TEST BANK for Politics of the Administrative Process, 8th Edition by Kettl Donald (All Chapters 1-14

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021

Test Bank Chapter 1: Accountability Multiple Choice 1. What did British scholar Peter Self call “the classic dilemma of public administration”? a. the conflict between administrators’ decisions and the public good b. the tension between accountability and effective action c. making sure that administrators represent the American people d. maintaining good relations between the branches of government Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: What is Accountability?

Difficulty Level: Easy 2. The concept of ______ accountability ensures that agency officials spend money on the programs they are charged with managing—and only on those programs. a. process b. program c. cash basis d. fiscal Ans: D Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Elements of Accountability Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Process accountability is concerned with agencies perform ______. a. how b. which c. when d. why Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Elements of Accountability Difficulty Level: Easy 4. The major shortcoming of the rule of law approach to bureaucratic accountability is ______.

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. elected officials are unable to translate the will of the people into legislation b. the people are unable to convince elected officials of the public good c. that it is impossible to translate laws into administrative action with transparency and predictability d. administrators are often incompetent and poorly educated Ans: C Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Approaches to Accountability Difficulty Level: Medium 5. One of the impediments to bureaucratic accountability is that policymakers ______. a. often do not want maximum control over administrators b. do not understand performance measurement c. often do not want minimum control over administrators d. focus only on positive control Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: What is Accountability?

Difficulty Level: Medium 6. The politics–administration dichotomy maintains democratic accountability by ______. a. allowing politicians to be free to act as they see fit b. separating political decision making from administrative policy c. shifting responsibility from lawmakers to citizens d. revealing a clear chain of command Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Approaches to Accountability Difficulty Level: Medium 7. The phrase “a government that serves all of us, not a few” means ______. a. the legal system in the United States works independently from the federal government b. creating governmental power to serve citizens, while exercising that power ethically and ensuring accountability and transparency c. the American people are not subject to the same laws as administrators d. litigation is more prevalent in the public sector than in the private sector Ans: B

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 1.1: Understand the three intertwined themes of the book: politics, performance, and accountability.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Governmental Power and Administrative Ethics Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Which of the following elements of accountability is considered to be the newest and most difficulty objective of control systems? a. process b. fiscal c. program d. executive Ans: C Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Elements of Accountability Difficulty Level: Medium 9. The main components of bureaucratic responsibility are ______. a. federalism and ethical behavior b. government by proxy and separation of powers c. legislative review and government by proxy d. accountability and ethical behavior Ans: D Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Holding Administration Accountable Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Of the three elements of accountability, ______ accountability is the most traditional and widespread. a. process b. fiscal c. program d. executive Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Elements of Accountability Difficulty Level: Easy 11. What is the delegation to and supervision of activities by third parties—government, profit-oriented corporations, and nonprofits called?

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. federalism b. public sector connections c. bureaucratic accountability d. administration by proxy Ans: D Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Public Service Difficulty Level: Easy 12. What two options can administrators take when they face conflicting or confusing directions from controllers? a. programmatic or process b. conflict or resolution c. voice or exit d. call in sick or see ya later Ans: C Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Holding Administration Accountable Difficulty Level: Easy 13. What are the two most critical components of accountability? a. citizens and government actors b. citizens and administrators c. people and actions d. citizens and consequences Ans: C Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: What is Accountability?

Difficulty Level: Easy 14. One theme in the study of public administration relates to the need to balance “lofty expectations” with ______. a. needs of the citizens b. distrust of government c. historical roots of modern government d. accountability Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.1: Understand the three intertwined themes of the book: politics, performance, and accountability.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: The Problem of Trust in Government Difficulty Level: Easy 15. Which agency is charged with ensuring that government programs are achieving purposes as defined in statute as part of the concept of program accountability? a. NASA b. Government Accountability Office c. Congress d. Executive Office of the President Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Elements of Accountability Difficulty Level: Medium 16. Which of the following provided the foundation for modern government in 1215, in an effort to rein in the power of King John? a. the rule of law b. Magna Carta c. Declaration of Independence d. Constitution Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.2: Explore the history of the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 17. Which type of accountability ensures that agency officials spend money on the programs they are charged with managing—and only those programs? a. process b. program c. cash basis d. fiscal Ans: D Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Elements of Accountability Difficulty Level: Medium 18. What did Woodrow Wilson argue that would safeguard citizens from a tyrannical bureaucracy? a. the Constitution b. the Articles of Confederation c. Allegiance to Congress

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. rule of law Ans: D Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Approaches to Accountability Difficulty Level: Easy 19. Gaus concluded that in instances where external forces to the administrator cannot adequately shape the exercise of discretion, then democracy must necessarily rely on administrators’ ______. a. socialization b. training c. professional norms d. the Constitution Ans: C Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Approaches to Accountability Difficulty Level: Easy 20. According to the author, an ethical government should begin with ______. a. ethical citizens b. a well-written Constitution c. ethical public servants d. a sense of right and wrong Ans: C Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Public Service Difficulty Level: Easy 21. According to the text, what was the underlying reason or motivation for changing the source of Flint, Michigan’s public water (from Detroit to the Flint River)? a. access to higher quality b. realized cost savings c. employment opportunities d. trade deals with Canada Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.1: Understand the three intertwined themes of the book: politics, performance, and accountability.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Is Private Administration Better Than Public?

Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 22. According to the text, what might be the biggest challenge to the government? a. insurmountable debt b. morality c. distrust for political institutions d. the debt ceiling Ans: C Learning Objective: 1.1: Understand the three intertwined themes of the book: politics, performance, and accountability.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Is Private Administration Better Than Public?

Difficulty Level: Easy 23. According to the text, what is required to connect policymakers to citizens that expect results from their government? a. access to funds b. active Electorate c. running for office d. public administration Ans: D Learning Objective: 1.1 Understand the three intertwined themes of the book: politics, performance, and accountability.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Solving the Public’s Demands on Government Difficulty Level: Easy 24. What describes the underlying notion of accountability? a. ability to be written b. provability c. able to be counted d. reliability Ans: C Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Meaning of Accountability Difficulty Level: Easy 25. Who did Progressives believe were best positioned to do government work without trampling individual rights? a. members of the U.S. Senate b. members of the U.S. House of Representatives c. the filibusters d. administrators Ans: D

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Approaches to Accountability Difficulty Level: Easy 26. Separating politics from administration is best described by what term? a. politics–administration dichotomy b. common sense c. Wilson’s Declaration d. Goodnow’s Promise Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Approaches to Accountability Difficulty Level: Easy 27. What became a less effective of a tool or safeguard to ensure accountability as government took on more relationships with third-party interests? a. rule of law b. the Magna Carta c. ability to prosecute d. fewer politicians Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Approaches to Accountability Difficulty Level: Easy 28. The gradual evolution of European parliaments from the Middle Ages into the Renaissance was an effort to set the balance between a. rule of law; power of the church b. common law; power of the church c. popular rule; the power of kings d. the Constitution; the law Ans: C Learning Objective: 1.2: Explore the history of the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 29. The branches of the American government operate in a way that produces ______ controller(s) of bureaucratic accountability. a. one

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. three c. many d. no Ans: C Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Holding Administration Accountable Difficulty Level: Easy 30. In a system of administrative accountability, ______ hold elected officials accountable and ______ hold(s) administrators accountable. a. administrators; the president b. the people; Congress c. administrators; Congress d. the people; the elected officials Ans: D Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Holding Administration Accountable Difficulty Level: Medium 31. According to the text, ______ is the foundation of bureaucracy in a democracy because it allows ______ to control administrator’s actions. a. ethics; bureaucrats b. administrative politics; system purpose c. accountability; elected officials d. elected officials; internal controls Ans: C Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: What is Accountability?

Difficulty Level: Easy 32. Carl J. Friedrich argued that ______ were critical for ensuring accountability; Herman Finer argued in favor of ______. a. professional norms; legal standards b. strong controllers; discretion c. clear direction; discretion d. legal standards; professional norms Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Approaches to Accountability Difficulty Level: Easy 33. Public administration is important because it ______. a. is how we translate our ideals into results b. is how we run the country c. determines how we interact with our allies d. determines how the U.S. is viewed Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.1: Understand the three intertwined themes of the book: politics, performance, and accountability.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Foundations of Public Administration Difficulty Level: Easy 34. Public policies only gain their meaning in ways in which they are ______. a. proposed b. designed c. evaluated d. implemented Ans: D Learning Objective: 1.1: Understand the three intertwined themes of the book: politics, performance, and accountability.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Foundations of Public Administration Difficulty Level: Easy 35. Which of the following is typically at the forefront of critics of the government’s delivery of public services? a. effectiveness b. efficiency c. equity d. feasibility Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.1: Understand the three intertwined themes of the book: politics, performance, and accountability.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Foundations of Public Administration Difficulty Level: Medium 36. ______ is about the choices among values, including which values get emphasized and which don’t. a. Performance b. Accountability c. Politics d. Transparency

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: C Learning Objective: 1.1: Understand the three intertwined themes of the book: politics, performance, and accountability.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Solving the Public’s Demands on Government Difficulty Level: Easy 37. Public administration exists to get things done. This statement best aligns with which of the following themes? a. performance b. accountability c. politics d. transparency Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.1: Understand the three intertwined themes of the book: politics, performance, and accountability.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Solving the Public’s Demands on Government Difficulty Level: Medium 38. ______ is a relationship, and is about answerability to whom, for what. a. Accountability b. Politics c. Transparency d. Performance Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.1: Understand the three intertwined themes of the book: politics, performance, and accountability.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Solving the Public’s Demands on Government Difficulty Level: Easy 39. From its first moments, American public administration was grounded in ______. a. accountability b. equity c. politics d. transparency Ans: C Learning Objective: 1.2: Explore the history of the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Historical Roots Difficulty Level: Easy 40. Defining the nature of ______ power produced the first big division in America. a. judicial b. state

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 c. legislative d. executive Ans: D Learning Objective: 1.2: Explore the history of the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Historical Roots Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False 1. Political scientist John Gaus agreed with Woodrow Wilson that separating politics from administration could be done by enacting laws that gave elected officials control to guide policy that administrators would simply carry out.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Approaches to Accountability Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Determining the role of administrators in the new connotational system proved to be easier than expected.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 1.2: Explore the history of the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Historical Roots Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Citizens and elected officials demand a lower standard of ethics than that expected in the private sector for political appointed public administrators.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Governmental Power and Administrative Ethics Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Process accountability is concerned with how agencies perform their tasks.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Elements of Accountability Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 5. As different government agencies have varied cultures, it is difficult to maintain a standard set of professional norms that govern administrative behavior.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Approaches to Accountability Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Streamlining government to make it more efficient can risk making administrators less accountable.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 1.1: Understand the three intertwined themes of the book: politics, performance, and accountability.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Solving the Public’s Demands on Government Difficulty Level: Easy 7. The Progressives of the twentieth century preferred that administrators should have little discretion to carry out the will of elected policymakers.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Approaches to Accountability Difficulty Level: Easy 8. The rule of law emerged as the guide for setting the balance between governmental power and individual liberty.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Approaches to Accountability Difficulty Level: Easy 9. The Progressives believed that a stronger government, equipped to manage to new programs, would prevent the country from driving forward.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 1-3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Approaches to Accountability Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 10. Not everyone agrees that citizens deserve accountability for their hard-earned tax dollars.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Elements of Accountability Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer 1. Why does the text refer to the BP and Flint disasters as the “essence of modern government”?

Ans: Answers will vary. After detailing these events, the text claims that in the face of this tragedy, citizens directly affected by it wanted government to restore normalcy to their lives. In essence, the people find problems for government to fix. Government in turn must coordinate and partner with other entities to solve problems through complex systems. As these partners determine what to do and how to do it, politics and competing values come into play. Yet the people, throughout the process, have the expectation that the system is effective, efficient, and accountable. In short the people, in a democratically elected system like the United States, demand results.

Learning Objective: 1.1: Understand the three intertwined themes of the book: politics, performance, and accountability.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Solving the Public’s Demands on Government Difficulty Level: Hard 2. What are the two main issues involved in keeping agencies fiscally accountable?

Please give examples.

Ans: Answers will vary. The people want to make sure that money is actually spent.

They also want to make sure that money is correctly allocated according to the law and that money is not wasted. Student examples may vary.

Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Elements of Accountability Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Describe the component of bureaucratic responsibility known as accountability.

Ans: Answers will vary. Accountability depends on the ability of policymakers to control administrators’ actions. Control, in turn, can be either positive (requiring an agency to do something it ought to do) or negative (seeking to prevent an agency from doing something it should not do). The principal focus of control, however, is on discovering bureaucratic errors and requiring their correction.

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: What is Accountability?

Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Briefly describe the meaning of the politics–administration dichotomy.

Ans: Answers will vary. This phrase suggests that there is a separation between politicians and the policy they make and the actual administration of the policy by public servants or administrators.

Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Approaches to Accountability Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Briefly describe one example of program accountability in the United States at the federal level of government.

Ans: Answers will vary. Student answers could include the example of the work carried out by the Government Accountability Office (GAO) through audits and evaluations.

Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Elements of Accountability Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay 1. What was the profound irony embedded in the decision of the American founders to leave questions of public administration for other generations of leaders to work out?

How do their motivations and fears of government haunt us today?

Ans: Answers will vary. Basically, most all of the grievances of the American colonists that produced the American Revolution grew from abuses of administrative power by George III and his Parliament. Although the Constitution created a system that balanced the powers of government among the legislative, judicial, and executive and included checks on those powers, they did little to define exactly how those powers would be exercised. Their greatest fears were embodied in the executive branch, which led to that branch being defined the least. This has led to a vast confusion in recent times over the powers of the executive (since WWII, presidential war powers, for example, have been under question). The textural example of the founders shows that even from the start “American public administration was grounded in politics” and that although the founders wanted to avoid the abuses of power they had suffered under England, they did not outline how this should be done as they created their new government. In part, this was because they could not agree and just wanted to get the Constitution ratified

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 without additional political conflict. Because of their choice to omit more details on public administration, however, conflict is the hallmark of the American political system.

Learning Objective: 1.2: Explore the history of the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Historical Roots Difficulty Level: Hard 2. What was John Gaus’s response to Woodrow Wilson’s ideas about ensuring bureaucratic accountability? What solution did Gaus offer?

Ans: Answers will vary. John Gaus thought that Woodrow Wilson’s reliance on the rule of law to keep administrators in line (in essence elected officials make laws and administrators carry them out) was an insufficient accountability measure as laws are not always clear and, further, not always translatable into clear and predictable policy that can be carried out. Gaus’s solution was to rely on the administrators’ professional norms. This led to a famous debate in 1940 between Carl Friedrich (who was aligned with Gaus) and Herman Finer about whether it was possible to rely on these professional norms or if external controls were necessary to keep administrators accountable.

Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Approaches to Accountability Difficulty Level: Medium 3. According to the text, the pursuit of ethical behavior in government raises a tradeoff.

What is this tradeoff?

Ans: One the one hand, we want skilled employees who can ensure that government’s work is done well. On the other hand, the public expects that those who exercise the public’s trust will meet high standards, and that, in particular, they will not use their power to line their own pockets, advantage their friends, or trade in the future on relationships they developed in public service.

Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Governmental Power and Administrative Ethics Difficulty Level: Medium 4. The text provides several examples of challenges (to administrators) that are presented via enhanced chains of accountability. What are these challenges? Can you offer any advice for how to striking a balance between these competing forces?

Ans: Answers will vary. Good administration requires the exercise of professional judgment. If policymakers create an environment that punishes risk-taking because the potential sanctions for failure are great, the administrators will not take risks. Also, excessive red tape increases the amount of time that it takes to get work done, resulting in delayed results for citizens, for example. The answer should include a response to

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 striking a balance, based on a reasonable amount of opinion and evidence from the text.

Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: What is Accountability?

Difficulty Level: Medium 5. The author argues that public administration is no longer simply a direct execution of governmental programs. Why is this? Does this pose any ethical challenges?

Ans: Answers will vary. Public administration today is largely a “government by proxy” that includes complex partnerships among government agencies, the private sector, and nonprofits. Therefore, governments do not necessarily execute programs alone.

They rely on a combination of actors at different times. This multiplies the problem of public ethics since many private and nonprofit employees find themselves doing public administration (under higher scrutiny) and they might not even realize it.

Learning Objective: 1.3: Examine the central role of accountability in the administrative process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Public Service Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021

Test Bank Chapter 2: What Government Does—And How It Does It Multiple Choice 1. Which level of government concentrates the most on the direct delivery of services? a. local b. federal c. state d. international Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.2: Examine the variations in government’s programs and tools.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: How Government Does It Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Which level of government plays the intermediary role in the American federal system by transferring money to another level of government? a. local b. federal c. state d. international Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.3: Explore how these variations affect the study and practice of public administration.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Implications for Public Administration Difficulty Level: Medium 3. The growth of transfer functions emphasizes that different kinds of governmental programs require different ______. a. hiring practices b. funds disbursement c. defense strategies d. administrative approaches Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.3: Explore how these variations affect the study and practice of public administration.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Implications for Public Administration Difficulty Level: Medium 4. The use of third-party agents to deliver programs that the government funds is referred to as ______.

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. government by proxy b. local government c. direct administration d. tax expenditures Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.3: Explore how these variations affect the study and practice of public administration.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Implications for Public Administration Difficulty Level: Easy 5. State governments have primary responsibility for ______. a. higher education b. national defense c. fire protection d. police protection Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.2: Examine the variations in government’s programs and tools.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: What Government Does Difficulty Level: Easy 6. There has been a change in government tools in that the ______. a. use of indirect tools has increased b. use of direct tools has increased c. direct and indirect tools have both increased d. direct and indirect tools have both decreased Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.2: Examine the variations in government’s programs and tools.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: How Government Does It Difficulty Level: Easy 7. What can significantly expand government’s power while expending relatively little money? a. tax expenditures b. contracting out of programs c. regulatory programs d. loan programs Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.2: Examine the variations in government’s programs and tools.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Regulations Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Most government functions are ______.

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. spread across many categories b. concentrated in one level of government c. are focused on foreign aid and defense d. focused on the direct delivery of services Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.2: Examine the variations in government’s programs and tools.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: What Government Does Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Which of the following was identified as one of the five myths of “big government”? a. Washington is not the center of the big government problem. b. Let’s take government back to the Nixon “large government” days. c. Let’s cut government by cutting back on the number of federal employees. d. Abolishing agencies will not shrink the government.

Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.1: Understand where government has grown in recent years–and where it hasn’t.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Five Myths about “Big Government” Difficulty Level: Medium 10. When people think of public administration, what is it usually about? a. indirect administration b. direct administration c. administration through grants d. government by proxy Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.2: Examine the variations in government’s programs and tools.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: How Government Does It Difficulty Level: Easy 11. The federal tax deduction for mortgage interest and local property taxes is considered a ______. a. grant b. luxury tax c. tax expenditure d. revenue Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.2: Examine the variations in government’s programs and tools.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Tax Expenditures Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 12. Which of the following presidents argued that “government is not the solution to our problem, government is our problem”? a. Trump b. Obama c. Nixon d. Reagan Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.1: Understand where government has grown in recent years–and where it hasn’t.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Five Myths about “Big Government” Difficulty Level: Easy 13. Which of the following is an example of a direct tool? a. vouchers b. contracting out of government programs c. grants d. income support Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.2: Examine the variations in government’s programs and tools.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: How Government Does It Difficulty Level: Medium 14. How are special-purpose governments funded? a. user fees and special tax authority b. state personal income taxes c. federal grants d. federal appropriations Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.1: Understand where government has grown in recent years–and where it hasn’t.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Number of Governments Difficulty Level: Easy 15. When comparing federal, state, and local government, the job of government varies according to ______. a. size b. level c. budget d. growth Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.3: Explore how these variations affect the study and practice of public administration.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Implications for Public Administration Difficulty Level: Easy 16. ______ spending is the responsibility of the state level. a. Veterans’ services b. Defense c. Space d. Corrections Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.2: Examine the variations in government’s programs and tools.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: What Government Does Difficulty Level: Easy 17. State governments have primary responsibility for ______. a. defense b. welfare c. elementary education d. sanitation Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.2: Examine the variations in government’s programs and tools.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: What Government Does Difficulty Level: Easy 18. Federal employment grew rapidly during ______. a. World War I b. World War II c. the Great Depression d. the Civil Rights movements Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.1: Understand where government has grown in recent years–and where it hasn’t.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Government Employment and Spending Difficulty Level: Easy 19. Most government in the United States is ______ government. a. local b. state c. federal d. tribal Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.1: Understand where government has grown in recent years–and where it hasn’t.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Five Myths about “Big Government” Difficulty Level: Easy 20. Which level of government spends the most on defense, space, and veterans’ services? a. state b. local c. federal d. county Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.2: Examine the variations in government’s programs and tools.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: What Government Does Difficulty Level: Medium 21. Which level of government spends the most on elementary and secondary education, and health and welfare? a. state government b. federal government c. local government d. federal agencies Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.2: Examine the variations in government’s programs and tools.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: What Government Does Difficulty Level: Medium 22. If we wanted to take government back to the same size it was in Reagan’s last days, we would have to ______. a. go on a federal hiring binge b. hire more local and state employees c. go a firing binge at all levels of government d. not do anything; we are already there Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.1: Understand where government has grown in recent years–and where it hasn’t.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Five Myths about “Big Government” Difficulty Level: Hard 23. What do governments provide as financial assistance to other levels of government for specific projects and programs? a. tax expenditures b. contracts c. regulations d. grants

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.2: Examine the variations in government’s programs and tools.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Grants Difficulty Level: Easy 24. Which of the following is an example of a tax expenditure of the federal government? a. mortgage interest tax deduction b. loan programs c. free programs d. off-budget entries Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.2: Examine the variations in government’s programs and tools.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Tax Expenditure Difficulty Level: Hard 25. ______ use(s) private sector experts and outside organizations to do government work. a. Regulation administration b. Loan programs c. Contract administration d. Tax expenditures Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.2: Examine the variations in government’s programs and tools.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Contracts Difficulty Level: Easy 26. What type of government program are the federal government loan programs an example of? a. virtually free b. non-existent c. entitlement d. decentralized Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.2: Examine the variations in government’s programs and tools.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Loan Programs Difficulty Level: Medium 27. Since the 1950s, trust in government has ______. a. increased drastically b. sharply declined c. stayed about the same

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. increased some Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.3: Explore how these variations affect the study and practice of public administration.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Implications for Public Administration Difficulty Level: Easy 28. What type of tool of government action is regulation considered to be an example of? a. direct b. indirect c. voucher d. public provision Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.2: Examine the variations in government’s programs and tools.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: How Government Does It Difficulty Level: Medium 29. The growth of transfer functions emphasizes that different kinds of governmental programs require what kind of administrative approaches? a. rigorous b. different c. the same d. overlapping Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.3: Explore how these variations affect the study and practice of public administration.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Implications for Public Administration Difficulty Level: Medium 30. If we wanted to go back to the Reagan days, in terms of how much discretionary spending we budget, we’d have to boost ______ spending. a. welfare b. defense c. education d. entitlement Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.1: Understand where government has grown in recent years–and where it hasn’t.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Five Myths about “Big Government” Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 31. According to the text, hospital care is primarily a ______ responsibility. a. federal b. state c. local d. mixed Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.2: Examine the variations in government’s programs and tools.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Government Does Difficulty Level: Easy 32. The foundation of public administration in the United States is/are the ______ governments. a. local b. state c. federal d. tribal Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.1: Understand where government has grown in recent years–and where it hasn’t.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Number of Governments Difficulty Level: Easy 33. Which of the following services typically requires a user fee? a. elementary education b. regional bus service c. welfare d. Social Security Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.1: Understand where government has grown in recent years–and where it hasn’t.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Number of Governments Difficulty Level: Medium 34. Which of the following areas was identified as having far more local governments both in total and by state? a. Southwest b. Midwest c. Northeast d. Northwest Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.1: Understand where government has grown in recent years–and where it hasn’t.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Number of Governments Difficulty Level: Easy 35. Local governments tend to focus on ______. a. human rights b. public protection c. national security d. goods and services Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.3: Explore how these variations affect the study and practice of public administration.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Implications for Public Administration Difficulty Level: Easy 36. The real growth in number of federal government employees has come at the ______ levels. a. local and state b. state and federal c. local and federal d. all Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.1: Understand where government has grown in recent years–and where it hasn’t.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Government Employment and Spending Difficulty Level: Easy 37. The largest category of local and state employees is that of ______. a. hospital workers b. police officers c. teachers d. corrections officers Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.1: Understand where government has grown in recent years–and where it hasn’t.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Government Employment and Spending Difficulty Level: Easy 38. Most often, ______ work by providing incentives for state and local governments to act, but also to use their own judgment on how to administer programs. a. regulations b. contracts c. grants d. tax expenditures

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.2: Examine the variations in government’s programs and tools.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Grants Difficulty Level: Medium 39. Which level of government plays the most important role in the area of loan programs? a. local b. state c. federal d. all levels Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.2: Examine the variations in government’s programs and tools.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Loan Programs Difficulty Level: Easy 40. Proponents of ______ often promote them as “free” programs. a. contracts b. loan programs c. regulations d. tax expenditures Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.2: Examine the variations in government’s programs and tools.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Tax Expenditures Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False 1. Social Security is an example of an entitlement program.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 2.2: Examine the variations in government’s programs and tools.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: What Government Does Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Government does not have a bottom line.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 2.1: Understand where government has grown in recent years–and where it hasn’t.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 3. The demand for service grew at the end of the Vietnam War. Ans: F Learning Objective: 2.1: Understand where government has grown in recent years–and where it hasn’t.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Size of Government Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Washington is the center of real government action in this country.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 2.1: Understand where government has grown in recent years–and where it hasn’t.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Five Myths about “Big Government” Difficulty Level: Easy 5. There is almost no area in which a level of government has exclusive responsibility for any major function.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 2.2: Examine the variations in government’s programs and tools.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: What Government Does Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Red tape is generally considered a positive characteristic of public administration because it helps to ensure efficient execution of public provisions.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 2.2: Examine the variations in government’s programs and tools.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Regulations Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Much governmental activity occurs between levels of government.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 2.2: Examine the variations in government’s programs and tools.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Grants Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Governments at each level perform the same basic tasks.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 2.3: Explore how these variations affect the study and practice of public administration.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Implications for Public Administration

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Measuring the size of the government is an easy task.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 2.1: Understand where government has grown in recent years–and where it hasn’t.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Government Employment and Spending Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Government in the United States has gotten bigger, but it has not become more concentrated.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 2.1: Understand where government has grown in recent years–and where it hasn’t.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Conclusion Difficulty Level: Medium

Short Answer 1. How are indirect tools of government different from direct tools of government?

Ans: Answers will vary. Most people think of direct administration when they think of public administration. Direct tools include the provision of goods and services (e.g., police and fire protection), income support (e.g., Social Security), and the payment of interest on the national debt. Yet, government has relied more on indirect tools over the last few decades. Indirect tools include the contracting out of government programs to nongovernmental partners, grants that encourage other levels of government to act in certain ways, and vouchers and loan programs.

Learning Objective: 2.2: Examine the variations in government’s programs and tools.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: How Government Does It Difficulty Level: Medium 2. How has government by proxy affected the U.S. government?

Ans: Answers will vary. The government-by-proxy phenomenon, or the use of third-party agents to deliver programs that the government funds, has exploded since World War II. Government has decreased its involvement as a direct provider of services and increased its capacity as an indirect provider. Services that were formerly offered directly by government are now being provided instead through contracts, intergovernmental grants, tax expenditures, and loan programs. Understanding these shifting responsibilities in governmental functions permits a better understanding of how government works and how it can work better.

Learning Objective: 2.3: Explore how these variations affect the study and practice of public administration.

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Implications for Public Administration Difficulty Level: Hard 3. Briefly describe how federal entitlement spending has grown since 1989.

Ans: Answers will vary. Federal entitlement spending has grown from 47 per cent in 1986 to 70 per cent of all federal government spending in 2017. Entitlement programs include Social Security and Medicare, are generally based on mandated formulas, and are rarely cut.

Learning Objective: 2.1: Understand where government has grown in recent years–and where it hasn’t.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Five Myths about “Big Government” Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Briefly describe the purpose of special-purpose governments.

Ans: Answers will vary. Special-purpose governments are local governments that include school districts, airport authorities, and public service districts (to name a few).

They generally have a narrow focus, are governed by any appointed or elected board, and are funded by a special taxing authority or through user fees.

Learning Objective: 2.1: Understand where government has grown in recent years–and where it hasn’t.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Number of Governments Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Briefly describe the meaning of “administrative responsibility.”

Ans: Answers will vary. Administrators are accountable to elected officials, and by virtue of regular elections, to the people. Though the administrative state does not have the same accountability structure as perhaps a private firm (i.e., to the “bottom line”). But Kettl argues that it does have a bottom line: “In fact, government does have a bottom line: administrative responsibility, not only for administering programs efficiently but also for ensuring that both the process and its results are accountable to elected officials and, ultimately, to the people.”

Learning Objective: 2.1: Understand where government has grown in recent years–and where it hasn’t.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Hard

Essay 1. The text includes a discussion about Christopher C. Hood’s comparison of public administration to a collection of tools. Briefly, what does Hood mean by this? What are

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 the two distinct types of tools? Describe each and discuss a few specific examples of each in use.

Ans: Answers will vary. Hood describes public administration as a set of tools that can be operated by public administrators—just like carpentry and gardening tools.

Administration affects citizens’ lives just as other tools do and for the same variety of reasons. Hood describes both: direct tools and indirect tools. Direct tools are direct services such as police and fire protection. Indirect tools include actions such as contracting out or perhaps awarding grants. Examples will vary by student.

Learning Objective: 2.2: Examine the variations in government’s programs and tools.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: How Government Does It Difficulty Level: Hard 2. What are federal loan programs and how have they recently grown?

Ans: Answers will vary. The federal government is a major provider of loans to groups such as students needing funding to attend colleges or universities and mortgage applicants. Lending programs originated in the Great Depression but grew significantly within the last forty years. Today, the federal government invests trillions in both loan guarantees and direct loans.

Learning Objective: 2.2: Examine the variations in government’s programs and tools.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Loan Programs Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Discuss the meaning of government by proxy and provide two examples. Then, discuss examples of when you believe that this device is appropriate and when it is not.

Ans: Answers will vary. Kettl defines government by proxy as “the use of third-party agents to deliver programs that the government funds.” Examples listed by students could include private sector weapons manufacturing for the Department of Defense, prison administration, garbage collection, water sanitation, and mental health services.

Students may argue in their response that certain governmental activities (i.e., inherently governmental) should only be carried by government actors (e.g., military operations, prison administration). On the other hand, activities such as trash removal and payroll services can be carried through contracts because the service is likely less controversial and less likely to impact human liberty.

Learning Objective: 2.3: Explore how these variations affect the study and practice of public administration.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Implications for Public Administration Difficulty Level: Hard 4. Discuss the how various levels of government generally have primary responsibility over specific public services, what this means, and provide examples of each. Do you think that primary responsibilities should be interchangeable? Why? Ans: Answers will vary. Student responses should mention that primary responsibility means that at least 50 percent of the direct government spending for the function of

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 government comes from that particular level. Examples can include any of those found in Table 2.3 (Concentration of Government Spending). Final portion of response is entirely subjective and would vary from student to student.

Learning Objective: 2.2: Examine the variations in government’s programs and tools.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: What Government Does Difficulty Level: Hard 5. What are government contracts? Are government contracts on the rise or decline?

Ans: Answers will vary. The government has always relied on contracting out its services and responsibilities to third parties or outside organizations. Contracts are agreements between government administrators and private parties to provide a specific service for a fee within a given period of time. Since World War II, the use of contracts has been on the rise. For example, at the end of 2008, to support Department of Defense activities, there were 2.2 contractors for every U.S. soldier. Contracting can help drive down the cost of providing government services and can provide the government with flexibility to hire as needed, but this practice also presents unique management challenges to public administrators.

Learning Objective: 2.2: Examine the variations in government’s programs and tools.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Contracts Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021

Test Bank Chapter 3: What Is Public Administration?

Multiple Choice 1. What term describes public organizations by the formal, rational system of relations among persons entrusted with administrative authority to carry out public programs? a. oversight b. multinational agencies c. bureaucracy d. performance measurements Ans: C Learning Objective: 3.2: Discuss what public administration is.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 2. According to the authors, in fourteenth century France, the term bureaucracy quickly became connected with ______. a. transparency b. authority c. legitimacy d. accountability Ans: D Learning Objective: 3.2: Discuss what public administration is.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Civil servants wrapped in red tape are often seen as ______ to citizens seeking services. a. efficient b. helpful c. bored d. responsive Ans: C Learning Objective: 3.2: Discuss what public administration is.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Which of the following was identified as one of the major causes of bureaucratism? a. wieldiness b. clear responsibilities

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 c. buck-passing d. understaffing Ans: C Learning Objective: 3.2: Discuss what public administration is.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Public organizations administer law, which makes them different from ______. a. nonprofits b. public bureaucracies c. public administration d. private organizations Ans: D Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand what makes public administration “public.”

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Public versus Private Administration Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Which activity is considered essential to all large organizations? a. administration b. specialization c. organizations d. supervision Ans: A Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand what makes public administration “public.”

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Public versus Private Administration Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Practically oriented thinkers have argued that ______ conflict is at the center of management life. a. political b. cultural c. social d. economic Ans: A Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand what makes public administration “public.”

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Public versus Private Administration Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Which of the following was identified as a category of the fundamental differences between public and private organizational processes? a. merit service b. operational standards

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 c. public approval d. persuasion Ans: D Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand what makes public administration “public.”

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Processes that Make Public Administration Public Difficulty Level: Medium 9. To American citizens, the term bureaucracy most often means something ______. a. efficient b. positive c. negative d. simple Ans: C Learning Objective: 3.2: Discuss what public administration is.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 10. More than oversight and performance measurement, the most fundamental difference between public and private organizations is ______. a. public scrutiny b. rule of law c. long-term staff d. emphasis on good for society Ans: B Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand what makes public administration “public.”

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Critical Role of Public Authority Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Public administration involves ______. a. policy formation and policy execution b. policy formation, but not policy execution c. policy execution, but not policy formation d. neither policy formation nor policy execution Ans: A Learning Objective: 3.2: Discuss what public administration is.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Policy Execution versus Policy Formation Difficulty Level: Easy 12. One of the core issues of public administration is the inevitably fuzzy line between ______. a. public and private organizations b. national versus international government

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 c. power and inefficiency d. politics and administration Ans: D Learning Objective: 3.2: Discuss what public administration is.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Role of Politics Difficulty Level: Easy 13. The first and most crucial distinction between public and private organizations has to do with the ______. a. how b. when c. why d. what Ans: D Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand what makes public administration “public.”

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Public versus Private Administration Difficulty Level: Easy 14. Which of the following is identified as having advanced administrators’ roles in the early stages of policymaking? a. the specialized competence of agency staff b. the decreased technicality of public policy c. the increased role of legislative involvement d. the decline of chief executive’s role as policy agenda setter Ans: A Learning Objective: 3.2: Discuss what public administration is.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Policy Formation Difficulty Level: Medium 15. Which of the following was identified as the “bottom-line” of the private sector? a. annual or quarterly financial statement b. legislators c. the courts d. the public Ans: A Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand what makes public administration “public.”

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Critical Role of Public Authority Difficulty Level: Medium 16. Which of the following was identified as the highest calling of public administrators? a. faithful execution of laws b. positive publicity

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 c. adequate performance measures d. high transparency Ans: A Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand what makes public administration “public.”

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Critical Role of Public Authority Difficulty Level: Medium 17. Which of the following is considered too inefficient to accomplish much of anything but at the same time so powerful that it threatens our liberty? a. international organizations b. private organizations c. bureaucracy d. public charities Ans: C Learning Objective: 3.3: Look at the deep historical debates that have shaped the study of public administration.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 18. According to public management scholar Steven Kelman, all organizations must balance ______. a. budgets b. wants and needs c. work and life d. goals and constraints Ans: D Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand what makes public administration “public.”

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Critical Role of Public Authority Difficulty Level: Easy 19. American public bureaucracies tend to be headed by ______. a. careerists b. life-long professionals c. amateurs d. business executives Ans: C Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand what makes public administration “public.”

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Processes that Make Public Administration Public Difficulty Level: Easy 20. Although elected officials authorize, direct and provide resources toward policy, what reality-making activity is entrusted to administrators?

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. oversight b. policy execution c. nonprofit management d. public scrutiny Ans: B Learning Objective: 3.2: Discuss what public administration is.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Policy Execution Difficulty Level: Medium 21. Which type of entity emphasizes equity and efficiency? a. nonprofits b. private organizations c. public organizations d. small corporations Ans: C Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand what makes public administration “public.”

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Processes that Make Public Administration Public Difficulty Level: Medium 22. According to the authors, assistant secretaries in federal departments spend much of their time in office ______. a. building staff morale b. re-structuring c. learning their jobs d. making long-term goals Ans: C Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand what makes public administration “public.”

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Processes that Make Public Administration Public Difficulty Level: Easy 23. From the choices below, which activity is the most critical to public organizations as compared to private organizations? a. implementing the law b. cutting costs c. hiring minorities d. cutting red tape Ans: A Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand what makes public administration “public.”

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Critical Role of Public Authority Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 24. Woodrow Wilson’s view on which of the following topics has created a lasting scholarly debate? a. organizational theory b. the difference between public and private management c. policy execution and policy formation d. the neutrality of public administration Ans: D Learning Objective: 3.3: Look at the deep historical debates that have shaped the study of public administration.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Public Administration in Time Difficulty Level: Medium 25. What forbids government officials from spending money on any purpose not explicitly authorized by law? a. Antideficiency Act b. neutrality doctrine c. Pendleton Civil Service Act d. oversight doctrine Ans: A Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand what makes public administration “public.”

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Processes that Make Public Administration Public Difficulty Level: Easy 26. Gortner, Mahler, and Nicholson distinguish managerial discretion in the public sector from that in the private sector mainly on the basis of what? a. unlimited funds b. relationship to Congress c. specific grants of authority d. access to OMB Ans: C Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand what makes public administration “public.”

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Critical Role of Public Authority Difficulty Level: Medium 27. Which concept ties all administrative action to specific authority? a. politics-administration dichotomy b. rule of law c. law of unintended consequences d. rule of antideficiency Ans: B Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand what makes public administration “public.”

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Critical Role of Public Authority

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Medium 28. Efficiency and equity are standards that ______ compete. a. sometimes b. rarely c. often d. never Ans: C Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand what makes public administration “public.”

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Processes that Make Public Administration Public Difficulty Level: Easy 29. Congress broadly forbids “unfair methods of competition . . . and unfair or deceptive acts in commerce,” leaving the administrative agency and the courts to refine those vague terms ______. and ______. a. fair; critical b. peaceful; adjudicated c. unfair; deceptive d. fair; encouraging Ans: C Learning Objective: 3.2: Discuss what public administration is.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Policy Formation Difficulty Level: Medium 30. By 1980, Waldo argued that the distinctions between “public” and “private” had become even more ______ as government becomes more involved in ______ and as more business organizations are incorporated into the provision of ______. a. intertwined; public; political interest b. blurred; political interest; debt c. blurred; business; public services d. bankrupt; lawsuits with businesses; responsibility Ans: C Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand what makes public administration “public.”

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Public versus Private Administration Difficulty Level: Medium 31. The rule of law differentiates ______ from ______ more than oversight and performance measures. a. public organizations; private organizations b. bureaucracy; public administration c. national government; international government d. policy formation; policy execution Ans: A

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand what makes public administration “public.”

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Processes that Make Public Administration Public Difficulty Level: Medium 32. For public administrators, ______ is the ultimate performance measure. a. money b. adaptation c. productivity d. compliance with the law Ans: D Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand what makes public administration “public.”

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Processes that Make Public Administration Public Difficulty Level: Medium 33. ______ is considered to be the highest private standard. a. Equity b. Efficiency c. Effectiveness d. Ethics Ans: B Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand what makes public administration “public.”

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Processes that Make Public Administration Public Difficulty Level: Easy 34. In the private sector, managers tend to manage by ______. a. persuasion b. authority c. coaching d. transaction Ans: B Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand what makes public administration “public.”

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Processes that Make Public Administration Public Difficulty Level: Easy 35. In the public sector, administration depends far more on ______. a. persuasion b. authority c. coaching d. transaction Ans: A Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand what makes public administration “public.”

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Processes that Make Public Administration Public Difficulty Level: Easy 36. The task of public administration is to ______. a. translate laws in policy b. write laws c. ensure that laws are constitutional d. pass laws Ans: A Learning Objective: 3.2: Discuss what public administration is.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Policy Execution Difficulty Level: Easy 37. The role of the chief executive as ______ has become important. a. law writer b. agenda setter c. policy implementor d. policy evaluator Ans: B Learning Objective: 3.2: Discuss what public administration is.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Policy Formation Difficulty Level: Easy 38. The power of public administration rests in its ______. a. staff and structure b. discretion and organization c. structure and expertise d. expertise and discretion Ans: D Learning Objective: 3.2: Discuss what public administration is.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Policy Formation Difficulty Level: Easy 39. Which of the following statements was presented by the authors as an attempt to frame a general approach to the public administration field? a. Public administration is intelligible. b. Public administration is universal, and not culture bound. c. Public administration is not time-bound. d. Public administration is simple.

Ans: A Learning Objective: 3.3: Look at the deep historical debates that have shaped the study of public administration.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Public Administration in Time Difficulty Level: Medium 40. Alexis de Tocqueville compared “the art of administration” to a ______. a. revolution b. science c. literary poem d. culture Ans: B Learning Objective: 3.3: Look at the deep historical debates that have shaped the study of public administration.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Public Administration in Time Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False 1. Analysts and scholars have never agreed on a common definition of public administration.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 3.2: Discuss what public administration is.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Meaning of Public Administration Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Public administrators must answer not only to their superiors but also to legislators and the courts.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand what makes public administration “public.”

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Processes that Make Public Administration Public Difficulty Level: Medium 3. According to the authors, bureaucracy is feared for the power it concentrates.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand what makes public administration “public.”

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Private companies, such as Apple or Microsoft, are not considered bureaucracies.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 3.2: Discuss what public administration is.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 5. In writing about a politics-administration dichotomy, Woodrow Wilson was mostly arguing that public administrators were basically the same as members of Congress.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 3.2: Discuss what public administration is.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Politics-Administration Dichotomy Difficulty Level: Medium 6. According to Bozeman, organizations are neither purely public nor purely private.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand what makes public administration “public.”

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Public versus Private Administration Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Red tape restrains the ability of the government to do its job.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand what makes public administration “public.”

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Critical Role of Public Authority Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Making policy does not ensure that policies produce results.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 3.2: Discuss what public administration is.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Policy Execution Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Civil servants have responsibilities similar to those of politically elected officials.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 3.2: Discuss what public administration is.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Politics-Administration Dichotomy Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Organizational theorists do not agree on a single theory or model.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 3.3: Look at the deep historical debates that have shaped the study of public administration.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Complexity and Simplicity Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021

Short Answer 1. Briefly describe what Dwight Waldo meant when he suggested that the lines between public and private sectors were becoming blurry.

Ans: Answers will vary. As government becomes more involved in business, and as more business organizations are incorporated into the provision of public services, such blurring is inevitable.

Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand what makes public administration “public.”

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Public versus Private Administration Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Briefly describe why the term bureaucracy is actually a neutral term despite it sometimes being viewed negatively.

Ans: Answers will vary. On its face, bureaucracy simply describes the organizational structure both governmental and private. However, because government has grown and its organizations are powerful yet sometimes slow to act or inefficient, the term itself has been associated with the same.

Learning Objective: 3.2: Discuss what public administration is.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Describe what Gortner, Mahler, and Nicholson meant by the following: “For the private organization, it is a matter of ‘go until I say stop’; but to the public manager the message is ‘don’t go unless I tell you to.’”

Ans: Answers will vary. While private managers are able to take any legal action to advance their firm, public managers are only able to take action specifically authorized by law.

Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand what makes public administration “public.”

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Critical Role of Public Authority Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Briefly describe how the Antideficiency Act limits federal administrators.

Ans: Answers will vary. The act prohibits federal public administrators from spending public monies on any items or programs that are specifically authorized by Congress.

Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand what makes public administration “public.”

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Processes that Make Public Administration Public Difficulty Level: Easy 5. What do organizational theorists argue?

Ans: Organizational theorists contend that administration is administration, whatever its setting, and that the problems of organizing people, leading them, and supplying them with resources to do their jobs are always the same

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand what makes public administration “public.”

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Public versus Private Administration Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay 1. How can administrators shape administrative responsibility?

Ans: Answers will vary. There are a few commitments that can shape administrative responsibility. First, knowing that they serve in government, they must be sensitive to the legitimate roles of other parts of the government, including institutions charged with legal control of their behavior. Second, they have a loyalty to their agencies and the programs entrusted to them. Third, in a civil service now populated by professional experts, they have professional standards and want to be recognized by their fellow professionals outside the government.

Learning Objective: 3.2: Discuss what public administration is.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Administrative Responsibility Difficulty Level: Hard 2. Explain the various ways a public organization is different from a private organization.

Ans: Answers will vary. The fundamental difference is that public organizations implement law. Every element of a public organization, including structure, staffing, budget, and purpose, is the product of legal authority. Other differences involve measures of performance, competing standards, career service, public scrutiny, persuasion, and oversight. The performance of private organizations is tested in the market, whereas the performance of public organizations is measured by their compliance with the law. Efficiency is the ultimate standard among private organizations, whereas equity is also considered important among public organizations.

In terms of oversight, the private sector answers to the financial statement, and the public sector is accountable to higher-level administrative officials, the chief executive, legislators, courts, and the public.

Learning Objective: 3.1: Understand what makes public administration “public.”

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Processes that Make Public Administration Public Difficulty Level: Hard 3. Over time, how have members of the field of public administration examined the subject of politics and administration?

Ans: Answers will vary. Woodrow Wilson, Frank Goodnow, and other scholars of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries affirmed the politics-administration dichotomy, which means separating policy from administration. This dichotomy stemmed in part from the need to develop a distinctive field of study and in part from the efforts to reform city government. Over time, it became obvious to those in the field that administrative staffs share in the policy formation function, leading many to reject the

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 policy–administration dichotomy. Scholar Nicholas Henry divides the study of public administration into the following periods: 1900–1926 politics-administration dichotomy reigns; 1927–1937 development and affirmation of clear principals of public administration; 1938–1950 rejection of earlier work, policy–administration dichotomy and clear principals; 1950–1970 public administration gets worked into the study of political science (1956–1970 emphasis on management); post-1970 return to a specific focus on public administration. The text maintains that policy and administration are intertwined, but the motivations of policymakers and public administrators are very different.

Learning Objective: 3.3: Look at the deep historical debates that have shaped the study of public administration.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Study of Public Administration Difficulty Level: Hard 4. What role does the public administration process play in policy execution and policy formation? Do you believe that administrators play a central-enough role in contributing to the formation process?

Ans: Answers will vary. Public administration contributes to the shaping and execution of policies. Policy declarations of intent from the legislature and the chief executive are translated into reality through administration as policy execution. Administration’s role in policy formation occurs in two ways: in the shaping of policy before the constitutionally empowered legislature and chief executive have made their policy decisions, and in making sense of statutes or executive orders after the legislature and chief executive have enacted or issued them.

Learning Objective: 3.2: Discuss what public administration is.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Policy Execution versus Policy Formation Difficulty Level: Hard 5. What contradictions did Woodrow Wilson advance in his classic article “The Study of Administration”? Do you believe that Wilson’s arguments are as important today for public administration as they were more than 120 years ago?

Ans: Answers will vary. Wilson set forth two themes with embedded contradictions and laid out the issues that public administration scholars would debate to this day. One was that administration must be fitted to the particular nation’s political ideas and constitutional system. Wilson then advanced a second theme that blurs the distinction he made elsewhere between policy and administration. Wilson’s basic contradictions are: he contends that public administration needs to be interpreted in the light of a particular country’s political ideas and form of government, but at the same time he sees it as a neutral instrument. He seeks a goal of “one rule of good administration for all governments alike,” but he notes that different settings can produce different problems. He explains that administrators have large powers and great discretion, but he says that the administrative cannot readily be distinguished from the nonadministrative aspects of government.

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 3.3: Look at the deep historical debates that have shaped the study of public administration.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Public Administration in Time Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021

Test Bank Chapter 4: Organizational Theory Multiple Choice 1. What is considered the basic building block of large organizations? a. pluralism b. organization c. structure d. bureaucracy Ans: C Learning Objective: 4.1: Understand the central role that structure plays in the work of bureaucracy.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Structural Approach to Large Organizations Difficulty Level: Easy 2. The scientific management movement placed too much emphasis on efficiency and too little emphasis on ______. a. hierarchy b. workers’ satisfaction c. authority d. legitimacy Ans: B Learning Objective: 4.4: Explore the challenges to existing organizational theories.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Jobs, Productivity, and Happiness Difficulty Level: Easy 3. The ______ returns to a structural perspective, but adds a very different theoretical twist. a. humanist b. pluralist c. government-by-proxy d. formal Ans: D Learning Objective: 4.2: Grasp the range of competing theories that shape the study of bureaucracy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Which of the following schools of thought is self-interested an assumption of? a. systems theory

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. network analysis c. principal-agent theory d. the scientific management movement Ans: C Learning Objective: 4.4: Explore the challenges to existing organizational theories.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Principals and Agents Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Efficiency has great value for the scientific management movement as well as for the ______. a. classical model b. formal approach c. third-party approach d. pluralist approach Ans: A Learning Objective: 4.1: Understand the central role that structure plays in the work of bureaucracy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Classical Model Difficulty Level: Easy 6. The pluralist approach emphasizes interest groups whereas the humanist approach emphasizes ______. a. third parties b. contracts c. employees d. hierarchy Ans: C Learning Objective: 4.4: Explore the challenges to existing organizational theories.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Humanist Challenge Difficulty Level: Easy 7. According to which of the following can organizations be structured? a. purpose b. ideology c. finances d. employees Ans: A Learning Objective: 4.1: Understand the central role that structure plays in the work of bureaucracy.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Classical Model Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 8. The traditional and dominant model of organizational theory is the ______ approach. a. hierarchical b. pluralist c. government-by-proxy d. humanist Ans: A Learning Objective: 4.1: Understand the central role that structure plays in the work of bureaucracy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 9. ______ define(s) system boundaries. a. Agency missions b. Agency jurisdictions c. Principals and agents d. System purpose Ans: B Learning Objective: 4.2: Grasp the range of competing theories that shape the study of bureaucracy.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Systems Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 10. The ______ approach emphasizing the realities of political life focuses on a fundamentally political model of organizational interactions. a. formal b. government-by-proxy c. pluralist d. humanist Ans: C Learning Objective: 4.2: Grasp the range of competing theories that shape the study of bureaucracy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 11. The ______ theory assumes that work provides rewards, individuals are selfinterested, and officials and workers operate through contracts. a. bureaucratic b. systems c. classical d. principal-agent Ans: D Learning Objective: 4.4: Explore the challenges to existing organizational theories.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Principals and Agents Difficulty Level: Medium 12. The humanist approach emphasizes leadership, whereas the pluralist approach emphasizes ______. a. employees b. interest groups c. third parties d. bureaucrats Ans: B Learning Objective: 4.2: Grasp the range of competing theories that shape the study of bureaucracy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Conclusion Difficulty Level: Easy 13. The ______ approach stresses the differences among agencies, which flow from their mission and staffing a. hierarchical b. humanist c. organizational culture d. government-by-proxy Ans: C Learning Objective: 4.4: Explore the challenges to existing organizational theories.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Organizational Culture Difficulty Level: Easy 14. In the traditional model of structure, ______ defines the relationships. a. authority b. legitimacy c. hierarchy d. power Ans: C Learning Objective: 4.1: Understand the central role that structure plays in the work of bureaucracy.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Structural Approach to Large Organizations Difficulty Level: Easy 15. What is legitimacy most closely associated with? a. power b. authority c. structure d. bureaucracy Ans: B

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 4.1: Understand the central role that structure plays in the work of bureaucracy.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Bureaucratic Model Difficulty Level: Easy 16. ______ are the elected officials who make policy on behalf of the people and delegate responsibility to ______. a. Principals; agents b. Public; bureaucrats c. Bureaucrats; public d. Agents; principals Ans: A Learning Objective: 4.3: Note the importance of hierarchy in theories—and their critiques.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Propositions about the Role of Authority in Public Administration Difficulty Level: Medium 17. Organizational culture emphasizes which apparent reality amount agencies? a. hierarchy and authority b. scientific management c. organizational differences d. top-down authority Ans: C Learning Objective: 4.4: Explore the challenges to existing organizational theories.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Organizational Culture Difficulty Level: Easy 18. Network analysis assumes that organizations help one another because they believe ______. a. collaboration advances their goals b. profit is important c. special interests will dominate d. in bureaucrats Ans: A Learning Objective: 4.4: Explore the challenges to existing organizational theories.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Challenge of Interwoven Government Difficulty Level: Medium 19. Which of the following is an acceptable approach to building a more effective organization according to the humanist approach? a. deploying principal–agent theory b. strong adherence to scientific management

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 c. sensitivity training d. adherence to the bureaucratic model Ans: C Learning Objective: 4.4: Explore the challenges to existing organizational theories.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Humanist Challenge Difficulty Level: Hard 20. What condition (or reality) does Kettl argue that challenges classical and bureaucratic models of organization? a. milieu of deficit politics b. hierarchical structure c. interwoven relationships between sectors d. horizontal management Ans: C Learning Objective: 4.4: Explore the challenges to existing organizational theories.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Challenge of Interwoven Government Difficulty Level: Hard 21. Time and motion studies were associated with ______ approaches. a. classical b. pluralist c. humanist d. structural Ans: C Learning Objective: 4.4: Explore the challenges to existing organizational theories.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Jobs, Productivity, and Happiness Difficulty Level: Medium 22. Which of the following propositions refers to a set of procedures that identify which position holders do what, how, and when, as work flows through the agency? a. staff of experts b. rules of the game c. principals and agents d. internal specialized structure Ans: B Learning Objective: 4.3: Note the importance of hierarchy in theories—and their critiques.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Propositions about the Role of Authority in Public Administration Difficulty Level: Medium 23. What provides the foundation for agency power? a. expert leaders

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. the president c. Congress d. constitutional foundations Ans: D Learning Objective: 4.3: Note the importance of hierarchy in theories—and their critiques.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Propositions about the Role of Authority in Public Administration Difficulty Level: Easy 24. Which describes the relationship of higher-level units to lower-level units within an organization? a. chain of command b. flexibility and control c. command and control d. decision points Ans: A Learning Objective: 4.1: Understand the central role that structure plays in the work of bureaucracy.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Two Models: Classical and Bureaucratic Difficulty Level: Medium 25. Organizational similarity to a biological organism is most akin to which school of thought or theory? a. closed-system theory b. principal–agent theory c. open-system theory d. behavioral studies Ans: C Learning Objective: 4.2: Grasp the range of competing theories that shape the study of bureaucracy.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Systems Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 26. Organizational similarity to a machine is most akin to which school or thought or theory? a. closed-system theory b. time and motion analysis c. open-system theory d. network analysis Ans: A Learning Objective: 4.2: Grasp the range of competing theories that shape the study of bureaucracy.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Systems Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 27. What focuses primarily on information and incentives for using it? a. bureaucracy b. principal–agent theory c. performance-based budgeting d. network analysis Ans: B Learning Objective: 4.4: Explore the challenges to existing organizational theories.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Principals and Agents Difficulty Level: Medium 28. Which traditional approach to bureaucracy is based on authority and hierarchy? a. systems theory b. pluralist approach c. bureaucratic model d. third party Ans: C Learning Objective: 4.3: Note the importance of hierarchy in theories—and their critiques.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Authority and Hierarchy Difficulty Level: Easy 29. The delegation of authority from officials at the top to individuals at the bottom is ______ bureaucracy. a. hierarchical b. pluralist c. humanist d. government-by-proxy Ans: A Learning Objective: 4.1: Understand the central role that structure plays in the work of bureaucracy.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 30. ______ refers to the rightful power to make decisions within constitutionally defined limits. a. Authority b. Structure c. Bureaucracy d. Organization Ans: A

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 4.3: Note the importance of hierarchy in theories—and their critiques.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Authority and Hierarchy Difficulty Level: Easy 31. Of the following choices, ______ studies how an organization interacts with its environment through inputs, throughputs, and outputs. a. systems theory b. the humanist approach c. the third-party approach d. the formal approach Ans: A Learning Objective: 4.2: Grasp the range of competing theories that shape the study of bureaucracy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Systems Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 32. The scientific management movement placed too much emphasis on ______ and too little emphasis on human behavior and workers’ satisfaction. a. hierarchy b. efficiency c. authority d. legitimacy Ans: B Learning Objective: 4.4: Explore the challenges to existing organizational theories.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Humanist Challenge Difficulty Level: Medium 33. Of the following choices, ______ is based on conflict. a. systems theory b. the pluralist approach c. the structural approach d. the formal approach Ans: B Learning Objective: 4.4: Explore the challenges to existing organizational theories.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Pluralist Challenge Difficulty Level: Easy 34. Scholars debate whether networks constitute an approach, a theory, a method, or prescription, but there is rising recognition of the power of ______ approaches to public administration. a. negative

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. collaborative c. legal actor d. decentralized Ans: B Learning Objective: 4.4: Explore the challenges to existing organizational theories.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Challenge of Interwoven Government Difficulty Level: Medium 35. Compared with traditional hierarchical authority, network analysis is ______. a. much older b. in its relative infancy c. useless d. market based Ans: B Learning Objective: 4.4: Explore the challenges to existing organizational theories.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Challenge of Interwoven Government Difficulty Level: Easy 36. ______ authority rests in “the legally established impersonal order.” a. Hierarchical b. Traditional c. Rational-legal d. Charismatic Ans: C Learning Objective: 4.1: Understand the central role that structure plays in the work of bureaucracy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Bureaucratic Model Difficulty Level: Easy 37. ______ rests on the personal devotion to an individual because of the exceptional sanctity, heroism, or exemplary character of this person. a. Traditional authority b. Rule of law c. Policymaking d. Charismatic authority Ans: D Learning Objective: 4.1: Understand the central role that structure plays in the work of bureaucracy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Bureaucratic Model Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 38. Weber argued that officials should be ______, salaried, and selected on the basis of ______. a. elected; nepotism b. full-time; technical qualifications c. elected; political contributions d. part time; education Ans: B Learning Objective: 4.1: Understand the central role that structure plays in the work of bureaucracy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Bureaucratic Model Difficulty Level: Easy 39. The ______ rooted in the dynamics of human relations, condemns the impersonality of bureaucratic hierarchies and so pleads for the humanizing of organizations. a. Taylor approach b. humanist approach c. contractual approach d. organizational structure Ans: B Learning Objective: 4.2: Grasp the range of competing theories that shape the study of bureaucracy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 40. ______ notes that government delegates authority to other governments, to private organizations, and to mixed public-private enterprises. a. Government-by-proxy b. Pluralist c. Bureaucratic d. Perrow Ans: A Learning Objective: 4.2: Grasp the range of competing theories that shape the study of bureaucracy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False 1. The humanist challenge looks inside the organization and focuses on the life of individual workers.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 4.4: Explore the challenges to existing organizational theories.

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Humanist Challenge Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Generally, there is consensus among scholars on the approach to organization that works best and is the best fit to the public sector.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 4.1: Understand the central role that structure plays in the work of bureaucracy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Happier workers are better workers, and the more organizations help workers be happy, the more productive they will be.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 4.4: Explore the challenges to existing organizational theories.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Humanist Challenge Difficulty Level: Medium 4. The formal approach is most concerned with workers’ happiness.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 4.4: Explore the challenges to existing organizational theories.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Formal Models of Bureaucracy Difficulty Level: Easy 5. The structural approach is concerned with hierarchy and authority.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 4.3: Note the importance of hierarchy in theories—and their critiques.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Authority and Hierarchy Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Systems theory emphasizes the effect of interest groups on an organization.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 4.2: Grasp the range of competing theories that shape the study of bureaucracy.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Systems Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Authority and hierarchy deal with the central issues of the politics of the administrative process: power.

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: T Learning Objective: 4.3: Note the importance of hierarchy in theories—and their critiques.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Authority and Hierarchy Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Structure defines where people sit and how they interact with each other.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 4.1: Understand the central role that structure plays in the work of bureaucracy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Structural Approach to Large Organizations Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Both the classical and the bureaucratic schools rely on the values of legitimacy, power, and rationality.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 4.1: Understand the central role that structure plays in the work of bureaucracy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Two Models: Classical and Bureaucratic Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Organizing by purpose provides a clear focus on the beneficiaries of a program, but it makes it harder to coordinate across different purposes or geographic areas.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 4.1: Understand the central role that structure plays in the work of bureaucracy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Classical Model Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer 1. In light of principal–agent theory, briefly describe the relationship among contracts, superiors, and subordinates.

Ans: Answers will vary. Superiors initiate contracts and then hire subordinates who help carry out the work necessary to execute the contract or complete the work.

Learning Objective: 4.4: Explore the challenges to existing organizational theories.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Principals and Agents Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Briefly describe the humanist approach.

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: Answers will vary. The humanist approach is tied to human relations and, at the most basic level, finds bureaucracy to be dehumanizing. It emphasizes the individual and teamwork as critical components to the organization.

Learning Objective: 4.4: Explore the challenges to existing organizational theories.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Briefly describe the meaning of interweaving.

Ans: Answers will vary. Government programs have become so complex that no problem that matters is managed by any single government organization, and thus the delivering services has become interwoven with the work of other agencies.

Learning Objective: 4.4: Explore the challenges to existing organizational theories.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Challenge of Interwoven Government Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Identify Weber’s three basic models.

Ans: traditional, charismatic, and rational-legal Learning Objective: 4.1: Understand the central role that structure plays in the work of bureaucracy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Bureaucratic Model Difficulty Level: Easy 5. What is central to the classical theory of organization?

Ans: Answers will vary. Here, organizations are based on, or divided along, clear boundaries. Responsibilities and scope of work are divided across the organization and down through the ranks (chain of command). Specialization and coordination are the key for ensuring utmost efficiency.

Learning Objective: 4.1: Understand the central role that structure plays in the work of bureaucracy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Classical Model Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay 1. How have structural approaches been criticized?

Ans: Answers will vary. The humanist charge is that the structural approaches are authoritarian and that their boundaries stifle the creativity of the human beings who are the organization’s life blood. Pluralists charge that the classical and bureaucratic models ignore the political system, give an unreal portrayal of the executive branch, and conflict with democratic values. The third-party approach maintains that as third parties are

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 increasingly utilized, and traditional patterns of hierarchy and authority are uprooted and displaced.

Learning Objective: 4.4: Explore the challenges to existing organizational theories.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Challenges to the Traditional Theories Difficulty Level: Hard 2. In what ways have Gulick and Weber contributed to the structural approach?

Ans: Answers will vary. Both the classical and bureaucratic models are facets of the structural approach. Gulick is associated with the classical model of organizational theory. His 1930s theory, which is still widely read, maintains that there are clear, bounded jurisdictions of authority and responsibility. The organization moves on to further subdivision of these jurisdictions among the positions immediately under the top positions, and it continues through all administrative levels. Gulick maintains that the organization’s prime value is efficiency, whose twin elements are differentiation of functions and coordination of responsibilities. In 1946, Weber’s bureaucratic model was recognized for its suggestion that a stable pattern of obedience must rest on a belief by subordinates in the legitimacy of the system of authority, which leads them to defer to superiors and, ultimately, to the source of command in that system.

Learning Objective: 4.1: Understand the central role that structure plays in the work of bureaucracy.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Two Models: Classical and Bureaucratic Difficulty Level: Hard 3. What can the humanist, pluralist, and formal approaches contribute to organizational theory?

Ans: Answers will vary. The humanist approach looks inside the bureaucracy, focusing on the life of individual workers within the organization. The humanist approach recognizes one’s full potential as a human being and the equality of persons. The pluralist approach recognizes the responsiveness of a government organization to society’s politically active interest groups. These organizations are themselves the products of this conflict and accommodation of interests. The formal approach posits that individuals are self-interested, workers agree to work because the work provides them valued rewards, and the market determines how much employers must pay and what employees will agree to accept.

Learning Objective: 4.2: Grasp the range of competing theories that shape the study of bureaucracy.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Various Difficulty Level: Hard 4. How does open-system theory interact with the environment?

Ans: Answers will vary. Supporters of the open-system theory see an organization as something akin to a biological organism like a plant or an animal living in the environment. An organization is a system that receives inputs of resources (equipment,

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 supplies, the energies of employees), which it throughputs and transforms to yield outputs (products or services). Such a system also operates a feedback loop. Some feedback can be negative and can help flag problems that must be corrected, and some feedback can be positive and can help identify things that work well. This information can adjust the inputs and the system so that it produces better outputs at a lower cost.

Learning Objective: 4.2: Grasp the range of competing theories that shape the study of bureaucracy.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Systems Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 5. The central problem for organizing government is how to distribute power. In an answer that adheres to the discussion in the text, discuss the concepts of authority and hierarchy as they fit into the legitimacy of governmental power.

Ans: Answers will vary. The constitution distributes authority such that the institutions and the institutional positions of government are able to exercise authority within their limited sphere. Their legitimacy comes from the people ultimately, who support the constitution that dictates how the authority of these institutions and institutional positions must function. Administrative authority is hierarchical and is delegated authority.

Administrators take orders from higher-level officials who are accountable to the voting public, thus accounting for their legitimacy.

Learning Objective: 4.3: Note the importance of hierarchy in theories—and their critiques.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Authority and Hierarchy Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021

Test Bank Chapter 5: The Executive Branch Multiple Choice 1. The basic building block of the executive branch is ______. a. organization b. staff c. structure d. process Ans: C Learning Objective: 5.1: Understand the basic building blocks of executive branch structure.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Which of the following was identified as the goal of the executive branch? a. structure b. organization c. coordination d. collaboration Ans: C Learning Objective: 5.1: Understand the basic building blocks of executive branch structure.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Which of the following is an example of a government corporation? a. the Social Security Administration b. the Federal Communications Commission c. the Department of Veterans Affairs d. the U.S. Postal Service Ans: D Learning Objective: 5.1: Understand the basic building blocks of executive branch structure.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Independent Agencies Difficulty Level: Medium 4. One of the functions of the executive branch is to keep the country safe. This is done through ______. a. departments for the military

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. a treasury or finance ministry c. the courts d. a foreign ministry Ans: A Learning Objective: 5.2: Connect the role of individual leadership with the contributions of structure.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Executive Branch Components Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Since the Brownlow Committee’s proposal in 1937, the size and power of the Executive Office has dramatically ______. a. shrunk b. grown c. stayed the same d. been devolved to the states Ans: B Learning Objective: 5.3: Examine the structure of the White House as an example of top-level executive management.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Executive Office and the White House Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Which of the following is considered to be the most widely copied field office model? a. areal b. functional c. structural d. prefectoral Ans: D Learning Objective: 5.1: Understand the basic building blocks of executive branch structure.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Field Offices Difficulty Level: Medium 7. The top level of organization in the United States is usually a ______. a. department b. ministry c. cabinet d. legislature Ans: B Learning Objective: 5.1: Understand the basic building blocks of executive branch structure.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Executive Branch Components Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 8. Which of the following terms tends to be used as the generic label for executive branch units? a. agencies b. bureaus c. offices d. commissions Ans: A Learning Objective: 5.1: Understand the basic building blocks of executive branch structure.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Executive Branch Components Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Which president was primarily responsible for the expansion of the White House staff? a. John F. Kennedy b. Eisenhower c. Franklin D. Roosevelt d. George W. Bush Ans: C Learning Objective: 5.3: Examine the structure of the White House as an example of top-level executive management.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Executive Office and the White House Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Which of the following executive departments date back to 1789? a. State, Defense, and Treasury b. State, Justice, and Homeland Security c. Defense, Education, and Agriculture d. Energy, Agriculture, and State Ans: A Learning Objective: 5.1: Understand the basic building blocks of executive branch structure.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Cabinet Difficulty Level: Easy 11. Which cabinet department employs the most people? a. Housing and Urban Development b. Defense c. Veterans Affairs d. Health and Human Services Ans: B

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 5.1: Understand the basic building blocks of executive branch structure.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Cabinet Difficulty Level: Easy 12. The Internal Revenue Service is an example of a ______. a. independent agency b. bureau c. commission d. cabinet department Ans: B Learning Objective: 5.1: Understand the basic building blocks of executive branch structure.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Bureaus Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Which of the following was identified as one of the nation’s first agencies devoted to reducing pollution and a national standard setter? a. Tennessee Valley Authority b. California Air Resources Board c. Department of Energy d. Department of Agriculture Ans: B Learning Objective: 5.1: Understand the basic building blocks of executive branch structure.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Independent Agencies Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Independent agencies, bureaus, and field offices are all components of the ______ executive branch. a. judicial b. local c. international d. federal Ans: D Learning Objective: 5.1: Understand the basic building blocks of executive branch structure.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Executive Branch Components Difficulty Level: Easy 15. According to the text, interdepartmental friction is one problem of ______. a. implementing effective executive management

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. the inefficiency of the Office of Management and Budget c. the inefficiency of the National Security Council d. tensions between the president and the bureau heads Ans: A Learning Objective: 5.2: Connect the role of individual leadership with the contributions of structure.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Problems for Executive Management Difficulty Level: Medium 16. Which of the following were identified as complex tools that are used by regulatory commissions? a. licensing b. rate-fixing c. safety codes d. all of these Ans: D Learning Objective: 5.1: Understand the basic building blocks of executive branch structure.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Independent Agencies Difficulty Level: Medium 17. Most government corporations are ______. a. local b. state c. federal d. private Ans: C Learning Objective: 5.1: Understand the basic building blocks of executive branch structure.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Independent Agencies Difficulty Level: Easy 18. Which of the following is an example of a bureau? a. the U.S. Postal Service b. the Federal Communications Commissions c. the Internal Revenue Service d. the Central Intelligence Agency Ans: C Learning Objective: 5.1: Understand the basic building blocks of executive branch structure.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Bureaus Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 19. The text notes that President Franklin D. Roosevelt was primarily responsible for the ______. a. creation of e-government b. reduction of armed forces c. interaction with state governments d. expansion of White House staff Ans: D Learning Objective: 5.3: Examine the structure of the White House as an example of top-level executive management.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Executive Office and the White House Difficulty Level: Easy 20. Today, the Bureau of the Census resides within the Department of ______. a. Commerce b. State c. Interior d. Homeland Security Ans: A Learning Objective: 5.1: Understand the basic building blocks of executive branch structure.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Bureaus Difficulty Level: Easy 21. “Areal” is a categorization system within which part of the executive branch? a. field offices b. cabinet departments c. independent agencies d. bureaus Ans: A Learning Objective: 5.1: Understand the basic building blocks of executive branch structure.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Field Offices Difficulty Level: Knowledge 22. According to the authors, the elements of the executive branch are the creatures of the ______. a. president b. courts c. legislature d. people Ans: C

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 5.2: Connect the role of individual leadership with the contributions of structure.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Leadership of the Executive Branch Difficulty Level: Easy 23. The state attorney general’s election is often a stepping stone to the race for ______. a. Congress b. lieutenant governor c. governor d. president Ans: C Learning Objective: 5.2: Connect the role of individual leadership with the contributions of structure.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Leadership of the Executive Branch Difficulty Level: Easy 24. Who did Texas columnist Molly Ivins identify as the fifth most powerful person in the state of Texas? a. comptroller b. attorney general c. governor d. land commissioner Ans: C Learning Objective: 5.2: Connect the role of individual leadership with the contributions of structure.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Leadership of the Executive Branch Difficulty Level: Easy 25. The chief executive’s primary job is to ______ laws. a. execute b. uphold c. create d. dismantle Ans: A Learning Objective: 5.2: Connect the role of individual leadership with the contributions of structure.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Problems for Executive Management Difficulty Level: Easy 26. According to the authors, which of the following individuals have short tenures of three years or less?

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. presidential appointees b. White House staff c. congressional staff d. presidents Ans: A Learning Objective: 5.2: Connect the role of individual leadership with the contributions of structure.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Problems for Executive Management Difficulty Level: Easy 27. Harold Seidman argued that finding the solution to ______ would resolve critical questions about public administration. a. the executive branch b. coordination c. organization d. government structures Ans: B Learning Objective: 5.1: Understand the basic building blocks of executive branch structure.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 28. The last federal government agency to be created was the ______. a. Department of State b. Department of Energy c. Department of Homeland Security d. Department of Agriculture Ans: C Learning Objective: 5.1: Understand the basic building blocks of executive branch structure.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Cabinet Difficulty Level: Easy 29. The most basic tool for achieving coordination is ______. a. process b. structure c. organization d. administration Ans: C Learning Objective: 5.1: Understand the basic building blocks of executive branch structure.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Conclusion

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 30. According to the author, e-government allows agencies to operate in a(n) ______ even, ______ network, which offers the chance for creating new virtual strategies. a. ad hoc; deliberate b. loose; strenuous c. loose; invisible d. expensive; blog Ans: C Learning Objective: 5.4: Consider the opportunities that electronic government creates for improving government’s performance.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: E-government Difficulty Level: Medium 31. According to the authors, e-government has the potential for radically altering the existing patterns of ______. a. bureaucratic behavior b. authority c. power d. all of these Ans: D Learning Objective: 5.4: Consider the opportunities that electronic government creates for improving government’s performance.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: E-government Difficulty Level: Easy 32. According to the authors, E-government has revolutionized ______. a. government power b. accountability c. government performance d. policymaking Ans: C Learning Objective: 5.4: Consider the opportunities that electronic government creates for improving government’s performance.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: E-government Difficulty Level: Easy 33. E-government has made filing taxes more ______. a. equitable b. effective c. efficient d. transparent Ans: C

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 5.4: Consider the opportunities that electronic government creates for improving government’s performance.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: E-government Difficulty Level: Easy 34. In 1937, the Brownlow Committee proposed the addition of ______. a. advisers b. White House secretaries c. presidential assistants d. cabinet members Ans: C Learning Objective: 5.3: Examine the structure of the White House as an example of top-level executive management.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Executive Office and the White House Difficulty Level: Easy 35. According to President Roosevelt and the Brownlow Committee, presidents are ______. a. able to handle their responsibilities b. overworked c. experts at coordination d. triumphant in their roles Ans: B Learning Objective: 5.3: Examine the structure of the White House as an example of top-level executive management.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Executive Office and the White House Difficulty Level: Easy 36. The Executive Office of the President was established under the presidency of ______. a. Reagan b. Eisenhower c. Johnson d. Roosevelt Ans: D Learning Objective: 5.3: Examine the structure of the White House as an example of top-level executive management.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Executive Office and the White House Difficulty Level: Easy 37. According to the authors, what has plagued every modern president? a. lack of staff accountability

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. high staff turnover c. security leaks d. infighting Ans: D Learning Objective: 5.3: Examine the structure of the White House as an example of top-level executive management.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Executive Office and the White House Difficulty Level: Easy 38. With the twentieth century came an emphasis on ______. a. managing money b. internal law and order c. energy and the environment c. keeping the country safe Ans: C Learning Objective: 5.1: Understand the basic building blocks of executive branch structure.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Executive Branch Components Difficulty Level: Easy 39. The establishment of an agency, what it does, and how much it can spend are typically ______ decisions. a. chief executive b. legislative c. public d. court Ans: B Learning Objective: 5.1: Understand the basic building blocks of executive branch structure.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Executive Branch Components Difficulty Level: Easy 40. Which of the following individuals is considered a part of the cabinet? a. Secretary of State b. Presidential Assistants c. Speaker of the House d. Press Secretary Ans: A Learning Objective: 5.1: Understand the basic building blocks of executive branch structure.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Executive Branch Components Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021

True/False 1. The power of the executive lies not in giving orders, but in marshaling the strength of the executive establishment.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 5.1: Understand the basic building blocks of executive branch structure.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Coordination is considered to be both the goal and central challenge of the executive branch.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 5.1: Understand the basic building blocks of executive branch structure.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Organization by staff is the typical strategy for government.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 5.1: Understand the basic building blocks of executive branch structure.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Executive Branch Components Difficulty Level: Easy 4. The majority of all federal employees work outside of the Washington D.C. metropolitan area.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 5.1: Understand the basic building blocks of executive branch structure.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Field Offices Difficulty Level: Easy 5. The search for the solution to coordination problems is never-ending.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 5.2: Connect the role of individual leadership with the contributions of structure.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Conclusion Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 6. There is a perennial distinction between those who carry out government’s work— “line” officials—and those who provide advice—“staff” officials.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 5.2: Connect the role of individual leadership with the contributions of structure.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Conclusion Difficulty Level: Easy 7. E-government raises questions of both equity and access and privacy and security.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 5.4: Consider the opportunities that electronic government creates for improving government’s performance.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: E-government Difficulty Level: Easy 8. There is a formula for truly effective coordination.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 5.1: Understand the basic building blocks of executive branch structure.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 9. In government, executives are responsible for managing agencies whose missions, structures, and resources they fully control.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 5.1: Understand the basic building blocks of executive branch structure.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Executive Branch Components Difficulty Level: Medium 10. State and local governments have independent agencies.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 5.1: Understand the basic building blocks of executive branch structure.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Independent Agencies Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer 1. Why are independent agencies established as independent?

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: Answers will vary. In some cases, they have been established to be independent of existing government agencies, executive branch politics, and legislative battles. In other cases, they stretch across multiple jurisdictions and are independent from control of any one of them.

Learning Objective: 5.1: Understand the basic building blocks of executive branch structure.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Independent Agencies Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Why is the concept of coordination important to public administration?

Ans: Answers will vary. As management of all government affairs cannot be carried out by one entity, it is critical that that policymakers search for the best “formula” to ensure that agencies both communicate and take responsibility for work in an environment with disparate interests.

Learning Objective: 5.1: Understand the basic building blocks of executive branch structure.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 3. What is the relationship between executive departments and bureaus? Provide an example.

Ans: Answers will vary. An executive department is one of the 15 cabinet-level agencies (e.g., Department of Veterans Affairs). Bureaus are operating components within the department agency. For example, within the Department of Veterans Affairs, three bureaus exist: Veterans Health Administration, National Cemeteries Administration, and Veterans Benefits Administration.

Learning Objective: 5.1: Understand the basic building blocks of executive branch structure.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Various Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Identify the four traditional functions of the executive branch.

Ans: The four functions are (1) managing money, including revenues, spending, and borrowing (as with a treasury or a finance ministry); (2) maintaining internal law and order (through the police, the courts, and a department for justice); (3) keeping the country safe (through departments for the military and navy); and (4) managing the country’s foreign affairs (through a foreign ministry).

Learning Objective: 5.1: Understand the basic building blocks of executive branch structure.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Executive Branch Components Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 5. Identify one advantage and disadvantage of organizing field offices by function.

Ans: The function strategy has the advantage of keeping a crisp specialization on the work to be done. Its disadvantage is ensuring the coordination of agencies doing related work in the same area.

Learning Objective: 5.1: Understand the basic building blocks of executive branch structure.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Field Offices Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay 1. Compare the size (in employees and budget) and of federal cabinet departments and independent agencies.

Ans: Answers will vary. Since 2002, the federal government has had 15 cabinet departments. They range greatly in size, from the Department of Defense, which accounts for a third of all federal civilian employees, to the Department of Education, whose 4,500 employees would make it a small agency within many of the larger cabinet departments. The executive establishment is a vast, sprawling collection of entities that defies an easy explanation.

Learning Objective: 5.1: Understand the basic building blocks of executive branch structure.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Cabinet Difficulty Level: Hard 2. What does it mean to arrange the field offices of the federal executive branch by function? From your perspective, does either contribute to challenges associated with coordination of executive branch functions?

Ans: Answers will vary. Most agencies work by function, with field offices organized by task, from police precincts and fire stations to motor vehicle offices and college campuses. This strategy has the advantage of keeping a crisp specialization on the work to be done. Its disadvantage is ensuring the coordination of agencies doing related work in the same area (fire and police and highway departments all dealing with the same region, whose work on traffic accidents might be interconnected but where it’s often proven difficult to coordinate their activities). This system contrasts sharply with the areal or prefectoral field–administration system that many other nations have adopted.

Learning Objective: 5.1: Understand the basic building blocks of executive branch structure.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Field Offices Difficulty Level: Hard 3. What are some of the problems a president faces in managing the executive branch?

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: Answers will vary. Top elected executives are not chosen for managerial ability, and they rarely have a lively interest in administrative matters. Second, top executives are often disappointed when they count on cabinet members to ensure a record of administrative effectiveness. Third, interdepartmental friction points have multiplied.

Finally, given a president’s time constraints, the burden of top-level coordination falls on aides and staff agencies and is often poorly coordinated.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Connect the role of individual leadership with the contributions of structure.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Problems for Executive Management Difficulty Level: Hard 4. What are the benefits and weaknesses of e-government? Though many Americans have access to the internet, should government services be tailored based on access?

Why? Ans: Answers will vary. The government uses e-government to allow citizens to file their taxes, renew their motor vehicle registrations, check on traffic congestion, obtain a police report, pay a traffic ticket, or apply for a job. E-government has the potential to improve government’s performance and allow citizens to connect more easily to government, which is transforming how citizens view government. However, the rise of e-government raises questions of access and equity as well as organizational questions that might alter the existing patterns of bureaucratic behavior, authority, and power. Also issues of security and privacy are introduced with e-government.

Learning Objective: 5.4: Consider the opportunities that electronic government creates for improving government’s performance.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: E-government Difficulty Level: Hard 5. Discuss some of the proposals to solve problems of coordination among White House staff. Do you think it is a good proposal? Why? Ans: Answers may vary. A frequent proposal to solve coordination problems is to shrink the size of the White House staff. But, others have seen the staff’s growth as the inevitable result of the president’s increasing leadership responsibilities, which are attributed to a weakening of congressional leadership and of political parties, the rise of presidential use of public relations technologies, and other factors. Political scientist, Samuel Kernell, argues that the presence of the large, complex staff should be accepted and given clear direction by the president, who oversees its performance Learning Objective: 5.3: Examine the structure of the White House as an example of top-level executive management.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Executive Office and the White House Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021

Test Bank Chapter 6: Organization Problems Multiple Choice 1. ______ means that organizational designers must minimize political meddling in issues that address the technical parts of administration. a. interagency conflict b. representativeness c. executive leadership d. neutral competence Ans: D Learning Objective: 6.1: Understand the sources of organizational performance problems.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Promotion of private efficiency, accountability to the president, and effective database are components of which government organizational concern? a. choosing organizational criteria b. interagency coordination c. interagency conflict d. role of staff Ans: A Learning Objective: 6.1: Understand the sources of organizational performance problems.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Good Organizations Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Which organizational concern emphasizes purpose, clientele, process, and place? a. choosing organizational criteria b. interagency coordination c. interagency conflict d. the role of staff Ans: C Learning Objective: 6.1: Understand the sources of organizational performance problems.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Interagency Conflict Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 4. ______ refers to the amount of trust the public places in the integrity, fairness, and judiciousness of the information and decisions a system generates. a. Adaptability b. Public acceptance c. Professional competence d. Consistency of decisions Ans: B Learning Objective: 6.1: Understand the sources of organizational performance problems.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Good Organizations Difficulty Level: Easy 5. The quest for ______ calls for the creation of a highly skilled bureaucracy insulated from the political interference that can undermine efficiency. a. clearance procedures b. executive leadership c. representativeness d. neutral competence Ans: D Learning Objective: 6.1: Understand the sources of organizational performance problems.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 6. If an organization is able to react quickly and positively to changes in state-federal relationships, then they are considered good in terms of ______. a. professional competence b. public acceptance c. adaptability d. representation Ans: C Learning Objective: 6.1: Understand the sources of organizational performance problems.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Good Organizations Difficulty Level: Medium 7. The organizational concern that emphasizes horizontal and vertical activity is ______. a. the role of staff b. interagency conflict c. choosing organizational criteria d. interagency coordination Ans: D Learning Objective: 6.2: Examine the strategies to improve coordination.

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Interagency Coordination Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Employees who manage the core functions of an agency are ______ officials. a. staff b. operating c. line d. auxiliaries Ans: A Learning Objective: 6.2: Examine the strategies to improve coordination.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Role of Staff Difficulty Level: Easy 9. The degree which a system makes it easy to recruit high-caliber professionals and a. makes effective use of their talents is referred to as ______. a. consistency of decisions b. professional competence c. promotion of privacy efficacy d. computability with state regulation Ans: B Learning Objective: 6.1: Understand the sources of organizational performance problems.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Good Organizations Difficulty Level: Medium 10. ______ refers to the capacity of the system to generate, verify, and use reliable and complete information. a. Public acceptance b. Adaptability c. Professional competence d. Effective database Ans: D Learning Objective: 6.1: Understand the sources of organizational performance problems.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Good Organizations Difficulty Level: Medium 11. The extent to which a system avoids unintended pressures on private decision makers in their choices of technology, markets, and other decisions is referred to as ______. a. participation, representation, and diversity b. cost and timeliness

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 c. promotion of private efficiency d. effective database Ans: C Learning Objective: 6.1: Understand the sources of organizational performance problems.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Good Organizations Difficulty Level: Medium 12. An iron triangle consists of which of the following? a. interest groups b. congressional committees c. public administrators d. all of these Ans: D Learning Objective: 6.3: Chart the advantages and disadvantages of structural reorganization to solve organizational problems.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Obstacles to Reorganization Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Staff roles include which of the following? a. core-assist, assisting, and technical b. assisting, technical, and senior c. core, auxiliary staff, and control d. line, technical, and executive Ans: C Learning Objective: 6.2: Examine the strategies to improve coordination.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Role of Staff Difficulty Level: Easy 14. Which of the following terms best reflects the extent to which a system fosters effective state–federal relationships? a. accountability b. efficiency c. representation d. compatibility Ans: D Learning Objective: 6.1: Understand the sources of organizational performance problems.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Good Organizations Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 15. Horizontal cooperation seeks to draw related agencies together in common purpose through which of the following? a. conflict resolution b. terms with contracted services c. common agreement d. vertical coordination Ans: C Learning Objective: 6.2: Examine the strategies to improve coordination.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Horizontal Cooperation Difficulty Level: Medium 16. What exists at the cabinet, subcabinet, and bureau levels to promote collaboration in jointly occupied areas? a. clearance procedures b. lead agency formulas c. interagency committees d. interagency agreements Ans: C Learning Objective: 6.2: Examine the strategies to improve coordination.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Horizontal Cooperation Difficulty Level: Easy 17. Since parties rarely relinquish control of core functions to another, coordination is difficult and therefore requires which of the following? a. volunteerism and staff b. vertical coordination c. contracts and payments d. horizontal collaborators Ans: B Learning Objective: 6.2: Examine the strategies to improve coordination.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Vertical Coordination Difficulty Level: Medium 18. What provides the basis for collaboration in jointly occupied areas of government activity? a. interagency agreements b. interagency committees c. lead agencies d. clear procedures Ans: B Learning Objective: 6.2: Examine the strategies to improve coordination.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Horizontal Cooperation

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 19. The auxiliary staff role is most closely associated with ______. a. basic housekeeping b. business operations c. pure-staff functions d. revenue generation Ans: A Learning Objective: 6.2: Examine the strategies to improve coordination.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Role of Staff Difficulty Level: Easy 20. What effect did the Supreme Court’s 1983 ruling on reorganization have on the president’s ability to reorganize the executive branch? a. The decision strengthened the president’s authority. b. The decision weakened the president’s authority. c. The decision affirmed the president’s past actions. d. The decision required the president to ask OMB for analysis first.

Ans: B Learning Objective: 6.2: Examine the strategies to improve coordination.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Reorganization Difficulty Level: Medium 21. How are staff activities differentiated from line activities? a. Staff commands and line listens. b. Staff assists and line commands. c. Staff are operators and line acts. d. They perform the same duties.

Ans: B Learning Objective: 6.2: Examine the strategies to improve coordination.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Power Building Difficulty Level: Easy 22. According to the text, the government’s response to September 11, 2001, demonstrates how ______. a. clearance procedures were misused b. coordination and collaboration failed to be employed c. pure-staff failed in their positions d. control staff failed in their positions Ans: B Learning Objective: 6.1: Understand the sources of organizational performance problems.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Conflicts among Purpose-Based Agencies Difficulty Level: Hard 23. Which of Kaufman’s organizational values calls for a strong president, governor, or mayor and strong department heads, all who adhere to a hierarchical organization that responds to the chief’s policy priorities? a. neutral competence b. representativeness c. executive leadership d. equilibrium Ans: C Learning Objective: 6.1: Understand the sources of organizational performance problems.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 24. The standard approach for solving coordination problems is to ______. a. ask the official at the next step above the dispute to work out a solution b. try to work out a solution at the level in which it was discovered c. let the dispute continue until a higher-level official hears about it d. assign a lower-level staff member to come up with solutions Ans: A Learning Objective: 6.1: Understand the sources of organizational performance problems.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Interagency Conflict Difficulty Level: Medium 25. Organizational arrangements that respond to legislative interests and to the clienteles most affected by agency decisions describe which of Kaufman’s basic organizational values? a. horizontal cooperation b. executive leadership c. neutral competence d. representativeness Ans: D Learning Objective: 6.1: Understand the sources of organizational performance problems.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 26. The Department of Health and Human Services is an example of a(n) ______based organization. a. process

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. purpose c. clientele d. place Ans: B Learning Objective: 6.1: Understand the sources of organizational performance problems.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Interagency Conflict Difficulty Level: Medium 27. The Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) is an example of a ______-based organization. a. process b. purpose c. clientele d. place Ans: C Learning Objective: 6.1: Understand the sources of organizational performance problems.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Interagency Conflict Difficulty Level: Medium 28. Iron triangles align congressional committees with departments or bureaus and ______. a. pure-staff b. state representatives c. interest groups d. auxiliary staff Ans: C Learning Objective: 6.2: Examine the strategies to improve coordination.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Obstacles to Reorganization Difficulty Level: Medium 29. The Interior Department’s Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) is an example of a ______based organization. a. process b. purpose c. clientele d. place Ans: C Learning Objective: 6.1: Understand the sources of organizational performance problems.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Interagency Conflict

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Medium 30. According to the text, the president can comprehensively reorganize the executive branch either through an act of Congress or ______. a. through reducing White House staff b. by altering department mission c. by shifting cabinet responsibilities d. through a small handful of bureaus Ans: D Learning Objective: 6.3: Chart the advantages and disadvantages of structural reorganization to solve organizational problems.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Reorganization Difficulty Level: Medium 31. ______ seeks to bring two warring agencies before a person with the formal authority to make a decision. a. Horizontal cooperation b. Vertical coordination c. Interagency conflict d. Organizational criteria Ans: B Learning Objective: 6.2: Examine the strategies to improve coordination.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Vertical Coordination Difficulty Level: Easy 32. ______ are created to establish specific boundaries and to clarify agencies’ tasks. a. Interagency committees b. Lead agency formulas c. Clearance procedures d. Interagency agreements Ans: D Learning Objective: 6.2: Examine the strategies to improve coordination.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Horizontal Cooperation Difficulty Level: Easy 33. ______ require that an agency’s proposed decisions in a particular subject-matter area be reviewed by other interested agencies. a. Lead agency formulas b. Interagency committees c. Clearance procedures d. Interagency agreements Ans: C Learning Objective: 6.2: Examine the strategies to improve coordination.

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Horizontal Cooperation Difficulty Level: Easy 34. ______ depends on the willingness of agencies to come to agreement with one another. a. Vertical integration b. Horizontal cooperation c. Vertical cooperation d. Horizontal integration Ans: B Learning Objective: 6.2: Examine the strategies to improve coordination.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Horizontal Cooperation Difficulty Level: Easy 35. The four methods cited by the author for achieving horizontal cooperation include ______. a. interagency agreements, interagency committees, funding, and presidential leadership b. lead agency formula, clearance procedure, appropriations, and OMB clearance c. interagency agreements, interagency committees, lead agency formula, and clearance procedure d. interagency agreements, interagency committees, Congressional approval, and a solid plan Ans: C Learning Objective: 6.2: Examine the strategies to improve coordination.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Horizontal Cooperation Difficulty Level: Easy 36. According to the text, the lead agency formula does not work well in the ______ government. a. local b. state c. federal d. tribal Ans: C Learning Objective: 6.2: Examine the strategies to improve coordination.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Horizontal Cooperation Difficulty Level: Easy 37. Which of the following departments/agencies became the lead investigative agency following the Boston Marathon bombings? a. Department of Justice

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. Department of Homeland Security c. Federal Bureau of Investigation d. Central Intelligence Agency Ans: C Learning Objective: 6.2: Examine the strategies to improve coordination.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Horizontal Cooperation Difficulty Level: Medium 38. A ______ links agencies horizontally. a. interagency agreement b. clearance procedure c. interagency committee d. lead agency formula Ans: B Learning Objective: 6.2: Examine the strategies to improve coordination.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Horizontal Cooperation Difficulty Level: Easy 39. Central purchasing offices are examples of ______ activities. a. control b. core c. auxiliary d. line Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Auxiliary Role Difficulty Level: Easy 40. Which of the following characterizes the executive branch’s organization? a. stability b. fluidity c. variability d. adaptability Ans: A Learning Objective: 6.3: Chart the advantages and disadvantages of structural reorganization to solve organizational problems.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Obstacles to Reorganization Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False 1. Vertical coordination is sometimes associated with warring agencies.

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: T Learning Objective: 6.2: Examine the strategies to improve coordination.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Vertical Coordination Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Horizontal cooperation may include agencies coming together on the basis of coercion.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 6.2: Examine the strategies to improve coordination.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Horizontal Cooperation Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Auxiliary staff provides basic housekeeping functions.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6.1: Understand the sources of organizational performance problems.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Role of Staff Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Staff and line activities are synonymous.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 6.1: Understand the sources of organizational performance problems.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Role of Staff Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Auxiliary units inevitably exercise specialized control functions, especially because top executives rarely want to invest their scarce time in housekeeping disputes.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6.1: Understand the sources of organizational performance problems.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Solutions?

Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Actual reorganization of government is common.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 6.2: Examine the strategies to improve coordination.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Reorganization Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 7. According to public administration scholars, the choice of organizational structure is not a political move by public administrators.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 6.3: Chart the advantages and disadvantages of structural reorganization to solve organizational problems.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Conclusion Difficulty Level: Medium 8. The very choice of organizational structure for one agency often creates the foundations for conflict with others.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6.1: Understand the sources of organizational performance problems.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Interagency Conflict Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Coordination requires intervention by a coordinator, which is a vertical activity.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6.1: Understand the sources of organizational performance problems.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Interagency Conflict Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Employees who manage the core functions of an agency are staff officials. Those who support their work are line officials.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 6.2: Examine the strategies to improve coordination.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Role of Staff Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer 1. Who coined the term neutral competence and what is it?

Ans: Answers will vary. In 1956, Herbert Kaufman argued that the three basic organizational values were neutral competence, executive leadership, and representativeness. The quest for neutral competence calls for the creation of a highly skilled bureaucracy insulated from the political interference that can undermine efficiency. This does not mean that bureaucracy is politically unaccountable or unresponsive, but it does mean that organizational designers must take care to minimize political meddling in issues that deal with the technical parts of administration.

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 6.1: Understand the sources of organizational performance problems.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 2. What is the biggest difference between horizontal and vertical coordination?

Ans: Answers will vary. Horizontal coordination is marked by willing agencies coming together to solve a problem or work on a project; vertical coordination is marked by authority whereby a coordinator forces cooperation.

Learning Objective: 6.2: Examine the strategies to improve coordination.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Interagency Coordination Difficulty Level: Medium 3. What role does a pure-staff official fulfill?

Ans: Answers will vary. Pure staff serves as the managers’ top assistants; they provide managers with their perceptions on critical concepts and ideas affecting the agency, mission, and so forth. They provide the manager with both original ideas and screened ideas of others.

Learning Objective: 6.2: Examine the strategies to improve coordination.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Pure-Staff Role Difficulty Level: Easy 4. What does control staff do?

Ans: Answers will vary. Control staff helps top officials secure leverage over the organization.

Learning Objective: 6.2: Examine the strategies to improve coordination.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Role of Staff Difficulty Level: Easy 5. What are interagency agreements?

Ans: Answers will vary. Interagency agreements are negotiated agreements between government agencies that outline boundaries and expectations associated with horizontal coordinative efforts.

Learning Objective: 6.2: Examine the strategies to improve coordination.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Horizontal Cooperation Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 1. One of the four persistent organizational concerns for government is the choice among criteria of good organization. What are some of those organizational criteria?

Ans: Answers will vary. The organizational criteria are public acceptance; adaptability; consistency of decisions; professional competence; participation, representation, and diversity; effective database; cost and timeliness; promotion of private efficiency; accountability to the president; accountability to Congress; and compatibility with state regulation. I will elaborate on both public acceptance and professional competence.

Public acceptance is the amount of trust the public places in the integrity, fairness, and judiciousness of the information and decisions a system generates. Professional competence is the degree to which a system makes it easy to recruit high-caliber professionals and makes effective use of their talents.

Learning Objective: 6.1: Understand the sources of organizational performance problems.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Good Organizations Difficulty Level: Medium 2. How does interagency conflict arise from a mismatch of organizational bases? Make sure to list all four bases in your answer.

Ans: Answers will vary. The four bases are purpose, process, clientele, and place. If some agencies are purpose based and others are clientele based, then certain predictable consequences follow. For instance, agents of the purpose-based FBI were killed while serving warrants on an Indian reservation that is under the jurisdiction of the clientele-based Bureau of Indian Affairs. Other conflicts often grow up within departments that are organized by both function and area. For instance, the State Department has units by region as well as functional units on human rights and refugee programs. Yet, it is usually difficult to get action on any functional problem without dealing with individual nations, and that requires the department’s traditional countrybased structure.

Learning Objective: 6.1: Understand the sources of organizational performance problems.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Interagency Conflict Difficulty Level: Hard 3. Another area of organizational concern for government is the role of staff. What are the different types of staff roles?

Ans: Answers will vary. Staff activities differ from line (or operating) activities because the role of the former is one of assistance to, not command of, line officials. There are three types of staff roles. Pure-staff provide general support to the agency’s line activities and specifically identify issues likely to require presidential action and assure due process by permitting each interested department an opportunity to state its case.

Auxiliary staff provides a basic housekeeping function such as accounting and research.

Control staff helps top officials secure leverage over the organization by monitoring performance and enforcing compliance with standards and procedures.

Learning Objective: 6.2: Examine the strategies to improve coordination.

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Role of Staff Difficulty Level: Medium 4. What are the president’s options when attempting a comprehensive reorganization of the executive branch?

Ans: Answers will vary. A president can seek comprehensive reorganization of the executive branch through an act of Congress. This option will stir opposition among interest groups content within the existing structure. The president could also choose to focus reorganization efforts on a handful of bureaus. But sometimes the opposition to such limited action can be just as fierce, however, and it always has a less sweeping impact. In fact, some bureaus have proven immovable despite long histories of recommendations for restructuring.

Learning Objective: 6.3: Chart the advantages and disadvantages of structural reorganization to solve organizational problems.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Reorganization Difficulty Level: Medium 5. What type of organizational conflict emerged during the September 11 attacks that resulted in the creation of a new department? In your answer, make sure to name that new department and discuss whether or not it solved the problems.

Ans: Answers will vary. Investigation of the September 11 tragedy became an example of conflict among purpose-based agencies in that information sharing among American intelligence agencies is a source of problems. If information was freely shared between the organizations, some posit the attacks might have been prevented. The Department of Homeland Security was created by Congress to, according to the text, “devise a better way of connecting the dots among any piece of information that might be collected.” Unfortunately however, the new department did not include any of the U.S.’s key intelligence bureaus such as the National Security Agency, the Defense Intelligence Agency, the Central Intelligence Agency or the FBI so the problem remained unsolved as each agency fought behind the scenes for their independence from this congressionally formed department.

Learning Objective: 6.1: Understand the sources of organizational performance problems.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Conflicts among Purpose-Based Agencies Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021

Test Bank Chapter 7: Administrative Reform Multiple Choice 1. The recent approaches to public management reform question the bureaucratic orthodoxy based on ______. a. downsizing b. authority and hierarchy c. motivation d. reengineering Ans: B Learning Objective: 7.1: Explore the competing theories on administrative reform.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Conflicting Theories Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Delegation of authority on the basis of expertise and democratic accountability through hierarchical control are the principles found in ______. a. traditional public administration b. motivation c. reengineering d. downsizing Ans: A Learning Objective: 7.1: Explore the competing theories on administrative reform.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Conflicting Theories Difficulty Level: Easy 3. In terms of American governmental reform, the ______ government has often been the last link in the chain. a. local b. state c. federal d. private companies Ans: C Learning Objective: 7.1: Explore the competing theories on administrative reform.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Reform in America Difficulty Level: Easy 4. In the United States, the most innovative administrative thinking has often occurred in the ______. a. local government

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. state government c. federal government d. private sector Ans: D Learning Objective: 7.1: Explore the competing theories on administrative reform.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Reform in America Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Shrinking government is the goal of which type of reform? a. e-government b. downsizing c. reengineering d. motivation Ans: B Learning Objective: 7.3: Put the American efforts at reform in a global context.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: All the World’s a Stage Difficulty Level: Easy 6. What is the most important component of reengineering? a. process b. plans c. budgets d. policy Ans: A Learning Objective: 7.1: Explore the competing theories on administrative reform.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Reengineering Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Reinventing government and the Taxpayer Bill of Rights are examples of which type of reform? a. e-government b. motivation c. downsizing d. reengineering Ans: C Learning Objective: 7.1: Explore the competing theories on administrative reform.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Downsizing Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Reengineering focuses on improving organizations from the ______. a. outside–in b. bottom–up

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 c. top–down d. inside–out Ans: C Learning Objective: 7.1: Explore the competing theories on administrative reform.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Reengineering Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Total quality management is most associated with which type of reform? a. reengineering b. motivation c. downsizing d. e-government Ans: B Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine the alternative approaches to reform, in both process and structure.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Motivation Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Although all governments across the globe are reforming public administration, the most noteworthy and successful transformations have occurred in ______. a. the United Nations b. developing nations c. developed nations d. communist nations Ans: C Learning Objective: 7.3: Put the American efforts at reform in a global context.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: All the World’s a Stage Difficulty Level: Medium 11. According to the text, government reform efforts across the globe ______. a. tend to mix and match downsizing, reengineering, and motivation techniques with little regard for their inherent contradictions b. tend to mix and match downsizing, reengineering, and motivation techniques with great regard for their inherent contradictions c. employ only a single approach to reform at one time d. employ downsizing techniques only after trying motivation techniques Ans: A Learning Objective: 7.3: Put the American efforts at reform in a global context.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Conclusion Difficulty Level: Hard 12. According to the authors, reforms vary with ______ traditions.

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. cultural b. political c. social d. all of these Ans: D Learning Objective: 7.1: Explore the competing theories on administrative reform.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Conflicting Theories Difficulty Level: Easy 13. According to the text, Utah has a long tradition of highly professionalized government based on a strong ______ backbone. a. energy b. information technology c. corrections d. education Ans: B Learning Objective: 7.1: Explore the competing theories on administrative reform.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Conflicting Theories Difficulty Level: Easy 14. According to the authors, management matters only to the degree to which it matters ______. a. politically b. culturally c. socially d. economically Ans: A Learning Objective: 7.3: Put the American efforts at reform in a global context.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Conclusion Difficulty Level: Easy 15. Which of the following reforms is one of the few government reforms that can quickly produce cost savings? a. reengineering b. total quality management c. downsizing d. e-government Ans: C Learning Objective: 7.3: Put the American efforts at reform in a global context.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: All the World’s a Stage Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 16. Process is the fundamental building block of ______. a. e-government b. continuous improvement c. downsizing d. reengineering Ans: D Learning Objective: 7.1: Explore the competing theories on administrative reform.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Reengineering Difficulty Level: Easy 17. Which movement drove Gore’s reinventing government efforts more than any other effort? a. reengineering b. downsizing c. motivation d. e-government Ans: C Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine the alternative approaches to reform, in both process and structure.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Motivation Difficulty Level: Medium 18. The central method used in the motivation approach is ______. a. process b. cooperation c. size d. top-down Ans: B Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine the alternative approaches to reform, in both process and structure.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Motivation Difficulty Level: Easy 19. The American downsizing movement began at the _____ level(s) in the 1970s. a. local b. local and state c. local, state, and federal d. federal Ans: B Learning Objective: 7-1: Explore the competing theories on administrative reform.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Downsizing Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 20. ______, according to Hammer and Champy, begins by putting everything on the table. a. Reengineering b. Downsizing c. Total quality management d. Continuous improvement Ans: A Learning Objective: 7.1: Explore the competing theories on administrative reform.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Reengineering Difficulty Level: Easy 21. ______ focuses on radically redesigning work processes. a. Downsizing b. Total quality management c. Reengineerings d. Continuous improvement Ans: C Learning Objective: 7.1: Explore the competing theories on administrative reform.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Reengineering Difficulty Level: Easy 22. What is reinventing government? a. the George W. Bush administration’s strategy for producing “a government that works better and costs less” b. the Clinton administration’s strategy for producing “a government that works better and costs less” c. the Clinton administration's strategy for producing “a government that increases private sector participation” d. the George W. Bush administration’s strategy for producing “a government that increases private sector participation” Ans: B Learning Objective: 7.1: Explore the competing theories on administrative reform.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Downsizing Difficulty Level: Medium 23. Countries all around the world are mobilizing toward administrative reform and three such countries mentioned by the chapter are ______. a. Netherlands, New Zealand, and Japan b. Italy, Brazil, and Austria c. Sweden, China, and Colombia d. Denmark, Chile, and Malaysia Ans: A

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 7.3: Put the American efforts at reform in a global context.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: All the World’s a Stage Difficulty Level: Easy 24. Motivation is most closely associated with ______. a. a top–down approach b. size c. total quality management d. competition Ans: C Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine the alternative approaches to reform, in both process and structure.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Motivation Difficulty Level: Easy 25. ______ search for breakthrough strategies instead of incremental improvements. a. Total quality managers b. Continuous improvers c. Reengineers d. Downsizers Ans: C Learning Objective: 7.1: Explore the competing theories on administrative reform.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Reengineering Difficulty Level: Easy 26. The Gramm-Rudman Act and the Grace Commission are both examples of which type of reform? a. downsizing b. motivation c. e-government d. reengineering Ans: A Learning Objective: 7.1: Explore the competing theories on administrative reform.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Downsizing Difficulty Level: Medium 27. According to proponents of the downsizing of government, what effect would reduction of revenues have? a. more progressive policy b. conservation of resources c. increased efficiency d. better processes

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: C Learning Objective: 7.1: Explore the competing theories on administrative reform.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Downsizing Difficulty Level: Easy 28. Reengineering advocates ______ reform, in direct contrast to motivation, which insists ______ reforms are best to improve organizations. a. downsizing; upsizing b. bottom-up; top–down c. top-down; bottom–up d. outside-in; inside–out Ans: C Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine the alternative approaches to reform, in both process and structure.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Various Difficulty Level: Medium 29. According to the author, reengineering approaches employ both ______ and ______ tactics. a. procedural; analytical b. incremental; procedural c. thoughtless; ineffective d. procedural; cheap Ans: A Learning Objective: 7.3: Put the American efforts at reform in a global context.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: All the World’s a Stage Difficulty Level: Easy 30. Downsizing’s central focus is on ______. a. process b. transparency c. size d. cooperation Ans: C Learning Objective: 7.1: Explore the competing theories on administrative reform.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Downsizing Difficulty Level: Easy 31. Motivation is focused on ______. a. process b. information c. blunt targets

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. incentives Ans: D Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine the alternative approaches to reform, in both process and structure.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Assessing the Reforms Difficulty Level: Easy 32. Which of the following was identified as one of Michael Barber’s delivery rules? a. be reasonable b. set a large number of well-designed targets c. check for perverse or unintended consequences d. targets are the point Ans: C Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine the alternative approaches to reform, in both process and structure.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Delivery Framework Difficulty Level: Medium 33. According to Michael Barber, ______ should be applied to target setting. a. philosophy b. science c. law d. psychology Ans: B Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine the alternative approaches to reform, in both process and structure.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Delivery Framework Difficulty Level: Easy 34. Which of the following was identified as the most important by Michael Barber? a. targets b. priorities c. delivery units d. moral purposes Ans: D Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine the alternative approaches to reform, in both process and structure.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Delivery Framework Difficulty Level: Medium 35. Which of the following principles does the CompStat strategy implemented in the United States reflect?

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. accurate and timely intelligence b. effective tactics c. rapid deployment d. all of these Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine the alternative approaches to reform, in both process and structure.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Delivery Framework Difficulty Level: Medium 36. ______ is enforced from the outside in by angry citizens. a. Motivation b. Downsizing c. Continuous improvement d. Reengineering Ans: B Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine the alternative approaches to reform, in both process and structure.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Assessing the Reforms Difficulty Level: Easy 37. Reengineering seeks greater organizational efficiency by pursuing a radical change in organizational process through ______. a. radical change b. strategic intervention c. reinforcing positive work d. developing strong metrics Ans: A Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine the alternative approaches to reform, in both process and structure.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Assessing the Reforms Difficulty Level: Easy 38. Which of the following has been adopted in other countries, but have yet to penetrate American government on a broad scale? a. downsizing b. reengineering c. motivation d. delivery frameworks Ans: D Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine the alternative approaches to reform, in both process and structure.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Assessing the Reforms

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Medium 39. The methods of ______ are blunt targets, driven by the assumption that there is ample waste in government to accommodate the cuts. a. downsizing b. reengineering c. motivation d. delivery frameworks Ans: A Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine the alternative approaches to reform, in both process and structure.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Assessing the Reforms Difficulty Level: Easy 40. ______ seek to create structures and processes that focus crisply on defining the most important goals, developing strong metrics, and driving the system to meet them. a. Government incentives b. Delivery frameworks c. Downsizers d. Reengineers Ans: B Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine the alternative approaches to reform, in both process and structure.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Assessing the Reforms Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False 1. The central ideas of public administration reform tend to come from the private sector.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 7.1: Explore the competing theories on administrative reform.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Reform in America Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Many federal government reform efforts have sprung from state and local governments.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 7.1: Explore the competing theories on administrative reform.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Reform in America Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 3. The Private Sector Survey on Cost Control is a form of downsizing reform.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 7.1: Explore the competing theories on administrative reform.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Downsizing Difficulty Level: Easy 4. The Balanced Budget and Emergency Control Act is a form of reengineering.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 7.1: Explore the competing theories on administrative reform.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Downsizing Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Administrative reform has become the inescapable imperative of modern management, both in the United States and abroad.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 7.1: Explore the competing theories on administrative reform.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 6. According to Deming, costs decline as quality increases.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine the alternative approaches to reform, in both process and structure.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Motivation Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Private solutions and public problems are not often well matched.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 7.1: Explore the competing theories on administrative reform.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Reform in America Difficulty Level: Easy 8. The new ideas driving bureaucratic reform are neither orthodox nor universal.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 7.1: Explore the competing theories on administrative reform.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Conflicting Theories Difficulty Level: Easy 9. it is the cultural aspect of the administrative process that matters most.

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: F Learning Objective: 7.3: Put the American efforts at reform in a global context.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Conclusion Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Almost every major government around the world has tried to downsize to cut costs and to produce real savings.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 7.3: Put the American efforts at reform in a global context.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: All the World’s a Stage Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer 1. Briefly describe the downsizing movement.

Ans: Answers will vary. The downsizing movement centers on cuts to wasteful or duplicative programs. The central idea is that managers should do more with less.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Explore the competing theories on administrative reform.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Downsizing Difficulty Level: Easy 2. How does reengineering work?

Ans: Answers will vary. Reengineering seeks to overhaul organizations from the ground up through innovative thinking about processes (the building block) and making vast improvements to these processes.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Explore the competing theories on administrative reform.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Reengineering Difficulty Level: East 3. How was the Clinton–Gore effort to reinvent government supposed to cut costs?

Ans: Answers will vary. Cost savings were supposed to occur through cutting the federal workforce by 12 percent over a 5-year period. Positions belonging to unnecessary layers of the bureaucracy would be eliminated (252,000 identified positions).

Learning Objective: 7.1: Explore the competing theories on administrative reform.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Downsizing Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Fundamentally, how do reengineering and motivation differ?

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: Answers will vary. Reengineering insists on top-down solutions, whereas continuous improvement depends on bottom–up approaches to improve organizations.

Learning Objective: 7.2: Examine the alternative approaches to reform, in both process and structure.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Various Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Identify the fundamental paradox of American public administration.

Ans: The fundamental paradox of American public administration is that there is an enduring sense that public bureaucracy is a large, immovable object, and there is a fundamental belief that top executives need to produce deep, constant change.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Explore the competing theories on administrative reform.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Reform in America Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay 1. Where have the new methods and approaches to American governmental reform originated? What is your perception of the federal government looking to these sources? Why? Ans: Answers will vary. Many American governmental reforms have sprung from the private sector and from state and local governments. First, the most innovative administrative thinking has occurred in the private sector. Public managers anxious to save money and improve service delivery have often looked to corporate strategies and tactics. Second, American governmental reforms have tended to bubble up from the experiments of state and local governments, rather than moving from the federal government down.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Explore the competing theories on administrative reform.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Reform in America Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Describe three major downsizing efforts in American government during the late twentieth century.

Ans: Answers will vary. In 1992, Colorado passed a constitutional amendment called the Taxpayer Bill of Rights (TABOR) to limit tax increases. In 1984, the President’s Private Sector Survey on Cost Control (Grace Commission) produced 2,500 recommendations that its report said would save $425 billion over three years. In 1985, the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act (Gramm–Rudman) forced both Congress and the president to begin bringing the federal deficit under control.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Explore the competing theories on administrative reform.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Downsizing

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Compare and contrast the three major reforms: downsizing, reengineering, and motivation. Which is the strongest type of reform according to the text, and why?

Ans: Answers will vary. Downsizing is motivated by pressures from the outside, the citizenry, to constantly decrease government spending. The assumption is that government is wasting taxpayer dollars and as such government needs to be made smaller. Reengineering restructures organizational processes to increase administrative efficiency by modeling ideas on the private sector using a top-down approach.

Motivation seeks to improve the results of government by creating stronger incentives among employees for strong performance and by reinforcing positive work. It builds on the relationship between workers and their supervisors. The assumptions embedded in each movement clashes with the other two movements. And in the final analysis, the text says we do not know which one works best, and finding out is impossible because it is impossible to test any in a pure form.

Learning Objective: Various Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Various Difficulty Level: Hard 4. Administrative reform is not a phenomenon exclusive to the United States, and in fact, the text mentions many countries undergoing different types of government reform.

Select two of the countries mentioned in the text and briefly describe their reform strategies.

Ans: Answers will vary. New Zealand is doing a type of reengineering approach that allows government officials to administer programs that cut across agency boundaries.

New Zealand is also involved in reforming its performance management hand in hand with financial management in ways that are transforming the public sector. Like New Zealand, the United Kingdom is also reengineering to allow performance management and financial reforms to be renovated in such a way that costs are minimized. The United Kingdom is also promoting “joined-up government,” a tactic that improves service coordination.

Learning Objective: 7.3: Put the American efforts at reform in a global context.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: All the World’s a Stage Difficulty Level: Hard 5. Explain the three important truths that characterize public management reform in the United States.

Ans: Answers will vary. Students should identify and explain the following: First, America was born in revolution and, from its earliest days, its officials have built constant movements for reform. Second, in the United States, the most innovative administrative thinking has often occurred in the private sector. Third, many American governmental reforms have tended to move up from the experiments of state and local governments, rather than move from the federal government down; the federal government has often been the last link in the chain.

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 7.1: Explore the competing theories on administrative reform.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Reform in America Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021

Test Bank Chapter 8: The Civil Service Multiple Choice 1. Government workers have an obligation to ______. a. transparency b. accountability c. legitimacy d. flexibility Ans: B Learning Objective: 8.1: Examine the work of public employees.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 2. The civil service system is one of the most important contributions of the ______ Era. a. Progressive b. New Deal c. Civil Rights d. Gilded Age Ans: A Learning Objective: 8.1: Examine the work of public employees.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 3. The Hatch Act prohibits federal workers from ______. a. being involved in political campaigns b. benefiting from patronage c. rejecting their right to privacy d. joining a union Ans: A Learning Objective: 8.3: Explore the ongoing issues surrounding the civil service.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Political Activity Difficulty Level: Easy 4. In 1981, President Reagan fired 11,000 air traffic controllers because they ______. a. encouraged political activity b. were part of reductions in force c. were striking, in violation of the law d. were underperforming Ans: C

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 8.3: Explore the ongoing issues surrounding the civil service.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Unionization and Collective Bargaining Difficulty Level: Easy 5. In economic downturns, state and local governments have relied on ______. a. grade creep b. buyouts c. position classification d. reductions in force Ans: D Learning Objective: 8.2: Understand the basic principles and practices of the civil service system, including strategies for hiring new employees.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Separation from Government Service Difficulty Level: Easy 6. What is the civil service system? a. a series of interlocking subsystems: one for position classification, one for hiring, and one for compensation b. the identification of the specific knowledge a job requires, the job’s level of difficulty, and the job’s responsibilities c. the collection of government positions d. the collection of rules and procedures that govern agencies in the federal government Ans: A Learning Objective: 8.1: Examine the work of public employees.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Conclusion Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Three fundamental elements of the civil service system are ______. a. pay, performance, and vacation b. classification, staffing, and compensation c. health insurance, office space, and direct deposit d. classification, staffing, and paperwork Ans: B Learning Objective: 8.2: Understand the basic principles and practices of the civil service system, including strategies for hiring new employees.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Fundamental Elements of the Civil Service System Difficulty Level: Easy 8. According to the text, which of the following people are given preference? a. males b. veterans c. teachers

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. whites Ans: B Learning Objective: 8.2: Understand the basic principles and practices of the civil service system, including strategies for hiring new employees.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Veterans’ Preference Difficulty Level: Easy 9. The burden for building a case for firing a government worker is substation, so many supervisors choose to put up with the poor performers or recommend ______. a. buyouts b. RIFs c. transfers d. grade creeps Ans: C Learning Objective: 8.2: Understand the basic principles and practices of the civil service system, including strategies for hiring new employees.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Separation from Government Service Difficulty Level: Easy 10. The first building block of the civil service system is ______. a. unionization b. staffing rules c. compensation rules d. position classification Ans: D Learning Objective: 8.2: Understand the basic principles and practices of the civil service system, including strategies for hiring new employees.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Position Classification Difficulty Level: Easy 11. Government positions are typically graded by the positions’ ______. a. number b. degree of difficulty and responsibility c. location d. compensation Ans: B Learning Objective: 8.2: Understand the basic principles and practices of the civil service system, including strategies for hiring new employees.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Position Classification Difficulty Level: Easy 12. The “rule of three” is generally the first step in ______.

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. the hiring process for someone currently working within government civil service b. promoting someone working within government civil service c. the hiring process for a person currently not working in government civil service d. firing someone at the G-7 level Ans: C Learning Objective: 8.2: Understand the basic principles and practices of the civil service system, including strategies for hiring new employees.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Fundamental Elements of the Civil Service System Difficulty Level: Easy 13. Which group is given preference for government employment? a. youth b. teachers c. veterans d. seniors Ans: C Learning Objective: 8.2: Understand the basic principles and practices of the civil service system, including strategies for hiring new employees.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Veteran’s Preference Difficulty Level: Easy 14. What effect do buyouts and reductions in force have on the government workforce? a. transfer of responsibilities b. expansion of benefits c. reductions in numbers of employees d. reductions in scope of responsibility Ans: C Learning Objective: 8.2: Understand the basic principles and practices of the civil service system, including strategies for hiring new employees.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Separation from Government Service Difficulty Level: Easy 15. What process determines the expertise, level of difficulty, and level of responsibility necessary for a particular job? a. unionization b. grade creep c. position classification d. buyout Ans: C Learning Objective: 8.2: Understand the basic principles and practices of the civil service system, including strategies for hiring new employees.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Position Classification Difficulty Level: Easy 16. What strategy for reducing federal employment roles allows the government to pay employees lump sums in exchange for resigning from their positions? a. annuities b. riffing c. buyouts d. merit promotions Ans: C Learning Objective: 8.2: Understand the basic principles and practices of the civil service system, including strategies for hiring new employees.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Separation from Government Service Difficulty Level: Easy 17. College graduates often qualify for entry-level professional positions, beginning at the General Schedule (GS) level GS-______. a. 5 b. 9 c. 11 d. 15 Ans: A Learning Objective: 8.2: Understand the basic principles and practices of the civil service system, including strategies for hiring new employees.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Position Classification Difficulty Level: Easy 18. The goal of position classification is to choose employees based on ______. a. what applicants know b. whom they know c. where they live d. why they want the job Ans: A Learning Objective: 8.2: Understand the basic principles and practices of the civil service system, including strategies for hiring new employees.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Position Classification Difficulty Level: Easy 19. In workplaces where employees are most engaged ______. a. productivity is higher b. customer satisfaction is lower c. turnover is higher d. absenteeism is higher

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: A Learning Objective: 8.2: Understand the basic principles and practices of the civil service system, including strategies for hiring new employees.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Engaging Workers Difficulty Level: Easy 20. The Recent Graduates Program and the Presidential Management Fellows program are examples of what federal government hiring strategy? a. pathways b. internships c. stars d. bridges Ans: B Learning Objective: 8.2: Understand the basic principles and practices of the civil service system, including strategies for hiring new employees.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Internships Difficulty Level: Medium 21. Which of the following agencies was ranked the best place to work in the federal government? a. Department of Commerce b. NASA c. Social Security Administration d. Department of Homeland Security Ans: B Learning Objective: 8.2: Understand the basic principles and practices of the civil service system, including strategies for hiring new employees.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Engaging Workers Difficulty Level: Medium 22. Which of the following Departments was ranked the worst place to work in the federal government? a. Department of State b. NASA c. Department of Homeland Security d. Social Security Administration Ans: C Learning Objective: 8.2: Understand the basic principles and practices of the civil service system, including strategies for hiring new employees.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Engaging Workers Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 23. Veterans who work for the federal government are more like to be ______. a. male b. white c. have a college degree d. located in the D.C. metropolitan area Ans: A Learning Objective: 8.2: Understand the basic principles and practices of the civil service system, including strategies for hiring new employees.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Veterans’ Preference Difficulty Level: Easy 24. What was identified as a downside of promotions? a. They make it difficult to bring in new ideas. b. They cost more in terms of compensation to the employee. c. They are usually only offered to the favorite employees. d. They strengthen morale.

Ans: A Learning Objective: 8.2: Understand the basic principles and practices of the civil service system, including strategies for hiring new employees.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Promotion Difficulty Level: Easy 25. The biggest lesson from the private sector for government management is that ______. a. people are the most important resource b. getting a job in the federal government is difficult c. compensation determines everything d. patronage still exists Ans: A Learning Objective: 8.1: Examine the work of public employees.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Conclusion Difficulty Level: Medium 26. GS ______ are the clerical levels in the federal civil service system. a. 1–8 b. 7–9 c. 10–16 d. 13–15 Ans: A Learning Objective: 8.2: Understand the basic principles and practices of the civil service system, including strategies for hiring new employees.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Position Classification

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 27. OPM has given agencies ______ flexibility in devising the best tests for their potential employees. a. some b. no c. greater d. unlimited Ans: C Learning Objective: 8.2: Understand the basic principles and practices of the civil service system, including strategies for hiring new employees.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Finding Talent Difficulty Level: Easy 28. ______ can occur when government agencies try to seek higher classifications for existing positions. a. Grade creep b. Reductions in force c. Buyout d. A grade decrease Ans: A Learning Objective: 8.2: Understand the basic principles and practices of the civil service system, including strategies for hiring new employees.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Position Classification Difficulty Level: Easy 29. Which of the following were identified as the most important goals of the civil service system? a. patronage and legitimacy b. integrity and accountability c. merit and equity d. efficiency and effectiveness Ans: C Learning Objective: 8.1: Examine the work of public employees.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Conclusion Difficulty Level: Medium 30. According to Patricia W. Ingraham, the system’s “problems highlight the difficulties created by the long-term emphasis on ______.” a. managing b. administering c. restructuring d. organizing

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: B Learning Objective: 8.1: Examine the work of public employees.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Conclusion Difficulty Level: Medium 31. Which of the following were identified as the values of the civil service system? a. effectiveness b. politics c. accountability d. all of these Ans: D Learning Objective: 8.1: Examine the work of public employees.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Conclusion Difficulty Level: Medium 32. According to the authors, nearly everyone agrees that the civil service ______. a. rules hinder the performance of public programs b. undercuts government’s responsiveness c. creates inflexibility and inefficiency d. works, but it needs some fine-tuning Ans: A Learning Objective: 8.3: Explore the ongoing issues surrounding the civil service.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Conclusion Difficulty Level: Medium 33. Most levels of government impose “cooling-off periods,” ranging from six months to several years, during which individuals may ______. a. not contact their former employer on government issues b. contact their former employer on government issues c. not get any position that requires their governmental expertise d. get a position that requires their governmental expertise Ans: A Learning Objective: 8.3: Explore the ongoing issues surrounding the civil service.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Revolving-Door Restrictions Difficulty Level: Medium 34. According to the Hatch Act, state and local employees may ______. a. be candidates for public office in partisan elections b. use official authority or influence to interfere with or affect the results of an election or nomination c. directly or indirectly coerce contributions from subordinate in support of a political party or candidate

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. run for public office in nonpartisan elections Ans: D Learning Objective: 8.3: Explore the ongoing issues surrounding the civil service.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Political Activity Difficulty Level: Medium 35. Public officials do not have the right to ______. a. due process b. freedom of religion c. bear arms d. freedom of speech Ans: D Learning Objective: 8.3: Explore the ongoing issues surrounding the civil service.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Political Activity Difficulty Level: Easy 36. According to the Hatch Act, federal and D.C. employees may not ______. a. register and vote as they choose b. assist in voter registration c. solicit or receive political contributions d. express opinions about candidates and issues Ans: C Learning Objective: 8.3: Explore the ongoing issues surrounding the civil service.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Political Activity Difficulty Level: Easy 37. Federal employees working for the ______ have greater limits on their political activities. a. FBI b. CIA c. Secret Service d. all of these Ans: D Learning Objective: 8.3: Explore the ongoing issues surrounding the civil service.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Political Activity Difficulty Level: Easy 38. In state and local governments, bargaining focuses on ______. a. pensions b. health care c. annual salary increases d. all of these

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: D Learning Objective: 8.3: Explore the ongoing issues surrounding the civil service.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Unionization and Collective Bargaining Difficulty Level: Medium 39. Federal government unions are more likely to bargain for ______. a. job security b. meal periods c. pensions d. health care Ans: A Learning Objective: 8.3: Explore the ongoing issues surrounding the civil service.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Unionization and Collective Bargaining Difficulty Level: Easy 40. According to the authors, the salary gap varies by ______. a. age b. specialization or field c. level of education d. gender Ans: C Learning Objective: 8.2: Understand the basic principles and practices of the civil service system, including strategies for hiring new employees.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Compensation Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False 1. Civil service positions must be open to all, without providing anyone an inside track Ans: T Learning Objective: 8.1: Examine the work of public employees.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Fundamental Elements of the Civil Service System Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Across all levels of government, unions represent five times the share of the workforce than in the private sector.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 8.3: Explore the ongoing issues surrounding the civil service.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Unionization and Collective Bargaining Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 3. The term five-point veteran refers to the number of years that a veteran served in the armed forces that can be applied toward federal retirement.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 8.2: Understand the basic principles and practices of the civil service system, including strategies for hiring new employees.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Veterans’ Preference Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Revolving-door restrictions allow federal employees to move easily between federal agencies and private-sector businesses with which they have conducted official government business.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 8.3: Explore the ongoing issues surrounding the civil service.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Revolving-Door Restrictions Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Employees already holding career positions in civil service advance principally by reductions in force (RIFs).

Ans: F Learning Objective: 8.2: Understand the basic principles and practices of the civil service system, including strategies for hiring new employees.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Separation from Government Service Difficulty Level: Easy 6. The Pendleton Act, which established the principle of fair competition, is based on merit, for almost all government jobs.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 8.1: Examine the work of public employees.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Fundamental Elements of the Civil Service System Difficulty Level: Easy 7. The federal civil service system has fifteen grades in the General Schedule (GS), which governs most employees.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 8.2: Understand the basic principles and practices of the civil service system, including strategies for hiring new employees.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Position Classification Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 8. Veterans have an advantage in hiring, but they also tend to leave slower than nonveterans.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 8.2: Understand the basic principles and practices of the civil service system, including strategies for hiring new employees.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Veterans’ Preference Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Governments at all levels not only prohibit discrimination in hiring.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 8.2: Understand the basic principles and practices of the civil service system, including strategies for hiring new employees.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Diversity Difficulty Level: Easy 10. The government’s civil service system is broken.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 8.3: Explore the ongoing issues surrounding the civil service.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Conclusion Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer 1. Which federal government job applicants receive preferences for government positions? Is this strategy fair? Why? Ans: Answers will vary. In the federal system, veterans are given preference. They earn a five-point bonus; if they are disabled, they get a ten-point bonus.

Learning Objective: 8.2: Understand the basic principles and practices of the civil service system, including strategies for hiring new employees.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Veterans’ Preference Difficulty Level: Hard

2. The commitment to the civil service rests on which fundamental fact?

Ans: The quality of the government’s performance depends heavily on the skill of its workers.

Learning Objective: 8.1: Examine the work of public employees.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 3. What are buyouts?

Ans: Answers will vary. Buyouts are provided to employees (from their employers) as cash incentives to separate from service.

Learning Objective: 8.2: Understand the basic principles and practices of the civil service system, including strategies for hiring new employees.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Separation from Government Service Difficulty Level: Easy 4. What are civil servants?

Ans: They are the basic building blocks upon which public administration rests.

Learning Objective: 8.1: Examine the work of public employees.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 5. When is collective bargaining the most effective?

Ans: It is most effective when unions can back their bargaining position up with the power to strike.

Learning Objective: 8.3: Explore the ongoing issues surrounding the civil service.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Unionization and Collective Bargaining Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay 1. Dating as far back as the Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883, several principals have distinguished the civil service from other types of careers. What are they?

Ans: Answers will vary. The text outlines a number of facts about government civil service systems that make them unique. First, the government hires by merit, which is not always the case in the private sector. Government workers also receive pay according to their position, not their personal characteristics. Government workers receive many protections from political interference and dismissal in exchange for their agreement to abide by laws and regulations. Finally, in doing their work, government workers have an obligation to accountability, to administer the law to the best of their ability regardless of their personal views.

Learning Objective: 8.2: Understand the basic principles and practices of the civil service system, including strategies for hiring new employees.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Hard 2. How does position classification for government agencies work?

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: Answers will vary. An agency goes through the process of position classification, which includes identifying the position in terms of the special knowledge the job requires, its level of difficulty, and the responsibilities that come with it. Each position opening is described by GS level and occupation, which in turn define the qualifications an applicant must meet in order to be considered for the position. In the federal GS system, Levels 1–8 tend to be clerical positions. With a master’s degree, an applicant may qualify for placement at the GS-7 or GS-9 level, whereas Levels 10 and above tend to be managerial levels that require higher levels of experience.

Learning Objective: 8.2: Understand the basic principles and practices of the civil service system, including strategies for hiring new employees.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Position Classification Difficulty Level: Hard 3. Why do governments implement revolving-door restrictions?

Ans: Answers will vary. Most governments restrict activities of employees after they leave government service, for two reasons. First, the restrictions seek to prevent government officials from using their positions to set themselves up in lucrative jobs after their government employment. Many higher-level officials have the power to award contracts, and it would be tempting to use that power to steer contracts to a company and then jump to that company in a high-paying position to manage the work. Second, the restrictions seek to prevent government officials from joining a company and then using their vast network of government contracts to pull business to their new employer.

Learning Objective: 8.3: Explore the ongoing issues surrounding the civil service.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Revolving-Door Restrictions Difficulty Level: Medium 4. What do agencies and unions bargain about?

Ans: Answers will vary. It has been mostly about the assignment and scheduling of work (overtime, workweek definition, temporary assignments, shift hours, work breaks, and meal periods), grievances and other procedures, safety, employee counseling, technological displacement, and the color of wall paint. Compared with the private sector and state and local governments, the federal bargaining table is a meager one: many highly significant issues relating to pay, job security, promotions, and fringe benefits that are accepted as negotiable in the private sector are precluded from bargaining at the federal level. On many issues, federal statutes accord unions the right to be consulted— but consultation is not bargaining.

Learning Objective: 8.3: Explore the ongoing issues surrounding the civil service.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Unionization and Collective Bargaining Difficulty Level: Hard 5. What is the Hatch Act, and how did it affect public employees?

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: Answers will vary. In 1939, Congress adopted An Act to Prevent Pernicious Political Activities, called the Hatch Act after its sponsor, Senator Carl Hatch. The basic policy is this: they cannot engage in political behavior while on the job. In their off-work hours, however, they can express opinions, contribute money to political campaigns, sign up voters (even if for a particular political party), and even run for office. They cannot, however, do anything in their official capacity that would suggest any political favoritism in the way their do their jobs.

Learning Objective: 8.3: Explore the ongoing issues surrounding the civil service.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Political Activity Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021

Test Bank Chapter 9: Human Capital Multiple Choice 1. According to GAO, there are big gaps in which of the following occupations? a. clerks b. auditors c. data analysts d. congressional researchers Ans: B Learning Objective: 9.1: Understand the meaning and importance of human capital for the performance of government.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Skill Gaps Difficulty Level: Medium 2. There is universal agreement that ______ is the very heart and soul of modern decision making and organizations. a. information technology b. science c. mathematics d. engineering Ans: A Learning Objective: 9.1: Understand the meaning and importance of human capital for the performance of government.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 3. The challenge of matching talent to problems is called ______. a. reskilling b. turnover c. human capital d. performance management Ans: B Learning Objective: 9.1: Understand the meaning and importance of human capital for the performance of government.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Human Capital Challenge Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Which of the following does turnover of political appointees create? a. the undermining of teamwork

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. the undermining of obedience to superiors c. an endless need for staffing d. all of these Ans: D Learning Objective: 9.3: Examine the role of leadership in the public service.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Recruitment and Retention Difficulty Level: Medium 5. The process of helping workers update the professional training they bring to their jobs is referred to as ______. a. reskilling b. recruiting c. hiring d. training Ans: A Learning Objective: 9.1: Understand the meaning and importance of human capital for the performance of government.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Reskilling Difficulty Level: Easy 6. What term did presidential appointment scholar use to explain the increase in the number of political appointees? a. spread b. thickened c. layered d. bottleneck Ans: B Learning Objective: 9.3: Examine the role of leadership in the public service.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Political Leadership Difficulty Level: Easy 7. The Volcker Commission argued that the number of political appointees was ______. a. creating institutional memory b. necessary to accomplish tasks c. a reaction to congressional demands d. an impediment to government performance Ans: D Learning Objective: 9.3: Examine the role of leadership in the public service.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: How Many Are Too Many?

Difficulty Level: Easy 8. The government workforce is getting ______.

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. younger b. older c. smaller d. less diverse Ans: B Learning Objective: 9.1: Understand the meaning and importance of human capital for the performance of government.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Human Capital Challenge Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Which of the following rises as the workforce grows older? a. the rate of unemployment b. the costs of restructuring c. the rate of retirement d. the costs of buyouts Ans: C Learning Objective: 9.1: Understand the meaning and importance of human capital for the performance of government.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Human Capital Challenge Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Because the number of leaders in each layer of the federal government has risen over the past few decades, ______. a. the number of political appointees has increased b. departments have become more flexible c. merit pay has increased d. performance measurement has decreased Ans: A Learning Objective: 9.3: Examine the role of leadership in the public service.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Political Leadership Difficulty Level: Medium 11. The two biggest problems with political appointees’ work histories are that they lack ______. a. knowledge in human capital and measuring results b. experience in management and the private sector c. experience in management and the federal executive branch d. knowledge in measuring results and a solid educational background Ans: C Learning Objective: 9.3: Examine the role of leadership in the public service.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Recruitment and Retention Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 12. Knowledge workers are referred to as the ______ class of the knowledge society. a. leading b. ruling c. working d. lower Ans: A Learning Objective: 9.1: Understand the meaning and importance of human capital for the performance of government.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Recruiting the Next Generation of Workers Difficulty Level: Easy 13. In 1996, Governor Zell Miller of Georgia abolished ______. a. his state’s merit system b. at-will empowerment c. performance management d. broadbanding Ans: A Learning Objective: 9.2: Explore the alternatives for reforming the civil service and improving the government’s human capital.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Rethinking the Meaning of Merit Difficulty Level: Easy 14. Experts have long pointed to the rise of a ______ society. a. economic b. cultural c. elite d. knowledge Ans: D Learning Objective: 9.1: Understand the meaning and importance of human capital for the performance of government.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Recruiting the Next Generation of Workers Difficulty Level: Easy 15. ______ always have strong expectations about what they think the government ought to do because they have to answer to voters. a. Managers b. Supervisors c. Employees d. Elected officials Ans: D Learning Objective: 9.1: Understand the meaning and importance of human capital for the performance of government.

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Jobs of the Future Difficulty Level: Easy 16. ______ is likely to change almost every job. a. Science b. Information technology c. Politics d. Mathematics Ans: B Learning Objective: 9.1: Understand the meaning and importance of human capital for the performance of government.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Reskilling Difficulty Level: Easy 17. Which of the following types of jobs are the strongest candidates for automation? a. financial accounting b. collecting and processing data c. garbage and sanitation services d. all of these Ans: A Learning Objective: 9.1: Understand the meaning and importance of human capital for the performance of government.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Reskilling Difficulty Level: Medium 18. Handwriting recognition systems are an example of ______. a. robots b. cognitive automation c. computer vision d. rules-based systems Ans: B Learning Objective: 9.1: Understand the meaning and importance of human capital for the performance of government.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Reskilling Difficulty Level: Medium 19. In 2001, what changes did Florida make to its civil service system? a. The state made enhancements to its pension contribution calculations. b. The state made government supervisors at-will employees. c. The state made all government employees at-will employees. d. The state stripped most government employees of their pension.

Ans: B

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 9.2: Explore the alternatives for reforming the civil service and improving the government’s human capital.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Rethinking the Meaning of Merit Difficulty Level: Easy 20. When employees work at home or on the road it is referred to as ______. a. remote b. telework c. freelance d. contract work Ans: B Learning Objective: 9.1: Understand the meaning and importance of human capital for the performance of government.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Telework Difficulty Level: Easy 21. Employees who telework tend to be ______. a. more stress b. less flexible c. more engaged d. less social Ans: C Learning Objective: 9.1: Understand the meaning and importance of human capital for the performance of government.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Telework Difficulty Level: Easy 22. Which of the following was identified as a broad mission-critical competency? a. problem solving b. interpersonal communication c. common sense d. multitasking Ans: A Learning Objective: 9.1: Understand the meaning and importance of human capital for the performance of government.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Skill Gaps Difficulty Level: Medium 23. Who of the following is more likely to ignore human capital? a. top government leaders b. lower government leaders c. entry-level employees

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. middle-level employees Ans: A Learning Objective: 9.2: Explore the alternatives for reforming the civil service and improving the government’s human capital.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Leadership Difficulty Level: Easy 24. According to Kay Coles, the crisis is in the ______ process. a. budget b. policymaking c. hiring d. training Ans: C Learning Objective: 9.2: Explore the alternatives for reforming the civil service and improving the government’s human capital.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Hiring, Developing, and Retaining Talent Difficulty Level: Easy 25. According to the text, career leaders are a(n) ______. a. unskilled yet entrenched group b. highly specialized and high-performing group c. unpredictable group d. untrained cadre Ans: B Learning Objective: 9.3: Examine the role of leadership in the public service.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Conclusion Difficulty Level: Easy 26. In 2014, the Partnership for Public Service proposed a plan to collapse the levels of General Schedule from 15 to ______. a. 3 b. 11 c. 5 d. 9 Ans: C Learning Objective: 9.2: Explore the alternatives for reforming the civil service and improving the government’s human capital.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: New Flexibility for the Personnel System Difficulty Level: Easy 27. One of the government’s toughest problems has become ______. a. recruiting and hiring replacements for the baby boomers

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. identifying the skills it needs to get work done c. allocating enough monies to recruitment and hiring efforts d. identifying and implementing appropriate performance standards Ans: B Learning Objective: 9.1: Understand the meaning and importance of human capital for the performance of government.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Conclusion Difficulty Level: Medium 28. The number of political appointments at the top of the bureaucracy in the United States is ______. a. a lot smaller than in other countries b. about the same as in other countries c. slightly larger than in other countries d. a lot larger than in other countries Ans: D Learning Objective: 9.1: Understand the meaning and importance of human capital for the performance of government.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Conclusion Difficulty Level: Easy 29. In 2001, the ______ identified human capital management as a high-risk area facing the entire government. a. GAO b. OMB c. Senior Executive Service d. president Ans: A Learning Objective: 9.2: Explore the alternatives for reforming the civil service and improving the government’s human capital.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Managing the Human Capital Challenge Difficulty Level: Easy 30. Although they have subject knowledge relevant to their particular responsibilities, ______ often lack government experience. a. leaders in reform movements b. state-level staffers c. federal political appointees d. nonprofit workers Ans: C Learning Objective: 9.3: Examine the role of leadership in the public service.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Recruitment and Retention

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 31. According to Terry Moe, there is a mismatch between the public’s ______ and ______, which leads to a greater number of political appointments. a. expectations of a president; the limited resources available b. attention to politics; flexible departments c. patience with politics; nonprofit workers d. vision for government; state-level staffers Ans: A Learning Objective: 9.3: Examine the role of leadership in the public service.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Political Leadership Difficulty Level: Easy 32. The development of human capital begins ______. a. at the ground level b. at the top c. in Congress d. with the submission of a budget to OMB Ans: B Learning Objective: 9.2: Explore the alternatives for reforming the civil service and improving the government’s human capital.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Leadership Difficulty Level: Easy 33. Political appointees ______. a. have institutional loyalty b. have a deep memory of what has and has not worked in the past c. operate within a brief time frame d. operate within an extended time frame Ans: C Learning Objective: 9.3: Examine the role of leadership in the public service.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Conclusion Difficulty Level: Medium 34. Many political appointees come from ______. a. interest group organizations b. university facilities c. law firms d. all of these Ans: D Learning Objective: 9.3: Examine the role of leadership in the public service.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Recruitment and Retention

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 35. A “lack of continuity of focus” relates to the ______. a. buyouts b. retirements c. turnovers d. recruitments Ans: C Learning Objective: 9.3: Examine the role of leadership in the public service.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Recruitment and Retention Difficulty Level: Easy 36. The number of executives at the top of the federal bureaucracy has been ______ over the past forty years. a. steadily increasing b. steadily declining c. significantly increasing d. significantly declining Ans: A Learning Objective: 9.3: Examine the role of leadership in the public service.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Political Leadership Difficulty Level: Easy 37. Which of the following leaves the president less in command of administrative agencies than are European executives? a. system of separation of powers b. the bicameral nature of legislature c. divided government d. all of these Ans: A Learning Objective: 9.3: Examine the role of leadership in the public service.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Political Leadership Difficulty Level: Medium 38. Paul C. Light compared the bureaucracy to a ______. a. flat pyramid b. fish tank c. circus tent d. movie set Ans: C Learning Objective: 9.3: Examine the role of leadership in the public service.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Political Leadership

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 39. Which of the following countries has the thinnest layer of political officials of any major democracy? a. United States b. France c. Germany d. Denmark Ans: D Learning Objective: 9.3: Examine the role of leadership in the public service.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Leadership in the Public Service Difficulty Level: Easy 40. Which of the following was highlighted by the 2014 Partnership for Public Service plan? a. transparency b. integrity c. ethics d. accountability Ans: D Learning Objective: 9.2: Explore the alternatives for reforming the civil service and improving the government’s human capital.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: New Flexibility for the Personnel System Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False 1. The government workforce, in general, tends to be younger than in the private sector.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 9.1: Understand the meaning and importance of human capital for the performance of government.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Human Capital Challenge Difficulty Level: Easy 2. The United States has a far larger number of political officials at the top of the bureaucracy than do other western democracies.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 9.3: Examine the role of leadership in the public service.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Political Leadership Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 3. The median length of service for presidential appointees is nearly four years.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 9.3: Examine the role of leadership in the public service.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Recruitment and Retention Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Speech recognition and machine translations are examples of artificial intelligence.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 9.1: Understand the meaning and importance of human capital for the performance of government.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Reskilling Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Work-life balance is especially important for younger workers.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 9.1: Understand the meaning and importance of human capital for the performance of government.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Telework Difficulty Level: Easy 6. The cornerstone of human capital is matching the skills of the workforce with the job that government seeks to do.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 9.2: Explore the alternatives for reforming the civil service and improving the government’s human capital.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Strategic Human Capital Planning Difficulty Level: Easy 7. The careers of political appointees and careerists are long.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 9.3: Examine the role of leadership in the public service.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Conclusion Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Recruiting seasoned government professionals to the Senior Executive Service, the federal government’s highest level of career officials, has become more difficult.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 9.3: Examine the role of leadership in the public service.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Problem of Top-Level Leadership Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 9. Political officials provide a larger measure of responsiveness, whereas career administrators bring a larger measure of professional competence Ans: T Learning Objective: 9.3: Examine the role of leadership in the public service.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Leadership in the Public Service Difficulty Level: Medium 10. The 2014 Partnership for Public Service proposed a review of ethical standards in order to improve the human capital system.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 9.2: Explore the alternatives for reforming the civil service and improving the government’s human capital.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: New Flexibility for the Personnel System Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer 1. List the categories that the Partnership for Public Service identified in their plan to improve the government’s human capital system.

Ans: Answers will vary. Students should identify the following: principles, job classification, pay, performance management, hiring, accountability, and executives.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Explore the alternatives for reforming the civil service and improving the government’s human capital.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: New Flexibility for the Personnel System Difficulty Level: Easy 2. In human capital management, what role does leadership play?

Ans: Answers will vary. Successful strategies begin at the top where managers and leaders work to build an organization that has capacity to do needed work and achieve goals.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Explore the alternatives for reforming the civil service and improving the government’s human capital.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Leadership Difficulty Level: Easy 3. What is perhaps the greatest challenge of human capital management?

Ans: Answers will vary. The fundamental challenge lies in matching the skills of government’s workers with the changing strategies and tactics of the government’s operations.

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 9.1: Understand the meaning and importance of human capital for the performance of government.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Recruiting the Next Generation of Workers Difficulty Level: Easy 4. What is reskilling?

Ans: Answers will vary. Retraining employees with new skills that they need to deal with rapid changes in the nature of work.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Understand the meaning and importance of human capital for the performance of government.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Reskilling Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Identify the most important problem caused by turnover, according to Max Stier.

Ans: Answers will vary. According to Max Stier, the most important problem is a lack of continuity of focus.

Learning Objective: 9.3: Examine the role of leadership in the public service.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Recruitment and Retention Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay 1. What are the four ways, as identified by the text, that government can focus on building human capital?

Ans: Answers will vary. First, leadership is an important issue. Top managers need to give sustained attention to management and developing a work force with the capacity to achieve the organization’s goals, with constant improvement of the organization being the focus. Second, government needs to focus on strategic human capital planning, which has often been dismissed. Government needs to be able to mesh its management capacity with its management strategies (when the strategy becomes more complex, so does the personnel system). Third, the government must compete better in hiring top talent and needs to work harder to develop and retain its best employees. Finally, government needs to develop more aggressive performance management systems. In essence, government needs to measure each employee’s performance and connect that employee’s work to the work of the organization.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Explore the alternatives for reforming the civil service and improving the government’s human capital.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Building Human Capital Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 2. Why does the United States have a far larger number of political officials at the top of the bureaucracy compared with other western democracies?

Ans: Answers will vary. The American separation of powers, in contrast to European systems, leaves the president less in command of administrative agencies compared with European executives, who have more administrative freedom. Scholar Terry Moe argued that the mismatch between the public’s extravagant expectations of a president’s performance and the limited resources available to the president for satisfying those expectations makes the president seize the tools readily at hand, namely politicization of appointments and centralization in the White House. Another possible explanation is that some presidents have entered office on campaigns vilifying the bureaucracy and believing that only a small army of their own selection could assure agencies’ responsiveness to presidential policy priorities.

Learning Objective: 9.3: Examine the role of leadership in the public service.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Political Leadership Difficulty Level: Hard 3. What problems are created by rapid-fire turnover of political appointees?

Ans: Answers will vary. The rapid-fire turnover creates a host of problems, the most important of which is what Max Stier calls a lack of “continuity of focus.” Many appointees have barely learned their jobs before they leave, and their departure starts the process up all over again.

Learning Objective: 9.3: Examine the role of leadership in the public service.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Recruitment and Retention Difficulty Level: Medium 4. What was the Volcker Commission? What did it recommend, and what important questions about contemporary public administration did it answer?

Ans: Answers will vary. The Volcker Commission, in 1989, answered the questions associated with whether the growing number of political appointees is a good thing for the administrative process: (1) How many political appointees are needed to achieve the objective? and (2) At what point does the number of such appointees become so large as to frustrate the objective? The Volcker Commission, which included fifteen former top political appointees, agreed in 1989 that “a substantial cut is possible” in the number of political appointees, from the typical number of 3,000 to no more than 2,000.

Basically, due to increased turnover among political appointees, the disruptions and gaps will undermine institutional memory.

Learning Objective: 9.3: Examine the role of leadership in the public service.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: How Many Are Too Many?

Difficulty Level: Hard 5. Among several proposed in 2014 by the Partnership for Public Service, accountability was suggested as a way to improve the federal government’s human capital. What does accountability mean in this instance? Provide a real-life example where this might have

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 been imposed in the past and describe, from your perspective, do you think that this goes to improving the public’s perception of the American government.

Ans: Answers will vary. This implies that workers will be held accountable for their work and actions and be able to be disciplined as needed. Students can provide any example where a government employee might have been held more accountable and were not (e.g., VA employees) and then discuss how stricter accountability would or would not affect public perception of the bureaucracy.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Explore the alternatives for reforming the civil service and improving the government’s human capital.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: New Flexibility for the Personnel System Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021

Test Bank Chapter 10: Decision-Making: Rationality and Risk Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following statements pertaining to fake news is true? a. It is an American phenomenon. b. The idea of fake news is broad and deep. c. Fake news is new. d. President Trump coined the term.

Ans: A Learning Objective: 10.1: Understand the role of information and values in decision-making, including the rising power of “fake news” in government decisions.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Challenge of “Fake News” Difficulty Level: Easy 2. The public-choice approach favors which of the following? a. incrementalism b. privatization c. partisan mutual adjustment d. regulatory negotiation sessions Ans: B Learning Objective: 10.2: Explore rationality as the foundation of decisionmaking, in theory and practice.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Appraisal Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Each major decision-making approach fails to account for ______. a. defining goals b. bargaining c. crises d. calculating consequences Ans: C Learning Objective: 10.4: Probe the limits on decision-making and where existing theories fall short.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Limits on Decision-Making Difficulty Level: Easy 4. What is a major weakness of the bargaining approach? a. lack of attention to calculating consequences

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. lack of attention to identifying alternatives c. lack of complete information d. lack of emphasis on inputs and outputs Ans: C Learning Objective: 10.3: Examine bargaining and other alternatives to rationality in decision-making.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Information Difficulty Level: Easy 5. The first two steps of the rational approach are ______. a. defining goals and seeking advice b. defining goals and identifying alternatives c. seeking advice and perusing the political consequences d. seeking advice and surveying the private sector Ans: B Learning Objective: 10.2: Explore rationality as the foundation of decisionmaking, in theory and practice.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Basic Steps Difficulty Level: Easy 6. What approach does Charles Lindblom advocate for? a. bargaining b. participative c. public choice d. rational Ans: A Learning Objective: 10.3: Examine bargaining and other alternatives to rationality in decision-making.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Bargaining Difficulty Level: Easy 7. What approach holds efficiency as the highest value for decision-makers? a. participative b. bargaining c. rational d. public choice Ans: C Learning Objective: 10.2: Explore rationality as the foundation of decisionmaking, in theory and practice.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Rational Decision-Making Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 8. According to the text, one of the biggest advantages of the participative approach is the ______. a. wealth of information received b. utilization of private sector practices c. response to patronage d. integration of interests of new officials Ans: A Learning Objective: 10.3: Examine bargaining and other alternatives to rationality in decision-making.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Participative Decision-Making: Appraisal Difficulty Level: Easy 9. What approach emphasizes limiting analysis to a few alternatives as opposed to evaluating them all? a. satisficing b. NIMBY phenomenon c. privatization d. incrementalism Ans: D Learning Objective: 10.3: Examine bargaining and other alternatives to rationality in decision-making.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Bargaining Difficulty Level: Easy 10. What approach supports applying business practices within the public sector? a. bargaining b. public choice c. participative d. rational Ans: B Learning Objective: 10.2: Explore rationality as the foundation of decisionmaking, in theory and practice.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Appraisal Difficulty Level: Easy 11. What approach favors involving, in the decision-making process, the stakeholders affected by decisions? a. rational b. bargaining c. public choice d. participative Ans: D

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 10.3: Examine bargaining and other alternatives to rationality in decision-making.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Participative Decision-Making Difficulty Level: Easy 12. In addition to information, what other problem must each decision-making approach tackle? a. uncertainty b. values c. crises d. indecision Ans: B Learning Objective: 10.1: Understand the role of information and values in decision-making, including the rising power of “fake news” in government decisions.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Information and Values Difficulty Level: Easy 13. Which approach processes decisions as inputs and outputs? a. bargaining b. public choice c. rational d. participative Ans: C Learning Objective: 10.2: Explore rationality as the foundation of decisionmaking, in theory and practice.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Rational Decision-Making Difficulty Level: Easy 14. Critics contend that the ______ approach is dangerously incomplete and deprives decision-makers of important information. a. bargaining b. participative c. rational d. public choice Ans: A Learning Objective: 10.3: Examine bargaining and other alternatives to rationality in decision-making.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Bargaining: Appraisal Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 15. Which approach would utilize an advisory committee of private citizens for decision-making? a. participative b. rational c. bargaining d. public choice Ans: A Learning Objective: 10.3: Examine bargaining and other alternatives to rationality in decision-making.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Participative Decision-Making Difficulty Level: Medium 16. What does each of the major decision-making approaches fail to deal with? a. calculating consequences b. bargaining c. defining goals d. uncertainty Ans: D Learning Objective: 10.4: Probe the limits on decision-making and where existing theories fall short.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Uncertainty Difficulty Level: Medium 17. In addition to defining goals, the rational decision making includes ______. a. seeking advice b. calculating the consequences c. examining the political consequences d. surveying the private sector Ans: B Learning Objective: 10.2: Explore rationality as the foundation of decisionmaking, in theory and practice.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Basic Steps Difficulty Level: Easy 18. Lindblom offers which of the following prescriptions for the analysis of public decisions? a. certainty b. incrementalism c. information d. values Ans: B Learning Objective: 10.3: Examine bargaining and other alternatives to rationality in decision-making.

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Bargaining Difficulty Level: Easy 19. Which of the following decision-making approaches seeks the most efficient solution for the problem? a. participative approach b. public-choice approach c. rational approach d. bargaining approach Ans: C Learning Objective: 10.1: Understand the role of information and values in decision-making, including the rising power of “fake news” in government decisions.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Values Difficulty Level: Easy 20. The NIMBY phenomenon is most often associated with which approach? a. participative b. public-choice approach c. rational approach d. bargaining approach Ans: A Learning Objective: 10.3: Examine bargaining and other alternatives to rationality in decision-making.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Participative Decision-Making Difficulty Level: Easy 21. The rational approach seeks to do what with regard to efficiency? a. quell b. depress c. maximize d. bargain Ans: C Learning Objective: 10.1: Understand the role of information and values in decision-making, including the rising power of “fake news” in government decisions.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Values Difficulty Level: Easy 22. The public-choice approach focuses on intimate involvement from what group(s)? a. congressional oversight

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. political activists c. private citizens d. markets Ans: D Learning Objective: 10.1: Understand the role of information and values in decision-making, including the rising power of “fake news” in government decisions.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Values Difficulty Level: Easy 23. Considering the indirect benefits and costs is a component of which of the following steps? a. define goals b. identify alternatives c. decide d. calculate the consequences Ans: D Learning Objective: 10.2: Explore rationality as the foundation of decisionmaking, in theory and practice.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Basic Steps Difficulty Level: Medium 24. On what does public-choice decision making depend? a. assumed values of administrators b. self-interest of players c. focus on client’s values d. rationality of Congress Ans: B Learning Objective: 10.2: Explore rationality as the foundation of decisionmaking, in theory and practice.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Public Choice Difficulty Level: Easy 25. From what source does participative decision making depend on for information? a. the media b. the government c. those affected by decisions d. elected officials Ans: C Learning Objective: 10.3: Examine bargaining and other alternatives to rationality in decision-making.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Participative Decision-Making Difficulty Level: Easy 26. One reason risk management is so difficult is because ______. a. managers feel as though they already have things under control b. there are not enough financial resources and staff to care c. managers are challenged with items that seem to be more important at the time d. there is a lack of command and control Ans: C Learning Objective: 10.4: Probe the limits on decision-making and where existing theories fall short.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Managing Risk Difficulty Level: Medium 27. What phrase describes inferior management decision making based on information asymmetries? a. moral hazard b. adverse selection c. rationality d. blindness in truth Ans: B Learning Objective: 10.2: Explore rationality as the foundation of decisionmaking, in theory and practice.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Public Choice: Appraisal Difficulty Level: Easy 28. Weber pointed out that legislators delegate power to specialized administrators under the presumption that administrators will exercise their expert judgment and not their ______ while making decisions. a. information b. bargaining power c. bias d. patronage Ans: C Learning Objective: 10.1: Understand the role of information and values in decision-making, including the rising power of “fake news” in government decisions.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Information Difficulty Level: Easy 29. According to Francis E. Rourke, public support for an agency’s decision most often comes from two different sources: an agency’s ______ and ______.

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. mass public; attentive publics b. values; information c. constituents; budget d. politics; voting block Ans: A Learning Objective: 10.1: Understand the role of information and values in decision-making, including the rising power of “fake news” in government decisions.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Values Difficulty Level: Easy 30. Administrators must deal with two main issues: ______ and ______ in their approach to decision-making. a. Congress; local governments b. information; values c. crisis; budget d. constituents; justice Ans: B Learning Objective: 10.1: Understand the role of information and values in decision-making, including the rising power of “fake news” in government decisions.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Information and Values Difficulty Level: Easy 31. James March and Herbert Simon use the term ______ to describe how decision-makers simplify the process by screening out silly options and stop searching when they come upon a satisfactory alternative, even if it is not an exhaustive search. a. rational b. externalities c. satisficing d. spillover Ans: C Learning Objective: 10.2: Explore rationality as the foundation of decisionmaking, in theory and practice.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Appraisal Difficulty Level: Easy 32. The ______ approach seeks to maximize political support. a. rational b. public-choice c. participative d. bargaining

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: D Learning Objective: 10.1: Understand the role of information and values in decision-making, including the rising power of “fake news” in government decisions.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Values Difficulty Level: Easy 33. Which approach attempts to substitute market-like forces for other incentives? a. rational b. public-choice c. participative d. bargaining Ans: B Learning Objective: 10.1: Understand the role of information and values in decision-making, including the rising power of “fake news” in government decisions.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Values Difficulty Level: Easy 34. The author argues that if “decision making is the central administrative act” then “______ is the lifeblood of decision making.” a. funding b. good people c. the right answer d. information Ans: D Learning Objective: 10.1: Understand the role of information and values in decision-making, including the rising power of “fake news” in government decisions.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Information Difficulty Level: Easy 35. Incrementalism involves consideration of ______ alternatives that address ______ concerns. a. many; immediate b. many; material c. few; immediate d. few; long term Ans: C Learning Objective: 10.3: Examine bargaining and other alternatives to rationality in decision-making.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Bargaining Difficulty Level: Easy 36. ______ decision-making builds on the work of microeconomists. a. Rational b. Public-choice c. Participative d. Bargaining Ans: A Learning Objective: 10.2: Explore rationality as the foundation of decisionmaking, in theory and practice.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Rational Decision-Making Difficulty Level: Easy 37. Which of the following approaches is considered a classic? a. participative b. bargaining c. public-choice d. rational Ans: D Learning Objective: 10.2: Explore rationality as the foundation of decisionmaking, in theory and practice.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Rational Decision-Making Difficulty Level: Easy 38. Which of the following approaches appeals to common sense? a. participative b. public-choice c. rational d. bargaining Ans: C Learning Objective: 10.2: Explore rationality as the foundation of decisionmaking, in theory and practice.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Basic Steps Difficulty Level: Medium 39. Which of the following theories of decision and bureaucratic action begins with the individual? a. rational b. public choice c. bargaining d. participative Ans: B

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 10.2: Explore rationality as the foundation of decisionmaking, in theory and practice.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Public Choice Difficulty Level: Medium 40. Which of the following approaches has created some avenues of patronage and new officials seeking to protect their own positions? a. rational b. bargaining c. participative d. public choice Ans: C Learning Objective: 10.3: Examine bargaining and other alternatives to rationality in decision-making.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Participative Decision-Making: Appraisal Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False 1. Fake news is an American phenomenon.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 10.1: Understand the role of information and values in decision-making, including the rising power of “fake news” in government decisions.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Challenge of “Fake News” Difficulty Level: Easy 2. None of the decision-making approaches discussed in the chapter provide the solution to bureaucratic pathologies that block the flow of important information.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 10.4: Probe the limits on decision-making and where existing theories fall short.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Limits on Decision-Making Difficulty Level: Easy 3. The lifeblood of decision-making is information.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 10.1: Understand the role of information and values in decision-making, including the rising power of “fake news” in government decisions.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Information Difficulty Level: Easy 4. One problem with the major decision-making approaches is that they tend to focus on a single value.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 10.4: Probe the limits on decision-making and where existing theories fall short.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Conclusion Difficulty Level: Easy 5. No model has universal support, but each model has powerful proponents.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 10.1: Understand the role of information and values in decision-making, including the rising power of “fake news” in government decisions.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Values Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Systems analysis is a once-and-done process.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 10.2: Explore rationality as the foundation of decisionmaking, in theory and practice.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Basic Steps Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Decision-makers face enormous psychological pressures.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 10.4: Probe the limits on decision-making and where existing theories fall short.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Limits on Decision-Making Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Decision-making in some approaches is easier than in others.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 10.4: Probe the limits on decision-making and where existing theories fall short.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Limits on Decision-Making Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Risk management must be everyone’s business.

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: T Learning Objective: 10.4: Probe the limits on decision-making and where existing theories fall short.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Steps toward Effective Risk Management Difficulty Level: Easy 10. The aging workforce is an example of an internal risk.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 10.4: Probe the limits on decision-making and where existing theories fall short.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Managing Risk Difficulty Level: Medium

Short Answer 1. Why are values such a sticky subject?

Ans: Answers will vary. Values are subjective and may vary (i.e., be in competition) from one person to another. It is impossible to analyze them completely.

Learning Objective: 10.1: Understand the role of information and values in decision-making, including the rising power of “fake news” in government decisions.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Values Difficulty Level: Easy 2. What is satisficing?

Ans: Answers will vary. This is a noncomprehensive management decision process whereby executives limit alternatives (through exclusion of infeasible ones) and making a selection based on best information available (analysis ends at that point—no more searching).

Learning Objective: 10.2: Explore rationality as the foundation of decisionmaking, in theory and practice.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Appraisal Difficulty Level: Easy 3. What strategy might a public choice approach have advocated for in the case of the Flint, Michigan, water crisis?

Ans: Answers will vary. A public choice approach would argue for private solutions (i.e., contracting out or privatization).

Learning Objective: 10.4: Probe the limits on decision-making and where existing theories fall short.

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Crisis Difficulty Level: Medium 4. What four groups might take part in participative decision-making?

Ans: Answers will vary. Four distinct groups are likely to take part in participative decision making including agency employees, the citizens or clientele largely affected by the decision, taxpayers, and the public at large.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Examine bargaining and other alternatives to rationality in decision-making.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Participative Decision-Making Difficulty Level: Easy 5. In essence, what is the rational approach trying to maximize?

Ans: Answers will vary. The rational approach attempts to maximize output with minimal input factors required.

Learning Objective: 10.2: Explore rationality as the foundation of decisionmaking, in theory and practice.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Rational Decision-Making Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay 1. What are the three weaknesses shared across the major decision-making approaches?

Ans: Answers will vary. All approaches to decision making share problems: enormous uncertainty surrounding complex issues, bureaucratic pathologies that distort and block the flow of important information, and recurrent crises that deny the luxury of lengthy consideration. Regarding information flow, public officials tend to pass along the good news and suppress the bad. At best, this tendency can distort the information flow; at worst, it can completely block early warnings about emerging problems.

Learning Objective: 10.4: Probe the limits on decision-making and where existing theories fall short.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Limits on Decision-Making Difficulty Level: Medium 2. How are information and values important to the decision-making approaches?

Ans: Answers will vary. Decision-making must tackle two questions. First, what information can decision-makers use in reaching their judgments? Information is the basic raw material of decisions, and decision-makers must acquire, weigh, and act on the data they collect. Second, how do political values affect

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 decisions? The sheer complexity of public problems and the overwhelming volume of information force decision-makers to simplify the context shaping their decisions. Doing so requires relying on political values. And, in turn, the very process of decision-making defines how those values take shape. That means information and values inevitably intertwine in the fundamentally important issues of decision-making.

Learning Objective: 10.1: Understand the role of information and values in decision-making, including the rising power of “fake news” in government decisions.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Information and Values Difficulty Level: Medium 3. What does the rational approach argue?

Ans: Answers will vary. Rational decision-making holds efficiency as the highest value. Proponents of this approach argue that the goal of any activity, including governmental programs, is to get the biggest return for any investment. In essence the decision-making problem is structured as a system that processes inputs to produce outputs, and then seeks to produce the most output for a given level of inputs, or alternatively, to determine the minimum amount of inputs needed to produce a given amount of output. The rational approach defines goals, identifies alternatives, calculates the consequences, makes a decision, and starts the process over. In other words, any sensible person will choose the most rational (and efficient) route to his or her goal.

Learning Objective: 10.2: Explore rationality as the foundation of decisionmaking, in theory and practice.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Rational Decision-Making Difficulty Level: Hard 4. What does the participative approach argue?

Ans: Answers will vary. Participative decision-making calls at the most general level for participation by those who will be affected by the decisions. Participation can mean being consulted for advice by someone who has the power to make a decision, or it may mean sharing decision-making power, as when those affected vote on a proposed decision and their vote settles whether the proposal is adopted or rejected. Claims to such status can be made by four groups: the employees of the organization making the decision, the persons whom the organization serves or regulates, the taxpayers whose pocketbooks the decision will affect, and the voting public.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Examine bargaining and other alternatives to rationality in decision-making.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Participative Decision-Making Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 5. Of the four approaches (rational, public choice, bargaining, and participatory), do you feel that any presents as a superior tool for decision-making? Why? Ans: Student responses will vary.

Learning Objective: Various Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Various Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021

Test Bank Chapter 11: Budgeting Multiple Choice 1. The relationship between the federal budget and the national economy is ______. a. reciprocal, because the budget affects the economy and the economy shapes the budget b. unilateral, because only the budget affects the economy c. unilateral, because only the economy affects the budget d. autonomous, because neither the budget nor the economy affects the other Ans: A Learning Objective: 11.1: Understand the twin roles of budgeting: steering the economy and making political choices.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Economic Role Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Articulated by his book published in 1936, the theory that government can use the budget to steer the economy can be attributed to ______. a. V. O. Key b. Paul Volcker c. John Maynard Keynes d. Aaron Wildavsky Ans: C Learning Objective: 11.1: Understand the twin roles of budgeting: steering the economy and making political choices.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Budget’s Effect on the Economy Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Top-down budgeting differs from bottom-up budgeting in that the former ______. a. examines the big picture b. emphasizes incrementalism c. focuses on the size of each agency's piece of the whole compared to what other agencies receive d. focuses on changes as opposed to the whole budget at once Ans: A Learning Objective: 11.2: Chart the steps in the budgetary process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Budgets and Incrementalism: Bottom-Up Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 4. Management by objectives and zero-base budgeting are ______. a. techniques to reform incrementalism b. budget appropriations methods c. methods of increasing legislative power d. types of legislative authorization Ans: A Learning Objective: 11.2: Chart the steps in the budgetary process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Breaking the Incremental Pattern Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Creating a biennial budget and enacting a balanced-budget constitutional amendment ______. a. were processes implemented to reform the budget process b. are potential solutions for reforming the budgetary process c. have been dismissed by academics as naïve ideas d. have been dismissed by Congress as naïve ideas Ans: B Learning Objective: 11.3: Explore the challenges to budgeting.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Bumps in the Federal Budget Process Difficulty Level: Hard 6. Government taxation and spending is called ______. a. fiscal policy b. zero-base budgeting c. incrementalism d. compensatory economics Ans: A Learning Objective: 11.1: Understand the twin roles of budgeting: steering the economy and making political choices.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Budget’s Effect on the Economy Difficulty Level: Easy 7. The Federal Reserve manages the money supply, a responsibility also known as ______. a. compensatory economics b. fiscal policy c. monetary policy d. zero-base budgeting Ans: C Learning Objective: 11.1: Understand the twin roles of budgeting: steering the economy and making political choices.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: The Budget’s Effect on the Economy Difficulty Level: Easy 8. The classic question of basic budgeting, “On what basis shall it be decided to allocate x dollars to activity A instead of activity B?” can be attributed to whom? a. John Maynard Keynes b. V. O. Key c. Alan J. Abramson d. Alfred Kahn Ans: B Learning Objective: 11.3: Explore the challenges to budgeting.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Conclusion Difficulty Level: Easy 9. According to the text, the federal budget has the largest effect on ______. a. state budgets and the economy b. the policy process and the economy c. the policy process and international markets d. state budgets and local budgets Ans: B Learning Objective: 11.1: Understand the twin roles of budgeting: steering the economy and making political choices.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Conclusion Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Bottom-up budgeting differs from top-down budgeting in that the former ______. a. looks at the size of the budget deficit b. looks at the overall picture c. emphasizes incrementalism d. looks at the budget’s role in macroeconomic policy Ans: C Learning Objective: 11.2: Chart the steps in the budgetary process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Budgets and Incrementalism: Bottom-Up Difficulty Level: Hard 11. The president prepares the overall budget, but who oversees the federal budget appropriations process? a. states b. the president c. agencies d. Congress Ans: D

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 11.2: Chart the steps in the budgetary process.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Appropriation by the Legislature Difficulty Level: Easy 12. Which of the following sought to integrate measures of agency performance with budgetary decisions? a. Program Assessment Rating Tool (PART) b. Zero-based budgeting (ZBB) c. Management by objectives MBO) d. National Performance Review Ans: A Learning Objective: 11.2: Chart the steps in the budgetary process.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Breaking the Incremental Pattern Difficulty Level: Medium 13. The national debt is ______. a. government surplus b. government outlays c. a deficit accumulated over time d. the fiscal year budget Ans: C Learning Objective: 11.1: Understand the twin roles of budgeting: steering the economy and making political choices.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Budget’s Effect on the Economy Difficulty Level: Easy 14. When revenues exceed expenditures it is referred to as a ______. a. rescissions b. earmarks c. deficit d. surplus Ans: D Learning Objective: 11.1: Understand the twin roles of budgeting: steering the economy and making political choices.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Budget’s Effect on the Economy Difficulty Level: Easy 15. Because the term is so loaded and when forecasted from government officials can make policymaking difficult, Alfred Kahn, advisor on inflation in the Carter administration, used the word banana in a press conference instead of which word? a. budget deficit

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. appropriation c. recession d. government outlays Ans: C Learning Objective: 11.1: Understand the twin roles of budgeting: steering the economy and making political choices.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Political Development of the Budgetary Process Difficulty Level: Medium 16. Prior to 1921, who provided the primary leadership during the federal budget process? a. the judiciary b. the president c. Congress d. agencies Ans: C Learning Objective: 11.1: Understand the twin roles of budgeting: steering the economy and making political choices.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Rise of Presidential Power Difficulty Level: Easy 17. What landmark legislation revolutionized the federal budget process and increased presidential power? a. the Impoundment Control Act b. the Hatch Act c. the Budget and Accounting Act d. the Government Performance and Results Act Ans: C Learning Objective: 11.1: Understand the twin roles of budgeting: steering the economy and making political choices.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Rise of Presidential Power Difficulty Level: Easy 18. Fiscal policy consists of taxation and what other governmental activity? a. representation b. spending c. elections d. recessions Ans: B Learning Objective: 11.1: Understand the twin roles of budgeting: steering the economy and making political choices.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Budget’s Effect on the Economy

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 19. The “rule of anticipated reactions” relates to the adaptation of budget estimates to appease which entity’s interests? a. the public’s b. Congress’s c. bureaucrats’ d. OMB’s Ans: B Learning Objective: 11.2: Chart the steps in the budgetary process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Appropriation by the Legislature Difficulty Level: Medium 20. What budget reform is associated with multiyear planning to connect annual budget objectives to long-range plans? a. management by objectives b. zero-base budgeting c. Planning-Programming-Budgeting System d. sequestration Ans: C Learning Objective: 11.2: Chart the steps in the budgetary process.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Breaking the Incremental Pattern Difficulty Level: Easy 21. What type of budgets address facility and equipment costs? a. black budgets b. managed budgets c. capital budgets d. discretionary budgets Ans: C Learning Objective: 11.4: Compare federal versus state and local government budgeting.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Budgeting for State and Local Governments Difficulty Level: Easy 22. What mechanisms allow Congress to fund the government for short periods of time in instances where it is unable to pass a budget for an entire year? a. black budgets b. continuing resolutions c. cloture motions d. sequestration Ans: B Learning Objective: 11.3: Explore the challenges to budgeting.

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Bumps in the Federal Budget Process Difficulty Level: Easy 23. The legally approved amounts that agencies can spend are referred to as budget ______. a. matches b. approvals c. authority d. outlays Ans: C Learning Objective: 11.2: Chart the steps in the budgetary process.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Appropriation by the Legislature Difficulty Level: Easy 24. Social Security and Medicare (in addition to other formula programs) are examples of what type of spending? a. discretionary b. quadrennial c. black budget d. mandatory Ans: D Learning Objective: 11.2: Chart the steps in the budgetary process.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Rise of the Uncontrollables Difficulty Level: Medium 25. What budget technique did Wildavksy argue best answered how to allocate scare resources? a. zero-based/bottom-up b. top-down/incremental c. bottom-up/incremental d. Constitutional/foundational Ans: C Learning Objective: 11.2: Chart the steps in the budgetary process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Budgets and Incrementalism: Bottom-Up Difficulty Level: Easy 26. The ______ proposes the budget and the ______ approves taxes and spending. a. Congress; president b. president; Congress c. agencies; Congress d. states; agencies

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: B Learning Objective: 11.2: Chart the steps in the budgetary process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Appropriation by the Legislature Difficulty Level: Easy 27. A congressional ______ commits money for spending. a. surplus b. authorization c. monetary policy d. appropriation Ans: D Learning Objective: 11.2: Chart the steps in the budgetary process.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Appropriations by the Legislature Difficulty Level: Easy 28. During a surplus, ______ exceed ______. a. revenues; expenditures b. expenditures; revenues c. sequestration; recession d. legislative hearings; recessions Ans: A Learning Objective: 11.1: Understand the twin roles of budgeting: steering the economy and making political choices.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Budget’s Effect on the Economy Difficulty Level: Easy 29. The Budget and Accounting Act revolutionized the federal budgeting by transferring a significant amount of authority from ______ to ______. a. Congress; the president b. the president; Congress c. the president; the judiciary d. agencies; Congress Ans: A Learning Objective: 11.1: Understand the twin roles of budgeting: steering the economy and making political choices.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Rise of Presidential Power Difficulty Level: Easy 30. Monetary policy focuses management of ______ and ______ supply. a. interest rates; tax b. interest rates; future c. interest rates; money

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. money; fiscal Ans: C Learning Objective: 11.1: Understand the twin roles of budgeting: steering the economy and making political choices.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Budget’s Effect on the Economy Difficulty Level: Easy 31. When expenditures exceed revenues it’s referred to as a ______. a. surplus b. deficit c. debt d. boom Ans: B Learning Objective: 11.1: Understand the twin roles of budgeting: steering the economy and making political choices.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Budget’s Effect on the Economy Difficulty Level: Easy 32. Who controls the money supply? a. the Department of Commerce b. Congress c. the Federal Reserve d. the President Ans: C Learning Objective: 11.1: Understand the twin roles of budgeting: steering the economy and making political choices.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Budget’s Effect on the Economy Difficulty Level: Easy 33. At the federal level, the fiscal year begins in what month? a. January b. July c. October d. November Ans: C Learning Objective: 11.2: Chart the steps in the budgetary process.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Budget Targets: Top-Down Difficulty Level: Easy 34. Which of the following intended to strengthen the ability of managers to manage? a. zero-based budgeting

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. national performance review c. planning-programming-budgeting system d. management by objectives Ans: D Learning Objective: 11.2: Chart the steps in the budgetary process.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Breaking the Incremental Pattern Difficulty Level: Medium 35. The term budget ______ refers to the actual amount that budget analysts estimate will actually be spent in any given year. a. authority b. outlays c. matches d. approvals Ans: B Learning Objective: 11.2: Chart the steps in the budgetary process.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Appropriations by the Legislature Difficulty Level: Easy 36. ______ is the basic commandment of budget management control. a. “Follow the money” b. “Spend the money” c. “Save the money” d. “Don’t lose the money” Ans: A Learning Objective: 11.2: Chart the steps in the budgetary process.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Budget Execution Difficulty Level: Easy 37. Who executives the spending plan? a. Congress b. the president c. the Federal Reserve d. the states Ans: B Learning Objective: 11.2: Chart the steps in the budgetary process.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Budget Execution Difficulty Level: Easy 38. What forbids state and local governments from running deficits? a. the president b. Congress

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 c. their constitutions d. the people Ans: C Learning Objective: 11.1: Understand the twin roles of budgeting: steering the economy and making political choices.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Budget’s Effect on the Economy Difficulty Level: Easy 39. The study of the broad interactions between government’s economic activity and the behavior of the economy is referred to as ______. a. political economy b. economics c. microeconomics d. macroeconomics Ans: D Learning Objective: 11.1: Understand the twin roles of budgeting: steering the economy and making political choices.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Budget’s Effect on the Economy Difficulty Level: Easy 40. Most local and state governments begin their fiscal year in ______. a. January b. April c. July d. October Ans: C Learning Objective: 11.2: Chart the steps in the budgetary process.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Budget Targets: Top-Down Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False 1. The Performance Assessment Rating Tool (PART) was developed by George W. Bush.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 11.2: Chart the steps in the budgetary process.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Breaking the Incremental Pattern Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Governments can borrow money in the short term and repay it in the long term.

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: T Learning Objective: 11.1: Understand the twin roles of budgeting: steering the economy and making political choices.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Budget’s Effect on the Economy Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Governments do their accounting by their budget calendar, known as the fiscal year.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 11.1: Understand the twin roles of budgeting: steering the economy and making political choices.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Budget’s Effect on the Economy Difficulty Level: Easy 4. The flow of money throughout the bureaucracy provides a tool for controlling the implementation of government programs.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 11.2: Chart the steps in the budgetary process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Budget Execution Difficulty Level: Medium 5. The federal budget is just like state and local budgets, having the same amount of resources to sustain deficits and the same amount of fiscal authority that state and local governments do.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 11.4: Compare federal versus state and local government budgeting.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Budgeting for State and Local Governments Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Unlike the federal budget, state and local governments must balance their budgets.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 11.4: Compare federal versus state and local government budgeting.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Budgeting for State and Local Governments Difficulty Level: Medium 7. The president’s power in the budget process has diminished over time.

Ans: F

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 11.1: Understand the twin roles of budgeting: steering the economy and making political choices.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Rise of Presidential Power Difficulty Level: Easy 8. The black budget faces strict oversight by Congress Ans: F Learning Objective: 11.3: Explore the challenges to budgeting.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Bumps in the Federal Budget Process Difficulty Level: Easy 9. State and local governments cannot run deficits.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 11.1: Understand the twin roles of budgeting: steering the economy and making political choices.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Budget’s Effect on the Economy Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Federal surpluses have been relatively rare.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 11.1: Understand the twin roles of budgeting: steering the economy and making political choices.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Budget’s Effect on the Economy Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer 1. What is a black budget?

Ans: Answers will vary. The black budget is a large part of the budget that is kept classified. It does not receive the same oversight as other kinds of federal spending.

Learning Objective: 11.3: Explore the challenges to budgeting.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Bumps in the Federal Budget Process Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Why is it important to follow the flow of money throughout the bureaucracy?

Ans: Answers will vary. The flow of money throughout the bureaucracy provides a valuable tool for controlling the implementation of government programs. First, the money trail demonstrates who is doing what. Second, by controlling the flow of money, the executive can control the direction and pace of governmental

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 activity. Finally, the flow of money is important for reporting and evaluating an agency’s performance; it can help managers to identify the “hot spots” that need attention.

Learning Objective: 11.2: Chart the steps in the budgetary process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Budget Execution Difficulty Level: Medium 3. What is fiscal policy?

Ans: Answers will vary. Fiscal policy refers to government taxation and spending.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Understand the twin roles of budgeting: steering the economy and making political choices.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Budget’s Effect on the Economy Difficulty Level: Easy 4. What is budget execution?

Ans: Answers will vary. Budget execution is the carrying out, by the executive branch, of budget request that was submitted to Congress.

Learning Objective: 11.2: Chart the steps in the budgetary process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Budget Execution Difficulty Level: Easy 5. What is the major distinction between federal and state budget processes?

Ans: Answers will vary. Federal and state budget processes are distinguished by the fact that states must balance their budgets. The federal budget is not required to be balanced.

Learning Objective: 11.4: Compare federal versus state and local government budgeting.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Budgeting for State and Local Governments Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay 1. Briefly explain how the federal budget affects the national economy as well as public policy decisions.

Ans: Answers will vary. The very size of the government’s financial activity inevitably makes it a strong player in the national economy. Many economists have even argued that the government can, and therefore should, use the budget to steer the economy: to boost employment, cut inflation, improve the nation’s balance of trade abroad, and keep the value of the dollar secure. The budget also embodies fundamental political choices, about values—which programs get

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 funded and which do not—and institutions, especially the relative sway of the legislative and executive branches of government.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Understand the twin roles of budgeting: steering the economy and making political choices.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Economic Role Difficulty Level: Hard 2. What are three common budgeting features shared among state and local governments?

Ans: Answers will vary. One feature is that state and local governments must balance their budgets because unlike the federal government, they cannot print money and engage in long-term borrowing to cover their operating deficits. There are several things state and local governments can do if they suffer a temporary shortage, but they cannot establish the same patterns of debt that characterize federal budgeting. Another feature is state and local governments distinguish between their operating budgets (day-to-day functioning) and capital budgets (long-term expenses). GAO has campaigned to create a capital budget for the federal government, but this has not happened. States and local governments take out loans to cover capital expenditures but taxes go to operating budgets.

Finally, in some state and local governments, everything shuts down if the budget is not passed by the start of the new fiscal year.

Learning Objective: Various Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Various Difficulty Level: Hard 3. What was the Budget and Accounting Act and how did it change the government’s economic functioning?

Ans: Answers will vary. In essence, the Budget and Accounting Act, passed in 1921, divided traditional budgeting into areas of executive and legislative supremacy (executive branch: preparing and execution; legislative: appropriating and auditing). The Act requires the president to submit an annual budget to Congress. Furthermore, within the Treasury Department, a Bureau of the Budget was created to conform to the president’s program. At the same time, the auditing functions of the Treasury Department were transferred to Congress’s brand new General Accounting Office (renamed the Government Accountability Office in 2004).

Learning Objective: 11.1: Understand the twin roles of budgeting: steering the economy and making political choices.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Rise of Presidential Power Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Why do budgets matter? Identify and explain the three central questions that have occurred throughout history.

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: Budget decisions are both important and political because they frame the focus on three central questions that have recurred throughout history: 1) What should government do? Budgeting is, at its core, the fundamental decision about the use of scarce resources from the people. 2) Who in government should decide these questions regarding budgeting politics? Throughout U.S. history, the balance of financial power has shifted between the national and subnational governments, and between the legislature and the executive. 3) How should citizens and public officials make these decisions? Budget makers always face the challenge of deciding which claims are funded—and which are not.

Addressing the challenge is about process, analysis, and what defines the best way of making decisions, politics and the battles over the public’s money, and basic values about how decisions should be made.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Understand the twin roles of budgeting: steering the economy and making political choices.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Why Budgets Matter Difficulty Level: Hard 5. What are the two important implications of incrementalism in budgeting?

Ans: In budgeting, incrementalism has two important implications. First, no one really considers every amount for every item in the budget. The details are far too many and much too complex for anyone to examine everything, so it is far easier and, Wildavsky argues, more rational to focus on changes. Second, the real political battles focus on the changes. Budgeting is a battle fought on the margins, with the sharpest struggles focused on changes in the distribution of the government’s pie.

Learning Objective: 11.2: Chart the steps in the budgetary process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Budgets and Incrementalism: Bottom-Up Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021

Test Bank Chapter 12: Implementation and Performance Multiple Choice 1. The study of implementation seems to presume what status about programs? a. failure b. success c. change d. longevity Ans: A Learning Objective: 12.1: Understand the forces that contribute to success and failure in program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Judging Program Success and Failure Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Which of the following factors can hinder successful implementation? a. organizational problems b. practical certainty c. adequate resources d. even leadership Ans: A Learning Objective: 12.1: Understand the forces that contribute to success and failure in program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Problems of Performance Difficulty Level: Medium 3. What is one advantage of contracting out? a. gaining special expertise b. the possibility of sanctions c. less corruption d. enhanced accountability Ans: A Learning Objective: 12.2: Explore the role of state and local governments and the private sector as partners in implementing government programs.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Special Expertise Difficulty Level: Easy 4. What approach is CompStat, which produces weekly reports on crime in each police precinct, an example of? a. whistle-blowing

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. backward mapping c. results-based management d. partial preemption Ans: C Learning Objective: 12.3: Examine the role of evaluation and information in improving program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The CompStat Model Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Formal program evaluation and results-based management are examples what approach or method for management? a. mandates b. administration through regulation c. administration through off-budget programs d. methods to obtain feedback Ans: D Learning Objective: 12.3: Examine the role of evaluation and information in improving program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Performance Management Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Effective steering of program implementation hinges most fundamentally on what? a. obtaining crossover sanctions b. utilizing partial preemption c. receiving good feedback d. disbursing categorical grants Ans: C Learning Objective: 12.3: Examine the role of evaluation and information in improving program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Performance Management Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Which of the following describes scenarios where contract details limit the flexibility of government managers and contractors? a. underspecification b. overspecification c. minutia d. lapses Ans: B Learning Objective: 12.2: Explore the role of state and local governments and the private sector as partners in implementing government programs.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Overspecification Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Traditional public administration concentrated on government ______. a. agencies b. programs c. laws d. staff Ans: A Learning Objective: 12.1: Understand the forces that contribute to success and failure in program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Of the following choices, one advantage of contracting out government work is ______. a. less red tape b. the ease of levying sanctions c. less corruption d. increased levels of accountability Ans: A Learning Objective: 12.2: Explore the role of state and local governments and the private sector as partners in implementing government programs.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Reducing Red Tape Difficulty Level: Easy 10. According to research conducted by Pew, Americans ______. a. don’t think that government works b. believe that government officials are the best c. believe government performs okay, but could use some work d. don’t trust government much Ans: D Learning Objective: 12.1: Understand the forces that contribute to success and failure in program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Which of the following applications of results-based management combined rapid-response performance results and budgetary decisions? a. whistle-blowing b. stat processes c. lobbying d. partial preemption

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: C Learning Objective: 12.3: Examine the role of evaluation and information in improving program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The CompStat Model Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Pressman and Wilavsky identified which of the following as their worry? a. not enough programs with overly ambitious promises b. too many programs with no promises c. not enough programs with ambitious promises d. too many programs with overly ambitious promises Ans: D Learning Objective: 12.1: Understand the forces that contribute to success and failure in program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Judging Program Success and Failure Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Receiving good feedback is crucial for ______. a. offering grantsmanship b. utilizing partial preemption c. obtaining crossover sanctions d. improving program implementation Ans: D Learning Objective: 12.3: Examine the role of evaluation and information in improving program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Performance Management Difficulty Level: Easy 14. Which of the following methods is a way to feedback on program effectiveness? a. formal program evaluation b. administration through regulation c. administration through off-budget programs d. mandates Ans: A Learning Objective: 12.3: Examine the role of evaluation and information in improving program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Formal Program Evaluation Difficulty Level: Medium 15. Pressman and Wildavsky argued that implementation analysis concentrated on ______.

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. only the process of administration action b. the players involved in public administration c. the results of administration action d. only on the structure of public administration Ans: B Learning Objective: 12.1: Understand the forces that contribute to success and failure in program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Judging Program Success and Failure Difficulty Level: Easy 16. Concerns about the execution of laws fostered the beginning of a new field of study called ______. a. implementation b. formulation c. execution d. research methods Ans: A Learning Objective: 12.1: Understand the forces that contribute to success and failure in program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 17. Determining whether a program is working or not is sometimes difficult because ______. a. legislators do not provide funding to find out b. success does not matter as long as there is funding c. program objectives and goals are not always clear d. legislators provide more funding for simply creating new programs Ans: C Learning Objective: 12.1: Understand the forces that contribute to success and failure in program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: What Are Success and Failure?

Difficulty Level: Easy 18. Implementation analysts tend to think that the more complicated and interwoven programs are ______. a. the easier they are to assess for implementation success b. the more likely they are to fail c. the more likely that additional funding with be made available d. there is no net effect Ans: B Learning Objective: 12.1: Understand the forces that contribute to success and failure in program implementation.

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Networked Government Difficulty Level: Medium 19. With regard to performance, resource adequacy pertains to include both ______. a. budgetary means and workers b. shelter and flexibility c. shelter and power d. budgetary means and flexibility Ans: A Learning Objective: 12.1: Understand the forces that contribute to success and failure in program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Inadequate Resources Difficulty Level: Easy 20. According to the authors, implementation studies have often been ______. a. entertaining b. depressing c. misinterpreted d. positive Ans: B Learning Objective: 12.1: Understand the forces that contribute to success and failure in program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Judging Program Success and Failure Difficulty Level: Easy 21. Legislative goals are often ______. a. clear b. concise c. attainable d. vague Ans: D Learning Objective: 12.1: Understand the forces that contribute to success and failure in program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Are Success and Failure?

Difficulty Level: Easy 22. Red tape is associated with which of the following? a. a special language that appropriators use in the budget process b. excessive rules that cause inefficiencies in government action c. an obsolete term for government spending d. the process for awarding government contracts

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: B Learning Objective: 12.2: Explore the role of state and local governments and the private sector as partners in implementing government programs.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Reducing Red Tape Difficulty Level: Medium 23. Government agency requirements for “ultra” equipment are often referred to as ______. a. buying the farm b. buying the cow c. overspecification d. bargaining Ans: C Learning Objective: 12.2: Explore the role of state and local governments and the private sector as partners in implementing government programs.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Overspecification Difficulty Level: Easy 24. Governmental activities such as policymaking, budgeting, and military action are said to be ______. a. inherently governmental b. core activities c. ancillary activities d. the full Grassley Ans: A Learning Objective: 12.2: Explore the role of state and local governments and the private sector as partners in implementing government programs.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Inherently Governmental Functions Difficulty Level: Medium 25. What method is said to be the gold standard in program evaluation? a. quasi-experiment b. observation-treatment-observation test c. randomized controlled trial d. CompStat Ans: C Learning Objective: 12.3: Examine the role of evaluation and information in improving program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Formal Program Evaluation Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 26. According to the Centre for Public Impact, which of the following elements were important to producing success? a. legitimacy b. transparency c. accountability d. feasibility Ans: A Learning Objective: 12.1: Understand the forces that contribute to success and failure in program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Factors Leading to Success Difficulty Level: Medium 27. ______ depends on public confidence in decision makers. a. Feasibility b. Policy c. Action d. Legitimacy Ans: D Learning Objective: 12.1: Understand the forces that contribute to success and failure in program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Factors Leading to Success Difficulty Level: Easy 28. Implementation analysis focuses on programs and intends to understand ______. a. how Congress could write better laws b. how the federal government could recruit better talent c. intricate budget processes d. how government programs could be more successful (i.e., fail less) Ans: D Learning Objective: 12.1: Understand the forces that contribute to success and failure in program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Judging Program Success and Failure Difficulty Level: Medium 29. Effective programs have ______. a. clear objectives b. a foundation of evidence c. a keen sense of what is feasible d. all of these Ans: D Learning Objective: 12.1: Understand the forces that contribute to success and failure in program implementation.

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Factors Leading to Success Difficulty Level: Easy 30. One major standard for evaluating the effectiveness of results of government programs is ______. a. efficiency b. success c. adequate resources d. employee hires Ans: A Learning Objective: 12.3: Examine the role of evaluation and information in improving program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Performance Management Difficulty Level: Easy 31. Which of the following is dependent on legitimacy? a. clear objectives b. stakeholder engagement c. evidence d. feasibility Ans: B Learning Objective: 12.1: Understand the forces that contribute to success and failure in program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Factors Leading to Success Difficulty Level: Medium 32. Implementation studies focus on ______. a. employees and employers b. programs and the results they produce c. partial preemption and efficiency d. budgets as they compare to the private sector Ans: B Learning Objective: 12.1: Understand the forces that contribute to success and failure in program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 33. Translating policies into real-world effects is a component of ______. a. legitimacy b. policy c. action d. feasibility

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: C Learning Objective: 12.1: Understand the forces that contribute to success and failure in program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Factors Leading to Success Difficulty Level: Easy 34. Building a strong support for the program is a component of ______. a. legitimacy b. policy c. action d. feasibility Ans: A Learning Objective: 12.1: Understand the forces that contribute to success and failure in program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Factors Leading to Success Difficulty Level: Easy 35. Technologies that produce problems that are hard to predict are an example of how ______ handicap(s) program implementation. a. inadequate resources b. uncertainty c. organizational problems d. growing dependence on others Learning Objective: 12.1: Understand the forces that contribute to success and failure in program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Uncertainty Difficulty Level: Medium 36. Not having enough government employees to manage programs is an example of how ______ impacts program implementation. a. inadequate resources b. uncertainty c. organizational problems d. growing dependence on others Ans: A Learning Objective: 12.1: Understand the forces that contribute to success and failure in program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Inadequate Resources Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 37. A strategy of using the tools of experimental design, with careful tests and random assignment, but with a far shorter time than is often the case with traditional policy experiments is referred to as ______ experimentation. a. rapid b. random c. simple d. patient Ans: A Learning Objective: 12.3: Examine the role of evaluation and information in improving program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Experimentation Difficulty Level: Easy 38. Which of the following allows managers to transfer their data to maps and use the maps to look for geographical concentrations of problems and solutions? a. rapid experimentation b. data visualization c. randomized controlled trials d. open data Ans: B Learning Objective: 12.3: Examine the role of evaluation and information in improving program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Performance Analytics and Open Data Difficulty Level: Medium 39. ______ focuses on collecting and analyzing the vast quantity of information governments are already collecting. a. Rapid experimentation b. Data visualization c. Randomized controlled trials d. Open data Ans: D Learning Objective: 12.3: Examine the role of evaluation and information in improving program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Performance Analytics and Open Data Difficulty Level: Easy 40. ______ refers to distortions in police behavior to make the numbers look good. a. Framing b. Gaming c. Priming d. Setting

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 12.3: Examine the role of evaluation and information in improving program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The CompStat Model Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False 1. Government program objectives can change over time.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 12.1: Understand the forces that contribute to success and failure in program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Are Success and Failure?

Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Goals and objectives are critical for shaping how administrators manage their programs.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 12.1: Understand the forces that contribute to success and failure in program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: What Are Success and Failure Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Pressman and Wildavsky believed that results too often fall short of promise because the “seamless web” of programs tends to become very complex—and the greater the complexity, the greater the chance of failure.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 12.1: Understand the forces that contribute to success and failure in program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Judging Program Success and Failure Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Implementation is a straight-line start-to-finish process.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 12.1: Understand the forces that contribute to success and failure in program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Are Success and Failure?

Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Successful implementation is in fact possible, if managers build on the right lessons.

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: T Learning Objective: 12.1: Understand the forces that contribute to success and failure in program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Factors Leading to Success Difficulty Level: Medium 6. The emphasis of results-based management is on getting feedback in the very short term Ans: T Learning Objective: 12.3: Examine the role of evaluation and information in improving program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Results-Based Management Difficulty Level: Easy 7. The strongest evaluations require randomized controlled trials, and such evaluations are very hard to do.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 12.3: Examine the role of evaluation and information in improving program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Formal Program Evaluation Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Urgent problems can sometimes make controlled experimentation easier.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 12.3: Examine the role of evaluation and information in improving program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Formal Program Evaluation Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Intergovernmental administration of government programs thus has become a central cornerstone of implementation.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 12.2: Explore the role of state and local governments and the private sector as partners in implementing government programs.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Interweaving Through Federalism Difficulty Level: Medium 10. The federal government contracts out for a remarkable range of activities.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 12.2: Explore the role of state and local governments and the private sector as partners in implementing government programs.

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Interweaving Through Contracting Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer 1. What is results-based management?

Ans: Answers will vary. Results-based management is an approach that seeks short-term feedback about how a program is working.

Learning Objective: 12.3: Examine the role of evaluation and information in improving program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Results-Based Management Difficulty Level: Easy 2. How does flexibility relate to contracting out?

Ans: Answers will vary. Contracting out provides government with greater flexibility, especially in coping with surge demands, like gearing up to support a war or a new highway program.

Learning Objective: 12.2: Explore the role of state and local governments and the private sector as partners in implementing government programs.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Flexibility Difficulty Level: Medium 3. How does overregulation relate to contracting?

Ans: Answers will vary. Government contracting rules require contractors to carry out their work in certain order or under strict guidelines. Such overregulation can stymie private sector contractors’ ability to efficiently do their work.

Learning Objective: 12.2: Explore the role of state and local governments and the private sector as partners in implementing government programs.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Overregulation Difficulty Level: Medium 4. What is networked government?

Ans: Answers will vary. Government is increasingly “interwoven” between levels of government (e.g., state and local) and across agencies. This complexity can make implementation challenging.

Learning Objective: 12.1: Understand the forces that contribute to success and failure in program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Networked Government Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 5. How do unclear objectives affect implementation?

Ans: Answers will vary. When policy or legislative objectives are not clear or vague, managers are left to interpret and carry out programs in the manner they see fit. This can be at odds with legislative intent; when looking back on whether programs have been a success or failure, this factor might confuse analysis.

Learning Objective: 12.1: Understand the forces that contribute to success and failure in program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: What Are Success and Failure?

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay 1. According to the text, what five problems of performance may hinder a successful government program outcome?

Ans: Answers will vary. These problems are practical uncertainty about how to reach a program’s goals; inadequate resources to get the job done; organizational problems that interfere with an agency’s handling of its programs; uneven leadership in guiding bureaucracies through difficult issues; and growing dependence on others, whether at other levels of government or in the private sector.

Learning Objective: 12.1: Understand the forces that contribute to success and failure in program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Problems of Performance Difficulty Level: Medium 2. What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of contracting out?

Ans: Answers will vary. Advantages of contracting out include cost reduction, the ability to obtain special expertise, the avoidance of red tape, and the additional flexibility regarding staffing. Potential problems of contracting out include the large variation among contractors, the lack of competition among contractors in certain areas, the bewildering array of regulations, the difficulty in imposing sanctions, and the potential for corruption.

Learning Objective: 12.2: Explore the role of state and local governments and the private sector as partners in implementing government programs.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Interweaving through Contracting Difficulty Level: Medium 3. What are formal program evaluation and results-based management? What are the main differences between these two approaches?

Ans: Answers will vary. Formal program evaluation and results-based management are methods of measuring government program feedback. Formal program evaluation collects objective information on the outcomes of programs

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 so that wise decisions can be made on program planning and budget allocation.

Results-based management is the creation of quick-response information systems to measure success and failure. Because formal program evaluation tends to have stronger methodology than does results-based management, the former can produce better information. Unlike formal program evaluation, resultsbased management systems seek to give managers real-time feedback.

CompStat, a program implemented in New York City that produces weekly reports on crime in each police precinct, is an example of results-based management.

Learning Objective: 12.3: Examine the role of evaluation and information in improving program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Performance Management Difficulty Level: Hard 4. Describe the CitiStat program and explain what kind of strategy it represents.

How does it do so?

Ans: Answers will vary. Given as a textural example of results-based management, CitiStat is a program out of Baltimore (and now the entire state of Maryland as the former mayor of Baltimore, Martin O’Malley, was elected governor and took the program statewide). CitiStat takes performance indicators and transfers them to a map using GIS mapping technology. The program combines rapid response performance results with budgetary decisions as officials can track instantly whether such things as the arson prevention task force is having an effect. It also has a call center so citizens can call in problems in the city that can also be mapped and linked to budgetary decision making.

This program reflects results-based management that effectively uses technology.

Learning Objective: 12.3: Examine the role of evaluation and information in improving program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The CompStat Model Difficulty Level: Medium 5. What is said to be the gold standard of program evaluation methods? Given the cost of government programs, is it feasible to require this evaluation for all programs?

Ans: Answers will vary. The gold standard of program evaluation is the randomized-controlled trial, which assigns some persons to the treatment/recipient group to receive an intervention (i.e., government program); other participants do not receive the intervention. Analysts subject observations to advanced statistical analysis to determine whether or not an intervention (e.g., an after-school program) is working. This method is costly and can take years to complete. Essay should continue with student perspective on this method and appropriateness of use.

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 12.3: Examine the role of evaluation and information in improving program implementation.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Formal Program Evaluation Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021

Test Bank Chapter 13: Regulation and the Courts Multiple Choice 1. Unlike economic regulation, social regulation tends to lodge primary responsibility in ______. a. department bureaus or independent agencies rather than independent commissions b. independent commissions rather than department bureaus or independent agencies c. state and local agencies rather than federal agencies d. federal bureaus rather than state and local agencies Ans: A Learning Objective: 13.2: Explore the kinds of regulation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Job of Regulation Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Antitrust laws are designed to ______. a. promote safety b. prevent monopolies and unfair methods of competition c. assure quality of consumer products d. prohibit discrimination Ans: B Learning Objective: 13.2: Explore the kinds of regulation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Job of Regulation Difficulty Level: Easy 3. In addition to administering national regulatory programs, state and local governments can regulate ______. a. only under statutory mandates b. only with federal involvement c. only with partial preemption d. autonomously Ans: D Learning Objective: 13.2: Explore the kinds of regulation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: State and Local Regulations Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Who is responsible for passing laws? a. the people

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. executives c. judges d. legislatures Ans: D Learning Objective: 13.3: Examine the steps in regulatory procedure.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Regulatory Process Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Who do legislators delegate authority to? a. the public b. judges c. executives d. administrators Ans: D Learning Objective: 13.3: Examine the steps in regulatory procedure.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Regulatory Process Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Regulation begin with which of the following? a. advanced notice of proposed rulemaking b. grant of authority c. proposed rule d. final rule Ans: B Learning Objective: 13.3: Examine the steps in regulatory procedure.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Steps in the Regulatory Process Difficulty Level: Easy 7. The first formal step in the process is ______. a. grant of authority b. advanced notice of proposed rulemaking c. proposed rule d. final rule Ans: D Learning Objective: 13.3: Examine the steps in regulatory procedure.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Steps in the Regulatory Process Difficulty Level: Easy 8. The text argues that U.S. government regulation has been occurring since ______. a. 1789 b. the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 c. the Civil War d. the civil rights movement of the 1960s Ans: A Learning Objective: 13.3: Examine the steps in regulatory procedure.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Roots of Regulation Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Which of the following lays out the text of the regulation that the agency plans to issue? a. proposed rule b. grant of authority c. final rule d. advanced notice of proposed rulemaking Ans: A Learning Objective: 13.3: Examine the steps in regulatory procedure.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Steps in the Regulatory Process Difficulty Level: Medium 10. In 1998, a class-action suit awarded an estimated $246 billion to ______. a. the National Wildlife Federation b. the tobacco companies at the expense of the states c. citizens affected by the herbicide Agent Orange d. the states at the expense of the tobacco companies Ans: D Learning Objective: 13.4: Probe the ways in which regulators are held accountable.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Class-Action Suits Difficulty Level: Easy 11. State governments, under the ______ Amendment, are immune from damage suits in federal courts, but local governments are not immune. a. Fourth b. Sixth c. Thirteenth d. Eleventh Ans: D Learning Objective: 13.4: Probe the ways in which regulators are held accountable.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Immunity Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 12. Into which two overarching types can government regulation can be broken down? a. economic and moral b. social and economic c. federal and state d. federal and local Ans: B Learning Objective: 13.2: Explore the kinds of regulation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Job of Regulation Difficulty Level: Easy 13. In addition to regulating autonomously, state and local governments ______. a. are not subject to partial preemption b. cannot administer federal programs c. can administer national regulatory programs d. are not subject to congressional authority Ans: C Learning Objective: 13.2: Explore the kinds of regulation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: State and Local Regulations Difficulty Level: Easy 14. The two major methods used to determine whether to implement regulation are ______. a. partial preemption and private attorneys general b. risk assessment and partial preemption c. partial preemption and tort action d. risk assessment and cost-benefit analysis Ans: D Learning Objective: 13.2: Explore the kinds of regulation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Expertise Difficulty Level: Easy 15. The three main values that are the basis for regulatory administration are ______. a. procedural fairness, efficiency, and policy achievement b. procedural fairness, sound decisions, and efficiency c. procedural fairness, substantive correctness, and policy achievement d. sound decisions, policy achievement, and efficiency Ans: C Learning Objective: 13.4: Probe the ways in which regulators are held accountable.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Systems and Values

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 16. In contrast to government agencies that develop agendas of priorities to bring about certain goals, the role of the courts in the regulatory system is largely passive, because they depend on ______. a. other parties to bring cases before them and rule on those cases b. other parties to bring many cases to a single court in order to focus on many cases at the same time c. individuals to act as private attorneys general d. organizations to act as private attorneys general Ans: A Learning Objective: 13.4: Probe the ways in which regulators are held accountable.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Judicial and Administrative Systems Difficulty Level: Medium 17. Regulation has been a power vested in the U.S. government since ______. a. the Constitution of 1789 b. World War II c. the ratification of the Bill of Rights d. the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment Ans: A Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand the role of regulation in public administration.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Roots of Regulation Difficulty Level: Easy 18. Which of the following has the force of law? a. grant of authority b. advanced notice of proposed rulemaking c. proposed rule d. final rule Ans: C Learning Objective: 13.3: Examine the steps in regulatory procedure.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Steps in the Regulatory Process Difficulty Level: Medium 19. Behind every regulation, no matter how narrow, is a collection of ______ for whom the regulation and its implications are tremendously important. a. civilians b. interest groups c. elected officials d. administrators

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: B Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand the role of regulation in public administration.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Transparency of the Regulatory Process Difficulty Level: Medium 20. The regulatory process is ______. a. unofficial b. flexible c. simple d. transparent Ans: D Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand the role of regulation in public administration.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Transparency of the Regulatory Process Difficulty Level: Easy 21. Standing to sue is the legal right of an ______ to file a legal action. a. organization b. individual c. individual or organization d. agency Ans: C Learning Objective: 13.4: Probe the ways in which regulators are held accountable.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Access to the Courts Difficulty Level: Easy 22. What type of regulation is intended to limit monopolies and unfair methods of competition? a. externalities laws b. antitrust laws c. adjudication laws d. standing laws Ans: B Learning Objective: 13.2: Explore the kinds of regulation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Job of Regulation Difficulty Level: Easy 23. At the federal level, expansion of economic regulation began when the Interstate Commerce Commission was established to regulate ______. a. highways

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. streets c. railroads d. airways Ans: C Learning Objective: 13.2: Explore the kinds of regulation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Job of Regulation Difficulty Level: Easy 24. Cost-benefit analysis and risk assessment are two types of ______. a. adjudication techniques used by the courts b. preemption strategies c. delay tactics used by agencies under review d. expert techniques to assess whether regulation should exist Ans: D Learning Objective: 13.2: Explore the kinds of regulation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Expertise Difficulty Level: Easy 25. Social regulation focuses on ______. a. safeguarding the environment b. protect workers’ health and safety c. ensuring the safety and quality of consumer products d. all of these Ans: D Learning Objective: 13.2: Explore the kinds of regulation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Job of Regulation Difficulty Level: Medium 26. What offers this blanket authorization: “A person suffering legal wrong because of agency action, or adversely affected or aggrieved by agency action within the meaning of a relevant statute, is entitled to judicial review thereof?” a. Hamilton’s 1789 Report on the Subject of Manufactures b. the Administrative Procedure Act of 1946 c. Gramm-Rudman d. the Volcker Report Ans: B Learning Objective: 13.4: Probe the ways in which regulators are held accountable.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Access to the Courts Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 27. Which of the following is a private lawsuit for money damages, usually brought against a private person or corporation? a. class action b. dual action c. suppression hearing d. rule review Ans: A Learning Objective: 13.4: Probe the ways in which regulators are held accountable.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Class-Action Suits Difficulty Level: Easy 28. Defense of the government’s regulatory power rests on the economic concept of ______. a. rulemaking b. risk c. externalities d. antitrust Ans: C Learning Objective: 13.2: Explore the kinds of regulation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Job of Regulation Difficulty Level: Easy 29. According to the text, the American public is generally ______ regulation. a. indifferent about b. friendly toward c. critical toward d. content with Ans: C Learning Objective: Various Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Various Difficulty Level: Medium 30. Which of the following occupations are regulated in every state? a. plumbers b. funeral directors c. real estate agents d. hearing-aid dealers Ans: C Learning Objective: 13.2: Explore the kinds of regulation.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: State and Local Regulations Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 31. According to the text, ______ are central to policymaking and administration. a. commissions b. regulatory agencies c. government corporations d. cabinet departments Ans: B Learning Objective: 13.4: Probe the ways in which regulators are held accountable.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Regulation of the Regulators Difficulty Level: Easy 32. The state of ______ was the first state to require the installation of catalytic converters in cars, which reduce air pollution. a. California b. Nevada c. Oregon d. Washington Ans: A Learning Objective: 13.2: Explore the kinds of regulation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: State and Local Regulations Difficulty Level: Easy 33. Which of the following were identified in the text as examples of a local government regulation? a. zoning laws b. water and sewage permits c. minimum wages d. all of these Ans: D Learning Objective: 13.2: Explore the kinds of regulation.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: State and Local Regulations Difficulty Level: Medium 34. What is the first step of a court challenge? a. the person must demonstrate that they have standing b. the person must object to the regulation c. the person must file a suit in court d. the court must agree to hear the suit Ans: B Learning Objective: 13.4: Probe the ways in which regulators are held accountable.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: The Courts’ Regulation of the Regulators Difficulty Level: Easy 35. ______ is a private lawsuit for money damages, usually brought against a private person or corporation. a. Tort b. Class action c. Strict liability d. Damage Ans: B Learning Objective: 13.4: Probe the ways in which regulators are held accountable.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Access to the Courts Difficulty Level: Easy 36. Corporations-as-defendants of a class action suit sometimes view the actions as legalized ______. a. fraud b. blackmail c. theft d. bribery Ans: B Learning Objective: 13.4: Probe the ways in which regulators are held accountable.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Access to the Courts Difficulty Level: Easy 37. One of the most dramatic class-action suits was brought against seven corporations, on behalf of over 15,000 named persons following the ______. a. Iraq War b. Korea War c. Vietnam War d. World War II Ans: C Learning Objective: 13.4: Probe the ways in which regulators are held accountable.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Access to the Courts Difficulty Level: Easy 38. The courts and juries have become more open to suits against ______. a. private citizens b. executives c. public officials

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. military personnel Ans: C Learning Objective: 13.4: Probe the ways in which regulators are held accountable.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Access to the Courts Difficulty Level: Easy 39. Which of the following plays an important role in the courts’ role in administrative oversight? a. rulemaking b. venue shopping c. judicial redress d. standing Ans: B Learning Objective: 13.4: Probe the ways in which regulators are held accountable.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Systems and Values Difficulty Level: Medium 40. ______ is the continuation of the policymaking and policy implementation processes, with all the politics, in a different forum. a. Implementation b. Regulation c. Evaluation d. Administration Ans: B Learning Objective: 13.4: Probe the ways in which regulators are held accountable.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Regulation of the Regulators Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False 1. In some cases, state governments set the standard that other states and even the federal government will eventually follow.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 13.2: Explore the kinds of regulation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: State and Local Regulations Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Benefits are subjective and hard to quantify.

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: T Learning Objective: 13.2: Explore the kinds of regulation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Expertise Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Judicial review of regulation tends to revolve around whether agencies have followed the proper procedures in issuing their rules, not whether the rules themselves are substantively valid.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 13.4: Probe the ways in which regulators are held accountable.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Courts’ Regulation of the Regulators Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Regulation of the behavior of private individuals and corporations to protect others from harm is a central responsibility of government.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 13.2: Explore the kinds of regulation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Conclusion Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Courts simply will hear a challenge to a regulation even if a litigant has not demonstrated standing.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 13.4: Probe the ways in which regulators are held accountable.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Access to the Courts Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Citizens often seek to file suit against government agencies for damages they believe that government actions have caused.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 13.4: Probe the ways in which regulators are held accountable.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Access to the Courts Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Laws prescribe what government administrators do. Regulation defines how they do it.

Ans: T

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand the role of regulation in public administration.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Regulation as a Foundation for Government’s Work Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Regulation defines how public administrators balance individual freedom and government control.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand the role of regulation in public administration.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Regulation as a Foundation for Government’s Work Difficulty Level: Medium 9. The three values of regulatory administration—fair procedures, sound decisions, and policy goals are interlinked and in conflict.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 13.4: Probe the ways in which regulators are held accountable.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Regulation of the Regulators Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Courts make policy.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 13.4: Probe the ways in which regulators are held accountable.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Judicial and Administrative Systems Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer 1. Briefly, what is cost-benefit analysis?

Ans: Answers will vary. Cost-benefit analysis is an expert technique used to assess whether the benefit associated with an action outweigh the cost, in this context, the cost of regulation.

Learning Objective: 13.2: Explore the kinds of regulation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Expertise Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Why is risk assessment relevant to regulation?

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: Answers will vary. Regulators assess the risk of activities associated with activities of industry and other entities to determine whether there is enough potential harm (associated with activities) to warrant regulation of behavior.

Learning Objective: 13.2: Explore the kinds of regulation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Expertise Difficulty Level: Easy 3. How are regulations imposed?

Ans: Answers will vary. Regulations are rooted in law whereby legislative bodies grant specific authority to agencies for the development of regulatory procedures.

Learning Objective: 13.1: Understand the role of regulation in public administration.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Roots of Regulation Difficulty Level: Easy 4. What is the Administrative Procedure Act of 1946?

Ans: Answers will vary. The Administrative Procedure Act of 1946 (or APA) is the basis for federal regulatory processes. The APA outlines administrative rulemaking.

Learning Objective: 13.3: Examine the steps in regulatory procedure.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Steps in the Regulatory Process Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Is regulation strictly an activity of the federal government?

Ans: Answers will vary. No. State and local governments also impose regulations on activities such as the sale or distribution of electricity to citizens, ensuring safe food in restaurants, and verifying that medical doctors and barbers (among many other professions and trades) are properly trained and competent.

Learning Objective: 13.2: Explore the kinds of regulation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: State and Local Regulations Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay 1. Identify and describe the two main categories of government regulation.

Ans: Answers will vary. Government regulation can be economic or social.

Economic regulation has long sought to assure competition by preventing monopolies and unfair methods of competition. It has also regulated aspects of economic activity, including entry into a business, price, safety, and standards of service. Social regulation focuses on the quality of life by seeking to safeguard the environment; protect workers’ health and safety; assure the safety and quality

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 of consumer products; and prohibit discrimination on grounds of race, color, sex, age, or disability.

Learning Objective: 13.2: Explore the kinds of regulation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Job of Regulation Difficulty Level: Medium 2. What are the two roles of state and local government regulation?

Ans: Answers will vary. State and local government regulation can be substantially autonomous, without involvement of the national government. The states, not the federal government, regulate insurance companies, despite their nationwide operations. Local governments administer land-use zoning, which seeks to control the location, structural features, and uses of buildings. The other regulatory role for state and local governments is administration of national regulatory programs. Congress has the power to preempt much state regulatory activity, displacing it with programs executed directly by federal officials.

Learning Objective: 13.2: Explore the kinds of regulation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: State and Local Regulations Difficulty Level: Medium 3. According to the text, why does government regulation exist? Can there ever be too much regulation? Why? Ans: Answers will vary. All governments regulate the behavior of individuals and organizations, with the primary objective of changing that behavior when the unchecked pursuit of self-interest could harm others: consumers, competitors, suppliers, distributors, workers, or members of future generations. Another reason is to control how government agencies and their employees go about their administrative tasks, particularly those that involve regulation of private behavior.

Learning Objective: 13.2: Explore the kinds of regulation.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Job of Regulation Difficulty Level: Hard 4. Name the three values at the core of regulatory administration and describe the complexities involved in pursuing them.

Ans: Answers will vary. The three values at the heart of regulatory administration are procedural fairness, substantive correctness of decisions, and the achievement of public policy goals. The first value, procedural fairness, is widely agreed on, but often courts would rather agencies imitate their procedures instead of agencies’ own adjudicative procedures. Though often agencies do mimic the courts, the trend is always away from formal and toward informal rulemaking. The next value is more substantive: the correctness of a decision reached. The system should assure a correct answer, but neither the agency nor the court can assure the decision made is correct owing to the scientific and

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 technological uncertainties involved in policy issues mixed with political judgments that add bias to which decision is the “right” one. The last value, the achievement of policy objectives, is complicated by the ways agencies and courts operate differently, in ways that can trip each other up. Formalizing procedures excessively, as the courts would mandate, can cause ridiculous delays in the administrative process. In essence, efficiency is compromised for accountability and vice versa depending on whether you go with the courts’ procedures or the agencies’.

Learning Objective: 13.4: Probe the ways in which regulators are held accountable.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Systems and Values Difficulty Level: Hard 5. Define and describe the term externalities.

Ans: Answers will vary. Externalities is a concept that comes from economics and helps justify government regulatory intervention. Also referred to as spillover effects, the term is described by the text through an example of a manufacturing company acting in its own best interests by taking the cheapest route to dispose of its waste, dumping it into the river used to operate the mill. This makes it so communities downstream must pay the cost of cleaning the water and suffer the other effects of pollution. The government would thus be able to justify regulatory action charging the polluter if the downstream costs were high enough.

Learning Objective: 13.2: Explore the kinds of regulation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Job of Regulation Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021

Test Bank Chapter 14: Accountability and Politics Multiple Choice 1. Congressional oversight serves which of the following purposes? a. the collection of information b. the investigation of fraud, waste, and abuse c. protection of legislative prerogatives d. all of the these Ans: C Learning Objective: 14.1: Understand the role of public administration in an environment of separation of powers.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Purposes of Oversight Difficulty Level: Medium 2. The Iran-Contra scandal during the Reagan administration is most closely associated with which of the following barriers to information flow? a. secrecy b. administrative confidentiality c. small congressional staffs d. large congressional staffs Ans: A Learning Objective: 14.2: Explore the role and function of legislative oversight of administration.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Secrecy Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Which of the following is the foundation of accountability? a. monitoring b. redundancy c. sanctions d. voluntary compliance Ans: D Learning Objective: 14.3: Examine the implications of performance information to promote accountability.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Elements of Accountability Difficulty Level: Medium 4. The Senate Committee on Government Affairs and the House Committee on Government Reform are examples of ______.

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. executive committees b. appropriations committees c. authorizing committees d. committees on government operations Ans: D Learning Objective: 14.2: Explore the role and function of legislative oversight of administration.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Varieties of Committee Review Difficulty Level: Medium 5. What type of oversight management does Congress tend to practice? a. fire alarm b. police patrol c. physician rescue d. prison guard patrol Ans: A Learning Objective: 14.1: Understand the role of public administration in an environment of separation of powers.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Paradox of Oversight Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Which of the following is one of the barriers to information flow that makes Congressional oversight much more challenging? a. legislative review b. adequate staffing c. reelection campaigns d. administrative confidentiality Ans: D Learning Objective: 14.2: Explore the role and function of legislative oversight of administration.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Barriers to Information Flow Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Which of the following is associated with government agencies’ protection of private information such as individuals’ tax returns? a. administrative confidentiality b. legislative review c. performance-based information d. executive privilege Ans: A Learning Objective: 14.2: Explore the role and function of legislative oversight of administration.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Administrative Confidentiality Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Which of the following is another term for legislative oversight? a. administrative rulemaking b. executive privilege c. adjudication d. legislative review Ans: D Learning Objective: 14.2: Explore the role and function of legislative oversight of administration.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Varieties of Committee Review Difficulty Level: Easy 9. According to the text, what credentials to appropriations committees have? a. prestige b. power c. competence d. all of these Ans: D Learning Objective: 14.2: Explore the role and function of legislative oversight of administration.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Varieties of Committee Review Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Which of the following committees initiate, review, and report out bills and resolutions in particular subject-matter areas? a. appropriations b. rules c. authorizing d. government operations Ans: C Learning Objective: 14.2: Explore the role and function of legislative oversight of administration.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Varieties of Committee Review Difficulty Level: Easy 11. What is at the core of the textbook? a. transparency b. accountability c. legitimacy d. power Ans: B

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 14.1: Understand the role of public administration in an environment of separation of powers.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 12. According to the text, appropriations committees may have the most impressive credentials for oversight but ______. a. their staff members are not issue experts b. they have a limited scope of power c. their effectiveness in carrying out oversight remains relatively weak d. their knowledge of agencies and programs is limited Ans: C Learning Objective: 14.2: Explore the role and function of legislative oversight of administration.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Varieties of Committee Review Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Dollar figures and incremental changes from the previous year are the primary focus of ______. a. appropriations committees b. authorizing committees c. committees on government operations d. executive committees Ans: B Learning Objective: 14.2: Explore the role and function of legislative oversight of administration.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Varieties of Committee Review Difficulty Level: Medium 14. The Nixon administration made famous which of the following barriers to information flow? a. secrecy b. administrative confidentiality c. executive privilege d. protection of an individual’s private information Ans: C Learning Objective: 14.2: Explore the role and function of legislative oversight of administration.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Executive Privilege Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 15. Which of the following was identified as a continuation of preenactment politics? a. accountability b. oversight c. administration d. regulation Ans: B Learning Objective: 14.1: Understand the role of public administration in an environment of separation of powers.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Separation of Powers Difficulty Level: Medium 16. The two principles that keep accountability systems working are ______. a. standard setting and efficiency b. monitoring and sanctions c. voluntary compliance and administrative confidentiality d. independence and redundancy Ans: D Learning Objective: 14.3: Examine the implications of performance information to promote accountability.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Principles to Make Accountability Work Difficulty Level: Medium 17. Which of the following was identified as the unholy trinity? a. investigation of instances of fraud, waste, and abuse b. assurance that administrators follow legislative intent c. collection of information d. evaluation of program effectiveness Ans: A Learning Objective: 14.1: Understand the role of public administration in an environment of separation of powers.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Purposes of Oversight Difficulty Level: Medium 18. Crafting rules that guide administrative discretion is referred to as which of the following? a. standard setting b. rulemaking c. legislation d. executive privilege Ans: A Learning Objective: 14.4: Take a final look at the challenges for accountability in modern public administration.

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Elements of Accountability Difficulty Level: Medium 19. What strategy have White House officials claimed as a defense against testifying before Congress? a. legislative immunity b. specific Hatch Act provision c. posse comitatus d. executive privilege Ans: D Learning Objective: 14.2: Explore the role and function of legislative oversight of administration.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Executive Privilege Difficulty Level: Easy 20. Increasingly, on what does GAO rely for review of individual agency transactions? a. appropriations staff b. budget staff c. nobody d. agency auditors Ans: D Learning Objective: 14.3: Examine the implications of performance information to promote accountability.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Changes in GAO’s Strategy Difficulty Level: Easy 21. What strategies does GAO employ to workload to include most critical matters? a. statistical sampling b. risk assessment comprehensiveness c. risk management and transparency d. transparency and data reduction Ans: A Learning Objective: 14.3: Examine the implications of performance information to promote accountability.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Changes in GAO’s Strategy Difficulty Level: Easy 22. What is a primary reason for GAO being unable to attract public attention to its work? a. its rapid production of documents and reports

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. There is little access to reports on internet. c. the length of time it takes to complete reports d. no particular reason Ans: C Learning Objective: 14.3: Examine the implications of performance information to promote accountability.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Changes in GAO’s Strategy Difficulty Level: Easy 23. According to the text, what have state legislatures done in response to GAO’s effort with regard to the federal government? a. nothing b. They’ve tended to decrease legislative volume. c. They’ve established their own mini-GAO’s d. They’ve accepted more grant dollars aimed at ensuring compliance.

Ans: C Learning Objective: 14.3: Examine the implications of performance information to promote accountability.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: State and Local Legislative Control Difficulty Level: Easy 24. What principle of accountability is removing GAO from the purview of the executive branch most closely associated with? a. reliability b. independence c. redundancy d. transaction costs Ans: B Learning Objective: 14.3: Examine the implications of performance information to promote accountability.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Principles to Make Accountability Work Difficulty Level: Medium 25. Having multiple agencies charged with oversight is most closely associated with what principle of accountability? a. reliability b. independence c. internal controls d. redundancy Ans: D Learning Objective: 14.3: Examine the implications of performance information to promote accountability.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Principles to Make Accountability Work Difficulty Level: Medium 26. Legislative oversight is generally thought to do which of the following? a. protect legislative prerogatives b. reverse unpopular actions c. evaluate program effectiveness d. all of these Ans: D Learning Objective: 14.1: Understand the role of public administration in an environment of separation of powers.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Purposes of Oversight Difficulty Level: Medium 27. Legislators’ use oversight platforms to promote their own agenda and this is most closely associated with which purpose of oversight? a. detection of waste, fraud, and abuse b. gauging program effectiveness c. personal advocacy d. command and control Ans: C Learning Objective: 14.1: Understand the role of public administration in an environment of separation of powers.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Purposes of Oversight Difficulty Level: Medium 28. In 2004, the GAO changed the key part of its name from ______ to ______. a. administrative; accounting b. appropriation; accountability c. accounting; accountability d. authorizing; appropriations Ans: C Learning Objective: 14.3: Examine the implications of performance information to promote accountability.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Government Accountability Office Difficulty Level: Easy 29. Executive privilege started to become popular during the ______ administration. a. Clinton b. Nixon c. George W. Bush d. Ford

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: B Learning Objective: 14.2: Explore the role and function of legislative oversight of administration.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Executive Privilege Difficulty Level: Medium 30. The ______ is Congress’s chief arm for examining the performance of government programs. a. House Committee on Government Reform b. Treasury Department c. Senate Committee on Government Affairs d. GAO Ans: D Learning Objective: 14.3: Examine the implications of performance information to promote accountability.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Government Accountability Office Difficulty Level: Easy 31. According to the text, the surest course to an ______ public administration is a(n) ______. a. efficient; careful balance b. enterprising; caring Congress c. ethical; careful balance d. understanding; involved public Ans: C Learning Objective: Various Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Conclusion: Ethics and the Public Service Difficulty Level: Medium 32. Administrative confidentiality covers the protection of ______ and ______. a. positions; confidentiality b. private information; internal documents c. documents; salary data e. policy analyses; legislative bills Ans: B Learning Objective: 14.2: Explore the role and function of legislative oversight of administration.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Administrative Confidentiality Difficulty Level: Medium 33. Using a bully pulpit is an example of ______. a. personal advocacy

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. collection of information c. protection of legislative prerogatives d. evaluation of program effectiveness Ans: A Learning Objective: 14.1: Understand the role of public administration in an environment of separation of powers.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Purposes of Oversight Difficulty Level: Medium 34. Political scientist Francis Fukuyama has argued that government in general— and government in the United States in particular—is ______. a. thriving b. decaying c. prospering d. revolting Ans: B Learning Objective: 14.4: Take a final look at the challenges for accountability in modern public administration.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Big Questions Difficulty Level: Easy 35. Francis Fukuyama blames the decay of the government on ______. a. Congress b. states c. interest groups d. the public Ans: C Learning Objective: 14.4: Take a final look at the challenges for accountability in modern public administration.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Big Questions Difficulty Level: Easy 36. Robert F. Durant and David Rosenbloom have argued that the field of public administration is becoming ______. a. hallowed out b. predictable c. too political d. strong Ans: A Learning Objective: 14.4: Take a final look at the challenges for accountability in modern public administration.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Big Questions

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 37. Which of the following types of law was identified as once being the cornerstone to public administration? a. civil b. common c. administrative d. criminal Ans: C Learning Objective: 14.4: Take a final look at the challenges for accountability in modern public administration.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Big Questions Difficulty Level: Medium 38. An enduring theme of this book is that ______. a. programs come and go b. people matter c. there isn’t enough money d. laws change Ans: B Learning Objective: 14.4: Take a final look at the challenges for accountability in modern public administration.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Big Questions Difficulty Level: Easy 39. Multiplying the control agencies and overlapping their functions is an example of ______. a. redundancy b. independence c. accountability d. effectiveness Ans: A Learning Objective: 14.4: Take a final look at the challenges for accountability in modern public administration.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Principles to Make Accountability Work Difficulty Level: Easy 40. In the end, ______ is about doing the right thing. a. accountability b. transparency c. effectiveness d. legitimacy Ans: A

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 14.4: Take a final look at the challenges for accountability in modern public administration.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Principles to Make Accountability Work Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False 1. The surest course to an ethical public administration is a careful balance.

Ans: T Learning Objective: Various Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Conclusions: Ethics and Public Service Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Evaluation of program effectiveness is one reason for congressional oversight.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 14.1: Understand the role of public administration in an environment of separation of powers.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Purposes of Oversight Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Authorizing committees have the most impressive control of administration.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 14.2: Explore the role and function of legislative oversight of administration.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Varieties of Committee Review Difficulty Level: Medium 4. To be credible, an accountability system needs the ability to impose sanctions.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 14.3: Examine the implications of performance information to promote accountability.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Elements of Accountability Difficulty Level: Easy 5. When legislators conduct routine patrols exploring the implementation of programs it is referred to as fire alarm oversight.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 14.1: Understand the role of public administration in an environment of separation of powers.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: The Paradox of Oversight Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Oversight is essential to effective administration because policy has little meaning except in its implementation.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 14.1: Understand the role of public administration in an environment of separation of powers.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Paradox of Oversight Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Some committees engage more frequently in oversight, especially those watching over agencies that must receive annual appropriations.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 14.2: Explore the role and function of legislative oversight of administration.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Committee Oversight of Administration Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Congress’s ability to monitor administrative activities effectively depends on its access to information, most of it generated in the states.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 14.2: Explore the role and function of legislative oversight of administration.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Oversight and Redundancy Difficulty Level: Medium 9. The problem of legislative control is clearly a shortage of committees with oversight responsibilities and opportunities.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 14.2: Explore the role and function of legislative oversight of administration.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Oversight and Redundancy Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Executive privilege does not impede the flow of information.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 14.2: Explore the role and function of legislative oversight of administration.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Executive Privilege Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021

Short Answer 1. What does the author call the “unholy trinity?”

Ans: Answers will vary. The unholy trinity is waste, fraud, and abuse (of public resources)—a principle driver of the need for legislative oversight.

Learning Objective: 14.1: Understand the role of public administration in an environment of separation of powers.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Purposes of Oversight Difficulty Level: Easy 2. What is police patrol oversight?

Ans: Answers will vary. Police patrol oversight describes the effort to routinize oversight of agencies in the effort of identifying problems with implementation (e.g., review of impact of social program).

Learning Objective: 14.1: Understand the role of public administration in an environment of separation of powers.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Paradox of Oversight Difficulty Level: Easy 3. What is fire alarm oversight?

Ans: Answers will vary. Fire alarm oversight describes how legislators respond to executive branch problems as they arise (e.g., emerging scandal).

Learning Objective: 14.1: Understand the role of public administration in an environment of separation of powers.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Paradox of Oversight Difficulty Level: Easy 4. What is a major challenge associated with basing oversight on determinations of legislative intent?

Ans: Answers will vary. At the time a program is put in place by Congress, it is not always easy to describe intent. Whether ideal or not, sometimes policymakers do not have a full understanding of this until the program is put into place.

Learning Objective: 14.1: Understand the role of public administration in an environment of separation of powers.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Purposes of Oversight Difficulty Level: Medium 5. In general how have agencies responded to Congress’s request for information?

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: Answers will vary. Over time, the tendency has been for agencies to provide a large volume of data to Congress. However, this may hurt, more than help, Congress’s ability to learn about programs because of the need to sort through volumes.

Learning Objective: 14.2: Explore the role and function of legislative oversight of administration.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Staffing Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay 1. Identify the purposes of oversight for members of Congress. Discuss whether any one approach is less appropriate than another.

Ans: Answers will vary. First, members of Congress naturally wish to ensure that administrators’ actions are consistent with what Congress intended in passing legislation. Second, oversight can be used to investigate instances of fraud, waste, and abuse or for collection of information. Third, oversight can be implemented to evaluate program effectiveness, protect congressional prerogatives, provide information for personal advocacy, and reverse unpopular actions.

Learning Objective: 14.1: Understand the role of public administration in an environment of separation of powers.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Purposes of Oversight Difficulty Level: Medium 2. What three types of congressional standing committees have responsibility for legislative oversight?

Ans: Answers will vary. First, authorizing committees prepare the laws that authorize programs and can initiate, review, and report out bills and resolutions in particular areas (such as labor, commerce, education, or foreign affairs). Second, appropriations committees have the most impressive credentials for control of administration and operate under the time pressure of the annual appropriations process. Finally, the committees on government operations have the broadest responsibility and strongest powers for overseeing administrative activities. All three types of committees are responsible for legislative oversight.

Learning Objective: 14.2: Explore the role and function of legislative oversight of administration.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Varieties of Committee Review Difficulty Level: Medium 3. What three barriers to information flow can hinder congressional oversight?

Instructor Resource Kettl, Politics of the Administrative Process, 8e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: Answers will vary. Secrecy, particularly in the conduct of foreign affairs, the planning of military strategy and tactics, and the pursuit of intelligence activities, is the most formidable barrier. A second barrier is the president’s use of executive privilege to protect the confidentiality of oral and written communication between the president and White House aides. A third barrier is administrative confidentiality, which covers protection of private information and drafts, memos, and other internal records bearing on policies and decisions.

Learning Objective: 14.2: Explore the role and function of legislative oversight of administration.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Barriers to Information Flow Difficulty Level: Medium 4. What is the paradox of congressional oversight?

Ans: Answers will vary. The paradox is that although much of what Congress does is oversight, in one form or another, the activity tends to rank low among congressional priorities. Many congressional actions involve some form of supervision of administrative actions, from the enactment of laws and budgets to committee hearings to program reviews by congressional staff agencies, such as the Government Accountability Office and the Congressional Budget Office. Yet, the reelection imperative is all-important, and much routine oversight does little to enhance a member’s reputation back in his or her district, not to mention that regular procedures for conducting oversight are rare.

Learning Objective: 14.1: Understand the role of public administration in an environment of separation of powers.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Paradox of Oversight Difficulty Level: Hard 5. What is executive privilege, and how has it manifested itself in different administrations?

Ans: Answers will vary. Executive privilege is one of the barriers to information flow. Though not mentioned in the Constitution, it is now asserted to be one of the powers of the presidency. It basically means presidents can claim immunity from disclosing information and has been used most frequently to keep undisclosed the oral and written communication between the president and White House aides. Examples of such claims for executive privilege can be seen during the Nixon administration’s Watergate affair, Bill Clinton’s appearance before a grand jury investigating his personal conduct in office, and George W. Bush’s testimony before a commission investigating the September 11 attacks.

Learning Objective: 14.2: Explore the role and function of legislative oversight of administration.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Executive Privilege Difficulty Level: Medium