National REDD+ Program Strategy Document for the United Republic of Tanzania

Tanzania National REDD+ Strategy Program Document

Background The country of Tanzania recognizes the importance of establishing a system of forest conservation in line with the Paris Agreements put in place at the 21st Conference of the Parties. Already, the country is seeing the effects of climate change and the economic strain it puts on its’ people, as well as the impacts on biodiversity and the ecosystem. With these things in mind, Tanzania is moving forward with establishing a Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation program, also known as REDD+. Conservation efforts will primarily be enacted through social, agricultural, and economic changes as these have been identified as primary drivers of deforestation. Monitoring of forest levels will be undertaken via remote imaging in tandem with field data. It is expected that greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced by approximately 138-153 Mt carbon dioxide equivalents through the planned actions (URT, 2021).

Project Title Date Prepared by Contact Current Course(s)

National REDD+ Program Strategy Document for Tanzania December 15, 2023 Aaron Sulla sullaaar@msu.edu FOR 837, FOR 835, FOR 833

Table of Contents 1. National Context (FOR 833, 835, 837)…....................................................................3 1.1 Physical environment................................................................................................................3 1.2 Economic Conditions.................................................................................................................3 1.3 Status of forest management and tenure regime.....................................................................4 1.4 Current estimates of national GHG emissions and removals...................................................4 1.5 Projected emissions under a “business as usual” assumption.................................................5

Tanzania National REDD+ Strategy Program Document 1.6 Agencies, policies, and laws responsible climate change and forest conservation..................5 1.7 National considerations and balance between mitigation and adaptation..............................6 1.8 National commitments to the UNFCCC and other conventions...............................................6 2. Current GHG Inventory Review (FOR 837).............................................................................................7 2.1 Main GHG sources and sinks, by sector....................................................................................7 2.2 Reporting mechanisms...........................................................................................................10 3. Current Status of Forests and Land in terms of Carbon (FOR 837)......................................................10 3.1 Carbon stock by forest type....................................................................................................10 3.2 Carbon stocks of agricultural land and other non-forested land............................................11 3.3 Report on past forest inventory..............................................................................................12 4. Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation (FOR 833, FOR 837)...............................................13 5. Sustainable Development Goals and Biodiversity Co-Benefits (FOR 833)..........................................14 6. REDD+ Safeguard Approach (FOR 833).................................................................................................15 6.1 Identification of Risks and Related Safeguard Plan.................................................................15 6.2: Safeguards: Policies, Laws, and Regulations (PLRs)….............................................................18 6.3 Safeguard Information Systems (SIS)......................................................................................19 7. Policies and Interventions to Reduce Emissions and/or Increase Removals (FOR 833, FOR 835, FOR 837)....................................................................................................................................................19 7.1 National Policies and Interventions........................................................................................19 7.2 International Policies and Interventions.................................................................................21 8. Reference Emission Levels (FOR 837)...................................................................................................22 9. Capacity Building and Readiness Levels (FOR 833, FOR 835, FOR 837)...............................................23 9.1: Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) Capacity Building........................................24 9.2: Institutional and Governance Capacity Building....................................................................25 10. Community Based Activities (FOR 833)…...........................................................................................25 10.1 Community Engagement in Design and Implementation.....................................................25 10.2 Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM)..................................................................26 10.3 Joint Forest Management (JFM)…........................................................................................26 10.4 Community Forest Monitoring..............................................................................................26 10.5 Benefit Sharing......................................................................................................................26 11. The National Forest Monitoring System (NFMS) (FOR 837)…...........................................................27 11.1: National Forest Inventory (NFI)...........................................................................................27 11.2: Satellite Land Monitoring System (SLMS)….........................................................................29 11.3: Reporting.............................................................................................................................29 11.4: Verification...........................................................................................................................30 References.................................................................................................................................................30 Index of Figures Figure 1.1: Tanzania GDP............................................................................................................................4 Figure 1.2: Projected emissions in a BAU scenario....................................................................................5 Figure 2.1 Summary of national GHG emissions (1994-2014) by Sector...................................................7

Tanzania National REDD+ Strategy Program Document Figure 2.2: LULUCF sector emissions by gas 1994-2013.............................................................................8 Figure 2.3: Agricultural GHG emissions by gas 1994-2014.........................................................................8 Figure 2.4: Energy sector emissions by gas 1994-2014..............................................................................9 Figure 2.5: Waste sector emissions by gas 1994-2014...............................................................................9 Figure 2.6: IPPU emissions by gas 1994-2014...........................................................................................10 Figure 3.1: Biomass carbon.......................................................................................................................12 Figure 4.1: Annual tree cover loss by dominant driver in Tanzania........................................................14 Figure 6.1: Comparison of the REDD+ SES and Tanzania’s draft social and environmental safeguards.................................................................................................................................................16 Figure 7.1: GHG emissions reduction options cost curve.........................................................................20 Figure 7.2: Cost curve for forestry mitigation options.............................................................................21 Figure 7.3: Donor Commitments and Disbursements..............................................................................22 Figure 11.1: Location of NAFORMA sample clusters in Tanzania mainland............................................27 Figure 11.2: Cluster and plot design.........................................................................................................28 Figure 11.3: Proposed sampling distribution for second NAFORMA.......................................................29 Index of Tables Table 3.1: Carbon stocks for forest land in Mainland Tanzania...............................................................10 Table 3.2: Carbon stocks for non-forest land in Mainland Tanzania.......................................................11 Table 8.1: Emission factors for each land cover sub class........................................................................23 Table 8.2: Mapped areas and area changes (2002-2013) for the Tanzania Mainland............................23 Table 9.1: Work packages for MRV enhancement project......................................................................24 Appendix A: Free Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) Plan......................................................................33 Appendix B: Risk Assessment...................................................................................................................33 Appendix C: Stakeholder Identification....................................................................................................37

National Context (FOR 833, 835, 837) 1.1 Physical Environment Tanzania is located along the eastern coast of Africa just south of the equator. It is comprised mostly of flatlands with highland regions in the north and south. The primary forest types found in Tanzania are miombo woodlands, mangroves, and montane forests. There is a high amount of rainfall from December until May followed by dry weather through November.

1.2 Economic Conditions Tanzania is characterized by widespread poverty with 44.9% of the population living below the poverty line of $2.15/day (World Bank, 2023) which is the 13th highest in the world. The GDP is 75.71 billion USD (World Bank, 2023) and has been rising steadily over the last 20 years. Tanzania’s primary sources of exports are mining and agriculture (WITS, 2020).

Tanzania National REDD+ Strategy Program Document

Figure 1.1: Tanzania GDP (World Bank, 2023)

1.3 Status of the forest management and tenure regime As of 2020, the total forest cover of Tanzania was 51.6%, down from 64.8% in 1990. Agriculture has been determined to be the largest contributor to deforestation and forest degradation as the countries’ demand for food has increased as the population doubled since the year 2000. This growing population also still relies on wood for fuel and charcoal production as the primary sources of energy making this the second largest source of tree removals. Efforts to curtail deforestation are relatively new and Tanzania has sought the aid of international sources such as United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the German Society for International Cooperation (GIZ), and the Climate Action Network (CAN) in creating its’ Nationally Determined Contribution.

Currently, Tanzania is working to develop its’ National Forest Monitoring and Assessment (NAFORMA) plan, having created the second report in 2022. This is in addition to The National Community Based Forest Management (CBFM) Action Plan created in 2022 that aims to increase participatory forest management; and the National Forest Policy Implementation Strategy (NFPIS) of 2021. These plans build on the framework laid out by The Forest Act (2002) which created a plan for the conservation and management of Tanzania’s forests.

1.4 Current estimates of national GHG emissions and removals The figures as of 2020 have the total emissions of Tanzania as 154.89 Mt CO2e/year (Climate Watch, 2023). Current information on GHG removals is not available but the most recent measurement was

Tanzania National REDD+ Strategy Program Document 913.6Mt CO2e (World Bank, 1994). Given the reduction in forest cover it would be safe to assume the current total is significantly lower.

1.5 Projected emissions under a “business as usual” assumption Tanzania estimates that in a business as usual (BAU) scenario, their total emissions will be 219.5Mt CO2e by 2030 with agriculture and land use, land use change, and forestry (LULUCF) being the largest contributors, though energy is expected to grow as a contributor. Tanzania hopes to make large changes in energy production to switch away from coal and toward other, lower-emission sources, such as natural gas and renewables.

Figure 1.2: Projected emissions in a BAU scenario (Tanzania NDC Submission, 2021)

1.6 Agencies, policies, and laws responsible for climate change and forest conservation Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism (MNRT) Forestry and Beekeeping Division – Oversees the management of natural resources in Tanzania, including 16 national parks, 38 game reserves, and 43 game controlled areas. The Forestry and Beekeeping Division bears primary responsibility for overseeing the countries’ forest management and REDD+ activities.

The Forest Act (2002) - This is a document that lays out a plan for the management and conservation of forests. Part of the stated goal is to shift responsibility for forest management to local groups such as village governments and to increase public awareness of the benefits of conservation. It also provides rules for permits to use forested land, standards for inspections, and punishments for violations of policy.

Tanzania Forest Service Agency (TFS) - Manages natural forest reserves, unprotected forests and tree plantations.

Tanzania Forest Research Institute (TAFORI) - Performs research and advises other departments on forest management.

Tanzania National REDD+ Strategy Program Document Tanzania Forest Fund (TaFF) - A public conservation trust fund for supporting forest management, conservation, and development activities.

Forest Training Institute (FITI) - Government run school for teaching technical forestry classes.

National Environmental Policy (1997) - Creates a framework and objectives for environmental conservation and addressing poverty National Climate Change Steering Committee (NCCSC): Cross-ministry panel that provides guidance on climate change related issues.

National Climate Change Technical Committee (NCCTC) -Cross-ministry panel responsible for technical issues in climate change policy implementation.

National Carbon Monitoring Centre (NCMC) - Responsible for MRV in association with REDD+.

The National Community Based Forest Management (CBFM) Action Plan (2022) - Framework for increasing participatory forest management to enhance conservation.

National Climate Change Strategy (2012) - Creates plan for advancing climate change mitigation and adaptation responses.

National Climate Change Response Strategy (2021) - Reviews the National Climate Change Strategy (2012) and establishes additional guidelines for pursuing its goals.

National Forest Policy (NFP) - Sustainable forest management guidelines with an emphasis on ecological and economic issues. This policy presents a desire to move away from the non-sustainable use of forests for profit with a desire to move toward products such as honey and tourism. The private sector is considered a key part of this policy as they hope to reduce deforestation by reducing poverty.

National Carbon Monitoring Centre at Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) - Responsible for MRV 1.7 National Considerations and balance between mitigation and adaptation.

Tanzania acknowledged in its’ National Climate Change Response Strategy that they are particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. There is growing concern that changes in climate would hamper the country’s further economic growth and decrease the welfare of the lower classes especially.

With these goals in mind, Tanzania has created a climate change mitigation and adaptation plan.

Mitigation: The National Climate Change Response Strategy outlines three main methods for climate change mitigation as it relates to forests. The first aspect is to reduce the rate of deforestation and forest degradation of dry land forests and mangrove forests by 20% versus the forest reference level (FREL).

Tanzania also intends to reduce GHG emissions versus business as usual by 30% in the forest sector by 2026. Finally, they wish to promote sustainable biomass energy production by creating a legal framework for production by 2026 (URT, 2021).

Adaptation: There are three main strategies being used for climate change adaptation via forests. The first is to actively restore degraded and deforested forestland through increased planting and improved management regimes. The second is to encourage communities to move away from livelihoods that depend on the forests. Lastly, they would promote beekeeping as an alternative to forest-degrading livelihoods, with a goal of increasing the contribution of beekeeping to the GDP to 2% by 2026.

Tanzania National REDD+ Strategy Program Document 1.8 National commitments to the UNFCCC and relationship to other conventions United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC): In the countries’ NDC submission, Tanzania has committed to reducing its’ total GHG emissions by 30-35% as compared to business as usual by 2030. This percent reduction is calculated to be between 138 and 153 MtCO2e.

African Forest Landscape Restoration Initiative (AFR100): A commitment within the continent of Africa to begin restoring 100 million hectares of land by 2030. Tanzania’s commitment to this initiative is 5.2 million ha which accounts for 4% of the total continent-wide undertaking.

2. Current GHG Inventory Review (FOR 837) Tanzania released a National Climate Change Statistics Report (2019) that includes a GHG inventory that spans from 1994-2014 measuring C02, CH4, and N20 emissions. The report divides emission sources into five categories; Agriculture, energy, industrial processes and product use (IPPU), land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF), and waste. Of the emission sources, Agriculture and LULUCF are by far the largest contributors, but the percentages coming from energy, waste, and IPPU have been steadily increasing over the period of the study. An inventory of GHG sinks has not been conducted since 1994 and is likely irrelevant to what current day measurements would be.

Figure 2.1: Summary of national GHG emissions (1994-2014) by Sector (URT, 2020)

2.1 Production of specific GHG by sector LULUCF: Estimates include emissions from land conversion and from burning are that CO2 and N2O are the primary GHGs from this field with CH4 being produced in relatively small amounts. The emissions trend from this sector has been slightly downward over the period represented.

Tanzania National REDD+ Strategy Program Document Figure 2.2: LULUCF sector emissions by gas 1994-2013 (URT, 2020)

Agriculture: Data accounts for emissions from fermentation, manure, and burning of agricultural residue and savannah.

Figure 2.3: Agricultural GHG emissions by gas 1994-2014 (URT, 2020)

Energy: The emissions from the energy sector have risen rapidly over the period of the study with a greater than fourfold increase due almost entirely to CO2.

Figure 2.4: Energy sector emissions by gas 1994-2014 (URT, 2020)

Tanzania National REDD+ Strategy Program Document

Waste: Emissions from waste management were tracked in conjunction with the type of waste. The trends indicate a near doubling of emissions over the period of the study due mostly to solid waste disposal and wastewater treatment.

Figure 2.5: Waste sector emissions by gas 1994-2014 (URT, 2020)

Industrial Production and Product Use (IPPU): IPPU covers a total of 2,389 enterprises in four categories: Manufacturing, mining and quarrying, water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation activities, and electricity, gas, steam, and air conditioning supply. The industrialization of Tanzania has led emissions to from this sector to nearly quadruple over the study period.

Figure 2.6: IPPU emissions by gas 1994-2014 (URT, 2020)

Tanzania National REDD+ Strategy Program Document

2.2 Reporting mechanisms The National Carbon Monitoring Centre located at the Sokoine University of Agriculture is responsible for tracking and reporting GHGs for the sake of UNREDD+ MRV requirements. Tanzania has yet to submit a biennial update report (BUR) to the UNFCCC as their inclusion is recent.

3: Current Status of Forests and Land in Terms of Carbon (FOR 837) 3.1 Carbon stock by forest type Carbon stocks in forests were measured in three categories for this assessment, above-ground carbon (AGC), below-ground carbon (BGC), and dead wood carbon (DWC). The forests measured were divided into plantations, mangroves, humid montane, and lowland; with several additional categories for woodlands and bushlands.

Table 3.1: Carbon stocks for forest land in Mainland Tanzania (Mauya et. al, 2019)

Tanzania National REDD+ Strategy Program Document

3.2 Carbon stocks of agricultural land and other non-forested land The majority of the carbon stocks outside of forests are attributed to bushlands of varying cover types but cultivated land holds a significant amount of carbon as well. Unsurprisingly, the density of nonforest carbon stocks is significantly lower than forested ones though agroforestry holds considerably more carbon per hectare than other cultivated lands.

Table 3.2: Carbon stocks for non-forest land in Mainland Tanzania (Mauya et. al, 2019)

Tanzania National REDD+ Strategy Program Document

3.3 Report on past forest inventory Tanzania is in the process of taking current carbon inventories, but the map made in 2009 from data collected from 2000-2003 represents above ground biomass data calculated using moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite data with below-ground biomass estimated using ecosystem-specific conversion factors.

Figure 3.1: Biomass carbon (Miles, L. et al. 2009)

Tanzania National REDD+ Strategy Program Document

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Section 4: Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation (FOR 833, 837) Rapid population growth and high levels of poverty have led to shifting agriculture being the main driver of deforestation and forest degradation. Smallholder farmers have been accounted for producing as much as 85% of the food crops in Tanzania and 75% of the population is dependent on agriculture for survival (Kweka et al. 2015). The fact that less than 25% of Tanzania’s GDP comes from agriculture would indicate that much of the production is for subsistence rather than profit. Shorter fallow periods increased rapidly in the 1980’s which reduced soil fertility and contributed to the permanent nature of that form of deforestation. Forestry is a relatively minor source of tree loss, with wildfires, urbanization, and commodity-driven deforestation making up the remainder. It should be noted that this figure is only representing the most direct cause of deforestation and that forestry may be contributing on a much higher level due to the heavy reliance on charcoal as a fuel source in Tanzania. Estimates have deforestation related to this to be as much as 70% of the total (Makundi 2001).

Figure 4.1: Annual tree cover loss by dominant driver in Tanzania (Global Forest Watch, 2023)

Tanzania National REDD+ Strategy Program Document

Section 5: Sustainable Development Goals and Biodiversity Co-Benefits (FOR 833) It is well-studied that effective implementation of co-benefits can vastly improve the odds of REDD+ activities achieving their goal (Chhatre et al. 2012). The proposed program will concentrate on the following sustainable development goals as defined by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.

1. No Poverty: With poverty currently being so widespread in Tanzania this project will aim to support sustainable, forest-based work.

2. Zero Hunger: Tanzania is currently ranked 95th out of 121 countries by the Global Hunger Index and has 22.6% of the population suffering from undernourishment (Global Hunger Index, 2023). Increase in agroforestry and sustainable farming practices would allow for more efficient and effective use of farmland.

3. Gender Equality: By involving women at all stages in decision making an environment can be fostered to decrease gender inequality and biases. This is critical to work against the power imbalance present between men and women (Roe et al. 2013).

4. Affordable and Clean Energy: Current estimates are that around 90% of fuel for cooking is provided by wood and charcoal (URT, 2018). Transitioning away from unsustainable and high emissions fuel sources would be a strong boon in this area.

5. Climate Action: Increasing carbon sinks and reducing emissions by curbing drivers of deforestation and forest degradation.

6. Life on Land: Protecting plant and animal life by reducing and reversing the loss of habitat in three of the world’s biodiversity hotspots (Convention on Biological Diversity, 2023).

7. Partnerships for the Goals: Combining the efforts of local, national, and international stakeholders across several fields to increase the effectiveness of efforts.

The overall goal, in addition to reforestation and afforestation, is to reduce pressures on Tanzania’s forests and woodlands by reducing the drivers of their use as it becomes increasingly clear that current methods are unsustainable. Current methods of agriculture and fuel use have led to high levels of tree loss and are proving incapable of providing for the needs of the populace. Improving upon the methods of forest use will allow for significant co-benefits.

As the population continues to increase, the common practice of shifting agriculture in Tanzania is failing to keep pace with demand. Focusing on sustainable agriculture techniques, especially agroforestry and crop rotation, can increase yields while removing the need to continually clear new land. These practices can also lead to surpluses of general food stocks and additional forest products such as nut oils and honey that can be sold for a profit. Initially, there would need to be a focus on improving land tenure security as research has shown that farmers are less motivated to improve the

Tanzania National REDD+ Strategy Program Document quality of the land used for farming if there is no guarantee that they would be the ones to reap the eventual benefits (Besley T. 1995).

The current dependence on fuelwood and charcoal for the majority of cooking places tremendous strain on the countries’ forests and woodlands. Transitioning to more sustainable fuel sources will lead to several positive changes. Nearly any change will lead to a reduction in GHG emissions as the most likely candidate, natural gas, of which the country has upwards of 50 trillion cubic feet of unexploited reserves, would still lead to half of the CO2 emissions of charcoal (URT, 2021). Other fuel sources such as solar and wind are considerations but would take more significant investments to make them viable.

Reforestation and afforestation projects will also help restore the habitat of hundreds of endemic plant and animal species including many that are threatened or endangered. The benefits will extend beyond the areas being restored as the prevention of erosion will protect the waters of the surrounding areas and the life residing in them. The preservation of biodiversity can also be tied to the “no poverty” cobenefit as it encourages ecotourism and the livelihoods connected to that industry.

6: REDD+ Safeguard Approach 6.1 Identification of Risks and Related Safeguard Plan Land Tenure: Current land tenure rules in Tanzania via the Village Land Act of 1999 allow for private land ownership but create several hurdles that can prove insurmountable for rural populations. First, before an application for land ownership certification can even be submitted the village council is required to create a Village Land Use Plan. This can impose prohibitive costs on the village as it requires paying experts to survey and register the land. Even if this plan is completed and accepted landowners will still need to pay an additional cost to receive a certificate. In areas where poverty is already rampant, this can prove too great a burden to undertake.

To combat this issue, land tenure certification needs to be streamlined and the costs reduced. It would be most beneficial for the government to supply the necessary surveyors for this task as the government also draws benefits from having official records of land tenure and use. This would reduce the overall cost by having a dedicated team responsible for surveying and registering land and create a clearer picture of how the land is being used for future national planning.

Corruption: It is difficult to ensure that people receive the portion of payment for ecosystem services that they are due. There have been prior issues of this sort within the national logging industry where money did not make it to the country because of rampant corruption (Milledge et al. 2007). It seems likely that this would be an area of concern for REDD+ payments as well.

In order to address this stronger accountability measures will need to be put in place. There is currently a Prevention and Combating of Corruption Bureau, but that does not appear to be adequate for this purpose. To ease the burden on the bureau in discovering acts of corruption it would be beneficial to establish a method to make reporting easier. As under a quarter of the population has internet access

Tanzania National REDD+ Strategy Program Document there should be a streamlined method of reporting through local governments to higher authorities. As a show of good faith, it could be helpful to enlist an international body to assist in auditing transactions.

Lack of Institutional Capacity: The government of Tanzania does not have a sufficient framework or manpower to handle the extent of REDD+ activities necessary for a country of its’ size and forest cover.

There has been a significant amount of international help so far, especially from Norway, but that support is dwindling as the process stretches longer. There has been a shifting of funding away from the government of URT and to academic and civil society organizations (Kweka et al., 2014). This can potentially increase the rate of knowledge acquisition, but unless the necessary framework is established within the national government REDD+ is unlikely to be properly implemented.

As a relatively cost-effective solution to the issue of expertise, it could be beneficial to establish a larger international presence while instituting a prominent study abroad program to train individuals in the necessary skills to institute REDD+ initiatives. This would likely have the most direct impact on MRV capacity as the current staff of the NCMC consists of only 3 technical and 4 support staff.

Limited Access to Information: With the remote nature of many of the communities and the absence of internet connections it can be difficult to disseminate information without actively visiting individual villages.

Adequate funding and personnel must be made available to allow all relevant information to be provided to all people affected by REDD+ activities in a form and language that they can understand.

Enforcement: Tanzania is lacking in enforcement personnel for conservation efforts.

To alleviate the pressure on forestry enforcement officers, locals should be hired to enforce restrictions on logging. This holds co-benefits for poverty reduction and can be tied to payment for ecosystem services schemes that are results dependent.

Prejudice: Tanzania is lacking in some areas of human rights. The country’s draft of social and environmental safeguards draws a stark contrast to the REDD+ SES regarding indigenous peoples.

Figure 6.1: Comparison of the REDD+ SES and Tanzania’s draft social and environmental safeguards (Jodoin, S. 2017)

Tanzania National REDD+ Strategy Program Document

Tanzania National REDD+ Strategy Program Document

6.2: Safeguards: Policies, Laws, and Regulations (PLRs) The Cancun Safeguards of the UNFCCC lay out seven safeguards that should be put in place for any REDD+ project to ensure the success of the project across social, biological, and environmental aspects.

Policies: National Forest Policy, 1998: Contains provisions for conserving biodiversity, protecting forests, involvement of local stakeholders, and compensation for community forest management.

The Land Policy, 1995: Contains provisions for protecting land resources, sustainable development, tenure rights, managing land disputes, and community involvement.

National Environmental Policy, 1997: Contains provisions for poverty reduction in conjunction with natural resource conservation, enhancing the participation of women, and community involvement National Energy Policy, 2015: Contains provisions to promote the use of petroleum over charcoal and fuelwood for energy.

National Agriculture Policy, 2013: Contains provisions for staving off land degradation, and improving climate change adaptation.

Laws: The Land Act, 1999: Institutes laws related to land use, sustainable development, and establishes jurisdiction for legal matters related to land.

The Forest Act, 2002: Establishes laws for natural resource conservation, sustainable development, and to encourage community involvement by establishing forest usage rights.

Tanzania National REDD+ Strategy Program Document The Environmental Management Act, 2004: Establishes eight defining principles of environment and sustainable development including, but not limited to, ecosystem integrity, public participation, and access to justice.

The Wildlife Conservation Act, 2009: Establishes reserves and other controlled areas for the preservation of wildlife.

6.3 Safeguard Information Systems (SIS) One of the core principles of REDD+ is that it is not sufficient to simply do no harm but that the project must also lead to improvements for the people and the environment. With this in mind, the implementation of an effective safeguard information system to monitor social and environmental safeguards (SES) is essential to the equitable execution of REDD+ activities.

Operating under the tenet of free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC) the government will seek to disseminate information to the relevant parties throughout the country about the potential impacts of REDD+ activities in their area. Contact to address concerns outside of planned times will be established via a readily available phone number and email address, or by establishing contact with village or other local governance to be routed appropriately. Once a complaint has been filed and investigated a course of action will be decided based on existing laws and policies.

The Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism will be responsible for the establishment and maintenance of the SIS including the creation of a freely accessible database of the information and complaints gathered. Statistics will be collected by in-person surveys, on-the-ground measurements, and satellite data in order to monitor the established safeguards. Information in the database will be subjected to annual review by non-governmental organizations (NGO) to help assess the quality of information and to assist in improving the quality of the safeguards and the SIS. 7: Policies and Interventions to Reduce Emissions and/or Increase Removals There have been several carbon sources identified in URT that are targeted as high-priority areas within which to reduce emissions and increase removals.

7.1 National Policies and Interventions Energy Sector: Supported by the National Energy Policy, several key areas have been targeted to help reduce emissions.

The primary method of emissions reduction that is being pursued is a transition from wood fuels and charcoal to petroleum and natural gas. It is expected that this could contribute greatly as natural gas emissions are around half as much as charcoal. There is also a framework established to strengthen and expand the countries’ electrical grid to reduce rural peoples’ dependence on trees for energy, an initiative that is also supported by the Rural Electrification Expansion Program. Renewable energy is being pursued as the geography of Tanzania makes it especially suitable for the use of solar and

Tanzania National REDD+ Strategy Program Document hydroelectric power. Lastly, energy efficiency has been identified as an effective method of reducing emissions.

Figure 7.1: GHG emissions reduction options cost curve (URT, 2003)

Tanzania National Communication Forestry Sector: With a framework established by The Environmental Management Act and The Forest Act, and further supported by the Resilient Natural Resource Management for Tourism and Growth project, Tanzania aims to increase carbon removals within the forestry sector. To accomplish this goal, the country intends to further establish forest restoration programs with a particular emphasis on participatory forest management, and promoting alternative forest-related careers.

Figure 7.2: Cost curve for forestry mitigation options (URT, 2003)

Tanzania National REDD+ Strategy Program Document

Agriculture Sector: Tanzania intends to reduce emissions from the agriculture sector using a framework established in the National Agriculture Policy (URT, 2013) and the National Environmental Policy (URT, 1997). Methane emissions will be reduced by improving irrigation practices and enhancing farming techniques including the crops being grown. Crop diversity and agroforestry to minimize encroachment onto forest lands and maximize productivity is also a targeted area of improvement. Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania 7.2 International Policies and Interventions African Forest Landscape Restoration Initiative (AFR100): While not an official policy AFR100 is a valuable tool for reducing emissions and increasing removals. Tanzania committed to beginning the restoration of 5.2 million hectares of forested land toward the initiative’s overall goal of 100 million hectares. Involvement in the initiative gives Tanzania access to several international technical and financial partners to assist with the country’s goals.

The Tanzanian-Norwegian Climate and Forest Initiative (TNCFI): The government of Norway and several universities and institutions therein have provided support and guidance in the form of funding, education, and technical assistance. The funding included money for eight REDD+ pilot projects across the country.

Tanzania National REDD+ Strategy Program Document Others: While Norway has been the biggest contributor to Tanzania’s REDD+ initiative they are not the only donor of note. Most notably, the governments of Finland and Germany, and the UN-REDD organization have given sizable amounts to foster the program’s development with smaller endowments from several other countries and organizations.

Figure 7.3: Donor Commitments and Disbursements (Kaijage, 2016)

8. Reference Emission Levels Countries are required to compile and submit a national reference emission level to be eligible for results-based payments for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. This measurement is intended to function as the point that the degree to which emissions have been reduced is calculated. To that end, Tanzania began the process of estimating its FREL in 2016 at the National Carbon Monitoring Centre including a forest definition, historical activity data, and emission factors to be considered.

Tanzania consulted with stakeholders to reach a forest definition that they determined was most appropriate for the country’s use. The definition they decided upon was “An area of land with at least 0.5 ha, with a minimum tree crown cover of 10% or with existing tree species planted or natural having the potential of attaining more than 10% crown cover, and with trees which have the potential or have

Tanzania National REDD+ Strategy Program Document reached a minimum height of 3m at maturity in situ.” (MNRT, 2016). This definition was chosen because they believed they could measure it affordably, it would incentivize the regeneration of degraded forests, and it would include the dry forests composed of short, widely spaced, trees that are common in the landscape (URT, 2017).

The reference period for historical data was selected to be 2002-2013 based on the availability of Landsat 7 data and research that was already done for NAFORMA. Higher-resolution imagery from Landsat 8 OLI did not become available until 2013 so the satellite data was not used for determining forest degradation but is intended to be considered in future inventories.

The national FREL used the emission factor data obtained by NAFORMA in the first National Forest Inventory (NFI) conducted in Mainland Tanzania which divided land cover into four classes; Forest, nonforest, water, and wetlands. To estimate the AGB and BGB of trees, allometric equations for different vegetation types were used to scale up measurements to the level of hectares. DWB was calculated by determining the volume and then using an appropriate density value obtained from a wood density database. For the purposes of this initial FREL submission soil organic carbon was not included because of insufficient data and the assertion that it is less relevant as it changes less than other carbon stocks, and litter was not included because of frequent wildfires that clear it. This FREL also only included carbon dioxide as it is the most prominent GHG but other gases may be included in future measurements.

Table 8.1: Emission factors for each land cover sub class (URT, 2017)

Table 8.2: Mapped areas and area changes (2002-2013) for the Tanzania Mainland (URT, 2017)

While forest degradation was not included in the 2017 FREL report it was considered, and an assessment was made using data from harvested and natural mortality stump measurements. Tanzania’s current plan for tracking forest degradation is to continue monitoring permanent sample plots, potentially alongside high-resolution remote sensing. It has been indicated that the emergence of cheaper highresolution satellite imagery could help fill this gap in forest monitoring.

Tanzania National REDD+ Strategy Program Document 9. Capacity Building and Readiness Levels Tanzania began its’ REDD+ readiness preparation in 2008 when it partnered with the Norway International Climate and Forest Initiative. In 2009 the national REDD+ framework was established, followed by REDD+ strategy and actions plans in 2013. Using an initial investment of USD 58 million from Norway and USD 5.9 million from Finland efforts began to be made towards establishing the necessary pieces of Tanzania’s REDD+ program.

9.1: Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) Capacity Building To support MRV, Tanzania established the National Carbon Monitoring Centre (NCMC) at Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) in 2016 with the five stated objectives.

1. To manage the development, and sustain the operation of the Tanzanian MRV system, and verifies the results for the UNFCCC and international community; 2. To maximize usefulness of the data generated; 3. To suggest different programmes and projects with a technical MRV component and define steps in MRV research; 4. To coordinate forest and carbon data; and 5. To harness available national capacity and support from international expertise to operationalize the National Carbon Accounting System.

Several projects have been carried out with the assistance of several Norwegian agencies and universities to establish an appropriate MRV system for Tanzania. While the work packages were mostly deemed a success, potentially serious issues were encountered with the use of airborne laser scanning (ALS) in packages 1 and 2, and coordination between a team of 2 Tanzanians and 6 Norwegians in project 7.

Table 9.1: Work packages for MRV enhancement project (Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2016)

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The primary need for capacity building in MRV is the training of personnel. The NCMC currently lists only three technical and four support staff. This has led to delays in the completion of projects and in the submission of reports. There have been issues attracting the number of students they have funding for which creates capacity gaps going forward. This is likely to continue to be an issue in the future as tertiary school enrollment was only 8% as of 2020 (World Bank, 2023).

Cost seems to be the biggest problem when it comes to the use of LiDAR via ALS for biomass estimation.

They noted in the MRV Final Report that it was an issue acquiring flight permissions from public authorities. Further evaluation of alternative remote sensing techniques had not yet been evaluated for cost-effectiveness.

It is worth noting that in the fourth progress report submitted by the NCMC in 2017, it was planned that the MRV system would be maintained and updated within 36 months of the project start-up (NCMC, 2017). No further progress reports have been published since.

9.2: Institutional and Governance Capacity Building To shore up REDD+ readiness, Tanzania has established have developed three cross-sectoral institutions; a National REDD+ Task Force, a REDD+ Secretariat, and 5 Technical Working Groups. The Technical Working Groups will consist of a legal, governance, and safeguards group, an MRV group, a finance mechanism group, an agricultural drivers group, and an energy drivers group.

Several areas have been identified as potential issues in governing REDD+ projects at both a local and a national level. Chief among these, and present at all levels, are corruption, weak law enforcement, and lack of accountability (URT, 2010). Further efforts will need to be made to increase transparency and

Tanzania National REDD+ Strategy Program Document enforcement of laws that keep REDD+ equitable. At the local level, the issue of weak law enforcement is intended to be solved with strengthened PFM regimes, larger incentive packages, and improved education on forest-related laws.

Coordination across all levels of government in support of REDD+ activities has been found to be lacking.

This has become the purview of the Programme Steering Committee which was intended to assist organizational capacity between national, international, and civil society organizations. This was intended to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of REDD+ related work.

10. Community Based Activities Effective community engagement will be essential to the success of REDD+ in Tanzania but the best methods to motivate this participation are not necessarily clear. The legal framework for both Community Based Forest Management and Joint Forest Management was established in the Forest Act of 2002.

10.1: Community Engagement in Design and Implementation Demographic analysis grouped by region will need to be conducted to form localized committees to assist with the design and implementation of forest projects. In all cases, gender diversity must be assured by having as near to a 50/50 split of men to women in the decision-making body as possible. To avoid localized bias, the community steering committee should be selected to include members from all the groups identified in a region including peoples that may be ostracized such as immigrants and minorities.

Once a group is established a survey would be conducted to determine local perceptions of drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, the needs of the community to alter behaviors, and their concerns and hopes for REDD+ projects. Depending on the consensus of the stakeholders, surveys will continue to be conducted on a six-month to yearly basis to reassess their opinions and ideas for the project. No changes will be made to a region’s project and compensation without the agreement of stakeholders at all levels. This process will increase administrative costs and will need to be figured into the benefitsharing system, but it is important to start from a point of high caution to ensure that no parties are disenfranchised.

10.2: Community-Based Forest Management Community Based Forest Management in Tanzania allows for the establishment of Village Land Forest Reserves, and other forms of private forest. This, in turn, allows for the villages to claim benefits from carbon trading schemes and other forest-related benefits but they are also responsible for the costs of managing the forests under their control. The key to the effectiveness of this method appears to be in land tenure rights. Studies have shown that in areas without strong tenure rights, the forests under management display lower levels of improvement than those where tenure is more secure (Blomley et al. 2009).

Tanzania National REDD+ Strategy Program Document

10.3: Joint Forest Management Joint Forest Management is a system where the land is owned by the government, be that local or national. Villagers under this system are not entitled to as wide-ranging of benefits as under Community Based Forest Management but they are also not subject to the management costs. This system is more typically implemented in high biodiversity areas and are frequently designated wilderness or forest reserves.

10.4: Community Forest Monitoring Irrespective of the method of participatory forest management it will be necessary and desirable for villagers to be involved in the MRV process. Sufficient training will need to be undertaken to teach proper measuring and recording techniques to fulfill the accuracy requirements of on-the-ground forest carbon allocation. As an additional benefit, this can be used as alternative forest-based employment and can be tied into the enforcement of local forest laws as it increases awareness and creates a deterrent to illegal activities by having more potential witnesses.

10.5: Benefit Sharing The methods and allocation of benefit sharing will differ based on the type of participatory forest management that is most appropriate for an area. In the case of Community Based Forest Management financial benefits are typically intended to flow through village and other local governments to the people and communities. It would be up to the community how best to use the funds whether that be for individual payments or through enhancements such as schools or agricultural projects. Joint Forest Management centralizes control and thus payments are to direct actors in management activity. This policy is typically used when those acting in the management of the forest do not possess any tenure rights to the forest.

In either case, it is essential that a plan is in place on how to distribute funds equitably and transparently so that they are not subject to the whims of individual actors. There should also be a grievance system in place to report misuse of funds, though the decentralized control in CBFM makes it more difficult for regulating bodies to interfere.

In 2022 a supplement was attached to the Environmental Management Act that codifies how costs and benefits are to be shared in carbon projects in Tanzania. It further delineates how funds from conservation activities and carbon trading will be distributed between the owner of the project, governmental institutions, and, if different than the owner of the project, the village or villages adjacent to the project.

11. Creating the National Forest Monitoring System (NFMS) (FOR 837)

Tanzania National REDD+ Strategy Program Document National Forest Monitoring Systems are comprised of two parts, a satellite land monitoring system (SLMS) and a National Forest Inventory (NFI). These pieces work together to support MRV and estimate GHG emissions by tracking changes in forest cover to measure activity data and emission factors.

11.1 National Forest Inventory Tanzania conducted its first NFI in 2014 in the form of the National Forest Resources Monitoring and Assessment of Tanzania Mainland, most commonly referred to as NAFORMA. For the purposes of this inventory, Tanzania used a modified version of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) sampling design to better suit the conditions present within the mainland. This led to 30,773 plots within 3,219 clusters and 18 different strata being measured. More samples were measured in strata that were determined to have higher variation and growing stock vs more homogenous, lower growth areas.

Individual plots were measured in traditional nested circle design and grouped along an L-shaped with 250m between plots. There were also two quality assurance teams that resampled 260 of the plots to identify irregularities and areas for improvement.

Figure 11.1: Location of NAFORMA sample clusters in Tanzania mainland (MNRT, 2015)

Figure 11.2: Cluster and plot design

Tanzania National REDD+ Strategy Program Document

For the second NAFORMA the sampling design is recommended to be simplified to lower the complexity of calculating statistics. The recommended design for future inventories discards the strata categorization in favor of seven zones designated by the Tanzania Forest Services Agency (TFS). It then lowers the number of clusters to 1,405 more or less evenly divided between each zone including a mostly equal number of permanent plots from the first NAFORMA per zone. This change is expected to reduce costs by 56% while increasing uncertainty from 1.0-1.2% to 1.3-1.8% (Rajala et al. 2022).

Figure 11.3: Proposed sampling distribution for second NAFORMA (Rajala et al. 2022)

11.2: Satellite Land Monitoring System (SLMS)

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As was noted in the section on FREL, Tanzania used a combination of Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 images for mapping LULC over the reference period. This was effective for the scope of the project at that time but improvements in the accuracy of satellite measurements are essential to tracking forest degradation as well as deforestation.

The ideal scenario for tracking deforestation and forest degradation would involve extremely highresolution satellite imagery capable of mapping individual trees combined with artificial intelligence to determine carbon stocks, but this is cost prohibitive for most countries. A possible step toward more accurate satellite assessment of LULC that is recommended by the FAO, is the use of the System for Earth Observation Data Access, Processing, and Analysis for Land Monitoring (SEPAL). SEPAL uses a decision tree to assign a land cover classification to individual pixels of images acquired by Landsat 8.

SEPAL also contains a Forest Canopy Disturbance Monitoring (FCDM) tool that can help track forest degradation. This tool creates a comparison of the radiance measurements of pixels over time to detect changes in forest canopy cover (Langner et al. 2018). An alternative to this that also uses Landsat 8 would involve the use of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to analyze the difference in near-infrared light reflectance between images (Skole et al., 2021).

11.3: Reporting A dedicated, well-maintained, accurate, and transparent archival system will be required to track both field and satellite data collected for the NFMS. The information covered should include forest cover change from deforestation and forest degradation, methodologies, GHG emission estimates, and what quality checks were done. A best-case scenario would have field teams recording data digitally that would automatically be uploaded to the archive to avoid transcription errors.

11.4: Verification Verification for Tanzania NFMS will have three stages to it. Satellite data will be verified by field data to ensure that changes do not need to be made to the analysis algorithm. Field data will be verified by measurement of select plots by quality assurance teams. The QA test plots will be evenly distributed among the plots tested by the main field teams so each team will be reviewed fairly. The data and conclusions drawn will be reviewed by external auditors to help remove bias and internal interests.

References: Besley, T. (1995). “Property Rights and Investment Incentives: Theory and Evidence from Ghana” Journal of Political Economics, 103.

Blomley, T. and Iddi, S., (2009). Participatory Forest Management in Tanzania: 1993 – 2009. Lessons learned and experiences to date. Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Forestry and Beekeeping Division, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Tanzania National REDD+ Strategy Program Document Chhatre, A., Lakhapanal, S., Larson, A., Nelson, F., Ojha, H., Rao, J., (2012) Social safeguards and cobenefits in REDD+: a review of the adjacent possible. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 2012, 4:654-660 Climate Watch. (2023). Tanzania https://www.climatewatchdata.org/countries/TZA?end_year=2019&start_year=1990 Convention on Biological Diversity. United Republic of Tanzania – Main Details https://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=tz#:~:text=Out%20of%2025%20globally%20known,larg e%20mammals%20(e.g.%20the%20famous Department of Forest Mensuration and Management Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Sokoine University of Agriculture, (2016) Enhancing the Measuring Reporting and Verification (MRV) of forests in Tanzania through the application of advanced remote sensing techniques Global Forest Watch. (2023). Region: Tanzania https://gfw.global/3H9NtFE Global Hunger Index. (2023) Region: Tanzania https://www.globalhungerindex.org/tanzania.html Jodoin, S. (2017). Rights and Jurisdictional REDD in Tanzania. In Forest Preservation in a Changing Climate: REDD and Indigenous and Community Rights in Indonesia and Tanzania (pp. 117-150).

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316986882.006 Kaijage, E., Kafumu, G. (2016). Tanzania: Mapping REDD+ Finance Flows 2009-2014.

Kweka, D., Carmenta, R., Hyle, M., Mustalahti, I., Dokken, T., Brockhaus, M. (2015) The Context of Redd+ in Tanzania https://doi.org/10.17528/cifor/005744 Kweka, D.L., Quail, S., Campese, J., (2014) REDD+ on the ground: A case book of subnational initiatives across the globe Langner, A.; Miettinen, J.; Kukkonen, M.; Vancutsem, C.; Simonetti, D.; Vieilledent, G.; Verhegghen, A.; Gallego, J.; Stibig, H.-J. Towards Operational Monitoring of Forest Canopy Disturbance in Evergreen Rain Forests: A Test Case in Continental Southeast Asia. Remote Sens. 2018, 10, 544. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10040544

Mauya, E.W., Mugasha, W.A., Njana, M.A. et al. Carbon stocks for different land cover types in Mainland Tanzania. Carbon Balance Manage 14, 4 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-0190120-1 MILES, L., KABALIMU, K., BAHANE, B., RAVI LIOUS, C., DUNNING, E., BERTZKY, M. et al. (2009) Carbon, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Exploring Co-Benefits. Prepared by UNEP–WCMC, Cambridge, UK,

Tanzania National REDD+ Strategy Program Document and Forestry and Beekeeping Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Dar es Salaam, UNREDD Programme, Tanzania Milledge SA, Gelvas IK and Ahrends A. 2007. Forestry, governance and national development: Lessons learned from a logging boom in southern Tanzania. Dar es Salaam: TRAFFIC East and Southern Africa; Tanzania Development Partners Group; Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism.

Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism (2016) National Definition of ‘Forest’ for REDD+ and CDM in Tanzania.

Ministry of Natural Resources & Tourism Tanzania Forest Services Agency (2015) National Forest Resources Monitoring and Assessment of Tanzania Mainland: Main Results https://www.tfs.go.tz/uploads/NAFORMA_REPORT.pdf National Carbon Monitoring Centre. (2017) NCMC Fourth Progress Report https://www.ncmc.sua.ac.tz/wp-content/uploads//2018/files/Reports/NCMC-FOURTH-PROGRESSREPORT_Revised.pdf Rajala, T., Heikkinen, J., Gogo, S., Ahimbisibwe, J., Bakanga, G., Chamuya, N., Garcia Perez, J., Kilawe, E., Kiluvia, S., Morales, D., Nzunda, E., Otieno, J., Sawaya, J., Vesa, L., Zahabu, E., Henry, M. 2022.

NAFORMA: National Forest Resources Monitoring and Assessment of United Republic of Tanzania Mainland – Sampling Design Options for 2nd Biophysical Inventory (NAFORMA II). Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0572en Roe, S., Streck, C. Pritchard, L., Costenbader, J. (2013) Safeguards in REDD+ and Forest Carbon Standards: A Review of Social, Environmental and Procedural Concepts and Application Skole, D.L.; Samek, J.H.; Mbow, C.; Chirwa, M.; Ndalowa, D.; Tumeo, T.; Kachamba, D.; Kamoto, J.; Chioza, A.; Kamangadazi, F. Direct Measurement of Forest Degradation Rates in Malawi: Toward a National Forest Monitoring System to Support REDD+. Forests 2021, 12, 426. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12040426 The United Republic of Tanzania (2003) Initial National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) The United Republic of Tanzania (2020) National Climate Change Statistics Report, 2019 Tanzania Mainland The United Republic of Tanzania (2021) Nationally Determined Contribution https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/202206/TANZANIA_NDC_SUBMISSION_30%20JULY%202021.pdf

Tanzania National REDD+ Strategy Program Document The United Republic of Tanzania, (2010). National Strategy for Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) Executive Summary.

The United Republic of Tanzania (2017). Tanzania’s Forest Reference Emission Level Submission to the UNFCCC 2017 The United Republic of Tanzania. The Environmental Management Act, 2004 https://www.nemc.or.tz/uploads/publications/sw-1576228517-ema%20act2004.pdf The United Republic of Tanzania. The Environmental Management Act, The Environmental Management (Control and Management of Carbon Trading) Regulations, 2022 https://www.vpo.go.tz/uploads/files/The%20Environmental%20Management%20(Control%20and%20 Management%20of%20Carbon%20Trading)%20Regulations,%202022.pdf The United Republic of Tanzania. The Village Land Act, 1999 https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/tan53306.pdf United Republic of Tanzania – National Audit Office (URT-NAO), 2019. Report of the Controller and Auditor General on the consolidated and separate financial statements of Tanzania Petroleum Development Corporation for the year ended 30 th June 2018. 91 pp. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

World Bank. (2023). Tanzania. https://data.worldbank.org/country/tanzania World Bank. (1994) GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (Mt of CO2 equivalent) - Tanzania https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.CLC.GHGR.MT.CE?locations=TZ World Bank. (2022) School enrollment, tertiary (% gross) - Tanzania https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.TER.ENRR?locations=TZ World Integrated Trade Solution. (2020) Top 5 Products exports imports at HS 6 digit level 2020 https://wits.worldbank.org/CountrySnapshot/en/TZA/textview

Appendix A: Establishment of a Plan for Free Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) In accordance with the framework established by the UN-REDD program, a system of free prior and informed consent is necessary to ensure that REDD+ projects are performed equitably and enhance the lives of affected communities. The system focuses on a human rights-based approach to establishing communication and cooperation with forest-dependent communities to gain their approval, input, and assistance for projects that may impact them.

Tanzania National REDD+ Strategy Program Document The first step for FPIC is to identify the stakeholders for a proposed activity. This process will involve acquiring community demographics, including race, gender, and socioeconomic status, as well as determining landowners and the borders of their lands. This information is intended to lend context to future communications with stakeholders as it will be difficult to obtain either 100% involvement or a completely representational working group in a community.

After establishing demographics, a notice should be distributed to the communities that includes the proposed plan, as well as a schedule to discuss the plan and their rights regarding their lands and forests. Ideally, several dates and times should be opened for the initial discussions to ensure as many people can attend as possible. To streamline the process moving forward, it may be beneficial to establish a representational group selected by the community to bring forth ideas and concerns. Care will need to be taken to ensure that views are shared equally and that power-grabbing amongst the community is kept to a minimum. To this effect, it may help to have some separate meetings for women and ideally run by women, to attempt to encourage their free exchange of ideas absent any potentially coercive male influences. Meeting minutes should be made available to everyone in the community in a form they can understand. This could mean different languages, or potentially even audio recordings in the case of illiteracy or blindness.

It is important to establish early that any projects that would affect a community are entirely contingent upon the consent of the community and that there will be no repercussions for refusal. This should be used as a baseline to establish equitable compensation and benefit-sharing in return for their consent and cooperation. This stage is likely to require several rounds of negotiations as all parties establish their needs for beginning the project. It will also include standards for how and when to renegotiate at predetermined times and also standards for the bearing of and mitigation of grievances outside of that timeline.

Once consent has been acquired local experts should be identified as points of contact and potential assistance with activities and communication. Desired skills would include literacy, accounting, mapping, and knowledge of laws and rights. They are intended to increase transparency as trusted members of the community.

None of the decisions made in these steps are intended to be entirely permanent and should be monitored and revised throughout the course of negotiations and the project as information and needs evolve. All revisions to plans, schedules, and agreements must be agreed upon by all parties to be put into effect.

Appendix B: VCS Risk Report Tool

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Appendix C: Stakeholder Identification

2. Assess and select your stakeholders in relation to forest management and climate benefits

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