Study Guide > 1. DATABASE MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION (DBMGMTCONS)_ENGINEERIN 001. 1. Introduction 2.

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DATABASE MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION (DBMGMTCONS) DATA

1. Introduction 2. Data

OUTLINE

3. Database 4. Database System

5. Database Management in Construction Industry 6. Data Processing in Construction Industry

THE OVERVIEW OF DATABASE MANAGEMENT

“We're entering a new world in which data may be more important than software” -Tim O'Reilly

WHAT IS DATA? Data are information, quantities, characters, or symbols on which operations are performed by a computer, being stored and transmitted in the form of electrical signals and recorded on magnetic, optical, or mechanical recording media.

Data refers to discrete facts, such as numbers.

Data can be structured to create information, organized to produce knowledge and applied to give wisdom, for example, allowing decisions to be made. In terms of the digital economy, data is often described as being the ‘new oil’.

Data can be measured, collected, analyzed, and represented in visual form using images, graphs and other analytical tools.

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What is Raw data?

Raw Data (or unprocessed) data is in the form of numbers and characters that have not been ‘cleaned’/corrected to remove outliers or obvious data entry errors. Field data refers to raw data that is collected in an uncontrolled in situ environment.

WHAT IS DATABASE? Database is a collection of persistent data that is used by the application system of some given enterprise Enterprise -a generic term for any reasonably self-constrained commercial, scientific, technical or other organization. This might be a single individual (with small, personal database) or a complete corporation or similar large body (with a large shared database) or anything in between. Here are some examples:

Manufacturing Company Bank

University Government Department

.

Any enterprise must necessarily maintain a lot of data about its operations. The data is the “persistent data” referred to in the definition. The enterprise just mentioned would typically include the following(respectively) among the persistent data: Product Data Account Data

Patient Data Student Data Planning Data

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What is database system?

A database system is basically a computerized record keeping system

It is a computerized system whose overall purpose is to store information and to allow users to retrieve and update that information on demand.

Database system are available on machine that ranges all the way from smallest handheld or personal computers to the largest mainframes or cluster of mainframes. The facilities provided by any given system are determined to some extend by the size and power of the underlying machine.

Multi-user system-is a system in which many users can access the database at the same time and tend to be from large machines.

Single-user system-is a system in which at most on user can access the database at any given time by the small machines.

WHY DATABASE? Why use a database system? What are the advantages? The advantages of the database system over traditional, paper-based method of record-keeping are perhaps easier to see in these cases. Here are some of them: Compactness

•There is no need for possibly voluminous paper files.

Speed

•The machines can retrieve and update data far faster that a human can. In particular, ad-hoc, spur-of-the moment queries can be answered quickly without and timeconsuming manual or visual searches.

Less Drudgery

•Much of the sheer tedium of maintaining files by hand is eliminated.

Mechanical tasks are always better than machines

Currency

•Accurate, upto-date information is available on demand at any time.

Protection

•The data can better protected against unintentional loss and unlawful access.

Database Management in Construction Industry The construction industry uses and generates huge quantities of data. Data might be generated by a very wide variety of sources, including: Design and construction (for example, building information modelling).

Post occupancy evaluation. Utilities, building services, meters, building management systems and so on.

Infrastructure and transport systems. Enterprise systems such as purchasing systems, performance reporting, work scheduling, and so on. Maintenance and replacement systems. Operational cost monitoring.

ICT systems and equipment.

Database Management in Construction Industry Construction sites these days have no shortage of data: design and BIM data from the planning stages of a project, jobsite data collected by wearables, mobile devices and sensors on equipment/materials, accounting and job progress data from the office, project management data and much more. Many contractors are practically drowning in data and don’t have the right tools to parse and analyze the data in ways that would have meaningful impacts on their projects.

Better understanding your project data can help significantly boost productivity and profitability on current projects, as well as better plan future ones. Here are just a few of the key benefits: Improving Jobsite Processes and Productivity Reducing Risk and Increasing Safety Bidding Smarter and Winning More Work Transitioning from Analytics to Predictive Analytics

KEY BENEFITS 1. IMPROVING JOBSITE PROCESSES AND PRODUCTIVITY Contractors can improve workflows, find ways to automate tasks, find efficiencies, cut costs and much more by streamlining and analyzing data collection from jobsites. And true data analytics is more than just tracking traditional job costs and cash flow. For example, by analyzing data about employees’ movements (either collected from wearables or smartphones), you can see how much extra movement takes place in the course of a day. One contractor did just that and used the information to place materials and equipment in the most logical locations to cut down on all this movement, saving a lot of time.

KEY BENEFITS REDUCING RISK AND INCREASING SAFETY All contractors should track data related to safety issues. Injuries, safety inspections and other information must be recorded and, in some cases, submitted to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. But going a step further and analyzing data that can help you identify high-risk tasks and dangerous conditions can help prevent future incidents and reduce risk for your business.

KEY BENEFITS BIDDING SMARTER AND WINNING MORE WORK Closely tracking things like job costs, change orders, material and equipment usage and worker productivity from your projects can help better forecast future work and lead to smarter bidding.

While many companies already do some version of this, having more complete and relevant data can provide a fuller picture of how jobs fare and where improvements can be made. Analyzing data also ensures your bids are more accurate for future projects, while the increased efficiencies and ontime, on-budget delivery of projects will lead to a solid reputation for your firm, helping you land even more work.

KEY BENEFITS TRANSITIONING FROM ANALYTICS TO PREDICTIVE ANALYTICS Most of these trends touch on how you can plan better by analyzing data, and that leads us to another trend: predictive analytics. Ideally, you won’t only assess what happened on a project after the fact. You want data to help you make smarter decisions based on models of what will happen in the future. Your data can help you develop these models. As we see an increase in machine learning and artificial intelligence technology in our industry, this may also fuel the move to predictive models in construction.

Data from these sources can be used to understand behavior, assess performance, improve market competitiveness, allocate resources, and so on.

Data forms the basis of any construction project, and improving the way in which the available information is processed will in turn improve performance and efficiency.

While a data entry company can provide the required support in inputting, organizing and presenting the data in a way that creates the maximum efficiencies, data management is an important consideration for every construction project manager.

This data would include reports, drawings, schedules, contracts, tenders, bids, and inspections. With the availability of advanced technology, paper-based processes can be minimized, access to data can be speeded up and the data made actionable. This is very important in this fast-paced world.

DATA PROCESSING IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY Avoid duplicate data entry: Duplicate data entry is common in the construction industry. Information is often tracked on paper before being logged in to spreadsheet. This data may once again be re-entered into accounting and payroll programs. Each time the data is re-entered, there is the possibility of error and it is also a huge waste of time.

Ensure immediate access to data: This is important to ensure that each phase of the project works in an efficient and timely manner. With readily available data, evaluation of project status and decision making becomes easy.

Ensure that data is available across the entire project: In large projects involving multiple companies using different software systems, this becomes difficult. However, such challenges must be addressed effectively and the information made available across the entire project.

DATA PROCESSING IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY Avoid inaccurate timesheets and other data entry errors: Errors are frequent with paper timesheets. If they are not completed on a daily basis, the errors can multiply. Employees delaying to enter the details into their timesheet may accidentally log overtime that they never worked, or forget they had left early on a particular day and mark themselves as present. These errors increase the costs of the organization.

Incorrect data or omission of important data can cause issues such as missed deadlines by owners, designers and contractors, suspension of ongoing works, delay of new projects etc which can hinder business growth.

Ensure that all systems work in unison: The data available from different departments should be integrated so that all systems can work together thereby improving quality, creating value, and enhancing productivity.

Big Data in Construction Industry Big data provides construction companies with a method to collect, analyze, and apply vast amounts of information to help solve business problems and provide critical, informed insight for future activities. It helps companies complete projects on time, bid more accurately, and build more efficiently. Big data in construction, however, also poses a significant challenge when it comes to collecting, sharing, and using the data generated across the complex construction ecosystem.

Today’s construction firms are starting to adopt collaborative technology such as real-time, cloud-powered analytics to mine large structured and unstructured data repositories to make sure all stakeholders – architects, consultants, engineers, subcontractors, specialty tradesmen, clients, operators, agents, and suppliers – are on the same page and informed with real-time data. These technologies have the potential to redefine the industry by offering game changing benefits.

Big Data in Construction Industry Big data provides construction companies with a method to collect, analyze, and apply vast amounts of information to help solve business problems and provide critical, informed insight for future activities. It helps companies complete projects on time, bid more accurately, and build more efficiently. Big data in construction, however, also poses a significant challenge when it comes to collecting, sharing, and using the data generated across the complex construction ecosystem.

Today’s construction firms are starting to adopt collaborative technology such as real-time, cloud-powered analytics to mine large structured and unstructured data repositories to make sure all stakeholders – architects, consultants, engineers, subcontractors, specialty tradesmen, clients, operators, agents, and suppliers – are on the same page and informed with real-time data. These technologies have the potential to redefine the industry by offering game changing benefits.

Prioritize digital technology Big data enables construction and engineering companies to collect and analyze cost-related information, site-based transactions, photographs, communications, planning changes, and more. The construction industry is awash with data – literally thousands of pieces of information are generated for every project. Without digital technology, it is nearly impossible to identify key data items to enable a swift reaction to potential problems or apply positive outcomes to future projects.

Mitigate risks Harvesting and analyzing big data from construction projects can help identify potential risks and problems. For example, by analyzing productivity of key resources such as labor and equipment, big data solutions can inform the project team of potential delays, possible fatigue, and overall project time and cost overruns. In addition, by collecting both structured and unstructured data, it is possible to overlay project-centric information with corporate data to help identify trends. If a negative trend is ignored, the entire business could be exposed to unacceptable risk.

Leverage predictability Using big data systems alongside disruptive technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) provides critical information and insight before a project even breaks ground.

This allows potential issues such as coordination problems on construction sites, conflicts between different disciplines and trades, and even the weather impact to be addressed before it’s too late.

Research suggests that 98% of mega projects suffer cost overruns of more than 30%, and 77% of mega projects are completed at least 40% late. The ability to pivot based on data insights could make a significant impact on reducing costs and time overruns.

Utilize building information modelling – Big data transforms the construction industry as early as the design phase. Data can be harvested and applied to help facilitate the design process. With a proper data analytics tool in place, huge volumes of information can be quickly analyzed and used to determine probabilities and patterns that will help forecast potential issues that may impact construction projects throughout the construction phase. Feeding that data back into a BIM solution can create an even clearer and more accurate overview of the construction process. Integration of big data and BIM is worth the investment, as the long-term benefits are too good to miss. When the data-driven BIM solution integrates with the back office and operational ERP systems, the opportunity to drive further productivity improvements are significant.

Eliminate waste – According to a report from Transparency Market Research, the volume of construction waste generated worldwide every year will nearly double to 2.2 billion tons by the year 2025.

Considering the digital technology available today, there’s simply no excuse for this level of wastage, both in terms of resources such as materials, equipment, and time. With a recent focus on the principles of lean construction to reduce material waste, companies are turning to analytics tools.

These tools provide the entire project team access to real-time information, which enables a more efficient delivery and utilization of materials, plant, and equipment.

Improve plant and equipment productivity – Sensors are used on modern construction sites for gathering plant and machinery data to drive productivity improvements. Having these devices attached to on-site operational equipment generates a huge amount of information about the performance and utilization of instrumented machines. Sensor data can show the idle and active times of construction machinery, thus showing contractors how to boost fuel efficiency and productivity and tells them whether it’s more costeffective to buy, lease or rent such machinery.

Maintain a healthy and safe workforce – In addition to sensor-driven data providing crucial insights into the productivity and efficiency of plant and equipment, sensorenabled wearable devices are having a profound impact on improving workplace conditions for site personnel. Not only can these sensors monitor environmental conditions that affect workplace safety, but biometric sensors within the wearable can monitor the health of the workers. A happy workforce is a productive workforce.

Familiarity with today’s technologies and improving operations by using the big data flowing from them opens the door for the next generation of technology, and its truly disruptive potential for construction. Five-D printing, IoT sensors, process automation, robotics, digital twins, cognitive machine learning, and AI have already proven to be transformative in other industries, and we can expect to see the same elemental effects in the construction industry.

Early adopters face a basic lack of knowledge and a limited number of success stories about application of these technologies in construction to support the investment. But one of the key benefits that can be derived from IoT solutions in particular address one of construction’s most pernicious challenges: workforce.

Digitizing workforce management will help construction companies recognize some impressive benefits including reduction in labor costs through more accurate budgeting and planning, risk mitigation through simplified legal and internal policy compliance, enhanced employee experience through optimized scheduling, and improved productivity via automated administrative tasks.

It is time for the construction industry to embrace the digital age and start realizing technology’s potential to positively impact operations in 2021 and beyond.

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