Evaluation of regional landscape resources presentation

A Landscape Resources Presentation By Aanchal Vidyasagar

METHODOLOGY TECHNIQUES AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES

• Landscape – Scale - Dimensions – Regional Scale •matter Regional Landscape Mapping • Regionally Significant Landscape Values • Regional Planning intents • • • • •

Evaluation Valuation Landscape Assessment Criteria of Evaluation Techniques of Evaluation – GIS & Remote Sensing

• •

Case Study Conclusion

Source: Author

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INTRODUCTION TECHNIQUES AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES

Landscape as a kilometer wide mosaic over which local ecosystems recur.

This reflects the view that research and decisions often need to be based on a wider area than the immediate site or locality.

Scale in this context refers to the spatial or temporal dimension of an object or process, characterized by both grain and extent – degree of resolution and the size of the geographical area in question.

Regional Scale: Comprises of Patterns that result from the underlying geology and landform overlaid with the influence of broad ecological associations and key aspects of settlement and enclosure history. This results in the identification of distinct landscape types and areas such as mountain, plateau, plains.

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SCALE TECHNIQUES AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES

Statistical relations change as scale changes.

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THREE DIMENSIONS OF LANDSCAPE SCALE TECHNIQUES AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES

Future Spatial Dimension Recognition of physical units in landscape

Temporal

Temporal dimension Implies a continuum from the earliest human use of a landscape into the sustainable use by future generations Modification dimension From intensely urbanized areas, through farmland and other types of natural resources use, to pristine or wilderness areas, with some areas possessing such intense degrees of alteration that the landscape requires human assistance to accelerate the recovery of its regenerative properties.

Past

Spatial National

Regional

Local

Pristine Agricultural

Source: Selman, Paul (2006). Planning at Landscape Scale

Present

Urbanic

Modification 5

TERMINOLOGIES TECHNIQUES AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES

Landscape has been subdivided into following classes (Fochler-Hauke 1959): • Landscape Morphology  considering the form and spatial structure of phenomena • Landscape Ecology  concerned with functional interrelationships • Landscape Chronology  concerned with development of regions over time Regional landscape is managed for a range of functions and values, including agriculture, water quality, nature conservation, scenic amenity, ecosystem services, heritage and outdoor recreation.

Regional Landscape Mapping Regional mapping depends on the size of the region (county, metropolitan region, state or more).

Following maps are required for Landscape Assessments: • Base - jurisdictions, roads, cities/towns, protected lands, streams, rivers, lakes and other waters, urbanized "footprint", and topography • Natural factors - soils, rivers/streams by classification, elevation levels • Biodiversity - vegetation, habitat classifications, key corridors and linkages for animal migration, threatened and endangered species • Working landscape - farmland (crops), ranchland, timber zones, aquaculture/fisheries and other natural resource-based economic uses Source: G.T. McDonald, C.A. McAlpine, B.M. Taylor and A.R. Vagg (2003) Criteria and methods for evaluating regional plans in the tropical savannas

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TERMINOLOGIES TECHNIQUES AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES

Regional Landscape Mapping Regional mapping depends on the size of the region (county, metropolitan region, state or more).

Following maps are required for Landscape Assessments: • Protected lands - lands protected primarily for their open space uses, degree of public access or other criteria, plus trails or other public access

• Planning - master/general plans designations, zoning classifications, urban service areas, etc.

• Visibility analyses - areas that can be seen from major roads or other key viewpoints • Projections of Threats related to • urban and/or rural development • invasive species • Pollution • soil erosion • other non-development activities Source: G.T. McDonald, C.A. McAlpine, B.M. Taylor and A.R. Vagg (2003) Criteria and methods for evaluating regional plans in the tropical savannas

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REGIONAL LANDSCAPE TECHNIQUES AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES

Regional landscape areas support one or more regionally significant landscape values: Regional landscape Areas

Regionally Significant Landscape Values

Nature conservation

Supporting nature conservation values of international, national, state or regional significance

Rural production

Supporting rural production activities, including clusters of rural industries that capitalize on the availability of particular soil types, water, climate or proximity to markets and processing facilities

High scenic amenity

Displaying high levels of regional scenic amenity, including areas or features with high visual exposure containing scenery highly preferred by the community

Extractive and mineral resource

Containing regionally significant extractive and mineral resources

Outdoor recreation

Recognized as regionally important for outdoor recreational activities

Landscape heritage

Displaying Indigenous and non-Indigenous heritage values

Source: Bhullar, Amreesh Kaur (2012-2014). Landscape Configuration and Thermal Environments of Central National Capital Region

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REGIONAL LANDSCAPE TECHNIQUES AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES

Regional landscape areas support one or more regionally significant landscape values:

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Planning intent

Regional landscape areas are managed to protect their functions and values

Landscape corridors

Link regional landscape areas and include inter-regional links such as the coastline and bioregional wildlife corridors

Planning intent

Landscape corridors are maintained and enhanced to ensure land uses and activities within the corridor are compatible with corridor functions

Inter-urban breaks

Separate major urban areas, towns and villages and are dominated by rural and natural landscapes

Planning intent

Inter-urban breaks are maintained and managed as non-urban areas supporting activities that reinforce their natural and rural character

Rural residential

Developed or suitable for rural residential development

2

3

Source: Bhullar, Amreesh Kaur (2012-2014). Landscape Configuration and Thermal Environments of Central National Capital Region

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REGIONAL LANDSCAPE TECHNIQUES AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES

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Planning intent

Future rural residential development will be limited to existing designated rural residential areas

Rural townships and villages

Smaller urban communities that service rural catchments

Planning intent

Rural townships and villages are managed to maintain their character and role as activity nodes supporting local rural communities

Regional infrastructure

Includes transport, energy, wastewater and water storage and supply infrastructure that is essential to the efficient functioning of the region

Planning intent

Regional infrastructure is managed to minimize adverse impacts. Surrounding land uses are managed to ensure continued safe operation

Water sources and catchments

Water catchments and groundwater resources

Planning intent

Land use and development is managed within water storage catchments to protect the quality of receiving waters, storages, delivery channels and groundwater sources

Coastal waters and foreshores

Coastal waters, wetlands, dunes and foreshores that form the region’s coastal zone

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6

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Source: Bhullar, Amreesh Kaur (2012-2014). Landscape Configuration and Thermal Environments of Central National Capital Region

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TERMINOLOGIES TECHNIQUES AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES

Evaluation: Scoring and rating the quality of landscapes.

Valuation: Assigning an economic value to a landscape.

Landscape Assessment Uses the analysis of scene attributes to, for example, evaluate landscape quality (Appleton 1975).

• assembling and depicting data about the region • generating statistics to be used in goal setting and performance measurement

Analysis is based on individual perception of landscape and wilderness using methods from cognitive psychology

+ with GIS = to model the geographical consequences of these preferences

Source: K. McGarigal; What is a Landscape,USAmherst

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LANDSCAPE ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES

Landscape structure : The structure of a landscape is defined by the particular spatial pattern or heterogeneity of the landscape being represented, and it consists of two components: • Composition  defined by the spatial elements that are distinguished in the map and believed to be relevant to the landscape function under consideration. Composition represents the non-spatial aspect of a landscape, since only number and abundance of landscape elements is considered, not their spatial configuration.

•

Configuration  defined by the spatial character, arrangement and context of the elements. Configuration represents the spatial aspect of a landscape.

Landscape function: The services that landscapes provide to humans are functions example: providing for • biological diversity, • recycling nutrients, • sequestering carbon, • producing clean water Landscape boundary and context: Landscapes do not exist in isolation. Landscapes are nested within larger landscapes, that are nested within larger landscapes, and so on. In other words, each landscape has a context or regional setting, regardless of scale and how they are defined.

Source: K. McGarigal; What is a Landscape,USAmherst

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CRITERIA OF EVALUATION TECHNIQUES AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES

Regional plans have the necessary ingredients to address rigorously the needs of sustainable development at the regional scale.

• • • • •

Environmental Economic Social Policy/ Institutional Technological

measures or indicators that reflect on performance in achieving key objectives and outcomes

Factors considered in Regional Planning: • Soils and land use • Landscape, ecology and heritage • Water • Beds of rivers and lakes • Coastal environment

• • • • • •

Solids and hazardous waste management Air Transport Natural hazards Hazardous substances Settlement and built environment

Source: G.T. McDonald, C.A. McAlpine, B.M. Taylor and A.R. Vagg (2003) Criteria and methods for evaluating regional plans in the tropical savannas

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TECHNIQUES OF EVALUATION - GIS TECHNIQUES AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES

Support Systems

• Geographic Information Systems (GIS) • Remote Sensing

Methods

Data acquisition methods Data processing procedures and techniques

use in the sustainable landscape resources planning and management

GIS  • planning, management and analysis of spatial information • measure assets & understand their patterns of change • understand the resources being used • identify the impact of human activities on the resources or geographic change • Utilise & manage the resources with the analysis tools that support planning and operational activities Remote Sensing imagery  • baseline dataset in documenting and analysing the historical and contemporary effects of human activities at cultural heritage sites.

Source:

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TECHNIQUES OF EVALUATION - GIS TECHNIQUES AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES

An integrated Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) allows  Cultural resource managers Thus, determine within their regions, site for   Historians organizational and structural Catalogue • sustainable tourism  Planners and Assess patterns of such sites • urban development  Engineers

Regional Dynamics Survey  for analysis of cultural heritage resources by applying a multi-scalar remote sensing approach to demonstrate patterns of land use and land cover. Urban dynamic models can visualize future consequences of environmental and man-made threats, thereby enabling mitigation and management of these non-renewable resources.

Source: Ying, Tan Ying. Paper on Tools for Landscape Resources Analysis and Synthesis from Sustainable Cultural Landscape Resources planning and management.

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TECHNIQUES OF EVALUATION - GIS TECHNIQUES AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES

An alternative approach to appraise Landscapes  GIS Within GIS exist tables of data about places called "attribute tables"  spreadsheets,

ROW denoted a Geographic Feature

COLUMN denotes data about that feature (ex. size)

Purpose: • Generating quantitative data about a place.

• Describing and analyzing the structure of habitats in landscapes • Applying models of population dynamics in spatial landscapes • Interpreting scenic landscapes through calculation of view sheds based on the inter-visibility of points on a digital elevation model.

• Assess the impact of land cover changes • An important role in landscape assessment for scenic value - Use of cognitive methods developed in psychology + combined with analysis of landscape geometry and spatial analysis of attributes of scenic attraction • An important role in Landscape conservation – shifting from site-based protection for nature conservation towards an integrated and holistic approach to resource management directed at cooperating human and environmental systems.

Source: Bhullar, Amreesh Kaur (2012-2014). Landscape Configuration and Thermal Environments of Central National Capital Region

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TECHNIQUES OF EVALUATION - GIS TECHNIQUES AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES

GIS  a computer based technology and methodology that • Collects • Stores • Manipulates spatial data or geo-referenced data • Retrieves • Analyses

Geographic reference

Data spatial coordinates on the surface of the earth or location data

Information system

Database of attribute data providing information for decision making

GIS = G + IS

Field Instruments used for data collection and allowing further data acquisition are • Remote sensing • Cartography examples of mapping process • Surveying Any natural or economic activity with a spatial dimension cannot be properly understood without reference to its spatial qualities. Spatial data have two essential parts • Location  latitude, longitude and national grid references that can be used to identify the location • Attributes  any locality that has a number of characteristics or properties that are associated with it – tabular data containing information like vegetation types, population, annual income and the others.

Source: Ying, Tan Ying. Paper on Tools for Landscape Resources Analysis and Synthesis from Sustainable Cultural Landscape Resources planning and management.

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APPLICATION

GIS TECHNIQUES AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES

Showing information such as • environmental trends • soil stability • pesticide use • migration corridors • hazardous waste generators • dust source points • at-risk water wells layer upon layer

Thus applicable in the following fields: • Protection of environment • Water resources management • Urban planning and transportation • Watershed management • Terrain characteristic and evaluation • Agriculture • Forestry • Biodiversity

Remote sensing data is often brought into GIS to have a complete set of data in many resources application areas. Effective environmental practice considers the whole spectrum of the environment.

Source: Ying, Tan Ying. Paper on Tools for Landscape Resources Analysis and Synthesis from Sustainable Cultural Landscape Resources planning and management.

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TECHNIQUES OF EVALUATION - GIS TECHNIQUES AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES

GIS Solutions and Services for Environmental Management ArcGIS 3D Analyst™ ArcGIS Data Interoperabilit y ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst ArcGIS Network Analyst ArcGIS Spatial Analyst

Three-dimensional visualization, topographic analysis, and surface creation Uses any standard GIS data within the ArcGIS Desktop environment, regardless of the format Statistical tools for data exploration, modelling, and advanced surface generation and valuation analysis

Creates and manages network datasets Advanced spatial analysis using raster and vector data

Layering data information

Source: Ying, Tan Ying. Paper on Tools for Landscape Resources Analysis and Synthesis from Sustainable Cultural Landscape Resources planning and management.

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TECHNIQUES OF EVALUATION - REMOTE

SENSING TECHNIQUES AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES

Remote sensing The collection of information about an object, area without the need of physically having contact with the object and interpreting the collected data. Remote sensing means sensing things from a distance.

Examples of common platforms used for remote sensing of the earth and its natural resources are: • Aircraft • Satellites

Strength of reflection and radiation of EM waves from plants, earth and water in each wavelength.

Source: Ying, Tan Ying. Paper on Tools for Landscape Resources Analysis and Synthesis from Sustainable Cultural Landscape Resources planning and management.

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TECHNIQUES OF EVALUATION - REMOTE

SENSING

TECHNIQUES AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES

The diagram below shows the flow of data acquisition in remote sensing.

Energy Source or Illumination (A) illuminates or provides electromagnetic energy to the target of interest Radiation and the Atmosphere (B) as the energy travels from its source to the target, it comes in contact and interacts with the atmosphere it passes through. This interaction may take place a second time as the energy travels from the target to the sensor.

Interaction with the Target (C) once the energy makes its way to the target through the atmosphere, it interacts with the target depending on the properties of both the target and the radiation.

Recording of Energy by the Sensor (D) after the energy has been scattered by, or emitted from the target, we require a sensor to collect and record the electromagnetic radiation Source: Ying, Tan Ying. Paper on Tools for Landscape Resources Analysis and Synthesis from Sustainable Cultural Landscape Resources planning and management.

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TECHNIQUES OF EVALUATION - REMOTE

SENSING

TECHNIQUES AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES

The diagram below shows the flow of data acquisition in remote sensing Transmission, Reception, and Processing (E) the energy recorded by the sensor has to be transmitted, often in electronic form, to a receiving and processing station where the data are processed into an image (hardcopy and/or digital).

Interpretation and Analysis (F) the processed image is interpreted, visually and/or digitally or electronically, to extract information about the target which was illuminated.

Application (G) the final element of the remote sensing process is achieved when we apply the information that we have been able to extract from the imagery about the target, in order to better understand it, reveal some new information, or assist in solving a particular problem.

Source: Ying, Tan Ying. Paper on Tools for Landscape Resources Analysis and Synthesis from Sustainable Cultural Landscape Resources planning and management.

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TECHNIQUES OF EVALUATION - REMOTE

SENSING TECHNIQUES AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES

Sensor: A device that measures and records electromagnetic energy.

1. Passive sensors  depend on an external source of energy, usually the sun. The most common passive sensor is the photographic camera.

2. Active sensors  have their own source of energy, an example would be a radar gun. These sensors send out a signal and measure the amount reflected back.

Active sensors are more controlled because they do not depend upon varying illumination conditions.

Passive Sensor

Active Sensor Optical

Microwave

Laser

Table showing the Types of Sensors

Visible Near infrared Thermal infrared Passive (Scatterometer) Active (SAR, Altimeter) Active

Reflectance Reflectance Thermal Radiation Microwave Radiation Backscatter Intensity, Time

Source: Ying, Tan Ying. Paper on Tools for Landscape Resources Analysis and Synthesis from Sustainable Cultural Landscape Resources planning and management.

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TECHNIQUES OF EVALUATION - REMOTE

SENSING TECHNIQUES AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES

Platforms Aerial photography has been used in agricultural and natural resource management for many years.

These photographs can be black and white, colour, or colour infrared.

Depending on the • camera • lens • flying height these images can have a variety of scales.

Photographs can be used to determine: • spatial arrangement of fields • irrigation ditches • roads • view individual features within a field Source: Ying, Tan Ying. Paper on Tools for Landscape Resources Analysis and Synthesis from Sustainable Cultural Landscape Resources planning and management.

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TECHNIQUES OF EVALUATION - REMOTE

SENSING TECHNIQUES AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES

Aerial photography captured the visible spectrum of the electromagnetic wavelength but later technological developments enabled the acquisition of information at other wavelengths including near infrared, thermal infrared and microwave. Collection of information over a large numbers of wavelength bands is referred to as Multi-spectral or Hyper-spectral Data.

a. Aerial-Derived Information  electro-optical photography obtained from sensors on manned/ unmanned aircraft. b. Satellite-Derived Information  electro-optical photography obtained from sensors on geostationary or orbiting satellites.

1. Electro-Optical Imagery (EO) Obtained from: satellites, aircraft, or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) Spatial Resolution: Lower than Aerial or UAV imagery Covers: Larger area Used in: • Assessing levels and patterns of damage within disaster areas.

• Assessing scope and extent of debris fields within disaster areas.

• Monitoring and assessing the extent of flooding.

Source: Ying, Tan Ying. Paper on Tools for Landscape Resources Analysis and Synthesis from Sustainable Cultural Landscape Resources planning and management.

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TECHNIQUES OF EVALUATION - REMOTE

SENSING TECHNIQUES AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES

2. Radar Imagery (Radio Detection and Ranging) Obtained from: Radar waves Spatial Resolution: Less than electro-optical imagery Covers: Remotely observes surface areas regardless of weather or availability of sunlight. Depending on the situation and conditions, radar waves can or may be able to penetrate clouds, haze, vegetation, ice, and extremely dry sand.

Used in: • Assessment of damage to weather-obscured disaster areas.

• Monitoring and assessing the extent of flooding.

3. Infrared Imagery (IR) Obtained from: Infrared Radiation or by sensing signals transmitted from, and reflected back to a satellite or aircraft. Since based on temperatures rather than visible radiation, the data may be obtained day or night.

Spatial Resolution: Very Low Used in: • Determining forest fire or wildfire boundaries, or spot fire flare-ups.

• Determining power availability based on thermal signatures.

• Assisting in non-urban search and rescue activities.

Source: Ying, Tan Ying. Paper on Tools for Landscape Resources Analysis and Synthesis from Sustainable Cultural Landscape Resources planning and management.

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TECHNIQUES OF EVALUATION - REMOTE

SENSING TECHNIQUES AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES

4. Multispectral Imagery Obtained from: process of simultaneously measuring reflected or emitted energy across a variety of relatively narrow spectral bands; collected by both satellite and airborne sensors Spatial Resolution: sacrifice spatial resolution for wider area coverage Used in: • Detecting pollution in or toxic contamination of water and soil.

• Assessing the impact of drought on agriculture.

• Providing a broad indication of flood inundation.

Source: Ying, Tan Ying. Paper on Tools for Landscape Resources Analysis and Synthesis from Sustainable Cultural Landscape Resources planning and management.

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REMOTE SENSING - APPLICATIONS TECHNIQUES AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES

• Forestry  Forests are a valuable resource providing food, shelter, wildlife habitat, fuel, and daily supplies such as medicinal ingredients and paper.  Forests play an important role in balancing the Earth's CO2 supply and exchange, acting as a key link between the atmosphere, geosphere, and hydrosphere.

 Reconnaissance mapping  Objectives to be met by national forest/environment agencies include forest cover up dating, depletion monitoring, and measuring biophysical properties of forest stands.  Commercial forestry  Important to commercial forestry companies and to resource management agencies in inventory and mapping applications: • collecting harvest information • updating of inventory information for timber supply • broad forest type • vegetation density • biomass measurements  Environmental monitoring Conservation authorities are concerned with monitoring the quantity, health, and diversity of the Earth's forests.

Source: Ying, Tan Ying. Paper on Tools for Landscape Resources Analysis and Synthesis from Sustainable Cultural Landscape Resources planning and management.

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REMOTE SENSING - APPLICATIONS TECHNIQUES AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES

• Agriculture  Agriculture plays a dominant role in economies of both developed and undeveloped countries.  Satellite and airborne images are used as mapping tools to classify crops, examine their health and viability, and monitor farming practices.

     

Crop Type Classification Crop Condition Assessment Crop Yield Estimation Mapping Of Soil Characteristics Mapping Of Soil Management Practices Compliance Monitoring (Farming Practices)

• Land Cover & Land Use Land cover  denotes the surface cover on the ground Land use  denotes the purpose the land serves

    

natural resource management wildlife habitat protection baseline mapping for GIS input urban expansion / encroachment routing and logistics planning for seismic / exploration / resource extraction activities  damage delineation (tornadoes, flooding, volcanic, seismic, fire)  legal boundaries for tax and property evaluation  target detection - identification of landing strips, roads, clearings, bridges, land/water interface

Source: Ying, Tan Ying. Paper on Tools for Landscape Resources Analysis and Synthesis from Sustainable Cultural Landscape Resources planning and management.

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REMOTE SENSING - APPLICATIONS TECHNIQUES AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES

• Geology  Geology involves the study of landforms, structures, and the subsurface, to understand physical processes creating and modifying the earth's crust.  Understood as the exploration and exploitation of mineral and hydrocarbon resources, generally to improve the conditions and standard of living in society.

     

surficial deposit / bedrock mapping lithological mapping structural mapping sand and gravel (aggregate) exploration/ exploitation mineral exploration hydrocarbon exploration

      

environmental geology Geo-botany baseline infrastructure sedimentation mapping and monitoring event mapping and monitoring geo-hazard mapping planetary mapping

Source: Ying, Tan Ying. Paper on Tools for Landscape Resources Analysis and Synthesis from Sustainable Cultural Landscape Resources planning and management.

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REMOTE SENSING - APPLICATIONS TECHNIQUES AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES

• Mapping  Mapping constitutes an integral component of the process of managing land resources, and mapped information is the common product of analysis of remotely sensed data.

 Planimetry Land surveying techniques accompanied by the use of a GPS can be used to meet high accuracy requirements, but limitations include cost effectiveness, and difficulties in attempting to map large, or remote areas.

Defence applications typify the scope of planimetry applications - extracting transportation route information, building and facilities locations, urban infrastructure, and general land cover.  Baseline thematic mapping / topographic mapping  Multispectral imagery is excellent for providing ancillary land cover information, such as forest cover. Supplementing the optical data with the topographic relief and textural nuance inherent in radar imagery can create an extremely useful image composite product for interpretation.

Source: Ying, Tan Ying. Paper on Tools for Landscape Resources Analysis and Synthesis from Sustainable Cultural Landscape Resources planning and management.

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CASE STUDY TECHNIQUES AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES

This study aims to demonstrate the utility of remote sensing technology in identification of waste land and asses the capability of GIS in determining an ecologically sound waste management program.

Study Area: Kolar (Bhopal Madhya Pradesh India.) urban complex.

Population of Kolar is increasing day by day due to its position, availability of resources and job opportunities. Kolar is among most rapidly developing suburban area of Bhopal M. P., According to 2001 the population was 31, 161 (Kolar Municipality) but in 2010 estimated population is about 1, 50,000

At present there is no declared waste disposal site in kolar municipality. Kolar municipality is disposing Municipal waste in the low-lying area in general and in drainage in particular causing nuisance.

Objective: Urban solid waste management needs careful considerations. This problem has become as one of the most serious environmental problems in municipal authorities in developing countries like India.

Source: Singh , Yogeshwar; Chauhan , Dr. M.S.; Katiyar, Dr. S.K. . SWM of Kolar Municipality Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques, M.A.N.I.T, Bhopal

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CASE STUDY TECHNIQUES AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES

Objective: Selection of best alternative site for municipal solid waste land filling, using inputs from Remote Sensing & Global positioning system (GPS) and analysis using GIS tools.

Overlay & buffer analysis have been performed in Arc GIS 9.1. The most common problems associated with improper management of solid waste includes transmission of diseases, fire hazards, odor nuisance, atmospheric and water pollution, aesthetic nuisance and economic losses.

Methodology adopted: • Mapping the different wasteland categories using LISS-III merge imagery by visual interpretation techniques.

• Mapping of Kolar municipal area with different land categories and attribute data attachment.

• Selection of wastelands to dispose Municipal waste.

• Creation of a GIS database for decision support system.

• Study of existing solid waste management practices at Kolar municipality Bhopal Madhya Pradesh.

Parameters used for the selection of solid waste disposal sites: • Slope of the ground • Distance of surface drainage in meter • Soil type • Distance of the sites from the waste producing units • Present transport route • Type of waste

Source: Singh , Yogeshwar; Chauhan , Dr. M.S.; Katiyar, Dr. S.K. . SWM of Kolar Municipality Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques, M.A.N.I.T, Bhopal

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CASE STUDY TECHNIQUES AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES

Criteria adopted for site selection:Score of respective site with sensitivity index Criteria have been Chosen very carefully and in planned manner with respect to the study area.

Score table:-score for the sites are given on the basis of sensitivity index.

Dhuankhera site got 830 points out of 1035, from score table, and other one got 398 points so, analyzing these score it’s found that Dhuankhera site is suitable for waste dumping. It’s also fond that Dhuankhera site got maximum points in socioeconomic aspects which plays vital roll in any developing country.

Weightage index Source: Singh , Yogeshwar; Chauhan , Dr. M.S.; Katiyar, Dr. S.K. . SWM of Kolar Municipality Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques, M.A.N.I.T, Bhopal

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CASE STUDY TECHNIQUES AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES

Land-use Classes: Built-up, Stony, Waste, Agricultural, Vegetation cover Then the contour map was generated and processes carried out in Arc GIS software.

This map provides the elevation profile of study area at 20 meter contour interval.

The northern boundary is surrounded by hilly region and highly elevated portions situated here.

Land-use Map

Kolar Administrative Map

Source: Singh , Yogeshwar; Chauhan , Dr. M.S.; Katiyar, Dr. S.K. . SWM of Kolar Municipality Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques, M.A.N.I.T, Bhopal

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CASE STUDY TECHNIQUES AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES

Kolar Contour Map

Kolar 3% Slope Map

Maps are relevant from geological aspects as runoff direction. The respective slop maps are generated in Arc Map. Lighter area shows more elevated and steeper portion while darker portion is less steep and darkest portion is almost flat terrain.

Source: Singh , Yogeshwar; Chauhan , Dr. M.S.; Katiyar, Dr. S.K. . SWM of Kolar Municipality Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques, M.A.N.I.T, Bhopal

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CASE STUDY TECHNIQUES AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES

Kolar Road & Drainage Map

Source: Singh , Yogeshwar; Chauhan , Dr. M.S.; Katiyar, Dr. S.K. . SWM of Kolar Municipality Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques, M.A.N.I.T, Bhopal

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CASE STUDY TECHNIQUES AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES

Generated in ArcGis and shows the collection points in Kolar area.

Location Map of Disposal Sites

Source: Singh , Yogeshwar; Chauhan , Dr. M.S.; Katiyar, Dr. S.K. . SWM of Kolar Municipality Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques, M.A.N.I.T, Bhopal

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CASE STUDY TECHNIQUES AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES

Land Categories: • black cotton soil • sandy soil, • sandy loam, • clay loam

Kolar Soil Map

Source: Singh , Yogeshwar; Chauhan , Dr. M.S.; Katiyar, Dr. S.K. . SWM of Kolar Municipality Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques, M.A.N.I.T, Bhopal

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CONCLUSION TECHNIQUES AND CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPE RESOURCES

The capacity of remote sensing to identify and monitor land surfaces and environmental conditions has expanded greatly over the last few years and remotely sensed data will be an essential tool in natural resource management. matter Geographic information systems (GIS) and Remote sensing (RS) are now being developed and demonstrated suggest regional landscape resource applications that were not believed possible using traditional techniques.

The speed and quality of analysis and synthesis of certain site will be increase.

These tools also help us to significant advances in data acquisition technology and have rapid improvement in data storage, retrieval and analysis. GIS provides a powerful tool for managing information.

Resource Management made a commitment to successfully develop a comprehensive GIS program.

Without using GIS and RS, landscape resources will not be able to sustain in long period due to poor planning and management. Without these technologies, planners will need longer time to figure out the potential and constraint areas.

Identification and listing of tangible and intangible elements of cultural, natural and historical values of regional landscapes will be highlighted and enhanced.

Hence, protection and conservation of natural resources also can be carried out.

Source: Author

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References: •

Selman, Paul (2006). Planning at Landscape Scale

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G.T. McDonald, C.A. McAlpine, B.M. Taylor and A.R. Vagg (2003) Criteria and methods for evaluating regional plans in the tropical savannas

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K. McGarigal; What is a Landscape,USAmherst

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Aspinall, R J Chap 69, GIS and Landscape Conservation

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Bhullar, Amreesh Kaur (2012-2014). Landscape Configuration and Thermal Environments of Central National Capital Region

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Ying, Tan Ying. Paper on Tools for Landscape Resources Analysis and Synthesis from Sustainable Cultural Landscape Resources planning and management.

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Singh , Yogeshwar; Chauhan , Dr. M.S.; Katiyar, Dr. S.K. . SWM of Kolar Municipality Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques, M.A.N.I.T, Bhopal

Sustainability Model

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