping

a composite tool

a hearth

In archaeology, the designing and building of structures, primarily those in which people live and work is called ________.

d

domiciles

habitats

spaces

architecture

Structures made from which of the following materials preserve best in the archaeological record?

a

stone

brick

wood

mud

The process of burning human remains is called ________.

b

ossuary

cremation

burial

inhumation

The study of biological materials being transformed from their original state is called ________.

a

taphonomy

geology

palynology

bioturbation

The action of water upon a site is called ________.

c

geology

taphonomy

hydrology

bioturbation

What type of geologic event destroyed the Roman city of Pompeii, the Maya village of Joya de Ceren in El Salvador, and the Greek island of Santorini?

a

volcanic eruption

earthquake

tsunami

mud slide

An ossuary contains ________.

b

middens

human bones

ecofacts

hearths

In working toward preservation of a site, archaeologists need to preserve site objects as well as ________.

c

the habitants of local animals

all of the topsoil

the context of objects in a site

the decomposition of biological objects

In what types of environments can natural mummification occur?

a

very dry or frozen ones

very wet or damp ones

any environment

variable climates

Human bone in the archaeological record ________.

d

is never kept

is only found in cemetery sites

is rarely of scientific importance

should be treated with care

Which of the following are primary agents of bioturbation?

b

water

burrowing animals

wind

microbes

Open Questions Why are hearths or campfires among the most common features encountered by archaeologists?

Why do archaeologists value examining the garbage and discarded objects of the people they study?

Describe the differences between casual, simple, and composite tools.

What are some of the forces that can act on and disrupt an archaeological site over time? How are people also included in this?

What are some factors involved in recognizing and recovering archaeological materials?

Chapter 5 Question

Answer A

B

C

D

What do archaeologists use to set out the research questions, identify the kinds of data needed to address those questions, and select the appropriate field methods?

d

site survey

hypothesis

background research

research plan

The first step in fieldwork is usually ________.

a

conducting a survey

beginning excavation

digging to bedrock

establishing a grid

a hand-drawn grid

a computerized laser survey

the datum

a walking survey

during a CRM project

by only using GPS

A total station is ________ used to map the location of each artifact.

b

Places to dig for archaeological artifacts are found in different ways but not ________.

d

accidentally

during an archaeological or research project

The Paleolithic cave art discovered in this location became so popular, that a complete replica was created to avoid tourist damage to the actual site.

b

Altamira, Spain

Lascaux, France

Ardeche, France

Ubar, Oman

d

provide a 3-D picture of an archaeological site

help you locate promising dig sites

find buried archaeological sites for you

help you find your exact position on the globe

A Global Positioning System alone can only do which of the following?

Electrical resistivity and electrical conductivity are two techniques that pass an electric charge through the soil to ________.

a

build a picture of the subsurface

locate metals

locate burial sites

power a magnetometer

A tell is ________.

c

discolored soil

an outcrop of rocks

a mound rising from the ground

different patterns of vegetation

Archaeologists search ethnographic data and historical records as part of their ________.

c

datum

curation

background research

geophysical survey

Aerial photography and spaceborne lasers are used for ________.

b

geophysical survey

remote sensing

provenience

grid design

b

are done before the research design is written

aid in deciding where to excavate

are always done randomly

are done to provide evidence for funding

The archaeological site at Ubar, Oman, was discovered ________.

a

using ground terrain imaging radar

accidentally

as part of a large archaeological dig

by T. E. Lawrence

The fixed point for mapping a grid of an archaeological site is called a ________.

b

provenience

datum

posthole

tell

subjective sample

nonrandom selected sample

Surface collections and test-level excavations ________.

A sampling approach in which sample units are chosen randomly is called a ________.

a

statistical sample

judgment sample

Which of the following is not an instrument for finding things underground?

b

metal detector

side-scan sonar

magnetometer

ground-penetrating radar (GPR)

Postholes, auger probes, and trenches are ________.

d

used in establishing a grid

used in curation

mostly used randomly

common excavation unit types

Common tools used for excavation include all of the following except for what?

c

bulldozers

paintbrushes

dynamite

dental tools

In archaeological terms, what does the Latin phrase "in situ" mean?

d

in transition

carefully removed

typical

in place

What is the excavation term for sifting soil to recover objects?

c

dusting

meshing

screening

prospecting

What are specialists who examine human skeletal remains called?

d

palynologists

molecular biologists

geomorphologists

osteologists

The overall director of an archaeological project is called the ________.

b

head excavator

principal investigator

field sponsor

chief administrator

The process of conserving material, preparing it for storage, and then storing it is called ________.

b

preservation

curation

cataloging

morguing

Open Questions In the discovery of the two pre-European-contact Cherokee houses, how did archaeologists take the evidence collected to piece together a history of the houses and a better understanding of the Cherokee way of life?

In locating promising places to dig, why do archaeologists often look for tells or discolored soil?

Describe the need for a wide range of specialists working on archaeological sites.

What are some of the occupational hazards that archaeologists regularly encounter?

What are the ethical issues involved with excavating a Native American site?

Chapter 6 Question

Answer A

B

C

D

typology

The recognition and definition of shared similarities between artifacts is called ________.

d

provenience

taphonomy

geochemical sourcing

The first step in analysis is ________.

a

classification

dating

residue analysis

computer modeling

Morphology means ________.

b

size

form and style

color

age

The sample of all activities that took place at a site during a particular time is called its ________.

b

temporal type

assemblage

attributes

typology

All of the following are stone objects that have been ground and polished through use except for ________.

c

grindstones

mortars

bifaces

anvil stones

The mass of stone left over after flaking is called a _________.

a

core

base tool

remnant stone

starter rock

Tools flaked on both sides are called ________.

c

unifaces

cores

bifaces

utilized flakes

Which type of volcanic glassy stone was often traded over great distances because it could be used to produce very sharp edges?

d

quartzite

diamond

flint

obsidian

Percussion and pressure flaking are both ways to a ________.

c

create ceramics

produce bone tools

produce stone tools

decorate pottery

Most ceramic artifacts were used as ________.

b

hair pieces

containers

tools

votive offerings

The potter's wheel was invented about ________ years ago.

a

5,500

3,000

10,000

27,000

The four basic types of ceramics include the following except for ________.

d

terra-cotta

earthenware

porcelain

brick

Porcelains were first made in ________ about 1,000 years ago.

b

Europe

China

India

South America

In the history of metal work, first came copper, then came bronze, and finally ________.

c

gold

tin

iron

zinc

Where did glassmaking first start?

a

Mesopotamia

China

Northern Europe

ancient Rome

d

to determine if the site occupants had healthy diets

to determine if the bottles had been reused in different eras

to determine trade routes with contemporary groups

to reveal economic patterns and personal habits of site occupants

What has been a good indicator of contact with European traders?

d

glass figurines

porcelain products

iron tools

glass beads

Which of the following are not considered to be perishable?

b

woven baskets

terra-cotta bowls

clothing and textiles

wooden carvings

Materials woven from plant fibers or from animal hair are called ________.

c

tapestries

basketry

textiles

cordage

What is considered to have been the most common, most versatile of perishable materials?

a

wood

wool

cane

cotton

DNA analysis

protein residue analysis

geochemical sourcing

use-wear analysis

iron tools

wooded handles

The primary purpose of determining the original contents of glass bottles is ________.

Analyzing microscopic striations on the surface of tools falls under _______.

d

Recent breakthroughs in artifact analysis has allowed the successful recovery of aDNA from ________. a

hard human tissues, such as bones and teeth obsidian sources

Open Questions What do classification or typological schemes allow archaeologists to do?

Why do archaeologists know that any single artifact cannot be automatically assigned to a single time period? Use examples from the chapter, including the first story about the obsidian cobble.

How does the change from the Copper Age to the Bronze Age to the Iron Age show the advance of civilizations?

Choose three different types of common material and describe the difficulties in analyzing each of them.

Discuss the different types of artifact analysis.

Chapter 7 Question

Answer A

B

C

D

The science of archaeological measurement is called ________.

a

archaeometry

biostratigraphy

statistical modeling

typology

Comparing the age of an artifact, feature, or stratum in relation to other cultural items found in archaeological deposits is called ________.

c

radiocarbon dating

chronometric dating

relative dating

FUN dating

Australopithecus fossils were relatively dated through the use of ________.

a

pig fossils

mammoth fossils

domestic dog fossils

antelope fossils

Which of the following is an example of a relative dating technique?

d

radiocarbon dating

potassium-argon dating

fission track dating

seriation

Using evolutionary changes in well-known groups of animals as a dating tool is known as ________.

b

archaeometry

biostratigraphy

zoology

typology

Pottery; materials such as stone, bronze, or iron; and projectile points became known as ________ types because they seemed to be time-specific.

a

temporal

relative

stable

context-based

FUN dating is based on the fact that the longer a bone is buried in the ground ________.

c

Dendrochronology is another name for ________.

the less mass it has

the more nitrogen it absorbs

the more nitrogen it loses

the more it decays

a

tree-ring dating

potassium-argon dating

radiocarbon dating

FUN dating

The most commonly used and most important method of radiometric dating in archaeology is _______.

c

uranium-thorium dating

potassium-argon dating

radiocarbon dating

fission track dating

Which of the following is not used in radiometric dating?

d

charcoal

bone remains

forged iron

stone

Radiometric dating measures the _________ of elements such as carbon within an object over time.

b

calcification

rate of decay

buildup

stability

Radiocarbon’s half-life is known to be approximately _______.

a

5,730 years

574 days

5.9 years

564 years

reduce the amount of impurities

potassium-argon dating

In radiocarbon dating, a "clean" sample has to be burned at high temperature to __________.

b

further purify it

convert it to a gas

kill fungal or bacterial growth

Which dating method is useful for any volcanic rock that is older than 100,000 years of age?

d

fission track dating

radiocarbon dating

uranium dating

Uranium-thorium dating is applicable only to ________.

Fission-track dating can be used to date ________.

Thermoluminescence dating is a radiometric technique commonly used to date ________.

d

Organic material

a

crystalline minerals found in ceramic artifacts

radioactive material

volcanic rock

limestone (calcite) cave deposits

fossil bone

limestone (calcite) cave deposits

volcanic rock

fossil bone

volcanic rock

pottery

limestone (calcite) cave deposits

Which dating technique based on the fact that the position of Earth’s magnetic poles is continually changing? b

fission track dating

archaeomagnetism

electron spin resonance

archaeometry

Which nonradiometric dating technique dates the volcanic glass material in tool flakes?

archaeomagnetism

thermoluminescence

fission track dating

obsidian dating

c

obsidian loses water over time

obsidian loses carbon over time

obsidian absorbs water from the surrounding environment over time

obsidian absorbs nitrogen over time

b

are younger than materials found in layers above

are older than materials found in layers above

are irrelevant

are equal in age to all materials found in the same spot

Obsidian dating is based on the fact that ________.

According to the law of superposition, materials found in lower layers ________.

b

d

Chronometric dating establishes ________.

a

actual age

relative age

general age

who created the artifact

William Libby in the 1950s developed the important technique of ________.

a

radiocarbon dating

potassium-argon dating

FUN dating

nonradiometric dating

Open Questions Why are archaeologists so focused on establishing the age of artifacts?

Describe the differences in accuracy and usage between relative dating techniques and chronometric dating techniques.

Why are archaeologists so careful to not contaminate a sample sent for radiocarbon dating?

Why is obsidian such an important element that it has its own dating technique?

Using examples from the text, describe how archaeologists use temporal types in constructing chronologies.

Chapter 8 Question

Answer A

B

C

D

The study of how different ancient societies treated human remains is called ________.

d

mediosteology

paleodemography

anthropology

bioarchaeology

Yoheʹs analysis of the Civil War skeleton from Idaho contributed to our knowledge of ________.

a

human diseases, diet, and social class

coffin construction in natural the 19th century mummification

medical practices of the Civil War era

What is the name given to the c. 8,600-yearold human remains in the controversial case where indigenous people protested against its removal for scientific analysis?

b

Kabayan mummy

Kennewick Man

Chärchän Man

“Ice Princess”

Besides Egypt, mummification has also been found in what other parts of the world?

c

North America

Southern France

coastal Peru and Chile

Britain

Excarnation

Primary inhumanation

Secondary inhumanation

Cremation

Excarnation

Primary inhumanation

Secondary inhumanation

Cremation

________ is when human remains are not intentionally moved after burial in ground.

________ is when human remains are allowed to decompose first and then bones are removed to a separate burial place.

b

c

________ is when human remains are burned before burial.

Excarnation

Primary inhumanation

Secondary inhumanation

Cremation

b

DNA analysis

noninvasive “virtual autopsies”

trace element analysis

radiocarbon dating

The Spirit Cave mummy had a desiccated body, which means that ________.

b

it had its bones removed

it had been dried out before burial

it had its organs removed for cremation

organic acids and other compounds had “tanned” its skin

The most famous naturally preserved human remains (5,300 years) in a frozen setting is ________.

c

Chärchän Man

the “Ice Princess”

the "Iceman"

La Doncella

In ancient Egypt, canopic jars contained ________.

c

money for the afterworld

wine for the mourners

the vital organs of the deceased

sacred olive oil

In Nepal, Buddhist monks are “buried” in the “sky,” which means their bodies are ________.

a

cut in pieces and fed to vultures

cremated outside with smoke rising up

left frozen atop high peaks

cremated with ashes scattered in the wind

d

the excarnation of dead bodies

the embalming of dead bodies

instances of mummification

mass graves

Computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), makes it possible to conduct ________ on human remains.

The Black Plague of 14th-century Europe often resulted in ________.

d

Which of the following are generally not found as grave goods?

b

weapons

wild animals

pottery

jewellery

Which groups of skeletal bones includes those of the arms and hands?

c

axial skeleton

pelvic girdle

appendicular skeleton

shoulder girdle

Skeletal sex is most accurately determined by ________.

a

assessing the morphology of the pelvic bones

the overall size of the skeleton

measuring the length of the foot bones

evaluating the attributes of the skull

What is the bone formation process called?

c

pathology

paleodemography

ossification

trephining

Examining how the stable state of some molecular elements from plants and animals have been absorbed by human bodies is called _________.

c

osteology

DNA analysis

stable isotope analysis

trace element analysis

Which type of chemical analysis could be used to provide information about the migratory patterns of a population?

d

osteology

DNA analysis

stable isotope analysis

trace element analysis

Reconstructing the “life history” of ancient individuals is called ________.

a

osteobiography

paleodemography

pathology

biopathology

Wear patterns on Neanderthal teeth reveal that they used their teeth to ________.

c

make stone tools

crack nuts

soften hides

twist rope

What is examined to help determine the age of children? d

facial bone features

pelvic girdle

appendicular skeleton

epiphyseal fusion

What has been the most common method of distinguishing between varieties of ancient human species?

chemical analysis of skeletal bones

examination of the marker traits of bones and teeth

comparision of the pelvic and shoulder girdles

determining burial practices

b

Open Questions What are the ethical issues when dealing with human remains, especially those that might be connected to indigenous peoples?

What can be revealed by studying the skeletal remains of a group of ancient people?

Describe the range of conditions that have resulted in the preservation of human soft tissue remains. What kinds of information have archaeologists acquired from these kinds of remains? Give specific examples from the text.

Describe two ancient burial practices and the religious or cultural rationale behind them.

Compare the different chemical analyses that archaeologists can use and what sort of information is revealed by them.

Chapter 9 Question

B

C

D

b

evolutionary ecology

human ecology

geoarchaeology

paleoecology

What evidence did archaeologists find that the people at Çatalhöyük, Turkey, were sedentary and had food surpluses?

c

the number of animal bones found at the site

the size of their buildings

their houses had ovens and storage bins

food was left at sacrificial shrines

What is the environment of the prehistoric past called?

c

geoarchaeology

ecosystem

paleoenvironment

paleoecology

Archaeologists believe that the ancient people who lived ________ contributed to the ecological disaster that made their environment unliveable.

b

in the Sarah Desert

on Easter Island

in the Gobi Desert

on the Hawaiian island of Molokai

Biotic and abiotic elements of the environment that operate within a system are called ________.

d

an ecozone

an ecotone

a biome

an ecosystem

A distinct geographic area containing a specific group of interdependent living species is called ________.

a

an ecozone

an ecotone

a biome

an ecosystem

What is the study of the relationships between humans and their environment called?

Answer A

What is the number of organisms that an environment can support at any one time called?

d

optimization model

subsistence limit

resource limit

carrying capacity

During the last Ice Age, sea levels dropped ________.

a

100 metres plus

40,000 feet

3.56 metres

by no change

A region where two ecozones overlap is called ________.

b

a double ecozone

an ecotone

a biome

an ecosystem

A commodity actually used by an organism is called ________.

b

a biome

a resource

a niche

a sustaining element

A major source of information about paleoclimate has been long cylindrical plugs (cores) of material removed by hollow drills from ocean sediments or from ________.

c

rainforest soil

desert sand

glacial ice

artic tundra

The geographic place where an organism lives is called ________.

a

a habitat

an ecosystem

a biome

an ecozone

geomorphology

past plants

The study of how landforms change over time is called ________.

d

paleoecology

geoarchaeology

evolutionary ecology

Palynology is the study of ________.

c

plant microfossils

past climate

pollen

The long-term patterns of past temperatures and precipitation are called ________.

d

past weather

In the study of evolutionary ecology, ________ are used to explain aspects of behavior related to the use of resources.

a

Modern humans began to domesticate plants and animals ________.

climate

evolutionary ecology

paleoclimate

optimization models

ecosystems

carrying capacities

subsistence practices

a

after the last Ice Age

before the last Ice Age

about 200,000 years ago

about 50,000 years ago

The herding and feeding of animals in captivity is called ________.

b

optimization

domestication

environmental manipulation

animal management

Large-scale alteration and management of landscapes, such as building dams or cutting down forests is called ________.

c

geoecology

resource management

environmental manipulation

human ecology

b

population growth required a larger more stable food supply

drier climate forced people into closer contact with plants and animals

people in marginal areas were forced to manage food sources better

an overdependence on some resources created a need for domestication

c

the Nile River in Egypt

the Yangtze River in China

the Tigris-Euphrates River Valley

the grassy hills of Europe

The oasis theory of the origin of agriculture theorized that ________.

The hilly-flanks theory of the origin of agriculture focused on ________.

Which of the following terms describes the transformation from a hunter-gatherer society to one in which animals and plants were domesticated?

d

evolutionary ecology

optimization

environmental manipulation

agricultural revolution

Open Questions Describe the differences between human ecology, paleoarchaeology, and geoarchaeology.

Explain the difference between climate and weather.

How are optimization models used in the field of evolutionary ecology?

How have humans used environmental manipulation and resource management to control their environments?

There are many theories for the origins of agriculture. Compare and contrast two of these theories using evidence used by the theorists in your response.

Chapter 10 Question What did archaeologists find that was unusual among the ancient peoples of Tasmania about 3,500 years ago?

Answer A

b

the people migrated back to Australia

B

C

D

the people suddenly stopped fishing

the people stopped cutting down trees

the people moved away from coastal areas

no difference in gender roles

men herded domestic animals and women tended fields of grain

men hunted on land and women harvested from the sea

ubiquity

fusion-fusion pattern

What gender roles did archaeologists uncover about the ancient people of Tasmania?

d

men fished and women tended fields of grain

The manner in which a particular group organized its settlements and occupied its geographic space is called its ________.

a

settlement pattern

seasonal round

The timing and movement of huntergatherers or pastoralists across the landscape is called a ________.

c

fusion-fusion pattern

sedentary settlement

seasonal round

seasonal transhumance

In analyzing the settlement archaeology of a site archaeologists study four major components: the dating or age of the site, site structure, site function, and _________.

a

season of occupation

gender roles of occupants

distances between similar sites

site depth

The study of prehistoric populations is called ________

a

paleodemography

bioanthropology

catchment analysis

settlement impact

The settlement pattern in which only one segment of the population moves with their animals seasonally while the rest of the population stays in one place is called ________.

d

fusion-fusion pattern

sedentary settlement

seasonal round

seasonal transhumance

The study of where the materials found in a site were obtained, how much of an effort was necessary to procure them, and how that procurement affected settlement patterns is called _________.

c

paleodemography

bioanthropology

catchment analysis

settlement archaeology

The presence of articulated fish skeletons in the midden at La Quinta indicated that the fish ________.

b

were not locally caught

were likely filleted before eaten

were being used seasonally

were very large

It is difficult to understand a subsistence system in the absence of ________ data because site type and location reveal a great deal about how an economic system was structured, how it functioned, and how it changed over time

c

ecofactual

seasonal

settlement

migratory

What are the remains of animals found at a site called?

b

paleofeces

faunal remains

botanical remains

palaeoethnobotany

All of the following are examples of botanical remains except for ________.

d

pollen

seeds

charcoal

polyvinyl

The four primary subsistence systems are hunting and gathering, horticulture, pastoralism, and ________.

d

apiculture

foraging

tree harvesting

intensive agriculture

About 5,000 years ago a major staple for native California groups was ________.

a

acorns

maize

cactus

rabbit

Specialists who study faunal remains are called ________.

b

palaeobotanists

zooarchaeologists

palynologists

osteopaths

A low-intensity system of food production using domesticated plants, such as yams, grown in small fields or gardens using only human labor is called ________.

d

intensive agriculture

foraging

pastoralism

horticulture

The inhabitants of urban centers are most likely to depend upon which of the following subsistence systems?

a

intensive agriculture

pastoralism

horticulture

Foragers are also known as ________.

b

pastoralists

foraging hunters and gatherers

herders

horticulturalists

Quantitative methods used to measure botanical remains include all of the following except for ________.

c

absolute counts and weights

various ratios

flotation

ubiquity

minimum number of individuals (MNI)

estimates of species diversity from counts and weights

fragmentation effect

ubiquity

One of the most commonly used measures of quantification for faunal remains is ________.

a

Because of new understanding of settlement patterns, archaeologists now believe that large Maya ceremonial sites were located in _________.

What revolutionary technique do archaeologists use to separate botanical remains from a soil sample?

d

areas with small local populations

a regional area of no towns

areas with no local population

cities with large urban populations

b

catchment analysis

flotation

seriation

ubiquity

Question What do archaeologists learn from studying the settlement patterns of a group of ancient people?

Discuss the four major components of settlement pattern analysis.

Describe the basic characteristics of the four primary subsistence systems for ancient people.

How did the gradual adoption of agriculture change early human societies?

What is the difference between using NISP and MNI for quantifying ecofactual remains?

Chapter 11 Question

Answer A

B

C

D

hold religious ceremonies of human sacrifice

chart the movement of the stars and planets

make peace treaties with their enemies

To appease their gods of the sky, the Mexica of Central America would ________.

b

build ever-taller pyramids

What are the relationships that hold a group of people together called?

c

stratification

social archaeology

social structure

paleoarchaeology

Which of the following are not considered part of the archaeological model of culture?

c

technology and material culture

settlement and subsistence patterns

warfare and competition with other groups

social structure and social organization

What is the study of past ways of thought, as inferred from material remains, called?

a

cognitive archaeology

social archaeology

psychological archaeology

processual archaeology

Anatomically modern humans are called ________.

c

Australopithecus

Homo erectus

Homo sapiens sapiens

Neanderthals

If only functional criteria can be tied to an object, its most likely use is ________.

b

nonutilitarian

utilitarian

ceremonial

symbolic

All societies have ________ systems, with rules (or social norms) for descent, reciprocity, marriage, and residence.

a

kinship

urban

band

chiefdom

Which of the following is not a method archaeologists use to study gender in an ancient society?

b

burial analysis

thin section analysis

dietary analysis

artistic representations

When archaeologists assume that the earliest ethnographic or historically known group in an area is the direct descendant of the latest archaeological group in the same area, this is called ________.

c

ethnographic analogy

ethnographic determinism

the direct historical approach

historical archaeology

Small-scale, nonstratified societies with hunting and gathering as their primary subsistence system are typically organized as ________.

d

chiefdoms

states

civilizations

bands

Most ________ are based on agriculture; have large, permanent settlements; a centralized political structure, a formal leader authorized to use force; and formal ranking.

a

chiefdoms

egalitarian societies

species

bands

States are characterized by all of the following except for ________.

d

large populations

social stratification

formal recordkeeping

egalitarianism

The state systems that developed in Mesopotamia relied on grains of ________.

b

rice

wheat and barley

maize

sorghum

The theory that suggests the need to defend agricultural systems led to state formation is called ________.

b

agricultural theory

warfare theory

multicausal theory

irrigation theory

A life-size terracotta army of 7,000 soldiers was excavated near the tomb of Qin Shi Huangdi, who was the ________.

a

first emperor of China

last emperor of China

first emperor of the Han Dynasty

last emperor of the Zhou Dynasty

Which native society in North America between about 1,100 and 600 years ago came closest to being a state-level group?

b

Kwakiutl

Cahokia

Chumash

Cheyenne

The belief in a society of deities is called ________.

d

monotheism

animism

deism

polytheism

In Mesoamerica, religious items were often deposited in cenotes, which are ________.

c

ceremonial temples

earthen altars

large, natural wells

sacred caves

What is the understanding of one's universe called?

d

archeoastronomy

cosmic philosophy

deism

cosmology

Large-scale images or designs made by removing soil or by piling rocks to create lines or designs are called ________.

a

geoglyphs

pictographs

representational art

petroglyphs

In studying a particular individual, archaeologists usually look at the following except for ________.

b

craftsmanship of artifacts

cenotes

paleofeces

skeletons

Open Questions Describe how archaeologists see the society, social structure, and social organization of ancient people as different topics.

Discuss the differences among bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states.

Describe the various theories of the origin of states.

What is the difference between cosmology and archeoastronomy?

What are the ways in which individuals can be identified in the archaeological record?

Chapter 12 Question

Answer A

B

C

D

changes in the relationships between social groups

changes in traditions and culture

changes in the religious symbolism and practice

What does the study of cultural ecology concentrate on?

a

changes in the relationship between a society and its environment

Analysis of paleofeces can help determine the following except for ________.

d

foods eaten

quality of diet

general health

cause of death

Change that occurs at the same general time across geographic space is called ________ change.

b

atemporal

synchronic

diachronic

universal

Change that can be observed over time is ________ change.

c

atemporal

synchronic

diachronic

universal

Archaeologists found relatively little technological change in prehistoric Australia over a period of _________ years.

a

50,000

1,000

1 million

6 million

The examination of how societal subsystems are interrelated is called ________. b

diffusionism

systems theory

diachronic theory

synchronic theory

The creation of a new type of technology, often in response to a need to accomplish some task, is called ________.

intentionality

diffusion

acculturation

invention

d

The presence of pyramids in both the Old and New Worlds is an example of ________.

diffusion

independent invention

b

a trade network

diaspora

When new materials, technologies, or ideas are traded between cultures it is called ________.

c

diaspora

innovation

diffusion

acculturation

The breaking up of a population into smaller groups that then disperse without replacing the existing population is called ________.

a

diaspora

migration

diffusion

acculturation

The study of how languages developed, where they may have originated, and when they moved is called ________.

c

syncretism

diffusion

paleolinguistics

acculturation

Archaeologists found evidence that Paleoindian culture first existed in South America about ________ years ago.

d

1,800

6,000

53,000

11,000

Colin Renfrew has argued that IndoEuropean languages originated 8,000 years in a region that is now _________.

a

Turkey

Egypt

Greece

India

new burial patterns

new cranial capacities

new language and symbols

A new ethnic group entering an area brings the following except for ________.

c

new artifact types

What is the study called that examines cultural change as the result of direct selective processes on the variation of artifact types and frequencies, resulting in the change of those types and frequencies over time?

b

diffusion

evolutionary archaeology

systems theory

synchronism

Direct contact between two groups or societies that leads to an exchange of cultural features while each group remains distinct is called ________.

a

acculturation

colonization

assimilation

syncretism

________ is when groups within a merged culture maintain their distinctiveness.

b

Assimilation

Cultural pluralism

Acculturation

Syncretism

d

smaller and less complex

more violent

group with the most extensive trade routes

larger and more complex

When groups in direct contact are disproportionate in size or are very different culturally, the ________ tends to prevail.

Most ancient trade was ________.

c

One of the most extensive trade networks in the ancient world was that of the Silk Road between the Middle East and what is now ________. a

lucrative

opportunistic

planned

involved large-scale networks

China

India

Japan

Thailand

Bantu languages dominated which continent?

d

Europe

South America

Asia

Africa

The organized and sanctioned conflict between two societies is called ________.

b

diffusion

warfare

syncretism

acculturation

Archaeological evidence from the battle at Little Bighorn in 1876 revealed that U.S. forces under the command of Lt. Col. George A. Custer did all except for which of the following?

c

were killed trying to escape

encountered a vastly superior force

ran out of bullets

were divided into separate groups

Open Questions How do archaeologists use systems theory to study change in a society?

What is the differences between migration, diffusion, and diaspora?

What are the limits to using evolutionary archaeology in studying change in an ancient group of people?

Describe the different outcomes that are possible when two cultures come into contact.

How does evidence of warfare show up in the archaeological record?

Chapter 13 Question

The greatest threat to archaeological sites is ________.

Fort Hall was a lucrative trading post for many years mainly because of ________.

What was the immediate danger to the archaeological site at Fort Hall?

Cultural resource management (CRM) agencies in the United States do the following except for ________.

Which law prohibits the digging at archaeological sites unless a federal permit is secured?

Answer A

B

C

D

a

human population growth and development

air pollution

metal detectorists

extreme weather

b

its location on the Snake River

its trade in beaver pelts

its offer of safety to Oregon Trail wagons

its trade in salmon

c

City planners wanted to turn the area into a recreational site for off-road vehicles.

Native Americans wanted to reclaim the land for ceremonial purposes.

The Snake River was encroaching on the site.

A housing development was proposed to be built there.

b

protecting significant historical and archaeological sites

prohibiting off-road vehicles through passing regulation

prosecuting looters

repatriating human remains

c

Reservoir Salvage Act of 1960

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

Antiquities Act of 1906

National Historic Preservation Act

The Archaeological Resources Protection act of 1979 ________.

d

protects archaeological resources on private land

Which of the following are not one of the criteria required for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places?

b

association with historical event

great public interest

association with historical people

distinctive artistic value

The ________, which has been responsible for many cultural programs, including the administration of historic battlefields, administers the National Register.

c

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Department of Justice

National Park Service

U.S. Department of Homeland Security

b

a uniquely designed colonial house

a common 200-yearold mill

a Civil War battlefield

a president's birthplace

The two steps of an inventory are ________.

a

survey and data entry

excavation and removal

mitigation and excavation

survey and preservation

A measure taken to lessen the adverse effects on historical sites is called ________.

d

undertaking

evaluation

remedying

mitigation

holding a tribal ceremony

conducting an inventory of any associated funerary objects

Which of the following would not meet one of the requirements of inclusion in the National Register?

Under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), federal agencies that hold onto human remains have to do the following except for ________.

c

identifying the tribal affiliation of those materials

created a national registry of archaeological sites

reversed the Antiquities Act of 1906

strengthened the Antiquities Act of 1906

repatriating the materials if requested

If irreconcilable differences arise between state and federal agencies, the __________ can help adjudicate the contested issue.

b

United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization

Each state SHPO generally have the following individuals except for ________.

d

a state archaeologist

an expert in local archaeology

a state historic preservation officer

a state publicist

All of the following are major aspects of federal law compliance archaeology except for ________.

a

showcasing

inventory

protection

evaluation

a

address the international problem of illegal import, export, and transfer of artifacts

establish a protocol for announcing a significant archaeological discovery

devise an international system of permits for archaeological digs

legalize the sale of common antiquities

UNESCO Convention also aimed at ________.

b

creating an ethical code for international archaeologists

protecting significant or rare biological and establishing a paleontological system of fines for resources tourist looters

protecting copyrights of archaeological items

The statute that makes in necessary for federal projects to cease and notify appropriate tribal representatives if human remains are encountered during archaeological investigations is ________.

c

NHPA

Antiquities Act

NRHP

The UNESCO convention of 1970 was primarily organized to ________.

Advisory Council on Historic Preservation

National Register of Historic Places

U.S. Department of the Interior

NAGPRA

d

the construction of a large housing development

the construction of a major highway

the construction of an airport

the rising level of Lake Nasser, because of the construction of the Aswan Dam

When making decisions regarding mitigation, archaeologists consider ________.

b

only the area their budget can cover

all areas that might be affected by a project

only the area that contains human remains

only those areas deemed historically unique

Which of the following are not among the ethical principles of archaeology?

a

public funding

stewardship

public education

accountability

What are the indigenous peoples of Australia called?

c

Papuans

native Asians

Aborigines

Proto-Polynesians

The threat to the temple site at Abu Simbel was ________.

Open Questions Describe the various ways that contemporary human activity can negatively affect archaeological sites.

Why is it important for archaeologists to take into account the viewpoints of indigenous people connected to an archaeological site?

Think about three or four historical sites that you know or have visited and determine what criteria would be used to include them in the National Register.

Why is educating the public about archaeological discoveries so important to the field?

Describe the ethical responsibilities of professional archaeologists.

Chapter 14 Question

Answer A

B

C

D

Kennewick Man is about how many years old?

a

8,600 years

2,500 years

11,000 years

5,000 years

c

the settlement patterns of the earliest occupants of the Americas

the lifestyle habits of the earliest occupants of the Americas

the facial bone structure of the earliest occupants of the Americas

the arrowheads used by the earliest occupants of the Americas

Paleonatives

Paleoindians

first North Americans

original American natives

d

The case is still ongoing.

Kennewick Man was given back to the local native tribes for burial.

Kennewick Man was sent to Cambridge University for thirdparty assessment.

Kennewick Man was turned over to a group of U.S. scientists for analysis.

What has crime-scene investigations adopted from archaeologists?

a

some archaeological methods

similar deductive reasoning

radiocarbon dating

similar background research studies

Modern-day Israelis look to the archaeological record from which age to support their claims for statehood?

a

Iron Age

Bronze Age

Stone Age

Copper Age

The discovery of Kennewick Man confirmed the scientific theory about ________.

The earliest occupants of the Americas are formally called the ________.

What was the eventual court decision regarding Kennewick Man?

b

Which modern-day country has the strongest Celtic tradition?

d

Denmark

Iceland

England

Ireland

Germany and Italy

Italy and France

Which two nations in World War II used archaeology as propaganda to support programs of nationalism and expansionism?

c

France and Britain

Germany and Soviet Union

In the 1970s and 1980s, the Khmer Rouge looked to the ancient Khmer dynasty for inspiration in subjugating the people of ________.

b

Thailand

Cambodia

Vietnam

Laos

The huge Buddhas of Bamiyan, carved into a mountain, were destroyed for political reasons in ________.

a

Afghanistan

China

Japan

Pakistan

In Bolivia, what ancient agricultural technique was employed to deal with modern environmental issues?

c

Bund irrigation

crop rotation

raised-field farming

ancient grain cultivation

The ancient peoples living ________ were adversely affected by deforestation.

a

on Easter Island

in the Sahara Desert

in the Nile River Valley

in the American southwest

About 50,000 years ago after the arrival of ancient humans, some animal species disappeared in ________.

b

the Andes

Australia

the Hawaiian Islands

North America

The work of archaeologists at the World Trade Center is ________.

d

ethnoarchaeology

osteobiography

geoarchaeology

forensic archaeology

Archaeologists using ________ technology can greatly eliminate mapping errors.

b

cataloging

GPS

statistical testing

GIS

a

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

North American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

Native American Graves Protection and Recovery Agency

North American Graves Protection and Recovery Agency

c

out-of-control swidden field techniques

large temple construction

excessive firewood cutting

overpopulation

c

protecting a ceremonial site at risk from development

rediscovering lost textile weaving techniques

discovering ancient farming techniques that were more productive

discovering a lost Inca city that boosted tourism

politically aware

mercenaries and romantic heroes

What does NAGPRA stand for?

Archaeologist believe that the Maya deforestation found in Guatemala was probably the result of ________.

Archaeologists helped a group in northeastern Bolivia by ________.

Most movies depict archaeologists as ________.

d

forensic experts

old scientists

Which of the following popular media would be the most trusted? d

Which of the following agricultural techniques was not used by the Maya?

c

Laura Croft, Tomb Raider

canal irrigation

Discovery Networks’ American Digger

Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom

Archaeology magazine

raised fields

animal-powered plows

blended orchards

Open Questions Using Kennewick Man as an example, what are the tradeoffs between respecting the rights of indigenous people and advancing understanding of our past through the study of the archaeological data?

Discuss some of the negative ways archaeology could by used by a nation.

Describe some of the ways in which computer technology has revolutionized the science of archaeology.

Discuss some of the modern environmental benefits of studying past societies.

Take any modern film that depicts archaeologists and discuss any misleading portrayals of archaeology or stereotypes.