Influential Anthropologists, Jane Goodall, Edward Sapir, Margaret Mead, Claude Levi-Strauss, Marcel

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Anthropologist

Field of Study

Contribution/Question

Jane Goodall

Physical Anthropology She discovered that chimpanzees Primatology have a social and family hierarchy.

The things that make us human are found in other species,too.

What can chimpanzees teach us about how wars start?

Edward Sapir

Anthropology (about human linguistic and cultural expression)

Source in APA format Our story. (2020, February 05). Retrieved February 19, 2021, from https://www.janegoodall.org/our-story/

The Editors of EncyclopaediaBritannica. (2021, January 31). ​Edward Sapir | Biography, Linguistics, & Facts​. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/EdwardSapir Yale University. (2019, March 2). ​Edward Sapir​. Linguistics. https://ling.yale.edu/about/history/people/edwar d-sapir

A: The geographic regions in the world consist of different cultures and societies in which people operate in. Some accents can come along by being lazy or fancy, and some come along by being more rugged. For example, the terrain can alter people's mindsets to have distinct accents; a person who lives in peace in a flat green area, compared to someone who lives in a dark cave who fights daily, will have different approaches to the accent, especially beginning of times.

Margaret Mead

Social/Sociocultural Anthropologist

She made contributions by talking about social issues such as race, women's rights and environmental issues. This helped her stand out in her career; she helped impact anthropology with her research type, leaving a legacy.

Q: What kinds of ethnic conflicts arise in primitive cultures?

A: Since it's primitive, many things can arise, such as gender inequality and even race inequality. Because if we look at history, primitive people didn't treat each other well compared

History.com Editors. (2010, May 05). Margaret Mead. Retrieved from https://www.history.com/topics/womens-history /margaret-mead

to now, because we have strict laws placed although there is room for improvement. Some primitive people judged people based on how they looked or would give a race a lousy label because one person did them wrong, which is absurd.

Claude Levi-Strauss

Structuralism/Social Anthropologist

Claude Levi introduced the theory of Claude Levi-Strauss: biography. theory & structuralism. He used his ideas to do structuralism. (2019. march 20). study.com. research on subjects such as media, retrieved from religion and cultures. ​https:i/study.com,academy/lesson, claude-levi-strauss-biography-theory-structurali Q: According to this theory, if all sm.html cultures are built on the same foundation, why is there ethnic conflict in the world?

A: Although some cultures do have similar foundations, that doesn't always mean they will turn out like each other. For example, if you were to build two houses, you would dig a hole, pour in the concrete for your foundation, and do it. Then comes the designing/framing part, which won't be the same because one family wants their house to look modern the other wants it to look

more farm-like. Now think as if these two families and how they tried to change and have their way, most cultures did. Had the same foundation didn't preferred others, and then when you let an ideology grow, little things will be added to either make it strict or less strict about matching up with my example; you can call this a renovation.

Marcel Mauss

Social/sociocultural anthropologist

Marcel contributed lots in anthropology especially ethology, he theorized that gifts can not only act as objects but also a way to gain a moral connection.

Q: Why do you feel it's important to observe members of a particular culture rather than gathering information through interviews.

A: Sometimes interviews can come off as to “on the spot” which means that people in the interview could be focused on something else instead of the subject. It's always better to experience the culture first hand, because that helps you truly understand it. Interviewing someone can cause biases especially if you

Marcel Mauss. (2021, February 06). Retrieved From https://www.britannica.com/ biography/ Marcel-Nauss

only interview one or two people.

Louis leakey

Physical anthropologist

Louis and his team found remains of Proconsul africanus, he had also discovered a homo erectus skull later theorizing homo habilis.

Louis Leakey. (2020, September 03). Retrieved February 19, 2021, from https://www.biography.com/scientist/louis-leake y

Q: If we are all related, why don't we look the same?

Louis Leakey. (n.d.). ​Retrieved February 19, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-Le akey

A: Humans operate on lots of different types of terrain, cold weather, snowy weather, or even hot and try weather that physically affects us. Gradually our body adapts to these kinds of things, and they also adapt when you don't use something that's part of your body. Although our body structures are the same, for most cases, skin colour can be affected by the sun, causing you to be darker.

Raymond A. Dart

Physical anthropologist

Dart recognized that the Taung skulls had humanlike features; he claimed that if creatures have an ape-sized brain, they could have humanlike characteristics such as dental and posture.

Q: What makes the taung skull and the human skull so alike?

Britannica, T. Editors Of Encyclopedia ( 2021, January 21.) Raymond A. Dart. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from htL,_,://www.britan, .,a.com/biography/Raymond-A-Dart

A: I would say the shape gives it away, which isn't the only case; many other animals have similar aspects to us humans. But the giveaways in the example shown are the teeth and their eye sockets; you could fool someone by telling them it's a baby skull.

Kathy Reichs

Physical anthropologist

She helped identity 9/11 victims after the attack, she also has a popular book series called conspiracy of bones Q: Can we determine diseases.

Looking at bones? What could be the reason for death?

A: Researchers can determine that you died from the disease; they can take tried blood samples or even look at your bones to see if there are any dark areas or abnormal cracks/damage that could have caused death.

Ferdinand de Saussure

Linguistic anthropologist

Ferdinand de Saussure is one of the two founders of semiotics; he has also published a novel called "Memoir on the Original System of Vowels in the Indo- European Languages".

The Information Architects of Encyclopaedia Britannica Janet Moredock. A Tikkanen.

S.Chopra. A Augustyn Freelance writer and editor. (Jan 1. 2021) https //www britannica.com/biography/Kath y-Reichs

Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2021, February 18). Ferdinand de Saussure.

Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved on February 19, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinan d-de- Saussure

Q: What factors might cause the English language to evolve?

A: Laziness and being fancy cause the English language to evolve, but that could mean the wrong way.

There is proof of this, especially in Victorian times. Today the language becomes laziness by using slang.

Dell Hymes

Linguistic anthropologist

Taught in Linguistic Anthropology, Native American Mythology, Ethno-poetics, Native American Poetry. He also and founded the ethnography of Communication.

Q: How do factors not related to speech help two people properly communicate?

A: The factors help because they are still getting their message across regardless of speech. Factors such as using body movements can help or even show emotion in whatever you are doing.

Department of Anthropology (09 July 2009) Retrieved February 19, 2021, from https://anthropology.virginia.edu/faculty/inmem oriam/profile/dellhymes

Steven Pinker

Linguistic anthropologist

Steven Pinker published a book called "The Language Instinct" and is known to conduct research in visual cognition, psycholinguistics, and social relations.

Q: Does your language accent vary depending on whom you surround yourself with( friends or family etc)?

McFadden, C. (2019, October 21). 7+ facts about EXPERIMENTAL cognitive Psychologist Steven Pinker. Retrieved February 19, 2021, from https://interestingengineering.com/who-is-profe ssor-steven-pinker-andwhy-is-he-famous Linder, D. (2004). Biography of Steven Pinker.

Retrieved February 19, 2021, from http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/con law/pinkers.html#:~:text=Pinker%20rocketed% 20to%20fam e%E2%80%94at,adaptation%2C%20not%20a% 20cultural%20invention.

My mother tongue is Pashto; personally, it does; when I speak with my mom, I tend to use a knowledgeable accent. But if I am talking with my cousins or friends University Harvard. (n.d.). About Steven Pinker. that speak it, I tend to have it Retrieved February 19, 2021, from loosened up, and it even sounds more https://stevenpinker.com/biocv deteriorated.

Paul. (2015, December 16). 7 linguists who changed the game. Retrieved February 19, 2021, from https://www.listenandlearn.org/blog/7-linguistswho-changed-the-game/

Paul Grice

Linguistic anthropologist

Paul Grice was a major contributor to the study of pragmatics He was well known for his innovative work in linguistic philosophy.

Q. (2021, February 19). ​Paul Grice​ [Piktograph] Paul Grice. Retrieved March 2021, from https://tvdsb.elearningontario.ca/d2l/le/1880590 9/discussions/posts/17878263/ViewAttachment?

fileId=77954481 Q: How might one not violate a Maxim to avoid a compromise in a communication.

A: It would help if you kept the conversation going and did not make it awkward. If you are running out of things to say, mention something about them or some things that are happening today to throw them off while you think of what to say. Also, make sure you aren't talking too long; if you feel like you talk too much, take pauses, let other people speak, and not compromise your communication.

Sir Flinders Petrie

Archeologist

He helped revolutionize excavating, inventing sequence dating, which assisted with the restoration of ancient societies.

Q: What is an effective way to organize and sort the time period artifacts are found in?

A: I think they should be placed in secured packages that still showcase the artifact. It should also be labelled and dated to show quick information

Poole, G. Johnson (2020, July 24). Sir Flinders Petrie. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/FlindersPetrie sequence dating. ​Oxford Reference.​ Retrieved 19 Feb. 2021, from https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093 /oi/authority.20110803100455428​.

when either a researcher, student or other needs it.