Influential Anthropologists What kind of diversity is found in humans? 2. What do we know about huma

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Wednesday, September 23, 2021 Parneet Influential Anthropologists Years Associated

Anthropologists

1. Carleton Stevens Coon

2. William White Howells

Questions

Carleton associated with his work from 1949-1957 and was an American anthropologist who made notable contributions to cultural and physical anthropology and archaeology. He contributed to the study of anthropology by conducting anthropological studies in conjunction with archaeological investigations. His areas of study ranged from prehistoric agrarian communities to contemporary tribal societies in the Middle East, Patagonia, and the hill country of India.

1. What kind of diversity is found in humans?

William associated with his work from 1934-1974 and was an American physical anthropologist, who specialized in the establishment of population relationships through physical measurement. William contributed to the study of anthropology by focusing on the origins of humans and the evolution of races. He is also known for his work in developing anthropological curricula and his popular books in the field, which have been widely translated and are extensively used in the classroom.

1. Why are people all different, physically?

2. How have humans adapted to different environments?

What did they do to adapt?

Physical Anthropology:

Social Cultural Anthropology:

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2. What do we know about human genetic variation?

Anthropologists

1. Franz Boas

2. Margaret Mead

Years Associated

Questions

Franz Boas is known as “the father of modern cultural anthropology”.

He contributed to the establishment of an anthropology department at Columbia University that taught some of the world’s most promising students (including Ruth Benedict and Margaret Mead). He helped to challenge outdated beliefs and demystified advanced theories that allowed the development of entirely new and innovative ways of observing and analysing humans. Boas conducted research whilst considering the perspectives of other sciences, including linguistics, ethnology and even statistics, and spent time studying the Eskimos of the Canadian Arctic and Native Americans along the northern Pacific coast. Boas contributed to the study of anthropology since he was a pioneer within the field of anthropology, pointing out that the individual is only as important as their social group, and that cultural settings affect people differently.

Margret was best known for her studies of the nonliterate peoples of Oceania, especially with regard to various aspects of psychology and culture—the cultural conditioning of sexual behaviour, natural character, and culture change. Margaret Mead, was a pioneer of cultural anthropology, contributed a lot in understanding the modern concepts

1. Why do people differ in their beliefs and behaviors?

2. How were other cultures and beliefs formed?

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1. How did each culture come up with their beliefs?

2. What would life be like in a simpler society with less cultures and beliefs?

of western and American culture.

Mead published several books on contemporary issues and primitive societies. She was a strong supporter of women’s rights.

Archaeology:

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Anthropologists

1. Hiram Bingham

2. Mark Lehner

Years Associated

Questions

Hiram associated with his work from 1905-1953 and was an American archaeologist and politician who in 1911 initiated the scientific study of Machu Picchu, an ancient Inca site in a remote part of the Peruvian Andes. Hiram contributed to the study of anthropology by discovering Machu Picchu and by making important contributions both in archaeology and government during his interesting career in the 20th century.

1.What tools and equipment did ancient people use back in the past?

Lehner associated with his work from 1979-2021 and is Director and President of Ancient Egypt Research Associates, Inc. (AERA).

He has carried out archaeological research in Egypt for nearly forty years. He mapped the Great Sphinx and discovered a major part of the ‘Lost City of the Pyramids’ at Giza.

Mark contributed to the study of anthropology by mapping the Great Sphinx and discovering major parts of pyramids in Egypt

1. What is the time frame for the various objects you found?

2. What is the importance of symbols you have found in archaeology?

2.What kind of historical objects have you found?

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Linguistic Anthropology: Anthropologists

1. Roman Jakobson

2. Edward Sapir

Years Associated

Jakobson was one of the most celebrated and influential linguists of the twentieth century. With Nikolai Trubetzkoy, he contributed to anthropology by developing revolutionary new techniques for the analysis of linguistic sound systems, in effect founding the modern discipline of phonology. Russian born linguist and literary theorist Roman Jakobson had many influential ideas about language most remarkably he changed the way scholars studied phenology the sound of the sound structure of language specifically he proposed the idea of distinctive features which suggests that all sounds of speech or marked by binary contrast which can be described and quantified.

Sapir associated with his work from 1909-1925 and contributed to anthropology by suggesting that man perceives the world principally through language. He also wrote many articles on the relationship of language to culture. Edward Sapir was a linguistic anthropologist who’s

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Questions

1.Why is one language preferred over another?

2. What types of values and ideologies are communicated through language?

1.Does language vary according gender, beliefs, and other criteria

2.What strategies for revitalizing endangered languages have been successful and unsuccessful?

through classification of indigenous American languages is still widely used today. Sapir was most famous, however, for a concept known as linguistic relativity, what he developed with his student, Benjamin Whorf. This hypothesis, in its strongest form, claims that the language one speaks influences the way in which one perceives the world. This hypothesis has been largely dismissed by modern linguists but caused significant discussion and consideration about the link between language and culture.

References

Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (n.d.). Carleton S. Coon. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 24, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Carleton-Coon.

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Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (n.d.). William W. howells. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 24, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-W-Howells.

Famous anthropologists. Science Struck. (2009, June 8). Retrieved September 24, 2021, from https://sciencestruck.com/famous-anthropologists.

Harris-Jones, J. (2019, May 2). 10 famous Cultural ANTHROPOLOGISTS. Veganthropology.

Retrieved September 24, 2021, from https://theveganthropologist.wordpress.com/2019/05/02/famous-anthropologists/.

Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (n.d.). Hiram Bingham. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 24, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hiram-BinghamAmerican-archaeologist-and-United-States-senator.

Encyclopedia.com. (2021, September 24). Hiram Bingham. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved September 24, 2021, from https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/philosophy-andreligion/protestant-christianity-biographies/hiram-bingham-archaeologist.

Paul. (2015, December 16). 7 linguists who changed the game. Listen & Learn. Retrieved September 24, 2021, from https://www.listenandlearn.org/blog/7-linguists-who-changedthe-game/.

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