About the garden autumn 2018 magazine

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ISSUE 84

Herbs for health What to plant now!

2018 www.aboutthegarden.com.au

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Issue 84

2018

Cutting Hedge Plants p4

Botanical Art p12 The Serenity Prayer

God grant me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change; courage to change the things I can; and wisdom to know the difference.

Living one day at a time; Enjoying one moment at a time; Accepting hardships as the pathway to peace; Taking, as He did, this sinful world as it is, not as I would have it; Trusting that He will make all things right if I surrender to His Will; That I may be reasonably happy in this life and supremely happy with Him Forever in the next. Amen. Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all your ways acknowledge him, and he will direct your paths. Proverbs 3, 5-6

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Oh, glorious Apostle, St Jude Thaddeus, We salute you through the most Sacred Heart of Jesus. Thou who didst gloriously suffer martyrdom for the love of your Divine Master, We beseech you, obtain for me the grace to remain always faithful to our Saviour, Jesus Christ. Amen.

Managing Director: Conway Searle Contributors: Ashley Searle.

Magazine Manager: Alana Searle Design & Layout: Alana Searle ATG Group Co-ordinator & Advertising: Jason Searle

Premium plant food providing fast acting nutrients for healthy and lush growth & flowering

About the Garden is published seasonally by About the Garden Pty. Ltd. ABN 21 076 919 992 • 4914 D’Aguilar Highway, Kilcoy or P.O. Box 70, Kilcoy Qld. 4515 Phone: (07) 5422 3090 • Fax: (07) 5497 2287 Email: atg@aboutthegarden.com.au The material appearing in About the Garden is subject to copyright. Other than as permitted by the Copyright Act, no part of this magazine may be reproduced without the permission of the publishers. No responsibility is accepted by About the Garden Pty. Ltd. for the accuracy of information contained in the text, illustrations or advertisements. Although believed to be accurately and correctly sourced, thereof disclaims any liability against itself, editor/s or employees arising from any person acting on the material herein. The opinions expressed in the magazine, or by contributors, do not necessarily represent the views of the publisher. ©Copyright 2018 About the Garden Pty. Ltd.

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4

Metrosideros ‘Fiji Fire’

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This tough performer is excellent for hedges up to 3 metres tall. It is not fussy about soil and tolerates wind, drought and seaside conditions, including salt spray. It prefers good drainage and wetter conditions over summer for best flowering.

ig Syzygium ‘B

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glossy lly for its large growing Lillypi m iu y and ar ed pi m to is th nt Plant th, excelle ow gr w ne n so im lerant once leaves, dark cr frost and dry to y, rd Ha s. tie er shaping. hedging prop sponds well to e established. Re sun to part shad W. Plant in full to 5m e 2. x un H Pr .

4m den Soil Mix with Searles Gar rly spring to e shap during ea nse habit. de encourage

5

Indian Hawthorn

(Raphiolepis indica) This small, flowering shrub (2m tall) makes a beautiful, low-growing hedge. Sweetly-perfumed flowers appear in spring, followed by bluish-black berries. Handles difficult situations including drought, frost and seaside conditions. Prune to shape in summer after flowering.

Sweet Viburnum

(Viburnum odoratissimum) This hardy, fast-growing shrub is ideal for hedges 1.3m to 3m tall and will grow in full sun or part shade.

Highly fragrant flowers appear in spring. Adaptable to most soils, but dislikes very heavy clay. Water well until established, after which time it will be drought tolerant.

Tolerates light frosts. Plants can live over 40 years in good conditions.

Starry Night

(Leptospermum obovatum selected form) This fast growing, dense weeping shrub features fine, deep purple foliage growing up to 2.5m tall and 1.8m wide, perfect for hedging and screening. Snow white flowers appear in late spring and summer. Great for a cool temperate to subtropical climate and even second line coastal conditions in a full sun or light shade position. This native is adaptable in most soils but can be frost sensitive.

Leptospermum ‘Starry Night’

Acacia ‘Limelight’ is perfect for low hedging.

Acacia ‘Limelight’

Acacia ‘Limelig ht’ (grafted)

Acacia ‘Limelight’ is a compact native shrub (60cm–1m tall) with outstanding lime green, pendulous foliage all year round. Dry tolerant and hardy, it will grow in full sun or part shade in most well-drained soils or pots. Feed with Searles Robust Native. Tolerates light frosts. Also look for the grafted version (right) for more formal applications.

Acacia ‘Limelight’ - Image & information courtesy of Plants Management Australia www.pma.com.au

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Bambinos® Bougainvilleas Bambinos® are without doubt the most versatile Bougainvilleas on the market, there are selections for any application most of them flowering non-stop. As garden plants, the displays are flamboyant and unbeatable. They can be grown as trimmed garden shrubs, as hedges and standards through pruning to establish the height you need, as pergola plants, espaliers and ground cover in larger areas where foot traffic needs control. Bambino® have few pests and diseases. All Bougainvilleas are heavy feeders, Bambinos® are the same. Feed with Searles Hibiscus & Bougainvillea Food for better flower displays.

Port Wine Magnolia

(Magnolia figo) This handsome shrub (up to 3m tall) bears small, but heavily scented blooms every spring with a delicious, ‘bubblegum’ fragrance. Its slow growth means it could take some time to reach the desired height, but it will also be easy to control once established. Give it full sun or part shade in a well-drained soil. Water well until established.

Cinnamon myrtle

(Backhousia myrtifolia) This hardy shrub (to about 3m) is native to the dry rainforests of eastern Australia and bears a profusion of cream-coloured blossoms in early summer. A close relative of the highly fragrant lemon myrtle (Backhousia citriodora), its leaves have a sweet, spicy fragrance when crushed.

Water it well when young to help it establish and prune annually for a compact shape.

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Photinia Robusta

This hardy and vigorously growing shrub can grow up to 5 metres, but if pruned makes a thick glossy hedge in full sun. Photinias deep fiery red new growth makes them an attractive choice for garden colour. Clusters of dainty white flowers adorne this shrub during spring. Frost tolerant.

Choosing a hedging plan

t When choosing a plant var iety, consider the height and width you want the hedge at its final size, and choose a plant var iety which will match this. Consider the position of your hedge. Cho ose a sun loving plant for a hedge in a sunny position.

For a low compact hedge, small leaf varieties are mo re suitable.

Larger hedges can be mo re forgiving to larger leaf varieties.

How far apart do I plan

t each plant?

Generally, apply the distanc e principle of 3 high x 1 apa rt.

For example: for the desired hedge height of 3 metres , plant each shrub 1m apart. If you des ire a hedge to join togeth er earlier, plant at the ratio 2:1.

How to trim a hedge?

Regular trimming is require d to promote compact new growth and keep the shape of the hed ge.

Always use a clean sharp set of pruners or secateurs.

Sharp blades will cut the foliage and stem s cleanly, giving your hedge a cleaner trim and reduce the risk of plant diseases.

Pittosporum Tenuifolims

There are many varieties of the evergreen Pittosporum tenuifolims which are ideal for creating dense hedging structures. Their small leaves varying in leaf shape and colours including variegated make them popular for fine classical hedges and garden colour. Popular varieties of choice for fast and hardy growing are ‘Silver Sheen’, ‘Ivory Sheen’ and ‘James Stirling’ all of which grow happily in a sun to part shade position. Tolerates coastal conditions.

They grow up to five metres but for a compact dense hedge, prune early and often is the best principle to keep their hedge appeal.

If practical, don’t prune on the hottest of days or the coolest. Your hedge is more susceptible to the weather conditions after pruning.

If you want a straighter loo king hedge. Mount a strin g line at each end of the hedge at the des ired height to give you a guideline.

Most fine leaved hedges can be pruned with pruners, but if your hedge has larger leaves, use a pair of secateurs and trim by cutting the tall and wayward stem s off first then continue wit h the smaller stems.

How to keep the health

of hedges?

Constant pruning of hedges removes energy from the plant, which will need to be replenished. Fer tilise regularly with a control led release fertiliser specially designed for your plant type for slow continued growth. Slow release fertilise rs will give your plants sust ainable nutrition for longer so you won’t be out in your garden pruning every weekend.

When establishing a new hedge, prepare the ground by digging into the existing soil 5 IN 1 Org anic Fertiliser for complete nutrient uptake over many months or plant into Searles Native Plant Spe cialty Mix for natives.

When do I water?

Refer to the watering require ments on your plant’s label. While the hed ge is growing fast into its shape, water regula rly to keep up with its growing pace. Slow wa tering down a little if you want to reduce the hed ge growth or when hedge is established.

8

Pictured: ‘Pink & purple’ (back), ‘Dark red’ (left) and ‘Pink’.

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love and With excellent uniformity in habit, timing the bloom size, the ‘Oscars’ really stand out from . crowd due to their colour and unique patterns er Carnation ‘Oscar’ varieties bloom during the warm it hab g ndin months of spring and summer. Their mou ting. makes them perfect for container and basket plan Size: 25cm high x 30cm spread. ing.

Position: Sunny position. Perfect for low-energy grow le’, Colours available: ‘Scarlet’, ‘Dark red’, ‘Pink & purp te ‘Whi & et’ ‘Purple wings’, ‘Pink’, ‘Cherry’, ‘Cherry & velv & red’.

A mélange of pink and yellow with sunset colours.

Happitunias® ‘Honey’ is very easy to grow in sunny garden beds, pots or hanging baskets. As it ages, the flower is infused with shades of sunset.

An abundance of flowers are borne at anytime and flowering goes on for several months.

Position: It is a spiller when planted in a container and in the garden has a mounding/ trailing growth habit.

Care: Keep soil moist with good drainage. Any well prepared garden in sun to semi-shade will be suitable.

Liquid feed every two weeks with Searles Flourish Soluble Plant Food to keep the plant flowering.

Gauras are hardy and drought-tolerant, yet ever so pretty!

Their dainty pink flowers that dance in the breeze appear for most of the year.

Perfect for pots or sunny garden beds.

9 9

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lovers ‘s oft p in k’

Beautiful bi-colour flowers appear on this compact bush (1.5m high) from spring through to autumn in a sunny position.

ne the nuously ador y to semi ti n co s er Large flow und in sunn rub year ro ies love Buddleja sh and butterfl s d ir B s. en e excellent shaded gard ty. They mak au be r ei th to share any days. lasting for m cut flowers, wide. high x 100cm pes and can be Size: 100cm ty il so st o rates m Position: Tole our. g vi p e ke ed to lightly trimm

10 8 Euky dwarf is one of the most reliable, hardy and adaptable little trees anywhere! This native miniature eucalypt bears flowers throughout the cool season — easily spanning six months of flowering and is an excellent food source for native birds at a time when other food sources are scarce. Euky Dwarf rarely grows more than 6m tall and is extremely frost hardy.

Feed from spring to late summer with a dose of Searles Kickalong Organic Native Plant Food and do not overwater.

Mandevilla’s lush, tropical-style foliage and bold flowers borne from spring until autumn in cooler zones and year-round in the tropics and subtropics make it an all-time favourite in Aussie home gardens.

Easy to train over a trellis, this non-aggressive climber grows equally well in pots or garden beds. Give it full sun and protection from frosts.

Image & information courtesy of Plants Management Australia www.pma.com.au

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Try this hardy, cascading foliage plant for a dramatic display.

This non-invasive form of Liriope, ‘Emerald Cascade’ spreads slowly to form graceful thick mounds of grossy green foliage, ideal for a low-maintenance dense groundcover when planted en masse or a potted specimen. In spring and summer cobalt blueberries appear.

Not only will ‘Emerald Cascade’ tolerate extended periods of dryness, but it also does well with minimal care inside the home or office.

esy of Plants Management

Image & information court

Australia www.pma.com.au

Scaevola ‘Aussie Salute’

reddest flower mond Rouge’ offers the Hydrangea paniculata ‘Dia large white flower urls unf it r ring early summe colour of this variety. Du ge of pinks as rph through a stunning ran heads that gradually mo s of red in early de nating in spectacular sha summer progresses, culmi making it great a ge ran e’ is a sun hardy hyd ug Ro nd mo ‘Dia n. tum au situations. gardens and container for many contemporary ns. specimen for small garde Habit: Bushy habit. Feature Size: 1.5m H x 1.2m W soil. Water a moist but well drained Care: Hydrangeas prefer Avoid nt. ter at the base of the pla regularly and always wa te mo pro can and leaves which during watering over the flowers d an e for rangeas be Soluble fungal diseases. Feed hyd rles Flourish Flourish flowering months with Sea ht.

Plant Food every fortnig

Fast growing native ground cover

Scaevola is a fast-growing, Australian native ground cover which bears pretty, fan-shaped flowers from spring to autumn. Their traditional mid-blue or white flowers now come in all shades of blue, pink, and mauve. There are also more upright, shrub-like varieties available. Give them full sun and don’t overwater once established.

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Roz Borg fell into botanical art through her love of interiors. When helping family design a cafe 3 years ago her Art Degree kicked into gear and she started using plants as not only as a space filler but as art. Terrariums, succulent living frames and decorative planters made bespoke for the space quickly gained interest from the clientele and from the demand Arozona was born.

While selling her succulent creations at the local markets, Roz was introduced to the Japanese art form, Kokedama, by a well known Kokedama maker in Australia.

Subsequently her creativity turned to creating and meeting the damand for these unique potted plants.

A chance collaboration on a styled wedding shoot in 2016 satisfied the need to evolve further and allowed the creative freedom to use plants as wearable art. Intricate rings made from tiny succulents, earrings and other accessories gave way to another new area to explore.

Falling in love with the process of propagating tiny succulents for wearable art gave her an idea to use them in a way not seen before. Succulent nails fulfilled Roz artistic intentions to stirring public interest.

Roz has gained international interest for her wearable art from social media posts. Her thirst for creating exciting and new ways to present succulents will sure to delight for many more years.

Roz’s succulent propagating tips Easiest way to propagate succulents is to wiggle a healthy mature lower leaf gently off the mother plant. Leave the leaf underneath the mother plant or put onto a flat dry surface in indirect sunlight without soil or water until roots or a baby succulent appears. Once roots appear, pot into free draining soil mixture of Searles Premium Potting Mix, small grit and a little blood and bone or worm juice).

Water gently with a hose, on shower setting, when soil is dry. Leave in a bright spot and slowly introduce to direct morning sun then water weekly as normal. Leave old leaf attached until it turns brown and falls off naturally.

Top picture, Botanical artist Roz Borg.

Middle picture, Roz Borg sharing her love of succulents at one of her workshops.

Bottom picture, wearable art made from succulents.

13 Today we think of herbs as culinary flavouring agents and they are essential to any good cook. They are almost as essential to any gardener, being amongst the easiest food plants to grow. Many herbs are perennial and are fairly easy to grow, making them perfect for beginner gardeners.

Herbs are plants which can fit into almost any garden design – ornamental, formal or edible. They can be used in so many different ways in the garden as well as in the kitchen.

Think rosemary hedge or parsley border, or let chives and basil flower prettily in the cottage garden. But they are also all highly medicinal. Nowadays we don’t all appreciate the medicinal value of our gardens the way we have throughout history, but as we look to our food as the main vector of our health, and turn to growing our own organic vegetables to that end, herbs play a very natural role in the food as medicine movement.

Even just this handful of favourites can do us the world of good.

Recent research has suggested that rosemary may be highly beneficial in protecting the brain from the bombardment of radiation that is part of modern life, and may also help protect from dementia. This certainly fits with rosemary’s long standing use as the memory herb. It is not just that rosemary grows well at Galipoli that gives us the association with ANZAC day, rosemary has been the herb of remembrance throughout history.

Parsley has long been used as a breath freshener. It has a very high vitamin C and chlorophyll content and is valued as a detoxifier and blood builder.

Sage contains powerful antioxidants and has long been valued for bringing good health. A sage gargle is valuable for sore throats.

Thyme has strong antiseptic, antibacterial and anti-fungal properties. It is soothing on the stomach and helps digestion and helps fight stubborn coughs.

Herb kitchen display Basil too has many medicinal uses. It is a well known adaptogen which means it strengthens the immune system and helps the body cope with stress while enhancing disease resistance.

Chives are valuable for stimulating digestive juices and can help combat high blood pressure.

Oregano is soothing to the digestive system and helps with digestion, making it the perfect accompaniment to heavy red meat dishes.

These plants are also popular with bees and beneficial insects if we let them flower, they release lovely smells as we brush past them and they look great in the garden. What more reason do we need to grow these and many more herbs?

Most states have a local herb society where you can become inv olved and learn about herbs in the compan y of other herb enthusiasts. The Qu eensland Herb Society is one such organi sation. Much information, including how to purchase their locally produced boo ks on growing and cooking herbs, can be found on their website www.qhs.com.au .

Join the QHS at their ann ual Herb Awareness Fair on Sun day 27 May 2018 where they will hav e a medieval theme with herb expert s talking about some of the folklore and traditional uses of herbs.

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Before you start...

Being a climber, snow peas will need a trellis to grow onto. It’s easiest to install this before planting so as not to risk damaging young plants. Ready-made trellises can be bought from garden centres. They can also be constructed from 3 or more tall sticks wound together with twine and meeting at the top to create the shape of a teepee. As snow peas are tall plants, any trellis should stand at least 1.8m high.

How to plant

Find a position in full sun and plant seeds or seedlings straight in Searles Herb & Vegetable Specialty Mix. This mix is ideal for planting into containers, raised vegetable beds and gardens.

Plant snow peas about 9cm apart and (for seeds) 35mm deep.

Although snow peas grow better in the cool season, young plants will need protection from frost and plants won’t flower until frosts have passed.

Feeding

Snow peas, like other legumes, produce their own fertiliser (nitrogen) so they usually require very little nurturing. Searles Liquid Potash can be applied to rapidly boost flower and pod production. Apply Searles Kickalong Vegetable & Herb Organic Plant Food to improve soil structure for continued longer term feeding.

Harvesting

Feeling like a healthy snack? Munch away! The more snow peas you pick, the more they will produce, so harvest them as soon as they reach their full size.

Crop rotation

Being an annual crop, snow peas will die at the end of their season. When they have finished, plant leafy vegetables (such as lettuce, silver beet, cabbage or broccoli) in their place. If you’re not growing vegetables, any plants that grow lush, leafy foliage will benefit from being planted in a previous snow pea bed. This is because the nitrogen that snow peas ‘fix’ in the soil is an important nutrient for healthy foliage growth in other plants, so rotating crops in this way can make the most of this natural boost of nutrients.

Pests and diseases

Don’t allow snow peas to flop off the trellis or they may become spoilt by soil or infected with fungus. Fungus can also be a problem in humid conditions, in which case water only in the mornings and rotate crops to limit contamination. Protect young seedling from birds.

15

Arrange cos lettuce leaves on a plate. Top with smoked salmon pieces, capers, snow peas, tomato and curled shallots. Sprinkle almonds.

Mix balsamic vinegar, honey and olive oil in a separate bowl. Drizzle over salad to taste.

Serves: 2. Decadent and healthy salad for a ďŹ lling lunch to share.

For more tasty recipes from the garden, visit www.aboutthegarden.com.au

To curl shallots, cut strips into a 10cm long shallot stem, leaving about a 1cm at the end uncut. To curl, plunge into icy water until strips curl. Carrots will also curl with this method.

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Where to plant

Lettuce is a quick crop which should be consumed when it is still young and tender, and therefore it is important that all its growing requirements are met for best results.

Spread a generous layer (approximately 2cm) of 5 IN 1Ž Organic Fertiliser over the top of existing soil and dig through. Lettuce are greedy feeders so it’s also a good idea to scatter on some granular fertiliser such as Searles Garden & Vegetable Plant Food to give them a good start.

Good drainage, to prevent waterlogging, is essential.

Lettuce prefers sun or partial shade, but should be sheltered from excessive wind and summer heat to avoid wilting. The smaller varieties of lettuce grow superbly well in containers. Lettuce takes approximately seven days to germinate, or seedlings which mature within six to eight weeks after planting depending on the variety.

How to plant

Avoid sowing seed or transplanting seedlings in very hot or windy weather as they are susceptible to high temperatures and dessication. If you are sowing seed, lightly rake the soil over and make a furrow with the tip of the rake handle.

Cover the row of seeds with a fine layer of sand, seed raising mix or vermiculite. Lettuce seed are very fine so check the packet so ensure you cover them to the correct depth as different plants have different requirements.

Water the seed bed well with a fine spray and continue to water regularly until the seedlings are approximately 3cm high and ready to transplant.

Before transplanting your seedlings, water them with a weak solution of liquid seaweed to minimise the shock.

Succession planting on a monthly basis will ensure a constant supply of fresh, tasty leaves.

How to maintain

Ensure that the lettuce bed is free of weeds as they will rob the lettuce of a large percentage of available water and nutrients. Plants should be watered regularly, especially in hot and windy weather, preferably in the morning to enable the plants to dry out before the cool night air settles.

Lettuce has shallow roots, so a generous layer of mulch (along with regular watering) is important. Keep lettuce crisp and sweet by growing it fast. To do this, make sure it is kept moist and feed it every two weeks with Searles Flourish Tomato & Vegetable Soluble Plant Food (or SeaMax Fish & Kelp, for an organic option).

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Cos lettuce is the lettuce of choice for creating the classic Caesar salad.

Types of lettuce to grow

Lettuce is one of the world’s favourite salad crops, and something that can be easily grown either from seed or seedlings. There is an amazing range of lettuce, from one-serve meal types such as the butter and mignonette varieties, to ones with ornate and decorative leaves like radicchio, ‘Red Coral’ and oak leaf lettuces. Lettuce with large, firm hearts such as ‘Iceberg’ and ‘Cos’ (sometimes known as ‘Romaine’) store well in the fridge and their large leaves can be pulled off as required and served as bowls.

Pests and diseases

Lettuces are relatively pest and disease free. Fungal infection can be a problem in very humid weather, and should be treated by thinning out the plants to improve air circulation around the remaining lettuces. If aphids appear on any fresh, young growth treat with an organic solution, Ecofend Vegetable & Garden spray. Watch out for chewing pests such as snails and caterpillars. Spray caterpillars and aphids on contact with Searles Bug Beater.

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sweet peas

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Autumn and winter are a great time to plant onions and spring onions. They tolerate poor soils and dislike fresh fertiliser.

Good drainage is essential — raised beds in an open, airy position are ideal.

Scale is an immobile, sap-sucking insect which can seriously weaken plants if it colonises in great numbers.

Control with Searles Pest Gun

ch

White scale

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of year to plant Autumn is arguably the best time soil is still warm the as den gar r you trees or shrubs in blishing in the soil enough for the roots to start esta ted trees are plan umn before the cold arrives. Aut se planted in tho on art d-st hea d likely to have a goo for planting now is spring! One excellent contender with impressive, tree the Pink Tabebuia, a deciduous flowers ped -sha pet trum , 5–7cm long, bright pink begin to es leav the , time this At ter. appearing in win ld wou it m, bloo full drop. Once a mature tree is in a e hav rs owe fl The es. have completely lost its leav the rest inst aga out ds stan t tha at golden-yellow thro n, but fades to pink. of the flower when they first ope

Soil to help Best planted in Searles Garden to bloom ins beg it ore establish quickly bef . next season

Protect herbs, vegetables, trees and shrubs from possums, kangaroos, wallabies, rabbits, hares, bandicoots, deer, foxes and other wildlife.

Protect vegetables, fruit trees, ornamentals, seedlings and buildings from cockatoos, crows, ducks, pigeons, rosellas, starlings, swallows, other birds, fruit bats and microbats.

Protects homes, gardens, patios, shop fronts and paved areas from both dogs and cats or rats and mice.

Protects one plant or a whole area — perimeter &/or band sprays.

Repels — without harming animals or humans.

Not considered a poison — no withholding period.

Easy to use — spray on. Effective when dry.

Safe, Proven and Effective.

Available in 100g, 1Kg & 4Kg Sizes.

is unique. Reject products said to be "just as good", nothing is at all "like it".

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tree is tough, drought Perfect in hot, dry climates, this poor soils. It is a tolerant and defies hard, dry or ping and public sca popular street tree used in land impressive floral and s ines hard spaces because of its ut any soil displays. It will grow in just abo may take and e inag dra d goo fers but pre frosty or cold longer to establish in very ng. you n whe lly climates, especia

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21

Before planting passionfruit, prepare the soil with plenty of Searles Blood & Bone to a diameter of about 1m. Plant only at the base of a fence or sturdy trellis that can allow their spread (at least 5m) and support their weight when laden with fruit. Ensure the vines have full sun and keep them well watered until established.

22

Now is the time to plant cool-season owering annuals. Obvious choices are pansies and violas, but other good choices are snapdragon, alyssum, lobelia, cyclamen, marigold and nasturtium.

Anigozanthos - bring the bush to your garden with a range of colourful blooms.

The taller varieties are generally the hardiest in the landscape and can grow up to 2 metres. Cut them back once a year after flowering.

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