Framework for a Heterotopia
A aron Plewke
Framework f or a Heteroto pia
A aron Plewke
M.Arch 2011 Washington University in St. Louis Sam Fox School of Design and Visual Arts Graduate School of Architecture and Urban Design Studio Arets | McCarter
CONTENTS
Defining Heterotopia Scale and Type Heterotopic Transmogrification Genetic Recombination From Woebegone to Wonderful Mapping Global Power Intercontinental Travel Map Cooperation and the Morphology of the New World Order Existing Global Power Network Project Global Power Network Global Network City Continental Network Asia c.2010 Continental Network Africa c.2080 India: The Struggle for Power in the Global South Subcontinental Connectivity Greater Metropolitan Network Network City Mumbai Projects for the City Bridging the Gap Reclaiming Territory Productive Loop
Heterotopia, literally [an]other place, is a term that was first used in medicine to describe a cell or group of cells living non-malignantly within a host cell or tissue. Michel Foucault adapted the term in the sixties to explain an emerging phenomenon—spaces and places were coming into being which interrupted the apparent continuity and normality of ordinary, everyday space, but did so in a way that was not detrimental to their host. By identifying these places where processes of change and hybridization were being harbored, Foucault implied that heterotopias could be testing grounds for future spatial conditions, and that they could effectively give birth to new norms. Moving ahead to the present, heterotopias have evolved from being understood as the result of society creating [an]other place within a classical or modernist single-center spatial environment, and are now also theorized as the organizing network or field within which distinct and often contradictory conditions reside (the city as a layered structure of heterotopic nodes and networks, for example). My current research—initiated in the Fall 2009 studio “[Dis]Located Conditions” taught by Manuel Bailo, Rosa Rull and Adrian Luchini, pursued in my current studio, “A Wonderful World” with Wiel Arets and Robert McCarter, and the subject of my Design Thinking work—operates within this broader contemporary understanding of heterotopia. Finally, and perhaps most critically, I operate with the belief that heterotopic space can be designed for.
Defining Hete rotopia
Scale and Type: Case Study 1 - Hedge House, by Wiel Arets
Location: Wijlre, South Limburg, Netherlands Heterotopic Type: Programmatic Recombination Scale: Small Building within Garden Landscape The Hedge House combines programs that existed on site–a chicken coop, 2 greenhouses, a cafeteria and a tool shed–with an art gallery. The project’s client wanted an art gallery, but local zoning regulations would not allow for a change of use on the historically protected site (home to the Wijlre Castle, and its adjacent moat and hedge garden). The architect’s solution was to accommodate the existing programs at grade, and bury an art gallery below, thereby satisfying both the zoning regulation and the client’s desire. The resulting spatial experience–compact yet expansive, dynamic yet calm–celebrates the odd combination of programs, and leverages the unique mix toward the creation of a delightfully sited and phenomenologically distinct series of spaces.
Scale and Type: Case Study 2 – Christiania, by no particular author
Location: Christianshavn, Copenhagen, Denmark Heterotopic Type: Repurposed Enclave Scale: Urban Military Fort Christiania represents an informal, bottom-up heterotopia that has continually evolved to account for changing political and social conditions. The tactical agility of its original settlers and subsequent residents has allowed Christiania to mature from a squatter community into a sophisticated urban neighborhood with zoning regulations, industrial production (cycle manufacture, most notably), and highly regarded early-childhood education. Residents of Christiania have repurposed the site’s existing military barracks toward a variety of uses, and have been pioneers of environmental and ecological reforms, such as organic farming, composting and waste recycling.
Scale and Type: Case Study 3 – Lille / Euralille, by OMA and others
Location: Lille, France Heterotopic Type: Urban Infrastructural Addition Scale: Networked City Euralille is an urban-scaled example of opportunistic architecture. The project began by relocating a proposed TGV junction from its planned location on the western outskirts of the Lille-RoubaixTourcoing-Villeneuve d’Ascq conurbation, moving the station to an urban site near the historic core of Lille. This move places the TGV junction directly adjacent to the Lille terminus–France’s second most used rail terminus (after that of Paris). By connecting into an existing city and regional rail terminus, the new TGV station plugs into the conurbation’s bus and tram systems, creating a truly networked urban condition.
Heterotopic Transmogrification Ocean Liner + OMA’s Parc de La Villette
+ An ocean liner from a children’s book + OMA’s competition proposal for Parc de La Villette in Paris (1908 and 1982, respectively). “During the life of the park, the programme will undergo constant change and adjustment. The more the park works, the more it will be in a perpetual state of revision. Its ‘design’ should therefore be the proposal of a method that combines architectural specificity with programmatic indeterminacy. In other words, we see this scheme not simply as a design but mostly as a tactical proposal to derive maximum benefit from the implantation on the site of a number of activities...The underlying principle of programmatic indeterminacy as a basis of the formal concept allows any shift, modification, replacement, or substitution to occur without damaging the initial hypothesis.” -Rem Koolhaas, “Congestion without Matter: Parc de la Villette, Paris, France, 1982,” in S, M, L, XL
Heterotopic Transmogrification SANAA’s 21st Century Museum + Constant’s New Babylon
+ SANAA’s 21st Century Museam at Kanazawa, Japan + Constant’s New Babylon Nord a speculative project on the city (2004 and 1971, respectively). “...the grid has historically proven to be a particularly effective field operation, extending a framework across a vast surface for flexible and changing development over time... This organization lends legibility and order to the surface while allowing for the autonomy and individuality of each part, and remaining open to permutations over time.” -James Corner, “Terra Fluxus,” The Landscape Urbanism Reader
Genetic Recombination
Cadavre Exquis with James Morgan
FROM WOEBEGONE TO WONDERFUL
As the global city replaces the nation as the primary unit of strategic importance, the global South continues to be left behind. My proposal (which will unfold over the following pages through a series of data mappings of existing conditions and projective mappings of a more equitable future) aims to put cities within the global South in the position to become more powerful. The proposed power will necessarily arrive in stages. First, cities in the global South will build internal capacity to produce goods and services at levels that will allow them to improve the quality of life of their less fortunate citizens, and to no longer serve as a resource-shed for their colonizers. Second, by building strategic relationships with partner cities across the global South (and undoubtedly with existing power centers in the global North), these cities will build external capacity, thereby putting themselves in position to transcend basic quality of life improvements and push toward obtaining key standing within global economic networks. Partnership, via a form of peer to peer investment--which will of course have to sidestep the overbearing Structural Adjustment Plans of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank--will provide the needed resources for taking on the large scale projects required to kick start the creation of internal capacity. In the case of India, the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor is an example of an early step toward the expansion of internal production capacity. Funded in equal partnership between Japan and India, the DMIC will provide jobs at every socioeconomic level, affordable housing for the area’s large population of working poor, and an environmentally sensitive transit and shipping infrastructure. As a result of this project, future development in this region will be concentrated along an industrial corridor.
Japan PM Yukio Hatoyama and Indian PM Dr. Manmohan Singh via nowpublic.org “The DMIC envisages setting up 24 high impact, market-driven nodes, which are integrated investment region and industrial areas, across six states to provide investment friendly facility regimes� -Amitabh Kant. , DMIC COO and managing director
Mapping Global Power Nodes and Networks
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data via “Global Power City Index 2009” 35 Global Power Cities
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Cities, Global Power, and Population
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Intercontinental Travel Map
*Updated in real-time, available as an iPod application
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Global Corporate Networks Financial Companies
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Global Network City c.2030*
*Projection based on continuation of existing patterns of dominance by power cities in the global North
Administration Economy Research and Development Cultural Interaction Livability Ecology and Natural Environment Accessibility
Cooperation and the Morphology of the New World Order
Mapping Global Power Representing Data
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Existing Global Power Network Global North
New York, Tokyo and London represent the three most powerful strategic units on the Global Power Cities Index. Paris and Singapore follow closely behind, filling out the top five slots. These cities, along with a host of power centers of gradually diminishing status, hold sway over the global economic system, and thereby are able to influence global policies and practices.
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Projected r ed G Global a Power Ne Network Empowering po g tthe h Global l al South
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Global Network City c.2080
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Global Network City c.2080
EURAFRICA
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THE AMERICAS
The Americas
Administration Economy Research and Development Cultural Interaction Livability Ecology and Natural Environment Accessibility
Eurafrica
Administration Economy Research and Development Cultural Interaction Livability Ecology and Natural Environment Accessibility
Asia
Administration Economy Research and Development Cultural Interaction Livability Ecology and Natural Environment Accessibility
Continental Network Asia c.2010
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Continental Network Africa c.2080 LAGOS
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JOHANNESBURG DURBAN CAPE TOWN
India and the Strug gle for Power in the Glob al South
Subcontinental Connectivity CITY Mumbai Delhi Bangalore Kolkata Chennai Hyderabad Ahmedabad Pune
Category Overall score=165.6 vs. 330.4 (New York City) Economy score=18.3 vs. 63.6 (New York City) R&D score=8.4 vs. 63.0 (New York City) Culture score=10.2 vs. 58.2 (London) Livability score=54.8 vs. 67.2 (Paris) Ecology score=53.6 vs. 71.8 (Geneva) Access score=20.1 vs. 59.3 (Paris)
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Subcontinental Network India c.2010
Subcontinental Network India c.2030
Subcontinental Network India c.2080
Greater Metropolitan Network c.2080
MUMBAI
NASIK
170 KM
PUNE 150 KM
Network City Mumbai
From Seven Islands to One Peninsula
Projects for the City
Bridging the Gap
Siting nodes within a slum and across the street within a high-end residential neighborhood, and linking the nodes with an infrastructural frame.
Reclaimed Territory
The Queen’s Necklace
SI
TE
Continuing the urban grid into the sea with bridgelike infrastructural extensions, rather than through the reclamation of land.
Productive Loop
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Pro g ram: Productive Loop produ ce di s tri bu ti on
connectivity hub
fish market
Network @ Urban Site c.2030
Network @ Urban Site c.2030
Linking production with workforce housing and retail distribution, creating an economically viable community development.
Prototype
Plan
Sections
Productive Loop
Productive Loop
Productive Loop
Productive Loop