Evolutionary Psychology: An Introduction 4 Edition by Workman and Reader | TEST BANK

Testbank for Evolutionary Psychology 4th edition, by Workman and Reader

Chapter 1 1. Natural Selection depends on: [a] [b] [c] [d]

The inheritance of acquired characteristics Heritable variation and differential reproduction Both a and b Neither a nor b

2. The Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics is also known as: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Lamarkianism Dawinism Lysenkoism Mendelism 3. An important part on Mendel’s notion of inheritance is that it:

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Integrated Continuous Analogical Particulate 4. Who suggested ‘biology will cannibalise psychology’:

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Dawkins Wilson Thornhill & Palmer Trivers

5. The EEA refers to: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Ecological environment of adaptation Evolutionary environment of adaptation Environment of evolutionary adaptation Evolutionary ecology of adaptation 6. Eugenics refers to

[a] [b] [c] [d]

The process of genetic transmission Selective breeding for the good of the species Indiscriminate genocide The inheritance of acquired characteristics 7. What is the Great Chain of being?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

The view that there is a natural hierarchy in life Another term for decent with modification The view that one can trace all organisms back to a single common ancestor The fact that all creatures are genetically related to one another 8. ‘Instinctual drift’ (Breland and Breland, 1961) shows that:

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Animals can be trained to do almost anything Learning is a species-general process Learning is constrained by species-specific 'instincts' Positive reinforcement is more effective than punishment 9. The term 'evolutionary psychology' was first coined by

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Charles Darwin E.O. Wilson Richard Dawkins John Tooby and Leda Cosmides 10. Which of the following is a core principle of evolutionary psychology?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

All behaviours are adaptive All behaviours are hard-wired Culture and learning are of little importance None of the above 11. If a plant with a white flower is crossed with a plant with a red flower and we find the offspring are all either white or red never pink this is evidence for

[a] [b] [c] [d]

The particulate nature of inheritance The blending nature of inheritance Incomplete dominance Heterozygous advantage 12. The modern synthesis is a combination of the work of which two people?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Darwin and Mendel Darwin and Wallace Lamark and Mendel Dawkins and Darwin 13. “[It] is not a place or a habitat, or even a time period. It is a statistical composite of the adaptation-relevant properties of ancestral environments encountered by members of ancestral populations, weighted by their frequency and fitness-consequences.” What is being referred to here?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

The Great Chain of being The Upper Pleistocene The stone age The EEA

14. The 'Spandrel's of San Marco' (Gould & Lewontin, 1979) is a criticism of what? [a] [b] [c] [d]

Innateness Inheritance Adaptationism Determinism 15. What is the naturalistic fallacy?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Something must be good because it is natural Something must be natural because it is good We can understand nature by experimentation We cannot understand nature by experimentation 16. The view that the mind is made up of domain-specific mental modules is central to what?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

All evolutionary psychology Sociobiology Behavioural ecology The Santa-Barbara School 17. Phrenology is most similar to which of Tooby and Cosmides's principles?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Adaptiveness Innateness Modularity The EEA 18. Evolution was first proposed by

[a] [b] [c] [d]

The Ancient Greeks The Babylonians Erasmus Darwin Charles Darwin 19. Which of the following is an ultimate question?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Why do we find faeces disgusting?

How does schizophrenia develop?

Are men better at spatial tasks than women?

Which part of the brain is responsible for love?

20. Which of the following is NOT an assumption of the cultural relativist tradition?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Culture is an autonomous force Learning processes are domain specific Humans are born blank slates Human behaviour is infinitely malleable

Answers to Chapter 1: 1. b 2. b 3. d 4. b 5. c 6. b 7. a 8. c 9. d 10. d

11. a 12. a 13. d 14. c 15. a 16. d 17. c 18. a 19. a 20. b

Chapter 2 1. Darwin brought the term ‘survival of the fittest’ into The Origin of Species at the suggestion of: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Alfred Russel Wallace Gregor Mendel Herbert Simon Vero Wynne-Edwards

2. Mendel uncovered 3 main findings [a] [b] [c] [d]

Genes are dominant; genes can mutate; genes are particulate Genes operate in pairs; genes can be dominant or recessive; genes mutate There are 23 chromosomes; genes operate in pairs; genes are particulate Genes operate in pairs; genes can be dominant or recessive; inheritance is particulate

3. A pea plant that with the genotype YY for colour is: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Homozygous recessive Homozygous dominant Heterozygous recessive Heterozygous dominant

4. The process of producing cells with half the number of genes/chromosomes is called: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Zygote Mitosis Meiosis Diploid

5. Humans have: [a] [b] [c] [d]

23 pairs of chromosomes 22 chromosomes 23 chromosomes 22 pairs of chromosomes

6. Humans have approximately: [a] [b] [c] [d]

2,300 genes 23,500 genes 235,000 genes 2,350,000 genes 7. Epigenetics is the field of research that considers:

[a] [b] [c] [d]

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Non heritable changes Evolutionary change which does not involve genes Heritable changes which involve changes to the DNA sequence Heritable changes which do not involve changes to the DNA sequence 8. The three sources of variation in a population that natural selection can work on are: Mixing together of parental genes, recombination and gene mutations Modifier genes, recombination and gene mutations Mixing together of parental genes, modifier genes and recombination Gene mutations, mixing together of parental genes and linkage

9. Put the following in the currently accepted order: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Ardipithecus; Australopithecus; Homo habilis; Homo erectus; Homo sapiens Australopithecus; Ardipithecus; Homo habilis; Homo erectus; Homo sapiens Australopithecus; Ardipithecus; Homo erectus; Homo habilis; Homo sapiens Australopithecus; Ardipithecus; Homo erectus; Homo sapiens; Homo habilis

10. Species of Australopithecus begin to appear in the fossil record around: [a] [b] [c] [d]

1.2 million years ago 2.2 million years ago 3.2 million years ago 4.2 million years ago

11. Anatomically modern Homo sapiens have existed for around: [a] [b] [c] [d]

500,000 years 15,000 years 150,000 years 30,000 years

12. The vast majority mutated genes are: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Detrimental Neutral Beneficial Polygenic

13. Genes having more than one phenotypic effect are called ________whilst characteristics that depend on more than one gene are known as ________ respectively: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Modifiers and pleiotropic Polygenic and modifiers Pleiotropic and polygenic Polygenic and pleiotropic

14. Homo erectus had a brain which was how much larger than the brain of Homo habilis: [a] [b] [c] [d]

50% 40% 30% 20%

15. Humans are built from proteins based on: [a] [b] [c] [d]

300,000 nucleotide base-pairs 3 million nucleotide base-pairs 30 million nucleotide base-pairs 3 billion nucleotide base-pairs

16. The name given to the minuscule lozenge-shaped bodies responsible for providing energy for the cell via the controlled breakdown of sugars is: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Cytoplasm Mitochondria Molecular clocks Bacteria

17. Genes which code for proteins (exons) make up the following percentage of our DNA: [a] [b] [c] [d]

10% 20% 2% 5%

18. Costly signalling theory is an example of: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Direct reciprocity Epigenetics Wynn-Edwards Indirect reciprocity

19. According to Dawkins _________ are any entities which are able to make copies of themselves whereas _________briefly carry the former: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Vehicles and replicators Replicators and vehicles Replicators and selfish genes Vehicles and selfish genes 20. The co-efficient of relatedness ‘r’ between 1st cousins is:

[a] [b] [c] [d]

1 .25 .125 .5

Answers to Chapter 2: 1. a 2. d 3. b 4. c 5. a 6. b 7. d 8. a 9. a 10. d

11. c 12. b 13. c 14. a 15. d 16. b 17. c 18. d 19. b 20. c

Chapter 3

1. Intra-sexual selection leads to: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Sexy females Sexy males Competitive males All of the above

2. Which evolutionist often observed female non-human primates initiating sexual behaviour: [a] [b] [c] [d]

E. O. Wilson Sarah Hrdy John Maynard Smith Marlne Zuk

3. Matt Ridely refers to the male ornamentation debate as: [a] [b] [c] [d]

‘Fisherians v. good-geners’ ‘Sexy-sons v. healthy offspring ‘Healthy-offspring v. ‘good geners’ ‘Sexy-sons v. ‘sexy-genes’

4. The raffle analogy of Williams is based on: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Individual selection The abiotic environment Both a and b Neither a or b

5. Parental investment theory was introduced by: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Darwin Williams Hamilton Trivers

6. The Red Queen theory of sex predicts that: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Sex will be more common when the environment is stable Sex will be more common when the environment is unstable Sex will be more common when parasitism is low Sex will be more common in invertebrates

7. A polygynous species is one where there is: [a] [b] [c] [d]

One female to several males One female to one male One male to several females A ‘free-for-all’

8. Bull elephant seals are approximately: [a] [b]

3 times the size of cows 10 times the size of cows

[c] [d]

6 times the size of cows 4 times the size of cows

9. The handicap hypothesis of male ornamentation was proposed by: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Zahavi Van Valen Hamilton & Zuk Maynard-Smith 10. Both Fisher’s and Muller’s arguments look at the evolution of sex from the viewpoint of the ______ or ______:

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Group or population Individuals or population Population or species Genes or individuals 11. Three biotic components of an organism’s environment are:

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Temperature, rain and conspecifics Heat, rain and food Parasites, heat and vegetation Parasites, predators and conspecifics

12. A topminnow is a species of: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Nematode Fish Insect Lizard

13. The parasite theory of female choice was proposed by: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Zahavi Fisher Hamilton & Zuk Van Valen

14. Three costs associated with sexual reproduction are:

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Lactation, production of males and courtship Meiosis, mitosis and courtship Mitosis, production of males and courtship Meiosis, production of males and courtship

15. According to a study by Cox and Le Boeuf (1973) 4% of male elephant seals are responsible for what percentage of matings during the breeding season: [a] [b] [c] [d]

55% 85% 65% 95%

16. The notion that sex is maintained in populations by a host/parasite arms race that become known as the Red Queen theory was first proposed in 1973 by: [a] [b] [c] [d]

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Zahavi Fisher Dawkins Van Valen

17. Neanderthals may well have co-existed with our direct ancestors for around: 3,000 years 30,000 years 300,000 years 3,000,000 years

18. In 2010 the Neanderthal Genome Project reported that modern humans living outside of subSaharan Africa typically have between __ and __% of Neanderthal genes: [a] [b] [c] [d]

1 and 4 2 and 6 3 and 9 4 and 10 19. Androphilia and gynephilia respectively mean:

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Woman-loving and man-loving Man-hating and woman-hating Man-loving and woman-loving Homosexual and heterosexual

20. Typically a Red Deer stag will warn off challengers by producing approximately _____loud roars each day: [a] [b] [c] [d]

1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000

Answers to Chapter 3: 1. c 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. d 6. a 7. c 8. d 9. a 10. a

11. d 12. b 13. c 14. d 15. b 16. d 17. b 18. a 19. c 20. c

Chapter 4 1. Bonobos are: [a] [b] [c] [d]

A species of gorilla A species of fruitfly A species of gibbon A species of chimpanzee 2. Male common chimpanzees have been known to kill infants – an act believed by some to:

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Bring a female back into oestrus more rapidly Ensure that any new offspring are likely to be those of the infanticidal individual Both a and b Neither a nor b 3. Common chimpanzees share approximately what proportion of genes with us:

[a] [b] [c] [d]

94% 98% 100% 96%

4. Bonobo troops typically have how many individuals: [a] [b] [c] [d]

10-20 20-40 40-60 50-120

5. Silverback gorillas can weigh up to: [a] [b]

130 kilograms 180 kilograms

[c] [d]

230 kilograms 300 kilograms

6. The rare western sub-species Gorilla gorilla diehli consists of how many individuals: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Fewer than 200 Fewer than 300 Fewer than 400 Fewer than 500 7. In which species of baboon do the males have a large white ‘mane’:

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Red baboon Yellow baboon Olive baboon Hamadryas baboon

8. Sexual strategies theory is particularly associated with: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Buss & Schmitt Tanner & Zihlman Washburn & Lancaster Baker & Bellis

9. The best hunters have the most wives in: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Monogamous societies Polyandrous societies Polygynous societies Baboon societies

10. According to Buss, in cultures where women are financially dependent on men then we can expect to see: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Chastity rated highly for a female partner Chastity not rated highly for a female partner Chastity rated highly for a male partner Chastity not rated highly for a male partner

11. The two species of chimpanzee, common chimps and bonobos, are believed to have split from a common ancestor around: [a] [b] [c] [d]

0.5 million years ago 1 million years ago 1.5 million years ago 2 million years ago

12. Males of which of the following species have the largest testes: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Gorilla Common Chimpanzee Human Bonobo 13. Which of the following female characteristics came out as number 1 in Buss’s list of mate preference for males:

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Good looks Emotional stability Dependability Love

14. According to Buss and Schmitt (1993) how many female partners would the average man like to have over a 1-year period: [a] [b] [c] [d]

1 6 3 10

15. According to Buss and Schmitt (1993) how many male partners would the average woman like to have over a 1-year period: [a] [b] [c] [d]

1 3 6 10

16. Being sexually aroused by novel females in males is known as: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Developmental flexibility The Kinsey effect The Coolidge effect The Trump effect

17. Workman and Reader call the permanently swollen breasts of human females: [a] [b] [c] [d]

The Jordan effect Dishonest oestrus Cryptic oestrus False oestrus

18. Who initially suggested that a man’s sperm count rises quite dramatically when he has been away from his partner for some time: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Clark & Hatfield Baker & Bellis Buss & Schmitt Alexander & Noonan

19. In which animals did Lester and Gorzalka find evidence of the Coolidge effect in females: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Birds Reptiles Dogs Rodents

20. There is evidence that girls whose father is absent during development: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Begin to menstruate at an earlier age Begin to menstruate at an older age Stop menstruating at an earlier age Stop menstruating at an older age

Answers to Chapter 4: 1. d 2. c 3. b 4. d 5. c 6. a 7. d 8. a 9. c 10. a

11. c 12. b 13. d 14. b 15. a 16. c 17. b 18. b 19. d 20. a

Chapter 5 1. According to Johnson & Morton (1991) specifically what mechanisms underlie the development of face recognition in human babies? [a] [b] [c] [d]

Imprinting and learning Domain specificity and learning Domain specificity and imprinting Conspec and Conlern

2. Habituation means: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Learning not to attend to a stimulus Learning to attend to a stimulus Becoming imprinted Learning a habit 3. Piaget’s notion of the interaction between incoming information and the knowledge structures we possess has been labelled:

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Programming Imprinting Constructivism Cortical plasticity

4. As an alternative to modularity, Karmiloff-Smith introduced which concept? [a] [b] [c] [d]

Modularisation Constructivism Behaviourism Innateness

5. Tager-Flusberg and Sullivan (2000) suggest people with Williams syndrome have: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Preserved social cognition but impaired social perception Impaired social cognition but preserved social perception Impaired social cognition and impaired social perception Preserved social cognition and preserved social perception

6. Clinically normal children generally become capable of passing false belief tests when they turn: [a] [b] [c] [d]

One year Two years Four years Six years 7. The knowledge that an object continues to exist independently of your ability to perceive it is known as:

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Object permanence Theory of Mind Concrete operations Formal operations

8. What did the research of Ruffman, Perner, Naito, Parkin and Clements (1998) show to be true about theory of mind and siblings? [a] [b] [c] [d]

Children with younger siblings tend to develop theory of mind earlier Only children develop theory of mind earlier Children with older siblings tend to develop theory of mind earlier Siblings have no effect on the age at which children develop theory of mind 9. Autism Spectrum Disorder was introduced as a diagnostic category in 2013. What is a spectrum disorder?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

A disorder with a small number of discrete symptoms A disorder in which the symptoms vary widely A disorder with little variation in symptoms A disorder in which the symptoms change through development 10. Autistic people tend to show enhanced performance on what kind of test?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

False belief tests Embedded figures tests Irony comprehension Metaphor comprehension 11. What is the typical cognitive profile of someone with Williams syndrome?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Deficits in spatial cognition with language and theory of mind preserved Deficits in language with spatial cognition and theory of mind preserved Deficits in spatial cognition and language with theory of mind preserved Deficits in theory of mind with language and spatial cognition preserved 12. Technically, what is heritability?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

The probability that a particular trait is inherited by a person The proportion of variation within population of a particular trait due to genes The proportion of a particular trait that is inherited due to sexual recombination The extent to which particular traits are explainable via nature rather than nurture 13. If learning can be shown to occur during a particular period but never before or after this period, we call this:

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Imprinting A crucial period A sensitive period A critical period 14. Whiten and Byrne call the ability to manipulate and deceive others:

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Emotional intelligence Narcissistic intelligence Machiavellian intelligence Manipulative intelligence

15. Hayes and Frith refer to two types of theory of mind, implicit and explicit, what are these? [a] [b] [c] [d]

Explicit theory of mind is innate, implicit develops through experience Implicit theory of mind is innate, explicit develops through experience Explicit theory of mind is automatic, implicit is conscious Implicit theory of mind is automatic, explicit is conscious 16. Williams syndrome is the result of deleted genes on which chromosome?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

1 7 21 X 17. Preferential looking experiments with infant humans and infant monkeys looking at human and monkey faces demonstrates:

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Infant humans and monkeys spend the same time looking at human and monkey faces Infant humans and monkeys look longer at faces from their own species Infant humans and monkeys spend the same time looking at human faces Humans prefer human faces, but monkeys express no preference 18. According to Karmiloff-smith, domain-specific mental modules represent...

[a] [b] [c] [d]

The starting point and the end point of development Neither the starting point of development nor the end point An end point of development rather than the starting point The starting point of development rather than the end point 19. If a trait develops later in life, which of the following can we dismiss?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

The trait is learned The trait is produced by environment The trait is innate None of the above 20. If we were to find out that differences among people were entirely environmental, would this show that genes are unimportant in development?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Yes because it shows that people are entirely shaped by the environment Yes because it shows the importance of nurture over nature No because genes could still account for similarities among people No because nature and nurture are not separate entities

Answers to Chapter 5: 1. d 2. a 3. c 4. a 5. b 6. c 7. a 8. c 9. b 10. b

11. a 12. b 13. d 14. c 15. c 16. b 17. a 18. c 19. d 20. c

Chapter 6 1. Life-history theory argues that fitness can be grouped into which of the following two categories: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Allocation and reproductive effort Allocation and somatic effort r and K effort Somatic and reproductive effort

2. Maximising current reproductive success is sometimes called a: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Mediated life-history strategy Moderated life-history strategy Slow life-history strategy Fast life-history strategy

3. David Bjorklund discussion three kinds of adaptations one of these has no immediate benefit to the child but has benefits when they become adults. This is called a: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Conditional adaptation Ontogenetic adaptation Facultative adaptation Deferred adaptation 4. Behavioural geneticists divide the environment of developing children into:

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Common and shared Shared and passive Common and unique Shared and unique

5. The BSD (Belsky, Steinberg, Draper) theory a species, increased environmental riskiness is thought to lead to individuals maximising____ reproductive success at the expense of____ reproductive success. [a] [b] [c] [d]

Direct, indirect Indirect, direct Current, future Future, current

6. Which of the following is thought to lead to children to maximise future reproductive success? [a] [b] [c] [d]

Father absence Harsh maternal environment Mother older than average Low birth weight 7. A study on siblings of divorced parents by Titcher and Ellis (2008) found younger siblings experienced menarche________ which________the BSD (Belsky, Steinberg, Draper) theory

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Earlier, supports Later, supports Earlier, contradicts Later, contradicts

8. In a behavioural genetics study reported by Turkheimer (2003) it was found that educational achievement was... [a] [b] [c] [d]

Largely genetic for poorer children, largely environmental for well-off children Largely genetic for well-off children, largely environmental for poorer children largely genetic for both groups of children Largely environmental for both groups of children 9. Turkheimer (2000) reports that most studies show that the shared environment accounts for around ____ of the variation in most traits

[a] [b] [c] [d]

10% 20% 40% 80% 10. Technically the stag-hunt game is known as a coordination problem. What is a coordination problem?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

It doesn’t matter what people decide to do as long as they make their intentions clear It doesn’t matter what people decide to do as long as they do the same thing It is important that not everyone does the same thing as this leads to diversity People naturally coordinate different kinds of action

11. Proto-declarative pointing is an attempt by the infant to [a] [b] [c] [d]

Request that an adult give them the object they are pointing to Request that the adult go to the place that they are pointing to Share attention with the adult Share emotion with the adult 12. Approximately what proportion of individuals are classified as insecurely attached?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

A third A tenth A fifth A half 13. In the strange situation test a child shows high anxiety when its mother leaves and is not easily comforted when its mother returns, what kind of attachment style is this?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Secure attachment Disorganised attachment Insecure avoidant Insecure resistant 14. In life history theory, which of the following is considered to be somatic effort?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Sexual reproduction Maturation Producing offspring Rearing offspring 15. What is the name of the category of gene-environment interaction where a child with some genetic trait will tend to seek out environments consistent with that trait?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Passive Active Reactive Evocative 16. According to Belsky (2005) when the environment is relatively stable, children will benefit most from which of the following?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Learning from older children Individual problem solving Learning from their peers Learning from their parents 17. According to research by Michael Tomasello which best describes cooperation by young children and chimpanzees

[a] [b] [c]

Chimpanzees will only cooperate when it makes sense to do so, children will cooperate as a preference Both chimpanzees and children cooperate only when it makes sense to do so Both children and chimpanzees prefer to cooperate above all else

[d]

Children will cooperate only when it is in their interests 18. In Fiske’s relational models theory, buying someone a bottle of wine for giving you a lift is an example of

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Community sharing Authority ranking Equality matching Market pricing 19. In Fiske’s relational models theory, which of the following would be considered to be driven by our moral sense?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Genocide Female genital mutilation Honour killings All of the above 20. What is the principal difference between Curry’s theory of morality-as-cooperation and Fiske’s theory?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Fiske does not discuss kinship Fiske does not discuss mutualism Fiske does not discuss exchange Fiske does not discuss conflict resolution

Answers to Chapter 6: 1. d 2. a 3. d 4. d 5. c 6. c 7. a 8. b 9. a 10. b

11. c 12. a 13. d 14. b 15. b 16. d 17. a 18. c 19. d 20. d

Chapter 7 1. Who suggested ‘social research is more aptly described as a thousand points of light than as a coherent beam illuminating the landscape’: [a] [b] [c] [d]

von Hippel and Buss Simpson and Kenrick Silk and House Roberts and Dunbar

2. The coefficient of relatedness between grandparents and grandchildren is: [a] [b] [c] [d]

1.0 0.5 0.125 0.25 3. Naked mole rats are highly in-bred having an average ‘r’ of:

[a] [b] [c] [d]

0.61 0.71 0.81 0.91

4. Soldier (and worker) castes are sterile and are more closely related to their sisters (r = ___) than they would be to offspring (r = ___) they produced themselves [a] [b] [c] [d]

0.75 and 0.50 0.50 and 0.75 0.75 and 0.99 0.99 and 0.50

5. A female bonobo produces a new offspring every how many years on average? [a] [b] [c] [d]

One year Two years Three years Four years

6. In one year, an oyster can potentially produce: [a] [b] [c] [d]

50 million offspring 50 million offspring 500 million offspring 5000 million offspring

7. ‘Hamilton’s rule’ and can be reduced to the simple formula of: [a] [b] [c] [d]

rb < c c < rb c > rb r < cb

8. According to Hamilton, ultimately costs and benefits are measured in terms of: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Direct fitness Inclusive fitness Indirect fitness Reciprocal altruism

9. Genes involved in the production of the molecules on the surface of body cells are known as: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Phenotype matching Major histocompatibility complex Context-based discrimination Recognition genes

10. Modern-day evolutionists consider the genes which are passed on to the next generation via an individual’s own offspring as their __________and those which are passed on via aid to other kin as their _________. [a] [b] [c] [d]

Parental investment and indirect fitness Direct fitness and parental investment Indirect fitness and direct fitness Direct fitness and indirect fitness

11. According to Danielsbacka et al., when it comes to descending order of how much investment each grandparent provides, which pattern is observed (M=maternal, P=paternal, GM = grandmother, GF=grandfather): [a] [b] [c] [d]

MGM>PGF>MGM>PGF MGM>PGF>PGM>MGF MGM>MGF>PGM>PGF PGM>MGF>MGM>PGF

12. When a relative is recognised due to location this is based on: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Phenotype matching Context-based discrimination Major histocompatibility complex Recognition genes

13. The 1976 book ‘The Use and Abuse of Biology’ which was critical of kin selection theory was written by: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Shavit, Fischer and Koresh Alcock Sahlins Silk

14. __selected species are adapted to stable environments and tend to live longer whereas, __selected species are found where, due to unpredictable conditions, it may pay a parent to produce large numbers of offspring which develop very rapidly: [a] [b] [c] [d]

r and K L and m P and q K and r 15. The ‘Cinderella effect’ where step-parents are considered to provide less than biological parents to children was proposed by:

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Daly and Wilson Buller Alcock Sahlins

16. The battle over blood sugar between mother and foetus involves the hormone: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Progesterone Corpus luteum Human chorionic gonadotrophin Human placental lactogen

17. There is evidence that growth of the embryo and placenta are under control of: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Maternal genes Both maternal and paternal genes Neither maternal nor paternal genes Paternal genes

18. If a pregnancy is to progress, then high levels of _________are required: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Progesterone Corpus luteum Human chorionic gonadotrophin Human placental lactogen

19. In the chapter it was suggested that tantrums have been observed in a wide variety of infant animals as an attempt to increase maternal investment including: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Ants, bees, reed deer and gorillas Wild dogs of Africa, naked mole rats, gorillas and dwarf mongooses Pelicans, starlings, baboons and zebra Naked mole rats, gorillas, dwarf mongooses and Florida scrub jays

20. Conflictual encounters between mother and teenage daughters in rural Trinidad is highest when: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Both mother and daughter are of reproductive age Neither mother nor daughter is of reproductive age The daughter is of reproductive age, but the mother isn’t The mother is of reproductive age, but the daughter isn’t

Answers to Chapter 7: 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. d 6. c 7. b 8. b 9. b 10. d

11. c 12. b 13. c 14. d 15. a 16. d 17. d 18. a 19. c 20. a

Chapter 8 1. Tim Clutton-Brock has suggested there are at least two ways of explaining the giving of aid to non-relatives that he does not consider to be reciprocal altruism: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Direct reciprocation and simple reciprocation Gift economy and manipulation Mutualism and manipulation.

Direct reciprocation and manipulation

2. The !Kung San people of the Kalahari are: [a] [b] [c] [d]

polygynous polyandrous polymorphic monogamous

3. The Yanomamö people of the Amazon basin are: [a] [b] [c] [d]

polygynous polyandrous polymorphic monogamous

4. The Northern Aché are a forager people that live in the rain forests of: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Paraguay Botswana Namibia Brazil

5. In the case of the Aché, despite their reputation for egalitarian food sharing, more than __% of all adult deaths and over __% of child fatalities are due to violence by other Aché: [a] [b] [c] [d]

60 and 40 30 and 70 40 and 60 70 and 30

6. Kim Hill has suggested that human cooperation based around reciprocity is based on three evolved predispositions: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Punish non-reciprocators, seek non-reciprocators and aid family Seek cooperative solutions, share cooperatively and aid family Punish non-reciprocators, share cooperatively and aid family Seek cooperative solutions, share cooperatively and punish non-reciprocators

7. The San people are believed to have been living in Botswana for at least: [a] [b] [c] [d]

11,000 years 22,000 years 33,000 years 44,000 years 8. In prisoner’s dilemma mathematically the following is observed:

[a] [b] [c] [d]

S>R>P>T P>R>T>S T>R>P>S T>P>R>S

9. According to Jerome Barkow, which of the following people consider that, when a woman becomes pregnant, every man who has slept with her is believed to contribute to the development of the infant: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Aché !Kung San Hausa Yanomamö 10. The notion of the ‘we-they’ partition was first introduced by:

[a] [b] [c] [d]

E. O. Wilson John Maynard-Smith William Graham Sumner Trivers

11. ESS means: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Ecological strategic strategy Ecological stable strategy Evolutionarily strategic strategy Evolutionarily stable strategy

12. Axelrod believes that TFT is an ESS because it has three strengths: [a] [b] [c] [d]

It is nice, it is retaliatory and it is unforgiving It is nice, it is retaliatory and it is forgiving It is nice, it is retaliatory and it is stable It is nice, it is stable and it is unforgiving

13. Who said that xenophobia can become a political virtue: [a] [b] [c] [d]

E. O. Wilson John Maynard-Smith William Graham Sumner Trivers

14. The homology hypothesis proposes: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Aggressive coalitions evolved in the common ancestor of chimps and humans Altruistic coalitions evolved in the common ancestor of chimps and humans Aggressive coalitions evolved in the common ancestor of bonobos and humans Aggressive coalitions evolved in the common ancestor of gorillas and humans

15. Cases of ‘altruism’ between non-relatives have been proposed for all of the following species: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Greenwood hoopoe, dwarf mongooses, olive baboons Greenwood hoopoe, Florida scrub jays, olive baboons Greenwood hoopoe, vervet monkeys, olive baboons Greenwood hoopoe, vervet monkeys, naked mole rats

16. According to Caporael and Baron during much of human evolution we lived in groups of average size between: [a] [b] [c] [d]

10 and 100 20 and 200 40 and 400 50 and 500

17. How suggested that the tendency to perceive sharp distinctions between in-group and outgroup members is crucial to the formation of enduring coalitions: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Sherif and Tajfel Trivers John Maynard-Smith Krebs and Denton 18. The boys summer camp’ in Robbers’ Cave State Park called themselves the:

[a] [b] [c] [d]

‘Rattlers’ and the ‘Hawks’ ‘Rattlers’ and the ‘Eagles’ ‘Rattlers’ and the ‘Racoons’ ‘Racoons’ and the ‘Eagles’

19. The prisoner experiment of Haney, Banks and Zimbardo was designed to run for two weeks but was terminated after: [a] [b] [c] [d]

3 days 4 days 5 days 6 days

20. According to Desmarais et al., rates of intimate partner violence observed in men and women respectively are: [a] [b] [c] [d]

28.3% and 21.6% 21.6% and 28.3% 27.6% and 28.3% 28.3% and 27.6%

Answers to Chapter 8: 11. d 12. b 13. a 14. a 15. c 16. b 17. d 18. b 19. d 20. b

1. c 2. d 3. a 4. a 5. c 6. d 7. b 8. c 9. a 10. c

Chapter 9 1. One assumption of cognitive science is: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Substrate neutrality The EEA Substrate specificity Hardware specificity

2. According to Marr a complex organism or machine can be described at three levels. What are they? [a] [b] [c] [d]

Representation and algorithm; hardware implementation; neural substrate Computational theory; representation and algorithm; hardware implementation Computational theory; neural substrate; hardware substrate Neural substrate; hardware implementation; representation and algorithm

3. According to Marr what is the most informative part of an object? [a] [b] [c] [d]

Its colour Its size Its edges Its surface

4. According to Klein et al. (2002) memory has evolved to: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Detect cheats Prime behaviour Support decision making Recognise altruists

5. According to Tulving (1972) we can divide memory into two systems: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Procedural and declarative Episodic and semantic Short and long term Autobiographical and semantic

6. The memory system which stores experiences is known as [a] [b] [c] [d]

Semantic memory Procedural memory Episodic memory Declarative memory 7. Materialism is the philosophical belief that

[a] [b] [c] [d]

All mental processes are ultimately reducible to brain activity Mental processes obey different rules to those of the brain Humans are ultimately driven by a desire to acquire resources The mind and the brain are separate entities 8. Approximately what percentage of the body's energy does the human brain use?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

5% 10% 20% 40% 9. Research by Nairne and Pandeirada (2008) suggests that recall is better if materials are

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Consistent with conditions in the EEA Consistent with an individual’s own experience Presented orally Presented in written form 10. According to Rosch, when we think of a generic bird we tend to think of one that is similar to the ones of which we have experience. This is known as the

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Typicality effect Primacy effect Recency effect Familiarity effect 11. The semantic memory system _____ in order to make recall_______

[a] [b] [c] [d]

adds information, detailed removes detail, faster uses emotion, more vivid stores information from multiple modalities, more accurate

12. Which of the following is NOT thought to have played a role in Shereshevsky’s amazing memory? [a] [b] [c] [d]

Autism Practice Synaesthesia Use of mnemonic strategies 13. In the original Wason selection task (Wason, 1966) the correct answer is to turn over which cards?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

p and q p and not q not p and q not p and not q 14. In Cosmides (1990) research, it was found people are good at detecting

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Altruists but not cheaters Altruists and cheaters Neither altruists nor cheaters Cheaters but not altruists 15. A logical task which describes obligations and duties is known as

[a] [b] [c] [d]

A deontic task An indicative task A selection task A propositional task 16. According to Cosmides, Barrett and Tooby (2010) which of the following is NOT required in order for participants to detect cheaters?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

The cheater benefited from cheating The cheater intended to cheat The participant suffered as a result of the cheating Cheating is possible 17. The emotion disgust is thought to be part of which system?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

The social warning system The emotion control system The behavioural immune system The command and control system

18. The belief that a run of bad luck will be followed by a run of good luck is called the ____ fallacy [a] [b] [c]

Hot hand Just world Moralistic

[d]

Gambler’s 19. Which of the following is a prediction of foraging theory?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Patch residency time is positively related to travel time Patch residency time is unrelated to travel time Patch residency time is negatively related to travel time Patch residency time is negatively related to ease of foraging 20. In Libet's experiments it was found that participants' decision to move their finger happened _______ milliseconds _______ they were consciously aware of it

[a] [b] [c] [d]

350, after 20, before 350, before 20, after

Answers to Chapter 9: 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. c 5. b 6. d 7. a 8. c 9. a 10. a

11. b 12. a 13. b 14. d 15. a 16. c 17. c 18. d 19. a 20. c

Chapter 10 1. In Chomsky’s latest version of his theory, what does he believe may be the only innate principle specific to language? [a] [b] [c] [d]

Recursion Word learning Inflectional morphology Derivational morphology 2. The ‘Wug’ test is a test of…

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Object naming Derivational morphology Inflectional morphology Vocabulary

3. Lai et al. (2001) suggest that which gene on chromosome 7 may be implicated in specific language impairment: [a] [b] [c] [d]

WOLFP2 DOGP2 SHEEPP2 FOXP2

4. Michael Tomasello has suggested that language is: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Like any other genetic artefact handed down by our ancestors Unlike any other cultural artefact handed down by our ancestors Like any other cultural artefact handed down by our ancestors None of the above

5. According to a theory put forward by Leland the ultimate reason why language evolved was to facilitate [a] [b] [c] [d]

Teaching Learning Gossiping Singing

6. According to Nagy and Anderson (1984) the average high-school student knows how many words? [a] [b] [c] [d]

25,000 35,000 45,000 65,000

7. Which of the following is not a constraint on word learning? [a] [b] [c] [d]

Lexical assumption Whole-object assumption Mutual exclusivity assumption Taxonomic assumption 8. The sound [b] is technically known as

[a] [b] [c] [d]

A morpheme A phoneme A grapheme A lexeme 9. Which sounds are indistinguishable from one another to native Spanish speakers?

[a]

[s] and [th]

[b] [c] [d]

[b] and [p] [e] and [i] [b] and [v] 10. Communication (or language learning) by pointing things out in the environment is known as:

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Localising Gestural speech Indexically Ostension 11. Changing the structure of words in order to reflect their grammatical role (e.g. dog → dogs, give → gave) is known as

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Inflectional morphology Derivational morphology Syntactic morphology Grammatical morphology 12. According to Baldwin et al (1996) it is not sufficient to learn the meaning of a word simply by pairing sound with object. What else is needed?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Joint attention Repetition Emphasis Pointing 13. What is, according to Chomsky, the learnability argument?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Language learning is not possible without social interaction Language learning is not possible without innate constraints Language learning happens by trial and error Language learning is the result of positive reinforcement not punishment 14. In the statement 'the man who is wearing the brown apron is cooking sausages' the first occurrence of the word 'is' is part of the ____ phrase, the second occurrence is part of the _____ phrase.

[a] [b] [c] [d]

verb, noun preposition, verb noun, verb verb, preposition 15. The biggest problem with investigating whether Specific Language Impairment (SLI) is genuinely specific to language is.

[a] [b] [c] [d]

It is rare, so sample sizes tend to be small SLI is not homogeneous, different people might show different underlying causes There is debate as to what aspects of cognition are specific to language b and c

16. Which of the following is not an Indo-European language? [a] [b] [c] [d]

Hindi Turkish German Greek 17. Dunbar proposes that language evolved in order for humans to manage large and complex groups (social networks). What is the average social network size proposed by Dunbar?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

50 150 200 300 18. One feature of language is that it allows us to lie, if we all lie people will ignore what everyone says. What is the problem with this from the point of view of language evolution?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Language could not be used to maintain such large groups It would cause conflict between individuals People could no longer make promises Language will not be evolutionarily stable 19. Language is very much like cooperation as it is possible that someone can free ride on useful information provided by other. Which of the following would NOT be a viable solution to this particular problem of language?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Indirect reciprocity Reciprocity (reciprocal altruism) Inclusive fitness (kin selection) Manipulation 20. What is the problem with trying to unambiguously identify grammar genes?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Genes are often pleiotropic, one gene can have many different effects It is difficult to define precisely what a gene is Most traits are polygenic, grammar will require many genes All of the above

Answers to Chapter 10: 1. a 2. c 3. d 4. c 5. a 6. c 7. a 8. b 9. d 10. d

11. a 12. a 13. b 14. c 15. d 16. b 17. b 18. d 19. c 20. d

Chapter 11 1. Who stated that ‘Emotions are specialized states that adjust physiology, cognition, subjective experience, facial expressions, and behavior in ways that increase the ability to meet the adaptive challenges of situations that have recurred over the evolutionary history of a species’?; [a] [b] [c] [d]

Buck Ekman Freud Nesse

2. The James-Lange theory proposes that: [a] [b] [c] [d]

The state of the viscera follows our emotional state Emotions are reactions to the state of the viscera There is no link between emotional states and the viscera The brain is not involved in emotional states

3. Emotions were seen as arising from adaptations by: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Darwin, Mead & Bateson Darwin, Freud & James Darwin, Mead & Freud Darwin, Freud & Cannon

4. Two areas of the brain implicated in emotional processing are: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Amygdala & striate cortex Amygdala & cerebellum Amygdala & auditory cortex Amygdala & orbitofrontal cortex

5. Two ethologists who have studied the evolution of emotional expression in primates are: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Andrew & Badcock Andrew & Van Nistelroy Andrew & Van Hooff Van Hooff & Nesse

6. Humans with damage to the amygdala appear to be unable to recognise the facial emotion of: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Fear Anger Sadness Joy

7. Following a fight between two mammals the following happens: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Testosterone goes up for the victor and cortisol goes up for the loser Testosterone goes down for the victor and cortisol goes up for the loser Testosterone goes up both for the victor and for the loser Cortisol goes up both for the victor and for the loser

8. The human cortex is how many millimetres thick?: [a] [b] [c] [d]

6 4 2 8

9. Damage to the orbitofrontal cortex leads to [a] [b] [c] [d]

Changes in linguistic abilities but no change to personality Changes in emotional response but no change to personality Changes in emotional response and to personality Changes in emotional response and in linguistic abilities

10. The processing of both physical and psychological pain and warmth is associated with which part of the brain: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Amygdala Anterior cingulate cortex Orbitofrontal cortex Insular

11. Margaret Mead claimed that in Samoan society, there was no such emotion as: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Sadness Status anxiety Sexual jealousy Envy of possessions

12. Following his accident Phineas Gage was described as: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Serious, industrious and thoughtful Irritable, childish and thoughtless Blind Full of envy

13. The notion of a left-hemisphere superiority for positive expressions and a right-hemisphere superiority for negative ones is called the: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Right hemisphere hypothesis Left hemisphere hypothesis Lateralisation hypothesis Valence hypothesis 14. Two criticisms of the ‘universality of emotions hypothesis’ may be called:

[a] [b] [c] [d]

False smiles & false anger False smiles & being a wild horse False smiles & being a wild pig False smiles & plasticity

15. Cortisol and other related hormones (the corticosteroids) are believed to: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Strengthen memory formation Weaken memory formation Strengthen long-term memory but weaken short-term memory formation Strengthen short-term memory but weaken long-term memory formation

16. Robert Levy has suggested that Tahitians have neither the concept of, nor even a word for: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Sadness Anxiety Jealousy Envy

17. Nesse has highlighted that the state of anger often involves: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Acts of cooperation Feelings of joy Acts which may incur a cost to the actor Acts which may incur no cost to the actor 18. Barbara Fredrickson has made use of her ‘broaden and build mindset’ to develop the:

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Downward spiral theory of lifestyle change Upward spiral theory of lifestyle change Upward broaden theory of lifestyle change Positive affect theory of lifestyle change

19. To Fredrickson, joy embodies the urge to be: [a]

Productive

[b] [c] [d]

Relaxed A low arousal positive state Playful

20. The notion of display rules means that: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Genes determine the degree of emotional expression that we show in public Culture determines the degree of emotional expression that we show in public Genes determine the degree of emotional experience a person feels Culture determines the degree of emotional experience a person feels

Answers to Chapter 11: 1. d 2. b 3. b 4. d 5. c 6. a 7. a 8. a 9. c 10. d

11. c 12. b 13. d 14. c 15. a 16. a 17. c 18. b 19. d 20. b

Chapter 12 1. Life on Earth has existed for well over: [a] [b] [c] [d]

2 billion years 3 billion years 4 billion years 5 billion years

2. Conventional medicine seeks to understand: [a] [b] [c] [d]

The meaning of life Pathogenesis and cause Aetiology and cause Aetiology and pathogenesis

3. Around one person in ___is diagnosed as having bipolar depression: [a] [b] [c] [d]

10 50 75 100

4. During the early stages of pregnancy women are most likely to become aversive to: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Ginger Bananas Meat Their husbands

5. The part of the immune system that is found in the blood consists of an army of specially adapted white cells called: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Antipyretics Lymphocytes Rhinoviruses Human immunodeficiency

6. Sickle-cell anaemia is kept in the population due to: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Huntington’s chorea Alzheimer’s Heterozygous advantage Homozygous advantage

7. Nesse and Williams explain high levels of anxiety by the: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Smoke detector principle Social competition hypothesis Sexual selection Natural selection

8. OCD means: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Obsessive-compulsive disease Objective-compulsive disease Objective-compulsive disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder

9. A recent World Health Organization report suggests that depression affects ____________ people worldwide and that it is currently the world’s ______ most common cause of morbidity: [a] [b] [c] [d]

250 million and forth 350 million and third 150 million and fifth 450 million and second

10. McGuire, Raleigh and Troisi have uncovered evidence of a relationship between mood and status in vervet monkeys, which is mediated by the neurotransmitter: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Serotonin Dopamine Norepinephrine Cortisol

11. Schizophrenia occurs in what percentage of the population: [a] [b] [c] [d]

3% 0.5% 1.5% 5%

12. The diathesis-stress model of mental illness means that it is caused: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Purely by genes Purely by environmental stress By toxins By a predisposition interacting with stress

13. The 4 suggested evolutionary arguments as to why modern-day humans have psychiatric problems are: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Pleiotropy; stress; pathogenesis; compromise Pleiotropy; time-lag; compromise; trait variation Pleiotropy; stress; time-lag; compromise Pleiotropy; sexual selection; stress; compromise

14. In which species of primate does the dominant male develop blue testes: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Mandrill Bonobo Orangutan Vervet

15. Prozac boosts levels of: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Serotonin Dopamine Norepinephrine Cortisol

16. According to Nesse and Williams two aspects of our lives that increase levels of depression are: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Mass communication and disintegration of communities Work related stress and disintegration of communities Work related stress and mass communication Work related stress and financial difficulties

17. MRI scans demonstrate the following percentage loss of grey matter in adolescents suffering from schizophrenia: [a] [b] [c] [d]

1% 2-3% 4-5% 6-7%

18. The sexual competition hypothesis suggests anorexia nervosa is driven by: [a] [b] [c] [d]

High levels of male/female competition High levels of female/female competition High levels of male/male competition High levels of male/female cooperation

19. Stephen Ilardi et al. developed a 14-week six-step treatment regime for depression that reportedly led to a ______ success rate for those undertaking the regime compared with ______ for a control sample. [a] [b] [c] [d]

55.3% and 32% 55.3% and 22% 75.3% and 22% 75.3% and 12%

20. Today behavioural geneticists consider there are how many genes involved in the development of schizophrenia: [a] [b] [c] [d]

More than one thousand More than one hundred More than 50 More than 20

Answers to Chapter 12: 1. b 2. d 3. d 4. c 5. b 6. c 7. a 8. d 9. b 10. a

11. c 12. d 13. b 14. d 15. a 16. a 17. c 18. b 19. c 20. a

Chapter 13 1. Intelligence has a heritability coefficient of between: [a] [b] [c] [d]

0.1 and 0.3 0.2 and 0.4 0.3 and 0.5 0.4 and 0.7

2. Personality has a heritability coefficient of between: [a] [b] [c] [d]

0.1 and 0.3 0.2 and 0.4 0.3 and 0.5 0.4 and 0.7

3. To understand personality, we need to make a distinction between: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Psychological states and physiological states Psychological states and psychological traits Psychological traits and physiological traits Psychological traits and niche fitting

4. The situation where the same genes which have beneficial effects early on in life also have negative effects later on in life is known as: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Frequency dependent selection Heterozygous disadvantage Single nucleotide polymorphism Antagonistic pleiotropy 5. The situation where the ‘rungs’ of the DNA ‘ladder’ differ between individuals is called:

[a]

Frequency dependent selection

[b] [c] [d]

Single nucleotide polymorphism Heterozygous disadvantage Antagonistic pleiotropy 6. Who published ‘Born to Rebel’ which argued that personality is related to birth order?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Frank Sulloway Jay Belsky Judith Harris Hans Eysenck 7. Which of the following is not one of the Big Five personality factors?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Psychoticism Extraversion Conscientiousness Openness to experience 8. According to Nettle (2005) extraversion may be an effective strategy because extraverts have more sexual relationships but if might be ineffective because...

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Extraverts have fewer children Extraverts show lower parental investment Extraverts have more accidents leading to potentially higher mortality Extraverts are more prone to illness 9. People with the long form of the D4DR allele

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Feel the effects of dopamine more strongly and are therefore likely to be extraverts Feel the effects of dopamine less strongly and are therefore likely to be extraverts Feel the effects of serotonin less strongly and are therefore likely to be extraverts Feel the effects of serotonin less strongly and are therefore likely to be extraverts 10. What does frequency dependent selection mean?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

The success of a strategy depends on its frequency relative to that of other strategies The success of a strategy is entirely dependent upon its frequency The success of a strategy is entirely dependent by the success of other strategies The frequency of a strategy is dependent upon its success 11. According to research by Dingemanse, Both, Drent, Van Oers, and Van Noordwijk, (2002) on great tits concerning the trait exploration.

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Male highs scorers do better when food is scarce, females when food is plentiful Male low scorers do better when food is scarce, females when food is plentiful Male and female high scorers do better when food is plentiful Male and female low scorers do better when food is plentiful 12. Who developed the Savanna-IQ interaction hypothesis:

[a]

Furnham

[b] [c] [d]

Plomin Herrnstein Kanazawa 13. Traditionally, IQ is calculated by

[a] [b] [c] [d]

(Chronological age X mental age) X 100 (Chronological age X mental age) / 100 (Mental age / Chronological age) X 100 (Chronological age / Mental age) X 100 14. Which of the following is not one of Gardners 'multiple intelligences'?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Musical Kinaesthetic Emotional Naturalistic 15. What evolutionary mechanism has been proposed to be responsible for maintaining psychopathy at low levels?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Crossing over Heterozygous advantage Linkage Frequency dependent selection 16. According to Mealey (1995) secondary sociopathy (psychopathy) requires a genetic predisposition plus a hostile environment. This means that most primary sociopathy are likely to be

[a] [b] [c] [d]

White collar Blue collar Women In prison 17. The ability of certain animals to change their physical form or behaviour during their life history is referred to as

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Phenotype switching Epigenetic development Genotype switching Behavioural plasticity 18. Frank Sulloway's data on birth order have been criticised because

[a] [b] [c] [d]

The sample size is small The data do not reach significance The effect sizes are very small The data were self-selected 19. The Bell Curve by Herrnstein and Murray was controversial because

[a] [b] [c] [d]

It proposed sex differences in intelligence that were due to the environment It proposed sex differences in intelligence that were due to genes It proposed racial differences in intelligence that were due to the environment It proposed racial differences in intelligence that were due to genes 20. The Big Five personality factor of openness is included in which of Eysenck's factors?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Psychoticism Extraversion Neuroticsm It isn't included in any of Eysenck's factors

Answers to Chapter 13: 1. d 2. c 3. b 4. d 5. b 6. a 7. a 8. c 9. b 10. a

11. b 12. d 13. c 14. c 15. d 16. a 17. a 18. c 19. d 20. b

Chapter 14 1. Which of the following has the highest antimicrobial properties? [a] [b] [c] [d]

Ginger Chillies Onion Garlic

2. They key component of culture is that ideas and practices are: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Generated Copied Innovated Utilised

3. Tooby and Cosmides divide culture into: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Evoked and response Response and transmitted Evoked and transmitted Evoked and inherited

4. The concept of the meme was first devised by: [a] [b] [c] [d]

Richard Dawkins Sue Blackmore Daniel Dennett Frederick Bartlett 5. The notion proposed by Boyd and Richerson that culture evolved to provide a more rapid form of change that genes is called

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Gene-culture coevolution Dual inheritance theory Memetics Idea diffusion 6. Who originally conducted research on the Universal People?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Donald Brown Donald Symons E.O. Wilson Tooby and Cosmides 7. A current theory regarding lactose tolerance suggests that it is…

[a] [b] [c] [d]

More common than lactose intolerance The result of spontaneous mutation rather than inherited Normal, it is lactose intolerance that needs explaining An adaptation as a result of pastoralism 8. According to Richard Dawkins a meme is specifically

[a] [b] [c] [d]

An amusing picture that is found on the internet The unit of cultural inheritance Anything that we share with other people A concept that exists in the human mind 9. According to Byrne and Russon (1998), many examples of imitation in non-human animals might be the result of

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Random behaviour Stimulus enhancement

10. According to Nagell, Olguin and Tomasello (1993), chimpanzees are able to imitate to the level of [a] [b] [c] [d]

A one-year old child A two-year old child A four-year old child A ten-year old child

11. It has been suggested by Michael Tomasello that one of the reasons why non-human animals are less good imitators than humans is that they lack [a] [b] [c] [d]

Language Motivation Theory of mind Culture 12. According to Diamond, the ultimate reason why Europe and Asia developed culture more rapidly than other continents was

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Their inhabitants were more intelligent Their inhabitants were less susceptible to disease Eurasia had better weather Eurasia had more domesticable species 13. According to Ridley, if you can perform two tasks but one slightly less efficiently than the other then you should delegate the less efficient task to someone else

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Only if you have too much to do and too little time Only if the other person has spare capacity Only if the other person is better at it than you are Even if the other person is even less efficient than you are 14. According to Horan, Bulte, and Shogren (2005), neanderthals might have died out because

[a] [b] [c] [d]

They showed no evidence of trade They showed no evidence of cultural specialisation They showed no evidence of manufacturing sophisticated artefacts They showed no evidence of rituals

15. According to Laland, one of the main advantages of culture is that we can [a] [b] [c] [d]

Use our ideas to influence the behaviour of others Be influenced by other people Spend less time thinking about a problem and more time solving it Spend more time thinking about a problem so we can solve it better 16. Robert Wright argues that interdependency between nations

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Is a bad thing as it reduces our self-sufficiency leaving us open to exploitation by other countries Is a bad thing as it means that our jobs go to people from other countries Is a good thing, we are unlikely to declare war on a country that makes something we need Is a good thing as it means that products are cheaper for us to buy 17. According to Dawkins (2005) religion could be

[a] [b] [c]

The result of group selection Adaptive, as believers live longer and are more likely to recover from disease A side-effect of childhood credulity and the need to learn from elders

[d]

Adaptive as religious morals enable us to better negotiate social life 18. The direction of inheritance of chimpanzee culture is

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Vertical Horizontal Horizontal and vertical Diagonal 19. The case of the Moriori is evidence that cultural sophistication…

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Can accelerate and decelerate Can go backwards Can make great leaps Can stagnate 20. Alcohol is a poison, what is an evolutionary explanation for how come some people can drink it?

[a] [b] [c] [d]

Some people have stronger constitutions than others People adapted to beer use as it is a social lubricant, facilitating group life Their ancestors discovered beer was a good way of purifying water creating a selection pressure for those people with immunity to alcohol’s ill-effects Practice

Answers to Chapter 14: 1. d 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. b 6. a 7. d 8. b 9. d 10. b

11. c 12. d 13. d 14. a 15. a 16. c 17. c 18. a 19. b 20. d