SOLUTIONS MANUAL for Oracle 11g: SQL Programming 2nd Edition by Joan Casteel

TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction to PL/SQL Chapter 2: Basic PL/SQL Block Structures Chapter 3: Handling Data in PL/SQL Blocks Chapter 4: Cursors and Exception Handling Chapter 5: Procedures Chapter 6: Functions Chapter 7: PL/SQL Packages Chapter 8: Dependencies, Privileges, and Compilation Chapter 9: Database Triggers Chapter 10: Oracle-Supplied Packages, Dynamic SQL, and Hiding Source Code

Solution Manual for Oracle 11G SQL 2nd Edition by Joan Casteel

Chapter 1 Solutions Review Questions 1. c 2. b 3. a 4. a, b, and d 5. a, c, and d 6. c 7. a 8. a 9. c 10. b 11. Procedure: A PL/SQL block that can receive and return multiple values. Function: A PL/SQL block that typically returns one value and can be used in SQL and PL/SQL statements. Package: Groups procedures and functions together.

Database trigger: A PL/SQL block that fires automatically based on a DML action on a specified table.

12. Yes, regardless of the development tool, using stored program units is still an advantage, especially when performing SQL tasks because it increases overall efficiency by reducing network transmissions.

13. A middle-tier in the three-tier model serves as the application server, and application code is stored on the application server instead of the client machine.

14. A user interface consists of windows that users see to interact with the application. If a developer uses Oracle tools, such as Oracle Forms, PL/SQL provides all the program code that responds to user events, such as clicking a button.

Hands-On Assignments Part I Assignment 1-1 Querying the database:

Step 2: SELECT idProduct, productname, price, active, type, idDepartment, stock FROM bb_product;

Step 3: SELECT idShopper, b.idBasket, b.orderplaced, b.dtordered, b.dtcreated FROM bb_shopper s INNER JOIN bb_basket b USING (idShopper);

Step 4: SELECT idProduct, p.productname, pc.categoryname, pd.optionname FROM bb_product p INNER JOIN bb_productoption USING(idProduct) INNER JOIN bb_productoptiondetail pd USING(idOption) INNER JOIN bb_productoptioncategory pc USING(idOptioncategory);

Writing SQL statements: Step 1: SELECT DISTINCT idproduct FROM bb_basketitem ORDER BY idproduct;

Step 2: ANSI join: SELECT bi.idbasket, idproduct, p.productname, p.description FROM bb_basketitem bi JOIN bb_product p USING(idproduct);

Traditional join: SELECT bi.idbasket, bi.idproduct, p.productname, p.description FROM bb_basketitem bi, bb_product p WHERE bi.idproduct = p.idproduct;

Step 3: ANSI join: SELECT s.lastname, idbasket, idproduct, p.productname, p.description FROM bb_shopper s JOIN bb_basket b USING(idshopper) JOIN bb_basketitem bi USING(idbasket) JOIN bb_product p USING(idproduct);

Traditional join: SELECT s.lastname, bi.idbasket, bi.idproduct, p.productname, p.description FROM bb_shopper s, bb_basket b, bb_basketitem bi, bb_product p WHERE s.idshopper = b.idshopper AND b.idbasket = bi.idbasket AND bi.idproduct = p.idproduct;

Step 4:

SELECT idbasket, idshopper, TO_CHAR(dtcreated,'Month DD, YYYY') FROM bb_basket WHERE TO_CHAR(dtcreated,'Mon YYYY') = 'Feb 2012';

Step 5: SELECT idproduct, SUM(quantity) FROM bb_basketitem GROUP BY idproduct;

Step 6: SELECT idproduct, SUM(quantity) FROM bb_basketitem GROUP BY idproduct HAVING SUM(quantity) < 3;

Step 7: SELECT idproduct, productname, price FROM bb_product WHERE type = 'C' AND price > (SELECT AVG(price) FROM bb_product WHERE type = 'C');

Step 8: CREATE TABLE contacts (con_id NUMBER(4), company_name VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL, email VARCHAR2(30), last_date DATE DEFAULT SYSDATE, con_cnt NUMBER(3), CONSTRAINT con_id_pk PRIMARY KEY (con_id), CONSTRAINT con_cnt_ck CHECK (con_cnt > 0));

Step 9: INSERT INTO contacts (con_id, company_name, email, last_date, con_cnt) VALUES (555,'A Company', 'steve@a.com','01-JUL-2012',5); INSERT INTO contacts (con_id, company_name, email, con_cnt) VALUES (777,'B Company', 'jan@b.com',111); COMMIT;

Step 10: UPDATE contacts SET email = 'ben@a.com' WHERE con_id = 555; SELECT * FROM contacts; ROLLBACK; SELECT * FROM contacts;

Assignment 1-2 Example: TOAD 

PL/SQL debugger allows easy line-by-line code stepping.



Formatter Plus analyzes and formats PL/SQL code.



Knowledge Expert provides a PL/SQL code library.

Assignment 1-3 

Calculating the total count of items, using quantity



Retrieving shipping cost data from the database



Determining the correct shipping cost



Retrieving the tax rate from the database



Calculating the tax amount by using rate and subtotal



Calculating the order total by adding subtotal, shipping, and tax

Assignment 1-4 A control structure is a mechanism that directs the flow of control in a PL/SQL program. Examples include IF-THEN, CASE, and LOOP statements.

Hands-On Assignments Part II Assignment 1-5 Step 1: SELECT d.firstname, d.lastname, p.pledgedate, p.pledgeamt FROM dd_donor d JOIN dd_pledge p USING (idDonor) WHERE paymonths = 0;

Step 2: SELECT d.firstname, d.lastname, p.pledgedate, p.pledgeamt, p.pledgeamt/12 "Monthly Pay" FROM dd_donor d JOIN dd_pledge p USING (idDonor) WHERE paymonths = 12;

Step 3: SELECT DISTINCT idProj, j.projname FROM dd_project j JOIN dd_pledge USING (idProj);

Step 4: SELECT idDonor, d.firstname, d.lastname, COUNT(idPledge) FROM dd_donor d JOIN dd_pledge p USING (idDonor) GROUP BY idDonor, d.firstname, d.lastname ORDER BY idDonor;

Step 5: SELECT * FROM dd_pledge WHERE pledgedate < TO_DATE('03/08/2012','mm/dd/yyyy');

or

SELECT * FROM dd_pledge WHERE pledgedate < '08-MAR-2012';

Case Projects Case 1-1 

A PL/SQL editor that checks syntax



Debugging features



Allows running and testing program execution

Case 1-2 Query 1: SELECT m.movie_id, m.movie_title, movie_cat_id, mt.movie_category FROM mm_movie m INNER JOIN mm_movie_type mt USING(movie_cat_id);

Query 2: SELECT member_id, last, suspension FROM mm_member;

Query 3: SELECT m.last, r.checkout_date, mv.movie_title FROM mm_member m INNER JOIN mm_rental r USING(member_id) INNER JOIN mm_movie mv USING(movie_id);

Chapter 2 Solutions Review Questions 1. b 2. c 3. b 4. c 5. b 6. d 7. a 8. a.

9. b and c 10. b 11. Variables are structures used to hold data values during the processing of a block.

12. A basic loop uses an EXIT WHEN statement to stop. A WHILE loop uses a condition in the beginning of the loop to determine whether it should continue. A FOR loop uses a range in the beginning of the loop to determine how many times the loop iterates.

13. IF/THEN and CASE statements 14. A flowchart is a tool developers can use to map out the logic sequence needed to prepare for coding a block.

15. A CONSTANT option doesn’t allow changing an initialized variable’s value during block execution.

Advanced Review Questions 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

b a d d c

Hands-On Assignments Part I Assignment 2-1 DECLARE lv_test_date DATE := '10-DEC-2012'; lv_test_num NUMBER(3) := 10; lv_test_txt VARCHAR2(10); BEGIN lv_test_txt := '???????'; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_test_date); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_test_num); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_test_txt); END;

Assignment 2-2 Retrieve purchase total value

Yes Is total > $200?

No

Display rating = HIGH

Yes Is total > $100?

No Display rating = LOW

Assignment 2-3 DECLARE lv_total_num NUMBER(6,2) := 150; BEGIN IF lv_total_num > 200 THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('HIGH'); ELSIF lv_total_num > 100 THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('MID'); ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('LOW'); END IF; END;

Assignment 2-4 DECLARE lv_total_num NUMBER(6,2) := 150; BEGIN CASE WHEN lv_total_num > 200 THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('HIGH'); WHEN lv_total_num > 100 THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('MID'); ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('LOW'); END CASE; END;

Assignment 2-5 DECLARE lv_bal_num NUMBER(8,2) := 150.50; lv_pay_num NUMBER(8,2) := 95.00; lv_due_bln BOOLEAN; BEGIN IF (lv_bal_num - lv_pay_num) > 0 THEN lv_due_bln := TRUE;

Display rating = MID

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Balance Due'); ELSE lv_due_bln := FALSE; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Account Fully Paid'); END IF; END;

Assignment 2-6 DECLARE lv_total_num NUMBER(6,2) := 200; lv_price_num NUMBER(5,2) := 32; lv_spent_num NUMBER(6,2) := 0; lv_qty_num NUMBER(6) := 0; BEGIN WHILE (lv_spent_num + lv_price_num) < lv_total_num LOOP lv_spent_num := lv_spent_num + lv_price_num; lv_qty_num := lv_qty_num + 1; END LOOP; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Total Spent = ' || lv_spent_num); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('# purchase = ' || lv_qty_num); END;

Assignment 2-7 Retrieve member status and # items ordered Yes Shipping Cost = $12 HIGH

No # items > 10?

No

Yes

Yes Member?

Yes # items > 10?

Shipping Cost =$9 HIGH

No Yes

Shipping Cost = $10

# items > = 7?

No

Shipping Cost = $7.50

Yes

Shipping Cost = $7

# items > = 7?

No Yes

# items > = 4?

# items > = 4?

Shipping Cost = $5

Shipping Cost = $3

Assignment 2-8 DECLARE lv_mem_txt CHAR(1) := 'Y'; lv_qty_num NUMBER(3) := 8; lv_ship_num NUMBER(6,2); BEGIN IF lv_mem_txt = 'Y' THEN IF lv_qty_num > 10 THEN lv_ship_num := 9; ELSIF lv_qty_num >= 7 THEN lv_ship_num := 7; ELSIF lv_qty_num >= 4 THEN lv_ship_num := 5; ELSE lv_ship_num := 3; END IF; ELSE IF lv_qty_num > 10 THEN lv_ship_num := 12; ELSIF lv_qty_num >= 7 THEN lv_ship_num := 10; ELSIF lv_qty_num >= 4 THEN lv_ship_num := 7.50; ELSE lv_ship_num := 5; END IF; END IF; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_ship_num); END;

Hands-On Assignments Part II

Shipping Cost = $5

Assignment 2-9 DECLARE lv_start_date DATE := '01-OCT-2012'; lv_payamt_num NUMBER(8,2) := 20; lv_paymths_num NUMBER(8,2) := 24; lv_bal_num NUMBER(8,2) := 0; lv_duedate_date DATE; lv_duedate_txt VARCHAR2(25); BEGIN lv_bal_num := lv_payamt_num * lv_paymths_num; lv_duedate_date := lv_start_date; FOR i IN 1..lv_paymths_num LOOP lv_bal_num := lv_bal_num - lv_payamt_num; lv_duedate_txt := TO_CHAR(lv_duedate_date,'mm/dd/yyyy'); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Pay #: ' || i || ' Due: ' || lv_duedate_txt || ' Amt: ' || TO_CHAR(lv_payamt_num,'$999.99') || ' Bal: ' || TO_CHAR(lv_bal_num,'$9,999.99')); lv_duedate_date := ADD_MONTHS(lv_duedate_date,1); END LOOP; END;

Assignment 2-10 DECLARE lv_start_date DATE := '01-OCT-2012'; lv_payamt_num NUMBER(8,2) := 20; lv_paymths_num NUMBER(8,2) := 24; lv_bal_num NUMBER(8,2) := 0; lv_duedate_date DATE; lv_duedate_txt VARCHAR2(25); lv_cnt_num NUMBER(2) := 1; BEGIN lv_bal_num := lv_payamt_num * lv_paymths_num; lv_duedate_date := lv_start_date; LOOP lv_bal_num := lv_bal_num - lv_payamt_num; lv_duedate_txt := TO_CHAR(lv_duedate_date,'mm/dd/yyyy'); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Pay #: ' || lv_cnt_num || ' Due: ' || lv_duedate_txt || ' Amt: ' || TO_CHAR(lv_payamt_num,'$999.99') || ' Bal: ' || TO_CHAR(lv_bal_num,'$9,999.99')); lv_duedate_date := ADD_MONTHS(lv_duedate_date,1); EXIT WHEN (lv_cnt_num = lv_paymths_num); lv_cnt_num := lv_cnt_num + 1; END LOOP; END;

Assignment 2-11 DECLARE lv_start_date DATE := '01-OCT-2012'; lv_payamt_num NUMBER(8,2) := 20; lv_paymths_num NUMBER(8,2) := 24; lv_paid_num NUMBER(8,2) := 0; lv_duedate_date DATE;

lv_duedate_txt VARCHAR2(25); lv_cnt_num NUMBER(2) := 1; BEGIN lv_duedate_date := lv_start_date; WHILE lv_cnt_num <= lv_paymths_num LOOP lv_paid_num := lv_paid_num + lv_payamt_num; lv_duedate_txt := TO_CHAR(lv_duedate_date,'mm/dd/yyyy'); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Pay #: ' || lv_cnt_num || ' Due: ' || lv_duedate_txt || ' Amt: ' || TO_CHAR(lv_payamt_num,'$999.99') || ' Total Paid: ' || TO_CHAR(lv_paid_num,'$9,999.99')); lv_duedate_date := ADD_MONTHS(lv_duedate_date,1); lv_cnt_num := lv_cnt_num + 1; END LOOP; END;

Assignment 2-12 DECLARE lv_paycode_num NUMBER(1) := 1; lv_payamt_num NUMBER(6,2) := 100; lv_match_num NUMBER(8,2) := 0; BEGIN lv_match_num := CASE lv_paycode_num WHEN 0 THEN lv_payamt_num * .25 WHEN 1 THEN lv_payamt_num * .5 WHEN 2 THEN lv_payamt_num * 1 ELSE 0 END; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_match_num); END;

Assignment 2-13 DECLARE lv_type_txt CHAR(1) := 'B'; lv_amt_num NUMBER(8,2) := 600; lv_match_num NUMBER(8,2) := 0; BEGIN IF lv_type_txt = 'I' THEN IF lv_amt_num >= 500 THEN lv_match_num := lv_amt_num * .20; ELSIF lv_amt_num >= 250 THEN lv_match_num := lv_amt_num * .30; ELSIF lv_amt_num >= 100 THEN lv_match_num := lv_amt_num * .50; ELSE lv_match_num := 0; END IF; ELSIF lv_type_txt = 'B' THEN IF lv_amt_num >= 1000 THEN lv_match_num := lv_amt_num * .05; ELSIF lv_amt_num >= 500 THEN lv_match_num := lv_amt_num * .10; ELSIF lv_amt_num >= 100 THEN lv_match_num := lv_amt_num * .20; ELSE lv_match_num := 0;

END IF; ELSIF lv_type_txt = 'G' THEN IF lv_amt_num >= 100 THEN lv_match_num := lv_amt_num * .05; ELSE lv_match_num := 0; END IF; END IF; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_match_num); END;

Case Projects Case 2-1 Answers will vary. Examples of sites students might use include the following:     

www.nos.org/htm/basic2.htm www.smartdraw.com/tutorials/flowcharts/tutorial_01.htm http://users.evtek.fi/~jaanah/IntroC/DBeech/3gl_flow.htm www.rff.com/how_to_draw_a_flowchart.htm

Case 2-2

Retrieve # rentals

Yes Is # > 35?

Set rating = High

No Yes Is # > = 21?

Set rating = Mid

No Yes Is # > = 5?

Set rating = Low

Set rating = Dump Display rating value DECLARE lv_cnt_num NUMBER(3) := 18; lv_rating_txt VARCHAR2(4); BEGIN IF lv_cnt_num > 35 THEN lv_rating_txt := 'High'; ELSIF lv_cnt_num >= 21 THEN lv_rating_txt := 'Mid'; ELSIF lv_cnt_num >= 5 THEN lv_rating_txt := 'Low'; ELSE lv_rating_txt := 'Dump'; END IF; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Rating = '||lv_rating_txt); END;

Chapter 3 Solutions Review Questions 1. c 2. a 3. b 4. a

5. c 6. c 7. c 8. a 9. a 10. a 11. Variables are named memory areas that hold values to allow retrieving and manipulating values in programs.

12. A SELECT statement in a PL/SQL block must include an INTO clause to indicate the variables storing the data being retrieved. The INTO clause follows the SELECT clause and precedes the FROM clause. In addition, a SELECT statement returning no rows results in an Oracle error.

13. The %TYPE attribute is used to declare the data type of a variable based on the data type of a database table column. The data type declaration must include the table and column name in the form tablename.columnname%TYPE. 14. The %ROWTYPE attribute is used to declare the data type of a record variable based on a table’s row structure. The data type declaration must include the table name in the form tablename%ROWTYPE. 15. Composite data types allow creating a variable that can hold multiple values with different data types as a single unit. Examples include a record and a table of records.

Advanced Review Questions 6. b 7. c 8. d 9. a 10. b

Hands-On Assignments Part I Assignment 3-1 DECLARE lv_ship_date bb_basketstatus.dtstage%TYPE; lv_shipper_txt bb_basketstatus.shipper%TYPE; lv_ship_num bb_basketstatus.shippingnum%TYPE; lv_bask_num bb_basketstatus.idbasket%TYPE := 3; BEGIN SELECT dtstage, shipper, shippingnum INTO lv_ship_date, lv_shipper_txt, lv_ship_num FROM bb_basketstatus WHERE idbasket = lv_bask_num AND idstage = 5; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Date Shipped: ' || lv_ship_date); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Shipper: ' || lv_shipper_txt); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Shipping #: ' || lv_ship_num); END;

Assignment 3-2 DECLARE rec_ship bb_basketstatus%ROWTYPE; lv_bask_num bb_basketstatus.idbasket%TYPE := 3; BEGIN SELECT * INTO rec_ship FROM bb_basketstatus WHERE idbasket = lv_bask_num AND idstage = 5; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Date Shipped: ' || rec_ship.dtstage); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Shipper: ' || rec_ship.shipper); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Shipping #: ' || rec_ship.shippingnum); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Notes: ' || rec_ship.notes); END;

Assignment 3-3 DECLARE lv_total_num NUMBER(6,2); lv_rating_txt VARCHAR2(4); lv_shop_num bb_basket.idShopper%TYPE := 22; BEGIN SELECT SUM(total) INTO lv_total_num FROM bb_basket WHERE idShopper = lv_shop_num AND orderplaced = 1 GROUP BY idshopper; IF lv_total_num > 200 THEN lv_rating_txt := 'HIGH'; ELSIF lv_total_num > 100 THEN lv_rating_txt := 'MID'; ELSE lv_rating_txt := 'LOW'; END IF; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Shopper ' || lv_shop_num || ' is rated ' || lv_rating_txt); END; SELECT SUM(total) FROM bb_basket WHERE idShopper = 22 AND orderplaced = 1 GROUP BY idshopper;

Assignment 3-4 DECLARE lv_total_num NUMBER(6,2); lv_rating_txt VARCHAR2(4); lv_shop_num bb_basket.idShopper%TYPE := 22; BEGIN SELECT SUM(total) INTO lv_total_num

FROM bb_basket WHERE idShopper = lv_shop_num AND orderplaced = 1 GROUP BY idshopper; CASE WHEN lv_total_num > 200 THEN lv_rating_txt := 'HIGH'; WHEN lv_total_num > 100 THEN lv_rating_txt := 'MID'; ELSE lv_rating_txt := 'LOW'; END CASE; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Shopper '|| lv_shop_num ||' is rated ' || lv_rating_txt); END; SELECT SUM(total) FROM bb_basket WHERE idShopper = 22 AND orderplaced = 1 GROUP BY idshopper;

Assignment 3-5 DECLARE lv_qty_num NUMBER(3) := 0; lv_amt_num NUMBER(5,2) := 0; lv_price_num bb_product.price%TYPE; lv_prod_num bb_product.idProduct%TYPE := 4; lv_tot_num NUMBER(5) :=100; BEGIN SELECT price INTO lv_price_num FROM bb_product WHERE idProduct = lv_prod_num; WHILE (lv_price_num < lv_tot_num - lv_amt_num) LOOP lv_qty_num := lv_qty_num + 1; lv_amt_num := lv_qty_num * lv_price_num; END LOOP; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('qty = '|| lv_qty_num); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('amount = '|| lv_amt_num); END;

Assignment 3-6 DECLARE lv_qty_num NUMBER(3); lv_ship_num NUMBER(5,2); lv_bask_num bb_basket.idbasket%TYPE := 5; BEGIN SELECT quantity INTO lv_qty_num FROM bb_basket WHERE idBasket = lv_bask_num; IF lv_qty_num > 10 THEN lv_ship_num := 12; ELSIF lv_qty_num >= 7 THEN lv_ship_num := 10; ELSIF lv_qty_num >= 4 THEN lv_ship_num := 7.50;

ELSE lv_ship_num := 5; END IF; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('qty = '||lv_qty_num); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('shipping = '||lv_ship_num); END;

Assignment 3-7 DECLARE lv_bask_num bb_basket.idBasket%TYPE := 12; lv_sub_num bb_basket.subtotal%TYPE; lv_ship_num bb_basket.shipping%TYPE; lv_tax_num bb_basket.tax%TYPE; lv_total_num bb_basket.total%TYPE; BEGIN SELECT subtotal, shipping, tax, total INTO lv_sub_num, lv_ship_num, lv_tax_num, lv_total_num FROM bb_basket WHERE idBasket = lv_bask_num; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_bask_num); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_sub_num); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_ship_num); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_tax_num); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_total_num); END;

Assignment 3-8 DECLARE TYPE type_basket IS RECORD ( bask bb_basket.idBasket%TYPE, sub bb_basket.subtotal%TYPE, ship bb_basket.shipping%TYPE, tax bb_basket.tax%TYPE, total bb_basket.total%TYPE); rec_basket type_basket; lv_bask_num bb_basket.idBasket%TYPE := 12; BEGIN SELECT idBasket, subtotal, shipping, tax, total INTO rec_basket FROM bb_basket WHERE idBasket = lv_bask_num; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(rec_basket.bask); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(rec_basket.sub); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(rec_basket.ship); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(rec_basket.tax); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(rec_basket.total); END;

Hands-On Assignments Part II Assignment 3-9 DECLARE lv_idProj_num dd_project.idProj%TYPE := 500;

lv_name_txt dd_project.projname%TYPE; lv_cnt_num NUMBER(3); lv_sum_num NUMBER(7,2); lv_avg_num NUMBER(7,2); BEGIN SELECT projname, COUNT(pledgeamt),SUM(pledgeamt), AVG(pledgeamt) INTO lv_name_txt, lv_cnt_num, lv_sum_num, lv_avg_num FROM dd_project INNER JOIN dd_pledge USING(idProj) WHERE idProj = lv_idProj_num GROUP BY projname; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_idProj_num || ' * ' || lv_name_txt || ' * ' || lv_cnt_num || ' * ' || lv_sum_num || ' * ' || lv_avg_num); END;

Assignment 3-10 CREATE SEQUENCE dd_projid_seq START WITH 530 NOCACHE; DECLARE rec_proj dd_project%ROWTYPE; BEGIN rec_proj.idProj := dd_projid_seq.NEXTVAL; rec_proj.projname := 'HK Animal Shelter Extension'; rec_proj.projstartdate := '01-JAN-2013'; rec_proj.projenddate := '31-MAY-2013'; rec_proj.projfundgoal := 65000; INSERT INTO dd_project VALUES rec_proj; END;

Assignment 3-11 DECLARE TYPE type_pledge IS TABLE OF dd_pledge%ROWTYPE INDEX BY PLS_INTEGER; tbl_pledge type_pledge; lv_mth_txt VARCHAR(7) := '10/2012'; lv_pay_txt VARCHAR2(15); BEGIN SELECT * BULK COLLECT INTO tbl_pledge FROM dd_pledge WHERE TO_CHAR(pledgedate,'MM/YYYY') = lv_mth_txt ORDER BY paymonths; FOR i IN 1..tbl_pledge.COUNT LOOP IF tbl_pledge(i).paymonths = 0 THEN lv_pay_txt := 'Lump Sum'; ELSIF tbl_pledge(i).paymonths > 0 THEN lv_pay_txt := 'Monthly - ' || tbl_pledge(i).paymonths; END IF; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(tbl_pledge(i).idPledge || ' - ' || tbl_pledge(i).idDonor || ' - ' || tbl_pledge(i).pledgeamt || ' - ' || lv_pay_txt); END LOOP; END;

Assignment 3-12 DECLARE lv_Pledge_num dd_pledge.idPledge%TYPE := 100; lv_Donor_num dd_pledge.idDonor%TYPE; lv_amt_num dd_pledge.pledgeamt%TYPE; lv_pay_num NUMBER(10,2); lv_diff_num NUMBER(8,2); BEGIN SELECT idDonor, pledgeamt, SUM(payamt) INTO lv_donor_num, lv_amt_num, lv_pay_num FROM dd_pledge INNER JOIN dd_payment USING(idPledge) WHERE idPledge = lv_pledge_num GROUP BY idDonor, pledgeamt; lv_diff_num := lv_amt_num - lv_pay_num; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_pledge_num || ' * ' || lv_donor_num || ' * ' ||lv_amt_num || ' * ' || lv_pay_num || ' * ' || lv_diff_num); END;

Assignment 3-13 DECLARE rec_project dd_project%ROWTYPE; lv_prev_num dd_project.projfundgoal%TYPE; lv_goal_num dd_project.projfundgoal%TYPE := 20000; lv_proj_num dd_project.idProj%TYPE := 500; BEGIN SELECT projfundgoal INTO lv_prev_num FROM dd_project WHERE idProj = lv_proj_num; UPDATE dd_project SET projfundgoal = lv_goal_num WHERE idProj = lv_proj_num RETURNING idProj, projname, projstartdate, projenddate, projfundgoal, projcoord INTO rec_project; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Name: ' || rec_project.projname); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Start: ' || rec_project.projstartdate); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Prev Goal: ' || lv_prev_num); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('New Goal: ' || rec_project.projfundgoal); END;

Case Projects Case 3-1 Scalar variables are used to hold single values. Record variables can hold a row of data consisting of a number of fields of different data types. If you’re retrieving most columns of a table, use %ROWTYPE to declare a record variable and the data types and fields will match the table’s structure. A table variable can hold one or more rows of data consisting of one or more fields of different data types.

Case 3-2 DECLARE lv_title_txt mm_movie.movie_title%TYPE; lv_cnt_num NUMBER(5); lv_rating_txt VARCHAR2(4); lv_mov_num mm_movie.movie_id%TYPE := 4; BEGIN SELECT m.movie_title, COUNT(r.rental_id) INTO lv_title_txt, lv_cnt_num FROM mm_movie m INNER JOIN mm_rental r USING (movie_id) WHERE movie_id = lv_mov_num GROUP BY movie_title; IF lv_cnt_num > 35 THEN lv_rating_txt := 'High'; ELSIF lv_cnt_num >= 21 THEN lv_rating_txt := 'Mid'; ELSIF lv_cnt_num >= 5 THEN lv_rating_txt := 'Low'; ELSE lv_rating_txt := 'Dump'; END IF; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Title =' || lv_title_txt); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Count = ' || lv_cnt_num); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Rating = ' || lv_rating_txt); END;

Chapter 4 Solutions Review Questions 1. d 2. c 3. -4. a 5. user-defined 6. a 7. /* */ 8. b 9. b 10. a 11. Implicit cursors are created automatically when an SQL statement is embedded in a block’s executable section. An explicit cursor is defined or declared in a PL/SQL block.

The declaration assigns a name to the cursor for reference in the block.

12. A CURSOR FOR loop simplifies coding for an explicit cursor because it automatically defines the record variable to be used and issues the OPEN, FETCH, and CLOSE commands needed to process the cursor rows. In addition, the FOR UPDATE option simplifies updates on cursor rows by tracking the physical row ID for each row in the cursor.

13. Exception handlers provide instructions for what to do if errors occur. The goal is to prevent displaying confusing error messages and interrupting application processing.

14. Declare an exception variable to identify an exception name, use a RAISE command in the executable section to raise the exception during processing, and create an exception handler in the EXCEPTION section, using the exception name created in the DECLARE section.

15. Predefined for common Oracle errors that already have exception names associated with them (such as NO_DATA_FOUND) and undefined for all other Oracle errors that must have an exception name assigned by using PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT

Advanced Review Questions 11. d 12. a 13. a 14. c 15. b

Hands-On Assignments Part I Assignment 4-1 DECLARE CURSOR cur_basket IS SELECT bi.idBasket, bi.quantity, p.stock FROM bb_basketitem bi INNER JOIN bb_product p USING (idProduct) WHERE bi.idBasket = lv_bask_num; TYPE type_basket IS RECORD ( basket bb_basketitem.idBasket%TYPE, qty bb_basketitem.quantity%TYPE, stock bb_product.stock%TYPE); rec_basket type_basket; lv_bask_num bb_basketitem.idBasket%TYPE := 6; lv_flag_txt CHAR(1) := 'Y'; BEGIN OPEN cur_basket; LOOP FETCH cur_basket INTO rec_basket; EXIT WHEN cur_basket%NOTFOUND; IF rec_basket.stock < rec_basket.qty THEN lv_flag_txt := 'N'; END IF; END LOOP; CLOSE cur_basket; IF lv_flag_txt = 'Y' THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('All items in stock!'); END IF; IF lv_flag_txt = 'N' THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('All items NOT in stock!'); END IF;

END;

Assignment 4-2 DECLARE CURSOR cur_shopper IS SELECT a.idShopper, a.promo, b.total FROM bb_shopper a, (SELECT b.idShopper, SUM(bi.quantity * bi.price) total FROM bb_basketitem bi, bb_basket b WHERE bi.idBasket = b.idBasket GROUP BY idShopper) b WHERE a.idShopper = b.idShopper FOR UPDATE OF a.idShopper NOWAIT; lv_promo_txt CHAR(1); BEGIN FOR rec_shopper IN cur_shopper LOOP lv_promo_txt := 'X'; IF rec_shopper.total > 100 THEN lv_promo_txt := 'A'; END IF; IF rec_shopper.total BETWEEN 50 AND 99 THEN lv_promo_txt := 'B'; END IF; IF lv_promo_txt <> 'X' THEN UPDATE bb_shopper SET promo = lv_promo_txt WHERE CURRENT OF cur_shopper; END IF; END LOOP; COMMIT; END; SELECT s.idShopper, s.promo, SUM(bi.quantity * bi.price) FROM bb_shopper s, bb_basket b, bb_basketitem bi WHERE s.idshopper = b.idshopper AND b.idBasket = bi.idBasket GROUP BY s.idShopper, s.promo;

Assignment 4-3 UPDATE bb_shopper SET promo = NULL; UPDATE bb_shopper SET promo = 'B' WHERE idShopper IN (21,23,25); UPDATE bb_shopper SET promo = 'A' WHERE idShopper = 22; COMMIT; BEGIN UPDATE bb_shopper SET promo = NULL WHERE promo IS NOT NULL; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQL%ROWCOUNT); END;

Assignment 4-4 DECLARE lv_tax_num NUMBER(2,2);BEGIN CASE 'NJ' WHEN 'VA' THEN lv_tax_num := .04; WHEN 'NC' THEN lv_tax_num := .02; WHEN 'NY' THEN lv_tax_num := .06; END CASE; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('tax rate = ' || lv_tax_num); END; DECLARE lv_tax_num NUMBER(2,2);BEGIN CASE 'NJ' WHEN 'VA' THEN lv_tax_num := .04; WHEN 'NC' THEN lv_tax_num := .02; WHEN 'NY' THEN lv_tax_num := .06; END CASE; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('tax rate = ' || lv_tax_num); EXCEPTION WHEN CASE_NOT_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No tax'); END;

Assignment 4-5 DECLARE rec_shopper bb_shopper%ROWTYPE; lv_shopper_num bb_shopper.idShopper%TYPE := 99; BEGIN SELECT * INTO rec_shopper FROM bb_shopper WHERE idShopper = lv_shopper_num; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Invalid shopper ID'); END;

Assignment 4-6 ALTER TABLE bb_basketitem ADD CONSTRAINT bitems_qty_ck CHECK (quantity < 20); DECLARE ex_qty_ck EXCEPTION; PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT(ex_qty_ck, -2290); BEGIN INSERT INTO bb_basketitem VALUES (88,8,10.8,21,16,2,3); EXCEPTION WHEN ex_qty_ck THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Check Quantity'); END;

Assignment 4-7

SELECT idbasketitem FROM bb_basketitem WHERE idBasket = 30; DECLARE ex_update EXCEPTION; lv_old_num NUMBER(2) := 30; lv_new_num NUMBER(2) := 4; BEGIN UPDATE bb_basketitem SET idBasket = lv_new_num WHERE idBasket = lv_old_num; IF SQL%ROWCOUNT = 0 THEN RAISE ex_update; END IF; EXCEPTION WHEN ex_update THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Invalid original basket ID'); END;

Assignment 4-8 DECLARE incr NUMBER(7,2); annual NUMBER(6); new NUMBER(8,2); newmo NUMBER(7,2); total NUMBER(9,2) :=0; CURSOR cur_emp IS SELECT empno, ename, sal FROM employee WHERE job <> 'PRESIDENT' FOR UPDATE OF sal NOWAIT; BEGIN FOR rec_emp IN cur_emp LOOP annual := rec_emp.sal * 12; incr := annual * .06; IF incr > 2000 THEN incr := 2000; END IF; new := annual + incr; newmo := ROUND(new/12,2); total := total + incr; UPDATE employee SET sal = newmo WHERE CURRENT OF cur_emp; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(rec_emp.empno || ' ' || rec_emp.ename || ' ' || annual || ' ' || incr || ' ' || new); END LOOP; COMMIT; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Overall Cost: ' || total); END; SELECT * FROM employee;

Hands-On Assignments Part II Assignment 4-9 DECLARE CURSOR cur_donor IS SELECT idpledge, pl.pledgeamt, pl.paymonths, py.paydate, py.payamt FROM dd_pledge pl INNER JOIN dd_payment py USING (idPledge) WHERE idDonor= 308 ORDER BY idpledge, py.paydate; TYPE type_donor IS RECORD ( pid dd_pledge.idpledge%TYPE, pamt dd_pledge.pledgeamt%TYPE, pmth dd_pledge.paymonths%TYPE, pdate dd_payment.paydate%TYPE, ppay dd_payment.payamt%TYPE); rec_donor type_donor; lv_id_num dd_pledge.idpledge%TYPE := 0; BEGIN OPEN cur_donor; LOOP FETCH cur_donor INTO rec_donor; EXIT WHEN cur_donor%NOTFOUND; IF rec_donor.pid <> lv_id_num THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(rec_donor.pid || ' - ' || TO_CHAR(rec_donor.pamt,'$99,999.00') || ' - ' || rec_donor.pmth || ' - ' || rec_donor.pdate || ' - ' || TO_CHAR(rec_donor.ppay,'$99,999.00') || ' - ' || 'First Payment'); lv_id_num := rec_donor.pid; ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(rec_donor.pid || ' - ' || TO_CHAR(rec_donor.pamt,'$99,999.00') || ' - ' || rec_donor.pmth || ' - ' || rec_donor.pdate || ' - ' || TO_CHAR(rec_donor.ppay,'$99,999.00')); END IF; END LOOP; CLOSE cur_donor; END;

Assignment 4-10 DECLARE CURSOR cur_donor IS SELECT idpledge, pl.pledgeamt, pl.paymonths, py.paydate, py.payamt FROM dd_pledge pl INNER JOIN dd_payment py USING (idPledge) WHERE idDonor= 308 ORDER BY idpledge, py.paydate; lv_id_num dd_pledge.idpledge%TYPE := 0; BEGIN FOR rec_donor IN cur_donor LOOP IF rec_donor.idpledge <> lv_id_num THEN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(rec_donor.idpledge || ' - ' || TO_CHAR(rec_donor.pledgeamt,'$99,999.00') || ' - ' || rec_donor.paymonths || ' - ' || rec_donor.paydate || ' - ' || TO_CHAR(rec_donor.payamt,'$99,999.00') || ' - ' || 'First Payment'); lv_id_num := rec_donor.idpledge; ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(rec_donor.idpledge || ' - ' || TO_CHAR(rec_donor.pledgeamt,'$99,999.00') || ' - ' || rec_donor.paymonths || ' - ' || rec_donor.paydate || ' - ' || TO_CHAR(rec_donor.payamt,'$99,999.00')); END IF; END LOOP; END;

Assignment 4-11 DECLARE TYPE type_input1 IS RECORD ( type dd_donor.typecode%TYPE, pamt dd_pledge.pledgeamt%TYPE); TYPE type_input2 IS TABLE OF type_input1 INDEX BY PLS_INTEGER; tbl_input2 type_input2; CURSOR cur_pledges (p_type VARCHAR2, p_amt NUMBER ) IS SELECT firstname || ' ' || lastname Name, pledgeamt FROM dd_donor INNER JOIN dd_pledge USING(iddonor) WHERE typecode= p_type AND pledgeamt > p_amt; BEGIN tbl_input2(1).type := 'I'; tbl_input2(1).pamt := 250; tbl_input2(2).type := 'B'; tbl_input2(2).pamt := 500; FOR i IN 1..tbl_input2.COUNT LOOP FOR rec_pledges IN cur_pledges(tbl_input2(i).type, tbl_input2(i).pamt) LOOP DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(rec_pledges.name || ' - ' || rec_pledges.pledgeamt); END LOOP; END LOOP; END;

Assignment 4-12 DECLARE cv_pays SYS_REFCURSOR; rec_pay dd_payment%ROWTYPE; TYPE type_pay2 IS RECORD (pid dd_pledge.idpledge%TYPE, amt NUMBER(9,2)); rec_pay2 type_pay2; lv_ind_txt CHAR(1) := 'D'; lv_donor_num dd_donor.iddonor%TYPE := 308; BEGIN

IF lv_ind_txt = 'D' THEN OPEN cv_pays FOR SELECT idpay, idpledge, payamt, paydate, paymethod FROM dd_pledge INNER JOIN dd_payment USING(idpledge) WHERE iddonor = lv_donor_num ORDER BY idpledge, paydate; LOOP FETCH cv_pays INTO rec_pay; EXIT WHEN cv_pays%NOTFOUND; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(rec_pay.idpay || ' - ' || rec_pay.idpledge || ' - ' || rec_pay.payamt || ' - ' || rec_pay.paydate || ' - ' || rec_pay.paymethod ); END LOOP; ELSIF lv_ind_txt = 'S' THEN OPEN cv_pays FOR SELECT idpledge, SUM(payamt) FROM dd_pledge INNER JOIN dd_payment USING(idpledge) WHERE iddonor = lv_donor_num GROUP BY idpledge; LOOP FETCH cv_pays INTO rec_pay2; EXIT WHEN cv_pays%NOTFOUND; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(rec_pay2.pid || ' - ' || rec_pay2.amt ); END LOOP; END IF; END;

Assignment 4-13 BEGIN UPDATE dd_donor SET iddonor = 310 WHERE iddonor = 305; EXCEPTION WHEN DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('This ID is already assigned.'); END; OR DECLARE ex_id_pk EXCEPTION; PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT(ex_id_pk, -00001); BEGIN UPDATE dd_donor SET iddonor = 310 WHERE iddonor = 305; EXCEPTION WHEN ex_id_pk THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('This ID is already assigned.'); END;

Case Projects

Case 4-1 Block 1: The ex_prod_update exception is a user defined exception, meaning that the exception isn’t related to an Oracle error. In this case, if the product description update doesn’t succeed, a message should be displayed to inform the user that an invalid product ID was entered. An update that doesn’t affect any rows doesn’t raise an Oracle error; therefore, a user-defined exception needs to be created and raised in the block’s executable section.

Block 2: The NO_DATA_FOUND exception is a predefined exception. If the SELECT statement in the executable section doesn’t return any rows, Oracle raises an error. This error is so common that Oracle has already defined the NO_DATA_FOUND exception and associated it with an error number. The WHEN OTHERS exception handler allows trapping and handling unexpected errors.

Case 4-2 ALTER TABLE mm_movie ADD stk_flag CHAR(1); DECLARE CURSOR cur_movie IS SELECT movie_id, stk_flag, movie_value*movie_qty stock FROM mm_movie FOR UPDATE NOWAIT; lv_promo_txt CHAR(1); BEGIN FOR rec_movie IN cur_movie LOOP IF rec_movie.stk_flag = '*' AND rec_movie.stock < 75 THEN UPDATE mm_movie SET stk_flag = NULL WHERE CURRENT OF cur_movie; END IF; IF rec_movie.stock >= 75 THEN UPDATE mm_movie SET stk_flag = '*' WHERE CURRENT OF cur_movie; END IF; END LOOP; COMMIT; END;

Chapter 5 Solutions Review Questions 1. d 2. a, b, c 3. c 4. c

5. a, c 6. c 7. c 8. c 9. b 10. c 11. Named program units are PL/SQL blocks that have been assigned a name so that they can be saved and reused. Header information, including a name and parameters, is followed by a PL/SQL block to construct a named program unit. Types of named program units include procedures, functions, packages, and triggers.

12. The DBMS_OUTPUT statement can be used to display variable values in a procedure as well as display messages to confirm which statements in the procedure are executing.

13. Parameters make a procedure flexible or reusable by allowing values to be sent in to and out of a procedure. Three parameter modes are available to determine how values flow through parameters: IN, OUT and IN OUT. 14. One continuous transaction is created across multiple program units. If procedure A calls procedure B, one transaction is created for the DML actions in both procedures. If a transaction control statement, such as a COMMIT, is issued in procedure B, the DML activity from both procedures is committed. Separate transactions can be created by using the PRAGMA AUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTION directive.

15. If you want to share a program unit across a number of applications, saving it in the database makes it available to anyone with access to the database (and the necessary privileges, of course!). Also, if the program unit involves a lot of SQL code, the method of compiling and storing it in the database is more efficient because it requires interaction with database objects.

Advanced Review Questions 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

c c a, b, c c c

Hands-On Assignments Part I Assignment 5-1 CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE prod_name_sp (p_prodid IN bb_product.idproduct%TYPE, p_descrip IN bb_product.description%TYPE) IS BEGIN UPDATE bb_product SET description = p_descrip WHERE idproduct = p_prodid; COMMIT; END;

BEGIN prod_name_sp(1,'CapressoBar Model #388'); END; SELECT * FROM bb_product;

Assignment 5-2 CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE prod_add_sp (p_name IN bb_product.productname%TYPE, p_descrip IN bb_product.description%TYPE, p_image IN bb_product.productimage%TYPE, p_price IN bb_product.price%TYPE, p_active IN bb_product.active%TYPE) IS BEGIN INSERT INTO bb_product (idproduct, productname, description, productimage, price, active) VALUES (bb_prodid_seq.NEXTVAL, p_name, p_descrip, p_image, p_price, p_active); COMMIT; END; BEGIN prod_add_sp('Roasted Blend','Well-balanced mix of roasted beans, a medium body','roasted.jpg',9.50,1); END; SELECT * FROM bb_product;

Assignment 5-3 CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE tax_cost_sp (p_state IN bb_shopper.state%TYPE, p_subtot IN NUMBER, p_tax OUT NUMBER) IS BEGIN SELECT taxrate * p_subtot INTO p_tax FROM bb_tax WHERE state = p_state; END; DECLARE lv_tax_num NUMBER(5,2); BEGIN tax_cost_sp('VA',100,lv_tax_num); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_tax_num); END;

Assignment 5-4 CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE basket_confirm_sp (p_basketid IN bb_basket.idbasket%TYPE,

p_sub IN bb_basket.subtotal%TYPE, p_ship IN bb_basket.shipping%TYPE, p_tax IN bb_basket.tax%TYPE, p_total IN bb_basket.total%TYPE) IS BEGIN UPDATE bb_basket SET subtotal = p_sub, shipping = p_ship, tax = p_tax, total = p_total, orderplaced = 1 WHERE idbasket = p_basketid; COMMIT; END; INSERT INTO BB_BASKET (IDBASKET, QUANTITY, IDSHOPPER, ORDERPLACED, SUBTOTAL, TOTAL, SHIPPING, TAX, DTCREATED, PROMO) VALUES (17, 2, 22, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, '28-FEB-12', 0); INSERT INTO BB_BASKETITEM (IDBASKETITEM, IDPRODUCT, PRICE, QUANTITY, IDBASKET, OPTION1, OPTION2) VALUES (44, 7, 10.8, 3, 17, 2, 3); INSERT INTO BB_BASKETITEM (IDBASKETITEM, IDPRODUCT, PRICE, QUANTITY, IDBASKET, OPTION1, OPTION2) VALUES (45, 8, 10.8, 3, 17, 2, 3); COMMIT; BEGIN basket_confirm_sp(17, 64.80, 8.00, 1.94,74.74); END; SELECT subtotal, shipping, tax, total, orderplaced FROM bb_basket WHERE idbasket = 17;

Assignment 5-5 CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE status_ship_sp (p_basketid IN bb_basketstatus.idbasket%TYPE, p_date IN DATE, p_shipper IN bb_basketstatus.shipper%TYPE, p_shipnum IN bb_basketstatus.shippingnum%TYPE) IS BEGIN INSERT INTO bb_basketstatus (idstatus, idbasket, idstage, dtstage, shipper, shippingnum) VALUES (bb_status_seq.NEXTVAL, p_basketid, 3, p_date, p_shipper, p_shipnum); COMMIT; END; BEGIN status_ship_sp(3,'20-FEB-12','UPS','ZW2384YXK4957'); END; SELECT *

FROM bb_basketstatus;

Assignment 5-6 CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE status_sp (p_basket IN bb_basket.idbasket%TYPE, p_date OUT DATE, p_desc OUT VARCHAR2) IS CURSOR cur_status IS SELECT idstage, dtstage FROM bb_basketstatus WHERE idbasket = p_basket ORDER BY dtstage DESC; lv_stage_num bb_basketstatus.idstage%TYPE; BEGIN OPEN cur_status; FETCH cur_status INTO lv_stage_num, p_date; IF lv_stage_num = 1 THEN p_desc := 'Submitted and received'; ELSIF lv_stage_num = 2 THEN p_desc := 'Confirmed, processed, sent to shipping'; ELSIF lv_stage_num = 3 THEN p_desc := 'Shipped'; ELSIF lv_stage_num = 4 THEN p_desc := 'Cancelled'; ELSIF lv_stage_num = 5 THEN p_desc := 'Back-ordered'; ELSE p_desc := 'No Status Available!'; END IF; CLOSE cur_status; END; DECLARE lv_date_dat DATE; lv_desc_txt VARCHAR2(50); BEGIN status_sp(4, lv_date_dat,lv_desc_txt); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_date_dat); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_desc_txt); END;

Assignment 5-7 CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE promo_ship_sp (p_cutoff IN DATE, p_mth IN CHAR, p_yr IN CHAR) IS CURSOR cur_promo IS SELECT idshopper, max(dtcreated) maxdate FROM bb_basket GROUP BY idshopper; BEGIN FOR rec_promo IN cur_promo LOOP IF rec_promo.maxdate < p_cutoff THEN INSERT INTO bb_promolist (idshopper, month, year, promo_flag)

VALUES (rec_promo.idshopper, p_mth, p_yr, 1); END IF; END LOOP; COMMIT; END; BEGIN promo_ship_sp('15-FEB-12','APR','2012'); END; SELECT * FROM bb_promolist;

Assignment 5-8 CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE basket_add_sp (p_basketid IN bb_basketitem.idbasket%TYPE, p_prodid IN bb_basketitem.idproduct%TYPE, p_qty IN bb_basketitem.quantity%TYPE, p_price IN bb_basketitem.price%TYPE, p_size IN bb_basketitem.option1%TYPE, p_form IN bb_basketitem.option2%TYPE) IS BEGIN INSERT INTO bb_basketitem (idbasketitem, idproduct, quantity, price, idbasket, option1, option2) VALUES (bb_idBasketitem_seq.NEXTVAL, p_prodid, p_qty, p_price, p_basketid, p_size, p_form); COMMIT; END; BEGIN basket_add_sp(14,8,1,10.80,2,4); END;

Assignment 5-9 CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE member_ck_sp (p_user IN VARCHAR2, p_pass IN OUT VARCHAR2, p_cook OUT NUMBER, p_check OUT VARCHAR2) IS BEGIN SELECT firstname || ' ' || lastname, cookie INTO p_pass, p_cook FROM bb_shopper WHERE username = p_user AND password = p_pass; p_check := 'VALID'; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN p_check := 'INVALID'; END; DECLARE lv_pass_txt VARCHAR2(30);

lv_cook_num bb_shopper.cookie%TYPE; lv_chk_txt VARCHAR2(7); BEGIN member_ck_sp('rat55',lv_pass_txt,lv_cook_num,lv_chk_txt); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_pass_txt); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_cook_num); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_chk_txt); END; DECLARE lv_pass_txt VARCHAR2(30); lv_cook_num bb_shopper.cookie%TYPE; lv_chk_txt VARCHAR2(7); BEGIN member_ck_sp('rat',lv_pass_txt,lv_cook_num,lv_chk_txt); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_pass_txt); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_cook_num); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_chk_txt); END;

Hands-On Assignments Part II Assignment 5-10 CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE ddproj_sp (p_proj IN dd_project.idproj%TYPE, p_rec OUT dd_project%ROWTYPE) IS BEGIN SELECT * INTO p_rec FROM dd_project WHERE idproj = p_proj; END; DECLARE rec dd_project%ROWTYPE; BEGIN ddproj_sp(500,rec); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(rec.projname); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(rec.projfundgoal); END;

Assignment 5-11 CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE ddpay_sp (p_id IN dd_pledge.iddonor%TYPE, p_pay OUT BOOLEAN) IS lv_cnt_num NUMBER(2); BEGIN SELECT COUNT(*) INTO lv_cnt_num FROM dd_pledge WHERE iddonor = p_id AND paymonths <> 0

AND idstatus = 10; IF lv_cnt_num > 0 THEN p_pay := TRUE; ELSE p_pay := FALSE; END IF; END; DECLARE lv_id_num dd_pledge.iddonor%TYPE := 303; lv_pay_bln BOOLEAN; BEGIN ddpay_sp(lv_id_num,lv_pay_bln); IF lv_pay_bln = TRUE THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('True'); ELSIF lv_pay_bln = FALSE THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('False'); END IF; END;

Assignment 5-12 CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE ddckpay_sp (p_id IN dd_pledge.idpledge%TYPE, p_amt IN dd_pledge.pledgeamt%TYPE) IS lv_pay_num dd_pledge.pledgeamt%TYPE; BEGIN SELECT pledgeamt/paymonths INTO lv_pay_num FROM dd_pledge WHERE idpledge = p_id AND paymonths > 0; IF p_amt <> lv_pay_num THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20050, 'Incorrect payment amount -- ' || ' planned payment = ' || lv_pay_num); END IF; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No payment information'); END; BEGIN ddckpay_sp(104,25); END;

Assignment 5-13 CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE ddckbal_sp (p_id IN dd_pledge.idpledge%TYPE, p_amt OUT dd_pledge.pledgeamt%TYPE, p_pay OUT NUMBER, p_bal OUT NUMBER) IS lv_pay_num dd_pledge.pledgeamt%TYPE; BEGIN SELECT pledgeamt, SUM(payamt)

INTO p_amt, p_pay FROM dd_pledge INNER JOIN dd_payment USING(idpledge) WHERE idpledge = p_id GROUP BY pledgeamt; p_bal := p_amt - p_pay; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No pledge information'); END; DECLARE lv_amt_num dd_pledge.pledgeamt%TYPE; lv_pay_num NUMBER(7,2); lv_bal_num NUMBER(7,2); BEGIN ddckbal_sp(105, lv_amt_num, lv_pay_num, lv_bal_num); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_amt_num); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_pay_num); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_bal_num); END;

Case Projects Case 5-1 CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE prod_sales_sum_sp IS CURSOR cur_sales IS SELECT bi.idproduct id, TO_CHAR(b.dtordered,'MON') mth, TO_CHAR(b.dtordered, 'YYYY') yr, SUM(bi.quantity) qty, SUM(bi.quantity*bi.price) tot FROM bb_basket b INNER JOIN bb_basketitem bi USING (idbasket) WHERE b.orderplaced = 1 GROUP BY bi.idproduct,TO_CHAR(b.dtordered,'MON'), TO_CHAR(b.dtordered, 'YYYY'); BEGIN FOR rec_sales IN cur_sales LOOP INSERT INTO bb_prod_sales (idproduct, month, year, qty, total) VALUES(rec_sales.id, rec_sales.mth, rec_sales.yr, rec_sales.qty, rec_sales.tot); END LOOP; COMMIT; END; CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE shop_sales_sum_sp IS CURSOR cur_sales IS SELECT idshopper id, SUM(bi.quantity*bi.price) tot FROM bb_shopper s INNER JOIN bb_basket b USING (idshopper) INNER JOIN bb_basketitem bi

USING (idbasket) WHERE b.orderplaced = 1 GROUP BY idshopper; BEGIN FOR rec_sales IN cur_sales LOOP INSERT INTO bb_shop_sales (idshopper, total) VALUES(rec_sales.id, rec_sales.tot); END LOOP; COMMIT; END;

Case 5-2 CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE movie_rent_sp (p_member IN mm_rental.member_id%TYPE, p_movie IN mm_rental.movie_id%TYPE, p_pay IN mm_rental.payment_methods_id%TYPE) IS BEGIN INSERT INTO mm_rental (rental_id, member_id, movie_id, checkout_date, payment_methods_id) VALUES(mm_rental_seq.NEXTVAL, p_member, p_movie, SYSDATE, p_pay); UPDATE mm_movie SET movie_qty = movie_qty - 1 WHERE movie_id = p_movie; COMMIT; END; CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE movie_return_sp (p_member IN mm_rental.member_id%TYPE, p_movie IN mm_rental.movie_id%TYPE) IS lv_rental_num mm_rental.rental_id%TYPE; BEGIN SELECT rental_id INTO lv_rental_num FROM mm_rental WHERE member_id = p_member AND movie_id = p_movie AND checkin_date IS NULL; UPDATE mm_rental SET checkin_date = SYSDATE WHERE rental_id = lv_rental_num; UPDATE mm_movie SET movie_qty = movie_qty + 1 WHERE movie_id = p_movie; COMMIT; END;

Chapter 6 Solutions Review Questions

1. a 2. c 3. c 4. a 5. b 6. c 7. c 8. b 9. b 10. d 11. Functions are typically used to return one value via a RETURN statement. Functions that follow certain restrictions can be used in both PL/SQL and SQL statements.

12. In a function, the RETURN statement returns a value to the calling environment. In a procedure, a RETURN statement changes the flow of processing by exiting the procedure at that point.

13. Formal parameters are listed in a procedure or function’s header and used to receive values when the program unit is called. Actual parameters are the arguments used in the statement that calls a program unit.

14. Passing by reference means the value in the actual parameter isn’t copied to the formal parameter. A single copy of the value exists in the actual parameter, and a pointer to it is held in the formal parameter. Passing by value means a copy of the value held in the actual parameter is made and stored in the formal parameter.

15. Must be a stored database object (or in a stored package) and can use only IN parameters. Formal parameter data types must use database data types. (No PL/SQL data types, such as BOOLEAN, are permitted.) Return data types must be a database data type.

You must not issue transaction control statements to end the current transaction before execution, and you can’t issue ALTER SESSION or ALTER SYSTEM commands.

Advanced Review Questions 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

d a c c b

Hands-On Assignments Part I Assignment 6-1 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION dollar_fmt_sf (p_num NUMBER) RETURN VARCHAR2 IS lv_amt_txt VARCHAR2(20); BEGIN lv_amt_txt := TO_CHAR(p_num,'$99,999.99');

RETURN lv_amt_txt; END; DECLARE lv_amt_num NUMBER(8,2) := 9999.55; BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(dollar_fmt_sf(lv_amt_num)); END; SELECT dollar_fmt_sf(shipping), dollar_fmt_sf(total) FROM bb_basket WHERE idBasket = 3;

Assignment 6-2 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION tot_purch_sf (p_id NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS lv_tot_num NUMBER(8,2); BEGIN SELECT SUM(total) INTO lv_tot_num FROM bb_basket WHERE idShopper = p_id; RETURN lv_tot_num; END; SELECT idShopper, tot_purch_sf(idShopper) FROM bb_shopper;

Assignment 6-3 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION num_purch_sf (p_id NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS lv_tot_num NUMBER(5); BEGIN SELECT COUNT(idBasket) INTO lv_tot_num FROM bb_basket WHERE idShopper = p_id AND orderplaced = 1; RETURN lv_tot_num; END; SELECT num_purch_sf(idShopper) FROM bb_shopper WHERE idShopper = 23;

Assignment 6-4 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION day_ord_sf (p_date DATE) RETURN VARCHAR2 IS

lv_day_txt VARCHAR2(10); BEGIN lv_day_txt := TO_CHAR(p_date, 'DAY'); RETURN lv_day_txt; END; SELECT idBasket, day_ord_sf(dtcreated) FROM bb_basket; SELECT day_ord_sf(dtcreated), COUNT(idBasket) FROM bb_basket GROUP BY day_ord_sf(dtcreated);

Assignment 6-5 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION ord_ship_sf (p_id NUMBER) RETURN VARCHAR2 IS lv_ship_txt VARCHAR2(12); lv_ord_dat DATE; lv_ship_dat DATE; lv_days_num NUMBER(2); BEGIN SELECT b.dtordered, bs.dtstage INTO lv_ord_dat, lv_ship_dat FROM bb_basket b, bb_basketstatus bs WHERE b.idBasket = bs.idBasket AND bs.idBasket = p_id AND bs.idstage = 5; lv_days_num := lv_ship_dat - lv_ord_dat; IF lv_days_num > 1 THEN lv_ship_txt := 'CHECK'; ELSE lv_ship_txt := 'OK'; END IF; RETURN lv_ship_txt; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN lv_ship_txt := 'Not shipped'; RETURN lv_ship_txt; END; DECLARE lv_flag_txt VARCHAR2(12); lv_id_num bb_basket.idbasket%TYPE := 3; BEGIN lv_flag_txt := ord_ship_sf(lv_id_num); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Basket ' || lv_id_num || ' ' || lv_flag_txt); END;

Assignment 6-6 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION status_desc_sf (p_stage NUMBER) RETURN VARCHAR2 IS

lv_stage_txt VARCHAR2(20); BEGIN IF p_stage = 1 THEN lv_stage_txt := 'Order submitted'; ELSIF p_stage = 2 THEN lv_stage_txt := 'Accepted, sent to shipping'; ELSIF p_stage = 3 THEN lv_stage_txt := 'Back-ordered'; ELSIF p_stage = 4 THEN lv_stage_txt := 'Cancelled'; ELSIF p_stage = 5 THEN lv_stage_txt := 'Shipped'; END IF; RETURN lv_stage_txt; END; SELECT dtStage, status_desc_sf(idStage) FROM bb_basketstatus WHERE idBasket = 4;

Assignment 6-7 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION tax_calc_sf (p_id NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS lv_tax_num NUMBER(5,2) :=0; BEGIN SELECT b.subtotal*t.taxrate tax INTO lv_tax_num FROM bb_basket b, bb_tax t WHERE b.shipstate = t.state AND b.idBasket = p_id; RETURN lv_tax_num; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN lv_tax_num := 0; RETURN lv_tax_num; END; SELECT tax_calc_sf(idbasket) FROM bb_basket WHERE idBasket = 4;

Assignment 6-8 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION ck_sale_sf (p_id IN NUMBER, p_date IN DATE) RETURN VARCHAR2 IS lv_start_dat DATE; lv_end_dat DATE; lv_msg_txt VARCHAR2(15); BEGIN SELECT salestart, saleend INTO lv_start_dat, lv_end_dat

FROM bb_product WHERE idProduct = p_id; IF p_date BETWEEN lv_start_dat AND lv_end_dat THEN lv_msg_txt := 'ON SALE!'; ELSE lv_msg_txt := 'Great Deal!'; END IF; RETURN lv_msg_txt; END; DECLARE lv_msg_txt VARCHAR2(15); BEGIN lv_msg_txt := ck_sale_sf(6,'10-JUN-12'); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_msg_txt); END; DECLARE lv_msg_txt VARCHAR2(15); BEGIN lv_msg_txt := ck_sale_sf(6,'19-JUN-12'); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_msg_txt); END;

Hands-On Assignments Part II Assignment 6-9 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION dd_mthpay_sf (p_amt IN dd_pledge.pledgeamt%TYPE, p_mths IN dd_pledge.paymonths%TYPE) RETURN NUMBER IS BEGIN RETURN p_amt / p_mths; END; DECLARE lv_pay_num NUMBER(8,2); BEGIN lv_pay_num := dd_mthpay_sf(240,12); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_pay_num); END; SELECT idpledge, iddonor, dd_mthpay_sf(pledgeamt,paymonths) FROM dd_pledge WHERE paymonths <> 0;

Assignment 6-10 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION dd_projtot_sf (p_id IN dd_project.idproj%TYPE) RETURN NUMBER IS lv_amt_num NUMBER(9,2); BEGIN

SELECT SUM(pledgeamt) INTO lv_amt_num FROM dd_pledge WHERE idproj = p_id; RETURN lv_amt_num; END; SELECT idproj, projname, TO_CHAR(NVL(dd_projtot_sf(idproj),0),'$99,999.00') FROM dd_project;

Assignment 6-11 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION dd_plstat_sf (p_id IN dd_pledge.idstatus%TYPE) RETURN VARCHAR2 IS BEGIN IF p_id = 10 THEN RETURN 'Open'; ELSIF p_id = 20 THEN RETURN 'Complete'; ELSIF p_id = 30 THEN RETURN 'Overdue'; ELSIF p_id = 40 THEN RETURN 'Closed'; ELSIF p_id = 50 THEN RETURN 'Hold'; ELSE RETURN 'Unknown'; END IF; END; SELECT idpledge, pledgedate, dd_plstat_sf(idstatus) status FROM dd_pledge; SELECT idpledge, pledgedate, dd_plstat_sf(idstatus) status FROM dd_pledge WHERE idpledge = 106;

Assignment 6-12 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION dd_paydate1_sf (p_id IN dd_pledge.idpledge%TYPE) RETURN DATE IS lv_pl_dat DATE; lv_mth_txt VARCHAR2(2); lv_yr_txt VARCHAR2(4); BEGIN SELECT ADD_MONTHS(pledgedate,1) INTO lv_pl_dat FROM dd_pledge WHERE idpledge = p_id; lv_mth_txt := TO_CHAR(lv_pl_dat,'mm'); lv_yr_txt := TO_CHAR(lv_pl_dat,'yyyy'); RETURN TO_DATE((lv_mth_txt || '-01-' || lv_yr_txt),'mm-dd-yyyy'); END;

DECLARE lv_pay1_dat DATE; BEGIN lv_pay1_dat := dd_paydate1_sf(102); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_pay1_dat); END;

Assignment 6-13 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION dd_payend_sf (p_id IN dd_pledge.idpledge%TYPE) RETURN DATE IS lv_pay1_dat DATE; lv_mths_num dd_pledge.paymonths%TYPE; BEGIN SELECT dd_paydate1_sf(idpledge), paymonths - 1 INTO lv_pay1_dat, lv_mths_num FROM dd_pledge WHERE idpledge = p_id; IF lv_mths_num = 0 THEN RETURN lv_pay1_dat; ELSE RETURN ADD_MONTHS(lv_pay1_dat, lv_mths_num); END IF; END; DECLARE lv_pay_dat DATE; BEGIN lv_pay_dat := dd_payend_sf(104); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_pay_dat); END;

Case Projects Case 6-1 UPDATE bb_basket SET orderplaced = NULL, Subtotal = NULL, Tax = NULL, Shipping = NULL, Total = NULL WHERE idBasket = 3; SELECT idbasket, orderplaced, subtotal, tax, shipping, total FROM bb_basket WHERE idBasket = 3; COMMIT; CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION sub_calc_sf (p_id NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS lv_sub_num NUMBER(5,2) :=0;

BEGIN SELECT SUM(quantity*price) INTO lv_sub_num FROM bb_basketitem WHERE idBasket = p_id; RETURN lv_sub_num; END; CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION tax_calc2_sf (p_id NUMBER, p_sub NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS lv_tax_num NUMBER(5,2) :=0; BEGIN SELECT p_sub*t.taxrate tax INTO lv_tax_num FROM bb_basket b, bb_tax t WHERE b.shipstate = t.state AND b.idBasket = p_id; RETURN lv_tax_num; END; CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION ship_calc3_sf (p_id IN NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS lv_qty_num NUMBER(2); lv_ship_num NUMBER(5,2); BEGIN SELECT SUM(quantity) INTO lv_qty_num FROM bb_basketitem WHERE idBasket = p_id; IF lv_qty_num > 10 THEN lv_ship_num := 11.00; ELSIF lv_qty_num > 5 THEN lv_ship_num := 8.00; ELSE lv_ship_num := 5.00; END IF; RETURN lv_ship_num; END; CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE bask_calc_sp (p_id NUMBER) IS lv_sub_num NUMBER(6,2); lv_tax_num NUMBER(6,2) :=0; lv_ship_num NUMBER(6,2) :=0; lv_tot_num NUMBER(6,2); BEGIN lv_sub_num := sub_calc_sf(p_id); lv_tax_num := tax_calc2_sf(p_id,lv_sub_num); lv_ship_num := ship_calc3_sf(p_id); lv_tot_num := (lv_sub_num+lv_tax_num+lv_ship_num); UPDATE bb_basket

SET orderplaced = 1, subtotal = lv_sub_num, shipping = lv_ship_num, tax = lv_tax_num, total = lv_tot_num WHERE idBasket = p_id; COMMIT; END; BEGIN bask_calc_sp(3); END;

Case 6-2 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION mov_info_sf (p_id NUMBER) RETURN VARCHAR2 IS lv_title_txt VARCHAR2(35); lv_qty_num NUMBER(3); lv_msg_txt VARCHAR2(15) := 'Not Available'; lv_avail_txt VARCHAR2(100); BEGIN SELECT movie_title, movie_qty INTO lv_title_txt, lv_qty_num FROM mm_movie WHERE movie_id = p_id; IF lv_qty_num <> 0 THEN lv_msg_txt := 'Available'; END IF; lv_avail_txt := lv_title_txt || ' is ' || lv_msg_txt || ': '|| TO_CHAR(lv_qty_num) || ' on the shelf'; RETURN lv_avail_txt; END; SELECT mov_info_sf(movie_id) FROM mm_movie;

Chapter 7 Solutions Review Questions 1. b 2. d 3. a, d 4. c, d 5. b, d 6. a 7. c

8. d 9. a 10. d 11. The USER_OBJECTS view can be used to determine all the packages in the database.

In the query, use a WHERE clause to select the rows containing the term 'PACKAGE' in the OBJECT TYPE column. Selecting the TEXT column of the USER_SOURCE view lists all source code in the package. Use a WHERE clause on the NAME column to select a single package.

12. If values are referenced continuously in the application, storing them in package variables allows them to be retrieved only once, which reduces data-retrieval processing.

The values in global constructs are persistent for the entire user session.

13. Overloading allows two or more program units in a package to have the same name yet accept a different set of arguments. At times, you might need certain functions to occur but must handle a variety of different data types to be supplied to the program unit.

In this case, you can write several program units to contain the same code but accept different arguments. The Oracle server automatically identifies the correct copy of the program unit to use, based on arguments supplied in the call.

14. If you need to share some values or objects across all sessions, a package specification allows you to do so by housing global variables, cursors, and types. If the package consists only of global constructs to share and no program units, a package body isn’t needed.

15. A program unit that exists in a package body but isn’t declared in the package specification is called a private construct. It’s private in that only program units included in the same package can call this program unit.

Advanced Review Questions 1. c 2. d 3. b 4. c 5. b, c

Hands-On Assignments Part I Assignment 7-1 CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE order_info_pkg IS FUNCTION ship_name_pf (p_basket IN NUMBER) RETURN VARCHAR2; PROCEDURE basket_info_pp (p_basket IN NUMBER, p_shop OUT NUMBER, p_date OUT DATE); END; CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY order_info_pkg

IS FUNCTION ship_name_pf (p_basket IN NUMBER) RETURN VARCHAR2 IS lv_name_txt VARCHAR2(25); BEGIN SELECT shipfirstname||' '||shiplastname INTO lv_name_txt FROM bb_basket WHERE idBasket = p_basket; RETURN lv_name_txt; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Invalid basket id'); END ship_name_pf; PROCEDURE basket_info_pp (p_basket IN NUMBER, p_shop OUT NUMBER, p_date OUT DATE) IS BEGIN SELECT idshopper, dtordered INTO p_shop, p_date FROM bb_basket WHERE idbasket = p_basket; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Invalid basket id'); END basket_info_pp; END;

Assignment 7-2 CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE order_info_pkg IS FUNCTION ship_name_pf (p_basket IN NUMBER) RETURN VARCHAR2; PROCEDURE basket_info_pp (p_basket IN NUMBER, p_shop OUT NUMBER, p_date OUT DATE); END; CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY order_info_pkg IS FUNCTION ship_name_pf (p_basket IN NUMBER) RETURN VARCHAR2 IS lv_name_txt VARCHAR2(25); BEGIN SELECT shipfirstname||' '||shiplastname INTO lv_name_txt FROM bb_basket WHERE idBasket = p_basket;

RETURN lv_name_txt; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Invalid basket id'); END ship_name_pf; PROCEDURE basket_info_pp (p_basket IN NUMBER, p_shop OUT NUMBER, p_date OUT DATE) IS BEGIN SELECT idshopper, dtordered INTO p_shop, p_date FROM bb_basket WHERE idbasket = p_basket; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Invalid basket id'); END basket_info_pp; END; DECLARE lv_name_txt VARCHAR2(20); lv_id_num NUMBER(4); lv_ord_dat DATE; BEGIN lv_name_txt := order_info_pkg.ship_name_pf(12); order_info_pkg.basket_info_pp(12,lv_id_num, lv_ord_dat); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_name_txt); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_id_num); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_ord_dat); END; SELECT order_info_pkg.ship_name_pf(idBasket) FROM bb_basket WHERE idBasket = 12;

Assignment 7-3 CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE order_info_pkg IS PROCEDURE basket_info_pp (p_basket IN NUMBER, p_shop OUT NUMBER, p_date OUT DATE, p_name OUT VARCHAR2); END; CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY order_info_pkg IS FUNCTION ship_name_pf (p_basket IN NUMBER) RETURN VARCHAR2 IS lv_name_txt VARCHAR2(25); BEGIN SELECT shipfirstname||' '||shiplastname

INTO lv_name_txt FROM bb_basket WHERE idBasket = p_basket; RETURN lv_name_txt; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Invalid basket id'); END ship_name_pf; PROCEDURE basket_info_pp (p_basket IN NUMBER, p_shop OUT NUMBER, p_date OUT DATE, p_name OUT VARCHAR2 ) IS BEGIN SELECT idshopper, dtordered INTO p_shop, p_date FROM bb_basket WHERE idbasket = p_basket; p_name := ship_name_pf(p_basket); EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Invalid basket id'); END basket_info_pp; END; DECLARE lv_name_txt VARCHAR2(20); lv_id_num NUMBER(4); lv_ord_dat DATE; BEGIN order_info_pkg.basket_info_pp(12,lv_id_num, lv_ord_dat, lv_name_txt); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_name_txt); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_id_num); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_ord_dat); END;

Assignment 7-4 CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE login_pkg IS pv_id_num NUMBER(3); pv_zip3_num NUMBER(3); FUNCTION login_ck_pf (p_user IN VARCHAR2, p_pass IN VARCHAR2) RETURN CHAR; END; CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY login_pkg IS FUNCTION login_ck_pf (p_user IN VARCHAR2, p_pass IN VARCHAR2) RETURN CHAR IS lv_ck_txt CHAR(1) := 'N';

lv_id_num NUMBER(5); lv_zip3_num NUMBER(3); BEGIN SELECT idShopper, SUBSTR(zipcode,1,3) INTO lv_id_num, lv_zip3_num FROM bb_shopper WHERE username = p_user AND password = p_pass; lv_ck_txt := 'Y'; pv_id_num := lv_id_num; pv_zip3_num := lv_zip3_num; RETURN lv_ck_txt; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Invalid Login'); END; END; DECLARE lv_ck_txt CHAR(1); BEGIN lv_ck_txt := login_pkg.login_ck_pf('gma1','goofy'); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_ck_txt); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(login_pkg.pv_id_num); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(login_pkg.pv_zip3_num); END;

Assignment 7-5 CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE shop_query_pkg IS PROCEDURE shop_lkup_pp (p_id IN NUMBER, p_name OUT VARCHAR2, p_city OUT VARCHAR2, p_state OUT CHAR, p_phone OUT VARCHAR2, p_email OUT VARCHAR2); PROCEDURE shop_lkup_pp (p_last IN VARCHAR2, p_name OUT VARCHAR2, p_city OUT VARCHAR2, p_state OUT CHAR, p_phone OUT VARCHAR2, p_email OUT VARCHAR2); END; CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY shop_query_pkg IS PROCEDURE shop_lkup_pp (p_id IN NUMBER, p_name OUT VARCHAR2, p_city OUT VARCHAR2, p_state OUT CHAR, p_phone OUT VARCHAR2, p_email OUT VARCHAR2) IS

BEGIN SELECT firstname||' '||lastname, city, state, phone, email INTO p_name, p_city, p_state, p_phone, p_email FROM bb_shopper WHERE idShopper = p_id; END; PROCEDURE shop_lkup_pp (p_last IN VARCHAR2, p_name OUT VARCHAR2, p_city OUT VARCHAR2, p_state OUT CHAR, p_phone OUT VARCHAR2, p_email OUT VARCHAR2) IS BEGIN SELECT firstname||' '||lastname, city, state, phone, email INTO p_name, p_city, p_state, p_phone, p_email FROM bb_shopper WHERE lastname = p_last; END; END; DECLARE lv_name_txt VARCHAR2(20); lv_city_txt VARCHAR2(15); lv_state_txt VARCHAR2(2); lv_phone_txt VARCHAR2(12); lv_email_txt VARCHAR2(15); BEGIN shop_query_pkg.shop_lkup_pp(23,lv_name_txt,lv_city_txt, lv_state_txt,lv_phone_txt,lv_email_txt); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_name_txt); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_city_txt); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_state_txt); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_phone_txt); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_email_txt); shop_query_pkg.shop_lkup_pp('Ratman',lv_name_txt,lv_city_txt, lv_state_txt,lv_phone_txt,lv_email_txt); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_name_txt); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_city_txt); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_state_txt); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_phone_txt); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_email_txt); END;

Assignment 7-6 CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE tax_rate_pkg IS pv_tax_nc CONSTANT NUMBER(3,3) := .035; pv_tax_tx CONSTANT NUMBER(3,3) := .05; pv_tax_tn CONSTANT NUMBER(3,3) := .02; END; BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(tax_rate_pkg.pv_tax_nc); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(tax_rate_pkg.pv_tax_tx);

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(tax_rate_pkg.pv_tax_tn); END;

Assignment 7-7 CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE tax_pkg IS CURSOR pcur_tax IS SELECT state, taxrate FROM bb_tax; FUNCTION ck_tax_pp (p_state IN CHAR) RETURN NUMBER; END; CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY tax_pkg IS FUNCTION ck_tax_pp (p_state IN CHAR) RETURN NUMBER IS lv_tax_num NUMBER(3,3) :=0; BEGIN FOR pcur_rec IN pcur_tax LOOP IF pcur_rec.state = p_state THEN lv_tax_num := pcur_rec.taxrate; RETURN lv_tax_num; EXIT; END IF; END LOOP; END; END; DECLARE lv_rate_num NUMBER(3,3); BEGIN lv_rate_num := tax_pkg.ck_tax_pp('NC'); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_rate_num); END;

Assignment 7-8 CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE login_pkg IS pv_logtime_dat DATE; pv_id_num NUMBER(3); FUNCTION login_ck_pf (p_user IN VARCHAR2, p_pass IN VARCHAR2) RETURN CHAR; END; CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY login_pkg IS FUNCTION login_ck_pf (p_user IN VARCHAR2, p_pass IN VARCHAR2)

RETURN CHAR IS lv_ck_txt CHAR(1) := 'N'; lv_id_num NUMBER(5); BEGIN SELECT idShopper INTO lv_id_num FROM bb_shopper WHERE username = p_user AND password = p_pass; lv_ck_txt := 'Y'; pv_id_num := lv_id_num; RETURN lv_ck_txt; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN RETURN lv_ck_txt; END; BEGIN pv_logtime_dat := SYSDATE; END; BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(TO_CHAR(login_pkg.pv_logtime_dat, 'Month DD YYYY HH:MM:SS')); END;

Hands-On Assignments Part I Assignment 7-9 CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE pledge_pkg IS FUNCTION dd_paydate1_pf (p_id IN dd_pledge.idpledge%TYPE) RETURN DATE; FUNCTION dd_payend_pf (p_id IN dd_pledge.idpledge%TYPE) RETURN DATE; END; CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY pledge_pkg IS FUNCTION dd_paydate1_pf (p_id IN dd_pledge.idpledge%TYPE) RETURN DATE IS lv_pl_dat DATE; lv_mth_txt VARCHAR2(2); lv_yr_txt VARCHAR2(4); BEGIN SELECT ADD_MONTHS(pledgedate,1) INTO lv_pl_dat FROM dd_pledge WHERE idpledge = p_id; lv_mth_txt := TO_CHAR(lv_pl_dat,'mm'); lv_yr_txt := TO_CHAR(lv_pl_dat,'yyyy');

RETURN TO_DATE((lv_mth_txt||'-01-'||lv_yr_txt),'mm-dd-yyyy'); END; FUNCTION dd_payend_pf (p_id IN dd_pledge.idpledge%TYPE) RETURN DATE IS lv_pay1_dat DATE; lv_mths_num dd_pledge.paymonths%TYPE; BEGIN SELECT dd_paydate1_sf(idpledge), paymonths - 1 INTO lv_pay1_dat, lv_mths_num FROM dd_pledge WHERE idpledge = p_id; IF lv_mths_num < 0 THEN RETURN lv_pay1_dat; ELSE RETURN ADD_MONTHS(lv_pay1_dat, lv_mths_num); END IF; END; END; DECLARE lv_pay1_dat DATE; lv_end_dat DATE; BEGIN lv_pay1_dat := pledge_pkg.dd_paydate1_pf(102); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_pay1_dat); lv_end_dat := pledge_pkg.dd_payend_pf(102); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_end_dat); END; SELECT idpledge, paymonths, pledgedate, pledge_pkg.dd_paydate1_pf(idpledge), pledge_pkg.dd_payend_pf(idpledge) FROM dd_pledge;

Assignment 7-10 CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE pledge_pkg IS PROCEDURE dd_plist_pp (p_id IN dd_donor.iddonor%TYPE); END; CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY pledge_pkg IS FUNCTION dd_paydate1_pf (p_id IN dd_pledge.idpledge%TYPE) RETURN DATE IS lv_pl_dat DATE; lv_mth_txt VARCHAR2(2); lv_yr_txt VARCHAR2(4); BEGIN SELECT ADD_MONTHS(pledgedate,1) INTO lv_pl_dat FROM dd_pledge

WHERE idpledge = p_id; lv_mth_txt := TO_CHAR(lv_pl_dat,'mm'); lv_yr_txt := TO_CHAR(lv_pl_dat,'yyyy'); RETURN TO_DATE((lv_mth_txt||'-01-'||lv_yr_txt),'mm-dd-yyyy'); END; FUNCTION dd_payend_pf (p_id IN dd_pledge.idpledge%TYPE) RETURN DATE IS lv_pay1_dat DATE; lv_mths_num dd_pledge.paymonths%TYPE; BEGIN SELECT paymonths - 1 INTO lv_mths_num FROM dd_pledge WHERE idpledge = p_id; lv_pay1_dat := dd_paydate1_pf(p_id); IF lv_mths_num < 0 THEN RETURN lv_pay1_dat; ELSE RETURN ADD_MONTHS(lv_pay1_dat, lv_mths_num); END IF; END; PROCEDURE dd_plist_pp (p_id IN dd_donor.iddonor%TYPE) IS CURSOR cur_donor IS SELECT firstname || ' ' || lastname name, idpledge FROM dd_donor JOIN dd_pledge USING(iddonor) WHERE iddonor = p_id; lv_first_dat DATE; lv_last_dat DATE; BEGIN FOR rec_donor IN cur_donor LOOP lv_first_dat := pledge_pkg.dd_paydate1_pf(rec_donor.idpledge); lv_last_dat := pledge_pkg.dd_payend_pf(rec_donor.idpledge); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(rec_donor.name || ' ' || rec_donor.idpledge || ' ' || lv_first_dat || ' ' || lv_last_dat); END LOOP; END; END; BEGIN pledge_pkg.dd_plist_pp(304); END;

Assignment 7-11 CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE pledge_pkg IS TYPE donorCur IS ref cursor; PROCEDURE dd_plist_pp ( p_id IN dd_donor.iddonor%TYPE); PROCEDURE dd_pays_pp (p_id IN dd_donor.iddonor%TYPE, p_ref OUT donorCur); END;

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY pledge_pkg IS FUNCTION dd_paydate1_pf (p_id IN dd_pledge.idpledge%TYPE) RETURN DATE IS lv_pl_dat DATE; lv_mth_txt VARCHAR2(2); lv_yr_txt VARCHAR2(4); BEGIN SELECT ADD_MONTHS(pledgedate,1) INTO lv_pl_dat FROM dd_pledge WHERE idpledge = p_id; lv_mth_txt := TO_CHAR(lv_pl_dat,'mm'); lv_yr_txt := TO_CHAR(lv_pl_dat,'yyyy'); RETURN TO_DATE((lv_mth_txt || '-01-' || lv_yr_txt),'mm-dd-yyyy'); END; FUNCTION dd_payend_pf (p_id IN dd_pledge.idpledge%TYPE) RETURN DATE IS lv_pay1_dat DATE; lv_mths_num dd_pledge.paymonths%TYPE; BEGIN SELECT dd_paydate1_sf(idpledge), paymonths - 1 INTO lv_pay1_dat, lv_mths_num FROM dd_pledge WHERE idpledge = p_id; IF lv_mths_num < 0 THEN RETURN lv_pay1_dat; ELSE RETURN ADD_MONTHS(lv_pay1_dat, lv_mths_num); END IF; END; PROCEDURE dd_plist_pp ( p_id IN dd_donor.iddonor%TYPE) IS CURSOR cur_donor IS SELECT firstname || ' ' || lastname name, idpledge FROM dd_donor JOIN dd_pledge USING(iddonor) WHERE iddonor = p_id; lv_first_dat DATE; lv_last_dat DATE; BEGIN FOR rec_donor IN cur_donor LOOP lv_first_dat := pledge_pkg.dd_paydate1_pf(rec_donor.idpledge); lv_last_dat := pledge_pkg.dd_payend_pf(rec_donor.idpledge); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(rec_donor.name || ' ' || rec_donor.idpledge || ' ' || lv_first_dat || ' ' || lv_last_dat); END LOOP; END; PROCEDURE dd_pays_pp (p_id IN dd_donor.iddonor%TYPE, p_ref OUT donorCur) IS

BEGIN OPEN p_ref FOR SELECT idpledge, lastname, payamt, paydate FROM dd_donor JOIN dd_pledge USING(iddonor) JOIN dd_payment USING(idpledge) WHERE iddonor = p_id; END; END; DECLARE d_cur pledge_pkg.donorCur; TYPE type_rec IS RECORD ( id dd_pledge.idpledge%TYPE, last dd_donor.lastname%TYPE, amt dd_payment.payamt%TYPE, dat dd_payment.paydate%TYPE); d_rec type_rec; BEGIN pledge_pkg.dd_pays_pp(301,d_cur); LOOP FETCH d_cur INTO d_rec; EXIT WHEN d_cur%NOTFOUND; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(d_rec.id || ' ' || d_rec.last || ' ' || TO_CHAR(d_rec.amt,'$999.00') || ' ' || d_rec.dat); END LOOP; END;

Case Projects Case 7-1 CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE shop_process_pkg IS pv_sub_num NUMBER(6,2); pv_tax_num NUMBER(6,2) :=0; pv_ship_num NUMBER(6,2) :=0; pv_tot_num NUMBER(6,2); PROCEDURE bask_calc_pp (p_id NUMBER); END; CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY shop_process_pkg IS FUNCTION ship_calc3_pf (p_id IN NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER; FUNCTION sub_calc_pf (p_id NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER; FUNCTION tax_calc2_pf (p_id NUMBER, p_sub NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER; PROCEDURE bask_calc_pp (p_id NUMBER) IS BEGIN

pv_sub_num := sub_calc_pf(p_id); pv_tax_num := tax_calc2_pf(p_id,pv_sub_num); pv_ship_num := ship_calc3_pf(p_id); pv_tot_num := (pv_sub_num+pv_tax_num+pv_ship_num); END; FUNCTION ship_calc3_pf (p_id IN NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS lv_qty_num NUMBER(2); lv_ship_num NUMBER(5,2); BEGIN SELECT SUM(quantity) INTO lv_qty_num FROM bb_basketitem WHERE idBasket = p_id; IF lv_qty_num > 10 THEN lv_ship_num := 11.00; ELSIF lv_qty_num > 5 THEN lv_ship_num := 8.00; ELSE lv_ship_num := 5.00; END IF; RETURN lv_ship_num; END; FUNCTION sub_calc_pf (p_id NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS lv_sub_num NUMBER(5,2) :=0; BEGIN SELECT SUM(quantity*price) INTO lv_sub_num FROM bb_basketitem WHERE idBasket = p_id; RETURN lv_sub_num; END; FUNCTION tax_calc2_pf (p_id NUMBER, p_sub NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS lv_tax_num NUMBER(5,2) :=0; BEGIN SELECT p_sub*t.taxrate tax INTO lv_tax_num FROM bb_basket b, bb_tax t WHERE b.shipstate = t.state AND b.idBasket = p_id; RETURN lv_tax_num; END; END; BEGIN shop_process_pkg.bask_calc_pp(3); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(shop_process_pkg.pv_sub_num); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(shop_process_pkg.pv_tax_num);

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(shop_process_pkg.pv_ship_num); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(shop_process_pkg.pv_tot_num); END;

Case 7-2 CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE mm_rentals_pkg IS PROCEDURE movie_rent_pp (p_member IN mm_rental.member_id%TYPE, p_movie IN mm_rental.movie_id%TYPE, p_pay IN mm_rental.payment_methods_id%TYPE); PROCEDURE movie_return_pp (p_member IN mm_rental.member_id%TYPE, p_movie IN mm_rental.movie_id%TYPE); FUNCTION movie_info_pf (p_id NUMBER) RETURN VARCHAR2; END; CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY mm_rentals_pkg IS PROCEDURE movie_rent_pp (p_member IN mm_rental.member_id%TYPE, p_movie IN mm_rental.movie_id%TYPE, p_pay IN mm_rental.payment_methods_id%TYPE) IS BEGIN INSERT INTO mm_rental (rental_id, member_id, movie_id, checkout_date, payment_methods_id) VALUES(mm_rental_seq.NEXTVAL, p_member, p_movie, SYSDATE, p_pay); UPDATE mm_movie SET movie_qty = movie_qty - 1 WHERE movie_id = p_movie; COMMIT; END; PROCEDURE movie_return_pp (p_member IN mm_rental.member_id%TYPE, p_movie IN mm_rental.movie_id%TYPE) IS lv_rental_num mm_rental.rental_id%TYPE; BEGIN SELECT rental_id INTO lv_rental_num FROM mm_rental WHERE member_id = p_member AND movie_id = p_movie AND checkin_date IS NULL; UPDATE mm_rental SET checkin_date = SYSDATE WHERE rental_id = lv_rental_num; UPDATE mm_movie SET movie_qty = movie_qty + 1 WHERE movie_id = p_movie; COMMIT; END;

FUNCTION movie_info_pf (p_id NUMBER) RETURN VARCHAR2 IS lv_title_txt VARCHAR2(35); lv_qty_num NUMBER(3); lv_msg_txt VARCHAR2(15) := 'Not Available'; lv_avail_txt VARCHAR2(100); BEGIN SELECT movie_title, movie_qty INTO lv_title_txt, lv_qty_num FROM mm_movie WHERE movie_id = p_id; IF lv_qty_num <> 0 THEN lv_msg_txt := 'Available'; END IF; lv_avail_txt := lv_title_txt||' is '||lv_msg_txt||': '|| TO_CHAR(lv_qty_num)||' on the shelf'; RETURN lv_avail_txt; END; END; DECLARE lv_info VARCHAR2(100); BEGIN lv_info := mm_rentals_pkg.movie_info_pf(6); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_info); lv_info := mm_rentals_pkg.movie_info_pf(7); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_info); END;

Chapter 8 Review Questions 1. b 2. c 3. a, c 4. b 5. a, b 6. d 7. b 8. b 9. a 10. c 11. b 12. b 13. b 14. d 15. a, c

16. Only modifications to the package specification result in changing dependent objects’ status to INVALID. Changes to just the body don’t alter the status of dependent objects.

17. BASK_CALC_SP and ORDER_TOTAL_SP 18. To be aware of affected objects and the need for recompiling. A developer should test any dependent program units and manually recompile objects flagged as INVALID to avoid this processing at runtime. In addition, remote dependencies cause a runtime error if objects aren’t recompiled.

19. If a local dependent object is INVALID when it’s run, the system recompiles the object automatically and continues processing, if recompiling is successful. A remote dependent object isn’t flagged as INVALID when remote referenced objects are modified. Therefore, the first time a remote object runs after it’s been modified, the system flags the dependent object as INVALID and raises an error. The INVALID status causes the object to be recompiled during the second run.

20. The Oracle dependency tree utility. To use it, follow these steps:  Create necessary objects with the utldtree.sql script.  Run the DEPTREE_FILL procedure for the object of interest.  Query the DEPTREE or IDEPTREE view.

Advanced Review Questions 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

b d b a b

Hands-On Assignments Part I Assignment 8-1 DESC user_objects; SELECT object_name, status, timestamp FROM user_objects WHERE object_type = 'PROCEDURE'; DESC user_dependencies; SELECT name, type FROM user_dependencies WHERE referenced_name = 'BB_BASKET'; Assignment 8-2 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION status_desc_sf (p_stage NUMBER) RETURN VARCHAR2 IS lv_stage_txt VARCHAR2(30); BEGIN IF p_stage = 1 THEN lv_stage_txt := 'Order Submitted'; ELSIF p_stage = 2 THEN lv_stage_txt := 'Accepted, sent to shipping';

ELSIF p_stage = 3 THEN lv_stage_txt := 'Back-ordered'; ELSIF p_stage = 4 THEN lv_stage_txt := 'Cancelled'; ELSIF p_stage = 5 THEN lv_stage_txt := 'Shipped'; END IF; RETURN lv_stage_txt; END; CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE status_check_sp (p_bask IN NUMBER, p_stage OUT NUMBER, p_desc OUT VARCHAR2) IS BEGIN SELECT idstage INTO p_stage FROM bb_basketstatus WHERE idBasket = p_bask; p_desc := status_desc_sf(p_stage); END; SELECT object_name, status FROM user_objects WHERE object_name in ('STATUS_CHECK_SP','STATUS_DESC_SF'); CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION status_desc_sf (p_stage IN NUMBER) RETURN VARCHAR2 IS lv_stage_txt VARCHAR2(30); BEGIN IF p_stage = 1 THEN lv_stage_txt := 'Order Submitted'; ELSIF p_stage = 2 THEN lv_stage_txt := 'Accepted, sent to shipping'; ELSIF p_stage = 3 THEN lv_stage_txt := 'Back-ordered'; ELSIF p_stage = 4 THEN lv_stage_txt := 'Cancelled'; ELSIF p_stage = 5 THEN lv_stage_txt := 'Shipped'; ELSIF p_stage = 6 THEN lv_stage_txt := 'Credit Card Not Approved'; END IF; RETURN lv_stage_txt; END; DECLARE lv_stage_num bb_basketstatus.idstage%TYPE; lv_desc_txt VARCHAR2(30); BEGIN status_check_sp(13,lv_stage_num,lv_desc_txt); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_stage_num); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_desc_txt); END;

SELECT object_name, status FROM user_objects WHERE object_name in ('STATUS_CHECK_SP','STATUS_DESC_SF');

Assignment 8-3 CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE lookup_pkg IS FUNCTION status_desc_pf (p_stage IN NUMBER) RETURN VARCHAR2; END; CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY lookup_pkg IS FUNCTION status_desc_pf (p_stage IN NUMBER) RETURN VARCHAR2 IS lv_stage_txt VARCHAR2(30); BEGIN IF p_stage = 1 THEN lv_stage_txt := 'Order Submitted'; ELSIF p_stage = 2 THEN lv_stage_txt := 'Accepted, sent to shipping'; ELSIF p_stage = 3 THEN lv_stage_txt := 'Back-ordered'; ELSIF p_stage = 4 THEN lv_stage_txt := 'Cancelled'; ELSIF p_stage = 5 THEN lv_stage_txt := 'Shipped'; END IF; RETURN lv_stage_txt; END; END; CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE status_check_sp (p_bask IN NUMBER, p_stage OUT NUMBER, p_desc OUT VARCHAR2) IS BEGIN SELECT idstage INTO p_stage FROM bb_basketstatus WHERE idBasket = p_bask; p_desc := lookup_pkg.status_desc_pf(p_stage); END; SELECT status FROM user_objects WHERE object_name = 'STATUS_CHECK_SP'; CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY lookup_pkg IS FUNCTION status_desc_pf (p_stage IN NUMBER)

RETURN VARCHAR2 IS lv_stage_txt VARCHAR2(30); BEGIN IF p_stage = 1 THEN lv_stage_txt := 'Order Submitted'; ELSIF p_stage = 2 THEN lv_stage_txt := 'Accepted, sent to shipping'; ELSIF p_stage = 3 THEN lv_stage_txt := 'Back-ordered'; ELSIF p_stage = 4 THEN lv_stage_txt := 'Cancelled'; ELSIF p_stage = 5 THEN lv_stage_txt := 'Shipped'; ELSIF p_stage = 6 THEN lv_stage_txt := 'Credit Card Not Approved'; END IF; RETURN lv_stage_txt; END; END; SELECT status FROM user_objects WHERE object_name = 'STATUS_CHECK_SP';

Assignment 8-4 Note: Be sure to use the correct connection string reference for the database link.

CREATE DATABASE LINK dblink2 USING 'orcl'; CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION status_desc_sf (p_stage NUMBER) RETURN VARCHAR2 IS lv_stage_txt VARCHAR2(30); BEGIN IF p_stage = 1 THEN lv_stage_txt := 'Order Submitted'; ELSIF p_stage = 2 THEN lv_stage_txt := 'Accepted, sent to shipping'; ELSIF p_stage = 3 THEN lv_stage_txt := 'Back-ordered'; ELSIF p_stage = 4 THEN lv_stage_txt := 'Cancelled'; ELSIF p_stage = 5 THEN lv_stage_txt := 'Shipped'; END IF; RETURN lv_stage_txt; END; CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE status_check_sp (p_bask IN NUMBER, p_stage OUT NUMBER, p_desc OUT VARCHAR2) IS BEGIN

SELECT idstage INTO p_stage FROM bb_basketstatus WHERE idBasket = p_bask; p_desc := status_desc_sf@dblink2(p_stage); END; SELECT status FROM user_objects WHERE object_name = 'STATUS_CHECK_SP'; CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION status_desc_sf (p_stage IN NUMBER) RETURN VARCHAR2 IS lv_stage_txt VARCHAR2(30); BEGIN IF p_stage = 1 THEN lv_stage_txt := 'Order Submitted'; ELSIF p_stage = 2 THEN lv_stage_txt := 'Accepted, sent to shipping'; ELSIF p_stage = 3 THEN lv_stage_txt := 'Back-ordered'; ELSIF p_stage = 4 THEN lv_stage_txt := 'Cancelled'; ELSIF p_stage = 5 THEN lv_stage_txt := 'Shipped'; ELSIF p_stage = 6 THEN lv_stage_txt := 'Credit Card Not Approved'; END IF; RETURN lv_stage_txt; END; DECLARE lv_stage_num bb_basketstatus.idstage%TYPE; lv_desc_txt VARCHAR2(30); BEGIN status_check_sp(13,lv_stage_num,lv_desc_txt); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_stage_num); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_desc_txt); END; SELECT status FROM user_objects WHERE object_name = 'STATUS_CHECK_SP'; DECLARE lv_stage_num bb_basketstatus.idstage%TYPE; lv_desc_txt VARCHAR2(30); BEGIN status_check_sp(13,lv_stage_num,lv_desc_txt); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_stage_num); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_desc_txt); END; SELECT status

FROM user_objects WHERE object_name = 'STATUS_CHECK_SP';

Assignment 8-5 @<path to Oracle home directory>\rdbms\admin\utldtree EXECUTE deptree_fill('TABLE','SCOTT','BB_BASKET'); SELECT nested_level, name, type, seq# FROM deptree ORDER BY seq#; SELECT * FROM ideptree;

Assignment 8-6 Object Created DEPTREE_SEQ DEPTREE_TEMPTAB DEPTREE_FILL

Object Type Sequence Table Procedure

DEPTREE

View

IDEPTREE

View

Description Identifies the dependency level Stores dependency information Retrieves dependency information for a specified object Lists dependency information in numeric order Lists dependency information in indented format

Assignment 8-7 1. Use the %TYPE and %ROWTYPE attributes in variable declarations. These declarations instruct the system to assign the variable data type based on the underlying table column’s data type at runtime. If changes are made to tables, such as column length or data type, program units using these columns in variables or parameters don’t have to be edited. Keep in mind this method doesn’t prevent other logic errors that can be raised by data type modifications. For example, if you change a variable data type from NUMBER to VARCHAR2, and the program unit code uses a numeric function such as ROUND on this variable, an error is raised.

2. Use SELECT * when querying data from the database instead of a named column list.

If the table changes, as with a column drop, the query won’t fail if the ALL keyword is included. There’s some debate among Oracle users about whether the benefit of this technique is greater than the downside. The program unit might be retrieving far more data than is needed, which adds to the processing time.

3. Use a column list in INSERT statements so that changes to a table, such as dropping and adding columns, don’t necessarily raise an error. If a column list isn’t used, the INSERT statement expects data to match the physical order of columns and requires a value for each column, which raises an error for any table column deletions or additions.

Assignment 8-8

Direct: Object A has a direct dependency on Object B if Object A uses Object B. Indirect: Object A has an indirect dependency on Object B if Object A uses another object that has a direct dependency on Object B. Remote: A dependency (direct or indirect) on an object in another database.

If Object A and B are on the same database (local) and A has a direct or indirect dependency on B, any modifications to B change A’s status to INVALID. One exception is if Object B is a package body. If Object A and B are in different databases (remote) and A has a direct or indirect dependency on B, any modifications to B don’t immediately change the status of dependent objects. Remote dependencies aren’t checked until runtime.

Hands-On Assignments Part II Assignment 8-9 SELECT * FROM USER_PLSQL_OBJECT_SETTINGS WHERE name = 'DDCKBAL_SP'; ALTER SESSION SET PLSQL_WARNINGS='ENABLE:INFORMATIONAL, DISABLE:PERFORMANCE,DISABLE:SEVERE'; SELECT * FROM USER_PLSQL_OBJECT_SETTINGS WHERE name = 'DDCKBAL_SP';

Assignment 8-10 ALTER SESSION SET PLSQL_CCFLAGS = 'ASSIGN:TRUE'; CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE DD_COMP1_SP IS BEGIN $IF $$ASSIGN $THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('TRUE'); $ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('FALSE'); $END END DD_COMP1_SP; BEGIN DD_COMP1_SP; END; BEGIN DBMS_PREPROCESSOR.PRINT_POST_PROCESSED_SOURCE('PROCEDURE','PLBOOK', 'DD_COMP1_SP'); END; ALTER SESSION SET PLSQL_CCFLAGS = 'ASSIGN:FALSE'; ALTER PROCEDURE DD_COMP1_SP COMPILE;

BEGIN DD_COMP1_SP; END;

Case Projects Case 8-1 CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE stat_ck_sp IS CURSOR cur_status IS SELECT object_name name, object_type type FROM user_objects WHERE status = 'INVALID'; BEGIN FOR rec_status IN cur_status LOOP ALTER rec_status.type rec_status.name COMPILE; END LOOP; END;

Raises an error because of a DDL statement. Can be addressed with the DBMS_DDL Oracle-supplied package, covered in Chapter 9.

Case 8-2 Note: Run utldtree.sql only if it hasn’t been run previously. @<path to Oracle home directory>\rdbms\admin\utldtree EXECUTE deptree_fill('TABLE','SCOTT','MM_MEMBER'); SELECT nested_level, name, type, seq# FROM deptree ORDER BY seq#; SELECT * FROM ideptree; EXECUTE deptree_fill('TABLE','SCOTT','MM_MOVIE'); SELECT nested_level, name, type, seq# FROM deptree ORDER BY seq#; SELECT * FROM ideptree; EXECUTE deptree_fill('TABLE','SCOTT','MM_MOVIE_TYPE'); SELECT nested_level, name, type, seq# FROM deptree ORDER BY seq#; SELECT * FROM ideptree; EXECUTE deptree_fill('TABLE','SCOTT','MM_PAY_TYPE'); SELECT nested_level, name, type, seq# FROM deptree ORDER BY seq#; SELECT * FROM ideptree;

EXECUTE deptree_fill('TABLE','SCOTT','MM_RENTAL'); SELECT nested_level, name, type, seq# FROM deptree ORDER BY seq#; SELECT * FROM ideptree;

Chapter 9 Solutions Review Questions 1. a, c, d 2. d 3. a 4. b 5. c 6. b 7. a, b, c 8. a 9. b 10. b 11. a 12. a 13. a 14. b 15. A mutating table error is raised when a row-level trigger attempts to use the table the trigger is based on.

16. Refer to Table 9-2 for possible responses.

17. First, a database trigger is tied more closely to a table than a program unit is. If a table is dropped, the associated triggers are dropped, but program units just change to an INVALID status. Second, program units must be called explicitly by application code, and triggers fire automatically based on events.

18. With a DELETE event, the only values involved are those in the row being deleted.

19. Oracle 11g introduced compound triggers, which allow combining all four triggering events into a single trigger object. BEFORE and AFTER statement-level and row-level actions can’t be housed together in only one trigger, but these actions can share variable values.

Advanced Review Questions 1. b 2. b 3. c 4. c 5. c

Hands-On Assignments Part I Assignment 9-1 CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER bb_reorder_trg AFTER UPDATE OF stock ON bb_product FOR EACH ROW DECLARE v_onorder_num NUMBER(4); BEGIN IF :NEW.stock <= :NEW.reorder THEN SELECT SUM(qty) INTO v_onorder_num FROM bb_product_request WHERE idProduct = :NEW.idProduct AND dtRecd IS NULL; IF v_onorder_num IS NULL THEN v_onorder_num := 0; END IF; IF v_onorder_num = 0 THEN INSERT INTO bb_product_request (idRequest, idProduct, dtRequest, qty) VALUES (bb_prodreq_seq.NEXTVAL, :NEW.idProduct, SYSDATE, :NEW.reorder); END IF; END IF; END; SELECT stock, reorder FROM bb_product WHERE idProduct = 4; UPDATE bb_product SET stock = 25 WHERE idProduct = 4; SELECT * FROM bb_product_request; ROLLBACK; ALTER TRIGGER bb_reorder_trg DISABLE;

Assignment 9-2 INSERT INTO bb_product_request (idRequest, idProduct, dtRequest, qty) VALUES (3, 5, SYSDATE, 45); COMMIT; CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER bb_reqfill_trg AFTER UPDATE OF dtRecd ON bb_product_request FOR EACH ROW BEGIN IF :OLD.dtRecd IS NULL THEN UPDATE bb_product SET stock = stock + :NEW.qty WHERE idProduct = :NEW.idProduct; END IF;

END; SELECT stock, reorder FROM bb_product WHERE idProduct = 5; SELECT * FROM bb_product_request WHERE idProduct = 5; UPDATE bb_product_request SET dtRecd = SYSDATE, cost = 225 WHERE idRequest = 3; SELECT * FROM bb_product_request WHERE idProduct = 5; SELECT stock, reorder FROM bb_product WHERE idProduct = 5; ROLLBACK; ALTER TRIGGER bb_reqfill_trg DISABLE;

Assignment 9-3 CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER bb_reqfill_trg AFTER UPDATE OF dtRecd ON bb_product_request FOR EACH ROW BEGIN IF :OLD.dtRecd IS NULL AND :NEW.dtRecd IS NOT NULL THEN UPDATE bb_product SET stock = stock + :NEW.qty WHERE idProduct = :NEW.idProduct; END IF; IF :OLD.dtRecd IS NOT NULL AND :NEW.dtRecd IS NULL THEN UPDATE bb_product SET stock = stock - :OLD.qty WHERE idProduct = :NEW.idProduct; END IF; END; INSERT INTO bb_product_request (idRequest, idProduct, dtRequest, qty, dtRecd, cost) VALUES (4, 5, SYSDATE, 45, '15-JUN-2012',225); UPDATE bb_product SET stock = 86 WHERE idProduct = 5; COMMIT; UPDATE bb_product_request SET dtRecd = NULL WHERE idRequest = 4; SELECT stock, reorder

FROM bb_product WHERE idProduct = 5; SELECT * FROM bb_product_request; ALTER TRIGGER bb_reqfill_trg DISABLE;

Assignment 9-4 CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER bb_ordcancel_trg AFTER INSERT ON bb_basketstatus FOR EACH ROW WHEN (NEW.idstage = 4) DECLARE CURSOR basketitem_cur IS SELECT idproduct, quantity, option1 FROM bb_basketitem WHERE idbasket = :NEW.idbasket; lv_chg_num NUMBER(3,1); BEGIN FOR basketitem_rec IN basketitem_cur LOOP IF basketitem_rec.option1 = 1 THEN lv_chg_num := (.5 * basketitem_rec.quantity); ELSE lv_chg_num := basketitem_rec.quantity; END IF; UPDATE bb_product SET stock = stock + lv_chg_num WHERE idproduct = basketitem_rec.idproduct; END LOOP; UPDATE bb_basket SET orderplaced = 0 WHERE idbasket = :NEW.idbasket; END; SELECT idproduct, quantity, option1 FROM bb_basketitem WHERE idbasket = 6; SELECT stock FROM bb_product WHERE idProduct IN (10,2); SELECT orderplaced FROM bb_basket WHERE idBasket = 6; INSERT INTO bb_basketstatus (idStatus, idBasket, idStage, dtStage) VALUES (bb_status_seq.NEXTVAL, 6, 4, SYSDATE); ALTER TRIGGER bb_ordcancel_trg DISABLE;

Assignment 9-5 CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE disc_pkg IS pv_disc_txt CHAR(1); pv_disc_num NUMBER(1); END;

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER bb_discount_trg AFTER UPDATE OF orderplaced ON bb_basket FOR EACH ROW WHEN (NEW.orderplaced = 1) BEGIN IF disc_pkg.pv_disc_num = 5 THEN disc_pkg.pv_disc_txt := 'Y'; END IF; END; BEGIN disc_pkg.pv_disc_txt := 'N'; disc_pkg.pv_disc_num := 5; END; UPDATE bb_basket SET orderplaced = 1 WHERE idBasket = 13; BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(disc_pkg.pv_disc_txt); END; ALTER TRIGGER bb_discount_trg DISABLE;

Assignment 9-6 CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER bb_prodchg_trg BEFORE UPDATE OF idProduct ON bb_product FOR EACH ROW BEGIN UPDATE bb_basketitem SET idProduct = :NEW.idProduct WHERE idProduct = :OLD.idProduct; UPDATE bb_productoption SET idProduct = :NEW.idProduct WHERE idProduct = :OLD.idProduct; END; SELECT idproduct FROM bb_product; SELECT idbasketitem, idproduct FROM bb_basketitem; SELECT * FROM bb_productoption; UPDATE bb_product SET idProduct = 22 WHERE idProduct = 7; ROLLBACK; ALTER TRIGGER bb_prodchg_trg DISABLE;

Assignment 9-7 UPDATE bb_basket

SET orderplaced = 0 WHERE idBasket = 3; CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER bb_salesum_trg AFTER UPDATE OF orderplaced ON bb_basket FOR EACH ROW WHEN (NEW.orderplaced = 1) DECLARE CURSOR basketitem_cur IS SELECT idproduct, quantity, price, option1 FROM bb_basketitem WHERE idbasket = :NEW.idbasket; lv_sale_num NUMBER(5,2); lv_qty_num NUMBER(3,1); BEGIN FOR basketitem_rec IN basketitem_cur LOOP lv_sale_num := basketitem_rec.price*basketitem_rec.quantity; IF basketitem_rec.option1 = 1 THEN lv_qty_num := (.5 * basketitem_rec.quantity); ELSE lv_qty_num := basketitem_rec.quantity; END IF; UPDATE bb_sales_sum SET tot_sales = tot_sales + lv_sale_num, tot_qty = tot_qty + lv_qty_num WHERE idproduct = basketitem_rec.idproduct; END LOOP; END; SELECT idProduct, price, quantity, option1 FROM bb_basketitem WHERE idBasket = 3; UPDATE bb_basket SET orderplaced = 1 WHERE idBasket = 3; SELECT * FROM bb_sales_sum; ROLLBACK; ALTER TRIGGER bb_salesum_trg DISABLE;

Assignment 9-8 ALTER TRIGGER sales_date_trg DISABLE; CREATE TABLE bb_prodchg_audit (user_id VARCHAR2(10), chg_date DATE, name_old VARCHAR2(25), name_new VARCHAR2(25), price_old NUMBER(5,2), price_new NUMBER(5,2), start_old DATE, start_new DATE,

end_old DATE, end_new DATE, sale_old NUMBER(5,2), sale_new NUMBER(5,2) ); CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER bb_audit_trg AFTER UPDATE OF productname, price, salestart, saleend, saleprice ON bb_product FOR EACH ROW BEGIN INSERT INTO bb_prodchg_audit VALUES (USER, SYSDATE, :OLD.productname, :NEW.productname, :OLD.price, :NEW.price, :OLD.salestart, :NEW.salestart, :OLD.saleend, :NEW.saleend, :OLD.saleprice, :NEW.saleprice); END; SELECT productname, price, salestart, saleend, saleprice FROM bb_product WHERE idProduct = 10; UPDATE bb_product SET salestart = '05-MAY-2012', saleend = '12-MAY-2012', saleprice = 9 WHERE idProduct = 10; SELECT * FROM bb_prodchg_audit; ROLLBACK; ALTER TRIGGER bb_audit_trg DISABLE;

Assignment 9-9 CREATE TABLE dd_paytrack (idtrack NUMBER(5), ptuser VARCHAR2(30), ptdate DATE, ptaction VARCHAR2(6), ptpayid NUMBER(6), CONSTRAINT paytrack_pk PRIMARY KEY(idtrack) ); CREATE SEQUENCE dd_ptrack_seq NOCACHE; CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER dd_ptrack_trg AFTER DELETE OR UPDATE OR INSERT ON dd_payment FOR EACH ROW DECLARE lv_action_txt VARCHAR2(6); lv_id_num NUMBER(6); BEGIN lv_id_num := :NEW.idpay; IF UPDATING THEN lv_action_txt := 'UPDATE'; ELSIF DELETING THEN

lv_action_txt := 'DELETE'; lv_id_num := :OLD.idpay; ELSIF INSERTING THEN lv_action_txt := 'INSERT'; END IF; INSERT INTO dd_paytrack VALUES(dd_ptrack_seq.NEXTVAL,USER,SYSDATE,lv_action_txt,lv_id_num); END; INSERT INTO dd_payment VALUES (1470,112,20,'01-JUN-2013','CC'); UPDATE dd_payment SET paymethod = 'CH' WHERE idpay = 1470; DELETE FROM dd_payment WHERE idpay = 1470; ROLLBACK;

Assignment 9-10 CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER dd_pledge1_trg FOR INSERT ON dd_pledge COMPOUND TRIGGER lv_id_num dd_pledge.idpledge%TYPE; lv_first_txt CHAR(1) := 'N'; BEFORE EACH ROW IS lv_cnt_num NUMBER(3); BEGIN SELECT COUNT(*) INTO lv_cnt_num FROM dd_pledge WHERE iddonor = :NEW.iddonor; IF lv_cnt_num = 0 THEN lv_first_txt := 'Y'; END IF; lv_id_num := :NEW.idpledge; END BEFORE EACH ROW; AFTER STATEMENT IS BEGIN UPDATE dd_pledge SET firstpledge = lv_first_txt WHERE idpledge = lv_id_num; END AFTER STATEMENT; END; INSERT INTO dd_pledge VALUES (113,305,'25-MAR-2013',240,504,10,NULL,12,756,NULL); COMMIT; INSERT INTO dd_pledge VALUES (113,304,'25-MAR-2013',240,504,10,NULL,12,756,NULL); COMMIT;

Case Projects Case 9-1 Trigger-firing sequence: 1. logon_trg (system logon trigger) 2. Both bb_prodaudit_trg and bb_reorder_trg. The order in which they fire can’t be determined. Both are row-level AFTER UPDATE bb_product triggers.

3. bb_ckname_trg (statement-level AFTER UPDATE bb_product) Case 9-2 CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER mm_rent_trg AFTER INSERT ON mm_rental FOR EACH ROW BEGIN UPDATE mm_movie SET movie_qty = movie_qty - 1 WHERE movie_id = :NEW.movie_id; END; CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER mm_return_trg AFTER UPDATE ON mm_rental FOR EACH ROW BEGIN UPDATE mm_movie SET movie_qty = movie_qty + 1 WHERE movie_id = :NEW.movie_id; END; SELECT movie_qty FROM mm_movie WHERE movie_id = 6; INSERT INTO mm_rental (rental_id, member_id, movie_id, payment_methods_id) VALUES (13, 10, 6, 2); SELECT movie_qty FROM mm_movie WHERE movie_id = 6; UPDATE mm_rental SET checkin_date = SYSDATE WHERE rental_id = 13; SELECT movie_qty FROM mm_movie WHERE movie_id = 6;

Chapter 10 Solutions

Review Questions 1. b 2. c 3. a, c 4. c 5. d 6. a 7. a 8. d 9. a, c 10. a 11. Oracle uses the terms “obfuscating” and “wrapping” to refer to hiding PL/SQL program unit code. Oracle has two methods for hiding code: the wrap utility and the DBMS_DDL package.

12. Oracle built-in packages are no different from ones you construct yourself.

13. Refer to Oracle documentation for the full list of Oracle-supplied packages. For example, DBMS_COMPARISON provides interfaces to compare and converge objects from different databases.

14. Dynamic SQL allows creating a more flexible query system because users can select the columns to be queried and the columns on which criteria are set. Users can also select functions to use.

15. The following are guidelines for when using native dynamic SQL is better than using the DBMS_SQL package: 

The number and types of columns to be used are known.



The number and type of bind variables are known.



You want to perform DDL statements.



You’re running the statement only once or twice.

Advanced Review Questions 1. b 2. b, d 3. a 4. b 5. b

Hands-On Assignments Assignment 10-1 CREATE TRIGGER bb_alert_trg AFTER UPDATE OF stock ON bb_product FOR EACH ROW

BEGIN IF :NEW.stock <= :NEW.reorder THEN DBMS_ALERT.SIGNAL('reorder', TO_CHAR('Product '||:new.idProduct||' Reorder Time!')); END IF; END; BEGIN DBMS_ALERT.REGISTER('reorder'); END; DECLARE lv_msg_txt VARCHAR2(25); lv_status_num NUMBER(1); BEGIN DBMS_ALERT.WAITONE('reorder', lv_msg_txt, lv_status_num, 120); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Alert: '||lv_msg_txt); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Status: '||lv_status_num); END; UPDATE bb_product SET stock = stock - 2 WHERE idproduct = 4; COMMIT;

Assignment 10-2 SELECT object_name, status FROM user_objects WHERE object_type = 'PROCEDURE'; CREATE PROCEDURE bb_jobtest (job IN NUMBER, msg IN VARCHAR2) IS BEGIN INSERT INTO bb_jobq (jobnum, msg) VALUES (job,msg); COMMIT; END; ALTER TABLE bb_jobq MODIFY (msg VARCHAR2(30)); DECLARE CURSOR cur_obj IS SELECT object_name, object_type FROM user_objects WHERE status = 'INVALID'; lv_own VARCHAR2(10) := USER; lv_obj VARCHAR2(22); BEGIN FOR rec_obj IN cur_obj LOOP IF rec_obj.object_type = 'PACKAGE' THEN lv_obj := 'PACKAGE SPECIFICATION'; ELSE lv_obj := rec_obj.object_type;

END IF; DBMS_DDL.ALTER_COMPILE(lv_obj, lv_own, rec_obj.object_name); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Compiled: '||lv_obj||'-'||rec_obj.object_name); END LOOP; END; SELECT object_name, status FROM user_objects WHERE object_type = 'PROCEDURE';

Assignment 10-3 DECLARE fh UTL_FILE.FILE_TYPE; lv_Text VARCHAR2(50); lv_name VARCHAR2(10); lv_desc VARCHAR2(35); BEGIN fh := UTL_FILE.FOPEN('ORA_FILES', 'tea.txt', 'r'); IF UTL_FILE.IS_OPEN(fh) THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('File read open'); ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('File read not open'); END IF; LOOP UTL_FILE.GET_LINE(fh,lv_Text); lv_name := TRIM(SUBSTR(lv_Text,1,10)); lv_desc := TRIM(SUBSTR(lv_Text,12,35)); INSERT INTO bb_product (idProduct, productname, description) VALUES(bb_prodid_seq.NEXTVAL,lv_name, lv_desc); COMMIT; END LOOP; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN UTL_FILE.FCLOSE(fh); END; SELECT productname, description FROM bb_product;

Assignment 10-4 DECLARE fh UTL_FILE.FILE_TYPE; CURSOR cur_prod IS SELECT idProduct, productname, price, type, stock, ordered, reorder FROM bb_product; lv_line_txt VARCHAR2(200); BEGIN fh := UTL_FILE.FOPEN('ORA_FILES', 'prod_ext.txt', 'w'); FOR rec_prod IN cur_prod LOOP lv_line_txt := rec_prod.idProduct||','||rec_prod.productname||','|| rec_prod.price||','||rec_prod.type||','|| rec_prod.stock||','||rec_prod.ordered||','||rec_prod.reorder; UTL_FILE.PUT_LINE(fh, lv_line_txt); END LOOP; UTL_FILE.FCLOSE(fh);

EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN dbms_output.put_line(SQLERRM); END;

Assignment 10-5 Students must use e-mail addresses that are suitable for their environment. In addition, the system smtp_out parameter must be set to an accessible SMTP server, and an access control list (ACL) must be created.

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER bb_stkalert_trg AFTER UPDATE OF stock ON bb_product FOR EACH ROW DECLARE message VARCHAR2(500); BEGIN IF :NEW.stock <= :NEW.reorder THEN message := 'Product '||:NEW.idProduct||'-'||:NEW.productname|| ' needs restocked!'; UTL_MAIL.SEND(sender => 'admin@bb.com', recipients => 'manager@gmail.com', subject => 'UTL_MAIL Test', message => message); END IF; END; UPDATE bb_product SET stock = 26 WHERE idProduct = 4; COMMIT; UPDATE bb_product SET stock = stock - 2 WHERE idproduct = 4; COMMIT;

Assignment 10-6 DECLARE CURSOR cur_prod IS SELECT idProduct, productname, stock, reorder FROM bb_product; BEGIN FOR rec_prod IN cur_prod LOOP IF rec_prod.stock >= rec_prod.reorder THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Product '||rec_prod.idProduct|| ' - '||rec_prod.productname||' does NOT need ordering'); ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Product '||rec_prod.idProduct|| ' - '||rec_prod.productname||' needs ordering!'); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Stock = '||rec_prod.stock||' , '|| 'reorder point = '||rec_prod.reorder); END IF; END LOOP; END;

UPDATE bb_product SET stock = 24 WHERE idproduct = 4; COMMIT;

Assignment 10-7 CREATE PROCEDURE dyn_cust_sp (p_col IN VARCHAR2, p_value IN VARCHAR2) IS lv_cursor INTEGER; lv_query VARCHAR2(150); lv_rows NUMBER(1); lv_id bb_shopper.idShopper%TYPE; lv_last bb_shopper.lastname%TYPE; BEGIN lv_cursor := DBMS_SQL.OPEN_CURSOR; lv_query := 'SELECT idShopper, lastname FROM bb_shopper WHERE ' || p_col || ' = :ph_value'; DBMS_SQL.PARSE(lv_cursor, lv_query, DBMS_SQL.NATIVE); DBMS_SQL.DEFINE_COLUMN(lv_cursor, 1, lv_id); DBMS_SQL.DEFINE_COLUMN(lv_cursor, 2, lv_last,25); DBMS_SQL.BIND_VARIABLE(lv_cursor, ':ph_value', p_value); lv_rows := DBMS_SQL.EXECUTE(lv_cursor); WHILE (DBMS_SQL.FETCH_ROWS(lv_cursor) > 0) LOOP DBMS_SQL.COLUMN_VALUE(lv_cursor, 1, lv_id); DBMS_SQL.COLUMN_VALUE(lv_cursor, 2, lv_last); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(lv_id||'-'||lv_last); END LOOP; DBMS_SQL.CLOSE_CURSOR(lv_cursor); END; BEGIN dyn_cust_sp('state','NC'); END; BEGIN dyn_cust_sp('email','ratboy@msn.net'); END;

Assignment 10-8 CREATE PROCEDURE dyn_addcol_sp (p_col IN VARCHAR2, p_table IN VARCHAR2, p_type IN VARCHAR2) IS BEGIN EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'ALTER TABLE '|| p_table || ' ADD (' || p_col || ' ' || p_type ||')'; END; BEGIN dyn_addcol_sp('member','bb_shopper','CHAR(1)'); END;

Assignment 10-9 CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE search_pkg AS TYPE refcur_type IS REF CURSOR; PROCEDURE search_sp (p_col VARCHAR2, p_search VARCHAR2, p_cur IN OUT refcur_type); END; CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY search_pkg AS PROCEDURE search_sp (p_col VARCHAR2, p_search VARCHAR2, p_cur IN OUT refcur_type) IS lv_query VARCHAR2(200); lv_bind VARCHAR2(20); BEGIN lv_query := 'SELECT productname, description, price FROM bb_product WHERE UPPER(' || p_col || ') LIKE UPPER(:ph_value)'; lv_bind := '%'|| p_search || '%'; OPEN p_cur FOR lv_query USING lv_bind; END; END; DECLARE p_cur search_pkg.refcur_type; TYPE type_rec IS RECORD (pname bb_product.productname%TYPE, pdesc bb_product.description%TYPE, pprice bb_product.price%TYPE); p_rec type_rec; BEGIN search_pkg.search_sp('productname','press',p_cur); LOOP FETCH p_cur INTO p_rec; EXIT WHEN p_cur%NOTFOUND; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(p_rec.pname || ' ' || p_rec.pdesc || ' ' || p_rec.pprice); END LOOP; END; DECLARE p_cur search_pkg.refcur_type; TYPE type_rec IS RECORD (pname bb_product.productname%TYPE, pdesc bb_product.description%TYPE, pprice bb_product.price%TYPE); p_rec type_rec; BEGIN search_pkg.search_sp('description','spicy',p_cur); LOOP

FETCH p_cur INTO p_rec; EXIT WHEN p_cur%NOTFOUND; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(p_rec.pname || ' ' || p_rec.pdesc || ' ' || p_rec.pprice); END LOOP; END;

Assignment 10-10 “Business intelligence” is a term coined to indicate being able to convert available data into knowledge. It encompasses a wide spectrum of activities in software development, from establishing end user query systems to full-fledged data-mining systems.

Data mining includes database applications that look for hidden patterns in data that can be used to predict future behavior. For example, data-mining software can help retail companies find customers with common interests. True data-mining software doesn’t just change the presentation of data; it actually reveals previously unknown relationships between data sets.

A data mart is a database, or collection of databases, designed to help managers make strategic decisions about their businesses. A data warehouse combines databases across an entire enterprise, but data marts are usually smaller and focus on a particular subject or department.

OLAP is an acronym for online analytical processing, a category of software tools for analyzing data stored in a database and creating reports. OLAP tools enable users to analyze different dimensions of multidimensional data. For example, it offers time series and trend analysis views. OLAP applications are typically models that serve as a front end for users to perform queries simply by pointing and clicking choices for report elements. Therefore, users don’t need knowledge of SQL or relational databases to create data reports.

An executive dashboard gives upper-level managers a one-page snapshot of critical performance indicators for their operations. This snapshot typically includes a lot of graphics for presenting data.

Dynamic SQL is related to business intelligence because it allows developing applications with flexible code, which gives users more control over what they want to see and how they want to look at data to produce information for decision making.

Data-mining features are included in the Oracle 11g database for making classifications, predictions, and associations. All model-building, scoring, and metadata management operations are initiated via a Java-based API and occur in the relational database. Oracle 11g OLAP is also integrated into the Oracle 11g relational database; all data and metadata are stored and managed in Oracle 11g. Oracle 11g Warehouse Builder supports extraction, transformation, and loading (ETL) jobs to integrate data efficiently. Oracle 11g AS Discoverer is an easy-to-use ad-hoc query, reporting, analysis, and Webpublishing tool that gives you immediate access to information from data marts, data warehouses, OLAP systems, and Oracle Applications. Oracle 11g Reports is an enterprise reporting tool that gives businesses immediate access to information at all levels inside and outside the organization.

Assignment 10-11

1. Create an .sql file (job.sql) using the script file for the procedure (available in assignment02.txt in the Chapter10 folder of the data files).

2. Enter the wrap command at the command prompt on the Oracle server: wrap iname=c:\oraclass\job.sql oname=c:\oraclass\job.plb

3. Open the job.plb file with a text editor to make sure the script is wrapped.

Case 10-1 CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER mm_movie_trg AFTER UPDATE OF movie_qty ON mm_movie FOR EACH ROW WHEN (NEW.movie_qty = 0) DECLARE fh UTL_FILE.FILE_TYPE; lv_line_txt VARCHAR2(100); BEGIN fh := UTL_FILE.FOPEN('ORA_FILES', 'checkout.txt', 'a'); lv_line_txt := SYSDATE||','||:NEW.movie_id||','||:NEW.movie_qty; UTL_FILE.PUT_LINE(fh, lv_line_txt); UTL_FILE.FCLOSE(fh); EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN dbms_output.put_line(SQLERRM); END; UPDATE mm_movie SET movie_qty = 0 WHERE movie_id = 7; UPDATE mm_movie SET movie_qty = 0 WHERE movie_id = 8;

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