AP Human Geography Semester B Exam Review

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AP Human Geography Semester B Exam Review - In the United States, more than 80 percent of the population worked in agriculture in 1800, and only about 30 percent did by 1900. This decline was due to?

Implementation of agricultural technology. More effective farming practices, advanced agricultural technology -Know what types of geography and climate are best for ranching and farming.

Desert and scrub brush for ranching.

-Arguments against the use of bioengineering in agricultural crops.

GMOs reduce diversity. It could also be dangerous, it changes the taste of the food - Maize, or corn, originated in the Latin American hearth. Many years later, how was the corn industry in Mexico affected by NAFTA? Their traditional way of life threatened. It ruined there traditional way of life because it made the food have to be processed.

- How has international trade affected the agriculture of developing countries?

Women have taken on more of the labor in subsistence agriculture. Commercial is bigger and subsistence is for your community or family, community is for selling - Cuba is now the world’s 10th-largest producer of yams. Why? Diffusion from Africa during the Columbian Exchange.

- Thomas Malthus first raised concerns about food supply more than 200 years before it became a true global threat. Widespread food shortages were avoided in the mid- to late-twentieth century because: high-yield crops were developed along with new methods to increase production.

- Types fields that are likely cultivated using the methods of subsistence farming.

Terraced. So the water will stay in place - As commercial ranching spread widely in the northwestern United States, it caused desertification and land degradation of the arid sagebrush ecosystem, home to the greater sage grouse and other species. Some ranchers have joined with biologists, governments, and environmental groups in conservation efforts, believing that these also benefit their herds. Other ranchers feel that such efforts are unnecessary and restrictive. Some other interested parties think the sage grouse should be officially protected as an endangered species: How agricultural innovations cause debate over impacts to the environment, culture, or health.

- As a result of the rise of agribusiness, most farms in the United States are now: larger farms that are family-owned.

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- As countries progress in development, their economies shift focus from primary to secondary sector jobs. Which of the following helps describe where secondary sector jobs will locate, and why they locate there?

Alfred Weber’s least cost theory. Primary is like coal mining or factories, tertiary is services.

Secondary and tertiary are mostly in developed countries.

AP Human Geography Semester B Exam Review Continued - Why are cell phones sometimes associated with political unrest in developing counties?

Cell phones are disproportionately owned by urban residents, officials, and elites.

- Why do less developed countries have less access to knowledge?

They have less funding, fewer quality materials, and higher teacher/student ratios. Less money and material and higher teacher to student ratio - After 1928, the share of the United States’ national income that went to the top 1 percent of the population declined. Then, between 1979 and 2013, it increased. The amount of income received by the top 1 percent doubled in that time period to more than 20 percent, which is an example of: Economic inequality within a developed country.

- Which of the following statements correctly summarizes the current state of gender equality?

All countries worldwide have gender inequality, as expressed in the indices GII and GDI. - Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates followed these stages of development: Know these: W.W. Rostow’s model The peripheral model The green revolution model The self-sufficiency model The “four dragons” model - If a developing country cannot obtain funding for a large project from foreign transnational companies, which organizations are likely to assist with this type of loan?

World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. IMF. - By which index or measure have developing countries developed at a faster rate than developed countries in the last two decades?

HDI. IHDI. Human development index.

- The benefits and costs of fair trade. Which is fair trade?

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Product A Product B made by a well-known transnational made by small-scale farmers and producers corporation less expensive due to economies of scale more expensive but more money goes to and outsourcing farmers and producers unknown environmental and worker sustainable farming and no pesticide use safety standards B is fair trade!

AP Human Geography Semester B Exam Review Continued - A country’s GNI, adjusted by PPP, along with a population count, helps the United Nations assess the country’s economic development. However, these measures do not provide information about: Inequalities within the country.

- After the Industrial Revolution, the primary energy source of industry was: fossil fuels.

- Which statement accurately describes industry today?

China, Japan, Germany, and the United States produce 50 percent of industrial output.

- Consider this transportation cost data for proposed locations for a new factory. The product is neither bulk-gaining nor bulk-reducing.

Location A: Close to inputs

Location B: Between inputs and market

Cost of transporting inputs $100 $500 Cost of transporting to $1,000 $600 market Which location would be the best place to build the factory?

Location C: Close to market $200 $900

Locations A, B, and C are equally good choices.

- Which profile represents the average industrial worker in a labor-intensive industry? lives in a developing country and earns less than $2 an hour

- A manufacturer of snowboards is considering site factors in comparing possible locations in Colorado and Arizona for a new factory. She has considered the following:   

Colorado’s labor costs are $1 per hour more than Arizona’s.

Colorado’s labor force is smaller than Arizona’s and is growing more slowly.

Both locations have sufficient space and equivalent access to utilities and infrastructure.

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Less expensive wage to pay in Arizona and bigger bussinesses What site factor has she not yet considered? availability of capital. Capitals is like business and space/ money. Things to own or transportation. The ability to put in infrastructure.

- The amount of fossil fuels available to the United States is primarily limited by: the geographic location and limited nature of fossil fuels. You need machines to get natural gas - Which of the following correctly sequences the events leading to global warming? fossil fuels are burned > carbon dioxide levels rise > heat is trapped > global temperatures rise - Interest in alternative energy has largely been driven by: the need to find solutions to pollution and climate change. You need money to help pollution

AP Human Geography Semester B Exam Review Continued - By 2010, only 8 percent of the Aral Sea remained, which was once the world’s fourth-largest lake. The depletion of this natural resource was due to: demand for cotton products. They over used it.

- An entrepreneur wants to sell a line of clothing at cooperatives and other stores that carry fair trade groceries and goods. Which of these appeals uses a sustainable-development argument?

This line of clothing is made from recycled and remanufactured natural fibers, and distributes profits fairly to the producers.

- Services in early urban settlements are thought to have arisen in which order? consumer and public, then business

- Consider the types of services in this scenario: At 7 a.m., BB’s Bakery sells to its usual pre-work crowd of workers. At noon, an inspector from the local Department of Health checks food temperatures and conditions.

At 4 p.m., AAA Supply takes soiled towels, aprons, and industrial mats for cleaning, and replaces them with fresh ones.

Which of the following correctly identifies each type of service?

BB’s Bakery is a consumer service, the Department of Health is a public service, and AAA Supply is a business service.

- What determines the range of a consumer service? the distance or time consumers must travel - In the United States and other developed countries, weekly farmers’ markets draw business away from the local grocery stores. Periodic markets in developing countries serve: to provide consumer services in areas without threshold for permanent shops. In food deserts -

Settlement This settlement features international bank and transnational headquarters. There

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are high-end restaurants and retail, a renowned opera, and several national museums in the CBD. This major industrial center specializes in the manufacture of women’s clothing for Settlement multinational corporations, has low labor costs, features commuter suburbs, and is B: home to many immigrants.

This settlement is a circular cluster that draws many international visitors. It Settlement specializes in leisure services with vacation rentals, marinas, golf courses, and C: other tourist services that operate on a seasonal basis.

Which settlement is a global city?

A:

Settlement A - How do microstates and small dependencies such as Seychelles or Anguilla compete with the financial services of large, transnational banks? They offer reduced or nonexistent taxes, and strict bank secrecy laws.

AP Human Geography Semester B Exam Review Continued - Louisville, Kentucky, has a cluster of businesses in the insurance industry, managed health care, and research universities because it specializes in hospital management.

- In a suburb of Pittsburgh, a small café and diner opened up and quickly became a favorite of the locals. Is this business part of the settlement’s economic base? no, because it is a non-basic business - One hearth of urban settlement was: South Asia’s Indus Valley.

- A student moved from a rural town in Utah to the city of Atlanta, Georgia, to attend college. In a letter home, the student noted: “There’s so many people on campus, and everywhere, compared with back home.

I’m going to join intramural volleyball as a way to meet people with similar interests.

Yesterday our classroom was double-booked. Our class ended up outside on the sunny central green, along with students playing guitar, throwing balls, and doing homework!”

This scenario exemplifies: the societal differences between rural and urban settlements.

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AP Human Geography Semester B Exam Review Continued

- Use the map to answer the question.

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Part A

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Part A: Salt Lake City is the most populous municipality in Salt Lake County, Utah, with nearly 200,000 residents, according to the U.S. Census Bureau’s 2016 estimates. Lake Point, Utah, is in Tooele County, Utah, and is an unincorporated settlement with less than 2,000 residents. Which of the following is correct?

Salt Lake City is a central city and is part of a metropolitan area that includes Salt Lake County.

Part B: Which of the following counties would become part of the Salt Lake Metropolitan Area, assuming it had a high enough population density, and half its residents worked in Salt Lake City?

Summit - Why are the central business districts of many cities located near a port or waterway?

Historically, water transportation was central to cities.

- Which of the following is a public service likely to be found in a central business district? a court house - What is the cause of urban food deserts? lack of residential consumers to support a profitable grocery store - Which of the following is a common solution to maximize the limited land resources in a central business district? use vertical features such as skyscrapers and underground malls

- Compare the structures of these different models of human geography:   

circular clustered rural settlements von Thünen’s model E.W. Burgess’s concentric zone model

What preference or tendency do these reveal? a tendency to develop around a central area of access to people and services - As evidenced by the historical development of cities such as Dadu, Fès, and Saigon, colonial powers imposed their vision of city infrastructure and planning.

- Review this data of settlements and their distances east of Houston, Texas. The nearest large settlement to Houston is San Antonio, which is 200 miles to the west.

Housto Baytow n n

Beach City

Population per square 3,700 2,100 560 mile Distance from Houston 0 26 miles 37 miles What does this data reveal about housing density?

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Density gradients decline with distance from the city center.

AP Human Geography Semester B Exam Review Continued

- A student outlined the pros and cons of a sustainability and equity issue in cities.

Pros renovate housing; convert rentals to owned properties

Cons increased housing costs

less affordable for lower-income residents and families new residents are consumers for city services no improvements to inner-city schools What was the issue the student outlined? attract middle-income, childless residents

Gentrification

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