AP Macroeconomics

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AP Macroeconomics Assignment: Apply Knowledge of Inflation

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1. As an example of a price index, consider the A.C.D.P.I. (a fictitious price index). The associated basket of goods is: Good Coffee Bread Tea Aspirin Cola

Quantity 3 lb 3 loaves 1 lb 1 200-tablet bottle 1 case

Price $8/lb $1/loaf $15/lb $2/bottle $6/case

A. If the price of coffee doubles, what is the resulting percentage change in the price level? (2 points) The resulting percentage change is 48% B. If the price of bread doubles, what is the resulting percentage change in the price level? (2 points) The resultant percentage change is 6% C. Why is the effect of a 100% increase in the price of coffee so much greater than the effect of a similar change in the price of bread? (4 points) Coffee costs a lot more, so it would increase by $8 bringing the total price of coffee to $16 dollars, whereas bread would only increase by $1, bringing the total price to $2.

D. Assume that the mix of goods in a basket is kept constant for long periods. If the price of one good rises very rapidly over several years, what will happen to the relative importance of the other goods in the basket? Is this a problem? (6 points) The other goods will not be affected much because they are all independent.

For example, if the price of gasoline went up significantly, the price level and the total price would change for that year, but it would not affect the other goods in the unless they were substitutes for the good that drastically changed in price. This is not a problem since changing the price of one good drastically would only affect the price total and price level, not the other goods in that basket if they were not substitutes for the good.

E. If the price of coffee increases, we get a positive rate of inflation, even if no other price rises. Is this really inflation? Explain. (6 points) This is not really inflation, because only one price has increased, and inflation is defined as a general increase in many, but not all prices. So the increase in price of coffee could be caused by another factor such as a quality change or substitute goods and may not be inflation. Coffee could also be a volatile good.

2. In 1997, the price of a particular basket of goods was $2,900. In 1998, the price of the same basket was $3,300. In 1996, the base year, the price of the basket was $2,500.

(Hint: price index is price indexed to a base year.)

A. Calculate price index for 1996, 1997, and 1998. (3 points) The price index for 1996 = 2500/2500 *100 = 100 The price index for 1997 = 2900/2500 *100 = 116 The price index for 1998 = 3300/2500 *100 = 132 B. Calculate inflation rates for 1996-97 and 1997-98. Is inflation increasing or decreasing (2 points) Inflation rate from 1996-1997 is 16%.

Inflation rate from 1997-1998 is 14% Inflation is decreasing because disinflation is happening.

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3. You buy a certificate of deposit (CD) that pays a nominal rate of 12% annually. You have a tax rate of 25%, so if the interest on this CD is taxable (which it may not be) your after-tax nominal rate is (1 – 25%) 12% = 9%. Since 10% equals .1, we can rewrite the equation as: (1 – .25) .12 = .09. For parts (A-C), the nominal rate if 12%, annually and the after-tax nominal rate is 9%.

A. If the inflation rate is 6% and interest on this CD is not taxable, what is the real interest rate on the CD? Hint: What is the relationship between the real rate of interest and the nominal rate of interest? (2 points) The real rate is (12-6) 6%.

B. If the inflation rate is 6% and the interest on this CD is taxable, what is the real interest rate on the CD? (2 points)

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The real rate is (9-6) 3%.

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AP Macroeconomics Assignment: Apply Knowledge of Inflation

This study source was downloaded by 100000849331226 from CourseHero.com on 06-29-2022 14:23:30 GMT -05:00

https://www.coursehero.com/file/15250073/Apply-Knowledge-of-Inflation/

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C. How does taxation of interest affect the real return on the CD when the nominal rate is 12% and inflation is 6%? (2 points) Without taxation, the real interest rate would be (12-6) 6%, but with taxation, the real interest rate would be 3%, so it cuts the real return by 3% on the CD. D. Now, if the inflation rate is 18%, the nominal rate of interest on the CD is 24%, and the interest is not taxable, what is the real interest rate on the CD? (2 points) The real interest rate is (24-18) 6%.

E. If the inflation rate is 18%, the nominal rate of interest on the CD is 24%, and the interest is taxable (at a rate of 25%), what is the after-tax real interest rate on the CD? (2 points) Hint: first calculate the after-tax nominal rate.

The after tax real interest rate is (18-18) 0%.

4. Costs and benefits of inflation A. Explain why unexpectedly high inflation rates benefit borrowers. (4 points) This benefits borrowers because the money that they pay back to the lenders has less purchasing power now because of the high inflation than it did back then.

B. Explain why unexpectedly low inflation rates benefit lenders. (4 points) Low inflation benefits lenders because the loan you pay back has more purchasing power than you expected, so the lenders are better off.

C. Define hyperinflation and list at least two costs it imposes on individuals or the society. (5 points) Hyperinflation is inflation that’s greater than 100%. Wages are paid daily, loans aren’t made, and people tend to avoid holding money.

Money loses its purchasing power quickly and there is no borrowing.

5. Sources of inflation A. List the two main sources of inflation. (4 points) The two main sources of inflation are increases in demand for goods and services and increases in the cost of supplying goods and services. (demand -pull and cost -push).

B. Briefly state the cause of each type of inflation. (4 points) Demand- pull inflation is caused by the consumers increasing their demand for goods and services which can be caused by higher incomes, higher expectations and higher population.

Cost push inflation is usually caused by the increased costs of making goods and services.

C. Which group in the economy is responsible for each type of inflation? (4 points)

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Demand pull inflation is caused by consumers, while cost-push inflation is caused by suppliers.

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This material is intended for the exclusive use of registered users only. No portion of these materials may be reproduced or redistributed in any form without the express written permission of Apex Learning Inc.

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