Infectious diseases on exotic birds ii

Infectious diseases on exotic birds II. Winter semester 2010

Large Birds - pet

- intestinal dysbiosis - metabolical disorders - intoxication - PBFD, Chlam, Polyo - mycosis - parasitosis

Small birds - pet

- intestinal dysbiosis - metabolical disorders (obesity, gout) - megabacteriosis - intoxication - PBFD, Chlam, Polyo - mycotic infection - parasitic infection

Breeded parrot – from South America, Africa, Australie

-

intestinal dysbiosis intestinal parasites PPDD or NGD PBFD, Chlam, Polyo, Pacheco - mycotic infection - blood parasites

Birds of prey - endomycosis - pododermatitis - parasitic invasion (coccidia, round worms of digestive and respiratory systems) - bacterial infection of digestive and respiratory systems - fractures

Currently Important Disease - Neuropathic gastric dilatation (NGD) - Endomycosis (mainly Aspergillosis) - Intestinal dysbiosis - Parasitic invasion

Neurophatic gastric dilatation Synonyms

• Psittacine proventricular dilatation syndrome (PPDS) • Macaw wasting syndrome •

Characteristics

• •

im medium size and great species of parrots lymphocytic and monocytic infiltration of intrinsic and extrinsic splanchnic nerves of the muscularis tunics of the alimentary tract and non-suppurative encephalitis

•

stasis of contents gastrointestinal tract

•

dilatation of crop, proventriculus, gizzard or duodenum

Occurence of NGD in others birds species

Neurophatic gastric dilatation Etiology – diferent oppinion • unclear • viral etiology has been suggested • demonstration of intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in affected tissue of some birds • virus → then immunity mediated disease?

• low pathogenic paramyxovirus?

• (adenovirus x polyomavirus x viruses of encefalitis?)

• New – avian bornavirus (august 2008)

Neurophatic gastric dilatation

Neurophatic gastric dilatation Clinical sings • lose weight, often in birds with intake of feed • nondigested seeds in feaces, regurgitation • progressively depression, inappetence and cachexy

Neurophatic gastric dilatation Intravital diagnostic X-ray – proventriculus full with feed

Neurophatic gastric dilatation Intravital diagnostic X-ray– proventriculus full of gas

Normal configuration of digestive tract

Neurophatic gastric dilatation Diagnostics

Post mortem findings •

dilatation of crop, proventriculus, gizzard or duodenum

•

wall of proventriculus thin, transparent

•

sometimes thinner wall and atrophy of musculature of gizzard

Neurophatic gastric dilatation

- dilatation of stomach with nondigested feed - thinner wall with petechial bleedings

Wall of proventriculus Infiltration of lymfocytoplasmocytal cells

Erytrocyts in haemorhage

secretion glandula

Neurophatic gastric dilatation For histological confirmation of diagnosis :

-

crop proventriculus myocard adrenals CNS peripheral nerve

Neurophatic gastric dilatation Diagnostics - confirmation •

lymphocytic and monocytic infiltration of intrinsic and extrinsic splanchnic nerves of the muscularis tunics of the alimentary tract, in some cases, leiomyositis in organs innervated by affected nerves and non-suppurative encephalitis, myelitis and radiculoneuritis have been described

Influence of nutrition – occurence in free living birds?

Possible nutritional supplements

oyster mushroom

Endomycosis Aspergillus spp.

Penicillium spp.

Mucor spp.

Birds of prey and owls from northern regions.

In AGP (predisposition to avitaminosis vit. A) or in immunosupresive individual (peracute PBFD)

Aspergillosis – 4 forms 1.Acute – short time exposition of organismus to the great mount of spores

2.Tracheal – formation of lesion in bifurcation of trachea

Aspergillosis – 4 forms 3.Chronic – granuloms in airsacs and lunges

4.Invasive – spore are haematogenic way transmit to other systems

Aspergillosis - therapy 1.Removing of lesion (if is possible) 2. Using the treatment which kill the fungus (in granuloma), long time therapy 2 – 6 monts (necessary control of all systems) 3. Supportive therapy

Aspergillosis - therapy Terbinafine – high fungicidity Amphotericin B – poor resorbtion from GIT, aplication i.v., i.os., i.t. (nefrotoxicity) Flucytosin – combination with amphotericin Enilconazol – for deramatophytic infection, nebulization Clotrimazol – topic aplication, nebulization Itraconazol – systemic infection, p.o.

•Penicilium spp.

Intestinal dysbiosis

Evaluation of feaces adspection methods - change during seasons - color and consistency - change color and consistency start 24 to 48 hour before clinical sings - appearance on the slide

Appearance on the slide

+ Quantity of nondigested fibre

Polyuria Overproduction of clear and wattery urine Feaces are formed

Owner ussually say - DIARRHOEA !

Etiology is verry diferent, first stress.

Blood in urine Cloacal papiloma - Herpesvirus - surgical management, repeatedly using of Lotagen Policresulenum - topicaly acyclovir in Vectavir - systemic acyklovir Herpesin

Blood in urine Intoxication with heavy metals (Pb) -

charcoal psyllium, Smecta, clay Lactulosa Duphalyte saline Catosal Metalcaptase

Diarrhoical feaces Is characterised change of color and consistence of feaces.

1. Change in microbial microflora (bacteria, yeast, flagellated protozoan)

2. Affected of others connected organs (liver, pancreas, stomach) infected and neinfected 3. Combination of 1. and 2.

Change in microbial microflora Sporogenous bacteria

Coliform bacteria

Change in microbial microflora Sporogenous bacteria - sprouted grains or so-called milky maturity - color of feaces - dark, brown to tarry - slimy consistence (attach around the cloaca) - smell (feaces of healthy parrot is without smell)

Sporogenous bacteria

Change in microbial microflora Coliform bacteria - for aviary birds are allways potentially dangerous - source – feaces from free living birds, which contaminated water or feed

Coliform bacteria

Changes in others connected organs Steatosis of liver

Inflamation of pancreas

Combination of changes of microbial microflora with others infection NGD

Chlamydiosis

Bacterial inflamation of liver and intestine

Important parasital disease Goal - elimination of impact of parasital diseases on breed to minimum • Ascaridia

• Capilaria

• Filaria

Ascaridia Broad spectrum of species as formerly : • Ascaridia hermaphrodita (macaws, amazons) • Ascaridia sergiomeirai (conures) • Ascaridia ornata (orange-winged parrot ) • Ascaridia nicobarensis (long-tailed parakeet) • Ascaridia platyceri (small parrots from Australia) • Ascaridia galli (poultry, small parrots from Australia) • Ascaridia columbae (pigeons, poultry, small parrots from Australia)

Ascaridia in parrots and pigeon is possible partial migration of larvas

Budgerigar granuloma in liver

Ascaridia, Capillaria Clinical sings • gradual lose weight, during massive infection paradox lacking • death loss post short period of apathy

Ascaridia, Capillaria Diagnostics •

eggs in feaces (past 2 months past invasion)

•

finding of worms during post mortem

Therapy (number of birds and method of application) •

fenbendazol (Panacur)

•

levamizol (Concurat)

•

ivermectin (Ivomec)

Precaution antiparasitic drogs kills only the larve, but the eggs be able persistent in enviroment some months eggs are destroy only temperature over 80°C ( boiled water, steam, fire, hot air)

Fillaria Typical for imported parrots, in Europe is not possible transmission, therapy is dificult In bids of prey are in air sacs.

Serratospiculum seurati Diagnostics •

endoscopically

•

finding of worms during post mortem

Therapy (number of birds and method of application) •

fenbendazol (Panacur)

•

levamizol (Concurat)

•

ivermectin (Ivomec)

Cyathostoma bronchiale Diagnostics •

endoscopically

•

finding of worms during post mortem

Therapy (number of birds and method of application) •

fenbendazol (Panacur)

•

levamizol (Concurat)

•

ivermectin (Ivomec)

Hemosporidia – Haemoproteus spp Plasmodium spp.

Therapy Chloroquin

Hemosporidia – Leukocytozoon spp.

Biting lice – Mallophaga spp.

Spray Biokill, Frontline cleaning of enviroment

Knemidocoptes pilae Occurence on the beak, cere, around the eyes on the skin of the legs.

Therapy Ivomec/Propylenglykol 1 : 9 to the skin or rightside v.jugularis repeated past one weak

Thanks for your attention !!